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#### 04:30–06:05 [thumb\|right\|Jefferson Davis as [President of the Confederate States of America](/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America "President of the Confederate States of America") in 1861\. Davis was among the seventy cadets who took part in the Eggnog Riot of 24–25 December 1826\.](/wiki/File:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg "President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg") Hitchcock went down to his room to sleep. Three times he heard knocks on the door only to find no one there. After finding another cadet drunk, Hitchcock saw Davis head over to room No. 5 where thirteen cadets were partying. Davis, seeing Hitchcock's arrival, warned the other cadets. The captain entered the room, ordering one of the cadets to open up another cadet's [footlocker](/wiki/Footlocker_%28luggage%29 "Footlocker (luggage)"), but the cadet refused. Hitchcock ordered no more disorder, left the room, and started looking for Thornton around 04:50\.Agnew, pp. 79–83\. Meanwhile, Thornton had strolled the North Barracks between 21:00 on the 24th and 02:00 on Christmas Day observing the ongoing partying, before going to sleep at 02:00\. He was awakened by loud yells and, once out of his room, was attacked by two cadets. Thornton then put cadet William P.N. Fitzgerald (New York) under arrest for brandishing a weapon. Fitzgerald retreated from Thornton, then told two cadets in room No. 29 about the arrest.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}} At this point, noises erupted from the South Barracks which distracted Thornton. While going to investigate that commotion, Thornton was knocked out by Roberts, who had been ejected from room No. 28 by Hitchcock earlier that evening.Agnew, pp. 83–86\. Davis was asleep, but other cadets went looking for Hitchcock. Three other cadets were discovered by cadet James G. Overton ([Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee")), a relief sentinel and not involved in the parties, and questioned about their actions. They gave a drunken explanation about needing drums and a [fife](/wiki/Fife_%28musical_instrument%29 "Fife (musical instrument)"). At around 05:00, Hitchcock found another inebriated cadet wandering the academy.Agnew, pp. 86–90\. By this point, several window panes had been broken. Hitchcock returned to the room where he was staying, No. 8\. Several cadets then attacked his door, Guion drawing his [pistol](/wiki/Pistol "Pistol") and firing a shot into the room. Hitchcock opened the door and yelled at the cadets to stop. The captain then began arresting cadets.Agnew, pp. 90–93\. Hitchcock ordered Eaton to find Worth's headquarters. Overton asked Hitchcock to find Thayer and Hitchcock replied "No, Mr. Overton. Fetch the com \[Commandant Worth] here." Several of the drunken cadets thought Hitchcock had stated the [bombardiers](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 "Bombardier (rank)") would be the ones to quell the riot, using heavy weapons, causing several cadets who were not drunk to take up arms in defense of the North Barracks. Thayer had been awoken at 05:00 by the sound of drums. He ordered his aide, Patrick Murphy, to get Major Worth because of what he could hear going on in the North Barracks.Agnew, pp. 95–97\. Hitchcock continued restoring order in the North Barracks, getting into a fight with cadet Walter Otey (Virginia).Agnew, pp. 97–99\. Thornton awoke from the [stairway](/wiki/Stairway "Stairway") where he had been knocked out and returned to his room. Hitchcock greeted him in his room at 05:45\.Agnew, pp. 101–02\. By 06:00, other cadets who were not drinking were also involved in restoring order.Agnew. pp. 98–99\. The main rioters were attempting to recruit other cadets, but with no success.Agnew, pp. 99–102\. Overton could not find Cadet Eaton, who was checking the South Barracks, but did find Major Worth. Hitchcock met Worth and told him what had transpired. By this time, Thayer's aide had arrived in the North Barracks' guardroom. The Second Artillery had arrived at the North Barracks by the time of [reveille](/wiki/Reveille "Reveille") at 06:05\.Agnew, pp. 102–06\.
[ "#### 04:30–06:05", "[thumb\\|right\\|Jefferson Davis as [President of the Confederate States of America](/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America \"President of the Confederate States of America\") in 1861\\. Davis was among the seventy cadets who took part in the Eggnog Riot of 24–25 December 1826\\.](/wiki/File:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg \"President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg\")\nHitchcock went down to his room to sleep. Three times he heard knocks on the door only to find no one there. After finding another cadet drunk, Hitchcock saw Davis head over to room No. 5 where thirteen cadets were partying. Davis, seeing Hitchcock's arrival, warned the other cadets. The captain entered the room, ordering one of the cadets to open up another cadet's [footlocker](/wiki/Footlocker_%28luggage%29 \"Footlocker (luggage)\"), but the cadet refused. Hitchcock ordered no more disorder, left the room, and started looking for Thornton around 04:50\\.Agnew, pp. 79–83\\.", "Meanwhile, Thornton had strolled the North Barracks between 21:00 on the 24th and 02:00 on Christmas Day observing the ongoing partying, before going to sleep at 02:00\\. He was awakened by loud yells and, once out of his room, was attacked by two cadets. Thornton then put cadet William P.N. Fitzgerald (New York) under arrest for brandishing a weapon. Fitzgerald retreated from Thornton, then told two cadets in room No. 29 about the arrest.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}", "At this point, noises erupted from the South Barracks which distracted Thornton. While going to investigate that commotion, Thornton was knocked out by Roberts, who had been ejected from room No. 28 by Hitchcock earlier that evening.Agnew, pp. 83–86\\.", "Davis was asleep, but other cadets went looking for Hitchcock. Three other cadets were discovered by cadet James G. Overton ([Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\")), a relief sentinel and not involved in the parties, and questioned about their actions. They gave a drunken explanation about needing drums and a [fife](/wiki/Fife_%28musical_instrument%29 \"Fife (musical instrument)\"). At around 05:00, Hitchcock found another inebriated cadet wandering the academy.Agnew, pp. 86–90\\. By this point, several window panes had been broken. Hitchcock returned to the room where he was staying, No. 8\\. Several cadets then attacked his door, Guion drawing his [pistol](/wiki/Pistol \"Pistol\") and firing a shot into the room. Hitchcock opened the door and yelled at the cadets to stop. The captain then began arresting cadets.Agnew, pp. 90–93\\.", "Hitchcock ordered Eaton to find Worth's headquarters. Overton asked Hitchcock to find Thayer and Hitchcock replied \"No, Mr. Overton. Fetch the com \\[Commandant Worth] here.\" Several of the drunken cadets thought Hitchcock had stated the [bombardiers](/wiki/Bombardier_%28rank%29 \"Bombardier (rank)\") would be the ones to quell the riot, using heavy weapons, causing several cadets who were not drunk to take up arms in defense of the North Barracks. Thayer had been awoken at 05:00 by the sound of drums. He ordered his aide, Patrick Murphy, to get Major Worth because of what he could hear going on in the North Barracks.Agnew, pp. 95–97\\.", "Hitchcock continued restoring order in the North Barracks, getting into a fight with cadet Walter Otey (Virginia).Agnew, pp. 97–99\\. Thornton awoke from the [stairway](/wiki/Stairway \"Stairway\") where he had been knocked out and returned to his room. Hitchcock greeted him in his room at 05:45\\.Agnew, pp. 101–02\\. By 06:00, other cadets who were not drinking were also involved in restoring order.Agnew. pp. 98–99\\. The main rioters were attempting to recruit other cadets, but with no success.Agnew, pp. 99–102\\.", "Overton could not find Cadet Eaton, who was checking the South Barracks, but did find Major Worth. Hitchcock met Worth and told him what had transpired. By this time, Thayer's aide had arrived in the North Barracks' guardroom. The Second Artillery had arrived at the North Barracks by the time of [reveille](/wiki/Reveille \"Reveille\") at 06:05\\.Agnew, pp. 102–06\\.", "" ]
Episode list ------------ ### "[The Battle of Singapore](/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore "Battle of Singapore")" Original Airdate: 2/9/2009 In 1941, the [Gibraltar of the East](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") was under attack by the Japanese. Despite the brave efforts of Lieutenant General [Arthur Percival](/wiki/Arthur_Percival "Arthur Percival"), Lieutenant General [Tomoyuki Yamashita](/wiki/Tomoyuki_Yamashita "Tomoyuki Yamashita") oversees the largest capitulation in British history. **Military Experts:** [Julian Thompson](/wiki/Julian_Thompson_%28Royal_Marines_officer%29 "Julian Thompson (Royal Marines officer)") and [Alistair Irwin](/wiki/Alistair_Irwin "Alistair Irwin") ### "[The Battle of Midway](/wiki/Battle_of_Midway "Battle of Midway")" Original Airdate: 2/16/2009 After the devastation of the attack on [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor"), the American Navy decoded Japanese communications regarding a planned attack on [Midway Island](/wiki/Midway_Island "Midway Island"). Heavily outnumbered, Rear Admiral [Frank J. Fletcher](/wiki/Frank_J._Fletcher "Frank J. Fletcher") had to prevent Vice Admiral [Chūichi Nagumo](/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Nagumo "Chūichi Nagumo") from capturing this critical strategic position with inexperienced pilots and sailors against the battle\-hardened Japanese war machine. **Military Experts:** [Andrew Lambert](/wiki/Andrew_Lambert "Andrew Lambert") and Phillips O'Brien ### "[The Battle of El Alamein](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein "Second Battle of El Alamein")" Original Airdate: 2/23/2009 After an undefeated record throughout [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa"), German Field Marshal [Erwin Rommel](/wiki/Erwin_Rommel "Erwin Rommel") has an opportunity to face off against a commander worthy of his skills: the new British commander, General [Bernard Law Montgomery](/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery "Bernard Law Montgomery"). **Military Experts:** [John Kiszely](/wiki/John_Kiszely "John Kiszely") and [Patrick Cordingley](/wiki/Patrick_Cordingley "Patrick Cordingley") ### "[The Battle of Stalingrad](/wiki/The_Battle_of_Stalingrad "The Battle of Stalingrad")" Original Airdate: 3/2/2009 With the city that bears the name of nemesis, [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin"), in his sights, [Hitler](/wiki/Hitler "Hitler") sent Field Marshal [Friedrich Paulus](/wiki/Friedrich_Paulus "Friedrich Paulus") to crush the city of [Stalingrad](/wiki/Stalingrad "Stalingrad"). What he did not expect was the ferocious resistance offered by Lieutenant General [Vasily Chuikov](/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov "Vasily Chuikov"). What was supposed to be a battle lasting only a few weeks dragged to become one of the [bloodiest battles in history](/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties "List of battles by casualties"). **Military Experts:** [Simon Mayall](/wiki/Simon_Mayall "Simon Mayall") and [Philip Sabin](/wiki/Philip_Sabin "Philip Sabin") ### "[The Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk "Battle of Kursk")" Original Airdate: 3/09/2009 Germany and Russia clashed in 1943 near the Soviet city of [Kursk](/wiki/Kursk "Kursk"), as control of the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 "Eastern Front (World War II)") lay open. The Germans were led by Field Marshal [Erich von Manstein](/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein "Erich von Manstein"), an aristocratic master tactician. Across the battlefield was Red Army Marshal [Georgy Zhukov](/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov "Georgy Zhukov"), a peasant born street brawler. **Military Experts:** [Simon Mayall](/wiki/Simon_Mayall "Simon Mayall") and [Philip Sabin](/wiki/Philip_Sabin "Philip Sabin") ### "[The Battle of the Bulge](/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Bulge "The Battle of the Bulge")" Original Airdate: 3/16/2009 In 1944, the end of Hitler's [Third Reich](/wiki/Third_Reich "Third Reich") was near and [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") was in sight. In a desperate attempt, Hitler conceived of a bold new offensive to strike the Allies through the [Ardennes Forest](/wiki/Ardennes_Forest "Ardennes Forest"), pitting General [Omar Bradley](/wiki/Omar_Bradley "Omar Bradley") and Field Marshal [Walter Model](/wiki/Walter_Model "Walter Model"). **Military Experts:** [Julian Thompson](/wiki/Julian_Thompson_%28Royal_Marines_officer%29 "Julian Thompson (Royal Marines officer)") and [Sebastian Roberts](/wiki/Sebastian_Roberts "Sebastian Roberts")
[ "Episode list\n------------", "### \"[The Battle of Singapore](/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore \"Battle of Singapore\")\"", "Original Airdate: 2/9/2009", "In 1941, the [Gibraltar of the East](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") was under attack by the Japanese. Despite the brave efforts of Lieutenant General [Arthur Percival](/wiki/Arthur_Percival \"Arthur Percival\"), Lieutenant General [Tomoyuki Yamashita](/wiki/Tomoyuki_Yamashita \"Tomoyuki Yamashita\") oversees the largest capitulation in British history.", "**Military Experts:** [Julian Thompson](/wiki/Julian_Thompson_%28Royal_Marines_officer%29 \"Julian Thompson (Royal Marines officer)\") and [Alistair Irwin](/wiki/Alistair_Irwin \"Alistair Irwin\")", "### \"[The Battle of Midway](/wiki/Battle_of_Midway \"Battle of Midway\")\"", "Original Airdate: 2/16/2009", "After the devastation of the attack on [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"), the American Navy decoded Japanese communications regarding a planned attack on [Midway Island](/wiki/Midway_Island \"Midway Island\"). Heavily outnumbered, Rear Admiral [Frank J. Fletcher](/wiki/Frank_J._Fletcher \"Frank J. Fletcher\") had to prevent Vice Admiral [Chūichi Nagumo](/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Nagumo \"Chūichi Nagumo\") from capturing this critical strategic position with inexperienced pilots and sailors against the battle\\-hardened Japanese war machine.", "**Military Experts:** [Andrew Lambert](/wiki/Andrew_Lambert \"Andrew Lambert\") and Phillips O'Brien", "### \"[The Battle of El Alamein](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein \"Second Battle of El Alamein\")\"", "Original Airdate: 2/23/2009", "After an undefeated record throughout [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\"), German Field Marshal [Erwin Rommel](/wiki/Erwin_Rommel \"Erwin Rommel\") has an opportunity to face off against a commander worthy of his skills: the new British commander, General [Bernard Law Montgomery](/wiki/Bernard_Law_Montgomery \"Bernard Law Montgomery\").", "**Military Experts:** [John Kiszely](/wiki/John_Kiszely \"John Kiszely\") and [Patrick Cordingley](/wiki/Patrick_Cordingley \"Patrick Cordingley\")", "### \"[The Battle of Stalingrad](/wiki/The_Battle_of_Stalingrad \"The Battle of Stalingrad\")\"", "Original Airdate: 3/2/2009", "With the city that bears the name of nemesis, [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\"), in his sights, [Hitler](/wiki/Hitler \"Hitler\") sent Field Marshal [Friedrich Paulus](/wiki/Friedrich_Paulus \"Friedrich Paulus\") to crush the city of [Stalingrad](/wiki/Stalingrad \"Stalingrad\"). What he did not expect was the ferocious resistance offered by Lieutenant General [Vasily Chuikov](/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov \"Vasily Chuikov\"). What was supposed to be a battle lasting only a few weeks dragged to become one of the [bloodiest battles in history](/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties \"List of battles by casualties\").", "**Military Experts:** [Simon Mayall](/wiki/Simon_Mayall \"Simon Mayall\") and [Philip Sabin](/wiki/Philip_Sabin \"Philip Sabin\")", "### \"[The Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk \"Battle of Kursk\")\"", "Original Airdate: 3/09/2009", "Germany and Russia clashed in 1943 near the Soviet city of [Kursk](/wiki/Kursk \"Kursk\"), as control of the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 \"Eastern Front (World War II)\") lay open. The Germans were led by Field Marshal [Erich von Manstein](/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein \"Erich von Manstein\"), an aristocratic master tactician. Across the battlefield was Red Army Marshal [Georgy Zhukov](/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov \"Georgy Zhukov\"), a peasant born street brawler.", "**Military Experts:** [Simon Mayall](/wiki/Simon_Mayall \"Simon Mayall\") and [Philip Sabin](/wiki/Philip_Sabin \"Philip Sabin\")", "### \"[The Battle of the Bulge](/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Bulge \"The Battle of the Bulge\")\"", "Original Airdate: 3/16/2009", "In 1944, the end of Hitler's [Third Reich](/wiki/Third_Reich \"Third Reich\") was near and [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") was in sight. In a desperate attempt, Hitler conceived of a bold new offensive to strike the Allies through the [Ardennes Forest](/wiki/Ardennes_Forest \"Ardennes Forest\"), pitting General [Omar Bradley](/wiki/Omar_Bradley \"Omar Bradley\") and Field Marshal [Walter Model](/wiki/Walter_Model \"Walter Model\").", "**Military Experts:** [Julian Thompson](/wiki/Julian_Thompson_%28Royal_Marines_officer%29 \"Julian Thompson (Royal Marines officer)\") and [Sebastian Roberts](/wiki/Sebastian_Roberts \"Sebastian Roberts\")", "" ]
Fictional character biography ----------------------------- Gordon "Gordo" Fraley was born in [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia"). Large and strong but not very bright, Puff Adder is a mutant with the ability to inflate, or "puff," his body mass, enhancing his strength greatly, and making him a dangerous adversary for superheroes. As a member of the fourth [Serpent Squad](/wiki/Serpent_Squad "Serpent Squad"), Puff Adder attempts to rob a Las Vegas casino, and battles [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America "Captain America"), the [Falcon](/wiki/Falcon_%28comics%29 "Falcon (comics)"), [Nomad](/wiki/Nomad_%28comics%29 "Nomad (comics)"), and [D\-Man](/wiki/Demolition_Man_%28comics%29 "Demolition Man (comics)").*Captain America* \#337\. Marvel Comics. With the Serpent Squad, he is freed from jail by [Sidewinder](/wiki/Sidewinder_%28comics%29 "Sidewinder (comics)").*Captain America* \#338\. Marvel Comics. Puff Adder is inducted into the second incarnation of the Serpent Society as a double agent of the [Viper](/wiki/Viper_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Viper (Marvel Comics)") during her invasion of the group. Puff Adder and the Viper's agents then betray Sidewinder, and encounter Captain America again.*Captain America* \#341\-342\. Marvel Comics. With [Coachwhip](/wiki/Coachwhip_%28comics%29 "Coachwhip (comics)") and [Rock Python](/wiki/Rock_Python_%28comics%29 "Rock Python (comics)"), Puff Adder is sent to steal the Falcon's uniform in order to regain admission into the Serpent Society, and he battles [Battle Star](/wiki/Battlestar_%28comics%29 "Battlestar (comics)") and the Falcon.*Captain America* \#355\. Marvel Comics. Alongside [Anaconda](/wiki/Anaconda_%28comics%29 "Anaconda (comics)"), Puff Adder serves as bailiff at the Serpent Society's trial of [Diamondback](/wiki/Diamondback_%28Rachel_Leighton%29 "Diamondback (Rachel Leighton)"). With Anaconda and Rock Python, Puff Adder is sent to Diamondback's apartment to apprehend her. He battles Captain America and seemingly overpowered him.*Captain America* \#380\-382\. Marvel Comics. Puff Adder crash\-lands a Serpent Saucer on Diamondback's apartment. He abducts Diamondback, [Asp](/wiki/Asp_%28comics%29 "Asp (comics)"), and [Black Mamba](/wiki/Black_Mamba_%28comics%29 "Black Mamba (comics)"). Rock Python and Puff Adder are thrown from the Serpent Saucer by [MODAM](/wiki/MODAM "MODAM"), and Puff Adder is injured in the fall. He is interrogated by Captain America and [Paladin](/wiki/Paladin_%28comics%29 "Paladin (comics)") about the abduction of Diamondback and her friends.*Captain America* \#385\-387\. Marvel Comics. As a member of the Serpent Society, he develops a romantic relationship with Anaconda.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=April 2009}} He also serves briefly with [Doctor Octopus](/wiki/Doctor_Octopus "Doctor Octopus")' [Masters of Evil](/wiki/Masters_of_Evil "Masters of Evil"). He participates in the attempted takeover of the [Avengers Mansion](/wiki/Avengers_Mansion "Avengers Mansion") while the other heroes are distracted by the events of the [Infinity War](/wiki/The_Infinity_War "The Infinity War"). There, the team encounters the [Guardians of the Galaxy](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_%281969_team%29 "Guardians of the Galaxy (1969 team)"). Puff Adder is given permission to "play with" [Yellowjacket](/wiki/Yellowjacket_%28Rita_DeMara%29 "Yellowjacket (Rita DeMara)") and [Nikki](/wiki/Nikki_%28comics%29 "Nikki (comics)") but is stopped by [Major Victory](/wiki/Vance_Astro "Vance Astro") before he can touch them.*Guardians of the Galaxy* \#28\-29\. Marvel Comics. After a brief fight, both teams are overwhelmed with alien doubles of absolutely everyone involved. Out of necessity, the two teams work together to destroy wave after wave of doubles. After the last wave, Doctor Octopus wants his team to continue fighting but Puff Adder, along with the rest, turn on him. They do not want to hurt the others who just helped save their lives. The team chases Doctor Octopus out of the mansion.*Guardians of the Galaxy* \#29\. Marvel Comics. He is seen as member of the [Serpent Society](/wiki/Serpent_Society "Serpent Society") under Cobra's leadership. After the group captures and chains [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America "Captain America") and [Diamondback](/wiki/Diamondback_%28Rachel_Leighton%29 "Diamondback (Rachel Leighton)") (really an L.M.D.) in this underground New York headquarters, the pair escapes. [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D.") subsequently takes Rattler and the rest of the Society into custody. He appears in "[Brand New Day](/wiki/Spider-Man:Brand_New_Day "Brand New Day")" as one of the villains in the "Bar With No Name". He is one of many to get in on the super\-hero related gambling action headed by the man known only as 'The Bookie'.*Amazing Spider\-Man* \#562\-563\. Marvel Comics. He is a member of the Serpent Society, who are engaged in a bank robbery. He is instantly defeated by [Hope Summers](/wiki/Hope_Summers_%28comics%29 "Hope Summers (comics)") after she copies his powers and knocks him out with a single bolas.*Avengers vs X\-Men* \#0\. Marvel Comics.As part of the [All\-New, All\-Different Marvel](/wiki/All-New%2C_All-Different_Marvel "All-New, All-Different Marvel") branding, Puff Adder appears as a member of [Viper](/wiki/Viper_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Viper (Marvel Comics)")'s Serpent Society under its new name of Serpent Solutions.*Captain America: Sam Wilson* \#4\. Marvel Comics. Puff Adder appears in the 2017 "[Secret Empire](/wiki/Secret_Empire_%282017_comic%29 "Secret Empire (2017 comic)")" story line, being with Serpent Solutions when they are recruited by [Helmut Zemo](/wiki/Helmut_Zemo "Helmut Zemo") to join his Army of Evil.*Captain America: Steve Rogers* \#16\. Marvel Comics. In a prelude to the "[Hunted](/wiki/Hunted_%28comics%29 "Hunted (comics)")" storyline, several members of the Serpent Society are captured by [Kraven the Hunter](/wiki/Kraven_the_Hunter "Kraven the Hunter"), [Taskmaster](/wiki/Taskmaster_%28character%29 "Taskmaster (character)"), and [Black Ant](/wiki/Eric_O%27Grady%23Black_Ant "Eric O'Grady#Black Ant") and forced to participate in a murderous hunt set up by [Arcade](/wiki/Arcade_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Arcade (Marvel Comics)"). Black Mamba, Cottonmouth, Bushmaster, Black Racer, Puff Adder, Rock Python, and Fer\-de\-Lance are placed in electric cages to wait for the hunt to commence.*Amazing Spider\-Man* Vol. 5 \#16\. Marvel Comics. During the "[Devil's Reign](/wiki/Devil%27s_Reign "Devil's Reign")" story line, Puff Adder and Coach whip appear as members of [Mayor Wilson Fisk](/wiki/Kingpin_%28character%29 "Kingpin (character)")'s incarnation of the [Thunderbolts](/wiki/Thunderbolts_%28comics%29 "Thunderbolts (comics)") at the time when Mayor Fisk has outlawed superhero activity. They, alongside the Thunderbolts unit, attack [Spider\-Woman](/wiki/Spider-Woman_%28Jessica_Drew%29 "Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew)"), only to be fought off by Spider\-Woman as she gets Lindsay McRabe to safety.*Spider\-Woman* Vol. 7 \#18\. Marvel Comics.
[ "Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------", "Gordon \"Gordo\" Fraley was born in [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\"). Large and strong but not very bright, Puff Adder is a mutant with the ability to inflate, or \"puff,\" his body mass, enhancing his strength greatly, and making him a dangerous adversary for superheroes. As a member of the fourth [Serpent Squad](/wiki/Serpent_Squad \"Serpent Squad\"), Puff Adder attempts to rob a Las Vegas casino, and battles [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America \"Captain America\"), the [Falcon](/wiki/Falcon_%28comics%29 \"Falcon (comics)\"), [Nomad](/wiki/Nomad_%28comics%29 \"Nomad (comics)\"), and [D\\-Man](/wiki/Demolition_Man_%28comics%29 \"Demolition Man (comics)\").*Captain America* \\#337\\. Marvel Comics. With the Serpent Squad, he is freed from jail by [Sidewinder](/wiki/Sidewinder_%28comics%29 \"Sidewinder (comics)\").*Captain America* \\#338\\. Marvel Comics. Puff Adder is inducted into the second incarnation of the Serpent Society as a double agent of the [Viper](/wiki/Viper_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Viper (Marvel Comics)\") during her invasion of the group. Puff Adder and the Viper's agents then betray Sidewinder, and encounter Captain America again.*Captain America* \\#341\\-342\\. Marvel Comics. With [Coachwhip](/wiki/Coachwhip_%28comics%29 \"Coachwhip (comics)\") and [Rock Python](/wiki/Rock_Python_%28comics%29 \"Rock Python (comics)\"), Puff Adder is sent to steal the Falcon's uniform in order to regain admission into the Serpent Society, and he battles [Battle Star](/wiki/Battlestar_%28comics%29 \"Battlestar (comics)\") and the Falcon.*Captain America* \\#355\\. Marvel Comics.", "Alongside [Anaconda](/wiki/Anaconda_%28comics%29 \"Anaconda (comics)\"), Puff Adder serves as bailiff at the Serpent Society's trial of [Diamondback](/wiki/Diamondback_%28Rachel_Leighton%29 \"Diamondback (Rachel Leighton)\"). With Anaconda and Rock Python, Puff Adder is sent to Diamondback's apartment to apprehend her. He battles Captain America and seemingly overpowered him.*Captain America* \\#380\\-382\\. Marvel Comics. Puff Adder crash\\-lands a Serpent Saucer on Diamondback's apartment. He abducts Diamondback, [Asp](/wiki/Asp_%28comics%29 \"Asp (comics)\"), and [Black Mamba](/wiki/Black_Mamba_%28comics%29 \"Black Mamba (comics)\"). Rock Python and Puff Adder are thrown from the Serpent Saucer by [MODAM](/wiki/MODAM \"MODAM\"), and Puff Adder is injured in the fall. He is interrogated by Captain America and [Paladin](/wiki/Paladin_%28comics%29 \"Paladin (comics)\") about the abduction of Diamondback and her friends.*Captain America* \\#385\\-387\\. Marvel Comics.", "As a member of the Serpent Society, he develops a romantic relationship with Anaconda.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=April 2009}} He also serves briefly with [Doctor Octopus](/wiki/Doctor_Octopus \"Doctor Octopus\")' [Masters of Evil](/wiki/Masters_of_Evil \"Masters of Evil\"). He participates in the attempted takeover of the [Avengers Mansion](/wiki/Avengers_Mansion \"Avengers Mansion\") while the other heroes are distracted by the events of the [Infinity War](/wiki/The_Infinity_War \"The Infinity War\"). There, the team encounters the [Guardians of the Galaxy](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_%281969_team%29 \"Guardians of the Galaxy (1969 team)\"). Puff Adder is given permission to \"play with\" [Yellowjacket](/wiki/Yellowjacket_%28Rita_DeMara%29 \"Yellowjacket (Rita DeMara)\") and [Nikki](/wiki/Nikki_%28comics%29 \"Nikki (comics)\") but is stopped by [Major Victory](/wiki/Vance_Astro \"Vance Astro\") before he can touch them.*Guardians of the Galaxy* \\#28\\-29\\. Marvel Comics.", "After a brief fight, both teams are overwhelmed with alien doubles of absolutely everyone involved. Out of necessity, the two teams work together to destroy wave after wave of doubles. After the last wave, Doctor Octopus wants his team to continue fighting but Puff Adder, along with the rest, turn on him. They do not want to hurt the others who just helped save their lives. The team chases Doctor Octopus out of the mansion.*Guardians of the Galaxy* \\#29\\. Marvel Comics.", "He is seen as member of the [Serpent Society](/wiki/Serpent_Society \"Serpent Society\") under Cobra's leadership. After the group captures and chains [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America \"Captain America\") and [Diamondback](/wiki/Diamondback_%28Rachel_Leighton%29 \"Diamondback (Rachel Leighton)\") (really an L.M.D.) in this underground New York headquarters, the pair escapes. [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\") subsequently takes Rattler and the rest of the Society into custody. He appears in \"[Brand New Day](/wiki/Spider-Man:Brand_New_Day \"Brand New Day\")\" as one of the villains in the \"Bar With No Name\". He is one of many to get in on the super\\-hero related gambling action headed by the man known only as 'The Bookie'.*Amazing Spider\\-Man* \\#562\\-563\\. Marvel Comics. He is a member of the Serpent Society, who are engaged in a bank robbery. He is instantly defeated by [Hope Summers](/wiki/Hope_Summers_%28comics%29 \"Hope Summers (comics)\") after she copies his powers and knocks him out with a single bolas.*Avengers vs X\\-Men* \\#0\\. Marvel Comics.As part of the [All\\-New, All\\-Different Marvel](/wiki/All-New%2C_All-Different_Marvel \"All-New, All-Different Marvel\") branding, Puff Adder appears as a member of [Viper](/wiki/Viper_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Viper (Marvel Comics)\")'s Serpent Society under its new name of Serpent Solutions.*Captain America: Sam Wilson* \\#4\\. Marvel Comics.", "Puff Adder appears in the 2017 \"[Secret Empire](/wiki/Secret_Empire_%282017_comic%29 \"Secret Empire (2017 comic)\")\" story line, being with Serpent Solutions when they are recruited by [Helmut Zemo](/wiki/Helmut_Zemo \"Helmut Zemo\") to join his Army of Evil.*Captain America: Steve Rogers* \\#16\\. Marvel Comics. In a prelude to the \"[Hunted](/wiki/Hunted_%28comics%29 \"Hunted (comics)\")\" storyline, several members of the Serpent Society are captured by [Kraven the Hunter](/wiki/Kraven_the_Hunter \"Kraven the Hunter\"), [Taskmaster](/wiki/Taskmaster_%28character%29 \"Taskmaster (character)\"), and [Black Ant](/wiki/Eric_O%27Grady%23Black_Ant \"Eric O'Grady#Black Ant\") and forced to participate in a murderous hunt set up by [Arcade](/wiki/Arcade_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Arcade (Marvel Comics)\"). Black Mamba, Cottonmouth, Bushmaster, Black Racer, Puff Adder, Rock Python, and Fer\\-de\\-Lance are placed in electric cages to wait for the hunt to commence.*Amazing Spider\\-Man* Vol. 5 \\#16\\. Marvel Comics. During the \"[Devil's Reign](/wiki/Devil%27s_Reign \"Devil's Reign\")\" story line, Puff Adder and Coach whip appear as members of [Mayor Wilson Fisk](/wiki/Kingpin_%28character%29 \"Kingpin (character)\")'s incarnation of the [Thunderbolts](/wiki/Thunderbolts_%28comics%29 \"Thunderbolts (comics)\") at the time when Mayor Fisk has outlawed superhero activity. They, alongside the Thunderbolts unit, attack [Spider\\-Woman](/wiki/Spider-Woman_%28Jessica_Drew%29 \"Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew)\"), only to be fought off by Spider\\-Woman as she gets Lindsay McRabe to safety.*Spider\\-Woman* Vol. 7 \\#18\\. Marvel Comics.", "" ]
Plot ---- Edward Carnby, a [paranormal investigator](/wiki/Ghost_hunting "Ghost hunting"), has a nightmare in which he hides from alien\-like creatures as a child. Carnby flies to an urban museum where his girlfriend, Aline Cedric, is an assistant [curator](/wiki/Curator "Curator"). Carnby holds an artifact\-puzzle piece of the Abkani, an extinct Native American tribe. A strange man follows Carnby and attacks him with supernatural strength, but the man dies after many escape attempts by Carnby. Simultaneously, a ship recovers a gold coffin from the ocean floor. After docking, the captain locks up the curator of the museum, Prof. Hudgens, while his crew opens the coffin. Hudgens escapes to find everyone killed by a mysterious creature and the coffin empty. Hudgens finds a secret compartment, collects an artifact from the coffin, and goes ashore. Several people across the western US and Canada walk off into the night after hearing an ear\-splitting screech, and Carnby passes out while studying his artifact. Bureau 713, where Carnby used to work, becomes aware of evidence of electromagnetic waves by a surveillance team. Carnby thinks it is related to the Abkani because everyone who disappeared was from the same location. Carnby arrives that evening at the museum with the artifact, and Cedric shows him another recently arrived Abkani artifact that she has been studying since Hudgens' absence. The mysterious creature from the ship attacks them inside the museum, killing a security guard. Carnby and Cedric hide in a storage closet until troopers from Bureau 713 arrive, and the creature retreats. Carnby attempts to relay information to their team leader, Commander Burke, but Burke tells him to stay out of it. Carnby asks his former co\-workers, including staff surgeon and pathologist Sam Fischer, about the creature. Hudgens returns to the museum with a captured creature. Hudgens uses a syringe to draw fluid from the creature to study it as part of his research in combining the DNA of man and beast. Carnby investigates his past by visiting his former orphanage to learn more about Hudgens' research. While patrolling the museum, several creatures attack Bureau 713 soldiers. Several soldiers and most of the creatures, who are revealed to be people who disappeared earlier, are killed. Carnby arrives, and Burke again tells him to stay away. During a scuffle, Carnby picks Burke's pocket containing his security badge. Carnby goes to Bureau 713 and talks with Fischer in the morgue while looking at one of the corpses. Fischer shows Carnby a small, centipede\-like creature in the dorsal spine of his old friend. Fischer also discovers that Carnby has one of his own in his body, but it is dead, presumably because of the electroshock Carnby had as a child. Burke and his men arrive and escort Carnby out of the building. That evening, Professor Hudgens ambushes Fischer at his home and inserts a baby creature into Fischer's mouth. Carnby discovers that the Abkani had fought the creatures, which can be killed by light. They also disrupt electrical light, creating blackouts. The Abkani artifacts found all over the world open the gate to another dimension, where millions of creatures sleep, waiting to be freed. Hudgens further experiments, injecting himself with the blood of one of the creatures, which allows him to control the monsters. Carnby, Cedric, Burke, and Burke's military squad go to an abandoned gold mine near Carnby's orphanage, where there are strong electromagnetic disruptions. They are attacked by dozens of the creatures; only Carnby, Cedric, and Burke survive. They reach the underground surgery room where the baby creature was transplanted into Carnby. There, Hudgens takes Carnby's artifact and opens the gate. Millions of creatures awaken and run towards the gate. Burke kills Hudgens. The group places a bomb and runs away, only to realize that they cannot detonate it remotely. Burke returns and sacrifices himself. Carnby and Cedric rise to the surface at dawn but find the city evacuated. As they walk down the street, something runs toward them.
[ "Plot\n----", "Edward Carnby, a [paranormal investigator](/wiki/Ghost_hunting \"Ghost hunting\"), has a nightmare in which he hides from alien\\-like creatures as a child. Carnby flies to an urban museum where his girlfriend, Aline Cedric, is an assistant [curator](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\"). Carnby holds an artifact\\-puzzle piece of the Abkani, an extinct Native American tribe. A strange man follows Carnby and attacks him with supernatural strength, but the man dies after many escape attempts by Carnby. Simultaneously, a ship recovers a gold coffin from the ocean floor. After docking, the captain locks up the curator of the museum, Prof. Hudgens, while his crew opens the coffin. Hudgens escapes to find everyone killed by a mysterious creature and the coffin empty. Hudgens finds a secret compartment, collects an artifact from the coffin, and goes ashore.", "Several people across the western US and Canada walk off into the night after hearing an ear\\-splitting screech, and Carnby passes out while studying his artifact. Bureau 713, where Carnby used to work, becomes aware of evidence of electromagnetic waves by a surveillance team. Carnby thinks it is related to the Abkani because everyone who disappeared was from the same location. Carnby arrives that evening at the museum with the artifact, and Cedric shows him another recently arrived Abkani artifact that she has been studying since Hudgens' absence. The mysterious creature from the ship attacks them inside the museum, killing a security guard. Carnby and Cedric hide in a storage closet until troopers from Bureau 713 arrive, and the creature retreats. Carnby attempts to relay information to their team leader, Commander Burke, but Burke tells him to stay out of it. Carnby asks his former co\\-workers, including staff surgeon and pathologist Sam Fischer, about the creature.", "Hudgens returns to the museum with a captured creature. Hudgens uses a syringe to draw fluid from the creature to study it as part of his research in combining the DNA of man and beast. Carnby investigates his past by visiting his former orphanage to learn more about Hudgens' research.", "While patrolling the museum, several creatures attack Bureau 713 soldiers. Several soldiers and most of the creatures, who are revealed to be people who disappeared earlier, are killed. Carnby arrives, and Burke again tells him to stay away. During a scuffle, Carnby picks Burke's pocket containing his security badge. Carnby goes to Bureau 713 and talks with Fischer in the morgue while looking at one of the corpses. Fischer shows Carnby a small, centipede\\-like creature in the dorsal spine of his old friend. Fischer also discovers that Carnby has one of his own in his body, but it is dead, presumably because of the electroshock Carnby had as a child. Burke and his men arrive and escort Carnby out of the building. That evening, Professor Hudgens ambushes Fischer at his home and inserts a baby creature into Fischer's mouth.", "Carnby discovers that the Abkani had fought the creatures, which can be killed by light. They also disrupt electrical light, creating blackouts. The Abkani artifacts found all over the world open the gate to another dimension, where millions of creatures sleep, waiting to be freed. Hudgens further experiments, injecting himself with the blood of one of the creatures, which allows him to control the monsters. Carnby, Cedric, Burke, and Burke's military squad go to an abandoned gold mine near Carnby's orphanage, where there are strong electromagnetic disruptions. They are attacked by dozens of the creatures; only Carnby, Cedric, and Burke survive. They reach the underground surgery room where the baby creature was transplanted into Carnby. There, Hudgens takes Carnby's artifact and opens the gate. Millions of creatures awaken and run towards the gate. Burke kills Hudgens. The group places a bomb and runs away, only to realize that they cannot detonate it remotely. Burke returns and sacrifices himself. Carnby and Cedric rise to the surface at dawn but find the city evacuated. As they walk down the street, something runs toward them.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Pittsburgh Steelers Brown was selected in the seventh round (228th overall) of the [1999 NFL draft](/wiki/1999_NFL_draft "1999 NFL draft") by the [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers "Pittsburgh Steelers").{{Cite web \|title\=1999 NFL Draft Listing \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/years/1999/draft.htm \|access\-date\=March 28, 2023 \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} He saw action immediately in his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie "Rookie") season leading the team in scoring with 105 points while seeing action in all 16 games of the [regular season](/wiki/Regular_season "Regular season"). Brown remained with the Steelers through the [2001 season](/wiki/2001_NFL_season "2001 NFL season"), but had a crucial field goal blocked in the AFC Championship game that was returned for a touchdown. Brown also struggled in the team's first season at [Heinz Field](/wiki/Heinz_Field "Heinz Field"), including missing 4 field goals in a 13−10 loss to the arch\-rival Baltimore Ravens. Following the 2001 season, Brown sought [free agency](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent") and was granted the right to sign with another team. In 2002, Brown chose to sign with the newly formed [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans "Houston Texans") as a restricted free agent. The Steelers chose not to match the Texans' offer, opting to initially go with [Todd Peterson](/wiki/Todd_Peterson "Todd Peterson") before selecting kicker [Jeff Reed](/wiki/Jeff_Reed_%28American_football%29 "Jeff Reed (American football)") after Peterson was injured mid\-season. ### Houston Texans Brown won the job as a placekicker for the Texans and held the position for the first eight years of the franchise's history. On Christmas Eve 2006, Brown nailed a 48\-yard field goal as time expired to give the Texans their first\-ever win over the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts "Indianapolis Colts"). Brown kicked five field goals on October 7, 2007, against the [Miami Dolphins](/wiki/Miami_Dolphins "Miami Dolphins") at home, including the game\-winner on a career\-long 57\-yarder with one second remaining. Brown set an NFL single\-game record with three field goals of 54 yards or more, hitting two 54\-yarders earlier in the game. [Neil Rackers](/wiki/Neil_Rackers "Neil Rackers"), [Connor Barth](/wiki/Connor_Barth "Connor Barth"), [Morten Andersen](/wiki/Morten_Andersen "Morten Andersen"), [Sebastian Janikowski](/wiki/Sebastian_Janikowski "Sebastian Janikowski"), [Phil Dawson](/wiki/Phil_Dawson "Phil Dawson"), [Josh Scobee](/wiki/Josh_Scobee "Josh Scobee"), [Blair Walsh](/wiki/Blair_Walsh "Blair Walsh"), and [Tyler Bass](/wiki/Tyler_Bass "Tyler Bass") are the only other kickers to kick three field goals of 50\+ yards in a single game. Brown was given an extension on June 16, 2009, worth $10 million over 4 years. It also included $2\.5 million in guarantees.[Texans reward kicker Brown with 4\-year extension](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/sports/fb/texansfront/6484593.html/) Brown missed two game\-tying field goals vs the Colts and Titans on Monday Night Football in week 9 and 11 of the 2009 season. On September 3, 2010, Brown was released from the Texans after losing a training camp battle to [Neil Rackers](/wiki/Neil_Rackers "Neil Rackers"). Brown was the last remaining member of the inaugural 2002 team. ### San Diego Chargers Brown signed with the Chargers on October 20, 2010, after an injury to [Nate Kaeding](/wiki/Nate_Kaeding "Nate Kaeding"). On October 24, 2010, Brown kicked his first field goal as a San Diego Charger against the New England Patriots, later making his second field goal. With 27 seconds left in the game, he missed a 50\-yard field goal which would have tied the game.{{cite news\|title\=Final: Patriots 23, Chargers 20\|url\=http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/extra\_points/2010/10/live\_patriots\_a\_1\.html \| work\=The Boston Globe \| first\=Steve\|last\=Silva\|date\=October 24, 2010}} It was the only one he missed out of 5 attempts in 3 games. Brown was cut on November 23\. ### Dallas Cowboys On December 31, 2010, Brown was signed to a two\-year contract by the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys"), who were looking for him to compete the next year with [David Buehler](/wiki/David_Buehler "David Buehler") for the kicker job, so he was declared inactive for the last game of the season against the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles "Philadelphia Eagles"). On July 28, 2011, he was released after the team decided to sign [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent "Undrafted free agent") [Kai Forbath](/wiki/Kai_Forbath "Kai Forbath") and not have to pay Brown's scheduled $911,000 salary.{{cite web\|last\=Rosenthal\|first\=Gregg\|title\=Release Tracker\|url\=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/07/28/release\-tracker/\|work\=\[\[Pro Football Talk]]\|access\-date\=July 29, 2011}}
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Pittsburgh Steelers", "Brown was selected in the seventh round (228th overall) of the [1999 NFL draft](/wiki/1999_NFL_draft \"1999 NFL draft\") by the [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers \"Pittsburgh Steelers\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=1999 NFL Draft Listing \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/years/1999/draft.htm \\|access\\-date\\=March 28, 2023 \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} He saw action immediately in his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie \"Rookie\") season leading the team in scoring with 105 points while seeing action in all 16 games of the [regular season](/wiki/Regular_season \"Regular season\").", "Brown remained with the Steelers through the [2001 season](/wiki/2001_NFL_season \"2001 NFL season\"), but had a crucial field goal blocked in the AFC Championship game that was returned for a touchdown. Brown also struggled in the team's first season at [Heinz Field](/wiki/Heinz_Field \"Heinz Field\"), including missing 4 field goals in a 13−10 loss to the arch\\-rival Baltimore Ravens.", "Following the 2001 season, Brown sought [free agency](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\") and was granted the right to sign with another team. In 2002, Brown chose to sign with the newly formed [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans \"Houston Texans\") as a restricted free agent. The Steelers chose not to match the Texans' offer, opting to initially go with [Todd Peterson](/wiki/Todd_Peterson \"Todd Peterson\") before selecting kicker [Jeff Reed](/wiki/Jeff_Reed_%28American_football%29 \"Jeff Reed (American football)\") after Peterson was injured mid\\-season.", "### Houston Texans", "Brown won the job as a placekicker for the Texans and held the position for the first eight years of the franchise's history. On Christmas Eve 2006, Brown nailed a 48\\-yard field goal as time expired to give the Texans their first\\-ever win over the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts \"Indianapolis Colts\").", "Brown kicked five field goals on October 7, 2007, against the [Miami Dolphins](/wiki/Miami_Dolphins \"Miami Dolphins\") at home, including the game\\-winner on a career\\-long 57\\-yarder with one second remaining. Brown set an NFL single\\-game record with three field goals of 54 yards or more, hitting two 54\\-yarders earlier in the game. [Neil Rackers](/wiki/Neil_Rackers \"Neil Rackers\"), [Connor Barth](/wiki/Connor_Barth \"Connor Barth\"), [Morten Andersen](/wiki/Morten_Andersen \"Morten Andersen\"), [Sebastian Janikowski](/wiki/Sebastian_Janikowski \"Sebastian Janikowski\"), [Phil Dawson](/wiki/Phil_Dawson \"Phil Dawson\"), [Josh Scobee](/wiki/Josh_Scobee \"Josh Scobee\"), [Blair Walsh](/wiki/Blair_Walsh \"Blair Walsh\"), and [Tyler Bass](/wiki/Tyler_Bass \"Tyler Bass\") are the only other kickers to kick three field goals of 50\\+ yards in a single game.", "Brown was given an extension on June 16, 2009, worth $10 million over 4 years. It also included $2\\.5 million in guarantees.[Texans reward kicker Brown with 4\\-year extension](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/sports/fb/texansfront/6484593.html/)", "Brown missed two game\\-tying field goals vs the Colts and Titans on Monday Night Football in week 9 and 11 of the 2009 season.", "On September 3, 2010, Brown was released from the Texans after losing a training camp battle to [Neil Rackers](/wiki/Neil_Rackers \"Neil Rackers\"). Brown was the last remaining member of the inaugural 2002 team.", "### San Diego Chargers", "Brown signed with the Chargers on October 20, 2010, after an injury to [Nate Kaeding](/wiki/Nate_Kaeding \"Nate Kaeding\"). On October 24, 2010, Brown kicked his first field goal as a San Diego Charger against the New England Patriots, later making his second field goal. With 27 seconds left in the game, he missed a 50\\-yard field goal which would have tied the game.{{cite news\\|title\\=Final: Patriots 23, Chargers 20\\|url\\=http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/extra\\_points/2010/10/live\\_patriots\\_a\\_1\\.html \\| work\\=The Boston Globe \\| first\\=Steve\\|last\\=Silva\\|date\\=October 24, 2010}} It was the only one he missed out of 5 attempts in 3 games. Brown was cut on November 23\\.", "### Dallas Cowboys", "On December 31, 2010, Brown was signed to a two\\-year contract by the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys \"Dallas Cowboys\"), who were looking for him to compete the next year with [David Buehler](/wiki/David_Buehler \"David Buehler\") for the kicker job, so he was declared inactive for the last game of the season against the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles \"Philadelphia Eagles\"). On July 28, 2011, he was released after the team decided to sign [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent \"Undrafted free agent\") [Kai Forbath](/wiki/Kai_Forbath \"Kai Forbath\") and not have to pay Brown's scheduled $911,000 salary.{{cite web\\|last\\=Rosenthal\\|first\\=Gregg\\|title\\=Release Tracker\\|url\\=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/07/28/release\\-tracker/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Pro Football Talk]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2011}}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{Historical populations \|title\= Historical populations \|type\= USA \|align\= left \|1920\|70 \|1930\|57 \|1940\|79 \|1950\|57 \|1960\|76 \|1970\|96 \|1980\|80 \|1990\|69 \|2000\|62 \|2010\|57 \|2020\|39 \|source\={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}}}\|footnote\=Source:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|title\=U.S. Census website\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-29}} and \[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\.pdf Iowa Data Center] }} ### 2020 census As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census "United States census") of 2020,{{cite web \|title\=2020 Census \|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade/2020/2020\-census\-main.html \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 39 people, 15 households, and 10 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 792\.4 inhabitants per square mile (306\.0/km2). There were 22 housing units at an average density of 447\.0 per square mile (172\.6/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") makeup of the city was 92\.3% [White](/wiki/White_Americans "White Americans"), 0\.0% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans"), 0\.0% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 5\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans"), 0\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans"), 0\.0% from other races and 2\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") of any race comprised 2\.6% of the population. Of the 15 households, 33\.3% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 6\.7% were cohabitating couples, 20\.0% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 20\.0% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 33\.3% of all households were non\-families. 20\.0% of all household were made up of individuals, 13\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 47\.3 years. 15\.4% of the residents were under the age of 20; 2\.6% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 17\.9% were from 25 and 44; 51\.3% were from 45 and 64; and 12\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51\.3% male and 48\.7% female. ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-05\-11}} of 2010, there were 57 people, 22 households, and 14 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1140\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 26 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|520\.0\|/mi2\|/km2\|disp\=preunit\|units \|units\|}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") and 3\.5% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"). There were 22 households, of which 22\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 9\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36\.4% were non\-families. 27\.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2\.59 and the average family size was 3\.29\. The median age in the city was 43\.5 years. 26\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 3\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22\.9% were from 25 to 44; 28\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 19\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 56\.1% male and 43\.9% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 62 people, 24 households, and 19 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,394\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 28 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|629\.9\|/mi2\|/km2\|disp\=preunit\|units \|units\|}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.39% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.61% from two or more races. There were 24 households, out of which 33\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, and 20\.8% were non\-families. 16\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.58 and the average family size was 2\.95\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\.8% under the age of 18, 3\.2% from 18 to 24, 37\.1% from 25 to 44, 29\.0% from 45 to 64, and 4\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 121\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109\.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,938, and the median income for a family was $43,750\. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $23,333 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $18,365\. There were no families and 1\.7% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including no under eighteens and none of those over 64\.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{Historical populations\n\\|title\\= Historical populations\n\\|type\\= USA\n\\|align\\= left\n\\|1920\\|70\n\\|1930\\|57\n\\|1940\\|79\n\\|1950\\|57\n\\|1960\\|76\n\\|1970\\|96\n\\|1980\\|80\n\\|1990\\|69\n\\|2000\\|62\n\\|2010\\|57\n\\|2020\\|39\n\\|source\\={{center\\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}}}\\|footnote\\=Source:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-29}} and \\[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\\.pdf Iowa Data Center]\n}}", "### 2020 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") of 2020,{{cite web \\|title\\=2020 Census \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade/2020/2020\\-census\\-main.html \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 39 people, 15 households, and 10 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 792\\.4 inhabitants per square mile (306\\.0/km2). There were 22 housing units at an average density of 447\\.0 per square mile (172\\.6/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") makeup of the city was 92\\.3% [White](/wiki/White_Americans \"White Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 5\\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\"), 0\\.0% from other races and 2\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") of any race comprised 2\\.6% of the population.", "Of the 15 households, 33\\.3% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.7% were cohabitating couples, 20\\.0% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 20\\.0% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 33\\.3% of all households were non\\-families. 20\\.0% of all household were made up of individuals, 13\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.", "The median age in the city was 47\\.3 years. 15\\.4% of the residents were under the age of 20; 2\\.6% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 17\\.9% were from 25 and 44; 51\\.3% were from 45 and 64; and 12\\.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51\\.3% male and 48\\.7% female.", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-11}} of 2010, there were 57 people, 22 households, and 14 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1140\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 26 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|520\\.0\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\\=preunit\\|units \\|units\\|}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") and 3\\.5% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\").", "There were 22 households, of which 22\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 9\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36\\.4% were non\\-families. 27\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2\\.59 and the average family size was 3\\.29\\.", "The median age in the city was 43\\.5 years. 26\\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 3\\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22\\.9% were from 25 to 44; 28\\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 19\\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 56\\.1% male and 43\\.9% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 62 people, 24 households, and 19 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,394\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 28 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|629\\.9\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\\=preunit\\|units \\|units\\|}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.39% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.61% from two or more races.", "There were 24 households, out of which 33\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, and 20\\.8% were non\\-families. 16\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.58 and the average family size was 2\\.95\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\\.8% under the age of 18, 3\\.2% from 18 to 24, 37\\.1% from 25 to 44, 29\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 4\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 121\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109\\.1 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $35,938, and the median income for a family was $43,750\\. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $23,333 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $18,365\\. There were no families and 1\\.7% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including no under eighteens and none of those over 64\\.", "" ]
Hall of Famers -------------- * [Jonathan Ogden](/wiki/Jonathan_Ogden "Jonathan Ogden"), offensive tackle from UCLA, taken 1st round 4th overall by the Baltimore Ravens. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2013\. * [Marvin Harrison](/wiki/Marvin_Harrison "Marvin Harrison"), wide receiver from Syracuse, taken 1st round 19th overall by the Indianapolis Colts. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2016\. * [Ray Lewis](/wiki/Ray_Lewis "Ray Lewis"), linebacker from Miami (FL), taken 1st round 26th overall by the Baltimore Ravens. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2018\. * [Brian Dawkins](/wiki/Brian_Dawkins "Brian Dawkins"), safety from Clemson, taken 2nd round 61st overall by the Philadelphia Eagles. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2018\. * [Terrell Owens](/wiki/Terrell_Owens "Terrell Owens"), wide receiver from Chattanooga, taken 3rd round 89th overall by the San Francisco 49ers. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2018\. * [Zach Thomas](/wiki/Zach_Thomas "Zach Thomas"), linebacker from Texas Tech, taken 5th round 154th overall by the Miami Dolphins. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2023\.
[ "Hall of Famers\n--------------", "* [Jonathan Ogden](/wiki/Jonathan_Ogden \"Jonathan Ogden\"), offensive tackle from UCLA, taken 1st round 4th overall by the Baltimore Ravens.", "Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2013\\.\n* [Marvin Harrison](/wiki/Marvin_Harrison \"Marvin Harrison\"), wide receiver from Syracuse, taken 1st round 19th overall by the Indianapolis Colts.", "Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2016\\.\n* [Ray Lewis](/wiki/Ray_Lewis \"Ray Lewis\"), linebacker from Miami (FL), taken 1st round 26th overall by the Baltimore Ravens.", "Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2018\\.\n* [Brian Dawkins](/wiki/Brian_Dawkins \"Brian Dawkins\"), safety from Clemson, taken 2nd round 61st overall by the Philadelphia Eagles.", "Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2018\\.\n* [Terrell Owens](/wiki/Terrell_Owens \"Terrell Owens\"), wide receiver from Chattanooga, taken 3rd round 89th overall by the San Francisco 49ers.", "Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2018\\.\n* [Zach Thomas](/wiki/Zach_Thomas \"Zach Thomas\"), linebacker from Texas Tech, taken 5th round 154th overall by the Miami Dolphins.", "Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2023\\." ]
Plot ---- ### Act I In the U.S. in the 1930s, a campaign parade is taking place to support "Wintergreen for President". John P. Wintergreen has been nominated for President and Alexander Throttlebottom has been nominated for Vice President, but he is of such little importance no one can remember who he is. Politicians meet in a hotel room to devise a campaign platform, and when they ask the chambermaid what she cares about, she first says "money," then "love" when pressed further. The men decide that Wintergreen's platform will be "love"; they'll have a pageant to select the most beautiful girl in the United States, and Wintergreen will fall in love and marry her. The pageant begins in [Atlantic City, New Jersey](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey "Atlantic City, New Jersey"), and the contestants wonder, "Who Is the Lucky Girl to Be?" The photographers assure them that even if they do not win, they will surely be loved ("The Dimple on My Knee"). Wintergreen is getting nervous about marrying a girl he doesn't know. While the girls are at the final judging, he confides in Mary Turner, the sensible young woman running the pageant. He does not want to marry a girl just because she's beautiful; he wants a wife who will make a good home for him and his future children. Mary shares her corn muffin with him. Wintergreen tells Mary that he'd rather marry her than any of the girls in the contest. He kisses her, and she agrees to marry him. The judges of the pageant announce that Diana Devereaux, a beautiful southern girl, has won the contest, but Wintergreen declares that he loves Mary Turner. When he gives some of Mary's extraordinary corn muffins to the judges, they agree that John and Mary are meant to wed ("Because, Because"). Outside [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden "Madison Square Garden") in New York City, at a rally for Wintergreen, the campaigners declare that "[Love Is Sweeping the Country](/wiki/Love_Is_Sweeping_the_Country "Love Is Sweeping the Country")". Inside, where politicians are speaking in favor of Wintergreen, a wrestling match is going on just below the speakers' platform as Alexander Throttlebottom tries to explain to the organizers that he's the candidate for Vice\-President. Wintergreen proposes to Mary onstage, as he has in forty\-seven states before. She accepts again, and Wintergreen sings the campaign song to her, "Of Thee I Sing". On election night, Wintergreen wins by a landslide. Inauguration Day arrives, which is also Wintergreen's wedding day. As his inaugural address, Wintergreen bids goodbye to the girls he used to know ("Here's a Kiss for Cinderella"). The [Chief Justice](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States "Chief Justice of the United States") presides over the wedding ceremony, and just after he has pronounced John and Mary man and wife, Diana Devereaux interrupts the proceedings. She is serving Wintergreen with a summons for [breach of promise](/wiki/Breach_of_promise "Breach of promise"). She insists she is the one he should have married ("I Was the Most Beautiful Blossom"). The [Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court "United States Supreme Court") rules that Mary's corn muffins are more important than justice in this matter, and Diana angrily leaves to tell her story across the nation. Wintergreen leads the Supreme Court and spectators in a chorus of "Of Thee I Sing". ### Act II John and Mary settle down to business in the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House"). Her "desk," back\-to\-back with his, is a fully loaded tea\-table. Their secretaries greet each other "Hello, Good Morning". Alexander Throttlebottom, now Vice\-President, sneaks into the White House with a tour group. When a guide tells him that the Vice\-President's job is to preside over the [U. S. Senate](/wiki/U._S._Senate "U. S. Senate"), Throttlebottom eagerly dashes off to the [Capitol](/wiki/United_States_Capitol "United States Capitol"). Wintergreen's fellow party members inform him that Diana Devereaux is gaining support across the nation. Wintergreen holds a press conference and tells the reporters that his love for Mary is the only thing that matters ("Who Cares?"). The French ambassador unexpectedly arrives ("Garçon, S'il Vous Plaît"). He has a surprise for Mr. Wintergreen: Diana is "'The Illegitimate Daughter' of an illegitimate son of an illegitimate nephew of Napoleon." He insists that Wintergreen annul his marriage and marry Diana to right his grievous offense against France. Everyone agrees that Wintergreen should be impeached for breach of promise ("We'll Impeach Him"), but John and Mary do not care, since they have each other ("Who Cares?" (Reprise)). Throttlebottom has found the Senate, and the party members inform him that he will soon be President. He is very excited and goes into the Senate Chamber to preside, beginning by taking "The Roll Call." The resolution on the impeachment of the President is brought up, and the French Ambassador and Diana mournfully insist that she was "Jilted." Mary saves the day when she announces that she is pregnant ("Who Could Ask for Anything More?"). The senators refuse to impeach an expectant father, and Wintergreen declares that "Posterity" is just around the corner. The French Ambassador informs Wintergreen that by not marrying Diana, he has contributed to France's declining birth rate. He demands the Wintergreens' baby as a replacement for the one they have "taken" from France. John refuses, and the ambassador walks out. In the Yellow Room of the White House, guests are arriving bearing gifts for the baby ("Trumpeter, Blow Your Horn"). Wintergreen is nervously awaiting the baby's birth when the French Ambassador arrives with a final message from France: surrender the baby or France will sever diplomatic relations with the U.S. The Supreme Court justices, who have the duty to determine the sex of the baby, announce that twins have been born, a boy and a girl. The French ambassador is even more wounded by this proclamation: France has lost two babies instead of one! Diana mournfully joins him, and Alexander Throttlebottom arrives bearing sweaters for the babies. The French Ambassador is about to declare war when Wintergreen has a brilliant idea: according to Article Twelve of the Constitution, when the President of the United States is unable to fulfill his duties, his obligations are assumed by the Vice\-President! The ambassador calls Wintergreen a genius, and Throttlebottom is ecstatic as they pass Diana over to him. Servants wheel a large bed into the room, where Mary sits with the babies. Wintergreen leads everyone in proclaiming, "Of Thee I Sing."
[ "Plot\n----", "### Act I", "In the U.S. in the 1930s, a campaign parade is taking place to support \"Wintergreen for President\". John P. Wintergreen has been nominated for President and Alexander Throttlebottom has been nominated for Vice President, but he is of such little importance no one can remember who he is. Politicians meet in a hotel room to devise a campaign platform, and when they ask the chambermaid what she cares about, she first says \"money,\" then \"love\" when pressed further. The men decide that Wintergreen's platform will be \"love\"; they'll have a pageant to select the most beautiful girl in the United States, and Wintergreen will fall in love and marry her.", "The pageant begins in [Atlantic City, New Jersey](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Atlantic City, New Jersey\"), and the contestants wonder, \"Who Is the Lucky Girl to Be?\" The photographers assure them that even if they do not win, they will surely be loved (\"The Dimple on My Knee\"). Wintergreen is getting nervous about marrying a girl he doesn't know. While the girls are at the final judging, he confides in Mary Turner, the sensible young woman running the pageant. He does not want to marry a girl just because she's beautiful; he wants a wife who will make a good home for him and his future children. Mary shares her corn muffin with him. Wintergreen tells Mary that he'd rather marry her than any of the girls in the contest. He kisses her, and she agrees to marry him. The judges of the pageant announce that Diana Devereaux, a beautiful southern girl, has won the contest, but Wintergreen declares that he loves Mary Turner. When he gives some of Mary's extraordinary corn muffins to the judges, they agree that John and Mary are meant to wed (\"Because, Because\").", "Outside [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden \"Madison Square Garden\") in New York City, at a rally for Wintergreen, the campaigners declare that \"[Love Is Sweeping the Country](/wiki/Love_Is_Sweeping_the_Country \"Love Is Sweeping the Country\")\". Inside, where politicians are speaking in favor of Wintergreen, a wrestling match is going on just below the speakers' platform as Alexander Throttlebottom tries to explain to the organizers that he's the candidate for Vice\\-President. Wintergreen proposes to Mary onstage, as he has in forty\\-seven states before. She accepts again, and Wintergreen sings the campaign song to her, \"Of Thee I Sing\".", "On election night, Wintergreen wins by a landslide. Inauguration Day arrives, which is also Wintergreen's wedding day. As his inaugural address, Wintergreen bids goodbye to the girls he used to know (\"Here's a Kiss for Cinderella\"). The [Chief Justice](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States \"Chief Justice of the United States\") presides over the wedding ceremony, and just after he has pronounced John and Mary man and wife, Diana Devereaux interrupts the proceedings. She is serving Wintergreen with a summons for [breach of promise](/wiki/Breach_of_promise \"Breach of promise\"). She insists she is the one he should have married (\"I Was the Most Beautiful Blossom\"). The [Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court \"United States Supreme Court\") rules that Mary's corn muffins are more important than justice in this matter, and Diana angrily leaves to tell her story across the nation. Wintergreen leads the Supreme Court and spectators in a chorus of \"Of Thee I Sing\".", "### Act II", "John and Mary settle down to business in the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\"). Her \"desk,\" back\\-to\\-back with his, is a fully loaded tea\\-table. Their secretaries greet each other \"Hello, Good Morning\". Alexander Throttlebottom, now Vice\\-President, sneaks into the White House with a tour group. When a guide tells him that the Vice\\-President's job is to preside over the [U. S. Senate](/wiki/U._S._Senate \"U. S. Senate\"), Throttlebottom eagerly dashes off to the [Capitol](/wiki/United_States_Capitol \"United States Capitol\"). Wintergreen's fellow party members inform him that Diana Devereaux is gaining support across the nation. Wintergreen holds a press conference and tells the reporters that his love for Mary is the only thing that matters (\"Who Cares?\"). The French ambassador unexpectedly arrives (\"Garçon, S'il Vous Plaît\"). He has a surprise for Mr. Wintergreen: Diana is \"'The Illegitimate Daughter' of an illegitimate son of an illegitimate nephew of Napoleon.\" He insists that Wintergreen annul his marriage and marry Diana to right his grievous offense against France. Everyone agrees that Wintergreen should be impeached for breach of promise (\"We'll Impeach Him\"), but John and Mary do not care, since they have each other (\"Who Cares?\" (Reprise)).", "Throttlebottom has found the Senate, and the party members inform him that he will soon be President. He is very excited and goes into the Senate Chamber to preside, beginning by taking \"The Roll Call.\" The resolution on the impeachment of the President is brought up, and the French Ambassador and Diana mournfully insist that she was \"Jilted.\" Mary saves the day when she announces that she is pregnant (\"Who Could Ask for Anything More?\"). The senators refuse to impeach an expectant father, and Wintergreen declares that \"Posterity\" is just around the corner. The French Ambassador informs Wintergreen that by not marrying Diana, he has contributed to France's declining birth rate. He demands the Wintergreens' baby as a replacement for the one they have \"taken\" from France. John refuses, and the ambassador walks out.", "In the Yellow Room of the White House, guests are arriving bearing gifts for the baby (\"Trumpeter, Blow Your Horn\"). Wintergreen is nervously awaiting the baby's birth when the French Ambassador arrives with a final message from France: surrender the baby or France will sever diplomatic relations with the U.S. The Supreme Court justices, who have the duty to determine the sex of the baby, announce that twins have been born, a boy and a girl. The French ambassador is even more wounded by this proclamation: France has lost two babies instead of one! Diana mournfully joins him, and Alexander Throttlebottom arrives bearing sweaters for the babies. The French Ambassador is about to declare war when Wintergreen has a brilliant idea: according to Article Twelve of the Constitution, when the President of the United States is unable to fulfill his duties, his obligations are assumed by the Vice\\-President! The ambassador calls Wintergreen a genius, and Throttlebottom is ecstatic as they pass Diana over to him. Servants wheel a large bed into the room, where Mary sits with the babies. Wintergreen leads everyone in proclaiming, \"Of Thee I Sing.\"", "" ]
Plot ---- ### Part 1 *Voyager* is approaching [Borg](/wiki/Borg_%28Star_Trek%29 "Borg (Star Trek)") territory. The territory covers thousands of star systems and is too big to go around, but they find a narrow path through the sector that the Borg avoid likely due to the numerous gravimetric distortions within it. The senior staff agree that it is better to ride through this path, dubbed the "[Northwest Passage](/wiki/Northwest_Passage "Northwest Passage")", than to face the Borg directly. Captain Janeway orders preparations for a Borg encounter. While helping the [Doctor](/wiki/Doctor_%28Star_Trek%29 "Doctor (Star Trek)") craft antibodies to disable Borg assimilation, [Kes](/wiki/Kes_%28Star_Trek%29 "Kes (Star Trek)") has a brief vision of a pile of Borg corpses. She starts to experience several more, all based around the destruction of the Borg and *Voyager*. As they near the Northwest Passage, 15 Borg cubes travel towards them at high speeds, but ignore and pass them. Shortly afterwards, scans indicate that the cubes have been swiftly destroyed. Janeway orders the ship back to investigate. They find a [bioship](/wiki/Bioship "Bioship") is attached to a portion of a Borg hull. An away team transports over to discover a pile of Borg corpses, just as Kes had seen, and alien roars elsewhere on the ship. As they try to scan for the source, Kes has another vision, this time of [Ensign Harry Kim](/wiki/Harry_Kim_%28Star_Trek%29 "Harry Kim (Star Trek)") being attacked. Janeway orders an emergency beam\-out just as an insect\-like creature strikes at Kim. The bioship detaches from the hull and fires at *Voyager* as they flee the area, the near\-miss negatively affecting the ship. Kes reports hearing a voice say, "The weak will perish". Janeway orders the crew to continue course for the Northwest Passage. Analysis of the Borg's logs shows that the alien species is catalogued as [Species 8472](/wiki/Species_8472 "Species 8472") and has defeated the Borg many times before. The Doctor is able to eliminate the alien infection in Kim's body using modified Borg nanoprobes. Eventually *Voyager* reaches the Northwest Passage, only to find a fleet of bioships waiting, with more emerging from a quantum singularity. After moving to a safe distance, the senior staff discuss their options. Janeway proposes a temporary alliance with the Borg to face a common threat, offering the Doctor's cure for the Species 8472's infection as a bargaining chip. The senior staff are dubious, but agree it is their only option. *Voyager* travels to a nearby Borg\-occupied world, and is met by a Borg cube. Janeway announces their intentions, and the Borg beam her to their ship, where she begins negotiations. Suddenly, a fleet of bioships appears nearby and destroys the Borg planet. The Borg Cube, with *Voyager* in tow, narrowly escapes its destruction. ### Part 2 The Borg accept Janeway's offer of the modified nanoprobes in exchange for safe passage through their space, and she and Tuvok begin discussions. However, the Borg find verbal communication to be inefficient and attempt to attach a neural probe to Janeway. Janeway stops them by suggesting they choose a representative Borg for her to speak through, citing that they did this once before when they turned [Captain Picard](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Picard "Jean-Luc Picard") into [Locutus](/wiki/Locutus "Locutus"). A drone calling herself [Seven of Nine](/wiki/Seven_of_Nine "Seven of Nine") emerges as the chosen representative. As they discuss the integration of the nanoprobes into weaponry, a bioship appears and opens fire on the ships, injuring Janeway. The Borg transport Janeway, Tuvok, Seven, and several drones to one of *Voyager*{{'}}s cargo bays before ramming the bioship with the cube, destroying both of them. Janeway's injuries are so severe that she needs to be sedated and undergo urgent neurosurgery; before she is, she makes Chakotay promise to maintain the alliance. Seven learns from the Collective that Species 8472 have killed millions of Borg and several planets in the middle of their territory, and demands Chakotay direct *Voyager* to help. Chakotay refuses, since this would significantly deviate from their course, and states his intentions to strand the Borg on an M\-class planet to be picked up later. Seven is able to access the ship's deflector dish from the cargo bay and uses it to create a subspace rift. Chakotay orders the cargo bay depressurized, jettisoning all the drones into space except Seven who manages to stay. Though the crew regain control of the dish, the rift has grown large enough to draw *Voyager* into it. *Voyager* finds itself in "fluidic space", a liquid\-filled place where Species 8472 originate. Seven asserts to Chakotay that since he refused to help, *Voyager* must face Species 8472 alone, revealing that the Borg started the war when they tried to assimilate them. Their argument is stopped when Janeway announces she has recovered and retakes command of *Voyager*. She has Chakotay placed in the brig for disobeying orders (but really to appease Seven) and continues work on the weapon, as several bioships are detected heading towards them. The modifications are completed in time, and they are able to destroy the attacking ships. Seven reverses the process that drew *Voyager* into fluidic space, but the ship appears in the middle of a bioship fleet. They quickly reapply their modifications to a large\-scale weapon that destroys most of the enemy fleet and forces the rest to flee with Species 8472 retreating to their realm *en masse*, ending the war. Seven then turns on the *Voyager* crew and tries to assimilate the consoles. The crew have prepared for this — Chakotay uses a neural relay to distract Seven long enough for Torres to electrify the console, knocking Seven out and breaking her connection to the Collective. *Voyager* resumes its course for the Alpha Quadrant with an unconscious Seven onboard.
[ "Plot\n----", "### Part 1", "*Voyager* is approaching [Borg](/wiki/Borg_%28Star_Trek%29 \"Borg (Star Trek)\") territory. The territory covers thousands of star systems and is too big to go around, but they find a narrow path through the sector that the Borg avoid likely due to the numerous gravimetric distortions within it. The senior staff agree that it is better to ride through this path, dubbed the \"[Northwest Passage](/wiki/Northwest_Passage \"Northwest Passage\")\", than to face the Borg directly. Captain Janeway orders preparations for a Borg encounter. While helping the [Doctor](/wiki/Doctor_%28Star_Trek%29 \"Doctor (Star Trek)\") craft antibodies to disable Borg assimilation, [Kes](/wiki/Kes_%28Star_Trek%29 \"Kes (Star Trek)\") has a brief vision of a pile of Borg corpses. She starts to experience several more, all based around the destruction of the Borg and *Voyager*.", "As they near the Northwest Passage, 15 Borg cubes travel towards them at high speeds, but ignore and pass them. Shortly afterwards, scans indicate that the cubes have been swiftly destroyed. Janeway orders the ship back to investigate. They find a [bioship](/wiki/Bioship \"Bioship\") is attached to a portion of a Borg hull. An away team transports over to discover a pile of Borg corpses, just as Kes had seen, and alien roars elsewhere on the ship. As they try to scan for the source, Kes has another vision, this time of [Ensign Harry Kim](/wiki/Harry_Kim_%28Star_Trek%29 \"Harry Kim (Star Trek)\") being attacked. Janeway orders an emergency beam\\-out just as an insect\\-like creature strikes at Kim. The bioship detaches from the hull and fires at *Voyager* as they flee the area, the near\\-miss negatively affecting the ship. Kes reports hearing a voice say, \"The weak will perish\".", "Janeway orders the crew to continue course for the Northwest Passage. Analysis of the Borg's logs shows that the alien species is catalogued as [Species 8472](/wiki/Species_8472 \"Species 8472\") and has defeated the Borg many times before. The Doctor is able to eliminate the alien infection in Kim's body using modified Borg nanoprobes. Eventually *Voyager* reaches the Northwest Passage, only to find a fleet of bioships waiting, with more emerging from a quantum singularity. After moving to a safe distance, the senior staff discuss their options. Janeway proposes a temporary alliance with the Borg to face a common threat, offering the Doctor's cure for the Species 8472's infection as a bargaining chip. The senior staff are dubious, but agree it is their only option.", "*Voyager* travels to a nearby Borg\\-occupied world, and is met by a Borg cube. Janeway announces their intentions, and the Borg beam her to their ship, where she begins negotiations. Suddenly, a fleet of bioships appears nearby and destroys the Borg planet. The Borg Cube, with *Voyager* in tow, narrowly escapes its destruction.", "### Part 2", "The Borg accept Janeway's offer of the modified nanoprobes in exchange for safe passage through their space, and she and Tuvok begin discussions. However, the Borg find verbal communication to be inefficient and attempt to attach a neural probe to Janeway. Janeway stops them by suggesting they choose a representative Borg for her to speak through, citing that they did this once before when they turned [Captain Picard](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Picard \"Jean-Luc Picard\") into [Locutus](/wiki/Locutus \"Locutus\"). A drone calling herself [Seven of Nine](/wiki/Seven_of_Nine \"Seven of Nine\") emerges as the chosen representative. As they discuss the integration of the nanoprobes into weaponry, a bioship appears and opens fire on the ships, injuring Janeway. The Borg transport Janeway, Tuvok, Seven, and several drones to one of *Voyager*{{'}}s cargo bays before ramming the bioship with the cube, destroying both of them. Janeway's injuries are so severe that she needs to be sedated and undergo urgent neurosurgery; before she is, she makes Chakotay promise to maintain the alliance.", "Seven learns from the Collective that Species 8472 have killed millions of Borg and several planets in the middle of their territory, and demands Chakotay direct *Voyager* to help. Chakotay refuses, since this would significantly deviate from their course, and states his intentions to strand the Borg on an M\\-class planet to be picked up later. Seven is able to access the ship's deflector dish from the cargo bay and uses it to create a subspace rift. Chakotay orders the cargo bay depressurized, jettisoning all the drones into space except Seven who manages to stay. Though the crew regain control of the dish, the rift has grown large enough to draw *Voyager* into it.", "*Voyager* finds itself in \"fluidic space\", a liquid\\-filled place where Species 8472 originate. Seven asserts to Chakotay that since he refused to help, *Voyager* must face Species 8472 alone, revealing that the Borg started the war when they tried to assimilate them. Their argument is stopped when Janeway announces she has recovered and retakes command of *Voyager*. She has Chakotay placed in the brig for disobeying orders (but really to appease Seven) and continues work on the weapon, as several bioships are detected heading towards them. The modifications are completed in time, and they are able to destroy the attacking ships.", "Seven reverses the process that drew *Voyager* into fluidic space, but the ship appears in the middle of a bioship fleet. They quickly reapply their modifications to a large\\-scale weapon that destroys most of the enemy fleet and forces the rest to flee with Species 8472 retreating to their realm *en masse*, ending the war. Seven then turns on the *Voyager* crew and tries to assimilate the consoles. The crew have prepared for this — Chakotay uses a neural relay to distract Seven long enough for Torres to electrify the console, knocking Seven out and breaking her connection to the Collective. *Voyager* resumes its course for the Alpha Quadrant with an unconscious Seven onboard.", "" ]
Experimental approaches ----------------------- There are at least three kinds of searches that can be undertaken, which depend on the kind of force being considered, and its range. ### Equivalence principle One way to search for a fifth force is with tests of the strong [equivalence principle](/wiki/Equivalence_principle "Equivalence principle"), one of the most powerful tests of [general relativity](/wiki/General_relativity "General relativity"), also known as Einstein's theory of gravity. Alternative theories of gravity, such as [Brans–Dicke theory](/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory "Brans–Dicke theory"), postulate a fifth {{nowrap\|force{{tsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{tsp}}possibly one with infinite range. This is because gravitational interactions, in theories other than general relativity, have [degrees of freedom](/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_%28physics_and_chemistry%29 "Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)") other than the ["metric"](/wiki/Metric_tensor "Metric tensor"), which dictates the [curvature](/wiki/Curvature "Curvature") of space, and different kinds of degrees of freedom produce different effects. For example, a [scalar field](/wiki/Scalar_field "Scalar field") cannot produce the [bending of light rays](/wiki/Bending_of_starlight "Bending of starlight"). The fifth force would manifest itself in an effect on solar system orbits, called the [Nordtvedt effect](/wiki/Nordtvedt_effect "Nordtvedt effect"). This is tested with [Lunar Laser Ranging experiment](/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment "Lunar Laser Ranging experiment"){{cite web \|title\=Lunar laser ranging \|url\=http://funphysics.jpl.nasa.gov/technical/grp/lunar\-laser.html \|access\-date\=2005\-05\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128185551/http://funphysics.jpl.nasa.gov/technical/grp/lunar\-laser.html \|archive\-date\=2016\-11\-28 \|df\=dmy\-all}} and [very\-long\-baseline interferometry](/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry "Very-long-baseline interferometry"). ### Extra dimensions Another kind of fifth force, which arises in [Kaluza–Klein theory](/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory "Kaluza–Klein theory"), where the universe has [extra dimensions](/wiki/Extra_dimensions "Extra dimensions"), or in [supergravity](/wiki/Supergravity "Supergravity") or [string theory](/wiki/String_theory "String theory") is the [Yukawa force](/wiki/Yukawa_potential "Yukawa potential"), which is transmitted by a light scalar field (i.e. a scalar field with a long [Compton wavelength](/wiki/Compton_wavelength "Compton wavelength"), which determines the range). This has prompted a much recent interest, as a theory of [supersymmetric](/wiki/Supersymmetric "Supersymmetric") large extra {{nowrap\|dimensions{{tsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{tsp}}dimensions with size slightly less than a {{nowrap\|millimeter{{hsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{tsp}}has prompted an experimental effort to test gravity on very small scales. This requires extremely sensitive experiments which search for a deviation from the [inverse\-square law](/wiki/Inverse-square_law "Inverse-square law") of gravity over a range of distances.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.phys.utk.edu/see/ \|title\=Satellite Energy Exchange (SEE) \|access\-date\=2005\-05\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507195406/http://www.phys.utk.edu/see/ \|archive\-date\=2005\-05\-07 \|df\=dmy\-all}}, which is set to test for a fifth force in space, where it is possible to achieve greater sensitivity. Essentially, they are looking for signs that the Yukawa interaction is engaging at a certain length. Australian researchers, attempting to measure the [gravitational constant](/wiki/Gravitational_constant "Gravitational constant") deep in a mine shaft, found a discrepancy between the predicted and measured value, with the measured value being two percent too small. They concluded that the results may be explained by a repulsive fifth force with a range from a few centimetres to a kilometre. Similar experiments have been carried out on board a submarine, [USS *Dolphin* (AGSS\-555\)](/wiki/USS_Dolphin_%28AGSS-555%29 "USS Dolphin (AGSS-555)"), while deeply submerged. A further experiment measuring the gravitational constant in a deep borehole in the Greenland ice sheet found discrepancies of a few percent, but it was not possible to eliminate a geological source for the observed signal.{{cite journal \|last1\=Ander \|first1\=Mark E. \|last2\=Zumberge \|first2\=Mark A. \|last3\=Lautzenhiser \|first3\=Ted \|last4\=Parker \|first4\=Robert L. \|last5\=Aiken \|first5\=Carlos L. V. \|last6\=Gorman \|first6\=Michael R. \|last7\=Nieto \|first7\=Michael Martin \|last8\=Cooper \|first8\=A. Paul R. \|last9\=Ferguson \|first9\=John F. \|last10\=Fisher \|first10\=Elizabeth \|last11\=McMechan \|first11\=George A. \|last12\=Sasagawa \|first12\=Glenn \|last13\=Stevenson \|first13\=J. Mark \|last14\=Backus \|first14\=George \|last15\=Chave \|first15\=Alan D. \|last16\=Greer \|first16\=James \|last17\=Hammer \|first17\=Phil \|last18\=Hansen \|first18\=B. Lyle \|last19\=Hildebrand \|first19\=John A. \|last20\=Kelty \|first20\=John R. \|last21\=Sidles \|first21\=Cyndi \|last22\=Wirtz \|first22\=Jim \|title\=Test of Newton's inverse\-square law in the Greenland ice cap \|journal\=Physical Review Letters \|date\=27 February 1989 \|volume\=62 \|issue\=9 \|pages\=985–988 \|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevLett.62\.985 \|pmid\=10040395 \|bibcode\=1989PhRvL..62\..985A }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Zumberge \|first1\=Mark A. \|last2\=Ander \|first2\=Mark E. \|last3\=Lautzenhiser \|first3\=Ted V. \|last4\=Parker \|first4\=Robert L. \|last5\=Aiken \|first5\=Carlos L. V. \|last6\=Gorman \|first6\=Michael R. \|last7\=Nieto \|first7\=Michael Martin \|last8\=Cooper \|first8\=A. Paul R. \|last9\=Ferguson \|first9\=John F. \|last10\=Fisher \|first10\=Elizabeth \|last11\=Greer \|first11\=James \|last12\=Hammer \|first12\=Phil \|last13\=Hansen \|first13\=B. Lyle \|last14\=McMechan \|first14\=George A. \|last15\=Sasagawa \|first15\=Glenn S. \|last16\=Sidles \|first16\=Cyndi \|last17\=Stevenson \|first17\=J. Mark \|last18\=Wirtz \|first18\=Jim \|title\=The Greenland Gravitational Constant Experiment \|journal\=Journal of Geophysical Research \|date\=1990 \|volume\=95 \|issue\=B10 \|pages\=15483 \|doi\=10\.1029/JB095iB10p15483 \|bibcode\=1990JGR....9515483Z \|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/1231434 }} ### Earth's mantle Another experiment uses the [Earth's mantle](/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle "Earth's mantle") as a giant particle detector, focusing on geoelectrons.{{cite magazine \|last\=Aron \|first\=Jacob \|year\=2013 \|url\=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23202\-earths\-mantle\-helps\-hunt\-for\-fifth\-force\-of\-nature.html \|title\=Earth's mantle helps hunt for fifth force of nature \|magazine\=New Scientist}} ### Cepheid variables Jain *et al.* (2012\){{cite journal \|last1\=Jain \|first1\=Bhuvnesh \|last2\=Vikram \|first2\=Vinu \|last3\=Sakstein \|first3\=Jeremy \|date\=25 November 2013 \|title\=Astrophysical tests of modified gravity: Constraints from distance indicators in the nearby universe \|journal\=The Astrophysical Journal \|volume\=779 \|issue\=1 \|page\=39 \|id\=39 \|arxiv\=1204\.6044 \|doi\=10\.1088/0004\-637X/779/1/39 \|bibcode\=2013ApJ...779\...39J\|s2cid\=119260435 }} examined existing data on the rate of pulsation of over a thousand [cepheid variable](/wiki/Cepheid_variable "Cepheid variable") stars in 25 galaxies. Theory suggests that the rate of cepheid pulsation in galaxies screened from a hypothetical fifth force by neighbouring clusters, would follow a different pattern from cepheids that are not screened. They were unable to find any variation from Einstein's theory of gravity. ### Other approaches Some experiments used a lake plus a tower that is {{val\|320\|u\=m}}eters high.{{cite journal \|last1\=Liu \|first1\=Yi\-Cheng \|last2\=Yang \|first2\=Xin\-She \|last3\=Zhu \|first3\=Heng\-Bin \|last4\=Zhou \|first4\=Wen\-Hu \|last5\=Wang \|first5\=Qian\-Shen \|last6\=Zhao \|first6\=Zhi\-Qiang \|last7\=Jiang \|first7\=Wei\-Wei \|last8\=Wu \|first8\=Chuan\-Zhen \|title\=Testing non\-Newtonian gravitation on a 320 m tower \|journal\=Physics Letters A \|date\=September 1992 \|volume\=169 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=131–133 \|doi\=10\.1016/0375\-9601(92\)90582\-7 \|bibcode\=1992PhLA..169\..131L}} A comprehensive review by [Ephraim Fischbach](/wiki/Ephraim_Fischbach "Ephraim Fischbach") and Carrick Talmadge suggested there is no compelling evidence for the fifth force,{{cite journal \|last1\=Fischbach \|first1\=Ephraim \|last2\=Talmadge \|first2\=Carrick \|title\=Six years of the fifth force \|journal\=Nature \|date\=19 March 1992 \|volume\=356 \|issue\=6366 \|pages\=207–215 \|doi\=10\.1038/356207a0 \|bibcode\=1992Natur.356\..207F\|s2cid\=21255315 }} though scientists still search for it. The Fischbach–Talmadge article was written in 1992, and since then, other evidence has come to light that may indicate a fifth force.{{cite journal \|last1\=Jenkins \|first1\=Jere H. \|last2\=Fischbach \|first2\=Ephraim \|last3\=Buncher \|first3\=John B. \|last4\=Gruenwald \|first4\=John T. \|last5\=Krause \|first5\=Dennis E. \|last6\=Mattes \|first6\=Joshua J. \|title\=Evidence of correlations between nuclear decay rates and Earth–Sun distance \|journal\=Astroparticle Physics \|date\=August 2009 \|volume\=32 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=42–46 \|arxiv\=0808\.3283 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.astropartphys.2009\.05\.004 \|bibcode\=2009APh....32\...42J\|s2cid\=119113836 }} The above experiments search for a fifth force that is, like gravity, independent of the composition of an object, so all objects experience the force in proportion to their masses. Forces that depend on the composition of an object can be very sensitively tested by [torsion balance](/wiki/Torsion_balance "Torsion balance") experiments of a type invented by [Loránd Eötvös](/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s "Loránd Eötvös"). Such forces may depend, for example, on the ratio of [protons](/wiki/Proton "Proton") to [neutrons](/wiki/Neutron "Neutron") in an atomic nucleus, nuclear spin,{{cite book \|last1\=Hall \|first1\=A. M. \|title\=Progress in High Energy Physics \|last2\=Armbruster \|first2\=H. \|last3\=Fischbach \|first3\=E. \|last4\=Talmadge \|first4\=C. \|publisher\=Elsevier \|year\=1991 \|editor\=Hwang \|editor\-first\=W.\-Y. Pauchy \|location\=New York \|pages\=325–339 \|chapter\=Is the Eötvös experiment sensitive to spin? \|display\-editors\=etal}} or the relative amount of different kinds of [binding energy](/wiki/Binding_energy "Binding energy") in a nucleus (see the [semi\-empirical mass formula](/wiki/Semi-empirical_mass_formula "Semi-empirical mass formula")). Searches have been done from very short ranges, to municipal scales, to the scale of the [Earth](/wiki/Earth "Earth"), the Sun, and [dark matter](/wiki/Dark_matter "Dark matter") at the center of the galaxy. ### Claims of new particles {{main\|X17 particle}} In 2015, Attila Krasznahorkay at [ATOMKI](/wiki/ATOMKI "ATOMKI"), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences's Institute for Nuclear Research in [Debrecen](/wiki/Debrecen "Debrecen"), Hungary, and his colleagues posited the existence of [a new, light boson](/wiki/X17_particle "X17 particle") only 34 times heavier than the electron (17 MeV).{{cite journal \|last\=Cartlidge \|first\=Edwin \|year\=2016 \|title\=Has a Hungarian physics lab found a fifth force of nature? \|journal\=Nature \|doi\=10\.1038/nature.2016\.19957 \|s2cid\=124347962 }} In an effort to find a [dark photon](/wiki/Dark_photon "Dark photon"), the Hungarian team fired protons at thin targets of [lithium\-7](/wiki/Lithium-7 "Lithium-7"), which created unstable [beryllium\-8](/wiki/Beryllium-8 "Beryllium-8") nuclei that then decayed and ejected pairs of electrons and positrons. Excess decays were observed at an opening angle of 140° between the {{math\|e}}{{sup\|\+}} and {{math\|e}}{{sup\|−}}, and a combined energy of 17 MeV, which indicated that a small fraction of beryllium\-8 will shed excess energy in the form of a new particle. In November 2019, Krasznahorkay announced that he and his team at ATOMKI had successfully observed the same anomalies in the decay of stable helium atoms as had been observed in beryllium\-8, strengthening the case for the [X17](/wiki/X17_particle "X17 particle") particle's existence.{{cite news \|title\=Scientists may have discovered fifth force of nature, laboratory announces \|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]] \|place\=London, UK \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dark\-matter\-particle\-hungary\-atomki\-nuclear\-research\-force\-nature\-a9210741\.html \|access\-date\=2019\-11\-26 \|df\=dmy\-all}} Feng *et al*. (2016\) proposed that a protophobic (i.e. "proton\-ignoring") X\-boson with a mass of 16\.7 MeV with suppressed couplings to protons relative to neutrons and electrons and [femtometer](/wiki/Femtometer "Femtometer") range could explain the data.{{cite magazine \|title\=New boson claim faces scrutiny \|magazine\=Quanta Magazine \|url\=https://www.quantamagazine.org/new\-boson\-claim\-faces\-scrutiny\-20160607/ \|access\-date\=2019\-11\-24 \|df\=dmy\-all}} The force may explain the [muon {{nowrap\|{{mvar\|g}} − 2}} anomaly](/wiki/Anomalous_magnetic_dipole_moment%23Muon "Anomalous magnetic dipole moment#Muon") and provide a dark matter candidate. Several research experiments are underway to attempt to validate or refute these results.{{cite journal \|last1\=Feng \|first1\=Jonathan L. \|last2\=Fornal \|first2\=Bartosz \|last3\=Galon \|first3\=Iftah \|last4\=Gardner \|first4\=Susan \|last5\=Smolinsky \|first5\=Jordan \|last6\=Tait \|first6\=Tim M. P. \|last7\=Tanedo \|first7\=Philip \|title\=Protophobic Fifth\-Force Interpretation of the Observed Anomaly in {{sup\|8}}Be Nuclear Transitions \|journal\=Physical Review Letters \|date\=11 August 2016 \|volume\=117 \|issue\=7 \|page\=071803 \|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevLett.117\.071803 \|arxiv\=1604\.07411 \|pmid\=27563952 \|bibcode\=2016PhRvL.117g1803F \|s2cid\=206279817 }}
[ "Experimental approaches\n-----------------------", "There are at least three kinds of searches that can be undertaken, which depend on the kind of force being considered, and its range.", "### Equivalence principle", "One way to search for a fifth force is with tests of the strong [equivalence principle](/wiki/Equivalence_principle \"Equivalence principle\"), one of the most powerful tests of [general relativity](/wiki/General_relativity \"General relativity\"), also known as Einstein's theory of gravity. Alternative theories of gravity, such as [Brans–Dicke theory](/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory \"Brans–Dicke theory\"), postulate a fifth {{nowrap\\|force{{tsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{tsp}}possibly one with infinite range. This is because gravitational interactions, in theories other than general relativity, have [degrees of freedom](/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_%28physics_and_chemistry%29 \"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)\") other than the [\"metric\"](/wiki/Metric_tensor \"Metric tensor\"), which dictates the [curvature](/wiki/Curvature \"Curvature\") of space, and different kinds of degrees of freedom produce different effects. For example, a [scalar field](/wiki/Scalar_field \"Scalar field\") cannot produce the [bending of light rays](/wiki/Bending_of_starlight \"Bending of starlight\").", "The fifth force would manifest itself in an effect on solar system orbits, called the [Nordtvedt effect](/wiki/Nordtvedt_effect \"Nordtvedt effect\"). This is tested with [Lunar Laser Ranging experiment](/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment \"Lunar Laser Ranging experiment\"){{cite web \\|title\\=Lunar laser ranging \\|url\\=http://funphysics.jpl.nasa.gov/technical/grp/lunar\\-laser.html \\|access\\-date\\=2005\\-05\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128185551/http://funphysics.jpl.nasa.gov/technical/grp/lunar\\-laser.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-28 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} and [very\\-long\\-baseline interferometry](/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry \"Very-long-baseline interferometry\").", "### Extra dimensions", "Another kind of fifth force, which arises in [Kaluza–Klein theory](/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory \"Kaluza–Klein theory\"), where the universe has [extra dimensions](/wiki/Extra_dimensions \"Extra dimensions\"), or in [supergravity](/wiki/Supergravity \"Supergravity\") or [string theory](/wiki/String_theory \"String theory\") is the [Yukawa force](/wiki/Yukawa_potential \"Yukawa potential\"), which is transmitted by a light scalar field (i.e. a scalar field with a long [Compton wavelength](/wiki/Compton_wavelength \"Compton wavelength\"), which determines the range). This has prompted a much recent interest, as a theory of [supersymmetric](/wiki/Supersymmetric \"Supersymmetric\") large extra {{nowrap\\|dimensions{{tsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{tsp}}dimensions with size slightly less than a {{nowrap\\|millimeter{{hsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{tsp}}has prompted an experimental effort to test gravity on very small scales. This requires extremely sensitive experiments which search for a deviation from the [inverse\\-square law](/wiki/Inverse-square_law \"Inverse-square law\") of gravity over a range of distances.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.phys.utk.edu/see/ \\|title\\=Satellite Energy Exchange (SEE) \\|access\\-date\\=2005\\-05\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507195406/http://www.phys.utk.edu/see/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-05\\-07 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}, which is set to test for a fifth force in space, where it is possible to achieve greater sensitivity. Essentially, they are looking for signs that the Yukawa interaction is engaging at a certain length.", "Australian researchers, attempting to measure the [gravitational constant](/wiki/Gravitational_constant \"Gravitational constant\") deep in a mine shaft, found a discrepancy between the predicted and measured value, with the measured value being two percent too small. They concluded that the results may be explained by a repulsive fifth force with a range from a few centimetres to a kilometre. Similar experiments have been carried out on board a submarine, [USS *Dolphin* (AGSS\\-555\\)](/wiki/USS_Dolphin_%28AGSS-555%29 \"USS Dolphin (AGSS-555)\"), while deeply submerged. A further experiment measuring the gravitational constant in a deep borehole in the Greenland ice sheet found discrepancies of a few percent, but it was not possible to eliminate a geological source for the observed signal.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Ander \\|first1\\=Mark E. \\|last2\\=Zumberge \\|first2\\=Mark A. \\|last3\\=Lautzenhiser \\|first3\\=Ted \\|last4\\=Parker \\|first4\\=Robert L. \\|last5\\=Aiken \\|first5\\=Carlos L. V. \\|last6\\=Gorman \\|first6\\=Michael R. \\|last7\\=Nieto \\|first7\\=Michael Martin \\|last8\\=Cooper \\|first8\\=A. Paul R. \\|last9\\=Ferguson \\|first9\\=John F. \\|last10\\=Fisher \\|first10\\=Elizabeth \\|last11\\=McMechan \\|first11\\=George A. \\|last12\\=Sasagawa \\|first12\\=Glenn \\|last13\\=Stevenson \\|first13\\=J. Mark \\|last14\\=Backus \\|first14\\=George \\|last15\\=Chave \\|first15\\=Alan D. \\|last16\\=Greer \\|first16\\=James \\|last17\\=Hammer \\|first17\\=Phil \\|last18\\=Hansen \\|first18\\=B. Lyle \\|last19\\=Hildebrand \\|first19\\=John A. \\|last20\\=Kelty \\|first20\\=John R. \\|last21\\=Sidles \\|first21\\=Cyndi \\|last22\\=Wirtz \\|first22\\=Jim \\|title\\=Test of Newton's inverse\\-square law in the Greenland ice cap \\|journal\\=Physical Review Letters \\|date\\=27 February 1989 \\|volume\\=62 \\|issue\\=9 \\|pages\\=985–988 \\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.62\\.985 \\|pmid\\=10040395 \\|bibcode\\=1989PhRvL..62\\..985A }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Zumberge \\|first1\\=Mark A. \\|last2\\=Ander \\|first2\\=Mark E. \\|last3\\=Lautzenhiser \\|first3\\=Ted V. \\|last4\\=Parker \\|first4\\=Robert L. \\|last5\\=Aiken \\|first5\\=Carlos L. V. \\|last6\\=Gorman \\|first6\\=Michael R. \\|last7\\=Nieto \\|first7\\=Michael Martin \\|last8\\=Cooper \\|first8\\=A. Paul R. \\|last9\\=Ferguson \\|first9\\=John F. \\|last10\\=Fisher \\|first10\\=Elizabeth \\|last11\\=Greer \\|first11\\=James \\|last12\\=Hammer \\|first12\\=Phil \\|last13\\=Hansen \\|first13\\=B. Lyle \\|last14\\=McMechan \\|first14\\=George A. \\|last15\\=Sasagawa \\|first15\\=Glenn S. \\|last16\\=Sidles \\|first16\\=Cyndi \\|last17\\=Stevenson \\|first17\\=J. Mark \\|last18\\=Wirtz \\|first18\\=Jim \\|title\\=The Greenland Gravitational Constant Experiment \\|journal\\=Journal of Geophysical Research \\|date\\=1990 \\|volume\\=95 \\|issue\\=B10 \\|pages\\=15483 \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/JB095iB10p15483 \\|bibcode\\=1990JGR....9515483Z \\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/1231434 }}", "### Earth's mantle", "Another experiment uses the [Earth's mantle](/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle \"Earth's mantle\") as a giant particle detector, focusing on geoelectrons.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Aron \\|first\\=Jacob \\|year\\=2013 \\|url\\=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23202\\-earths\\-mantle\\-helps\\-hunt\\-for\\-fifth\\-force\\-of\\-nature.html \\|title\\=Earth's mantle helps hunt for fifth force of nature \\|magazine\\=New Scientist}}", "### Cepheid variables", "Jain *et al.* (2012\\){{cite journal \\|last1\\=Jain \\|first1\\=Bhuvnesh \\|last2\\=Vikram \\|first2\\=Vinu \\|last3\\=Sakstein \\|first3\\=Jeremy \\|date\\=25 November 2013 \\|title\\=Astrophysical tests of modified gravity: Constraints from distance indicators in the nearby universe \\|journal\\=The Astrophysical Journal \\|volume\\=779 \\|issue\\=1 \\|page\\=39 \\|id\\=39 \\|arxiv\\=1204\\.6044 \\|doi\\=10\\.1088/0004\\-637X/779/1/39 \\|bibcode\\=2013ApJ...779\\...39J\\|s2cid\\=119260435 }} examined existing data on the rate of pulsation of over a thousand [cepheid variable](/wiki/Cepheid_variable \"Cepheid variable\") stars in 25 galaxies. Theory suggests that the rate of cepheid pulsation in galaxies screened from a hypothetical fifth force by neighbouring clusters, would follow a different pattern from cepheids that are not screened. They were unable to find any variation from Einstein's theory of gravity.", "### Other approaches", "Some experiments used a lake plus a tower that is {{val\\|320\\|u\\=m}}eters high.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Liu \\|first1\\=Yi\\-Cheng \\|last2\\=Yang \\|first2\\=Xin\\-She \\|last3\\=Zhu \\|first3\\=Heng\\-Bin \\|last4\\=Zhou \\|first4\\=Wen\\-Hu \\|last5\\=Wang \\|first5\\=Qian\\-Shen \\|last6\\=Zhao \\|first6\\=Zhi\\-Qiang \\|last7\\=Jiang \\|first7\\=Wei\\-Wei \\|last8\\=Wu \\|first8\\=Chuan\\-Zhen \\|title\\=Testing non\\-Newtonian gravitation on a 320 m tower \\|journal\\=Physics Letters A \\|date\\=September 1992 \\|volume\\=169 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=131–133 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0375\\-9601(92\\)90582\\-7 \\|bibcode\\=1992PhLA..169\\..131L}} A comprehensive review by [Ephraim Fischbach](/wiki/Ephraim_Fischbach \"Ephraim Fischbach\") and Carrick Talmadge suggested there is no compelling evidence for the fifth force,{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Fischbach \\|first1\\=Ephraim \\|last2\\=Talmadge \\|first2\\=Carrick \\|title\\=Six years of the fifth force \\|journal\\=Nature \\|date\\=19 March 1992 \\|volume\\=356 \\|issue\\=6366 \\|pages\\=207–215 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/356207a0 \\|bibcode\\=1992Natur.356\\..207F\\|s2cid\\=21255315 }} though scientists still search for it. The Fischbach–Talmadge article was written in 1992, and since then, other evidence has come to light that may indicate a fifth force.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Jenkins \\|first1\\=Jere H. \\|last2\\=Fischbach \\|first2\\=Ephraim \\|last3\\=Buncher \\|first3\\=John B. \\|last4\\=Gruenwald \\|first4\\=John T. \\|last5\\=Krause \\|first5\\=Dennis E. \\|last6\\=Mattes \\|first6\\=Joshua J. \\|title\\=Evidence of correlations between nuclear decay rates and Earth–Sun distance \\|journal\\=Astroparticle Physics \\|date\\=August 2009 \\|volume\\=32 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=42–46 \\|arxiv\\=0808\\.3283 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.astropartphys.2009\\.05\\.004 \\|bibcode\\=2009APh....32\\...42J\\|s2cid\\=119113836 }}", "The above experiments search for a fifth force that is, like gravity, independent of the composition of an object, so all objects experience the force in proportion to their masses. Forces that depend on the composition of an object can be very sensitively tested by [torsion balance](/wiki/Torsion_balance \"Torsion balance\") experiments of a type invented by [Loránd Eötvös](/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s \"Loránd Eötvös\"). Such forces may depend, for example, on the ratio of [protons](/wiki/Proton \"Proton\") to [neutrons](/wiki/Neutron \"Neutron\") in an atomic nucleus, nuclear spin,{{cite book \\|last1\\=Hall \\|first1\\=A. M. \\|title\\=Progress in High Energy Physics \\|last2\\=Armbruster \\|first2\\=H. \\|last3\\=Fischbach \\|first3\\=E. \\|last4\\=Talmadge \\|first4\\=C. \\|publisher\\=Elsevier \\|year\\=1991 \\|editor\\=Hwang \\|editor\\-first\\=W.\\-Y. Pauchy \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=325–339 \\|chapter\\=Is the Eötvös experiment sensitive to spin? \\|display\\-editors\\=etal}} or the relative amount of different kinds of [binding energy](/wiki/Binding_energy \"Binding energy\") in a nucleus (see the [semi\\-empirical mass formula](/wiki/Semi-empirical_mass_formula \"Semi-empirical mass formula\")). Searches have been done from very short ranges, to municipal scales, to the scale of the [Earth](/wiki/Earth \"Earth\"), the Sun, and [dark matter](/wiki/Dark_matter \"Dark matter\") at the center of the galaxy.", "### Claims of new particles", "{{main\\|X17 particle}}\nIn 2015, Attila Krasznahorkay at [ATOMKI](/wiki/ATOMKI \"ATOMKI\"), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences's Institute for Nuclear Research in [Debrecen](/wiki/Debrecen \"Debrecen\"), Hungary, and his colleagues posited the existence of [a new, light boson](/wiki/X17_particle \"X17 particle\") only 34 times heavier than the electron (17 MeV).{{cite journal \\|last\\=Cartlidge \\|first\\=Edwin \\|year\\=2016 \\|title\\=Has a Hungarian physics lab found a fifth force of nature? \\|journal\\=Nature \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/nature.2016\\.19957 \\|s2cid\\=124347962 }} In an effort to find a [dark photon](/wiki/Dark_photon \"Dark photon\"), the Hungarian team fired protons at thin targets of [lithium\\-7](/wiki/Lithium-7 \"Lithium-7\"), which created unstable [beryllium\\-8](/wiki/Beryllium-8 \"Beryllium-8\") nuclei that then decayed and ejected pairs of electrons and positrons. Excess decays were observed at an opening angle of 140° between the {{math\\|e}}{{sup\\|\\+}} and {{math\\|e}}{{sup\\|−}}, and a combined energy of 17 MeV, which indicated that a small fraction of beryllium\\-8 will shed excess energy in the form of a new particle.", "In November 2019, Krasznahorkay announced that he and his team at ATOMKI had successfully observed the same anomalies in the decay of stable helium atoms as had been observed in beryllium\\-8, strengthening the case for the [X17](/wiki/X17_particle \"X17 particle\") particle's existence.{{cite news \\|title\\=Scientists may have discovered fifth force of nature, laboratory announces \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|place\\=London, UK \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dark\\-matter\\-particle\\-hungary\\-atomki\\-nuclear\\-research\\-force\\-nature\\-a9210741\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-26 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "Feng *et al*. (2016\\) proposed that a protophobic (i.e. \"proton\\-ignoring\") X\\-boson with a mass of 16\\.7 MeV with suppressed couplings to protons relative to neutrons and electrons and [femtometer](/wiki/Femtometer \"Femtometer\") range could explain the data.{{cite magazine \\|title\\=New boson claim faces scrutiny \\|magazine\\=Quanta Magazine \\|url\\=https://www.quantamagazine.org/new\\-boson\\-claim\\-faces\\-scrutiny\\-20160607/ \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-24 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} The force may explain the [muon {{nowrap\\|{{mvar\\|g}} − 2}} anomaly](/wiki/Anomalous_magnetic_dipole_moment%23Muon \"Anomalous magnetic dipole moment#Muon\") and provide a dark matter candidate. Several research experiments are underway to attempt to validate or refute these results.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Feng \\|first1\\=Jonathan L. \\|last2\\=Fornal \\|first2\\=Bartosz \\|last3\\=Galon \\|first3\\=Iftah \\|last4\\=Gardner \\|first4\\=Susan \\|last5\\=Smolinsky \\|first5\\=Jordan \\|last6\\=Tait \\|first6\\=Tim M. P. \\|last7\\=Tanedo \\|first7\\=Philip \\|title\\=Protophobic Fifth\\-Force Interpretation of the Observed Anomaly in {{sup\\|8}}Be Nuclear Transitions \\|journal\\=Physical Review Letters \\|date\\=11 August 2016 \\|volume\\=117 \\|issue\\=7 \\|page\\=071803 \\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.117\\.071803 \\|arxiv\\=1604\\.07411 \\|pmid\\=27563952 \\|bibcode\\=2016PhRvL.117g1803F \\|s2cid\\=206279817 }}", "" ]
Professional life ----------------- After getting his [doctorate of philosophy](/wiki/PhD "PhD") (1953\) Rohde worked mainly as teacher and later as [docent](/wiki/Docent "Docent") at the universities of [Paderborn](/wiki/Paderborn "Paderborn") and [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken "Saarbrücken"). In 1965 he was habilitated to [professor](/wiki/Professor%23Germany_and_Austria "Professor#Germany and Austria") in pedagogy. He became a member of Saarland's parliament in 1970, where he first presided over the cultural committee and later became the parliament's vice\-president. In 1977 he was voted the [SR](/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk "Saarländischer Rundfunk")'s artistic director, a position he kept until 1988\. From 1988 to 2000 he was general secretary of the *Deutsch\-Französischer Kulturrat* (fr:*Haut Conseil Culturel Franco\-Allemand*). For several years he was Chancellor of the [Order of the Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre "Order of the Holy Sepulchre") a [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic "Catholic") [chivalric order](/wiki/Chivalric_order "Chivalric order") that assists schools and hospitals in Palestine. For his engagement in Franco\-German cooperation, France's president awarded him the cross of the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur "Légion d'honneur"). Until his death in February 2019, Hubert Rohde was involved in cultural and social areas in many ways as a chairman, co\-founder, member and donor. He received numerous honours and awards for his commitment.
[ "Professional life\n-----------------", "After getting his [doctorate of philosophy](/wiki/PhD \"PhD\") (1953\\) Rohde worked mainly as teacher and later as [docent](/wiki/Docent \"Docent\") at the universities of [Paderborn](/wiki/Paderborn \"Paderborn\") and [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken \"Saarbrücken\"). In 1965 he was habilitated to [professor](/wiki/Professor%23Germany_and_Austria \"Professor#Germany and Austria\") in pedagogy.", "He became a member of Saarland's parliament in 1970, where he first presided over the cultural committee and later became the parliament's vice\\-president.", "In 1977 he was voted the [SR](/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk \"Saarländischer Rundfunk\")'s artistic director, a position he kept until 1988\\.", "From 1988 to 2000 he was general secretary of the *Deutsch\\-Französischer Kulturrat* (fr:*Haut Conseil Culturel Franco\\-Allemand*).", "For several years he was Chancellor of the [Order of the Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre \"Order of the Holy Sepulchre\") a [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic \"Catholic\") [chivalric order](/wiki/Chivalric_order \"Chivalric order\") that assists schools and hospitals in Palestine.\nFor his engagement in Franco\\-German cooperation, France's president awarded him the cross of the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur \"Légion d'honneur\").", "Until his death in February 2019, Hubert Rohde was involved in cultural and social areas in many ways as a chairman, co\\-founder, member and donor. He received numerous honours and awards for his commitment.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early years Son of Domenico Summa and Anna Coviello, he was born into a poor family involved with problems with the law. His maternal uncle, Giuseppe Nicola Coviello, was a bandit who died burned in a hut where he was hiding from the police; his paternal uncle, Francescantonio, was sentenced to ten years for beating a [bourbon](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies") gendarme and, after the imprisonment, fled to [Apulia](/wiki/Apulia "Apulia") after killing a man for a matter of gambling, working as a servant for a landowner of [Cerignola](/wiki/Cerignola "Cerignola") but he left soon for banditry. His father, though an honest farmer, had alcohol problems and one of his sisters was a prostitute. Still a little boy, Ninco Nanco began to work as a servant for a nobleman and later as a keeper of vineyards. At 18, he married a girl called Caterina Ferrara, orphaned of both parents. The couple had no children and the marriage lasted two years. In his young age, he was often protagonist of violent episodes. One day, he was beaten and stabbed in a leg by some people, forcing him into three months of recovery. Instead of denouncing the deed, he preferred personal revenge, killing one of his aggressors with an axe. Ninco Nanco was arrested and sentenced to ten years in [Ponza](/wiki/Ponza "Ponza") but he escaped in August 1860\.{{sfn\|Bianchi\|1903\|p\=24}} He went to [Naples](/wiki/Naples "Naples"), trying to join the [Garibaldine](/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi "Giuseppe Garibaldi") army but he was rejected. He tried also to enter the Italian National Guard but the result was negative. Forced to brigandage, he began to live by robbery. ### Brigandage [right\|thumb\|190px\|[Wanted poster](/wiki/Wanted_poster "Wanted poster") of [Carmine Crocco](/wiki/Carmine_Crocco "Carmine Crocco"), Ninco Nanco and Angelantonio Masini](/wiki/File:Ricompensa_cattura.jpg "Ricompensa cattura.jpg") On January 7, 1861, he met [Carmine Crocco](/wiki/Carmine_Crocco "Carmine Crocco"), becoming one of his best subordinates. Ninco Nanco participated in the conquest of the entire [Vulture](/wiki/Vulture_%28region%29 "Vulture (region)") zone, pushing forward to the [province of Matera](/wiki/Province_of_Matera "Province of Matera"), [Irpinia](/wiki/Irpinia "Irpinia") and [Capitanata](/wiki/Capitanata "Capitanata"). He had his own band of 50 men, remaining disposable to Crocco's orders in case of a big conflict against the [royal troops](/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army "Royal Italian Army"). His principal targets were rich landowners, resorting to kidnapping, homicide and properties devastation for ransom to finance his band activities. Ninco Nanco became soon known for his cold\-blooded and [ferine](/wiki/wikt:Ferine "Ferine") acts. The most known episode of his brigand life happened in January 1863, when he killed in the wood of [Castel Lagopesole](/wiki/Castel_Lagopesole "Castel Lagopesole") Costantino Pulusella, director of Public Safety of [Avigliano](/wiki/Avigliano "Avigliano"), the captain Luigi Capoduro and some of his troops who tried to lead him to surrender. The corpses were discovered days later: Pulusella was found with his hands cut off; Capoduro was beheaded, his head was found on a rock with a stone between his teeth and on his body a cross of [Savoy](/wiki/House_of_Savoy "House of Savoy") was engraved.{{cite book\|first\=Basilide\|last\=Del Zio\|title\=Il brigante Crocco e la sua autobiografia\|location\=Melfi\|publisher\=Tipografia G. Grieco\|year\=1903\|page\=172}} According to the accounts of the time, Ninco Nanco often tore the heart from the chest of captured soldiers. The memory of these actions was still alive among the inhabitants of [Basilicata](/wiki/Basilicata "Basilicata") in 1935, when [Carlo Levi](/wiki/Carlo_Levi "Carlo Levi") exiled to [Aliano](/wiki/Aliano "Aliano") during the fascist regime. The writer met people who claimed to be witnesses of those deeds and reported the anecdotes in his memoir *[Christ Stopped at Eboli](/wiki/Christ_Stopped_at_Eboli "Christ Stopped at Eboli")*.{{cite book\|first\=Carlo\|last\=Levi\|title\=Christ Stopped at Eboli\|location\=New York\|publisher\=Farrar, Straus and Company\|year\=1947\|page\=71}} However, Crocco denied tortures by Ninco Nanco at the expense of military prisoners, stating that he was fierce only for his self\-defense.{{sfn\|Cinnella\|2010\|p\=168}} Beside his cruelty, the brigand made also generous acts. He helped his sisters economically, who lived in miserable conditions and, being deeply religious, he donated money to the priests to celebrate masses in honour of the [Lady of Mount Carmel](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel "Our Lady of Mount Carmel"), whose effigy he carried always on his neck. During the siege of [Salandra](/wiki/Salandra "Salandra"), he spared the life of a priest who had helped his family in the past, ensuring him his protection. Ninco Nanco deposited valuable items in the chapel of [Monte Carmine](/wiki/Monte_Carmine "Monte Carmine"), which were seized and sold in 1863, by order of the antibrigandage committee. The proceeds were used for the renovation of the building. Once, he ordered to one of his men to stop using death threats to extract money from poor people, as they could not support the bands.{{sfn\|Bianchi\|1903\|p\=113}} ### Death Ninco Nanco's activity began to weaken in early 1864, because of the betrayal of [Giuseppe Caruso](/wiki/Giuseppe_Caruso_%28brigand%29 "Giuseppe Caruso (brigand)"), Crocco's lieutenant who decided to collaborate with the Italian government. On March 13, 1864, Ninco Nanco and two of his brigands (one of whom was his brother Francescantonio), while repairing in a farmhouse in the district of [Castel Lagopesole](/wiki/Castel_Lagopesole "Castel Lagopesole"), were suddenly surprised by the national guards, headed by captain Benedetto Corbo. The farmhouse was assaulted and, after a short conflict, Ninco Nanco and his men were captured and soon killed. He was killed with two shots to the throat by Nicola Coviello, corporal of the guards, to avenge the death of his brother\-in\-law, killed by Ninco Nanco on June 27, 1863, but most probably the brigand was killed by the order of Corbo himself, to prevent his revealing his protectors, including Corbo. In fact Corbo was involved, two months later, in another affair of complicity with the brigands and was accused for having issued, without any authority, two brigands belonging to Ninco Nanco's band.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.brigantaggio.net/brigantaggio/Briganti/NincoNanco01\.htm\#portarono\|title\= Giuseppe Nicola Summa, alias Ninco Nanco \|author\= Fioravante BOSCO\|publisher\= brigantaggio.net\|accessdate\=7 May 2012}} Crocco wanted to avenge the death of his lieutenant but the arrival of reinforcements in the district of Avigliano forced him to abandon the plan. His corpse was taken to Avigliano and hanged as a warning to the people and, the next day, it was brought to [Potenza](/wiki/Potenza "Potenza"), where it was buried. His subordinates joined the band of [Gerardo De Felice](/wiki/Gerardo_De_Felice "Gerardo De Felice") known as "*Ingiongiolo*", a brigand from [Oppido Lucano](/wiki/Oppido_Lucano "Oppido Lucano").
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early years", "Son of Domenico Summa and Anna Coviello, he was born into a poor family involved with problems with the law. His maternal uncle, Giuseppe Nicola Coviello, was a bandit who died burned in a hut where he was hiding from the police; his paternal uncle, Francescantonio, was sentenced to ten years for beating a [bourbon](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\") gendarme and, after the imprisonment, fled to [Apulia](/wiki/Apulia \"Apulia\") after killing a man for a matter of gambling, working as a servant for a landowner of [Cerignola](/wiki/Cerignola \"Cerignola\") but he left soon for banditry.", "His father, though an honest farmer, had alcohol problems and one of his sisters was a prostitute. Still a little boy, Ninco Nanco began to work as a servant for a nobleman and later as a keeper of vineyards. At 18, he married a girl called Caterina Ferrara, orphaned of both parents. The couple had no children and the marriage lasted two years. In his young age, he was often protagonist of violent episodes.", "One day, he was beaten and stabbed in a leg by some people, forcing him into three months of recovery. Instead of denouncing the deed, he preferred personal revenge, killing one of his aggressors with an axe. Ninco Nanco was arrested and sentenced to ten years in [Ponza](/wiki/Ponza \"Ponza\") but he escaped in August 1860\\.{{sfn\\|Bianchi\\|1903\\|p\\=24}} He went to [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\"), trying to join the [Garibaldine](/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi \"Giuseppe Garibaldi\") army but he was rejected. He tried also to enter the Italian National Guard but the result was negative. Forced to brigandage, he began to live by robbery.", "### Brigandage", "[right\\|thumb\\|190px\\|[Wanted poster](/wiki/Wanted_poster \"Wanted poster\") of [Carmine Crocco](/wiki/Carmine_Crocco \"Carmine Crocco\"), Ninco Nanco and Angelantonio Masini](/wiki/File:Ricompensa_cattura.jpg \"Ricompensa cattura.jpg\")\nOn January 7, 1861, he met [Carmine Crocco](/wiki/Carmine_Crocco \"Carmine Crocco\"), becoming one of his best subordinates. Ninco Nanco participated in the conquest of the entire [Vulture](/wiki/Vulture_%28region%29 \"Vulture (region)\") zone, pushing forward to the [province of Matera](/wiki/Province_of_Matera \"Province of Matera\"), [Irpinia](/wiki/Irpinia \"Irpinia\") and [Capitanata](/wiki/Capitanata \"Capitanata\"). He had his own band of 50 men, remaining disposable to Crocco's orders in case of a big conflict against the [royal troops](/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army \"Royal Italian Army\"). His principal targets were rich landowners, resorting to kidnapping, homicide and properties devastation for ransom to finance his band activities.", "Ninco Nanco became soon known for his cold\\-blooded and [ferine](/wiki/wikt:Ferine \"Ferine\") acts. The most known episode of his brigand life happened in January 1863, when he killed in the wood of [Castel Lagopesole](/wiki/Castel_Lagopesole \"Castel Lagopesole\") Costantino Pulusella, director of Public Safety of [Avigliano](/wiki/Avigliano \"Avigliano\"), the captain Luigi Capoduro and some of his troops who tried to lead him to surrender. The corpses were discovered days later: Pulusella was found with his hands cut off; Capoduro was beheaded, his head was found on a rock with a stone between his teeth and on his body a cross of [Savoy](/wiki/House_of_Savoy \"House of Savoy\") was engraved.{{cite book\\|first\\=Basilide\\|last\\=Del Zio\\|title\\=Il brigante Crocco e la sua autobiografia\\|location\\=Melfi\\|publisher\\=Tipografia G. Grieco\\|year\\=1903\\|page\\=172}}", "According to the accounts of the time, Ninco Nanco often tore the heart from the chest of captured soldiers. The memory of these actions was still alive among the inhabitants of [Basilicata](/wiki/Basilicata \"Basilicata\") in 1935, when [Carlo Levi](/wiki/Carlo_Levi \"Carlo Levi\") exiled to [Aliano](/wiki/Aliano \"Aliano\") during the fascist regime. The writer met people who claimed to be witnesses of those deeds and reported the anecdotes in his memoir *[Christ Stopped at Eboli](/wiki/Christ_Stopped_at_Eboli \"Christ Stopped at Eboli\")*.{{cite book\\|first\\=Carlo\\|last\\=Levi\\|title\\=Christ Stopped at Eboli\\|location\\=New York\\|publisher\\=Farrar, Straus and Company\\|year\\=1947\\|page\\=71}} However, Crocco denied tortures by Ninco Nanco at the expense of military prisoners, stating that he was fierce only for his self\\-defense.{{sfn\\|Cinnella\\|2010\\|p\\=168}}", "Beside his cruelty, the brigand made also generous acts. He helped his sisters economically, who lived in miserable conditions and, being deeply religious, he donated money to the priests to celebrate masses in honour of the [Lady of Mount Carmel](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel \"Our Lady of Mount Carmel\"), whose effigy he carried always on his neck. During the siege of [Salandra](/wiki/Salandra \"Salandra\"), he spared the life of a priest who had helped his family in the past, ensuring him his protection. Ninco Nanco deposited valuable items in the chapel of [Monte Carmine](/wiki/Monte_Carmine \"Monte Carmine\"), which were seized and sold in 1863, by order of the antibrigandage committee. The proceeds were used for the renovation of the building. Once, he ordered to one of his men to stop using death threats to extract money from poor people, as they could not support the bands.{{sfn\\|Bianchi\\|1903\\|p\\=113}}", "### Death", "Ninco Nanco's activity began to weaken in early 1864, because of the betrayal of [Giuseppe Caruso](/wiki/Giuseppe_Caruso_%28brigand%29 \"Giuseppe Caruso (brigand)\"), Crocco's lieutenant who decided to collaborate with the Italian government. On March 13, 1864, Ninco Nanco and two of his brigands (one of whom was his brother Francescantonio), while repairing in a farmhouse in the district of [Castel Lagopesole](/wiki/Castel_Lagopesole \"Castel Lagopesole\"), were suddenly surprised by the national guards, headed by captain Benedetto Corbo. The farmhouse was assaulted and, after a short conflict, Ninco Nanco and his men were captured and soon killed.", "He was killed with two shots to the throat by Nicola Coviello, corporal of the guards, to avenge the death of his brother\\-in\\-law, killed by Ninco Nanco on June 27, 1863, but most probably the brigand was killed by the order of Corbo himself, to prevent his revealing his protectors, including Corbo. In fact Corbo was involved, two months later, in another affair of complicity with the brigands and was accused for having issued, without any authority, two brigands belonging to Ninco Nanco's band.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.brigantaggio.net/brigantaggio/Briganti/NincoNanco01\\.htm\\#portarono\\|title\\= Giuseppe Nicola Summa, alias Ninco Nanco \\|author\\= Fioravante BOSCO\\|publisher\\= brigantaggio.net\\|accessdate\\=7 May 2012}}", "Crocco wanted to avenge the death of his lieutenant but the arrival of reinforcements in the district of Avigliano forced him to abandon the plan. His corpse was taken to Avigliano and hanged as a warning to the people and, the next day, it was brought to [Potenza](/wiki/Potenza \"Potenza\"), where it was buried. His subordinates joined the band of [Gerardo De Felice](/wiki/Gerardo_De_Felice \"Gerardo De Felice\") known as \"*Ingiongiolo*\", a brigand from [Oppido Lucano](/wiki/Oppido_Lucano \"Oppido Lucano\").", "" ]
History ------- ### Pre\-history An early [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age") site was excavated in the Meadowlands area of Downpatrick, revealing two [roundhouses](/wiki/Roundhouse_%28dwelling%29 "Roundhouse (dwelling)"), one was four metres across and the other was over seven metres across.{{cite book \|author1\=Mallory, J.P. \|author2\=McNeill, T.E.\| year\=1991 \|title\=The Archaeology of Ulster from Colonization to Plantation \| publisher\=Institute of Irish Studies, QUB \| location\=Belfast \| page\=95}} Archaeological excavations in the 1950s found what was thought to be a Bronze Age hillfort on Cathedral Hill, but further work in the 1980s revealed that this was a much later [rampart](/wiki/Rampart_%28fortification%29 "Rampart (fortification)") surrounding an early Christian monastery.{{cite book \|editor\-last\=Duffy \|editor\-first\=Seán \|title\=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopaedia \|first\=T. E. \|last\=McNeill \|contribution\=Downpatrick \|pages\=133\|publisher\=Routledge \|year\=2005}} ### Early history [thumb\|The remains of the 'Mound of Down'.](/wiki/File:Mound_of_Down.jpg "Mound of Down.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Reputed grave of St Patrick](/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Grave_Downpatrick_-_older_photo.jpg "St Patrick's Grave Downpatrick - older photo.jpg") Downpatrick is one of Ireland's oldest towns. It takes its name from a *dún*, a medieval royal fort, which stood on a [drumlin](/wiki/Drumlin "Drumlin") overlooking the [River Quoile](/wiki/River_Quoile "River Quoile"). In the Middle Ages, the river was an estuary that would have surrounded the drumlin on most sides.MacDonald, Philip (2012\). ["Geophysical Survey and Excavation at the Mound of Down, County Down"](https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/communityarchaeology/PDFFileStore/Filetoupload,508691,en.pdf). [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). pp.5–14, 33–35\. It is believed that there was a [ringfort](/wiki/Ringfort "Ringfort") on the site in the [early Middle Ages](/wiki/History_of_Ireland_%28400%E2%80%93800%29 "History of Ireland (400–800)"). This may have been the site called *Ráth Celtchair* (later anglicized Rathkeltair), the 'fort of [Celtchar](/wiki/Celtchar "Celtchar")', after a hero in the [Ulster Cycle](/wiki/Ulster_Cycle "Ulster Cycle") of [Irish mythology](/wiki/Irish_mythology "Irish mythology"). A small [Christian](/wiki/Celtic_Christianity "Celtic Christianity") [monastic settlement](/wiki/Monastic_settlement "Monastic settlement") was also built on the neighbouring drumlin to the south, now known as 'Cathedral Hill'. Nearby [Saul Monastery](/wiki/Saul_Monastery "Saul Monastery") was associated with [Saint Patrick](/wiki/Saint_Patrick "Saint Patrick"). The saint is said to have been buried on Cathedral Hill in the 5th century, and his reputed grave is still a place of pilgrimage. Down Cathedral was later built on this spot. In the early 11th century, a much bigger fort with earthen ramparts was built on the northern drumlin, now known as the 'Mound of Down'. This was the capital of the [Dál Fiatach](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach "Dál Fiatach"), the main ruling dynasty of [Ulaidh](/wiki/Ulaid "Ulaid") (Ulster), who held the title "Rí Uladh", "King of Ulster". Deirdre Flanagan suggests that the older name *Dún Lethglaise* referred to Cathedral Hill, while *Dún da Lethglas* was the name of this new royal residence. The [King of Norway](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_%28872%E2%80%931397%29 "Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)"), [Magnus Barefoot](/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot "Magnus Barefoot"), was killed in an ambush near Downpatrick in 1102\. It is believed his grave is marked by a mound at Horse Island, southwest of Cathedral Hill.McCormick, Finbar. "[The grave of Magnus Barelegs](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41406683)". *Ulster Journal of Archaeology*, vol. 68, 2009\. pp. 102–109\. [Saint Malachy](/wiki/Saint_Malachy "Saint Malachy") became the [Bishop of Down](/wiki/Bishop_of_Down "Bishop of Down") (*Dún da Lethglas*) in 1137\. He administered the diocese from [Bangor](/wiki/Bangor_Abbey "Bangor Abbey") and introduced a community of [Augustinians](/wiki/Augustinians "Augustinians") (canons) to *Dún da Lethglas* dedicated to St John the Evangelist. Malachy and his successors repaired and enlarged Down Cathedral.{{cite book \|last1\=Rankin \|first1\=Fred \|title\=Down Cathedral: The Church of Saint Patrick of Down \|date\=1997 \|publisher\=Ulster Historical Foundation \|pages\=20–21}} In the late 12th century, the area was conquered by [Anglo\-Normans](/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland "Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland") led by [John de Courcy](/wiki/John_de_Courcy "John de Courcy"), becoming part of his [Earldom of Ulster](/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster "Earldom of Ulster"). In February 1177, a Norman army of 300 men and 20 knights marched north from Dublin and took the town by surprise. The King of Ulster and Dál Fiatach, [Ruaidrí mac Duinn Sléibe](/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_mac_Duinn_Sl%C3%A9ibe "Ruaidrí mac Duinn Sléibe") (Rory MacDunleavy), tried to retake the town, but was forced to withdraw after a fierce battle.{{cite book \|last\=Martin \|first\=Francis Xavier \|author\-link\=F. X. Martin \|editor\=Art Cosgrove \|title\=A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=2008 \|chapter\=Chapter 4: Overlord becomes feudal lord, 1172–85\|page\=115}} The Normans began building a [motte](/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle "Motte-and-bailey castle") (fortified mound) inside the older royal fort, but abandoned it when de Courcy made [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus "Carrickfergus") his capital in 1178\. In 1183, de Courcy brought in [Benedictine](/wiki/Benedictine "Benedictine") monks from the abbey of [St Werburgh](/wiki/St_Werburgh "St Werburgh") in [Chester](/wiki/Chester "Chester") (today [Chester Cathedral](/wiki/Chester_Cathedral "Chester Cathedral")), England. He built a friary for them at Downpatrick; this building was destroyed by an earthquake in 1245\.{{cite book \|author1\=DeBreffny, D \|author2\=Mott, G\| year\=1976 \|title\=The Churches and Abbeys of Ireland \| publisher\=Thames \& Hudson \| location\=London \| pages\=60–61}} He also re\-dedicated the cathedral to Saint Patrick, giving it the name *Ecclesia S. Patricii Duni* in Latin. It is claimed that de Courcy miraculously found the bones of St Patrick, St [Brigid](/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare "Brigid of Kildare") and St [Colmcille](/wiki/Colmcille "Colmcille") at Downpatrick. In the presence of the Papal Legate, Vivian, the relics were reburied inside the cathedral on 9 June 1196\. This story of their discovery is thought to have been crafted by de Courcy for political reasons.Rankin, pp.33\-34 In the Anglo\-Norman and later medieval era the town's name in Latin and English documentation is variously 'Dunum', 'Dun' or 'Down'. The oldest surviving record of the name 'Downpatrick' is in the [Bodley Survey](/wiki/Bodley_Survey "Bodley Survey") of the early 1600s. In 1260 [Brian O'Neill](/wiki/Brian_O%27Neill_%28High-King_of_Ireland%29 "Brian O'Neill (High-King of Ireland)"), King of [Tír Eoghain](/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain "Tír Eoghain") (Tyrone) and claimed [High King of Ireland](/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland "High King of Ireland"), marched to Downpatrick, which was then part of the Anglo\-Norman earldom of Ulster. Allied with a Connacht force under Hugh O'Conor, he fought the Anglo\-Normans in the [Battle of Down](/wiki/Battle_of_Down "Battle of Down"). O'Neill was killed and the Irish were defeated.Rankin, p.69 The death of O'Neill and defeat of the Irish was lamented in a poem by the [Cenél nEógain](/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain "Cenél nEógain") bard [Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe](/wiki/Giolla_Brighde_Mac_Con_Midhe "Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe") (1210–1272\). The earldom collapsed in the 1300s, but the English retained a foothold in Lecale. In 1375, Niall O'Neill of Tyrone defeated the English at Dundalethglas.Rankin, p.70 ### Reformation and aftermath Under orders from [King Henry VIII of England](/wiki/Henry_VIII "Henry VIII"), Downpatrick's [monastic community was dissolved](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries "Dissolution of the monasteries") by the English around 1540, and the Cathedral fell into ruins. In 1600, the cathedral was allegedly burnt by English forces led by [Edward Cromwell](/wiki/Edward_Cromwell%2C_3rd_Baron_Cromwell "Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell").Rankin, pp.79\-84 A painting from 1788 shows the abbey ruins and its [round tower](/wiki/Irish_round_tower "Irish round tower").{{cite journal \|last1\=Blair \|first1\=Philip \|title\=J W Hanna'a Lecture and Exhibition of 1851 \|journal\=Lecale Review \|date\=2022 \|issue\=20}} The [Archbishop of Armagh](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh "Archbishop of Armagh"), composer of [Irish bardic poetry](/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry "Irish bardic poetry") and [Christian poetry](/wiki/Christian_poetry "Christian poetry") in the [Classical Gaelic](/wiki/Classical_Gaelic "Classical Gaelic") [literary language](/wiki/Literary_language "Literary language"), and [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan "Franciscan") [Counter\-Reformation](/wiki/Counter-Reformation "Counter-Reformation") theologian [Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil](/wiki/Aodh_Mac_Cathmhaoil "Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil") was born outside Downpatrick in 1571\. On 21 January 1575, Franciscans John Lochran, Donagh O'Rorke, and Edmund Fitzsimon were hanged by Protestants at Downpatrick. After his 25 April 1681 assassination by his foster brother, Art McCall O'Hanlon near [Hilltown, County Down](/wiki/Hilltown%2C_County_Down "Hilltown, County Down"), [rapparee](/wiki/Rapparee "Rapparee") leader Count [Redmond O'Hanlon](/wiki/Redmond_O%27Hanlon_%28outlaw%29 "Redmond O'Hanlon (outlaw)")'s [severed head](/wiki/Beheading "Beheading") was [displayed spiked](/wiki/Head_on_a_spike "Head on a spike") upon Downpatrick Gaol. The Count's body was buried in the Roman Catholic cemetery at [Ballynabeck](/wiki/Ballynabeck "Ballynabeck"), on the road between [Tandragee](/wiki/Tandragee "Tandragee") and [Scarva](/wiki/Scarva "Scarva"). Stephen Dunford (2000\), *The Irish Highwaymen*, Merlin Publishing. Pages 103\-104\. Cathedral Hill was the subject of an archaeological investigation in Series 5 of the Channel 4 *[Time Team](/wiki/Time_Team "Time Team")* programme.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.channel4\.com/programmes/time\-team/on\-demand/24053\-007\|title\=Time Team \- on Demand \- All 4\|access\-date\=2 May 2016\|archive\-date\=7 May 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507083205/http://www.channel4\.com/programmes/time\-team/on\-demand/24053\-007\|url\-status\=live}} ### 18th century Four main thoroughfares are shown converging on a town plan of 1724, namely English Street, Scotch (now Saul) Street, Barrack (now Scotch) Street, and Irish Street. The landscape limited the growth of the town. The early\-18th\-century street plan continued largely unchanged until 1838 when Church Street was built, followed by Market Street in 1846\. The condition of the town was greatly improved in the 18th century by a land\-owning family named Southwell. The first Edward Southwell was responsible for building a [shambles](/wiki/Slaughterhouse%23History "Slaughterhouse#History") in 1719 and paving of the streets, which started in 1727\. In 1717 he built a quay and grain store at Quoile Quay, contributing to the economic growth of the town. The second Edward Southwell was responsible for building Southwell School in 1733\. Down County Infirmary was established in a house in Saul Street in October 1767, where it operated for seven years. It was moved to Barrack Lane (now Fountain Street) where the former Horse Barracks was bought in 1774 for £150 by [Bernard Ward, 1st Viscount Bangor](/wiki/Bernard_Ward%2C_1st_Viscount_Bangor "Bernard Ward, 1st Viscount Bangor") for use as the [Infirmary](/wiki/wikt:Infirmary "Infirmary"). It was used until the new Infirmary (later known as the [Downe Hospital](/wiki/Downe_Hospital "Downe Hospital")) was opened in 1834\. In June 1778, [John Wesley](/wiki/John_Wesley "John Wesley"), the founder of [Methodism](/wiki/Methodism "Methodism"), preached in the new preaching house in Downpatrick and in The Grove beside the ruins of Down Cathedral, which he called a "noble ruin". [thumb\|Downpatrick in the late 19th century](/wiki/File:Countynstables%21_%288241200776%29.jpg "Countynstables! (8241200776).jpg") ### 19th century On 21 October 1803, a co\-founder and leader of the [United Irishmen](/wiki/United_Irishmen "United Irishmen"), [Thomas Russell](/wiki/Thomas_Russell_%28rebel%29 "Thomas Russell (rebel)"), was hanged outside Downpatrick Gaol for his part in trying to raise local United Irishmen and [Defenders](/wiki/Defenders_%28Ireland%29 "Defenders (Ireland)") in support of [Robert Emmet's rebellion](/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803 "Irish rebellion of 1803") in July of that year. Russell is buried in the graveyard of the Anglican parish Church of Downpatrick, St Margaret's, in a grave paid for by his friend [Mary Ann McCracken](/wiki/Mary_Ann_McCracken "Mary Ann McCracken"), sister of leading Belfast United Irishman [Henry Joy McCracken](/wiki/Henry_Joy_McCracken "Henry Joy McCracken") who had been hanged in 1798\. In his role as barrister, [Daniel O'Connell](/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell "Daniel O'Connell"), "The Liberator", was called away from London to Downpatrick to attend the County Down Assizes, as counsel in a case heard on 1 April 1829\.Selected reports from the Belfast Newsletter As the leading campaigner for [Catholic Emancipation](/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation "Catholic Emancipation"), he had been in London for the parliamentary passage of the [Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829 "Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829") which lifted the sacramental test bar to Catholics entering the British Parliament. On 2 April 1829, O'Connell attended a public dinner at Downpatrick in his honour, along with "upwards of eighty gentlemen, of different religious persuasions". On St Patrick's Day, 17 March 1848, a crowd of 2,000–3,000 Catholics set off from Old Course Road intending to parade to the reputed grave of St Patrick on Cathedral Hill. They were attacked by Protestant [Orangemen](/wiki/Orange_Order "Orange Order") at the Irish Street shambles and a riot ensued. [thumb\|St Patrick's Catholic Church](/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Catholic_Church%2C_Downpatrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2446907.jpg "St Patrick's Catholic Church, Downpatrick - geograph.org.uk - 2446907.jpg") ### The Troubles There were many gun attacks and bombings in Downpatrick during [the Troubles](/wiki/The_Troubles "The Troubles"). The deadliest incident was the [Downpatrick landmine attack](/wiki/Downpatrick_landmine_attack "Downpatrick landmine attack") on 9 April 1990\. The [Provisional Irish Republican Army](/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army "Provisional Irish Republican Army") (IRA) detonated a massive [improvised](/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device "Improvised explosive device") [land mine](/wiki/Land_mine "Land mine") under a [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") convoy on Ballydugan Road, just outside the town. Four soldiers of the [Ulster Defence Regiment](/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment "Ulster Defence Regiment") (UDR) were killed{{cite book \|last1\=McKittrick \|first1\=David \|title\=Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles \|date\=2001 \|publisher\=Random House \|page\=1195}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Pre\\-history", "An early [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\") site was excavated in the Meadowlands area of Downpatrick, revealing two [roundhouses](/wiki/Roundhouse_%28dwelling%29 \"Roundhouse (dwelling)\"), one was four metres across and the other was over seven metres across.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Mallory, J.P. \\|author2\\=McNeill, T.E.\\| year\\=1991 \\|title\\=The Archaeology of Ulster from Colonization to Plantation \\| publisher\\=Institute of Irish Studies, QUB \\| location\\=Belfast \\| page\\=95}} Archaeological excavations in the 1950s found what was thought to be a Bronze Age hillfort on Cathedral Hill, but further work in the 1980s revealed that this was a much later [rampart](/wiki/Rampart_%28fortification%29 \"Rampart (fortification)\") surrounding an early Christian monastery.{{cite book \\|editor\\-last\\=Duffy \\|editor\\-first\\=Seán \\|title\\=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopaedia \\|first\\=T. E. \\|last\\=McNeill \\|contribution\\=Downpatrick \\|pages\\=133\\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|year\\=2005}}", "### Early history", "[thumb\\|The remains of the 'Mound of Down'.](/wiki/File:Mound_of_Down.jpg \"Mound of Down.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Reputed grave of St Patrick](/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Grave_Downpatrick_-_older_photo.jpg \"St Patrick's Grave Downpatrick - older photo.jpg\")\nDownpatrick is one of Ireland's oldest towns. It takes its name from a *dún*, a medieval royal fort, which stood on a [drumlin](/wiki/Drumlin \"Drumlin\") overlooking the [River Quoile](/wiki/River_Quoile \"River Quoile\"). In the Middle Ages, the river was an estuary that would have surrounded the drumlin on most sides.MacDonald, Philip (2012\\). [\"Geophysical Survey and Excavation at the Mound of Down, County Down\"](https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/communityarchaeology/PDFFileStore/Filetoupload,508691,en.pdf). [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). pp.5–14, 33–35\\. It is believed that there was a [ringfort](/wiki/Ringfort \"Ringfort\") on the site in the [early Middle Ages](/wiki/History_of_Ireland_%28400%E2%80%93800%29 \"History of Ireland (400–800)\"). This may have been the site called *Ráth Celtchair* (later anglicized Rathkeltair), the 'fort of [Celtchar](/wiki/Celtchar \"Celtchar\")', after a hero in the [Ulster Cycle](/wiki/Ulster_Cycle \"Ulster Cycle\") of [Irish mythology](/wiki/Irish_mythology \"Irish mythology\").", "A small [Christian](/wiki/Celtic_Christianity \"Celtic Christianity\") [monastic settlement](/wiki/Monastic_settlement \"Monastic settlement\") was also built on the neighbouring drumlin to the south, now known as 'Cathedral Hill'. Nearby [Saul Monastery](/wiki/Saul_Monastery \"Saul Monastery\") was associated with [Saint Patrick](/wiki/Saint_Patrick \"Saint Patrick\"). The saint is said to have been buried on Cathedral Hill in the 5th century, and his reputed grave is still a place of pilgrimage. Down Cathedral was later built on this spot.", "In the early 11th century, a much bigger fort with earthen ramparts was built on the northern drumlin, now known as the 'Mound of Down'. This was the capital of the [Dál Fiatach](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach \"Dál Fiatach\"), the main ruling dynasty of [Ulaidh](/wiki/Ulaid \"Ulaid\") (Ulster), who held the title \"Rí Uladh\", \"King of Ulster\". Deirdre Flanagan suggests that the older name *Dún Lethglaise* referred to Cathedral Hill, while *Dún da Lethglas* was the name of this new royal residence.", "The [King of Norway](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_%28872%E2%80%931397%29 \"Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)\"), [Magnus Barefoot](/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot \"Magnus Barefoot\"), was killed in an ambush near Downpatrick in 1102\\. It is believed his grave is marked by a mound at Horse Island, southwest of Cathedral Hill.McCormick, Finbar. \"[The grave of Magnus Barelegs](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41406683)\". *Ulster Journal of Archaeology*, vol. 68, 2009\\. pp. 102–109\\.", "[Saint Malachy](/wiki/Saint_Malachy \"Saint Malachy\") became the [Bishop of Down](/wiki/Bishop_of_Down \"Bishop of Down\") (*Dún da Lethglas*) in 1137\\. He administered the diocese from [Bangor](/wiki/Bangor_Abbey \"Bangor Abbey\") and introduced a community of [Augustinians](/wiki/Augustinians \"Augustinians\") (canons) to *Dún da Lethglas* dedicated to St John the Evangelist. Malachy and his successors repaired and enlarged Down Cathedral.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Rankin \\|first1\\=Fred \\|title\\=Down Cathedral: The Church of Saint Patrick of Down \\|date\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=Ulster Historical Foundation \\|pages\\=20–21}}", "In the late 12th century, the area was conquered by [Anglo\\-Normans](/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland \"Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland\") led by [John de Courcy](/wiki/John_de_Courcy \"John de Courcy\"), becoming part of his [Earldom of Ulster](/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster \"Earldom of Ulster\"). In February 1177, a Norman army of 300 men and 20 knights marched north from Dublin and took the town by surprise. The King of Ulster and Dál Fiatach, [Ruaidrí mac Duinn Sléibe](/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_mac_Duinn_Sl%C3%A9ibe \"Ruaidrí mac Duinn Sléibe\") (Rory MacDunleavy), tried to retake the town, but was forced to withdraw after a fierce battle.{{cite book \\|last\\=Martin \\|first\\=Francis Xavier \\|author\\-link\\=F. X. Martin \\|editor\\=Art Cosgrove \\|title\\=A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=2008 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 4: Overlord becomes feudal lord, 1172–85\\|page\\=115}} The Normans began building a [motte](/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle \"Motte-and-bailey castle\") (fortified mound) inside the older royal fort, but abandoned it when de Courcy made [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus \"Carrickfergus\") his capital in 1178\\.", "In 1183, de Courcy brought in [Benedictine](/wiki/Benedictine \"Benedictine\") monks from the abbey of [St Werburgh](/wiki/St_Werburgh \"St Werburgh\") in [Chester](/wiki/Chester \"Chester\") (today [Chester Cathedral](/wiki/Chester_Cathedral \"Chester Cathedral\")), England. He built a friary for them at Downpatrick; this building was destroyed by an earthquake in 1245\\.{{cite book \\|author1\\=DeBreffny, D \\|author2\\=Mott, G\\| year\\=1976 \\|title\\=The Churches and Abbeys of Ireland \\| publisher\\=Thames \\& Hudson \\| location\\=London \\| pages\\=60–61}} He also re\\-dedicated the cathedral to Saint Patrick, giving it the name *Ecclesia S. Patricii Duni* in Latin. It is claimed that de Courcy miraculously found the bones of St Patrick, St [Brigid](/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare \"Brigid of Kildare\") and St [Colmcille](/wiki/Colmcille \"Colmcille\") at Downpatrick. In the presence of the Papal Legate, Vivian, the relics were reburied inside the cathedral on 9 June 1196\\. This story of their discovery is thought to have been crafted by de Courcy for political reasons.Rankin, pp.33\\-34 In the Anglo\\-Norman and later medieval era the town's name in Latin and English documentation is variously 'Dunum', 'Dun' or 'Down'. The oldest surviving record of the name 'Downpatrick' is in the [Bodley Survey](/wiki/Bodley_Survey \"Bodley Survey\") of the early 1600s.", "In 1260 [Brian O'Neill](/wiki/Brian_O%27Neill_%28High-King_of_Ireland%29 \"Brian O'Neill (High-King of Ireland)\"), King of [Tír Eoghain](/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain \"Tír Eoghain\") (Tyrone) and claimed [High King of Ireland](/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland \"High King of Ireland\"), marched to Downpatrick, which was then part of the Anglo\\-Norman earldom of Ulster. Allied with a Connacht force under Hugh O'Conor, he fought the Anglo\\-Normans in the [Battle of Down](/wiki/Battle_of_Down \"Battle of Down\"). O'Neill was killed and the Irish were defeated.Rankin, p.69 The death of O'Neill and defeat of the Irish was lamented in a poem by the [Cenél nEógain](/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain \"Cenél nEógain\") bard [Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe](/wiki/Giolla_Brighde_Mac_Con_Midhe \"Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe\") (1210–1272\\).", "The earldom collapsed in the 1300s, but the English retained a foothold in Lecale. In 1375, Niall O'Neill of Tyrone defeated the English at Dundalethglas.Rankin, p.70", "### Reformation and aftermath", "Under orders from [King Henry VIII of England](/wiki/Henry_VIII \"Henry VIII\"), Downpatrick's [monastic community was dissolved](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries \"Dissolution of the monasteries\") by the English around 1540, and the Cathedral fell into ruins. In 1600, the cathedral was allegedly burnt by English forces led by [Edward Cromwell](/wiki/Edward_Cromwell%2C_3rd_Baron_Cromwell \"Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell\").Rankin, pp.79\\-84 A painting from 1788 shows the abbey ruins and its [round tower](/wiki/Irish_round_tower \"Irish round tower\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Blair \\|first1\\=Philip \\|title\\=J W Hanna'a Lecture and Exhibition of 1851 \\|journal\\=Lecale Review \\|date\\=2022 \\|issue\\=20}}", "The [Archbishop of Armagh](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh \"Archbishop of Armagh\"), composer of [Irish bardic poetry](/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry \"Irish bardic poetry\") and [Christian poetry](/wiki/Christian_poetry \"Christian poetry\") in the [Classical Gaelic](/wiki/Classical_Gaelic \"Classical Gaelic\") [literary language](/wiki/Literary_language \"Literary language\"), and [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan \"Franciscan\") [Counter\\-Reformation](/wiki/Counter-Reformation \"Counter-Reformation\") theologian [Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil](/wiki/Aodh_Mac_Cathmhaoil \"Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil\") was born outside Downpatrick in 1571\\. On 21 January 1575, Franciscans John Lochran, Donagh O'Rorke, and Edmund Fitzsimon were hanged by Protestants at Downpatrick.", "After his 25 April 1681 assassination by his foster brother, Art McCall O'Hanlon near [Hilltown, County Down](/wiki/Hilltown%2C_County_Down \"Hilltown, County Down\"), [rapparee](/wiki/Rapparee \"Rapparee\") leader Count [Redmond O'Hanlon](/wiki/Redmond_O%27Hanlon_%28outlaw%29 \"Redmond O'Hanlon (outlaw)\")'s [severed head](/wiki/Beheading \"Beheading\") was [displayed spiked](/wiki/Head_on_a_spike \"Head on a spike\") upon Downpatrick Gaol. The Count's body was buried in the Roman Catholic cemetery at [Ballynabeck](/wiki/Ballynabeck \"Ballynabeck\"), on the road between [Tandragee](/wiki/Tandragee \"Tandragee\") and [Scarva](/wiki/Scarva \"Scarva\"). Stephen Dunford (2000\\), *The Irish Highwaymen*, Merlin Publishing. Pages 103\\-104\\.", "Cathedral Hill was the subject of an archaeological investigation in Series 5 of the Channel 4 *[Time Team](/wiki/Time_Team \"Time Team\")* programme.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.channel4\\.com/programmes/time\\-team/on\\-demand/24053\\-007\\|title\\=Time Team \\- on Demand \\- All 4\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507083205/http://www.channel4\\.com/programmes/time\\-team/on\\-demand/24053\\-007\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 18th century", "Four main thoroughfares are shown converging on a town plan of 1724, namely English Street, Scotch (now Saul) Street, Barrack (now Scotch) Street, and Irish Street. The landscape limited the growth of the town. The early\\-18th\\-century street plan continued largely unchanged until 1838 when Church Street was built, followed by Market Street in 1846\\.", "The condition of the town was greatly improved in the 18th century by a land\\-owning family named Southwell. The first Edward Southwell was responsible for building a [shambles](/wiki/Slaughterhouse%23History \"Slaughterhouse#History\") in 1719 and paving of the streets, which started in 1727\\. In 1717 he built a quay and grain store at Quoile Quay, contributing to the economic growth of the town. The second Edward Southwell was responsible for building Southwell School in 1733\\.", "Down County Infirmary was established in a house in Saul Street in October 1767, where it operated for seven years. It was moved to Barrack Lane (now Fountain Street) where the former Horse Barracks was bought in 1774 for £150 by [Bernard Ward, 1st Viscount Bangor](/wiki/Bernard_Ward%2C_1st_Viscount_Bangor \"Bernard Ward, 1st Viscount Bangor\") for use as the [Infirmary](/wiki/wikt:Infirmary \"Infirmary\"). It was used until the new Infirmary (later known as the [Downe Hospital](/wiki/Downe_Hospital \"Downe Hospital\")) was opened in 1834\\.", "In June 1778, [John Wesley](/wiki/John_Wesley \"John Wesley\"), the founder of [Methodism](/wiki/Methodism \"Methodism\"), preached in the new preaching house in Downpatrick and in The Grove beside the ruins of Down Cathedral, which he called a \"noble ruin\".", "[thumb\\|Downpatrick in the late 19th century](/wiki/File:Countynstables%21_%288241200776%29.jpg \"Countynstables! (8241200776).jpg\")", "### 19th century", "On 21 October 1803, a co\\-founder and leader of the [United Irishmen](/wiki/United_Irishmen \"United Irishmen\"), [Thomas Russell](/wiki/Thomas_Russell_%28rebel%29 \"Thomas Russell (rebel)\"), was hanged outside Downpatrick Gaol for his part in trying to raise local United Irishmen and [Defenders](/wiki/Defenders_%28Ireland%29 \"Defenders (Ireland)\") in support of [Robert Emmet's rebellion](/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803 \"Irish rebellion of 1803\") in July of that year. Russell is buried in the graveyard of the Anglican parish Church of Downpatrick, St Margaret's, in a grave paid for by his friend [Mary Ann McCracken](/wiki/Mary_Ann_McCracken \"Mary Ann McCracken\"), sister of leading Belfast United Irishman [Henry Joy McCracken](/wiki/Henry_Joy_McCracken \"Henry Joy McCracken\") who had been hanged in 1798\\.", "In his role as barrister, [Daniel O'Connell](/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell \"Daniel O'Connell\"), \"The Liberator\", was called away from London to Downpatrick to attend the County Down Assizes, as counsel in a case heard on 1 April 1829\\.Selected reports from the Belfast Newsletter As the leading campaigner for [Catholic Emancipation](/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation \"Catholic Emancipation\"), he had been in London for the parliamentary passage of the [Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829 \"Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829\") which lifted the sacramental test bar to Catholics entering the British Parliament. On 2 April 1829, O'Connell attended a public dinner at Downpatrick in his honour, along with \"upwards of eighty gentlemen, of different religious persuasions\".", "On St Patrick's Day, 17 March 1848, a crowd of 2,000–3,000 Catholics set off from Old Course Road intending to parade to the reputed grave of St Patrick on Cathedral Hill. They were attacked by Protestant [Orangemen](/wiki/Orange_Order \"Orange Order\") at the Irish Street shambles and a riot ensued.", "[thumb\\|St Patrick's Catholic Church](/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Catholic_Church%2C_Downpatrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2446907.jpg \"St Patrick's Catholic Church, Downpatrick - geograph.org.uk - 2446907.jpg\")", "### The Troubles", "There were many gun attacks and bombings in Downpatrick during [the Troubles](/wiki/The_Troubles \"The Troubles\"). The deadliest incident was the [Downpatrick landmine attack](/wiki/Downpatrick_landmine_attack \"Downpatrick landmine attack\") on 9 April 1990\\. The [Provisional Irish Republican Army](/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army \"Provisional Irish Republican Army\") (IRA) detonated a massive [improvised](/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device \"Improvised explosive device\") [land mine](/wiki/Land_mine \"Land mine\") under a [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") convoy on Ballydugan Road, just outside the town. Four soldiers of the [Ulster Defence Regiment](/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment \"Ulster Defence Regiment\") (UDR) were killed{{cite book \\|last1\\=McKittrick \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles \\|date\\=2001 \\|publisher\\=Random House \\|page\\=1195}}", "" ]
### Early history [thumb\|The remains of the 'Mound of Down'.](/wiki/File:Mound_of_Down.jpg "Mound of Down.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Reputed grave of St Patrick](/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Grave_Downpatrick_-_older_photo.jpg "St Patrick's Grave Downpatrick - older photo.jpg") Downpatrick is one of Ireland's oldest towns. It takes its name from a *dún*, a medieval royal fort, which stood on a [drumlin](/wiki/Drumlin "Drumlin") overlooking the [River Quoile](/wiki/River_Quoile "River Quoile"). In the Middle Ages, the river was an estuary that would have surrounded the drumlin on most sides.MacDonald, Philip (2012\). ["Geophysical Survey and Excavation at the Mound of Down, County Down"](https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/communityarchaeology/PDFFileStore/Filetoupload,508691,en.pdf). [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast"). pp.5–14, 33–35\. It is believed that there was a [ringfort](/wiki/Ringfort "Ringfort") on the site in the [early Middle Ages](/wiki/History_of_Ireland_%28400%E2%80%93800%29 "History of Ireland (400–800)"). This may have been the site called *Ráth Celtchair* (later anglicized Rathkeltair), the 'fort of [Celtchar](/wiki/Celtchar "Celtchar")', after a hero in the [Ulster Cycle](/wiki/Ulster_Cycle "Ulster Cycle") of [Irish mythology](/wiki/Irish_mythology "Irish mythology"). A small [Christian](/wiki/Celtic_Christianity "Celtic Christianity") [monastic settlement](/wiki/Monastic_settlement "Monastic settlement") was also built on the neighbouring drumlin to the south, now known as 'Cathedral Hill'. Nearby [Saul Monastery](/wiki/Saul_Monastery "Saul Monastery") was associated with [Saint Patrick](/wiki/Saint_Patrick "Saint Patrick"). The saint is said to have been buried on Cathedral Hill in the 5th century, and his reputed grave is still a place of pilgrimage. Down Cathedral was later built on this spot. In the early 11th century, a much bigger fort with earthen ramparts was built on the northern drumlin, now known as the 'Mound of Down'. This was the capital of the [Dál Fiatach](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach "Dál Fiatach"), the main ruling dynasty of [Ulaidh](/wiki/Ulaid "Ulaid") (Ulster), who held the title "Rí Uladh", "King of Ulster". Deirdre Flanagan suggests that the older name *Dún Lethglaise* referred to Cathedral Hill, while *Dún da Lethglas* was the name of this new royal residence. The [King of Norway](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_%28872%E2%80%931397%29 "Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)"), [Magnus Barefoot](/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot "Magnus Barefoot"), was killed in an ambush near Downpatrick in 1102\. It is believed his grave is marked by a mound at Horse Island, southwest of Cathedral Hill.McCormick, Finbar. "[The grave of Magnus Barelegs](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41406683)". *Ulster Journal of Archaeology*, vol. 68, 2009\. pp. 102–109\. [Saint Malachy](/wiki/Saint_Malachy "Saint Malachy") became the [Bishop of Down](/wiki/Bishop_of_Down "Bishop of Down") (*Dún da Lethglas*) in 1137\. He administered the diocese from [Bangor](/wiki/Bangor_Abbey "Bangor Abbey") and introduced a community of [Augustinians](/wiki/Augustinians "Augustinians") (canons) to *Dún da Lethglas* dedicated to St John the Evangelist. Malachy and his successors repaired and enlarged Down Cathedral.{{cite book \|last1\=Rankin \|first1\=Fred \|title\=Down Cathedral: The Church of Saint Patrick of Down \|date\=1997 \|publisher\=Ulster Historical Foundation \|pages\=20–21}} In the late 12th century, the area was conquered by [Anglo\-Normans](/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland "Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland") led by [John de Courcy](/wiki/John_de_Courcy "John de Courcy"), becoming part of his [Earldom of Ulster](/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster "Earldom of Ulster"). In February 1177, a Norman army of 300 men and 20 knights marched north from Dublin and took the town by surprise. The King of Ulster and Dál Fiatach, [Ruaidrí mac Duinn Sléibe](/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_mac_Duinn_Sl%C3%A9ibe "Ruaidrí mac Duinn Sléibe") (Rory MacDunleavy), tried to retake the town, but was forced to withdraw after a fierce battle.{{cite book \|last\=Martin \|first\=Francis Xavier \|author\-link\=F. X. Martin \|editor\=Art Cosgrove \|title\=A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=2008 \|chapter\=Chapter 4: Overlord becomes feudal lord, 1172–85\|page\=115}} The Normans began building a [motte](/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle "Motte-and-bailey castle") (fortified mound) inside the older royal fort, but abandoned it when de Courcy made [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus "Carrickfergus") his capital in 1178\. In 1183, de Courcy brought in [Benedictine](/wiki/Benedictine "Benedictine") monks from the abbey of [St Werburgh](/wiki/St_Werburgh "St Werburgh") in [Chester](/wiki/Chester "Chester") (today [Chester Cathedral](/wiki/Chester_Cathedral "Chester Cathedral")), England. He built a friary for them at Downpatrick; this building was destroyed by an earthquake in 1245\.{{cite book \|author1\=DeBreffny, D \|author2\=Mott, G\| year\=1976 \|title\=The Churches and Abbeys of Ireland \| publisher\=Thames \& Hudson \| location\=London \| pages\=60–61}} He also re\-dedicated the cathedral to Saint Patrick, giving it the name *Ecclesia S. Patricii Duni* in Latin. It is claimed that de Courcy miraculously found the bones of St Patrick, St [Brigid](/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare "Brigid of Kildare") and St [Colmcille](/wiki/Colmcille "Colmcille") at Downpatrick. In the presence of the Papal Legate, Vivian, the relics were reburied inside the cathedral on 9 June 1196\. This story of their discovery is thought to have been crafted by de Courcy for political reasons.Rankin, pp.33\-34 In the Anglo\-Norman and later medieval era the town's name in Latin and English documentation is variously 'Dunum', 'Dun' or 'Down'. The oldest surviving record of the name 'Downpatrick' is in the [Bodley Survey](/wiki/Bodley_Survey "Bodley Survey") of the early 1600s. In 1260 [Brian O'Neill](/wiki/Brian_O%27Neill_%28High-King_of_Ireland%29 "Brian O'Neill (High-King of Ireland)"), King of [Tír Eoghain](/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain "Tír Eoghain") (Tyrone) and claimed [High King of Ireland](/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland "High King of Ireland"), marched to Downpatrick, which was then part of the Anglo\-Norman earldom of Ulster. Allied with a Connacht force under Hugh O'Conor, he fought the Anglo\-Normans in the [Battle of Down](/wiki/Battle_of_Down "Battle of Down"). O'Neill was killed and the Irish were defeated.Rankin, p.69 The death of O'Neill and defeat of the Irish was lamented in a poem by the [Cenél nEógain](/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain "Cenél nEógain") bard [Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe](/wiki/Giolla_Brighde_Mac_Con_Midhe "Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe") (1210–1272\). The earldom collapsed in the 1300s, but the English retained a foothold in Lecale. In 1375, Niall O'Neill of Tyrone defeated the English at Dundalethglas.Rankin, p.70
[ "### Early history", "[thumb\\|The remains of the 'Mound of Down'.](/wiki/File:Mound_of_Down.jpg \"Mound of Down.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Reputed grave of St Patrick](/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Grave_Downpatrick_-_older_photo.jpg \"St Patrick's Grave Downpatrick - older photo.jpg\")\nDownpatrick is one of Ireland's oldest towns. It takes its name from a *dún*, a medieval royal fort, which stood on a [drumlin](/wiki/Drumlin \"Drumlin\") overlooking the [River Quoile](/wiki/River_Quoile \"River Quoile\"). In the Middle Ages, the river was an estuary that would have surrounded the drumlin on most sides.MacDonald, Philip (2012\\). [\"Geophysical Survey and Excavation at the Mound of Down, County Down\"](https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/communityarchaeology/PDFFileStore/Filetoupload,508691,en.pdf). [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"). pp.5–14, 33–35\\. It is believed that there was a [ringfort](/wiki/Ringfort \"Ringfort\") on the site in the [early Middle Ages](/wiki/History_of_Ireland_%28400%E2%80%93800%29 \"History of Ireland (400–800)\"). This may have been the site called *Ráth Celtchair* (later anglicized Rathkeltair), the 'fort of [Celtchar](/wiki/Celtchar \"Celtchar\")', after a hero in the [Ulster Cycle](/wiki/Ulster_Cycle \"Ulster Cycle\") of [Irish mythology](/wiki/Irish_mythology \"Irish mythology\").", "A small [Christian](/wiki/Celtic_Christianity \"Celtic Christianity\") [monastic settlement](/wiki/Monastic_settlement \"Monastic settlement\") was also built on the neighbouring drumlin to the south, now known as 'Cathedral Hill'. Nearby [Saul Monastery](/wiki/Saul_Monastery \"Saul Monastery\") was associated with [Saint Patrick](/wiki/Saint_Patrick \"Saint Patrick\"). The saint is said to have been buried on Cathedral Hill in the 5th century, and his reputed grave is still a place of pilgrimage. Down Cathedral was later built on this spot.", "In the early 11th century, a much bigger fort with earthen ramparts was built on the northern drumlin, now known as the 'Mound of Down'. This was the capital of the [Dál Fiatach](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach \"Dál Fiatach\"), the main ruling dynasty of [Ulaidh](/wiki/Ulaid \"Ulaid\") (Ulster), who held the title \"Rí Uladh\", \"King of Ulster\". Deirdre Flanagan suggests that the older name *Dún Lethglaise* referred to Cathedral Hill, while *Dún da Lethglas* was the name of this new royal residence.", "The [King of Norway](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_%28872%E2%80%931397%29 \"Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)\"), [Magnus Barefoot](/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot \"Magnus Barefoot\"), was killed in an ambush near Downpatrick in 1102\\. It is believed his grave is marked by a mound at Horse Island, southwest of Cathedral Hill.McCormick, Finbar. \"[The grave of Magnus Barelegs](http://www.jstor.org/stable/41406683)\". *Ulster Journal of Archaeology*, vol. 68, 2009\\. pp. 102–109\\.", "[Saint Malachy](/wiki/Saint_Malachy \"Saint Malachy\") became the [Bishop of Down](/wiki/Bishop_of_Down \"Bishop of Down\") (*Dún da Lethglas*) in 1137\\. He administered the diocese from [Bangor](/wiki/Bangor_Abbey \"Bangor Abbey\") and introduced a community of [Augustinians](/wiki/Augustinians \"Augustinians\") (canons) to *Dún da Lethglas* dedicated to St John the Evangelist. Malachy and his successors repaired and enlarged Down Cathedral.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Rankin \\|first1\\=Fred \\|title\\=Down Cathedral: The Church of Saint Patrick of Down \\|date\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=Ulster Historical Foundation \\|pages\\=20–21}}", "In the late 12th century, the area was conquered by [Anglo\\-Normans](/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland \"Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland\") led by [John de Courcy](/wiki/John_de_Courcy \"John de Courcy\"), becoming part of his [Earldom of Ulster](/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster \"Earldom of Ulster\"). In February 1177, a Norman army of 300 men and 20 knights marched north from Dublin and took the town by surprise. The King of Ulster and Dál Fiatach, [Ruaidrí mac Duinn Sléibe](/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_mac_Duinn_Sl%C3%A9ibe \"Ruaidrí mac Duinn Sléibe\") (Rory MacDunleavy), tried to retake the town, but was forced to withdraw after a fierce battle.{{cite book \\|last\\=Martin \\|first\\=Francis Xavier \\|author\\-link\\=F. X. Martin \\|editor\\=Art Cosgrove \\|title\\=A New History of Ireland, Volume II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=2008 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 4: Overlord becomes feudal lord, 1172–85\\|page\\=115}} The Normans began building a [motte](/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle \"Motte-and-bailey castle\") (fortified mound) inside the older royal fort, but abandoned it when de Courcy made [Carrickfergus](/wiki/Carrickfergus \"Carrickfergus\") his capital in 1178\\.", "In 1183, de Courcy brought in [Benedictine](/wiki/Benedictine \"Benedictine\") monks from the abbey of [St Werburgh](/wiki/St_Werburgh \"St Werburgh\") in [Chester](/wiki/Chester \"Chester\") (today [Chester Cathedral](/wiki/Chester_Cathedral \"Chester Cathedral\")), England. He built a friary for them at Downpatrick; this building was destroyed by an earthquake in 1245\\.{{cite book \\|author1\\=DeBreffny, D \\|author2\\=Mott, G\\| year\\=1976 \\|title\\=The Churches and Abbeys of Ireland \\| publisher\\=Thames \\& Hudson \\| location\\=London \\| pages\\=60–61}} He also re\\-dedicated the cathedral to Saint Patrick, giving it the name *Ecclesia S. Patricii Duni* in Latin. It is claimed that de Courcy miraculously found the bones of St Patrick, St [Brigid](/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare \"Brigid of Kildare\") and St [Colmcille](/wiki/Colmcille \"Colmcille\") at Downpatrick. In the presence of the Papal Legate, Vivian, the relics were reburied inside the cathedral on 9 June 1196\\. This story of their discovery is thought to have been crafted by de Courcy for political reasons.Rankin, pp.33\\-34 In the Anglo\\-Norman and later medieval era the town's name in Latin and English documentation is variously 'Dunum', 'Dun' or 'Down'. The oldest surviving record of the name 'Downpatrick' is in the [Bodley Survey](/wiki/Bodley_Survey \"Bodley Survey\") of the early 1600s.", "In 1260 [Brian O'Neill](/wiki/Brian_O%27Neill_%28High-King_of_Ireland%29 \"Brian O'Neill (High-King of Ireland)\"), King of [Tír Eoghain](/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain \"Tír Eoghain\") (Tyrone) and claimed [High King of Ireland](/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland \"High King of Ireland\"), marched to Downpatrick, which was then part of the Anglo\\-Norman earldom of Ulster. Allied with a Connacht force under Hugh O'Conor, he fought the Anglo\\-Normans in the [Battle of Down](/wiki/Battle_of_Down \"Battle of Down\"). O'Neill was killed and the Irish were defeated.Rankin, p.69 The death of O'Neill and defeat of the Irish was lamented in a poem by the [Cenél nEógain](/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain \"Cenél nEógain\") bard [Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe](/wiki/Giolla_Brighde_Mac_Con_Midhe \"Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe\") (1210–1272\\).", "The earldom collapsed in the 1300s, but the English retained a foothold in Lecale. In 1375, Niall O'Neill of Tyrone defeated the English at Dundalethglas.Rankin, p.70", "" ]
Sport and clubs --------------- ### Gaelic games Downpatrick is home to [Russell Gaelic Union, Downpatrick](/wiki/Russell_Gaelic_Union%2C_Downpatrick "Russell Gaelic Union, Downpatrick"). The Russell Gaelic Union was formed by an Englishman, a Scotsman, and an Irishman: Willie King, Alex McDowell, and Willie Byrne, respectively, in the county town in the early 20th century.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2009}} The team traditionally wears green and white hoops. Downpatrick has had mixed fortunes over the years but has still managed to produce excellent county footballers such as [Ray McConville](/wiki/Ray_McConville "Ray McConville"), Conor Deegan, and Barry Breen, all of whom won All\-Irelands with Down. The club was named in honour of [United Irishman](/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen "Society of United Irishmen"), [Thomas Russell](/wiki/Thomas_Russell_%28rebel%29 "Thomas Russell (rebel)") . Downpatrick has had a successful [handball](/wiki/Gaelic_handball "Gaelic handball") club since the 1980s when local teacher Martin Murphy established a team. After a number of years it was incorporated into the RGU family. ### Cricket [Downpatrick Cricket Club](/wiki/Downpatrick_Cricket_Club "Downpatrick Cricket Club") has won the [Irish Senior Cup](/wiki/Irish_Senior_Cup_%28cricket%29 "Irish Senior Cup (cricket)") on two occasions, the [NCU Senior League](/wiki/NCU_Senior_League "NCU Senior League") on six occasions and the [NCU Challenge Cup](/wiki/NCU_Challenge_Cup "NCU Challenge Cup") on six occasions. The club's [Strangford Road](/wiki/Strangford_Road "Strangford Road") ground has hosted [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team "Ireland cricket team") international matches, most recently against [Australia "A"](/wiki/Australia_cricket_team "Australia cricket team") and [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa_cricket_team "South Africa cricket team") in 1998\.{{cite web \|title\=Ireland Statistics \|url\=http://www.cricketeurope4\.net/CSTATZ/irelandall/irehome.htm \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001190259/http://www.cricketeurope4\.net/CSTATZ/irelandall/irehome.htm \|archive\-date\=1 October 2012 \|access\-date\=2 October 2012 \|publisher\=Cricketeurope4\.net}} ### Rugby union The community of Downpatrick also features two [Rugby Clubs](/wiki/Rugby_union "Rugby union").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.activdownpatrick.com/community/Content/DownpatrickSportsClubs\-644\.html \|title\=Downpatrick Sports clubs¦ Downpatrick Clubs ¦ Clubs in Downpatrick \|publisher\=Activdownpatrick.com \|access\-date\=2 October 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910103249/http://www.activdownpatrick.com/community/Content/DownpatrickSportsClubs\-644\.html \|archive\-date\=10 September 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }} These clubs are Ballynahinch Rugby Football{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hinchrfc.com \|title\=Ballynahinch Rugby Football Club \|publisher\=www.hinchrfc.com \|access\-date\=2 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805075313/http://hinchrfc.com/ \|archive\-date\=5 August 2018 \|url\-status\=dead }} and Dromore Rugby Football. ### Association football Downpatrick's most prominent team is [Celtic Bhoys](/wiki/Celtic_Bhoys "Celtic Bhoys") which competes in the [Newcastle Premier district League](/wiki/Newcastle_Premier_district_League "Newcastle Premier district League") The Bhoys are current Premier Division and Division 2 Champions for Season 2018/2019\. There are other clubs associated with the town, and others from surrounding areas. These include Ballynagross F.C{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ballynagrossfc.com/ \|title\=Ballynagross Football Club \|publisher\=Ballynagrossfc.com \|date\=3 March 2012 \|access\-date\=2 October 2012 \|archive\-date\=30 July 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730211533/http://www.ballynagrossfc.com/ \|url\-status\=live }} and Rossglass County F.C{{cite web \|author\=Rossglass County \|url\=http://www.rossglasscounty.net \|title\=Home \|publisher\=Rossglasscounty.net \|access\-date\=2 October 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220810/http://www.rossglasscounty.net/ \|archive\-date\=14 January 2013 \|df\=dmy\-all }} There are also many youth teams such as the Celtic Bhoys, Ballynagross, Rossglass and Coney Island who along with many other teams in the area, participate in the Downpatrick Youth League. Most famous football side out of Downpatrick were [Downpatrick Rec.](/wiki/Downpatrick_Recreation_F.C. "Downpatrick Recreation F.C.") who won the Steel \& Sons Cup in 1978\. Downpatrick is home to one of the biggest Northern Irish branches of the [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") Supporters' Club, the *Downpatrick Manchester United Supporters' Club*, which was founded in 1993\. ### Snooker and billiards Downpatrick is also the home of the Downpatrick \& District Snooker \& Billiard League.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.downpatrickdistrict\-snookerbilliards.com \|title\=Downpatrickdistrict\-Snookerbilliards.com \|publisher\=Downpatrickdistrict\-Snookerbilliards.com \|access\-date\=2 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920025530/http://www.downpatrickdistrict\-snookerbilliards.com/ \|archive\-date\=20 September 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} Many of the local towns compete in the leagues. Teams from Downpatrick, [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_County_Down "Newcastle, County Down"), [Ballynahinch](/wiki/Ballynahinch%2C_County_Down "Ballynahinch, County Down"), [Crossgar](/wiki/Crossgar "Crossgar"), [Drumaness](/wiki/Drumaness "Drumaness"), [Ballykinler](/wiki/Ballykinler "Ballykinler"), [Castlewellan](/wiki/Castlewellan "Castlewellan"), [Newtownards](/wiki/Newtownards "Newtownards") and Ballyalton play in the local district.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2023}} The league currently has the [Northern Ireland Billiards and Snooker Association](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association "Northern Ireland Billiards and Snooker Association") Billiard Champion Darren Dornan playing in the league.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2023}} ### Bowls Downpatrick Bowling Club is situated on the Old Belfast road, Downpatrick. Having been established since the early 1950s it is only over the last several years that they have finally enjoyed a sustained period of success. The club won the Irish Bowling Association Junior Cup for the first time in their history in 2006\. The following year they once again reached the final only to be beaten by Cookstown in a close encounter. However the club once again regained the Irish Cup in 2011, with a resounding victory against Kilrea. In 2011 Downpatrick also won the PGL Midweek Division 2 title. ### Other sports Downpatrick Golf Club{{cite web \|url\=http://www.downpatrickgolfclub.org.uk/ \|title\=Welcome to \|publisher\=Downpatrick Golf Club \|access\-date\=2 October 2012 \|archive\-date\=3 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403081952/http://www.downpatrickgolfclub.org.uk/ \|url\-status\=live }} has its own club grounds. The town also has its own tennis club, Downpatrick Tennis Club.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.downpatricktennisclub.co.uk/ \|title\=Downpatrick Tennis Club \|publisher\=Downpatrick Tennis Club \|access\-date\=2 October 2012 \|archive\-date\=1 March 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301092331/http://www.downpatricktennisclub.co.uk/ \|url\-status\=live }} Downpatrick has several other clubs that use the facilities of the Down Leisure Centre (run by Newry, Mourne and Down District Council) such as the Lecale Amateur Swimming Club, the Downpatrick School of Lifesaving and the East Down Athletics Club. Downpatrick Golf Club is now known as St Patrick's Golf Club.
[ "Sport and clubs\n---------------", "### Gaelic games", "Downpatrick is home to [Russell Gaelic Union, Downpatrick](/wiki/Russell_Gaelic_Union%2C_Downpatrick \"Russell Gaelic Union, Downpatrick\"). The Russell Gaelic Union was formed by an Englishman, a Scotsman, and an Irishman: Willie King, Alex McDowell, and Willie Byrne, respectively, in the county town in the early 20th century.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2009}} The team traditionally wears green and white hoops. Downpatrick has had mixed fortunes over the years but has still managed to produce excellent county footballers such as [Ray McConville](/wiki/Ray_McConville \"Ray McConville\"), Conor Deegan, and Barry Breen, all of whom won All\\-Irelands with Down. The club was named in honour of [United Irishman](/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen \"Society of United Irishmen\"), [Thomas Russell](/wiki/Thomas_Russell_%28rebel%29 \"Thomas Russell (rebel)\") .", "Downpatrick has had a successful [handball](/wiki/Gaelic_handball \"Gaelic handball\") club since the 1980s when local teacher Martin Murphy established a team. After a number of years it was incorporated into the RGU family.", "### Cricket", "[Downpatrick Cricket Club](/wiki/Downpatrick_Cricket_Club \"Downpatrick Cricket Club\") has won the [Irish Senior Cup](/wiki/Irish_Senior_Cup_%28cricket%29 \"Irish Senior Cup (cricket)\") on two occasions, the [NCU Senior League](/wiki/NCU_Senior_League \"NCU Senior League\") on six occasions and the [NCU Challenge Cup](/wiki/NCU_Challenge_Cup \"NCU Challenge Cup\") on six occasions. The club's [Strangford Road](/wiki/Strangford_Road \"Strangford Road\") ground has hosted [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team \"Ireland cricket team\") international matches, most recently against [Australia \"A\"](/wiki/Australia_cricket_team \"Australia cricket team\") and [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa_cricket_team \"South Africa cricket team\") in 1998\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Ireland Statistics \\|url\\=http://www.cricketeurope4\\.net/CSTATZ/irelandall/irehome.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001190259/http://www.cricketeurope4\\.net/CSTATZ/irelandall/irehome.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2012 \\|publisher\\=Cricketeurope4\\.net}}", "### Rugby union", "The community of Downpatrick also features two [Rugby Clubs](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.activdownpatrick.com/community/Content/DownpatrickSportsClubs\\-644\\.html \\|title\\=Downpatrick Sports clubs¦ Downpatrick Clubs ¦ Clubs in Downpatrick \\|publisher\\=Activdownpatrick.com \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910103249/http://www.activdownpatrick.com/community/Content/DownpatrickSportsClubs\\-644\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=10 September 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} These clubs are Ballynahinch Rugby Football{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hinchrfc.com \\|title\\=Ballynahinch Rugby Football Club \\|publisher\\=www.hinchrfc.com \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805075313/http://hinchrfc.com/ \\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and Dromore Rugby Football.", "### Association football", "Downpatrick's most prominent team is [Celtic Bhoys](/wiki/Celtic_Bhoys \"Celtic Bhoys\") which competes in the [Newcastle Premier district League](/wiki/Newcastle_Premier_district_League \"Newcastle Premier district League\") The Bhoys are current Premier Division and Division 2 Champions for Season 2018/2019\\. There are other clubs associated with the town, and others from surrounding areas. These include Ballynagross F.C{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ballynagrossfc.com/ \\|title\\=Ballynagross Football Club \\|publisher\\=Ballynagrossfc.com \\|date\\=3 March 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 July 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730211533/http://www.ballynagrossfc.com/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and Rossglass County F.C{{cite web \\|author\\=Rossglass County \\|url\\=http://www.rossglasscounty.net \\|title\\=Home \\|publisher\\=Rossglasscounty.net \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220810/http://www.rossglasscounty.net/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2013 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}", "There are also many youth teams such as the Celtic Bhoys, Ballynagross, Rossglass and Coney Island who along with many other teams in the area, participate in the Downpatrick Youth\nLeague. Most famous football side out of Downpatrick were [Downpatrick Rec.](/wiki/Downpatrick_Recreation_F.C. \"Downpatrick Recreation F.C.\") who won the Steel \\& Sons Cup in 1978\\. Downpatrick is home to one of the biggest Northern Irish branches of the [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") Supporters' Club, the *Downpatrick Manchester United Supporters' Club*, which was founded in 1993\\.", "### Snooker and billiards", "Downpatrick is also the home of the Downpatrick \\& District Snooker \\& Billiard League.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.downpatrickdistrict\\-snookerbilliards.com \\|title\\=Downpatrickdistrict\\-Snookerbilliards.com \\|publisher\\=Downpatrickdistrict\\-Snookerbilliards.com \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920025530/http://www.downpatrickdistrict\\-snookerbilliards.com/ \\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Many of the local towns compete in the leagues. Teams from Downpatrick, [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_County_Down \"Newcastle, County Down\"), [Ballynahinch](/wiki/Ballynahinch%2C_County_Down \"Ballynahinch, County Down\"), [Crossgar](/wiki/Crossgar \"Crossgar\"), [Drumaness](/wiki/Drumaness \"Drumaness\"), [Ballykinler](/wiki/Ballykinler \"Ballykinler\"), [Castlewellan](/wiki/Castlewellan \"Castlewellan\"), [Newtownards](/wiki/Newtownards \"Newtownards\") and Ballyalton play in the local district.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2023}}\nThe league currently has the [Northern Ireland Billiards and Snooker Association](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association \"Northern Ireland Billiards and Snooker Association\") Billiard Champion Darren Dornan playing in the league.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2023}}", "### Bowls", "Downpatrick Bowling Club is situated on the Old Belfast road, Downpatrick. Having been established since the early 1950s it is only over the last several years that they have finally enjoyed a sustained period of success. The club won the Irish Bowling Association Junior Cup for the first time in their history in 2006\\. The following year they once again reached the final only to be beaten by Cookstown in a close encounter. However the club once again regained the Irish Cup in 2011, with a resounding victory against Kilrea. In 2011 Downpatrick also won the PGL Midweek Division 2 title.", "### Other sports", "Downpatrick Golf Club{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.downpatrickgolfclub.org.uk/ \\|title\\=Welcome to \\|publisher\\=Downpatrick Golf Club \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403081952/http://www.downpatrickgolfclub.org.uk/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} has its own club grounds. The town also has its own tennis club, Downpatrick Tennis Club.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.downpatricktennisclub.co.uk/ \\|title\\=Downpatrick Tennis Club \\|publisher\\=Downpatrick Tennis Club \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 March 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301092331/http://www.downpatricktennisclub.co.uk/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Downpatrick has several other clubs that use the facilities of the Down Leisure Centre (run by Newry, Mourne and Down District Council) such as the Lecale Amateur Swimming Club, the Downpatrick School of Lifesaving and the East Down Athletics Club.\nDownpatrick Golf Club is now known as St Patrick's Golf Club.", "" ]
Plot ---- Two young women move to Paris to work at the [PTT](/wiki/Postes%2C_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphes_et_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phones_%28France%29 "Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones (France)") realize that it is easier to climb the [career ladder](/wiki/Career_ladder "Career ladder") by sleeping with their superiors. Two young women, Françoise and Catherine, go up to Paris to work at the [PTT](/wiki/Postes%2C_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphes_et_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phones_%28France%29 "Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones (France)"). They are admitted with several others, including a man who wants nothing more than to go home to [Martinique](/wiki/Martinique "Martinique"). Their life does not unfold as they had dreamed. First of all, the trainers are intimidating and rough. Similarly, the dream loft is just a small and dirty room. During their training, Catherine is approached by a trainer, who wants to sleep with her, but she refuses. This trainer later [rapes](/wiki/Rape "Rape") another candidate. The two friends [pass out](/wiki/Passing_out_%28military%29 "Passing out (military)"), but during their first day of work, their colleague Carole sets a trap for them as she is jealous of Catherine's relationship with their line manager. Catherine ends up at the [sorting office](/wiki/Sorting_office "Sorting office") (instead of the counter) as a punishment for a fabricated theft. Even after passing the training, their superiors still seem eager to have sex with the women. Catherine quickly realises this and seduces her chief inspector. She is then promoted by him. At the same time, the two friends are evicted from their apartment. They discuss it in a restaurant, where Catherine explains that she is on the black list of [social services](/wiki/Social_services "Social services"), which they need to get a cheap apartment, and therefore Françoise has to go there. Meanwhile, Françoise sees a man having dinner on another table with her child, and the two continually exchange looks. When Françoise goes to the social welfare office, the [official](/wiki/Social_work "Social work") offers her an apartment, but only if she sleeps with him, which she refuses to do. After explaining this to Catherine, Catherine goes to the social services office to seduce the civil servant, and the two women end up getting the lease. One day, Françoise falls in love with a man she meets while working at the counter. This man, André, introduces Françoise to his friend Bernard, a senior civil servant at the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. Bernard, having convinced André to leave Françoise at his place to spend the night, tries to perform sexual acts, but Françoise runs away before the act can take place. Returning home, she discovers André sleeping with Catherine. Catherine, after hearing what had happened, encourages Françoise to go back to Bernard's house so that Françoise can advance her career. She takes her best friend's advice and goes back to Bernard's house to sleep with him. She is very quickly promoted to the ministry. The Post Minister François Loubeau is concerned about his [public image](/wiki/Reputation "Reputation"), being last in the poll of the most liked ministers by the French, and still not getting any attention from journalists. Françoise suggests that he makes a trip to the [DOM\-TOM](/wiki/Overseas_France "Overseas France") to attract the attention of journalists. When he arrives at the airport, there are no [journalists](/wiki/Journalist "Journalist") present, contrary to what was predicted by his public relations manager, Bernard. At the same time, the minister, Bernard and his deputies (including Françoise) see a crowd of journalists following another minister on a business trip. Loubeau therefore decides to cancel the visit, and prepares to return to the ministry when he discovers that Françoise, the woman he saw at the restaurant earlier, is part of the team. He therefore decides to go to [Martinique](/wiki/Martinique "Martinique") as planned, but only with Françoise on holiday. During his vacation, they find a quiet beach with no one else \- except for a delinquent who steals their car. They therefore have to walk to find an inhabited place where they can call the authorities to return them to [Fort\-de\-France](/wiki/Fort-de-France "Fort-de-France"). They finally find a [dispensary](/wiki/Dispensary "Dispensary"), and ask the doctor to call the [Prefecture](/wiki/Prefectures_in_France "Prefectures in France"), Loubeau identifying himself as the Post Minister. Unfortunately, the official trip being cancelled, the [prefect](/wiki/Prefect_%28France%29 "Prefect (France)") thinks, like the doctor, that the gentleman in front of him is not the real minister. Meanwhile, a postal van arrives at the dispensary to make deliveries. Loubeau and Françoise [hijack](/wiki/Carjacking "Carjacking") it, but the postman manages to get into the truck and stops it in the middle of nowhere, wanting to drop off the two strangers. Françoise convinces him not to leave them alone, suggesting that they eat the food in the parcels he delivers together. During this 'meal', they discover that the meeting that the postman cites as the reason why he can't bring them to Fort\-de\-France is linked to the independence movement in Martinique, which is struggling to gain media attention, just like Loubeau. Françoise therefore suggests that Loubeau makes a video where he is \<\< kidnapped\>\> by the independentists, which would generate attention for both. The postman agrees, provided he is promoted to Regional Director. The strategy works perfectly, making the headlines in French news. Loubeau, once under\-appreciated, becomes a hero in the face of the independence terrorists, who also garner media attention. One evening, Loubeau has sex with Françoise. A few days later, Loubeau and Françoise are dropped off near a post office, and Loubeau enters it dramatically, as if he has fled from the terrorists and has been mistreated. Back in Paris, Françoise becomes Post Minister and visits the Post Office where she once worked. It is noted that the counters are run by the former middle managers, such as Ivan the chief inspector. Her former colleagues are all promoted. We also see that Carole Poteau has been 'sentenced' to the sorting office. Françoise visits the Inspector, the young man from Martinique to give him good news \- that he can return to Martinique as Assistant Director to the recently promoted postman. She then goes to the office of her friend Catherine \- now Director, who has just invited a new employee to spend the weekend with her in [Trouville](/wiki/Trouville-sur-Mer "Trouville-sur-Mer"), a French seaside resort. Françoise asks her to guess where she is going to spend the weekend. The answer is the [Élysée Palace](/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace "Élysée Palace"), where Françoise, dressed in an attractive outfit, is greeted and directed inside the palace.{{Citation\|title\=Promotion canapé en Streaming VF \- Francais Film\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=4sueG9lOGGI\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-31}}
[ "Plot\n----", "Two young women move to Paris to work at the [PTT](/wiki/Postes%2C_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphes_et_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phones_%28France%29 \"Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones (France)\") realize that it is easier to climb the [career ladder](/wiki/Career_ladder \"Career ladder\") by sleeping with their superiors.", "Two young women, Françoise and Catherine, go up to Paris to work at the [PTT](/wiki/Postes%2C_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphes_et_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phones_%28France%29 \"Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones (France)\"). They are admitted with several others, including a man who wants nothing more than to go home to [Martinique](/wiki/Martinique \"Martinique\"). Their life does not unfold as they had dreamed. First of all, the trainers are intimidating and rough. Similarly, the dream loft is just a small and dirty room. During their training, Catherine is approached by a trainer, who wants to sleep with her, but she refuses. This trainer later [rapes](/wiki/Rape \"Rape\") another candidate. The two friends [pass out](/wiki/Passing_out_%28military%29 \"Passing out (military)\"), but during their first day of work, their colleague Carole sets a trap for them as she is jealous of Catherine's relationship with their line manager. Catherine ends up at the [sorting office](/wiki/Sorting_office \"Sorting office\") (instead of the counter) as a punishment for a fabricated theft.", "Even after passing the training, their superiors still seem eager to have sex with the women. Catherine quickly realises this and seduces her chief inspector. She is then promoted by him. At the same time, the two friends are evicted from their apartment. They discuss it in a restaurant, where Catherine explains that she is on the black list of [social services](/wiki/Social_services \"Social services\"), which they need to get a cheap apartment, and therefore Françoise has to go there. Meanwhile, Françoise sees a man having dinner on another table with her child, and the two continually exchange looks. When Françoise goes to the social welfare office, the [official](/wiki/Social_work \"Social work\") offers her an apartment, but only if she sleeps with him, which she refuses to do. After explaining this to Catherine, Catherine goes to the social services office to seduce the civil servant, and the two women end up getting the lease.", "One day, Françoise falls in love with a man she meets while working at the counter. This man, André, introduces Françoise to his friend Bernard, a senior civil servant at the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. Bernard, having convinced André to leave Françoise at his place to spend the night, tries to perform sexual acts, but Françoise runs away before the act can take place. Returning home, she discovers André sleeping with Catherine. Catherine, after hearing what had happened, encourages Françoise to go back to Bernard's house so that Françoise can advance her career. She takes her best friend's advice and goes back to Bernard's house to sleep with him. She is very quickly promoted to the ministry.", "The Post Minister François Loubeau is concerned about his [public image](/wiki/Reputation \"Reputation\"), being last in the poll of the most liked ministers by the French, and still not getting any attention from journalists. Françoise suggests that he makes a trip to the [DOM\\-TOM](/wiki/Overseas_France \"Overseas France\") to attract the attention of journalists. When he arrives at the airport, there are no [journalists](/wiki/Journalist \"Journalist\") present, contrary to what was predicted by his public relations manager, Bernard. At the same time, the minister, Bernard and his deputies (including Françoise) see a crowd of journalists following another minister on a business trip.", "Loubeau therefore decides to cancel the visit, and prepares to return to the ministry when he discovers that Françoise, the woman he saw at the restaurant earlier, is part of the team. He therefore decides to go to [Martinique](/wiki/Martinique \"Martinique\") as planned, but only with Françoise on holiday. During his vacation, they find a quiet beach with no one else \\- except for a delinquent who steals their car. They therefore have to walk to find an inhabited place where they can call the authorities to return them to [Fort\\-de\\-France](/wiki/Fort-de-France \"Fort-de-France\"). They finally find a [dispensary](/wiki/Dispensary \"Dispensary\"), and ask the doctor to call the [Prefecture](/wiki/Prefectures_in_France \"Prefectures in France\"), Loubeau identifying himself as the Post Minister. Unfortunately, the official trip being cancelled, the [prefect](/wiki/Prefect_%28France%29 \"Prefect (France)\") thinks, like the doctor, that the gentleman in front of him is not the real minister. Meanwhile, a postal van arrives at the dispensary to make deliveries. Loubeau and Françoise [hijack](/wiki/Carjacking \"Carjacking\") it, but the postman manages to get into the truck and stops it in the middle of nowhere, wanting to drop off the two strangers. Françoise convinces him not to leave them alone, suggesting that they eat the food in the parcels he delivers together. During this 'meal', they discover that the meeting that the postman cites as the reason why he can't bring them to Fort\\-de\\-France is linked to the independence movement in Martinique, which is struggling to gain media attention, just like Loubeau. Françoise therefore suggests that Loubeau makes a video where he is \\<\\< kidnapped\\>\\> by the independentists, which would generate attention for both. The postman agrees, provided he is promoted to Regional Director. The strategy works perfectly, making the headlines in French news. Loubeau, once under\\-appreciated, becomes a hero in the face of the independence terrorists, who also garner media attention. One evening, Loubeau has sex with Françoise. A few days later, Loubeau and Françoise are dropped off near a post office, and Loubeau enters it dramatically, as if he has fled from the terrorists and has been mistreated.", "Back in Paris, Françoise becomes Post Minister and visits the Post Office where she once worked. It is noted that the counters are run by the former middle managers, such as Ivan the chief inspector. Her former colleagues are all promoted. We also see that Carole Poteau has been 'sentenced' to the sorting office. Françoise visits the Inspector, the young man from Martinique to give him good news \\- that he can return to Martinique as Assistant Director to the recently promoted postman. She then goes to the office of her friend Catherine \\- now Director, who has just invited a new employee to spend the weekend with her in [Trouville](/wiki/Trouville-sur-Mer \"Trouville-sur-Mer\"), a French seaside resort. Françoise asks her to guess where she is going to spend the weekend. The answer is the [Élysée Palace](/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace \"Élysée Palace\"), where Françoise, dressed in an attractive outfit, is greeted and directed inside the palace.{{Citation\\|title\\=Promotion canapé en Streaming VF \\- Francais Film\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=4sueG9lOGGI\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-31}}", "" ]
Career ------ Napoletano was born in [Molfetta](/wiki/Molfetta "Molfetta"), [Province of Bari](/wiki/Province_of_Bari "Province of Bari"). She joined the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party") in 1971, and was responsible for the women's section in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"); in 1980, Napoletano was elected member of [Lazio](/wiki/Lazio "Lazio") Regional Council, and also became group leader. She was elected to the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") in 1989, and became Vice\-Chairman of the [Committee on Budgets](/wiki/Committee_on_Budgets "Committee on Budgets"). Her commitment to this was combined with activity in the [Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality](/wiki/Committee_on_Women%27s_Rights_and_Gender_Equality "Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality") and the [Committee on Cooperation and Development](/wiki/Committee_on_Cooperation_and_Development "Committee on Cooperation and Development"). In November 1996 she returned to the European Parliament, and became Vice\-Chairman of the [Committee on Regional Policy](/wiki/Committee_on_Regional_Policy "Committee on Regional Policy"), as well as member of the Delegation for relations with the [Maghreb](/wiki/Maghreb "Maghreb") countries. From 1999 to 2004, whilst still a Member of the European Parliament, she became Chairman of the Italian delegation and Vice\-Chairman of the PSE Group. She was [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur "Rapporteur") on *Wider Europe* for the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and took part, as member of the European Parliament's delegation, in all the activities involved in the creation of the [Euro\-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly](/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_Parliamentary_Assembly "Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly"). Napoletano is currently responsible for foreign policy in the Socialist Group in the European Parliament. From 1994 to 1996, she returned to teaching, and subsequently took up the post of head of the Deputy Prime Minister's secretariat.
[ "Career\n------", "Napoletano was born in [Molfetta](/wiki/Molfetta \"Molfetta\"), [Province of Bari](/wiki/Province_of_Bari \"Province of Bari\").", "She joined the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\") in 1971, and was responsible for the women's section in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"); in 1980, Napoletano was elected member of [Lazio](/wiki/Lazio \"Lazio\") Regional Council, and also became group leader.", "She was elected to the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") in 1989, and became Vice\\-Chairman of the [Committee on Budgets](/wiki/Committee_on_Budgets \"Committee on Budgets\"). Her commitment to this was combined with activity in the [Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality](/wiki/Committee_on_Women%27s_Rights_and_Gender_Equality \"Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality\") and the [Committee on Cooperation and Development](/wiki/Committee_on_Cooperation_and_Development \"Committee on Cooperation and Development\").", "In November 1996 she returned to the European Parliament, and became Vice\\-Chairman of the [Committee on Regional Policy](/wiki/Committee_on_Regional_Policy \"Committee on Regional Policy\"), as well as member of the Delegation for relations with the [Maghreb](/wiki/Maghreb \"Maghreb\") countries. From 1999 to 2004, whilst still a Member of the European Parliament, she became Chairman of the Italian delegation and Vice\\-Chairman of the PSE Group.", "She was [rapporteur](/wiki/Rapporteur \"Rapporteur\") on *Wider Europe* for the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and took part, as member of the European Parliament's delegation, in all the activities involved in the creation of the [Euro\\-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly](/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_Parliamentary_Assembly \"Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly\"). Napoletano is currently responsible for foreign policy in the Socialist Group in the European Parliament.", "From 1994 to 1996, she returned to teaching, and subsequently took up the post of head of the Deputy Prime Minister's secretariat.", "" ]
East End -------- {{main\|East End (Richmond, Virginia)}} The **East End of Richmond, Virginia** is actually a collection of neighborhoods. Within the city, and in Henrico County, it roughly defined as including the area of Richmond north of the [James River](/wiki/James_River_%28Virginia%29 "James River (Virginia)") and east/northeast of the former [Virginia Central Railroad](/wiki/Virginia_Central_Railroad "Virginia Central Railroad") \- [Chesapeake and Ohio Railway](/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway "Chesapeake and Ohio Railway") line (now owned by [CSX Transportation](/wiki/CSX_Transportation "CSX Transportation") and operated by the [Buckingham Branch Railroad](/wiki/Buckingham_Branch_Railroad "Buckingham Branch Railroad")) which originated at [Main Street Station](/wiki/Main_Street_Station_%28Richmond%29 "Main Street Station (Richmond)"), and south and west of [I\-295](/wiki/Interstate_295_%28Virginia%29 "Interstate 295 (Virginia)"). Within the city, the East End includes neighborhoods such as [Church Hill](/wiki/Church_Hill%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia "Church Hill, Richmond, Virginia"), [Fairmount](/wiki/Fairmount%2C_Richmond "Fairmount, Richmond"), [Union Hill](/wiki/Union_Hill%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia "Union Hill, Richmond, Virginia"), Fulton, [Fulton Hill](/wiki/Fulton_Hill "Fulton Hill"), Montrose Heights, Fairfield Court, Creighton Court, Whitcomb Court, [Mosby Court](/wiki/Mosby_Court "Mosby Court"), Eastview, Brauers, Peter Paul, Woodville, Church Hill North, Chimborazo and Oakwood. The terminology "East End" also broadly includes much of eastern [Henrico County](/wiki/Henrico_County%2C_Virginia "Henrico County, Virginia") and part of [Hanover County](/wiki/Hanover_County%2C_Virginia "Hanover County, Virginia") as a portion the Richmond Metropolitan area. ### Church Hill {{main\|Church Hill, Richmond, Virginia}} The historic district of Church Hill encompasses the original land plot of the city of Richmond. There [Patrick Henry](/wiki/Patrick_Henry "Patrick Henry") gave his "[Give me liberty or give me death](/wiki/Give_me_liberty_or_give_me_death "Give me liberty or give me death")" speech in [St. John's Church](/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Church%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia "Saint John's Church, Richmond, Virginia"). [Chimborazo Park](/wiki/Chimborazo_Park "Chimborazo Park") occupies the former site of the largest [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") Hospital. Church Hill is notable as one of the largest extant 19th century neighborhoods in America, with many fine examples of period architecture. This area has undergone significant [gentrification](/wiki/Gentrification "Gentrification") in recent years. ### Fairmount {{main\|Fairmount, Richmond, Virginia}} ### Fulton Hill {{main\|Fulton Hill}} ### Libby Hill {{main\|Libby Hill, Richmond}} ### Shockoe Bottom {{main\|Shockoe Bottom}} Shockoe Bottom, just east of downtown along the James River, became a major nightlife, dining, and entertainment center in the last two decades of the 20th century. After centuries of periodic flooding by the James River, development was greatly stimulated by the completion of Richmond's James River Flood Wall in 1995\. Ironically, the next flooding disaster came not from the river, but from [Hurricane Gaston](/wiki/Hurricane_Gaston "Hurricane Gaston") which brought extensive local tributary flooding along the basin of Shockoe Creek and did extensive damage to this area in 2004, with businesses being shut down and many buildings condemned. The city of Richmond had serious discussions about moving the [Richmond Braves](/wiki/Richmond_Braves "Richmond Braves") baseball stadium from its current location at [The Diamond](/wiki/The_Diamond_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 "The Diamond (Richmond, Virginia)") to Shockoe Bottom or [Tobacco Row](/wiki/Tobacco_Row "Tobacco Row"), These plans fell through and in 2009 the [Richmond Braves](/wiki/Richmond_Braves "Richmond Braves") moved to Gwinnett, GA.. ### Tobacco Row {{main\|Tobacco Row, Richmond}} Just east of Shockoe Bottom, Tobacco Row is a collection of tobacco warehouses and cigarette factories adjacent to the [James River and Kanawha Canal](/wiki/James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal "James River and Kanawha Canal") near its eastern terminus at the [head of navigation](/wiki/Head_of_navigation "Head of navigation") of the [James River](/wiki/James_River_%28Virginia%29 "James River (Virginia)"). Beginning in the 18th century, many growers and shippers of Virginia's major cash\-crop of [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco "Tobacco") maintained facilities there, as well as directly across the river at [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester%2C_Virginia "Manchester, Virginia"). Substantial multi\-story brick buildings were constructed to protect the contents from loss due to fire. During the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") (1861–1865\), Tobacco Row was the site of infamous [Libby Prison](/wiki/Libby_Prison "Libby Prison") and nearby [Castle Thunder](/wiki/Castle_Thunder_%28prison%29 "Castle Thunder (prison)"), detention facilities of the [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America "Confederate States of America") government. The area was vacated by the tobacco companies by the late 1980s. Led by Richmond developer William H. Abeloff, many of the old warehouses of Tobacco Row were modernized and converted into developments of loft apartments, condominiums, offices, and retail space along part of the restored canal system. In 2006 the Richmond Housing Authority using [HOPE VI](/wiki/HOPE_VI "HOPE VI") grants worked with developer [McCormack Baron Salazar](/wiki/McCormack_Baron_Salazar "McCormack Baron Salazar") to redevelop former warehouses in Tobacco Row into 250 [mixed\-income housing](/wiki/Mixed-income_housing "Mixed-income housing") units.[Richmond Redevelopment and Housing Authority Bi\-Annual Report](http://www.rrha.org/html/news/pub/08/annualreport0607.pdf), Richmond Redevelopment and Housing Authority, 2008\. ### Union Hill {{main\|Union Hill, Richmond, Virginia}} Union Hill is one of the oldest and most historically significant neighborhoods of Richmond and, as such, has been the recent focus of rapid gentrification and preservation. Its architectural and historical significance has earned the neighborhood designation on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register. It is situated on the high eastern bluff above [Shockoe Bottom](/wiki/Shockoe_Bottom "Shockoe Bottom"). Houses of a remarkable mix are balanced along the irregular, picturesque and sometimes narrow streets that follow the curve of the hill. Those homes that line [Jefferson Park](/wiki/Jefferson_Park_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 "Jefferson Park (Richmond, Virginia)") have a clear view of downtown Richmond. Union Hill is bordered on the south by Jefferson Avenue, on the north by Venable Street, on the east by 25th Street, and by Mosby on the west. The term “Union Hill” first occurs in 1817 — probably referring to the combination of several hills that were joined by fill and grading over the years.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.richmondneighborhoods.org/neighborhoods/unionhill/index.html\|title\=A.C.O.R.N. » Union Hill}} Union Hill was featured in November 2007 on [The Learning Channel](/wiki/The_Learning_Channel "The Learning Channel")'s television program "Flip It Back." The episode highlighted the opportunities for historic preservation and investment in the neighborhood while focusing on the efforts by local entrepreneurs to restore and market a turn\-of\-the\-century double house located at 816 and 818 North 23rd Street.
[ "East End\n--------", "{{main\\|East End (Richmond, Virginia)}}\nThe **East End of Richmond, Virginia** is actually a collection of neighborhoods. Within the city, and in Henrico County, it roughly defined as including the area of Richmond north of the [James River](/wiki/James_River_%28Virginia%29 \"James River (Virginia)\") and east/northeast of the former [Virginia Central Railroad](/wiki/Virginia_Central_Railroad \"Virginia Central Railroad\") \\- [Chesapeake and Ohio Railway](/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway \"Chesapeake and Ohio Railway\") line (now owned by [CSX Transportation](/wiki/CSX_Transportation \"CSX Transportation\") and operated by the [Buckingham Branch Railroad](/wiki/Buckingham_Branch_Railroad \"Buckingham Branch Railroad\")) which originated at [Main Street Station](/wiki/Main_Street_Station_%28Richmond%29 \"Main Street Station (Richmond)\"), and south and west of [I\\-295](/wiki/Interstate_295_%28Virginia%29 \"Interstate 295 (Virginia)\").", "Within the city, the East End includes neighborhoods such as [Church Hill](/wiki/Church_Hill%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Church Hill, Richmond, Virginia\"), [Fairmount](/wiki/Fairmount%2C_Richmond \"Fairmount, Richmond\"), [Union Hill](/wiki/Union_Hill%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Union Hill, Richmond, Virginia\"), Fulton, [Fulton Hill](/wiki/Fulton_Hill \"Fulton Hill\"), Montrose Heights, Fairfield Court, Creighton Court, Whitcomb Court, [Mosby Court](/wiki/Mosby_Court \"Mosby Court\"), Eastview, Brauers, Peter Paul, Woodville, Church Hill North, Chimborazo and Oakwood.", "The terminology \"East End\" also broadly includes much of eastern [Henrico County](/wiki/Henrico_County%2C_Virginia \"Henrico County, Virginia\") and part of [Hanover County](/wiki/Hanover_County%2C_Virginia \"Hanover County, Virginia\") as a portion the Richmond Metropolitan area.", "### Church Hill", "{{main\\|Church Hill, Richmond, Virginia}}\nThe historic district of Church Hill encompasses the original land plot of the city of Richmond. There [Patrick Henry](/wiki/Patrick_Henry \"Patrick Henry\") gave his \"[Give me liberty or give me death](/wiki/Give_me_liberty_or_give_me_death \"Give me liberty or give me death\")\" speech in [St. John's Church](/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Church%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Saint John's Church, Richmond, Virginia\"). [Chimborazo Park](/wiki/Chimborazo_Park \"Chimborazo Park\") occupies the former site of the largest [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") Hospital. Church Hill is notable as one of the largest extant 19th century neighborhoods in America, with many fine examples of period architecture. This area has undergone significant [gentrification](/wiki/Gentrification \"Gentrification\") in recent years.", "### Fairmount", "{{main\\|Fairmount, Richmond, Virginia}}", "### Fulton Hill", "{{main\\|Fulton Hill}}", "### Libby Hill", "{{main\\|Libby Hill, Richmond}}", "### Shockoe Bottom", "{{main\\|Shockoe Bottom}}\nShockoe Bottom, just east of downtown along the James River, became a major nightlife, dining, and entertainment center in the last two decades of the 20th century. After centuries of periodic flooding by the James River, development was greatly stimulated by the completion of Richmond's James River Flood Wall in 1995\\. Ironically, the next flooding disaster came not from the river, but from [Hurricane Gaston](/wiki/Hurricane_Gaston \"Hurricane Gaston\") which brought extensive local tributary flooding along the basin of Shockoe Creek and did extensive damage to this area in 2004, with businesses being shut down and many buildings condemned. The city of Richmond had serious discussions about moving the [Richmond Braves](/wiki/Richmond_Braves \"Richmond Braves\") baseball stadium from its current location at [The Diamond](/wiki/The_Diamond_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 \"The Diamond (Richmond, Virginia)\") to Shockoe Bottom or [Tobacco Row](/wiki/Tobacco_Row \"Tobacco Row\"), These plans fell through and in 2009 the [Richmond Braves](/wiki/Richmond_Braves \"Richmond Braves\") moved to Gwinnett, GA..", "### Tobacco Row", "{{main\\|Tobacco Row, Richmond}}\nJust east of Shockoe Bottom, Tobacco Row is a collection of tobacco warehouses and cigarette factories adjacent to the [James River and Kanawha Canal](/wiki/James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal \"James River and Kanawha Canal\") near its eastern terminus at the [head of navigation](/wiki/Head_of_navigation \"Head of navigation\") of the [James River](/wiki/James_River_%28Virginia%29 \"James River (Virginia)\"). Beginning in the 18th century, many growers and shippers of Virginia's major cash\\-crop of [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco \"Tobacco\") maintained facilities there, as well as directly across the river at [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester%2C_Virginia \"Manchester, Virginia\"). Substantial multi\\-story brick buildings were constructed to protect the contents from loss due to fire.", "During the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") (1861–1865\\), Tobacco Row was the site of infamous [Libby Prison](/wiki/Libby_Prison \"Libby Prison\") and nearby [Castle Thunder](/wiki/Castle_Thunder_%28prison%29 \"Castle Thunder (prison)\"), detention facilities of the [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America \"Confederate States of America\") government.", "The area was vacated by the tobacco companies by the late 1980s. Led by Richmond developer William H. Abeloff, many of the old warehouses of Tobacco Row were modernized and converted into developments of loft apartments, condominiums, offices, and retail space along part of the restored canal system. In 2006 the Richmond Housing Authority using [HOPE VI](/wiki/HOPE_VI \"HOPE VI\") grants worked with developer [McCormack Baron Salazar](/wiki/McCormack_Baron_Salazar \"McCormack Baron Salazar\") to redevelop former warehouses in Tobacco Row into 250 [mixed\\-income housing](/wiki/Mixed-income_housing \"Mixed-income housing\") units.[Richmond Redevelopment and Housing Authority Bi\\-Annual Report](http://www.rrha.org/html/news/pub/08/annualreport0607.pdf), Richmond Redevelopment and Housing Authority, 2008\\.", "### Union Hill", "{{main\\|Union Hill, Richmond, Virginia}}\nUnion Hill is one of the oldest and most historically significant neighborhoods of Richmond and, as such, has been the recent focus of rapid gentrification and preservation. Its architectural and historical significance has earned the neighborhood designation on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register. It is situated on the high eastern bluff above [Shockoe Bottom](/wiki/Shockoe_Bottom \"Shockoe Bottom\"). Houses of a remarkable mix are balanced along the irregular, picturesque and sometimes narrow streets that follow the curve of the hill. Those homes that line [Jefferson Park](/wiki/Jefferson_Park_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 \"Jefferson Park (Richmond, Virginia)\") have a clear view of downtown Richmond. Union Hill is bordered on the south by Jefferson Avenue, on the north by Venable Street, on the east by 25th Street, and by Mosby on the west. The term “Union Hill” first occurs in 1817 — probably referring to the combination of several hills that were joined by fill and grading over the years.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.richmondneighborhoods.org/neighborhoods/unionhill/index.html\\|title\\=A.C.O.R.N. » Union Hill}}", "Union Hill was featured in November 2007 on [The Learning Channel](/wiki/The_Learning_Channel \"The Learning Channel\")'s television program \"Flip It Back.\" The episode highlighted the opportunities for historic preservation and investment in the neighborhood while focusing on the efforts by local entrepreneurs to restore and market a turn\\-of\\-the\\-century double house located at 816 and 818 North 23rd Street.", "" ]
Near West and West End ---------------------- {{main\|West End (Richmond, Virginia)}} This section covers those neighborhoods that have at any point historically been considered part of the West End of Richmond. ### Byrd Park The Byrd Park neighborhood was in the Far West End of the City when it was planned in the late 1910s. This is a residential area, now in the Central neighborhoods of the City, bounded on the south by [Byrd Park](/wiki/Byrd_Park "Byrd Park") and [Maymont Park](/wiki/Maymont_Park "Maymont Park"), on the north by the [Downtown Expressway](/wiki/Downtown_Expressway "Downtown Expressway"), on the east by Meadow Street. The heart of the neighborhood is located north and east of its namesake and its three lakes; Boat, Swan and Shields. Homes include row houses built in the 1920s, two\-story frame bungalows, brick Colonials, Cape Cods, tri\-levels, ranchers and American Four Squares mostly built in the 1930s and 1940s. Westover Road hosts a number of large lakefront Spanish, Georgian and Colonial Revival mansions. The Fountain Lake area features upscale condos and apartments. A small, neighborhood retail section and a converted 1922 public school (now retirement home) is located along middle blocks Idlewood Avenue in the northern part of the neighborhood. ### Carver {{anchor\|Carver}} The Carver neighborhood, also called **Sheep Hill**, lies north of [Broad Street (Richmond, Virginia)](/wiki/Broad_Street_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 "Broad Street (Richmond, Virginia)") to the west of Jackson Ward and downtown Richmond. Carver was first settled by blue\-collar [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish "Jewish") and [German](/wiki/Germany "Germany") tradesmen, and became a thriving black community in the early 1900s before being cut through by major thoroughfares such as [Jefferson Davis Highway](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Highway "Jefferson Davis Highway"), [Belvidere Street](/wiki/Belvidere_Street "Belvidere Street") and [Interstate 95](/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Virginia "Interstate 95 in Virginia"). As the years passed, more and more houses became vacant, and the neighborhood declined. By the 1950s, Carver began to sharply decline and was seen as a "dangerous" neighborhood. In modern times, Carver has seen new life, with redevelopment of older housing, some new homes, expansion to the north side of Broad Street of [Virginia Commonwealth University](/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University "Virginia Commonwealth University") facilities and student housing. Today, Carver is a diverse mix of students, singles, young families, and elderly residents. ### Carytown/Museum District {{main\|Carytown, Richmond, Virginia\|West of the Boulevard}} Carytown is a residential and commercial area that generally consists of 1920s era homes and privately owned shops, clothing stores, cafes, and restaurants along **Cary Street**. The [Byrd Theatre](/wiki/Byrd_Theatre "Byrd Theatre"), located in this district, is a historic 1920s era [movie palace](/wiki/Movie_theater "Movie theater") that shows second run movies and that offers periodic performances of its [Wurlitzer](/wiki/Wurlitzer "Wurlitzer") organ. The Museum District (also sometimes known as West of the Boulevard, and often the Upper Fan) is located just west of the Fan district (and the Boulevard) and north of Carytown. Historically, this area was a site where many Confederate Soldiers were hospitalized/lived after the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). Some large institutions in this district are the [Virginia Museum of Fine Arts](/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_Fine_Arts "Virginia Museum of Fine Arts"), the world headquarters for the [United Daughters of the Confederacy](/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy "United Daughters of the Confederacy"), and the [Virginia Museum of History \& Culture](/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_History_%26_Culture "Virginia Museum of History & Culture"). The architecture is predominantly from the 1920s, though other styles from Victorian through Art Deco, up to the modern period, are also represented. Most houses are attached, or semi\-detached, with occasional apartment buildings, and large Mansions along Monument Avenue. Occasional houses are distinguished, but as in the neighboring Fan the most interesting aspect is the general preservation of the neighborhood—it has mostly been preserved as built. [thumb\|350px\|The Fan is one of many other [Neighborhoods of Richmond Virginia](/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Richmond_Virginia "Neighborhoods of Richmond Virginia")](/wiki/Image:RichmondFanDistrict.jpg "RichmondFanDistrict.jpg") ### The Fan District {{main\|Fan District}} A residential neighborhood which is home to [Virginia Commonwealth University](/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University "Virginia Commonwealth University"), named for the fan\-shaped grid of its streets. The Fan District is dominated by late\-19th and early\-20th century architecture. It lies immediately to the west of Downtown and east of Carytown/Museum district, between Broad Street and VA\-195 (Downtown Expressway) ### Newtowne West {{anchor\|Newtowne West}} Located west of Carver, Newtowne West is a residential neighborhood located north of Broad St. between Hermitage Rd. and Lombardy St., and south of Interstates 95 and 64\. Newtowne West began as a working\-class [African\-American neighborhood](/wiki/African-American_neighborhood "African-American neighborhood") in the 1890s but gradually became a more self\-sufficient community in the 1920s before falling into disrepair during the second half of the twentieth century. Selected in 1999 as a part of Richmond City's Neighborhoods in Bloom program, Newtowne West is currently a center of revitalization including the renovation of the historic [Maggie L. Walker High School](/wiki/Maggie_L._Walker_Governor%27s_School_for_Government_and_International_Studies "Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies") in 2001\. ### Oregon Hill {{main\|Oregon Hill}} ### Randolph {{anchor\|Randolph}} This is a residential area bounded on the south by Colorado Avenue, on the north by the [Downtown Expressway](/wiki/Downtown_Expressway "Downtown Expressway"), on the east by several historic cemeteries and on the west by Meadow Street and [Maymont Park](/wiki/Maymont_Park "Maymont Park"). Randolph is notable for its access to the historic and scenic areas of [Maymont Park](/wiki/Maymont_Park "Maymont Park"), North Bank Park, and Hollywood Cemetery. The neighborhood is home to many blue\-collar families. ### Scott's Addition {{main\|Scott's Addition Historic District}} A neighborhood and [National Historic District](/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District "National Historic Landmark District") located across Broad Street from the Museum District, it is a former industrial neighborhood which has been [redeveloped](/wiki/Gentrification "Gentrification") into a commercial hub, with numerous modern restaurants and bars. Scott's Addition is bounded on the south by Broad Street, on the east by Boulevard, on the north by I\-95/I\-64 and on the west by I\-195\. ### Three Corners District {{empty section\|date\=July 2023}} ### Uptown Also known as the Lower Fan area. Neighborhood area popular with VCU students and containing much of the campus. (Campus is also contained in Midtown some, but the rest is mostly in Monroe Ward—where the name Monroe Campus comes from.) The area is defined by streets as follows: Meadow Street east to Belvidere. W. Canal St. north to Broad St. ### Windsor Farms {{main\|Windsor Farms}}
[ "Near West and West End\n----------------------", "{{main\\|West End (Richmond, Virginia)}}\nThis section covers those neighborhoods that have at any point historically been considered part of the West End of Richmond.", "### Byrd Park", "The Byrd Park neighborhood was in the Far West End of the City when it was planned in the late 1910s. This is a residential area, now in the Central neighborhoods of the City, bounded on the south by [Byrd Park](/wiki/Byrd_Park \"Byrd Park\") and [Maymont Park](/wiki/Maymont_Park \"Maymont Park\"), on the north by the [Downtown Expressway](/wiki/Downtown_Expressway \"Downtown Expressway\"), on the east by Meadow Street. The heart of the neighborhood is located north and east of its namesake and its three lakes; Boat, Swan and Shields. Homes include row houses built in the 1920s, two\\-story frame bungalows, brick Colonials, Cape Cods, tri\\-levels, ranchers and American Four Squares mostly built in the 1930s and 1940s. Westover Road hosts a number of large lakefront Spanish, Georgian and Colonial Revival mansions. The Fountain Lake area features upscale condos and apartments. A small, neighborhood retail section and a converted 1922 public school (now retirement home) is located along middle blocks Idlewood Avenue in the northern part of the neighborhood.", "### Carver {{anchor\\|Carver}}", "The Carver neighborhood, also called **Sheep Hill**, lies north of [Broad Street (Richmond, Virginia)](/wiki/Broad_Street_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 \"Broad Street (Richmond, Virginia)\") to the west of Jackson Ward and downtown Richmond. Carver was first settled by blue\\-collar [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish \"Jewish\") and [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") tradesmen, and became a thriving black community in the early 1900s before being cut through by major thoroughfares such as [Jefferson Davis Highway](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Highway \"Jefferson Davis Highway\"), [Belvidere Street](/wiki/Belvidere_Street \"Belvidere Street\") and [Interstate 95](/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Virginia \"Interstate 95 in Virginia\"). As the years passed, more and more houses became vacant, and the neighborhood declined. By the 1950s, Carver began to sharply decline and was seen as a \"dangerous\" neighborhood.", "In modern times, Carver has seen new life, with redevelopment of older housing, some new homes, expansion to the north side of Broad Street of [Virginia Commonwealth University](/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University \"Virginia Commonwealth University\") facilities and student housing. Today, Carver is a diverse mix of students, singles, young families, and elderly residents.", "### Carytown/Museum District", "{{main\\|Carytown, Richmond, Virginia\\|West of the Boulevard}}\nCarytown is a residential and commercial area that generally consists of 1920s era homes and privately owned shops, clothing stores, cafes, and restaurants along **Cary Street**. The [Byrd Theatre](/wiki/Byrd_Theatre \"Byrd Theatre\"), located in this district, is a historic 1920s era [movie palace](/wiki/Movie_theater \"Movie theater\") that shows second run movies and that offers periodic performances of its [Wurlitzer](/wiki/Wurlitzer \"Wurlitzer\") organ.", "The Museum District (also sometimes known as West of the Boulevard, and often the Upper Fan) is located just west of the Fan district (and the Boulevard) and north of Carytown. Historically, this area was a site where many Confederate Soldiers were hospitalized/lived after the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"). Some large institutions in this district are the [Virginia Museum of Fine Arts](/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_Fine_Arts \"Virginia Museum of Fine Arts\"), the world headquarters for the [United Daughters of the Confederacy](/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy \"United Daughters of the Confederacy\"), and the [Virginia Museum of History \\& Culture](/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_History_%26_Culture \"Virginia Museum of History & Culture\").\nThe architecture is predominantly from the 1920s, though other styles from Victorian through Art Deco, up to the modern period, are also represented. Most houses are attached, or semi\\-detached, with occasional apartment buildings, and large Mansions along Monument Avenue. Occasional houses are distinguished, but as in the neighboring Fan the most interesting aspect is the general preservation of the neighborhood—it has mostly been preserved as built.", "", "[thumb\\|350px\\|The Fan is one of many other [Neighborhoods of Richmond Virginia](/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Richmond_Virginia \"Neighborhoods of Richmond Virginia\")](/wiki/Image:RichmondFanDistrict.jpg \"RichmondFanDistrict.jpg\")", "### The Fan District", "{{main\\|Fan District}}", "A residential neighborhood which is home to [Virginia Commonwealth University](/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University \"Virginia Commonwealth University\"), named for the fan\\-shaped grid of its streets. The Fan District is dominated by late\\-19th and early\\-20th century architecture. It lies immediately to the west of Downtown and east of Carytown/Museum district, between Broad Street and VA\\-195 (Downtown Expressway)", "### Newtowne West {{anchor\\|Newtowne West}}", "Located west of Carver, Newtowne West is a residential neighborhood located north of Broad St. between Hermitage Rd. and Lombardy St., and south of Interstates 95 and 64\\. Newtowne West began as a working\\-class [African\\-American neighborhood](/wiki/African-American_neighborhood \"African-American neighborhood\") in the 1890s but gradually became a more self\\-sufficient community in the 1920s before falling into disrepair during the second half of the twentieth century. Selected in 1999 as a part of Richmond City's Neighborhoods in Bloom program, Newtowne West is currently a center of revitalization including the renovation of the historic [Maggie L. Walker High School](/wiki/Maggie_L._Walker_Governor%27s_School_for_Government_and_International_Studies \"Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies\") in 2001\\.", "### Oregon Hill", "{{main\\|Oregon Hill}}", "### Randolph {{anchor\\|Randolph}}", "This is a residential area bounded on the south by Colorado Avenue, on the north by the [Downtown Expressway](/wiki/Downtown_Expressway \"Downtown Expressway\"), on the east by several historic cemeteries and on the west by Meadow Street and [Maymont Park](/wiki/Maymont_Park \"Maymont Park\"). Randolph is notable for its access to the historic and scenic areas of [Maymont Park](/wiki/Maymont_Park \"Maymont Park\"), North Bank Park, and Hollywood Cemetery. The neighborhood is home to many blue\\-collar families.", "### Scott's Addition", "{{main\\|Scott's Addition Historic District}}", "A neighborhood and [National Historic District](/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District \"National Historic Landmark District\") located across Broad Street from the Museum District, it is a former industrial neighborhood which has been [redeveloped](/wiki/Gentrification \"Gentrification\") into a commercial hub, with numerous modern restaurants and bars. Scott's Addition is bounded on the south by Broad Street, on the east by Boulevard, on the north by I\\-95/I\\-64 and on the west by I\\-195\\.", "### Three Corners District", "{{empty section\\|date\\=July 2023}}", "### Uptown", "Also known as the Lower Fan area. Neighborhood area popular with VCU students and containing much of the campus. (Campus is also contained in Midtown some, but the rest is mostly in Monroe Ward—where the name Monroe Campus comes from.) The area is defined by streets as follows: Meadow Street east to Belvidere. W. Canal St. north to Broad St.", "### Windsor Farms", "{{main\\|Windsor Farms}}", "" ]
Southside --------- {{main\|Southside (Richmond, Virginia)}} [thumb\|350px\|The [Chippenham Parkway (State Route 150\)](/wiki/Chippenham_Parkway "Chippenham Parkway") and [Virginia State Route 288](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_288 "Virginia State Route 288") are the main [beltways](/wiki/Beltway "Beltway") through Southside Richmond, while the [Powhite Parkway](/wiki/Powhite_Parkway "Powhite Parkway") and [I\-95](/wiki/I-95 "I-95") are the primary limited\-access highway routes into [Downtown Richmond](/wiki/Downtown_Richmond "Downtown Richmond") from Southside.](/wiki/File:VA_76_map.svg "VA 76 map.svg") ### Manchester {{main\|Manchester, Richmond, Virginia}} Manchester is an industrial and residential area directly south of downtown Richmond across the James River from the Canal Walk. Not to be confused with the Manchester area of [Chesterfield County](/wiki/Chesterfield_County%2C_Virginia "Chesterfield County, Virginia"), Manchester (also known as Old Manchester and South Richmond) has a distinguished history of its own. Originally known as Rocky Ridge, for over 200 years, [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester%2C_Virginia "Manchester, Virginia") was a separate town and later [independent city](/wiki/Independent_city "Independent city") on the south bank of the James River across from Richmond. It was commercially successful due to its agricultural mills and docks, where [coal](/wiki/Coal "Coal") from the Midlothian area 13 miles west was transported on the [Chesterfield Railroad](/wiki/Chesterfield_Railroad "Chesterfield Railroad"), the first in Virginia, beginning in 1831\. The City of Manchester merged with Richmond in 1910\. The former [Southern Railway](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28US%29 "Southern Railway (US)") passenger station in Manchester now houses the Old Dominion Railway Historical Society's museum at 2nd and Hull Streets, near the south end of the [Mayo Bridge](/wiki/Mayo_Bridge "Mayo Bridge"). ### Neighborhoods • Hillside Court • Lafayette Gardens • Afton • ### Woodland Heights {{main\|Woodland Heights, Virginia}} ### Forest Hill The neighborhood of Forest Hill, one of Richmond's designated Historic Districts, is located along the southern banks of the James River, extending south to Reedy Creek and Bassett Avenue, east to Forest Hill Park, and west to Cedar Lane and Westover Hills Boulevard. One of the area's first trolley car suburbs, the neighborhood was built near the terminus of the [trolley](/wiki/Streetcar "Streetcar") line which ran up Semmes Avenue and terminated at [Forest Hill Park](/wiki/Forest_Hill_Park_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 "Forest Hill Park (Richmond, Virginia)"), where an amusement park and swimming lakes were located. The neighborhood was home to [Frederick William Sievers](/wiki/Frederick_William_Sievers "Frederick William Sievers"), sculptor of the [Matthew Fontaine Maury](/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury "Matthew Fontaine Maury") and [Stonewall Jackson](/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson "Stonewall Jackson") monuments on [Monument Avenue](/wiki/Monument_Avenue "Monument Avenue") as well as the Virginia Monument at [Gettysburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Gettysburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Gettysburg, Pennsylvania"). There is a historical marker at the location of his workshop in the yard of a West 43rd Street home. ### Westover Hills {{anchor\|Westover Hills}} Westover Hills, one of Richmond's more established neighborhoods, is located directly south of the James River where [State Route 161](/wiki/Route_161_%28Virginia%29 "Route 161 (Virginia)"), a major north\-south roadway through the city, crosses via the [Boulevard Bridge](/wiki/Boulevard_Bridge "Boulevard Bridge") (also known as the "Nickel Bridge", its original toll) from the City's Fan District. The neighborhood lies along both the east and west sides of Westover Hills Boulevard in that area. This location makes it near the geographical center of the City. Most of the homes were built during the 1920\-1940 period. The styles are highly varied, with Cape Cods located next to Spanish Colonial and Tudor Revival, with the odd farmhouse or Arts and Crafts thrown in. Many housing sites feature large lots and a generally suburban feel. Some homes are located overlooking the banks of the James River, Westover Hills Boulevard, Forest Hill Ave. and Forest Hill Park. The neighborhood features well\-established restaurants and businesses, along with churches and some arts establishments. ### Stratford Hills and Southampton Stratford Hills began life as a part of Chesterfield County, but was annexed by the City in the 1970s.{{Cite web\|url\=http://chesterfieldtourism.com/pdfs/countdown9\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209120736/http://chesterfieldtourism.com/pdfs/countdown9\.pdf\|title\=1970 – Annexation Chiseling The Horner\-Bagley Line\|archive\-date\=2015\-02\-09\|date\=2015\-02\-09\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-11}} Homes in the area are predominately 1950s\-style [ranchers](/wiki/Ranch-style_house "Ranch-style house") and [split\-levels](/wiki/Split-level_home "Split-level home"), with some larger, architecturally beautiful homes along stately [Riverside Drive](/wiki/Riverside_Drive_Richmond "Riverside Drive Richmond"). The neighborhood is bound by Forest Hill Avenue to the south and the [James River](/wiki/James_River "James River") to the north, with Huguenot Rd. and [Powhite Parkway](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_76 "Virginia State Route 76") roughly forming the west and east boundaries. The [Pony Pasture](/wiki/Pony_Pasture "Pony Pasture") and [James River Park System](/wiki/James_River_Park_System "James River Park System") are accessible from Cherokee Road in this neighborhood. ### Bon Air {{main\|Bon Air, Virginia}} [thumb\|400px\|Bon Air is located just outside the city borders at the intersection of the Powhite Parkway (VA\-76\) and the Chippenham Parkway (VA\-150\)](/wiki/File:VA_150_map.svg "VA 150 map.svg") Bon Air is located in [Chesterfield County](/wiki/Chesterfield_County%2C_Virginia "Chesterfield County, Virginia") just outside the city borders. Originally developed in 1877 as a seasonal resort along the [Richmond and Danville](/wiki/Richmond_and_Danville "Richmond and Danville") train line, it evolved into a year\-round village and is now an [inner suburb](/wiki/Inner_suburb "Inner suburb") of Richmond. The north\-south oriented [Buford Road](/wiki/Buford_Road "Buford Road") connects various subdivisions between [Huguenot Road](/wiki/Huguenot_Road "Huguenot Road") to the North and [Midlothian Turnpike](/wiki/Midlothian_Turnpike "Midlothian Turnpike") to the South. The [Powhite Creek](/wiki/Powhite_Creek "Powhite Creek") runs through the area. The central portion of the Bon Air Village has been designated as a [National Historic District](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places") with many structures of [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_architecture "Victorian architecture") design from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The more recent (1950s\-1960s) developments along Huguenot Road include the Bon Air Shopping Center as well as residential subdivisions like Woodmont, Brookwood Estates, and Oxford. Between [Forest Hill Ave](/wiki/Forest_Hill_Ave "Forest Hill Ave") and [Jahnke Roads](/wiki/Jahnke_Roads "Jahnke Roads") is Grand Summit, Crestwood Farms, and the [mid\-century modern](/wiki/Mid-century_modern "Mid-century modern") Highland Hills subdivisions. Other Bon Air subdivisions to the south of Jahnke include Brighton Green and Brown Road neighborhoods. While remnants of the 1916 village\-era post office, 1902 Hazen Library, and Hotel Grounds (currently the Bon Air Community Association) still remain at the intersection of Rockaway and McRae Roads, current day "Old Town" Bon Air is generally not a tourism attraction. Bon Air is largely a [bedroom community](/wiki/Bedroom_community "Bedroom community"), surrounded by suburban shopping centers. In some cases, these shopping centers house independent businesses (butchers, coffee shops, restaurants) that are spinoffs from downtown Richmond's thriving independent business and restaurant scene. Bon Air is 10 minutes by car from the city or the [West End](/wiki/West_End_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 "West End (Richmond, Virginia)") via the [Powhite Parkway](/wiki/Powhite_Parkway "Powhite Parkway") or [Chippenham Parkway](/wiki/Chippenham_Parkway "Chippenham Parkway"). ### Other Southside neighborhoods Places such as [Midlothian](/wiki/Midlothian%2C_Virginia "Midlothian, Virginia"), [Brandermill](/wiki/Brandermill "Brandermill"), [Chester, Virginia](/wiki/Chester%2C_Virginia "Chester, Virginia") and the [Jefferson Davis Corridor](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Corridor "Jefferson Davis Corridor") are more closely associated with [Chesterfield County, Virginia](/wiki/Chesterfield_County%2C_Virginia "Chesterfield County, Virginia") but are sometimes included in the definition of Southside. The parts of Richmond that are within the city borders are sometimes referred to collectively as [South Richmond](/wiki/South_Richmond%2C_Virginia "South Richmond, Virginia").
[ "Southside\n---------", "{{main\\|Southside (Richmond, Virginia)}}\n[thumb\\|350px\\|The [Chippenham Parkway (State Route 150\\)](/wiki/Chippenham_Parkway \"Chippenham Parkway\") and [Virginia State Route 288](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_288 \"Virginia State Route 288\") are the main [beltways](/wiki/Beltway \"Beltway\") through Southside Richmond, while the [Powhite Parkway](/wiki/Powhite_Parkway \"Powhite Parkway\") and [I\\-95](/wiki/I-95 \"I-95\") are the primary limited\\-access highway routes into [Downtown Richmond](/wiki/Downtown_Richmond \"Downtown Richmond\") from Southside.](/wiki/File:VA_76_map.svg \"VA 76 map.svg\")", "### Manchester", "{{main\\|Manchester, Richmond, Virginia}}\nManchester is an industrial and residential area directly south of downtown Richmond across the James River from the Canal Walk. Not to be confused with the Manchester area of [Chesterfield County](/wiki/Chesterfield_County%2C_Virginia \"Chesterfield County, Virginia\"), Manchester (also known as Old Manchester and South Richmond) has a distinguished history of its own.", "Originally known as Rocky Ridge, for over 200 years, [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester%2C_Virginia \"Manchester, Virginia\") was a separate town and later [independent city](/wiki/Independent_city \"Independent city\") on the south bank of the James River across from Richmond. It was commercially successful due to its agricultural mills and docks, where [coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\") from the Midlothian area 13 miles west was transported on the [Chesterfield Railroad](/wiki/Chesterfield_Railroad \"Chesterfield Railroad\"), the first in Virginia, beginning in 1831\\. The City of Manchester merged with Richmond in 1910\\.", "The former [Southern Railway](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28US%29 \"Southern Railway (US)\") passenger station in Manchester now houses the Old Dominion Railway Historical Society's museum at 2nd and Hull Streets, near the south end of the [Mayo Bridge](/wiki/Mayo_Bridge \"Mayo Bridge\").", "### Neighborhoods", "• Hillside Court \n• Lafayette Gardens\n• Afton\n•", "### Woodland Heights", "{{main\\|Woodland Heights, Virginia}}", "### Forest Hill", "The neighborhood of Forest Hill, one of Richmond's designated Historic Districts, is located along the southern banks of the James River, extending south to Reedy Creek and Bassett Avenue, east to Forest Hill Park, and west to Cedar Lane and Westover Hills Boulevard. One of the area's first trolley car suburbs, the neighborhood was built near the terminus of the [trolley](/wiki/Streetcar \"Streetcar\") line which ran up Semmes Avenue and terminated at [Forest Hill Park](/wiki/Forest_Hill_Park_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 \"Forest Hill Park (Richmond, Virginia)\"), where an amusement park and swimming lakes were located.", "The neighborhood was home to [Frederick William Sievers](/wiki/Frederick_William_Sievers \"Frederick William Sievers\"), sculptor of the [Matthew Fontaine Maury](/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury \"Matthew Fontaine Maury\") and [Stonewall Jackson](/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson \"Stonewall Jackson\") monuments on [Monument Avenue](/wiki/Monument_Avenue \"Monument Avenue\") as well as the Virginia Monument at [Gettysburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Gettysburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Gettysburg, Pennsylvania\"). There is a historical marker at the location of his workshop in the yard of a West 43rd Street home.", "### Westover Hills {{anchor\\|Westover Hills}}", "Westover Hills, one of Richmond's more established neighborhoods, is located directly south of the James River where [State Route 161](/wiki/Route_161_%28Virginia%29 \"Route 161 (Virginia)\"), a major north\\-south roadway through the city, crosses via the [Boulevard Bridge](/wiki/Boulevard_Bridge \"Boulevard Bridge\") (also known as the \"Nickel Bridge\", its original toll) from the City's Fan District. The neighborhood lies along both the east and west sides of Westover Hills Boulevard in that area. This location makes it near the geographical center of the City. Most of the homes were built during the 1920\\-1940 period. The styles are highly varied, with Cape Cods located next to Spanish Colonial and Tudor Revival, with the odd farmhouse or Arts and Crafts thrown in.", "Many housing sites feature large lots and a generally suburban feel. Some homes are located overlooking the banks of the James River, Westover Hills Boulevard, Forest Hill Ave. and Forest Hill Park. The neighborhood features well\\-established restaurants and businesses, along with churches and some arts establishments.", "### Stratford Hills and Southampton", "Stratford Hills began life as a part of Chesterfield County, but was annexed by the City in the 1970s.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://chesterfieldtourism.com/pdfs/countdown9\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209120736/http://chesterfieldtourism.com/pdfs/countdown9\\.pdf\\|title\\=1970 – Annexation Chiseling The Horner\\-Bagley Line\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-02\\-09\\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-09\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-11}} Homes in the area are predominately 1950s\\-style [ranchers](/wiki/Ranch-style_house \"Ranch-style house\") and [split\\-levels](/wiki/Split-level_home \"Split-level home\"), with some larger, architecturally beautiful homes along stately [Riverside Drive](/wiki/Riverside_Drive_Richmond \"Riverside Drive Richmond\"). The neighborhood is bound by Forest Hill Avenue to the south and the [James River](/wiki/James_River \"James River\") to the north, with Huguenot Rd. and [Powhite Parkway](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_76 \"Virginia State Route 76\") roughly forming the west and east boundaries. The [Pony Pasture](/wiki/Pony_Pasture \"Pony Pasture\") and [James River Park System](/wiki/James_River_Park_System \"James River Park System\") are accessible from Cherokee Road in this neighborhood.", "### Bon Air", "{{main\\|Bon Air, Virginia}}\n[thumb\\|400px\\|Bon Air is located just outside the city borders at the intersection of the Powhite Parkway (VA\\-76\\) and the Chippenham Parkway (VA\\-150\\)](/wiki/File:VA_150_map.svg \"VA 150 map.svg\")\nBon Air is located in [Chesterfield County](/wiki/Chesterfield_County%2C_Virginia \"Chesterfield County, Virginia\") just outside the city borders. Originally developed in 1877 as a seasonal resort along the [Richmond and Danville](/wiki/Richmond_and_Danville \"Richmond and Danville\") train line, it evolved into a year\\-round village and is now an [inner suburb](/wiki/Inner_suburb \"Inner suburb\") of Richmond. The north\\-south oriented [Buford Road](/wiki/Buford_Road \"Buford Road\") connects various subdivisions between [Huguenot Road](/wiki/Huguenot_Road \"Huguenot Road\") to the North and [Midlothian Turnpike](/wiki/Midlothian_Turnpike \"Midlothian Turnpike\") to the South. The [Powhite Creek](/wiki/Powhite_Creek \"Powhite Creek\") runs through the area. The central portion of the Bon Air Village has been designated as a [National Historic District](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") with many structures of [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_architecture \"Victorian architecture\") design from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The more recent (1950s\\-1960s) developments along Huguenot Road include the Bon Air Shopping Center as well as residential subdivisions like Woodmont, Brookwood Estates, and Oxford. Between [Forest Hill Ave](/wiki/Forest_Hill_Ave \"Forest Hill Ave\") and [Jahnke Roads](/wiki/Jahnke_Roads \"Jahnke Roads\") is Grand Summit, Crestwood Farms, and the [mid\\-century modern](/wiki/Mid-century_modern \"Mid-century modern\") Highland Hills subdivisions. Other Bon Air subdivisions to the south of Jahnke include Brighton Green and Brown Road neighborhoods.", "While remnants of the 1916 village\\-era post office, 1902 Hazen Library, and Hotel Grounds (currently the Bon Air Community Association) still remain at the intersection of Rockaway and McRae Roads, current day \"Old Town\" Bon Air is generally not a tourism attraction. Bon Air is largely a [bedroom community](/wiki/Bedroom_community \"Bedroom community\"), surrounded by suburban shopping centers. In some cases, these shopping centers house independent businesses (butchers, coffee shops, restaurants) that are spinoffs from downtown Richmond's thriving independent business and restaurant scene. Bon Air is 10 minutes by car from the city or the [West End](/wiki/West_End_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 \"West End (Richmond, Virginia)\") via the [Powhite Parkway](/wiki/Powhite_Parkway \"Powhite Parkway\") or [Chippenham Parkway](/wiki/Chippenham_Parkway \"Chippenham Parkway\").", "### Other Southside neighborhoods", "Places such as [Midlothian](/wiki/Midlothian%2C_Virginia \"Midlothian, Virginia\"), [Brandermill](/wiki/Brandermill \"Brandermill\"), [Chester, Virginia](/wiki/Chester%2C_Virginia \"Chester, Virginia\") and the [Jefferson Davis Corridor](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Corridor \"Jefferson Davis Corridor\") are more closely associated with [Chesterfield County, Virginia](/wiki/Chesterfield_County%2C_Virginia \"Chesterfield County, Virginia\") but are sometimes included in the definition of Southside. The parts of Richmond that are within the city borders are sometimes referred to collectively as [South Richmond](/wiki/South_Richmond%2C_Virginia \"South Richmond, Virginia\").", "" ]
Design ------ The Swan 115 is a recreational [keelboat](/wiki/Keelboat "Keelboat"), built predominantly of [carbon fibre](/wiki/Carbon_fibre "Carbon fibre") with a [Nomex](/wiki/Nomex "Nomex") sandwich core and wooden trim. It has a [masthead sloop](/wiki/Masthead_sloop "Masthead sloop") rig, with a keel\-stepped mast, carbon fibre spars, four sets of swept [spreaders](/wiki/Spreader_%28sailboat%29 "Spreader (sailboat)"). The hull has a [plumb stem](/wiki/Plumb_stem "Plumb stem"), a [reverse transom](/wiki/Reverse_transom "Reverse transom") with a drop\-down [tailgate](/wiki/Trunk_%28car%29%23Tailgate "Trunk (car)#Tailgate") swimming platform, a [dinghy](/wiki/Dinghy "Dinghy") garage, dual spade\-type [rudders](/wiki/Rudder "Rudder") controlled by dual [wheels](/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel "Ship's wheel") and a fixed fin [keel](/wiki/Keel "Keel") with a weighted bulb or optional [lifting keel](/wiki/Lifting_keel "Lifting keel") keel. It displaces {{convert\|204000\|lb\|kg\|0\|abbr\=on}} and carries {{convert\|70547\|lb\|kg\|0\|abbr\=on}} of lead ballast. The keel\-equipped version of the boat has a draft of {{convert\|15\.42\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}}, while the lifting keel version has a draft of {{convert\|18\.86\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} with the keel extended and {{convert\|11\.48\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water. The boat is fitted with a Swedish [Scania AB](/wiki/Scania_AB "Scania AB") DI13 070M [diesel engine](/wiki/Diesel_engine "Diesel engine") of {{convert\|450\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} for docking and manoeuvring. The design has sleeping accommodation for 14 people in seven cabins, with a double island [berth](/wiki/Berth_%28sleeping%29 "Berth (sleeping)") in the bow cabin, two forward cabins each with two bunks, an L\-shaped settee and two straight settees in the main cabin, a midship cabin with a double and three aft cabins each with two bunk beds. The [galley](/wiki/Galley_%28kitchen%29 "Galley (kitchen)") is located on the starboard side just aft of the [companionway](/wiki/Companionway "Companionway") ladder. The galley is W\-shaped with an island. There are seven [heads](/wiki/Head_%28watercraft%29 "Head (watercraft)"), one for each cabin. For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with an [asymmetrical spinnaker](/wiki/Asymmetrical_spinnaker "Asymmetrical spinnaker") of {{convert\|6781\|sqft\|m2\|abbr\=on}}. The boat has a [hull speed](/wiki/Hull_speed "Hull speed") of {{convert\|13\.91\|kn\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}.
[ "Design\n------", "The Swan 115 is a recreational [keelboat](/wiki/Keelboat \"Keelboat\"), built predominantly of [carbon fibre](/wiki/Carbon_fibre \"Carbon fibre\") with a [Nomex](/wiki/Nomex \"Nomex\") sandwich core and wooden trim. It has a [masthead sloop](/wiki/Masthead_sloop \"Masthead sloop\") rig, with a keel\\-stepped mast, carbon fibre spars, four sets of swept [spreaders](/wiki/Spreader_%28sailboat%29 \"Spreader (sailboat)\"). The hull has a [plumb stem](/wiki/Plumb_stem \"Plumb stem\"), a [reverse transom](/wiki/Reverse_transom \"Reverse transom\") with a drop\\-down [tailgate](/wiki/Trunk_%28car%29%23Tailgate \"Trunk (car)#Tailgate\") swimming platform, a [dinghy](/wiki/Dinghy \"Dinghy\") garage, dual spade\\-type [rudders](/wiki/Rudder \"Rudder\") controlled by dual [wheels](/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel \"Ship's wheel\") and a fixed fin [keel](/wiki/Keel \"Keel\") with a weighted bulb or optional [lifting keel](/wiki/Lifting_keel \"Lifting keel\") keel. It displaces {{convert\\|204000\\|lb\\|kg\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} and carries {{convert\\|70547\\|lb\\|kg\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} of lead ballast.", "The keel\\-equipped version of the boat has a draft of {{convert\\|15\\.42\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}, while the lifting keel version has a draft of {{convert\\|18\\.86\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} with the keel extended and {{convert\\|11\\.48\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water.", "The boat is fitted with a Swedish [Scania AB](/wiki/Scania_AB \"Scania AB\") DI13 070M [diesel engine](/wiki/Diesel_engine \"Diesel engine\") of {{convert\\|450\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} for docking and manoeuvring.", "The design has sleeping accommodation for 14 people in seven cabins, with a double island [berth](/wiki/Berth_%28sleeping%29 \"Berth (sleeping)\") in the bow cabin, two forward cabins each with two bunks, an L\\-shaped settee and two straight settees in the main cabin, a midship cabin with a double and three aft cabins each with two bunk beds. The [galley](/wiki/Galley_%28kitchen%29 \"Galley (kitchen)\") is located on the starboard side just aft of the [companionway](/wiki/Companionway \"Companionway\") ladder. The galley is W\\-shaped with an island. There are seven [heads](/wiki/Head_%28watercraft%29 \"Head (watercraft)\"), one for each cabin.", "For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with an [asymmetrical spinnaker](/wiki/Asymmetrical_spinnaker \"Asymmetrical spinnaker\") of {{convert\\|6781\\|sqft\\|m2\\|abbr\\=on}}. The boat has a [hull speed](/wiki/Hull_speed \"Hull speed\") of {{convert\\|13\\.91\\|kn\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}.", "" ]
Professional wrestling career ----------------------------- ### North Georgia Wrestling Alliance (1994\) The Gangstas was formed by [New Jack](/wiki/New_Jack "New Jack") and [Mustafa Saed](/wiki/Mustafa_Saed "Mustafa Saed") in North Georgia Wrestling Alliance in 1994\. They would win their Tag Team Championship, but quickly vacated them upon leaving the promotion that July. ### Smoky Mountain Wrestling (1994\-1995\) Upon arriving in [Smoky Mountain Wrestling](/wiki/Smoky_Mountain_Wrestling "Smoky Mountain Wrestling") in July 1994 alongside [D\-Lo Brown](/wiki/D-Lo_Brown "D-Lo Brown"), they would cut promos about activist [Medgar Evers](/wiki/Medgar_Evers "Medgar Evers") and [O. J. Simpson](/wiki/O._J._Simpson "O. J. Simpson") to infuriate the southern white crowd. Ring announcers would, on more than one occasion, confuse their hometown as being [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana") (LA) instead of [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") (L.A.) which would entice New Jack to verbally abuse the announcer. [Killer Kyle](/wiki/Killer_Kyle "Killer Kyle") would join the Gangstas in March 1995 during their feud with [Jim Cornette](/wiki/Jim_Cornette "Jim Cornette") and [Bob Armstrong](/wiki/Bob_Armstrong "Bob Armstrong"). They would primarily feud with [The Rock 'n' Roll Express](/wiki/The_Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Express "The Rock 'n' Roll Express"), [The Thugs](/wiki/The_Thugs "The Thugs"), and [PG\-13](/wiki/PG-13_%28professional_wrestling%29 "PG-13 (professional wrestling)"). The controversy of the gimmick, among other things, led to the end of the friendship between [Mark Madden](/wiki/Mark_Madden "Mark Madden") and SMW promoter [Jim Cornette](/wiki/Jim_Cornette "Jim Cornette") and their ongoing feud to this day, as Madden\-\-who at the time was coming off the heels of getting [Bill Watts](/wiki/Bill_Watts "Bill Watts") fired from [World Championship Wrestling](/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling "World Championship Wrestling") after informing [Hank Aaron](/wiki/Hank_Aaron "Hank Aaron") of Watts' employment within the [Turner Broadcasting System](/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System "Turner Broadcasting System") following publications of controversial comments made by Watts\-\-had called the Gangstas gimmick racist.{{Cite web\|url\=http://411mania.com/wrestling/mark\-madden\-jim\-cornette\-is\-like\-a\-two\-dollar\-hooker/\|title\=411MANIA\|website\=Mark Madden: Jim Cornette is Like a ‘Two\-Dollar Hooker’}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://deadspin.com/hank\-aaron\-sparked\-pro\-wrestlings\-first\-major\-racism\-st\-1823080138\|title\=Hank Aaron Sparked Pro Wrestling's First Major Racism Story 25 Years Ago\|website\=Deadspin}} ### Extreme Championship Wrestling (1995\-1997\) New Jack and Mustafa left SMW in June 1995, in a controversial fashion,{{cite book\|title\=Hardcore History\|last\=Williams\|first\=Scott\|page\=63\|publisher\=Sports Publishing LLC\|year\=2006\|isbn\=978\-1\-59670\-021\-5}} which escalated the long\-standing dispute between Cornette and [Paul Heyman](/wiki/Paul_Heyman "Paul Heyman"). In ECW, the now two\-man team were known for bringing weapons such as guitars, [crutches](/wiki/Crutch "Crutch") and [staple guns](/wiki/Staple_gun "Staple gun") to the ring in trash cans and [shopping carts](/wiki/Shopping_cart "Shopping cart"), while the song "[Natural Born Killaz](/wiki/Natural_Born_Killaz "Natural Born Killaz")" would play through their matches.{{cite book\|title\=Hardcore History\|last\=Williams\|first\=Scott\|page\=64\|publisher\=Sports Publishing LLC\|year\=2006\|isbn\=978\-1\-59670\-021\-5}}{{cite book\|title\=The Rise and Fall of ECW\|last\=Loverro\|first\=Thom\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/risefallofecw00thom/page/100 100]\|publisher\=\[\[Pocket Books]]\|year\=2006\|isbn\=978\-1\-4165\-1058\-1\|url\-access\=registration\|url\=https://archive.org/details/risefallofecw00thom/page/100}} In a distinct difference from SMW, they were embraced as heroes by the northeastern crowd, and the team went on to hold the [ECW World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/ECW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "ECW World Tag Team Championship") two times. #### Split, solo careers and reunion The team split in 1997 when Mustafa left ECW. New Jack found a new partner in [John Kronus](/wiki/John_Kronus "John Kronus") of [The Eliminators](/wiki/The_Eliminators "The Eliminators"), who like New Jack was left without a partner after the other half of The Eliminators, [Perry Saturn](/wiki/Perry_Saturn "Perry Saturn"), left ECW. Kronus and New Jack became known as [The Gangstanators](/wiki/The_Gangstanators "The Gangstanators") (a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") of Gangstas and Eliminators) and held the ECW World Tag Team Championship once. With Mustafa gone, New Jack went on to greater fame, continuing to use the Gangsta gimmick. New Jack became a surprise attraction at Pay\-Per\-Views, and was known for answering open challenges by heels and doing run\-ins to save babyfaces with his various weapons, to the crowd's delight. In 1999, The two former teammates began a brief feud when Mustafa returned at [Crossing the Line '99](/wiki/Crossing_the_Line_%2799 "Crossing the Line '99"). ### Independent circuit On May 24, 2008, the Gangstas reunited for the first time in over 10 years at [Xtreme Pro Wrestling's](/wiki/Xtreme_Pro_Wrestling "Xtreme Pro Wrestling") "[Cold Day in Hell](/wiki/Xtreme_Pro_Wrestling%23Cold_Day_in_Hell_%282008%29 "Xtreme Pro Wrestling#Cold Day in Hell (2008)")" in a match against the Westside NGZ. ### Total Nonstop Action Wrestling On August 8, 2010, the team made an appearance at [Total Nonstop Action Wrestling](/wiki/Total_Nonstop_Action_Wrestling "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling")'s ECW reunion show, [Hardcore Justice](/wiki/Hardcore_Justice_%282010%29 "Hardcore Justice (2010)"), assaulting [Team 3D](/wiki/Dudley_Boyz "Dudley Boyz") and [Joel Gertner](/wiki/Joel_Gertner "Joel Gertner") after a match. After the beatdown, Team 3D, The Gangstas, [Balls Mahoney](/wiki/Balls_Mahoney "Balls Mahoney") and [Axl Rotten](/wiki/Axl_Rotten "Axl Rotten") celebrated in the ring.{{cite web\|url\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\_42979\.shtml\|title\=Caldwell's TNA Hardcore Justice PPV results 8/8: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of ECW\-themed PPV headlined by RVD vs. Sabu\|first\=James\|last\=Caldwell\|date\=2010\-08\-08\|accessdate\=2010\-08\-08\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch}}
[ "Professional wrestling career\n-----------------------------", "### North Georgia Wrestling Alliance (1994\\)", "The Gangstas was formed by [New Jack](/wiki/New_Jack \"New Jack\") and [Mustafa Saed](/wiki/Mustafa_Saed \"Mustafa Saed\") in North Georgia Wrestling Alliance in 1994\\. They would win their Tag Team Championship, but quickly vacated them upon leaving the promotion that July.", "### Smoky Mountain Wrestling (1994\\-1995\\)", "Upon arriving in [Smoky Mountain Wrestling](/wiki/Smoky_Mountain_Wrestling \"Smoky Mountain Wrestling\") in July 1994 alongside [D\\-Lo Brown](/wiki/D-Lo_Brown \"D-Lo Brown\"), they would cut promos about activist [Medgar Evers](/wiki/Medgar_Evers \"Medgar Evers\") and [O. J. Simpson](/wiki/O._J._Simpson \"O. J. Simpson\") to infuriate the southern white crowd. Ring announcers would, on more than one occasion, confuse their hometown as being [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\") (LA) instead of [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") (L.A.) which would entice New Jack to verbally abuse the announcer. [Killer Kyle](/wiki/Killer_Kyle \"Killer Kyle\") would join the Gangstas in March 1995 during their feud with [Jim Cornette](/wiki/Jim_Cornette \"Jim Cornette\") and [Bob Armstrong](/wiki/Bob_Armstrong \"Bob Armstrong\"). They would primarily feud with [The Rock 'n' Roll Express](/wiki/The_Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Express \"The Rock 'n' Roll Express\"), [The Thugs](/wiki/The_Thugs \"The Thugs\"), and [PG\\-13](/wiki/PG-13_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"PG-13 (professional wrestling)\").", "The controversy of the gimmick, among other things, led to the end of the friendship between [Mark Madden](/wiki/Mark_Madden \"Mark Madden\") and SMW promoter [Jim Cornette](/wiki/Jim_Cornette \"Jim Cornette\") and their ongoing feud to this day, as Madden\\-\\-who at the time was coming off the heels of getting [Bill Watts](/wiki/Bill_Watts \"Bill Watts\") fired from [World Championship Wrestling](/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling \"World Championship Wrestling\") after informing [Hank Aaron](/wiki/Hank_Aaron \"Hank Aaron\") of Watts' employment within the [Turner Broadcasting System](/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System \"Turner Broadcasting System\") following publications of controversial comments made by Watts\\-\\-had called the Gangstas gimmick racist.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://411mania.com/wrestling/mark\\-madden\\-jim\\-cornette\\-is\\-like\\-a\\-two\\-dollar\\-hooker/\\|title\\=411MANIA\\|website\\=Mark Madden: Jim Cornette is Like a ‘Two\\-Dollar Hooker’}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://deadspin.com/hank\\-aaron\\-sparked\\-pro\\-wrestlings\\-first\\-major\\-racism\\-st\\-1823080138\\|title\\=Hank Aaron Sparked Pro Wrestling's First Major Racism Story 25 Years Ago\\|website\\=Deadspin}}", "### Extreme Championship Wrestling (1995\\-1997\\)", "New Jack and Mustafa left SMW in June 1995, in a controversial fashion,{{cite book\\|title\\=Hardcore History\\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=Scott\\|page\\=63\\|publisher\\=Sports Publishing LLC\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59670\\-021\\-5}} which escalated the long\\-standing dispute between Cornette and [Paul Heyman](/wiki/Paul_Heyman \"Paul Heyman\"). In ECW, the now two\\-man team were known for bringing weapons such as guitars, [crutches](/wiki/Crutch \"Crutch\") and [staple guns](/wiki/Staple_gun \"Staple gun\") to the ring in trash cans and [shopping carts](/wiki/Shopping_cart \"Shopping cart\"), while the song \"[Natural Born Killaz](/wiki/Natural_Born_Killaz \"Natural Born Killaz\")\" would play through their matches.{{cite book\\|title\\=Hardcore History\\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=Scott\\|page\\=64\\|publisher\\=Sports Publishing LLC\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59670\\-021\\-5}}{{cite book\\|title\\=The Rise and Fall of ECW\\|last\\=Loverro\\|first\\=Thom\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/risefallofecw00thom/page/100 100]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Pocket Books]]\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4165\\-1058\\-1\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/risefallofecw00thom/page/100}} In a distinct difference from SMW, they were embraced as heroes by the northeastern crowd, and the team went on to hold the [ECW World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/ECW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"ECW World Tag Team Championship\") two times.", "#### Split, solo careers and reunion", "The team split in 1997 when Mustafa left ECW. New Jack found a new partner in [John Kronus](/wiki/John_Kronus \"John Kronus\") of [The Eliminators](/wiki/The_Eliminators \"The Eliminators\"), who like New Jack was left without a partner after the other half of The Eliminators, [Perry Saturn](/wiki/Perry_Saturn \"Perry Saturn\"), left ECW. Kronus and New Jack became known as [The Gangstanators](/wiki/The_Gangstanators \"The Gangstanators\") (a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") of Gangstas and Eliminators) and held the ECW World Tag Team Championship once. With Mustafa gone, New Jack went on to greater fame, continuing to use the Gangsta gimmick. New Jack became a surprise attraction at Pay\\-Per\\-Views, and was known for answering open challenges by heels and doing run\\-ins to save babyfaces with his various weapons, to the crowd's delight. In 1999, The two former teammates began a brief feud when Mustafa returned at [Crossing the Line '99](/wiki/Crossing_the_Line_%2799 \"Crossing the Line '99\").", "### Independent circuit", "On May 24, 2008, the Gangstas reunited for the first time in over 10 years at [Xtreme Pro Wrestling's](/wiki/Xtreme_Pro_Wrestling \"Xtreme Pro Wrestling\") \"[Cold Day in Hell](/wiki/Xtreme_Pro_Wrestling%23Cold_Day_in_Hell_%282008%29 \"Xtreme Pro Wrestling#Cold Day in Hell (2008)\")\" in a match against the Westside NGZ.", "### Total Nonstop Action Wrestling", "On August 8, 2010, the team made an appearance at [Total Nonstop Action Wrestling](/wiki/Total_Nonstop_Action_Wrestling \"Total Nonstop Action Wrestling\")'s ECW reunion show, [Hardcore Justice](/wiki/Hardcore_Justice_%282010%29 \"Hardcore Justice (2010)\"), assaulting [Team 3D](/wiki/Dudley_Boyz \"Dudley Boyz\") and [Joel Gertner](/wiki/Joel_Gertner \"Joel Gertner\") after a match. After the beatdown, Team 3D, The Gangstas, [Balls Mahoney](/wiki/Balls_Mahoney \"Balls Mahoney\") and [Axl Rotten](/wiki/Axl_Rotten \"Axl Rotten\") celebrated in the ring.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnappvs/article\\_42979\\.shtml\\|title\\=Caldwell's TNA Hardcore Justice PPV results 8/8: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of ECW\\-themed PPV headlined by RVD vs. Sabu\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|date\\=2010\\-08\\-08\\|accessdate\\=2010\\-08\\-08\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch}}", "" ]
Access ------ The airport is located {{convert\|25\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} from [downtown São Paulo](/wiki/Central_Zone_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Central Zone of São Paulo"). [thumb\|View of Hélio Smith Highway around Guarulhos](/wiki/File:Vista_Aeroporto_Guarulhos.jpg "Vista Aeroporto Guarulhos.jpg") [thumb\|Guarulhos Airport Train Station](/wiki/File:Entrega_da_Linha_13_Jade_da_CPTM_%E2%80%A2_Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Aeroporto-Guarulhos_%E2%80%A2_2.jpg "Entrega da Linha 13 Jade da CPTM • Estação Aeroporto-Guarulhos • 2.jpg") ### Car The airport has its own highway system: Rodovia Hélio Smidt Highway which connects the airport to [Presidente Dutra Highway](/wiki/Rodovia_Presidente_Dutra "Rodovia Presidente Dutra") or [Ayrton Senna Highway](/wiki/Rodovia_Ayrton_Senna "Rodovia Ayrton Senna"). Residents of [Guarulhos](/wiki/Guarulhos "Guarulhos") can access the road via Monteiro Lobato Avenue. Taxi stands are located outside each of the two terminals on the Arrivals level; inside there are car rental agency representatives. ### Bus Bus transportation is available through the Airport Bus Service, an executive bus line, administered by [EMTU](/wiki/Empresa_Metropolitana_de_Transportes_Urbanos_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos de São Paulo") and operated by [Consórcio Internorte – Área 3](/wiki/Cons%C3%B3rcio_Internorte_-_%C3%81rea_3 "Consórcio Internorte - Área 3"). This service provides transportation connecting Guarulhos to [Congonhas](/wiki/Congonhas-S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Airport "Congonhas-São Paulo Airport") airport; to [Tietê Bus Terminal](/wiki/Tiet%C3%AA_Bus_Terminal "Tietê Bus Terminal"); to [Palmeiras\-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal](/wiki/Palmeiras-Barra_Funda_Intermodal_Terminal "Palmeiras-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal"), to Faria Lima Ave; To [Republica Square](/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo%29 "Praça da República (São Paulo)") (Praça da República); To Berrini Ave., [Itaim Bibi district](/wiki/Itaim_Bibi_%28district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%29 "Itaim Bibi (district of São Paulo)"); and to the circuit of hotels along [Paulista Avenue](/wiki/Paulista_Avenue "Paulista Avenue") and Rua Augusta. The ride takes about one hour, depending on traffic.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.airportbusservice.com.br/ \| title\=Airport Bus Service \| publisher\=EMTU \| language\=pt \| access\-date\=December 1, 2011 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207233319/http://www.airportbusservice.com.br/ \| archive\-date\=December 7, 2011 \| url\-status\=live }} At the airport, tickets can be purchased at the counter located outside the lounge of the Terminal 1, Wing B's arrivals level. Pássaro Marron/EMTU, a syndicate of the Internorte Consortium, offers two regular bus lines, 257 and 299, connecting [Tatuapé subway station](/wiki/Tatuap%C3%A9_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 "Tatuapé (São Paulo Metro)") (Line 3\-Red) with Guarulhos Airport every 30 minutes. At Tatuapé, both buses can be picked up on a platform of that multimodal station's North side bus terminal. At the airport, the stop for both buses is at the Arrivals level road connecting the wings of Terminal 2\. [Gol Airlines](/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos "Gol Transportes Aéreos") and [LATAM](/wiki/LATAM "LATAM") offer for their passengers free bus transfers between Guarulhos and Congonhas airports at regular times.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.voegol.com.br/pt\-br/servicos/transporte\-para\-aeroportos/paginas/default.aspx \| title\=Transporte para aeroportos \| publisher\=Gol Airlines \| access\-date\=August 30, 2011 \| language\=pt \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925023518/http://www.voegol.com.br/pt\-br/servicos/transporte\-para\-aeroportos/paginas/default.aspx \| archive\-date\=September 25, 2011 \| url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.tam.com.br/b2c/vgn/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid\=5ef993f30bb2d210VgnVCM1000009508020aRCRD \| title\=Traslados Nacionais \| publisher\=TAM Airlines \| access\-date\=March 27, 2011 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225135719/http://www.tam.com.br/b2c/vgn/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid\=5ef993f30bb2d210VgnVCM1000009508020aRCRD \| archive\-date\=February 25, 2011 \| url\-status\=live }} Viação Cometa offers daily departures to and from the airport and the cities of [Santos](/wiki/Santos%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Santos, São Paulo"), [Sorocaba](/wiki/Sorocaba "Sorocaba"), [São Vicente](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "São Vicente, São Paulo"), and [Praia Grande](/wiki/Praia_Grande "Praia Grande").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vbtransportes.com.br/vbtransportes/portugues/home/home.aspx\|title\=Caprioli Turismo\|language\=pt\|website\=VBTransportes.com.br\|access\-date\=December 24, 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616190356/http://www.vbtransportes.com.br/vbtransportes/portugues/home/home.aspx\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2012\|df\=mdy\-all}} Lirabus operates daily buses between the airport and [Campinas](/wiki/Campinas "Campinas"). Pássaro Marron offers bus services to [São José dos Campos](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos "São José dos Campos") with departures every two hours. Viação Transdutra connects the airport with the city of [Arujá](/wiki/Aruj%C3%A1 "Arujá"). ### Rail {{Main\|Line 13 (CPTM)}} {{See also\|GRU Airport People Mover}} {{Routemap \|title \= GRU Airport Shuttle Service \|title\-color \= white \|title\-bg \= \#AD97FC \|map \= \\\\hCONT4\+f\~\~ \~\~ \~\~{{rint\|saopaulo\|cptm}} {{rint\|saopaulo\|13}} ''to \[\[Engenheiro Goulart (CPTM)\|Engenheiro Goulart]]'' \\uKACCa!\~lACC\-L\\hKACCe!\~lACC\-R\~\~ \~\~\[\[Aeroporto–Guarulhos (CPTM)\|Aeroporto–Guarulhos]]\~\~ \~\~{{rint\|saopaulo\|cptm}} {{rint\|saopaulo\|13}} \[\[File:Spairportexpress.svg\|16px\|link\=Line 13 (CPTM)\#Special Services]] \[\[File:BUS C.jpg\|16px]] {{rint\|saopaulo\|emtu\|link\=Guarulhos–São Paulo Metropolitan Corridor}} \\uKRWgl\\uKRW\+r \\uSPLa!\~NULf.g\\uSTR \\uvACC\-STR!\~v\-NULf\\uSTR\~\~ \~\~Terminal 1\~\~ \~\~\[\[File:BSicon FLUGg.svg\|16px]] \\uvSTR\-ACC!\~vNULf\-\\uSTR!\~NULg\~\~ \~\~Terminal 2\~\~ \~\~\[\[File:BSicon FLUGg.svg\|16px]] \\uvACC\-STR\\uSTR\~\~ \~\~Terminal 3\~\~ \~\~\[\[File:BSicon FLUGg.svg\|16px]] \\uSPLe\\uSTR \\uSTRl\\uSTRr }} [Line 13\-Jade](/wiki/Line_13_%28CPTM%29 "Line 13 (CPTM)") of the São Paulo commuter rail system, operated by [CPTM](/wiki/Companhia_Paulista_de_Trens_Metropolitanos "Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos"), connects with the airport through [Aeroporto\-Guarulhos](/wiki/Aeroporto-Guarulhos_%28CPTM%29 "Aeroporto-Guarulhos (CPTM)") Station. This line started its operations experimentally on March 31, 2018\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/spnoticias/alckmin\-inaugura\-linha\-13\-jade\-da\-cptm\-que\-chegara\-ao\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos/ \|title\=Estação da CPTM que leva ao Aeroporto de Guarulhos é inaugurada \|date\=March 31, 2018 \|access\-date\=April 1, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401013950/http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/spnoticias/alckmin\-inaugura\-linha\-13\-jade\-da\-cptm\-que\-chegara\-ao\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos/ \|archive\-date\=April 1, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} The line was opened initially on a trial phase and operates only on Saturdays and Sundays from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., with trains every 30 minutes to the suburban station of [Engenheiro Goulart](/wiki/Engenheiro_Goulart_%28CPTM%29 "Engenheiro Goulart (CPTM)") in eastern São Paulo city, from where a further connection with CPTM's [line 12](/wiki/Line_12_%28CPTM%29 "Line 12 (CPTM)") and at least another one by [subway](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro "São Paulo Metro") will be necessary to reach downtown and the main business areas. Service will be expanded in May 2018 to seven days a week, but still only from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Full service from 4 a.m. to midnight is expected in late June 2018\.{{cite news \|last\=Martins \|first\=Victória \|url\=https://viagemeturismo.abril.com.br/materias/trem\-para\-o\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos\-deve\-ser\-inaugurado\-ate\-abril/ \|title\=Veja como funciona o trem para o Aeroporto de Guarulhos \|language\=pt \|trans\-title\=See how the train to Guarulhos Airport works \|work\=Viagem e Turismo \|publisher\=Editora Abril \|date\=2018\-03\-23 \|access\-date\=2018\-04\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183809/https://viagemeturismo.abril.com.br/materias/trem\-para\-o\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos\-deve\-ser\-inaugurado\-ate\-abril/ \|archive\-date\=April 19, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} [thumb\|Airport Metro Station in GRU](/wiki/File:Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Aeroporto-Guarulhos_%E2%80%A2_plataformas_com_trem_%E2%80%A2_1.jpg "Estação Aeroporto-Guarulhos • plataformas com trem • 1.jpg") Additionally, since December 2020 there's the Airport Express service, from [Luz](/wiki/Luz_%28CPTM%29 "Luz (CPTM)") station to [Aeroporto\-Guarulhos](/wiki/Aeroporto%E2%80%93Guarulhos_%28CPTM%29 "Aeroporto–Guarulhos (CPTM)"), departing from each termini station every hour. It attends only one station towards Aeroporto\-Guarulhos ([Guarulhos\-CECAP](/wiki/Guarulhos-CECAP_%28CPTM%29 "Guarulhos-CECAP (CPTM)") station), and 2 stations towards Luz (Guarulhos\-CECAP and [Brás](/wiki/Br%C3%A1s_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 "Brás (São Paulo Metro)")).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.metrocptm.com.br/em\-novo\-formato\-expresso\-aeroporto\-da\-linha\-13\-estreia\-nesta\-terca\-feira/\|title\=Em novo formato, Expresso Aeroporto da Linha 13 estreia nesta terça\-feira\|website\=Metrô CPTM\|language\=pt\|first\=Ricardo\|last\=Meier\|date\=1 December 2020\|access\-date\=7 January 2021\|trans\-title\=In new format, Line 13 Airport Express is launched this Tuesday\|archive\-date\=January 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109144627/https://www.metrocptm.com.br/em\-novo\-formato\-expresso\-aeroporto\-da\-linha\-13\-estreia\-nesta\-terca\-feira/\|url\-status\=live}} Aeroporto\-Guarulhos station is opposite to Terminal 1, which is Guarulhos Airport's smallest and least busy, and not linked to the other terminals except by a shuttle bus. The GRU Airport company reportedly vetoed a station closer to much busier Terminals 2 and 3 because it intended to build a [shopping mall](/wiki/Shopping_mall "Shopping mall") at the proposed location.{{cite news \|last\=Ishioka \|first\=Leandro \|url\=http://www.esquina.net.br/2018/04/19/no\-japao\-as\-estacoes\-que\-de\-fato\-conectam\-transporte\-e\-cidade/ \|title\=No Japão, as estações que de fato conectam transporte e cidade \|language\=pt \|trans\-title\=In Japan, the stations that actually connect the transportation system to the cities \|work\=Esquina.net \|date\=2018\-04\-19 \|access\-date\=2018\-04\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419184413/http://www.esquina.net.br/2018/04/19/no\-japao\-as\-estacoes\-que\-de\-fato\-conectam\-transporte\-e\-cidade/ \|archive\-date\=April 19, 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} The excessive number of train changes through crowded commuter rail and subway lines, and the added inconvenience of the requirement for a shuttle bus, has attracted criticism to the [São Paulo state](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28state%29 "São Paulo (state)") government, responsible for São Paulo's subway and commuter rail systems, which has been accused of flawed planning and overindulgence with the airport's private concessionaire. To solve this situation, Governor [João Doria](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Doria "João Doria") and State Secretary of Metropolitan Transports [Alexandre Baldy](/wiki/Alexandre_Baldy "Alexandre Baldy") proposed a [people mover](/wiki/People_mover "People mover") to connect the CPTM station directly to the airport, estimated to be opened in May 2021\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.metrocptm.com.br/monotrilho\-sera\-a\-solucao\-de\-ligacao\-entre\-a\-linha\-13\-e\-o\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos\-anuncia\-governo/\|title\=Monotrilho será a solução de ligação entre a Line 13 e o Aeroporto de Guarulhos, anuncia governo\|website\=Metrô CPTM\|language\=pt\|first\=Ricardo\|last\=Meier\|date\=28 May 2019\|access\-date\=7 January 2021\|trans\-title\=Monorail will be the solution for connection between Line 13 and Guarulhos Airport, announces state government}} However, many delays prevented the construction of the line, which should be owned and fully operated by GRU Airport.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.metrocptm.com.br/people\-mover\-do\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos\-segue\-sem\-prazo\-de\-conclusao/\|title\=Um ano após anúncio, people mover do Aeroporto de Guarulhos segue sem prazo de conclusion\|website\=Metrô CPTM\|language\=pt\|first\=Ricardo\|last\=Meier\|date\=19 June 2020\|access\-date\=7 January 2021\|trans\-title\=One year after announcement, Guarulhos Airport people mover hasn't conclusion deadline\|archive\-date\=January 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109034824/https://www.metrocptm.com.br/people\-mover\-do\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos\-segue\-sem\-prazo\-de\-conclusao/\|url\-status\=live}} In November 2020, the Brazilian federal government, through the Ministry of Infrastructure, authorized the construction of the people mover, which should cost [R$](/wiki/Brazilian_real "Brazilian real") 175 million (approximately [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar") 47\.7 million in 2019\).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.metrocptm.com.br/governo\-federal\-da\-aval\-para\-people\-mover\-no\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos\-que\-o\-ligara\-a\-linha\-13\-jade/\|title\=Governo Federal dá aal para people mover no Aeroporto de Guarulhos que o ligará à Linha 13\-Jade\|website\=Metrô CPTM\|language\=pt\|first\=Caio\|last\=Lobo\|date\=27 November 2020\|access\-date\=7 January 2021\|trans\-title\=Federal Government authorized people mover in Guarulhos Airport which will connect it to Line 13\-Jade\|archive\-date\=January 28, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128063040/https://www.metrocptm.com.br/governo\-federal\-da\-aval\-para\-people\-mover\-no\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos\-que\-o\-ligara\-a\-linha\-13\-jade/\|url\-status\=live}} In December 2020 it was announced that Brazilian firm Aerom, which owns the [Aeromovel](/wiki/Atmospheric_railway%23Aeromovel "Atmospheric railway#Aeromovel") technology, had been selected to install the system.{{cite web \|title\=GRU Airport chooses Aeromovel and should start connection between airport and CPTM in January \|date\=December 2020 \|url\=https://viatrolebus.com.br/2020/12/gru\-airport\-escolhe\-aeromovel\-e\-deve\-iniciar\-ligacao\-entre\-aeroporto\-e\-cptm\-em\-janeiro/ \|access\-date\=18 June 2021 \|archive\-date\=October 10, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141626/https://viatrolebus.com.br/2020/12/gru\-airport\-escolhe\-aeromovel\-e\-deve\-iniciar\-ligacao\-entre\-aeroporto\-e\-cptm\-em\-janeiro/ \|url\-status\=live }} Construction was due to begin in January 2021 with completing in 2022\. In June 2021 it was announced that the project had 'advanced' but a schedule for construction had not been finalised.{{cite web\|title\=Aeromóvel company to implement People Mover at Guarulhos Airport.\|date\=June 9, 2021\|url\=https://viatrolebus.com.br/2021/06/empresa\-do\-aeromovel\-deve\-implantar\-people\-mover\-no\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos/\|access\-date\=18 June 2021\|archive\-date\=June 21, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621035218/https://viatrolebus.com.br/2021/06/empresa\-do\-aeromovel\-deve\-implantar\-people\-mover\-no\-aeroporto\-de\-guarulhos/\|url\-status\=live}}
[ "Access\n------", "The airport is located {{convert\\|25\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} from [downtown São Paulo](/wiki/Central_Zone_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"Central Zone of São Paulo\").", "[thumb\\|View of Hélio Smith Highway around Guarulhos](/wiki/File:Vista_Aeroporto_Guarulhos.jpg \"Vista Aeroporto Guarulhos.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Guarulhos Airport Train Station](/wiki/File:Entrega_da_Linha_13_Jade_da_CPTM_%E2%80%A2_Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Aeroporto-Guarulhos_%E2%80%A2_2.jpg \"Entrega da Linha 13 Jade da CPTM • Estação Aeroporto-Guarulhos • 2.jpg\")", "### Car", "The airport has its own highway system: Rodovia Hélio Smidt Highway which connects the airport to [Presidente Dutra Highway](/wiki/Rodovia_Presidente_Dutra \"Rodovia Presidente Dutra\") or [Ayrton Senna Highway](/wiki/Rodovia_Ayrton_Senna \"Rodovia Ayrton Senna\"). Residents of [Guarulhos](/wiki/Guarulhos \"Guarulhos\") can access the road via Monteiro Lobato Avenue. Taxi stands are located outside each of the two terminals on the Arrivals level; inside there are car rental agency representatives.", "### Bus", "Bus transportation is available through the Airport Bus Service, an executive bus line, administered by [EMTU](/wiki/Empresa_Metropolitana_de_Transportes_Urbanos_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos de São Paulo\") and operated by [Consórcio Internorte – Área 3](/wiki/Cons%C3%B3rcio_Internorte_-_%C3%81rea_3 \"Consórcio Internorte - Área 3\"). This service provides transportation connecting Guarulhos to [Congonhas](/wiki/Congonhas-S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Airport \"Congonhas-São Paulo Airport\") airport; to [Tietê Bus Terminal](/wiki/Tiet%C3%AA_Bus_Terminal \"Tietê Bus Terminal\"); to [Palmeiras\\-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal](/wiki/Palmeiras-Barra_Funda_Intermodal_Terminal \"Palmeiras-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal\"), to Faria Lima Ave; To [Republica Square](/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo%29 \"Praça da República (São Paulo)\") (Praça da República); To Berrini Ave., [Itaim Bibi district](/wiki/Itaim_Bibi_%28district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%29 \"Itaim Bibi (district of São Paulo)\"); and to the circuit of hotels along [Paulista Avenue](/wiki/Paulista_Avenue \"Paulista Avenue\") and Rua Augusta. The ride takes about one hour, depending on traffic.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.airportbusservice.com.br/ \\| title\\=Airport Bus Service \\| publisher\\=EMTU \\| language\\=pt \\| access\\-date\\=December 1, 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207233319/http://www.airportbusservice.com.br/ \\| archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2011 \\| url\\-status\\=live }} At the airport, tickets can be purchased at the counter located outside the lounge of the Terminal 1, Wing B's arrivals level.", "Pássaro Marron/EMTU, a syndicate of the Internorte Consortium, offers two regular bus lines, 257 and 299, connecting [Tatuapé subway station](/wiki/Tatuap%C3%A9_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 \"Tatuapé (São Paulo Metro)\") (Line 3\\-Red) with Guarulhos Airport every 30 minutes. At Tatuapé, both buses can be picked up on a platform of that multimodal station's North side bus terminal. At the airport, the stop for both buses is at the Arrivals level road connecting the wings of Terminal 2\\.", "[Gol Airlines](/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos \"Gol Transportes Aéreos\") and [LATAM](/wiki/LATAM \"LATAM\") offer for their passengers free bus transfers between Guarulhos and Congonhas airports at regular times.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.voegol.com.br/pt\\-br/servicos/transporte\\-para\\-aeroportos/paginas/default.aspx \\| title\\=Transporte para aeroportos \\| publisher\\=Gol Airlines \\| access\\-date\\=August 30, 2011 \\| language\\=pt \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925023518/http://www.voegol.com.br/pt\\-br/servicos/transporte\\-para\\-aeroportos/paginas/default.aspx \\| archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2011 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.tam.com.br/b2c/vgn/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid\\=5ef993f30bb2d210VgnVCM1000009508020aRCRD \\| title\\=Traslados Nacionais \\| publisher\\=TAM Airlines \\| access\\-date\\=March 27, 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225135719/http://www.tam.com.br/b2c/vgn/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid\\=5ef993f30bb2d210VgnVCM1000009508020aRCRD \\| archive\\-date\\=February 25, 2011 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "Viação Cometa offers daily departures to and from the airport and the cities of [Santos](/wiki/Santos%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"Santos, São Paulo\"), [Sorocaba](/wiki/Sorocaba \"Sorocaba\"), [São Vicente](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"São Vicente, São Paulo\"), and [Praia Grande](/wiki/Praia_Grande \"Praia Grande\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vbtransportes.com.br/vbtransportes/portugues/home/home.aspx\\|title\\=Caprioli Turismo\\|language\\=pt\\|website\\=VBTransportes.com.br\\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616190356/http://www.vbtransportes.com.br/vbtransportes/portugues/home/home.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2012\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} Lirabus operates daily buses between the airport and [Campinas](/wiki/Campinas \"Campinas\"). Pássaro Marron offers bus services to [São José dos Campos](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos \"São José dos Campos\") with departures every two hours. Viação Transdutra connects the airport with the city of [Arujá](/wiki/Aruj%C3%A1 \"Arujá\").", "### Rail", "{{Main\\|Line 13 (CPTM)}}\n{{See also\\|GRU Airport People Mover}}\n{{Routemap\n\\|title \\= GRU Airport Shuttle Service\n\\|title\\-color \\= white\n\\|title\\-bg \\= \\#AD97FC\n\\|map \\= \n\\\\\\\\hCONT4\\+f\\~\\~ \\~\\~ \\~\\~{{rint\\|saopaulo\\|cptm}} {{rint\\|saopaulo\\|13}} ''to \\[\\[Engenheiro Goulart (CPTM)\\|Engenheiro Goulart]]''\n\\\\uKACCa!\\~lACC\\-L\\\\hKACCe!\\~lACC\\-R\\~\\~ \\~\\~\\[\\[Aeroporto–Guarulhos (CPTM)\\|Aeroporto–Guarulhos]]\\~\\~ \\~\\~{{rint\\|saopaulo\\|cptm}} {{rint\\|saopaulo\\|13}} \\[\\[File:Spairportexpress.svg\\|16px\\|link\\=Line 13 (CPTM)\\#Special Services]] \\[\\[File:BUS C.jpg\\|16px]] {{rint\\|saopaulo\\|emtu\\|link\\=Guarulhos–São Paulo Metropolitan Corridor}}\n\\\\uKRWgl\\\\uKRW\\+r\n\\\\uSPLa!\\~NULf.g\\\\uSTR\n\\\\uvACC\\-STR!\\~v\\-NULf\\\\uSTR\\~\\~ \\~\\~Terminal 1\\~\\~ \\~\\~\\[\\[File:BSicon FLUGg.svg\\|16px]]\n\\\\uvSTR\\-ACC!\\~vNULf\\-\\\\uSTR!\\~NULg\\~\\~ \\~\\~Terminal 2\\~\\~ \\~\\~\\[\\[File:BSicon FLUGg.svg\\|16px]]\n\\\\uvACC\\-STR\\\\uSTR\\~\\~ \\~\\~Terminal 3\\~\\~ \\~\\~\\[\\[File:BSicon FLUGg.svg\\|16px]]\n\\\\uSPLe\\\\uSTR\n\\\\uSTRl\\\\uSTRr\n}}\n[Line 13\\-Jade](/wiki/Line_13_%28CPTM%29 \"Line 13 (CPTM)\") of the São Paulo commuter rail system, operated by [CPTM](/wiki/Companhia_Paulista_de_Trens_Metropolitanos \"Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos\"), connects with the airport through [Aeroporto\\-Guarulhos](/wiki/Aeroporto-Guarulhos_%28CPTM%29 \"Aeroporto-Guarulhos (CPTM)\") Station. This line started its operations experimentally on March 31, 2018\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/spnoticias/alckmin\\-inaugura\\-linha\\-13\\-jade\\-da\\-cptm\\-que\\-chegara\\-ao\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos/ \\|title\\=Estação da CPTM que leva ao Aeroporto de Guarulhos é inaugurada \\|date\\=March 31, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401013950/http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/spnoticias/alckmin\\-inaugura\\-linha\\-13\\-jade\\-da\\-cptm\\-que\\-chegara\\-ao\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 1, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The line was opened initially on a trial phase and operates only on Saturdays and Sundays from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., with trains every 30 minutes to the suburban station of [Engenheiro Goulart](/wiki/Engenheiro_Goulart_%28CPTM%29 \"Engenheiro Goulart (CPTM)\") in eastern São Paulo city, from where a further connection with CPTM's [line 12](/wiki/Line_12_%28CPTM%29 \"Line 12 (CPTM)\") and at least another one by [subway](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro \"São Paulo Metro\") will be necessary to reach downtown and the main business areas. Service will be expanded in May 2018 to seven days a week, but still only from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Full service from 4 a.m. to midnight is expected in late June 2018\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Martins \\|first\\=Victória \\|url\\=https://viagemeturismo.abril.com.br/materias/trem\\-para\\-o\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos\\-deve\\-ser\\-inaugurado\\-ate\\-abril/ \\|title\\=Veja como funciona o trem para o Aeroporto de Guarulhos \\|language\\=pt \\|trans\\-title\\=See how the train to Guarulhos Airport works \\|work\\=Viagem e Turismo \\|publisher\\=Editora Abril \\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183809/https://viagemeturismo.abril.com.br/materias/trem\\-para\\-o\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos\\-deve\\-ser\\-inaugurado\\-ate\\-abril/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 19, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n[thumb\\|Airport Metro Station in GRU](/wiki/File:Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Aeroporto-Guarulhos_%E2%80%A2_plataformas_com_trem_%E2%80%A2_1.jpg \"Estação Aeroporto-Guarulhos • plataformas com trem • 1.jpg\")\nAdditionally, since December 2020 there's the Airport Express service, from [Luz](/wiki/Luz_%28CPTM%29 \"Luz (CPTM)\") station to [Aeroporto\\-Guarulhos](/wiki/Aeroporto%E2%80%93Guarulhos_%28CPTM%29 \"Aeroporto–Guarulhos (CPTM)\"), departing from each termini station every hour. It attends only one station towards Aeroporto\\-Guarulhos ([Guarulhos\\-CECAP](/wiki/Guarulhos-CECAP_%28CPTM%29 \"Guarulhos-CECAP (CPTM)\") station), and 2 stations towards Luz (Guarulhos\\-CECAP and [Brás](/wiki/Br%C3%A1s_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 \"Brás (São Paulo Metro)\")).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.metrocptm.com.br/em\\-novo\\-formato\\-expresso\\-aeroporto\\-da\\-linha\\-13\\-estreia\\-nesta\\-terca\\-feira/\\|title\\=Em novo formato, Expresso Aeroporto da Linha 13 estreia nesta terça\\-feira\\|website\\=Metrô CPTM\\|language\\=pt\\|first\\=Ricardo\\|last\\=Meier\\|date\\=1 December 2020\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2021\\|trans\\-title\\=In new format, Line 13 Airport Express is launched this Tuesday\\|archive\\-date\\=January 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109144627/https://www.metrocptm.com.br/em\\-novo\\-formato\\-expresso\\-aeroporto\\-da\\-linha\\-13\\-estreia\\-nesta\\-terca\\-feira/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Aeroporto\\-Guarulhos station is opposite to Terminal 1, which is Guarulhos Airport's smallest and least busy, and not linked to the other terminals except by a shuttle bus. The GRU Airport company reportedly vetoed a station closer to much busier Terminals 2 and 3 because it intended to build a [shopping mall](/wiki/Shopping_mall \"Shopping mall\") at the proposed location.{{cite news \\|last\\=Ishioka \\|first\\=Leandro \\|url\\=http://www.esquina.net.br/2018/04/19/no\\-japao\\-as\\-estacoes\\-que\\-de\\-fato\\-conectam\\-transporte\\-e\\-cidade/ \\|title\\=No Japão, as estações que de fato conectam transporte e cidade \\|language\\=pt \\|trans\\-title\\=In Japan, the stations that actually connect the transportation system to the cities \\|work\\=Esquina.net \\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419184413/http://www.esquina.net.br/2018/04/19/no\\-japao\\-as\\-estacoes\\-que\\-de\\-fato\\-conectam\\-transporte\\-e\\-cidade/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 19, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The excessive number of train changes through crowded commuter rail and subway lines, and the added inconvenience of the requirement for a shuttle bus, has attracted criticism to the [São Paulo state](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28state%29 \"São Paulo (state)\") government, responsible for São Paulo's subway and commuter rail systems, which has been accused of flawed planning and overindulgence with the airport's private concessionaire.", "To solve this situation, Governor [João Doria](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Doria \"João Doria\") and State Secretary of Metropolitan Transports [Alexandre Baldy](/wiki/Alexandre_Baldy \"Alexandre Baldy\") proposed a [people mover](/wiki/People_mover \"People mover\") to connect the CPTM station directly to the airport, estimated to be opened in May 2021\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.metrocptm.com.br/monotrilho\\-sera\\-a\\-solucao\\-de\\-ligacao\\-entre\\-a\\-linha\\-13\\-e\\-o\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos\\-anuncia\\-governo/\\|title\\=Monotrilho será a solução de ligação entre a Line 13 e o Aeroporto de Guarulhos, anuncia governo\\|website\\=Metrô CPTM\\|language\\=pt\\|first\\=Ricardo\\|last\\=Meier\\|date\\=28 May 2019\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2021\\|trans\\-title\\=Monorail will be the solution for connection between Line 13 and Guarulhos Airport, announces state government}} However, many delays prevented the construction of the line, which should be owned and fully operated by GRU Airport.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.metrocptm.com.br/people\\-mover\\-do\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos\\-segue\\-sem\\-prazo\\-de\\-conclusao/\\|title\\=Um ano após anúncio, people mover do Aeroporto de Guarulhos segue sem prazo de conclusion\\|website\\=Metrô CPTM\\|language\\=pt\\|first\\=Ricardo\\|last\\=Meier\\|date\\=19 June 2020\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2021\\|trans\\-title\\=One year after announcement, Guarulhos Airport people mover hasn't conclusion deadline\\|archive\\-date\\=January 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109034824/https://www.metrocptm.com.br/people\\-mover\\-do\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos\\-segue\\-sem\\-prazo\\-de\\-conclusao/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In November 2020, the Brazilian federal government, through the Ministry of Infrastructure, authorized the construction of the people mover, which should cost [R$](/wiki/Brazilian_real \"Brazilian real\") 175 million (approximately [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\") 47\\.7 million in 2019\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.metrocptm.com.br/governo\\-federal\\-da\\-aval\\-para\\-people\\-mover\\-no\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos\\-que\\-o\\-ligara\\-a\\-linha\\-13\\-jade/\\|title\\=Governo Federal dá aal para people mover no Aeroporto de Guarulhos que o ligará à Linha 13\\-Jade\\|website\\=Metrô CPTM\\|language\\=pt\\|first\\=Caio\\|last\\=Lobo\\|date\\=27 November 2020\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2021\\|trans\\-title\\=Federal Government authorized people mover in Guarulhos Airport which will connect it to Line 13\\-Jade\\|archive\\-date\\=January 28, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128063040/https://www.metrocptm.com.br/governo\\-federal\\-da\\-aval\\-para\\-people\\-mover\\-no\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos\\-que\\-o\\-ligara\\-a\\-linha\\-13\\-jade/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In December 2020 it was announced that Brazilian firm Aerom, which owns the [Aeromovel](/wiki/Atmospheric_railway%23Aeromovel \"Atmospheric railway#Aeromovel\") technology, had been selected to install the system.{{cite web \\|title\\=GRU Airport chooses Aeromovel and should start connection between airport and CPTM in January \\|date\\=December 2020 \\|url\\=https://viatrolebus.com.br/2020/12/gru\\-airport\\-escolhe\\-aeromovel\\-e\\-deve\\-iniciar\\-ligacao\\-entre\\-aeroporto\\-e\\-cptm\\-em\\-janeiro/ \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141626/https://viatrolebus.com.br/2020/12/gru\\-airport\\-escolhe\\-aeromovel\\-e\\-deve\\-iniciar\\-ligacao\\-entre\\-aeroporto\\-e\\-cptm\\-em\\-janeiro/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Construction was due to begin in January 2021 with completing in 2022\\. In June 2021 it was announced that the project had 'advanced' but a schedule for construction had not been finalised.{{cite web\\|title\\=Aeromóvel company to implement People Mover at Guarulhos Airport.\\|date\\=June 9, 2021\\|url\\=https://viatrolebus.com.br/2021/06/empresa\\-do\\-aeromovel\\-deve\\-implantar\\-people\\-mover\\-no\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos/\\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 21, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621035218/https://viatrolebus.com.br/2021/06/empresa\\-do\\-aeromovel\\-deve\\-implantar\\-people\\-mover\\-no\\-aeroporto\\-de\\-guarulhos/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
History ------- On 1 January 1912 Coventry Corporation took over the operations of the Coventry Electric Tramways Company which had until then ran the tramway in the city, a service which had begun in 1895\. The purchase price of £220,638 included 13 miles of track, 41 double deck open\-top electric tramcars and the depots on Foleshill Road and at Priestley's Bridge on Stoney Stanton Road.Coventry Transport 1884\-1940 by A.S.Denton \& F.P.Groves published 1985 by the Birmingham Transport Historical Group. A more comprehensive history of the city's tramway system is found at [Coventry Corporation Tramways](/wiki/Coventry_Corporation_Tramways "Coventry Corporation Tramways"). ### First buses The first motor bus service began on 30 March 1914 using six locally made [Maudslay](/wiki/Maudslay_Motor_Company "Maudslay Motor Company") vehicles. These were open top double deckers with solid tyres, no windscreen and seats for 34 passengers, and each cost £739\. The route was from Stoke Heath to the Fire Station in Hales Street. During the first week of operation, £107 4s 4d was taken in fares. A further service to Hearsall Lane started in May but both were short lived as the chassis were requisitioned by the War Office in September that year. After the Great War, bus services resumed in 1919 and a bus garage at Harnall Lane was opened in 1921 adjoining the Priestley's Bridge premises. The tramway system reached its peak of 58 tramcars that same year with 6 services to Bedworth, Bell Green, Stoke, Earlsdon, the Allesley Road and the Railway Station. At the 1925 Commercial Motor Show, Maudslay exhibited one of the first covered top double deckers which the Corporation subsequently purchased. It was not until 1927 however that pneumatic tyres were first fitted to a bus. In 1931, [Pool Meadow Bus Station](/wiki/Pool_Meadow_Bus_Station "Pool Meadow Bus Station") was opened to cater for nine main routes into the city. The following year the first tram route was abandoned and plans were drawn up to gradually replace the whole system. The general manager T R Whitehead retired in 1933 and was replaced by Ronald Fearnley, a post which he held for nearly three decades. He became a pioneer in the transport industry, and worked closely with the [Daimler Company](/wiki/Daimler_Company "Daimler Company") in the development of an advanced lightweight all\-metal bus with 60 seats yet within the maximum length and weight regulations of the time. The last remaining independently operated services in the city were purchased in 1936, and the department could then complete its coverage of the area with routes to Baginton, Burton Green and Berkswell. ### World War II The substantial damage caused by the [air raid of 14 November 1940](/wiki/Coventry_Blitz "Coventry Blitz") finally led to the tramway system being completely abandoned. It was later reported that the 2700 tons of material salvaged from the tramway track was sufficient to make 180 heavy tanks.Diamond Jubilee of Mechanical Road Transport in Coventry 1884\-1944 published in 1944 by the City Development Office. Despite considerable damage to buses and premises, on 16 November, some services were resumed operating from the outer termini to as close to the city centre as conditions permitted. Within a week regular services were almost back to normal, ensuring workers could reach the factories for vital war work. By February 1941 only 73 buses out of the total fleet of 181 were undamagedCoventry Transport 1912\-1974 commemorative brochure published 1974 by the City of Coventry Public Transport Committee. and vehicles had to be hired from many other operators around the country. Overnight parking was dispersed to temporary facilities at Highfield Road football ground and the Lythalls Lane greyhound stadium. Supply of new buses was limited during the war and those that were delivered were of government controlled austere construction, the most striking feature being the wooden slat seats. ### After the war In 1948 restrictions on purchasing new vehicles were relaxed, and the bus fleet was quickly standardised almost entirely on locally\-built [Daimler](/wiki/Daimler_Company "Daimler Company") double deckers with an open platform at the rear and the diesel engine at the front. The last petrol\-engined bus was replaced in 1949\. Many of the wartime specification buses were in poor condition and had to be re\-bodied, some at the department's Keresley works.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2017}} Notable exceptions to the Daimler purchasing policy were a London Transport style AEC and a Crossley which had a distinctive mainly cream colour scheme and initially had an automatic gearbox. There was also a batch of nine of the last buses built by the Maudslay company. Services which in the war had finished at 8:30 in the evening were gradually extended to 11:00 pm. 1950 was the peak year of operation; 110 million passengers were carried but the increased ownership of private cars had a progressively adverse effect on public transport. Many of these cars were produced in city factories and it also became increasingly difficult to attract sufficient bus drivers with the wages being paid by such industries.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2017}} In 1954 a new garage was built at Sandy Lane with covered capacity for 150 buses, half the fleet, and the Foleshill site was closed. Odd and even numbered vehicles were then split between Sandy Lane and Harnall Lane respectively. ### "Monobus" era Up until 1965, all vehicles required a crew of two, a driver plus a conductor who took the fares. However, in that year, new rear\-engined front\-entrance double deckers were purchased and these could be operated by one man. In addition they were built to a newly permitted length of 30 feet and could thus seat a dozen more passengers. Although initially Leyland vehicles were used, the fleet subsequently again became standardised on Daimlers, using their [Fleetline](/wiki/Daimler_Fleetline "Daimler Fleetline") chassis. With these new vehicles a distinctive feature of Coventry buses since the 1930s was omitted, the twin side\-by\-side destination displays. Thereafter the service number and destination displays adopted numerous different layouts. To speed up the process of passengers boarding, in 1968 a batch of vehicles with separate entrance and exit doors entered service, but within a few years the standard reverted to a single\-door design. Continuing difficulties in recruiting drivers led the corporation to try another approach. Although conductresses had been employed since the First World War, it was not until 1970 that the first two women drivers completed their training. It was the department's policy that drivers should first qualify as conductors and that inspectors should have previously been drivers. Subsequently, one of these ladies did become an inspector, a unique achievement.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2017}} Starting in 1970, new buses were painted in a lighter red and ivory scheme, which was intended to gradually replace the maroon and cream that had been used on previous buses. The department also operated several coaches but for some years these had sported sky blue colours. On 1 April 1974, the entire bus operation was taken over by the [West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive](/wiki/West_Midlands_Passenger_Transport_Executive "West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive") (WMPTE) and Coventry Corporation Transport ceased to exist. The fleet at that time comprised 185 front loading double deckers, 116 rear loading double deckers, two single deckers, one coach and one minibus.Coventry Transport 1940\-1974 by A.S.Denton \& F.P.Groves published 1987 by the Birmingham Transport Historical Group. With the city coat of arms removed from every bus, the familiar maroon and cream paint scheme also began to disappear from the city streets. As buses were due for repainting they gained the blue and cream colours of the Birmingham company.
[ "History\n-------", "On 1 January 1912 Coventry Corporation took over the operations of the Coventry Electric Tramways Company which had until then ran the tramway in the city, a service which had begun in 1895\\. The purchase price of £220,638 included 13 miles of track, 41 double deck open\\-top electric tramcars and the depots on Foleshill Road and at Priestley's Bridge on Stoney Stanton Road.Coventry Transport 1884\\-1940 by A.S.Denton \\& F.P.Groves published 1985 by the Birmingham Transport Historical Group. A more comprehensive history of the city's tramway system is found at [Coventry Corporation Tramways](/wiki/Coventry_Corporation_Tramways \"Coventry Corporation Tramways\").", "### First buses", "The first motor bus service began on 30 March 1914 using six locally made [Maudslay](/wiki/Maudslay_Motor_Company \"Maudslay Motor Company\") vehicles. These were open top double deckers with solid tyres, no windscreen and seats for 34 passengers, and each cost £739\\. The route was from Stoke Heath to the Fire Station in Hales Street. During the first week of operation, £107 4s 4d was taken in fares. A further service to Hearsall Lane started in May but both were short lived as the chassis were requisitioned by the War Office in September that year.", "After the Great War, bus services resumed in 1919 and a bus garage at Harnall Lane was opened in 1921 adjoining the Priestley's Bridge premises. The tramway system reached its peak of 58 tramcars that same year with 6 services to Bedworth, Bell Green, Stoke, Earlsdon, the Allesley Road and the Railway Station.", "At the 1925 Commercial Motor Show, Maudslay exhibited one of the first covered top double deckers which the Corporation subsequently purchased. It was not until 1927 however that pneumatic tyres were first fitted to a bus.", "In 1931, [Pool Meadow Bus Station](/wiki/Pool_Meadow_Bus_Station \"Pool Meadow Bus Station\") was opened to cater for nine main routes into the city. The following year the first tram route was abandoned and plans were drawn up to gradually replace the whole system.", "The general manager T R Whitehead retired in 1933 and was replaced by Ronald Fearnley, a post which he held for nearly three decades. He became a pioneer in the transport industry, and worked closely with the [Daimler Company](/wiki/Daimler_Company \"Daimler Company\") in the development of an advanced lightweight all\\-metal bus with 60 seats yet within the maximum length and weight regulations of the time.", "The last remaining independently operated services in the city were purchased in 1936, and the department could then complete its coverage of the area with routes to Baginton, Burton Green and Berkswell.", "### World War II", "The substantial damage caused by the [air raid of 14 November 1940](/wiki/Coventry_Blitz \"Coventry Blitz\") finally led to the tramway system being completely abandoned. It was later reported that the 2700 tons of material salvaged from the tramway track was sufficient to make 180 heavy tanks.Diamond Jubilee of Mechanical Road Transport in Coventry 1884\\-1944 published in 1944 by the City Development Office.", "Despite considerable damage to buses and premises, on 16 November, some services were resumed operating from the outer termini to as close to the city centre as conditions permitted. Within a week regular services were almost back to normal, ensuring workers could reach the factories for vital war work.", "By February 1941 only 73 buses out of the total fleet of 181 were undamagedCoventry Transport 1912\\-1974 commemorative brochure published 1974 by the City of Coventry Public Transport Committee. and vehicles had to be hired from many other operators around the country. Overnight parking was dispersed to temporary facilities at Highfield Road football ground and the Lythalls Lane greyhound stadium.", "Supply of new buses was limited during the war and those that were delivered were of government controlled austere construction, the most striking feature being the wooden slat seats.", "### After the war", "In 1948 restrictions on purchasing new vehicles were relaxed, and the bus fleet was quickly standardised almost entirely on locally\\-built [Daimler](/wiki/Daimler_Company \"Daimler Company\") double deckers with an open platform at the rear and the diesel engine at the front. The last petrol\\-engined bus was replaced in 1949\\. Many of the wartime specification buses were in poor condition and had to be re\\-bodied, some at the department's Keresley works.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2017}}", "Notable exceptions to the Daimler purchasing policy were a London Transport style AEC and a Crossley which had a distinctive mainly cream colour scheme and initially had an automatic gearbox. There was also a batch of nine of the last buses built by the Maudslay company.", "Services which in the war had finished at 8:30 in the evening were gradually extended to 11:00 pm. 1950 was the peak year of operation; 110 million passengers were carried but the increased ownership of private cars had a progressively adverse effect on public transport. Many of these cars were produced in city factories and it also became increasingly difficult to attract sufficient bus drivers with the wages being paid by such industries.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2017}}", "In 1954 a new garage was built at Sandy Lane with covered capacity for 150 buses, half the fleet, and the Foleshill site was closed. Odd and even numbered vehicles were then split between Sandy Lane and Harnall Lane respectively.", "### \"Monobus\" era", "Up until 1965, all vehicles required a crew of two, a driver plus a conductor who took the fares. However, in that year, new rear\\-engined front\\-entrance double deckers were purchased and these could be operated by one man. In addition they were built to a newly permitted length of 30 feet and could thus seat a dozen more passengers. Although initially Leyland vehicles were used, the fleet subsequently again became standardised on Daimlers, using their [Fleetline](/wiki/Daimler_Fleetline \"Daimler Fleetline\") chassis.", "With these new vehicles a distinctive feature of Coventry buses since the 1930s was omitted, the twin side\\-by\\-side destination displays. Thereafter the service number and destination displays adopted numerous different layouts.", "To speed up the process of passengers boarding, in 1968 a batch of vehicles with separate entrance and exit doors entered service, but within a few years the standard reverted to a single\\-door design.", "Continuing difficulties in recruiting drivers led the corporation to try another approach. Although conductresses had been employed since the First World War, it was not until 1970 that the first two women drivers completed their training. It was the department's policy that drivers should first qualify as conductors and that inspectors should have previously been drivers. Subsequently, one of these ladies did become an inspector, a unique achievement.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2017}}", "Starting in 1970, new buses were painted in a lighter red and ivory scheme, which was intended to gradually replace the maroon and cream that had been used on previous buses. The department also operated several coaches but for some years these had sported sky blue colours.", "On 1 April 1974, the entire bus operation was taken over by the [West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive](/wiki/West_Midlands_Passenger_Transport_Executive \"West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive\") (WMPTE) and Coventry Corporation Transport ceased to exist. The fleet at that time comprised 185 front loading double deckers, 116 rear loading double deckers, two single deckers, one coach and one minibus.Coventry Transport 1940\\-1974 by A.S.Denton \\& F.P.Groves published 1987 by the Birmingham Transport Historical Group.", "With the city coat of arms removed from every bus, the familiar maroon and cream paint scheme also began to disappear from the city streets. As buses were due for repainting they gained the blue and cream colours of the Birmingham company.", "" ]
### First buses The first motor bus service began on 30 March 1914 using six locally made [Maudslay](/wiki/Maudslay_Motor_Company "Maudslay Motor Company") vehicles. These were open top double deckers with solid tyres, no windscreen and seats for 34 passengers, and each cost £739\. The route was from Stoke Heath to the Fire Station in Hales Street. During the first week of operation, £107 4s 4d was taken in fares. A further service to Hearsall Lane started in May but both were short lived as the chassis were requisitioned by the War Office in September that year. After the Great War, bus services resumed in 1919 and a bus garage at Harnall Lane was opened in 1921 adjoining the Priestley's Bridge premises. The tramway system reached its peak of 58 tramcars that same year with 6 services to Bedworth, Bell Green, Stoke, Earlsdon, the Allesley Road and the Railway Station. At the 1925 Commercial Motor Show, Maudslay exhibited one of the first covered top double deckers which the Corporation subsequently purchased. It was not until 1927 however that pneumatic tyres were first fitted to a bus. In 1931, [Pool Meadow Bus Station](/wiki/Pool_Meadow_Bus_Station "Pool Meadow Bus Station") was opened to cater for nine main routes into the city. The following year the first tram route was abandoned and plans were drawn up to gradually replace the whole system. The general manager T R Whitehead retired in 1933 and was replaced by Ronald Fearnley, a post which he held for nearly three decades. He became a pioneer in the transport industry, and worked closely with the [Daimler Company](/wiki/Daimler_Company "Daimler Company") in the development of an advanced lightweight all\-metal bus with 60 seats yet within the maximum length and weight regulations of the time. The last remaining independently operated services in the city were purchased in 1936, and the department could then complete its coverage of the area with routes to Baginton, Burton Green and Berkswell.
[ "### First buses", "The first motor bus service began on 30 March 1914 using six locally made [Maudslay](/wiki/Maudslay_Motor_Company \"Maudslay Motor Company\") vehicles. These were open top double deckers with solid tyres, no windscreen and seats for 34 passengers, and each cost £739\\. The route was from Stoke Heath to the Fire Station in Hales Street. During the first week of operation, £107 4s 4d was taken in fares. A further service to Hearsall Lane started in May but both were short lived as the chassis were requisitioned by the War Office in September that year.", "After the Great War, bus services resumed in 1919 and a bus garage at Harnall Lane was opened in 1921 adjoining the Priestley's Bridge premises. The tramway system reached its peak of 58 tramcars that same year with 6 services to Bedworth, Bell Green, Stoke, Earlsdon, the Allesley Road and the Railway Station.", "At the 1925 Commercial Motor Show, Maudslay exhibited one of the first covered top double deckers which the Corporation subsequently purchased. It was not until 1927 however that pneumatic tyres were first fitted to a bus.", "In 1931, [Pool Meadow Bus Station](/wiki/Pool_Meadow_Bus_Station \"Pool Meadow Bus Station\") was opened to cater for nine main routes into the city. The following year the first tram route was abandoned and plans were drawn up to gradually replace the whole system.", "The general manager T R Whitehead retired in 1933 and was replaced by Ronald Fearnley, a post which he held for nearly three decades. He became a pioneer in the transport industry, and worked closely with the [Daimler Company](/wiki/Daimler_Company \"Daimler Company\") in the development of an advanced lightweight all\\-metal bus with 60 seats yet within the maximum length and weight regulations of the time.", "The last remaining independently operated services in the city were purchased in 1936, and the department could then complete its coverage of the area with routes to Baginton, Burton Green and Berkswell.", "" ]
### "Monobus" era Up until 1965, all vehicles required a crew of two, a driver plus a conductor who took the fares. However, in that year, new rear\-engined front\-entrance double deckers were purchased and these could be operated by one man. In addition they were built to a newly permitted length of 30 feet and could thus seat a dozen more passengers. Although initially Leyland vehicles were used, the fleet subsequently again became standardised on Daimlers, using their [Fleetline](/wiki/Daimler_Fleetline "Daimler Fleetline") chassis. With these new vehicles a distinctive feature of Coventry buses since the 1930s was omitted, the twin side\-by\-side destination displays. Thereafter the service number and destination displays adopted numerous different layouts. To speed up the process of passengers boarding, in 1968 a batch of vehicles with separate entrance and exit doors entered service, but within a few years the standard reverted to a single\-door design. Continuing difficulties in recruiting drivers led the corporation to try another approach. Although conductresses had been employed since the First World War, it was not until 1970 that the first two women drivers completed their training. It was the department's policy that drivers should first qualify as conductors and that inspectors should have previously been drivers. Subsequently, one of these ladies did become an inspector, a unique achievement.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2017}} Starting in 1970, new buses were painted in a lighter red and ivory scheme, which was intended to gradually replace the maroon and cream that had been used on previous buses. The department also operated several coaches but for some years these had sported sky blue colours. On 1 April 1974, the entire bus operation was taken over by the [West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive](/wiki/West_Midlands_Passenger_Transport_Executive "West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive") (WMPTE) and Coventry Corporation Transport ceased to exist. The fleet at that time comprised 185 front loading double deckers, 116 rear loading double deckers, two single deckers, one coach and one minibus.Coventry Transport 1940\-1974 by A.S.Denton \& F.P.Groves published 1987 by the Birmingham Transport Historical Group. With the city coat of arms removed from every bus, the familiar maroon and cream paint scheme also began to disappear from the city streets. As buses were due for repainting they gained the blue and cream colours of the Birmingham company.
[ "### \"Monobus\" era", "Up until 1965, all vehicles required a crew of two, a driver plus a conductor who took the fares. However, in that year, new rear\\-engined front\\-entrance double deckers were purchased and these could be operated by one man. In addition they were built to a newly permitted length of 30 feet and could thus seat a dozen more passengers. Although initially Leyland vehicles were used, the fleet subsequently again became standardised on Daimlers, using their [Fleetline](/wiki/Daimler_Fleetline \"Daimler Fleetline\") chassis.", "With these new vehicles a distinctive feature of Coventry buses since the 1930s was omitted, the twin side\\-by\\-side destination displays. Thereafter the service number and destination displays adopted numerous different layouts.", "To speed up the process of passengers boarding, in 1968 a batch of vehicles with separate entrance and exit doors entered service, but within a few years the standard reverted to a single\\-door design.", "Continuing difficulties in recruiting drivers led the corporation to try another approach. Although conductresses had been employed since the First World War, it was not until 1970 that the first two women drivers completed their training. It was the department's policy that drivers should first qualify as conductors and that inspectors should have previously been drivers. Subsequently, one of these ladies did become an inspector, a unique achievement.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2017}}", "Starting in 1970, new buses were painted in a lighter red and ivory scheme, which was intended to gradually replace the maroon and cream that had been used on previous buses. The department also operated several coaches but for some years these had sported sky blue colours.", "On 1 April 1974, the entire bus operation was taken over by the [West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive](/wiki/West_Midlands_Passenger_Transport_Executive \"West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive\") (WMPTE) and Coventry Corporation Transport ceased to exist. The fleet at that time comprised 185 front loading double deckers, 116 rear loading double deckers, two single deckers, one coach and one minibus.Coventry Transport 1940\\-1974 by A.S.Denton \\& F.P.Groves published 1987 by the Birmingham Transport Historical Group.", "With the city coat of arms removed from every bus, the familiar maroon and cream paint scheme also began to disappear from the city streets. As buses were due for repainting they gained the blue and cream colours of the Birmingham company.", "" ]
History ------- ### Formation and early years [thumb\|left\|upright\|Tun Sir [Tan Cheng Lock](/wiki/Tan_Cheng_Lock "Tan Cheng Lock"), first president of MCA](/wiki/File:Tan_Cheng_Lock.jpg "Tan Cheng Lock.jpg") {{Infobox Chinese \| order \= ts \| pic \= MCA Chinese.svg \| t \= 馬來西亞華人公會 \| s \= 马来西亚华人公会 \| p \= Mǎláixīyà Huárén Gōnghuì \| j \= maa5 loi4 sai1 aa3 waa4 jan4 gung1 wui2 \| c \= \| mi \= \| ci \= \| altname \= \| poj \= Má\-lâi\-se\-a Hoâ\-jîn kong\-hoē }} The Malayan Chinese Association was formed on 27 February 1949 with the implicit support by the post\-World War II British colonial administration. A central purpose of the MCA at the time of its founding was to manage the specific social and welfare concerns of the populations interned in the so\-called [New Villages](/wiki/New_Village "New Village") created under the [Briggs Plan](/wiki/Briggs_Plan "Briggs Plan") in response to the [Malayan Emergency](/wiki/Malayan_Emergency "Malayan Emergency").{{cite book\|last\=Nyce\|first\=Ray\|title\=Chinese New Villages in Malaysia\|year\=1973\|publisher\=Malaysian Sociological Research Institute\|location\=Singapore}}{{cite book \|author\=Ooi \|first\=Keat Gin \|author\-link\=Keat Gin Ooi \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=assDznc7EN4C \|title\=Historical Dictionary of Malaysia \|date\=11 May 2009 \|publisher\=Scarecrow Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-8108\-6305\-7 \|pages\=lvii, 185 \|access\-date\=16 February 2013}} The declaration that announced the MCA as a formal political party in 1951 was written by a prominent [Straits Chinese](/wiki/Straits_Chinese "Straits Chinese") businessman, [Tan Cheng Lock](/wiki/Tan_Cheng_Lock "Tan Cheng Lock"), its first president. In general, its early members were landowners, businessmen, or otherwise better off, while the working classes in the New Villages overwhelmingly joined the [Socialist Front](/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Socialist_Front "Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front") instead.{{cite book\|last\=Nyce\|first\=Ray\|title\=Chinese New Villages in Malaysia\|year\=1973\|publisher\=Malaysian Sociological Research Institute\|location\=Singapore\|pages\=115}} Many prominent members of the MCA were also [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang "Kuomintang") members opposed to the [Malayan Communist Party](/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party "Malayan Communist Party"). [Leong Yew Koh](/wiki/Leong_Yew_Koh "Leong Yew Koh"), was a KMT major general who became a cabinet minister and later became governor of [Malacca](/wiki/Malacca "Malacca"); Malaysia's first minister of finance, [Henry H.S. Lee](/wiki/Henry_H.S._Lee "Henry H.S. Lee"), was a KMT colonel; and [Lim Chong Eu](/wiki/Lim_Chong_Eu "Lim Chong Eu"), the leader of the Radical Party and joined the MCA in 1952, was a colonel (medical) doctor in the Kuomintang.Bayly, Harper, *Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia* In 1952, MCA joined force with [United Malays National Organisation](/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation "United Malays National Organisation") on a local level to contest the [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") municipal elections which would lead to the formation of the [Alliance Party](/wiki/Alliance_Party_%28Malaysia%29 "Alliance Party (Malaysia)"). The alliance was joined by [Malaysian Indian Congress](/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress "Malaysian Indian Congress") in 1954 and they contested the [first Malayan General Election](/wiki/1955_Malayan_general_election "1955 Malayan general election") in 1955 as one body, and the alliance won 51 of the 52 seat contested.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=QKgraWbb7yoC\&pg\=PA138 \|title\=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 \|editor\= Keat Gin Ooi \|page\=138 \|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO \|year\= 2004 \|isbn\=9781576077702}} MCA won all 15 of the seats allocated.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=GBotAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA96 \|title\=Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir\|author\=In\-Won Hwang \|publisher\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|page\=96 \|year\= 2003 \|isbn\=978\-9812301857 }} Tan Cheng Lock was succeeded by Lim Chong Eu after a successful challenge by Lim for the presidency in 1958\. Lim attempted to amend the party's Constitution to consolidate the power of the Central Committee, and although amendment was passed narrowly, it also split the party.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\-us/about\-mca/history\-zone/former\-presidents/tun\-dr\-lim\-chong\-eu/ \|title\=Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu \|work\=Malaysian Chinese Association \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018234517/http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\-us/about\-mca/history\-zone/former\-presidents/tun\-dr\-lim\-chong\-eu/ \|archive\-date\=18 October 2015 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Prior to the [1959 General Election](/wiki/1959_Malayan_general_election "1959 Malayan general election"), Lim pressed for an increase of the allocated number of seats from 28 to 40, but this was refused by UMNO leader [Tunku Abdul Rahman](/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman "Tunku Abdul Rahman"). Lim was forced to back down and later resigned as president, with Cheah Toon Lock taking over as acting president. Other members also resigned from MCA to contest the election as independent candidates, which cost the party some seats.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=WXkDtR3vCecC\&pg\=PA371 \|title\=Comparative Politics: The politics of Asia \|author\= Howard J. Wiarda \|page\=371 \|publisher\=Routledge \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=0\-415\-33095\-5 }}{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NOtXcEmHdjoC\&pg\=PA91 \|title\=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation\|author\= Boon Kheng Cheah \|pages\=91–92 \|publisher\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|year\=2002 \|isbn\=978\-9812301543 }} The party only won 19 of the 31 seats eventually allocated.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=c9EEhjQ3tQAC\&pg\=PA101 \|title\=Chinese Schools in Peninsular Malaysia: The Struggle for Survival \|author\= Ting Hui Lee \|pages\=101–102\|publisher\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|year\= 2011 \|isbn\=9789814279215 }} Lim himself left the party in December 1960, later becoming one of the founding members of the opposition [Gerakan](/wiki/Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia "Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia") in 1968\. In 1961 [Tan Siew Sin](/wiki/Tan_Siew_Sin "Tan Siew Sin"), son of Tan Cheng Lock and favoured by Tunku, became MCA's third President.{{cite book \|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=nSqXGSinwP4C\&pg\=PA220 \|title\=Singapore: The Unexpected Nation \|author\= Edwin Lee \|publisher\= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|date\= 2008 \|pages\=219–220 \|isbn\=978\-9812307965 }} Tan led the party to a firm victory in the [1964 General Election](/wiki/1964_Malaysian_general_election "1964 Malaysian general election"), winning 27 of the 33 parliamentary seats contested.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\-us/about\-mca/history\-zone/former\-presidents/tun\-tan\-siew\-sin/ \|title\=Tun Tan Siew Sin \|work\=Malaysian Chinese Association \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323201434/http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\-us/about\-mca/history\-zone/former\-presidents/tun\-tan\-siew\-sin/ \|archive\-date\=23 March 2014 \|df\=dmy\-all }} In 1969, Tan established [Tunku Abdul Rahman College](/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman_College "Tunku Abdul Rahman College") after a proposal for a Chinese\-language university was turned down by the government.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=v9QEBAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA403 \|title\=Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary\|editor\= Leo Suryadinata\|page\=403 \|publisher\=ISEAS Publishing \|date\=30 December 2012 \|isbn\= 978\-9814345217 }} ### 1969–1985 The [third Malaysian general elections](/wiki/1969_Malaysian_general_election "1969 Malaysian general election") were held on 10 May 1969\. MCA faced strong challenges from the new, mainly Chinese, opposition parties [Democratic Action Party](/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_%28Malaysia%29 "Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)") and [Gerakan](/wiki/Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia "Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia"). Of the 33 parliamentary seats contested, MCA managed to retain only 13\. MCA also lost control of the [Penang State Government](/wiki/Penang_State_Legislative_Assembly "Penang State Legislative Assembly") to Gerakan. The gain by the opposition parties led to tension between different communities which erupted into the [May 13 Riots](/wiki/May_13_Riots "May 13 Riots"). Prior to the riots, on 12 May 1969, Tan Siew Sin announced that the party would withdraw from the Alliance, but reconsidered on 20 May and joined the [National Operations Council](/wiki/National_Operations_Council "National Operations Council") formed in place of the suspended Parliament after the riots.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mca.org.my/t/about\-us/about\-mca/history\-zone/party\-history/3/ \|title\=Party History \|work\=Malaysian Chinese Association \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406201339/http://www.mca.org.my/t/about\-us/about\-mca/history\-zone/party\-history/3/ \|archive\-date\=6 April 2015 }} The loss of support for MCA among the Chinese population elicited a comment by the then [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia "Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia") [Dr Ismail](/wiki/Ismail_Abdul_Rahman "Ismail Abdul Rahman") that if MCA continue to lose support, UMNO may stop co\-operating with it.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=c9EEhjQ3tQAC\&pg\=PA124 \|title\=Chinese Schools in Peninsular Malaysia: The Struggle for Survival \|author\=Ting Hui Lee \|page\=124 \|publisher\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|year\= 2011 \|isbn\=9789814279215 }} To regain Chinese support, Tan attempted to broaden the appeal of the party previously seen as a party of the *taukeh* (*[tou jia](/wiki/%E5%A4%B4%E5%AE%B6 "头家")*, rich men), and invited professionals to join the party. However, many of these were later expelled after a dispute involving [Lim Keng Yaik](/wiki/Lim_Keng_Yaik "Lim Keng Yaik") who then joined Gerakan.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=v9QEBAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA634 \|title\=Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary \|editor\= Leo Suryadinata \|author\=Cheah Kooi Guan \|page\=634 \|publisher\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|year\= 2012 \|isbn\=978\-9814345217 }} With the loss of support for MCA in the 1969 election, and the enlargement of the Alliance party in 1972 (which later became [Barisan Nasional](/wiki/Barisan_Nasional "Barisan Nasional")) to include Gerakan, UMNO became even more dominant and MCA suffered a loss of status within the coalition.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Owo39zRMQbwC\&pg\=PA163 \|title\= Malaysia: The Making of a Nation\|author\= Cheah Boon Kheng \|publisher\= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|year\= 2002 \|pages\=162–163 \|isbn\=978\-9812301543 }} In 1973, Tan Siew Sin requested a position as Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet reshuffle following the death of [Tun Dr. Ismail](/wiki/Ismail_Abdul_Rahman "Ismail Abdul Rahman"), but this was refused by [Tun Abdul Razak](/wiki/Tun_Abdul_Razak "Tun Abdul Razak"), which angered Tan.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Owo39zRMQbwC\&pg\=PA147 \|title\= Malaysia: The Making of a Nation\|author\= Cheah Boon Kheng \|publisher\= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|year\= 2002 \|pages\=147–148 \|isbn\=978\-9812301543 }} On 8 April 1974, prior to the [general election](/wiki/1974_Malaysian_general_election "1974 Malaysian general election"), Tan Siew Sin resigned all of his party and government posts for health reasons. [thumb\|upright\|[Lee San Choon](/wiki/Lee_San_Choon "Lee San Choon"), MCA president 1975–1983](/wiki/File:Lee_San_Choon_2006.jpg "Lee San Choon 2006.jpg") [Lee San Choon](/wiki/Lee_San_Choon "Lee San Choon") took over as Acting President following Tan's resignation, and was then elected president in 1975\. After Tan's resignation, the cabinet posts allocated to MCA declined in importance, and MCA lost both the [Finance Ministry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Malaysia%29 "Ministry of Finance (Malaysia)") and [Trade and Industry Ministry](/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry_%28Malaysia%29 "Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Malaysia)") posts it once held in 1957\.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4sKEAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA91 \|title\=Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir \|author\= Diane K. Mauzy, R. S. Milne \|publisher\=Routledge \|page\=91 \|year\= 1999 \|isbn\=978\-0415171434 }} The party performed better in the 1974 election, but lost ground again in the following [1978 general election](/wiki/1978_Malaysian_general_election "1978 Malaysian general election"), with the MCA winning only 17 of the 28 parliamentary seats and 44 of the 60 state seats. In 1979, [Michael Chen](/wiki/Michael_Chen_Wing_Sum "Michael Chen Wing Sum") stood against Lee San Choon for the MCA Presidency but lost, and later in 1981 led a group of MCA dissidents to join Gerakan.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=EV88Tf0yWqoC\&pg\=PA9 \|title\=Malaysia's 1982 General Election \|author\=Harold A. Crouch \|pages\=9–12\|publisher\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|year\= 1982\|isbn\=978\-9971902452 }} The [1982 general election](/wiki/1982_Malaysian_general_election "1982 Malaysian general election") however saw a shift in fortune for MCA. Lee accepted a challenge from the opposition [Democratic Action Party](/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_%28Malaysia%29 "Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)") which taunted the MCA's leadership for not daring to contest a seat with large urban Chinese majority, and contested the parliamentary seat for [Seremban](/wiki/Seremban "Seremban") against the incumbent DAP Chairman Chen Man Hin. Lee won his challenge, and led his party to a resounding victory, winning 24 out of 28 allocated parliamentary seats and 55 out of 62 state seats.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=EV88Tf0yWqoC\&pg\=PA48 \|title\=Malaysia's 1982 General Election\|author\= Harold A. Crouch \|page\=48 \|publisher\= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|year\=1982 \|isbn\=978\-9971902452}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\-us/about\-mca/history\-zone/former\-presidents/tan\-sri\-lee\-san\-choon/ \|title\=Tan Sri Lee San Choon \|work\=Malaysian Chinese Association \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323194418/http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\-us/about\-mca/history\-zone/former\-presidents/tan\-sri\-lee\-san\-choon/ \|archive\-date\=23 March 2014 }} After the success in the election and at the height of his career, Lee San Choon unexpectedly resigned his presidency and cabinet post for unspecified reason in 1983\.{{cite news \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1309\&dat\=19830324\&id\=hgNOAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6032,4427080 \|title\=San Choon Resigns \|work\=New Straits Times \|date\=24 March 1983 }} Neo Yee Pan then led as Acting President until 1985\. ### 1985–2003 In 1985, [Tan Koon Swan](/wiki/Tan_Koon_Swan "Tan Koon Swan"), who was sacked from the party a year earlier, won the presidential election with the largest majority in the party's history.{{cite news \|title \= Mr Tan Koon Swan was yesterday elected president of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) by a landslide. \|date \= 25 November 1985 \|publisher \= Asian Wall Street Journal \|page \= 16}}{{cite news \|title \= MCA: New Beginning. \|date \= 1 December 1985 \|publisher \= Malaysian Business \|page \= 5}} However, in the following year, he was charged with abetting criminal breach of trust relating to his private business dealings in Singapore, and resigned from the presidency.{{citation\|title\=Tan Koon Swan \|url\=http://www.mca.org.my/English/PastPresidents/Pages/TanKoonSwan.aspx \|publisher\=Malaysian Chinese Association \|access\-date\=6 July 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712044805/http://www.mca.org.my/English/PastPresidents/Pages/TanKoonSwan.aspx \|archive\-date\=12 July 2009 }} Koon Swan also originated the Deposit\-Taking [Cooperatives](/wiki/Cooperative "Cooperative"), which sought to accumulate capital for Chinese Malaysians through investments. The mismanagement of the DTCs' funds led to a scandal, with the central bank, [Bank Negara Malaysia](/wiki/Bank_Negara_Malaysia "Bank Negara Malaysia"), stepping in to freeze the assets of up to 35 DTCs. The total loss was estimated to be RM3\.6 billion, and depositors could only recover 62% of their deposits.{{citation \|title\=MCA's irrelevant civil war \|url\=http://www.thenutgraph.com/mcas\-irrelevant\-civil\-war/ \|last1\=Wong \|first1\=Chin Huat \|date\=7 October 2009 \|publisher\=The Nut Graph}} Koon Swan was succeeded by his deputy [Ling Liong Sik](/wiki/Ling_Liong_Sik "Ling Liong Sik") in 1986\. He assumed the presidency when the party was still rife with factionalism and faced disillusionment with the Chinese community over the Deposit\-Taking Cooperatives scandal.{{citation\|title\=Datuk Seri Dr Ling Liong Sik and Datuk Seri Ong Ka Ting \|url\=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file\=/2003/12/31/features/6972955\&sec\=features \|date\=31 December 2003 \|work\=\[\[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020014/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file\=%2F2003%2F12%2F31%2Ffeatures%2F6972955\&sec\=features \|archive\-date\=4 June 2011 }} Ling spent his early years as president working to resolve MCA's financial problems, raising funds while restructuring the party's assets.{{citation\|title\=Tun Dr Ling Liong Sik \|url\=http://www.mca.org.my/English/PastPresidents/Pages/DatukSeriDrLingLiongSik.aspx \|publisher\=Malaysian Chinese Association \|access\-date\=6 July 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621112336/http://www.mca.org.my/English/PastPresidents/Pages/DatukSeriDrLingLiongSik.aspx \|archive\-date\=21 June 2007 }} Ling presided over a period of relative peace within the party, and worked to maintain the interests of the Chinese community through a closed\-door approach within the government.{{cite news\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721120401/http://english.cpiasia.net/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1766%3Atussle\-between\-mca\-top\-two\-redux\-\&Itemid\=169 \|archive\-date\=21 July 2011 \|title\=Tussle between MCA top two – Redux \|url\=http://english.cpiasia.net/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1766:tussle\-between\-mca\-top\-two\-redux\-\&Itemid\=169 \|last1\=Chin \|first1\=James \|date\=29 October 2009 \|publisher\=Centre for Policy Initiatives \|access\-date\=5 July 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} He expanded the MCA\-owned [Tunku Abdul Rahman College](/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman_College "Tunku Abdul Rahman College") through fund\-raising and government contributions, and in 2001 set up [Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman](/wiki/Universiti_Tunku_Abdul_Rahman "Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman"). Ling led MCA to its best electoral performance thus far in the [1995 general election](/wiki/1995_Malaysian_general_election "1995 Malaysian general election"), winning 30 of the 34 allocated parliamentary seats and 71 of the 77 state seats, and secured a majority of Chinese votes at the expense of DAP.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7UCl7VE4VMIC\&pg\=PA175 \|title\=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia \|author\= Michael Leifer \|pages\=174–175 \|publisher\=Routledge \|edition\= 3rd \|year\= 2000 \|isbn\=9781135129453 }}{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=GBotAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA261 \|title\=Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir\|author\=In\-Won Hwang \|publisher\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|pages\=260–262 \|year\= 2003 \|isbn\=978\-9812301857 }} MCA also performed well in the [1999 general elections](/wiki/1999_Malaysian_general_election "1999 Malaysian general election"), and the successive electoral victory boosted the party's standing within the Barisan Nasional coalition as well as Ling's personal relationship with BN leader and prime minister [Mahathir Mohamad](/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad "Mahathir Mohamad"). However, internal power struggles persisted. In 1993 Ling's deputy [Lee Kim Sai](/wiki/Lee_Kim_Sai "Lee Kim Sai") indicated that he would challenge Ling for the presidency, but withdrew at the eleventh hour.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=v9QEBAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA517 \|title\=Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary \|editor\= Leo Suryadinata \|pages\=515–517 \|publisher\=ISEAS \|year\=2012 \|isbn\=9789814345217 }} Lee eventually retired in 1996 and was replaced as deputy president by [Lim Ah Lek](/wiki/Lim_Ah_Lek "Lim Ah Lek").{{cite news \|title\=Can Ong Ka Ting or any other ex this or that save MCA? \|url\=http://www.aliran.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1228:can\-ong\-ka\-ting\-or\-any\-other\-former\-this\-or\-that\-save\-the\-mca\&catid\=96:2010\&Itemid\=47 \|publisher\=\[\[Aliran]] \|date\=16 March 2010 \|access\-date\=8 July 2010}} In 1999, the party was again wracked by factionalism. Deputy president Lim Ah Lek announced his intention to retire as a minister and agreed with Ling to nominate his protégé [Chan Kong Choy](/wiki/Chan_Kong_Choy "Chan Kong Choy") to the Cabinet after the 1999 elections. However, Ling nominated his own protégé [Ong Ka Ting](/wiki/Ong_Ka_Ting "Ong Ka Ting") as a minister at the expense of Chan, causing discontent with members aligned to Lim, which became known as "Team B" among party members. The Ling faction was known as "Team A". Tensions flared further after MCA, through its holding company Huaren, moved to acquire the independent daily *[Nanyang Siang Pau](/wiki/Nanyang_Siang_Pau "Nanyang Siang Pau")*. This was vehemently opposed by Team B, fearing a complete control of the Chinese media by Team A. They were joined by Chinese journalists and non\-governmental organisations, who made their opposition public through demonstrations. The situation turned farcical when chairs were thrown during the 2001 Youth general assembly over the issue.{{cite news \|title\=MCA Youth launches inquiry into AGM violence \|url\=http://www0\.malaysiakini.com/news/4245 \|publisher\=\[\[Malaysiakini]] \|date\=9 August 2001 \|last1\=Ng \|first1\=Boon Hooi }}{{dead link\|date\=December 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Huaren eventually succeeded in taking over *Nanyang Siang Pau*. Huaren also controls *[The Star](/wiki/The_Star_%28Malaysia%29 "The Star (Malaysia)")* and *[China Press](/wiki/China_Press "China Press")*,{{cite book \|author\=George \|first\=Cherian \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9S3EeFlJImYC\&pg\=PA48 \|title\=Contentious Journalism and the Internet: Towards Democratic Discourse in Malaysia and Singapore \|publisher\=University of Washington Press \|year\=2006 \|isbn\=978\-0295985787 \|page\=48 \|author\-link\=Cherian George}} and the domination of media press resulted in strong resentments in the divided party and concerns over press freedom.{{cite web \|url\=http://aliran.com/archives/monthly/2001/8d.html \|title\=It Matters Who Owns the Media \|author\=Wong Kok Keong \|work\=Aliran }}{{cite news \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/31/malaysiaia.press/ \|title\=Malaysian press deal a 'freedom threat' \|date\=31 May 2001 \|work\=CNN }}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/06/15/commentary/world\-commentary/backers\-of\-chinese\-press\-in\-malaysia\-mobilize\-to\-defend\-its\-freedom/ \|title\=Backers of Chinese press in Malaysia mobilize to defend its freedom \|author\= David Chew \|work\=The Japan Times \|date\=15 June 2001 }} Mahathir, as BN leader, eventually stepped in to resolve the conflict, suggesting a "peace plan" among the factions. The scheduled 2002 party elections were cancelled, while Ling and Lim stepped down to be replaced by their respective protégés. ### 2003–2008 In May 2003, the leadership transition occurred as planned. Ong Ka Ting, who was then a vice\-president succeeded Ling Liong Sik as president, while Chan Kong Choy succeeded Lim Ah Lek as deputy president. The Ong\-led MCA contributed to [Barisan Nasional](/wiki/Barisan_Nasional "Barisan Nasional")'s overwhelming victory in the [2004 general elections](/wiki/2004_Malaysian_general_election "2004 Malaysian general election"). MCA won 31 of the 40 parliamentary seats and 76 of the 90 state seats allocated.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=EHtO7JdRLO0C\&pg\=PA92 \|title\=Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges \|editor\= Saw Swee\-Hock, K Kesavapany \|publisher\= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|year\= 2005 \|page\=92 \|isbn\= 978\-9812303394 }} During the 2005 party elections, Teams A and B ran on a united front, easily quashing the challenge by vice\-president [Chua Jui Meng](/wiki/Chua_Jui_Meng "Chua Jui Meng") (for president) and secretary\-general [Ting Chew Peh](/wiki/Ting_Chew_Peh "Ting Chew Peh") (for deputy president). The Ong\-Chan leadership continued the soft approach to protecting the Chinese community's interests, although tension with UMNO over racial issues flared up now and again after the 2004 election.{{citation \|title\= The racial divide widens in Malaysia \|url\=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast\_Asia/HK23Ae01\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129091445/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast\_Asia/HK23Ae01\.html \|url\-status\=unfit \|archive\-date\=29 January 2007 \|publisher\=\[\[Asia Times]] \|date\=23 November 2006 \|last1\=Gatsiounis \|first1\=Ioannis}} In early 2008, vice\-president and Health Minister [Chua Soi Lek](/wiki/Chua_Soi_Lek "Chua Soi Lek"), a prominent [Johor](/wiki/Johor "Johor") member, was involved in a sex scandal. DVDs of Chua having sex with a woman were circulated in Johor, prompting Chua to resign all his political positions, including as Member of Parliament.{{cite news \|title\=Chua resigns after sex scandal \|url\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2008/1/2/nation/20080102155121\&sec\=nation\&focus\=1 \|date\=2 January 2008 \|work\=\[\[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505073039/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=%2F2008%2F1%2F2%2Fnation%2F20080102155121\&sec\=nation\&focus\=1 \|archive\-date\=5 May 2008 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Chua suggested that his political enemies within the party who might have felt threatened by him for plotting his downfall.{{cite news \|title\=Chua blames downfall on hard work \|url\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2008/1/4/nation/19913859\&sec\=nation\&focus\=1 \|last1\=Edwards \|first1\=Audrey \|work\=\[\[The Star (Malaysia)]] \|date\=4 January 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624141127/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=%2F2008%2F1%2F4%2Fnation%2F19913859\&sec\=nation\&focus\=1 \|archive\-date\=24 June 2008 \|df\=dmy\-all }} [thumb\|upright\|[Ong Tee Keat](/wiki/Ong_Tee_Keat "Ong Tee Keat"), president 2008–2010](/wiki/File:OngTeeKeat.jpg "OngTeeKeat.jpg") In the [March 2008 general elections](/wiki/2008_Malaysian_general_election "2008 Malaysian general election"), MCA fared badly, winning only 15 parliamentary seats and 32 state seats, less than half the number of seats they won in the previous election. Ong decided not to contest the presidency during the party elections later that year, to allow a new leader to take over. The October 2008 party election marked a realignment of the party's factions, with the return of Chua Soi Lek to the fold. Ong Ka Ting's anointed successor was vice\-president [Ong Tee Keat](/wiki/Ong_Tee_Keat "Ong Tee Keat").{{cite news \|title\=MCA reform: Real or imaginary? \|url\=http://www.thenutgraph.com/mca\-reform\-real\-or\-imaginary/ \|publisher\=\[\[The Nut Graph]] \|date\=3 October 2008 \|last1\=Ng \|first1\=Boon Hooi}} Meanwhile, Chua entered the race for deputy president, facing among others, [Ong Ka Chuan](/wiki/Ong_Ka_Chuan "Ong Ka Chuan"), the elder brother of Ka Ting. Ong Tee Keat won the presidency comfortably, while Chua edged out Ka Chuan. Following his victory, Tee Keat pledged reform and reaching out to more young voters to revive the party.{{cite news \|title\=Tee Keat wins, Soi Lek is MCA No. 2 \|url\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2008/10/18/nation/20081018214845\&sec\=nation \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019174920/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=%2F2008%2F10%2F18%2Fnation%2F20081018214845\&sec\=nation \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=19 October 2008 \|work\=\[\[The Star (Malaysia)]] \|date\=18 October 2008 \|access\-date\=5 July 2010 \|df\=dmy\-all }} ### 2008–present After the 2008 leadership change, factional infighting continued and the relationship between the Ong Tee Keat and Chua Soi Lek remained tense. Chua was sidelined by Ong from taking an active role in the party's leadership, and he was also excluded from government posts.{{citation \|title\=Pakatan Rakyat courts Chua Soi Lek \|url\=http://www.thenutgraph.com/pr\-courts\-chua\-soi\-lek \|date\=30 April 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[The Nut Graph]] \|last1\=Loh \|first1\=Deborah}} He was then sacked by MCA in August 2009 for damaging the party's image with his sex scandal more than a year prior.{{cite news \|title\=Soi Lek expelled \|url\=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/111492 \|publisher\=\[\[Malaysiakini]] \|date\=26 August 2009}} In response, Chua's supporters forced an extraordinary general meeting which passed a vote of no confidence against incumbent president Ong and annulled the expulsion of Chua. The EGM, however, failed to reinstate Chua as deputy president.{{cite news \|title\=MCA EGM: Delegates make dramatic decisions \|url\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2009/10/10/nation/20091010083515\&sec\=nation \|work\=\[\[The Star (Malaysia)]] \|date\=10 October 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011051038/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=%2F2009%2F10%2F10%2Fnation%2F20091010083515\&sec\=nation \|archive\-date\=11 October 2009 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Ong refused to resign despite the vote of no confidence, but pledged with Chua to set aside their differences under the "greater unity plan."{{cite news \|title\=Greater unity plan revealed \|url\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=/2009/10/23/nation/4959154\&sec\=nation \|work\=\[\[The Star (Malaysia)]] \|date\=23 October 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111065100/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\=%2F2009%2F10%2F23%2Fnation%2F4959154\&sec\=nation \|archive\-date\=11 January 2010 \|df\=dmy\-all }} However, this was opposed by vice\-president [Liow Tiong Lai](/wiki/Liow_Tiong_Lai "Liow Tiong Lai") who demanded Ong step down and that new elections be held.{{cite news \|title\=New EGM mired in legal wrangling while Ong pushes unity plan \|url\=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/42346\-new\-egm\-mired\-in\-legal\-wrangling\-while\-ong\-pushes\-unity\-plan\- \|archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107094523/http://www2\.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/42346\-new\-egm\-mired\-in\-legal\-wrangling\-while\-ong\-pushes\-unity\-plan\- \|archive\-date\=7 November 2009 \|publisher\=\[\[The Malaysian Insider]] \|date\=4 November 2009 \|access\-date\=7 May 2010}} This set in motion a new leadership crisis, which lasted almost six months. Finally in March 2010, Chua, along with his supporters in the central committee resigned. Along with the resignations of Liow's supporters in the CC, more than two\-thirds of the CC had vacated their seats, paving the way for an election per the party constitution.{{cite news \|title\=Soi Lek quits, fresh MCA polls imminent \|url\=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55225\-soi\-lek\-quits\-fresh\-mca\-polls\-imminent \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306024042/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55225\-soi\-lek\-quits\-fresh\-mca\-polls\-imminent \|archive\-date\=6 March 2010 \|publisher\=\[\[The Malaysian Insider]] \|date\=4 March 2010 \|access\-date\=7 May 2010}} The subsequent election saw Chua defeating incumbent Ong Tee Keat and former leader Ong Ka Ting in the race for president, while Liow defeated [Kong Cho Ha](/wiki/Kong_Cho_Ha "Kong Cho Ha") in the contest for deputy president.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/57823\-soi\-lek\-wins\-liow\-is\-mca\-no\-2\- \|title\=Soi Lek wins, Liow is MCA No. 2 \|publisher\=\[\[The Malaysian Insider]] \|date\=28 March 2010 \|access\-date\=7 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331133609/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/57823\-soi\-lek\-wins\-liow\-is\-mca\-no\-2\- \|archive\-date\=31 March 2010 }} Chua and his deputy Liow pledged to co\-operate, and opened the party to non\-Chinese.{{cite news \|title\=Liow will cooperate with Dr Chua \|url\=http://www.mmail.com.my/content/31613\-liow\-will\-cooperate\-dr\-chua \|date\=28 March 2010 \|publisher\=\[\[The Malay Mail]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622013740/http://www.mmail.com.my/content/31613\-liow\-will\-cooperate\-dr\-chua \|archive\-date\=22 June 2011 \|df\=dmy\-all }} [thumb\|upright\|[Liow Tiong Lai](/wiki/Liow_Tiong_Lai "Liow Tiong Lai"), president 2013–2018](/wiki/File:Liow_Tiong_Lai_in_London_-_2017_%2824850080538%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Liow Tiong Lai in London - 2017 (24850080538) (cropped).jpg") MCA's electoral performance meanwhile continued to deteriorate, as in the [2013 General Election](/wiki/2013_Malaysian_general_election "2013 Malaysian general election"), MCA only managed to score only 7 of the 37 parliamentary seats and 11 of the 90 state seats it contested, leading to calls for Chua's resignation.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/mca\-elders\-call\-for\-soi\-leks\-head\-to\-roll \|title\=MCA elders call for Soi Lek's head to roll \|author\=Boo Su\-Lyn \|date\=10 May 2013 \|work\=The Malaysian Insider \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903055734/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/mca\-elders\-call\-for\-soi\-leks\-head\-to\-roll \|archive\-date\=3 September 2014 \|df\=dmy\-all }} The so\-called "Chinese tsunami" where the great majority of Chinese votes went to the opposition was blamed by [Najib Razak](/wiki/Najib_Razak "Najib Razak") for the losses of the governing coalition.{{cite journal \|title\=So Close and Yet So Far: Strategies in the 13th Malaysian Elections\|journal\=The Round Table \|volume\=102\|issue\=6\|pages\=533–540 \|date\=December 2013\|doi\= 10\.1080/00358533\.2013\.857145 \|author\=James Chin\|s2cid\=153377005 }}{{cite web\|url \=https://www.ft.com/content/460f0c42\-b711\-11e2\-841e\-00144feabdc0 \|title\=Global Insight: Malaysia's 'Chinese tsunami' puts Najib in a bind \|work\=Financial Times\|date\=7 May 2013 }} MCA's poor performance in the two elections, along with continued factionalism, raised concerns over the party's relevance in the Malaysian political arena.{{cite news \|title\=MCA's irrelevant civil war \|url\=http://www.thenutgraph.com/mcas\-irrelevant\-civil\-war/ \|date\=7 October 2009 \|last\=Wong \|first\=Chin Huat \|access\-date\=23 April 2011 \|publisher\=\[\[The Nut Graph]]}}{{cite news \|title\=MCA polls: Fight to restore party's relevance \|url\=https://my.news.yahoo.com/mca\-polls\-fight\-restore\-partys\-151658904\.html \|author\=Azman Ghani \|date\=20 December 2013 \|publisher\=Yahoo! News Malaysia \|access\-date\=30 August 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106204410/https://my.news.yahoo.com/mca\-polls\-fight\-restore\-partys\-151658904\.html \|archive\-date\=6 November 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} Also as a result of its poor performance, there was no MCA representation in the cabinet for the first time since independence due to a resolution that MCA would not accept cabinet posts if it performed badly in the general election.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/17/editorial\-malaysia\-s\-chinese\-tsunami.html \|title\=Editorial: Malaysia's 'Chinese tsunami' \|work\=The Jakarta Post \|date\= 17 May 2012}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www2\.nst.com.my/latest/mca\-to\-mull\-on\-invitation\-by\-pm\-to\-join\-cabinet\-1\.586211 \|title\=MCA to mull on invitation by PM to join Cabinet \|publisher\=New Straits Times \|date\=3 May 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503190909/http://www2\.nst.com.my/latest/mca\-to\-mull\-on\-invitation\-by\-pm\-to\-join\-cabinet\-1\.586211 \|archive\-date\=3 May 2014 }} Chua did not enter the following party poll for president, and in December 2013, [Liow Tiong Lai](/wiki/Liow_Tiong_Lai "Liow Tiong Lai") was elected the president of MCA.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking\-news/se\-asia/story/malaysias\-former\-health\-minister\-liow\-tiong\-lai\-new\-mca\-president\-201312 \|title\=Malaysia's former health minister Liow Tiong Lai is new MCA president \|author\=Lester Kong \|work\=The Straits Times\|date\=21 December 2013 }}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/12/13/how\-will\-chua\-soi\-lek\-be\-remembered/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215050625/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/12/13/how\-will\-chua\-soi\-lek\-be\-remembered/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=15 December 2013 \|title\=How will Chua Soi Lek be remembered? \|author\=Leven Woon \|date\=13 December 2013 \|work\=Free Malaysia Today }} Liow also reversed the resolution not to serve in the government and re\-entered the cabinet. In the [2018 election](/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election "2018 Malaysian general election"), MCA suffered its worst ever defeat, as it has lost all state seats it has contested, and only managed to retain one elected representative in the national parliament \- [Wee Ka Siong](/wiki/Wee_Ka_Siong "Wee Ka Siong"), who represents [Ayer Hitam](/wiki/Ayer_Hitam_%28federal_constituency%29 "Ayer Hitam (federal constituency)") constituency in Johor. MCA, as part of the Barisan Nasional coalition, was also relegated to the opposition for the first time since independence. [Wee Ka Siong](/wiki/Wee_Ka_Siong "Wee Ka Siong") was elected president on 4 November 2018 while Liow decided not to stand for party polls after his defeat.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/04/datuk\-seri\-dr\-wee\-ka\-siong\-is\-the\-new\-mca\-president/ \|title\= Dr Wee Ka Siong is the new MCA president (Updated)\|work\=The Star \|date\=4 November 2018}}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/05/11/report\-liow\-not\-standing\-in\-mca\-polls\-this\-year/ \|title\=Report: Liow not standing in MCA polls this year \|work\=Free Malaysia Today \|date\=11 May 2018 }} MCA later regained a seat in the [2019 Tanjung Piai by\-election](/wiki/2019_Tanjung_Piai_by-election "2019 Tanjung Piai by-election").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/barisan\-nasional\-wee\-jeck\-seng\-wins\-tanjung\-piai\-byelection\-12100108 \|title\= Barisan Nasional's Wee Jeck Seng clinches landslide victory in Tanjung Piai by\-election \| author\=Amir Yusof\|date\=16 November 2019 \|work\=Channel News Asia}} In March 2020, MCA returned to power as part of Barisan Nasional aligned to the [Perikatan Nasional](/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional "Perikatan Nasional") coalition after the collapse of the [Pakatan Harapan](/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan "Pakatan Harapan") government.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2020/03/571665/perikatan\-nasional\-coalition\-set\-joint\-secretariat \|title\=Perikatan Nasional coalition to set up joint secretariat \|work\=New Straits Times \|author\=Adib Povera\|date\=4 March 202 }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/573221/mca\-committed\-ensuring\-progress\-all\-malaysians \|title\=MCA committed in ensuring progress of all Malaysians \|first\= Dawn \|last\=Chan \|date\=9 March 2020 \|work\=New Straits Times }} In the [2022 election](/wiki/2022_Malaysian_general_election "2022 Malaysian general election"), the Pakatan Harapan won the most seats but not the majority, and returned to government with the support of Barisan Nasional. MCA won two seats, however, it was not given any government cabinet posts and it stayed as a backbencher of the government.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/01/08/mca\-not\-opportunistic\-wont\-do\-anything\-just\-to\-gain\-power\-says\-ti/ \|title\=MCA not opportunistic, won't do anything just to gain power, says Ti\|work\=FMT \|date\=8 January 2023 }}
[ "History\n-------", "### Formation and early years", "[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Tun Sir [Tan Cheng Lock](/wiki/Tan_Cheng_Lock \"Tan Cheng Lock\"), first president of MCA](/wiki/File:Tan_Cheng_Lock.jpg \"Tan Cheng Lock.jpg\")\n{{Infobox Chinese\n\\| order \\= ts\n\\| pic \\= MCA Chinese.svg\n\\| t \\= 馬來西亞華人公會\n\\| s \\= 马来西亚华人公会\n\\| p \\= Mǎláixīyà Huárén Gōnghuì\n\\| j \\= maa5 loi4 sai1 aa3 waa4 jan4 gung1 wui2\n\\| c \\= \n\\| mi \\= \n\\| ci \\= \n\\| altname \\= \n\\| poj \\= Má\\-lâi\\-se\\-a Hoâ\\-jîn kong\\-hoē\n}}\nThe Malayan Chinese Association was formed on 27 February 1949 with the implicit support by the post\\-World War II British colonial administration. A central purpose of the MCA at the time of its founding was to manage the specific social and welfare concerns of the populations interned in the so\\-called [New Villages](/wiki/New_Village \"New Village\") created under the [Briggs Plan](/wiki/Briggs_Plan \"Briggs Plan\") in response to the [Malayan Emergency](/wiki/Malayan_Emergency \"Malayan Emergency\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Nyce\\|first\\=Ray\\|title\\=Chinese New Villages in Malaysia\\|year\\=1973\\|publisher\\=Malaysian Sociological Research Institute\\|location\\=Singapore}}{{cite book \\|author\\=Ooi \\|first\\=Keat Gin \\|author\\-link\\=Keat Gin Ooi \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=assDznc7EN4C \\|title\\=Historical Dictionary of Malaysia \\|date\\=11 May 2009 \\|publisher\\=Scarecrow Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8108\\-6305\\-7 \\|pages\\=lvii, 185 \\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2013}}", "The declaration that announced the MCA as a formal political party in 1951 was written by a prominent [Straits Chinese](/wiki/Straits_Chinese \"Straits Chinese\") businessman, [Tan Cheng Lock](/wiki/Tan_Cheng_Lock \"Tan Cheng Lock\"), its first president. In general, its early members were landowners, businessmen, or otherwise better off, while the working classes in the New Villages overwhelmingly joined the [Socialist Front](/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Socialist_Front \"Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front\") instead.{{cite book\\|last\\=Nyce\\|first\\=Ray\\|title\\=Chinese New Villages in Malaysia\\|year\\=1973\\|publisher\\=Malaysian Sociological Research Institute\\|location\\=Singapore\\|pages\\=115}} Many prominent members of the MCA were also [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang \"Kuomintang\") members opposed to the [Malayan Communist Party](/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party \"Malayan Communist Party\"). [Leong Yew Koh](/wiki/Leong_Yew_Koh \"Leong Yew Koh\"), was a KMT major general who became a cabinet minister and later became governor of [Malacca](/wiki/Malacca \"Malacca\"); Malaysia's first minister of finance, [Henry H.S. Lee](/wiki/Henry_H.S._Lee \"Henry H.S. Lee\"), was a KMT colonel; and [Lim Chong Eu](/wiki/Lim_Chong_Eu \"Lim Chong Eu\"), the leader of the Radical Party and joined the MCA in 1952, was a colonel (medical) doctor in the Kuomintang.Bayly, Harper, *Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia*", "In 1952, MCA joined force with [United Malays National Organisation](/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation \"United Malays National Organisation\") on a local level to contest the [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\") municipal elections which would lead to the formation of the [Alliance Party](/wiki/Alliance_Party_%28Malaysia%29 \"Alliance Party (Malaysia)\"). The alliance was joined by [Malaysian Indian Congress](/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress \"Malaysian Indian Congress\") in 1954 and they contested the [first Malayan General Election](/wiki/1955_Malayan_general_election \"1955 Malayan general election\") in 1955 as one body, and the alliance won 51 of the 52 seat contested.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=QKgraWbb7yoC\\&pg\\=PA138 \\|title\\=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 \\|editor\\= Keat Gin Ooi \\|page\\=138 \\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO \\|year\\= 2004 \\|isbn\\=9781576077702}} MCA won all 15 of the seats allocated.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=GBotAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA96 \\|title\\=Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir\\|author\\=In\\-Won Hwang \\|publisher\\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|page\\=96 \\|year\\= 2003 \\|isbn\\=978\\-9812301857 }}", "Tan Cheng Lock was succeeded by Lim Chong Eu after a successful challenge by Lim for the presidency in 1958\\. Lim attempted to amend the party's Constitution to consolidate the power of the Central Committee, and although amendment was passed narrowly, it also split the party.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\\-us/about\\-mca/history\\-zone/former\\-presidents/tun\\-dr\\-lim\\-chong\\-eu/ \\|title\\=Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu \\|work\\=Malaysian Chinese Association \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018234517/http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\\-us/about\\-mca/history\\-zone/former\\-presidents/tun\\-dr\\-lim\\-chong\\-eu/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2015 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Prior to the [1959 General Election](/wiki/1959_Malayan_general_election \"1959 Malayan general election\"), Lim pressed for an increase of the allocated number of seats from 28 to 40, but this was refused by UMNO leader [Tunku Abdul Rahman](/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman \"Tunku Abdul Rahman\"). Lim was forced to back down and later resigned as president, with Cheah Toon Lock taking over as acting president. Other members also resigned from MCA to contest the election as independent candidates, which cost the party some seats.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WXkDtR3vCecC\\&pg\\=PA371 \\|title\\=Comparative Politics: The politics of Asia \\|author\\= Howard J. Wiarda \\|page\\=371 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=0\\-415\\-33095\\-5 }}{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NOtXcEmHdjoC\\&pg\\=PA91 \\|title\\=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation\\|author\\= Boon Kheng Cheah \\|pages\\=91–92 \\|publisher\\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|year\\=2002 \\|isbn\\=978\\-9812301543 }} The party only won 19 of the 31 seats eventually allocated.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=c9EEhjQ3tQAC\\&pg\\=PA101 \\|title\\=Chinese Schools in Peninsular Malaysia: The Struggle for Survival \\|author\\= Ting Hui Lee \\|pages\\=101–102\\|publisher\\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|year\\= 2011 \\|isbn\\=9789814279215 }} Lim himself left the party in December 1960, later becoming one of the founding members of the opposition [Gerakan](/wiki/Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia \"Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia\") in 1968\\. In 1961 [Tan Siew Sin](/wiki/Tan_Siew_Sin \"Tan Siew Sin\"), son of Tan Cheng Lock and favoured by Tunku, became MCA's third President.{{cite book \\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nSqXGSinwP4C\\&pg\\=PA220 \\|title\\=Singapore: The Unexpected Nation \\|author\\= Edwin Lee \\|publisher\\= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|date\\= 2008 \\|pages\\=219–220 \\|isbn\\=978\\-9812307965 }} Tan led the party to a firm victory in the [1964 General Election](/wiki/1964_Malaysian_general_election \"1964 Malaysian general election\"), winning 27 of the 33 parliamentary seats contested.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\\-us/about\\-mca/history\\-zone/former\\-presidents/tun\\-tan\\-siew\\-sin/ \\|title\\=Tun Tan Siew Sin \\|work\\=Malaysian Chinese Association \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323201434/http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\\-us/about\\-mca/history\\-zone/former\\-presidents/tun\\-tan\\-siew\\-sin/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2014 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} In 1969, Tan established [Tunku Abdul Rahman College](/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman_College \"Tunku Abdul Rahman College\") after a proposal for a Chinese\\-language university was turned down by the government.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=v9QEBAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA403 \\|title\\=Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary\\|editor\\= Leo Suryadinata\\|page\\=403 \\|publisher\\=ISEAS Publishing \\|date\\=30 December 2012 \\|isbn\\= 978\\-9814345217 }}", "### 1969–1985", "The [third Malaysian general elections](/wiki/1969_Malaysian_general_election \"1969 Malaysian general election\") were held on 10 May 1969\\. MCA faced strong challenges from the new, mainly Chinese, opposition parties [Democratic Action Party](/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_%28Malaysia%29 \"Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)\") and [Gerakan](/wiki/Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia \"Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia\"). Of the 33 parliamentary seats contested, MCA managed to retain only 13\\. MCA also lost control of the [Penang State Government](/wiki/Penang_State_Legislative_Assembly \"Penang State Legislative Assembly\") to Gerakan. The gain by the opposition parties led to tension between different communities which erupted into the [May 13 Riots](/wiki/May_13_Riots \"May 13 Riots\"). Prior to the riots, on 12 May 1969, Tan Siew Sin announced that the party would withdraw from the Alliance, but reconsidered on 20 May and joined the [National Operations Council](/wiki/National_Operations_Council \"National Operations Council\") formed in place of the suspended Parliament after the riots.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mca.org.my/t/about\\-us/about\\-mca/history\\-zone/party\\-history/3/ \\|title\\=Party History \\|work\\=Malaysian Chinese Association \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406201339/http://www.mca.org.my/t/about\\-us/about\\-mca/history\\-zone/party\\-history/3/ \\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2015 }} The loss of support for MCA among the Chinese population elicited a comment by the then [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia \"Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia\") [Dr Ismail](/wiki/Ismail_Abdul_Rahman \"Ismail Abdul Rahman\") that if MCA continue to lose support, UMNO may stop co\\-operating with it.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=c9EEhjQ3tQAC\\&pg\\=PA124 \\|title\\=Chinese Schools in Peninsular Malaysia: The Struggle for Survival \\|author\\=Ting Hui Lee \\|page\\=124 \\|publisher\\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|year\\= 2011 \\|isbn\\=9789814279215 }} To regain Chinese support, Tan attempted to broaden the appeal of the party previously seen as a party of the *taukeh* (*[tou jia](/wiki/%E5%A4%B4%E5%AE%B6 \"头家\")*, rich men), and invited professionals to join the party. However, many of these were later expelled after a dispute involving [Lim Keng Yaik](/wiki/Lim_Keng_Yaik \"Lim Keng Yaik\") who then joined Gerakan.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=v9QEBAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA634 \\|title\\=Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary \\|editor\\= Leo Suryadinata \\|author\\=Cheah Kooi Guan \\|page\\=634 \\|publisher\\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|year\\= 2012 \\|isbn\\=978\\-9814345217 }}", "With the loss of support for MCA in the 1969 election, and the enlargement of the Alliance party in 1972 (which later became [Barisan Nasional](/wiki/Barisan_Nasional \"Barisan Nasional\")) to include Gerakan, UMNO became even more dominant and MCA suffered a loss of status within the coalition.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Owo39zRMQbwC\\&pg\\=PA163 \\|title\\= Malaysia: The Making of a Nation\\|author\\= Cheah Boon Kheng \\|publisher\\= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|year\\= 2002 \\|pages\\=162–163 \\|isbn\\=978\\-9812301543 }} In 1973, Tan Siew Sin requested a position as Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet reshuffle following the death of [Tun Dr. Ismail](/wiki/Ismail_Abdul_Rahman \"Ismail Abdul Rahman\"), but this was refused by [Tun Abdul Razak](/wiki/Tun_Abdul_Razak \"Tun Abdul Razak\"), which angered Tan.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Owo39zRMQbwC\\&pg\\=PA147 \\|title\\= Malaysia: The Making of a Nation\\|author\\= Cheah Boon Kheng \\|publisher\\= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|year\\= 2002 \\|pages\\=147–148 \\|isbn\\=978\\-9812301543 }} On 8 April 1974, prior to the [general election](/wiki/1974_Malaysian_general_election \"1974 Malaysian general election\"), Tan Siew Sin resigned all of his party and government posts for health reasons.", "[thumb\\|upright\\|[Lee San Choon](/wiki/Lee_San_Choon \"Lee San Choon\"), MCA president 1975–1983](/wiki/File:Lee_San_Choon_2006.jpg \"Lee San Choon 2006.jpg\")\n[Lee San Choon](/wiki/Lee_San_Choon \"Lee San Choon\") took over as Acting President following Tan's resignation, and was then elected president in 1975\\. After Tan's resignation, the cabinet posts allocated to MCA declined in importance, and MCA lost both the [Finance Ministry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Malaysia%29 \"Ministry of Finance (Malaysia)\") and [Trade and Industry Ministry](/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry_%28Malaysia%29 \"Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Malaysia)\") posts it once held in 1957\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4sKEAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA91 \\|title\\=Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir \\|author\\= Diane K. Mauzy, R. S. Milne \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|page\\=91 \\|year\\= 1999 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0415171434 }} The party performed better in the 1974 election, but lost ground again in the following [1978 general election](/wiki/1978_Malaysian_general_election \"1978 Malaysian general election\"), with the MCA winning only 17 of the 28 parliamentary seats and 44 of the 60 state seats. In 1979, [Michael Chen](/wiki/Michael_Chen_Wing_Sum \"Michael Chen Wing Sum\") stood against Lee San Choon for the MCA Presidency but lost, and later in 1981 led a group of MCA dissidents to join Gerakan.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=EV88Tf0yWqoC\\&pg\\=PA9 \\|title\\=Malaysia's 1982 General Election \\|author\\=Harold A. Crouch \\|pages\\=9–12\\|publisher\\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|year\\= 1982\\|isbn\\=978\\-9971902452 }}", "The [1982 general election](/wiki/1982_Malaysian_general_election \"1982 Malaysian general election\") however saw a shift in fortune for MCA. Lee accepted a challenge from the opposition [Democratic Action Party](/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_%28Malaysia%29 \"Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)\") which taunted the MCA's leadership for not daring to contest a seat with large urban Chinese majority, and contested the parliamentary seat for [Seremban](/wiki/Seremban \"Seremban\") against the incumbent DAP Chairman Chen Man Hin. Lee won his challenge, and led his party to a resounding victory, winning 24 out of 28 allocated parliamentary seats and 55 out of 62 state seats.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=EV88Tf0yWqoC\\&pg\\=PA48 \\|title\\=Malaysia's 1982 General Election\\|author\\= Harold A. Crouch \\|page\\=48 \\|publisher\\= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|year\\=1982 \\|isbn\\=978\\-9971902452}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\\-us/about\\-mca/history\\-zone/former\\-presidents/tan\\-sri\\-lee\\-san\\-choon/ \\|title\\=Tan Sri Lee San Choon \\|work\\=Malaysian Chinese Association \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323194418/http://www.mca.org.my/en/about\\-us/about\\-mca/history\\-zone/former\\-presidents/tan\\-sri\\-lee\\-san\\-choon/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2014 }} After the success in the election and at the height of his career, Lee San Choon unexpectedly resigned his presidency and cabinet post for unspecified reason in 1983\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1309\\&dat\\=19830324\\&id\\=hgNOAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6032,4427080 \\|title\\=San Choon Resigns \\|work\\=New Straits Times \\|date\\=24 March 1983 }} Neo Yee Pan then led as Acting President until 1985\\.", "### 1985–2003", "In 1985, [Tan Koon Swan](/wiki/Tan_Koon_Swan \"Tan Koon Swan\"), who was sacked from the party a year earlier, won the presidential election with the largest majority in the party's history.{{cite news \\|title \\= Mr Tan Koon Swan was yesterday elected president of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) by a landslide. \\|date \\= 25 November 1985 \\|publisher \\= Asian Wall Street Journal \\|page \\= 16}}{{cite news \\|title \\= MCA: New Beginning. \\|date \\= 1 December 1985 \\|publisher \\= Malaysian Business \\|page \\= 5}} However, in the following year, he was charged with abetting criminal breach of trust relating to his private business dealings in Singapore, and resigned from the presidency.{{citation\\|title\\=Tan Koon Swan \\|url\\=http://www.mca.org.my/English/PastPresidents/Pages/TanKoonSwan.aspx \\|publisher\\=Malaysian Chinese Association \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712044805/http://www.mca.org.my/English/PastPresidents/Pages/TanKoonSwan.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2009 }} Koon Swan also originated the Deposit\\-Taking [Cooperatives](/wiki/Cooperative \"Cooperative\"), which sought to accumulate capital for Chinese Malaysians through investments. The mismanagement of the DTCs' funds led to a scandal, with the central bank, [Bank Negara Malaysia](/wiki/Bank_Negara_Malaysia \"Bank Negara Malaysia\"), stepping in to freeze the assets of up to 35 DTCs. The total loss was estimated to be RM3\\.6 billion, and depositors could only recover 62% of their deposits.{{citation \\|title\\=MCA's irrelevant civil war \\|url\\=http://www.thenutgraph.com/mcas\\-irrelevant\\-civil\\-war/ \\|last1\\=Wong \\|first1\\=Chin Huat \\|date\\=7 October 2009 \\|publisher\\=The Nut Graph}}", "Koon Swan was succeeded by his deputy [Ling Liong Sik](/wiki/Ling_Liong_Sik \"Ling Liong Sik\") in 1986\\. He assumed the presidency when the party was still rife with factionalism and faced disillusionment with the Chinese community over the Deposit\\-Taking Cooperatives scandal.{{citation\\|title\\=Datuk Seri Dr Ling Liong Sik and Datuk Seri Ong Ka Ting \\|url\\=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file\\=/2003/12/31/features/6972955\\&sec\\=features \\|date\\=31 December 2003 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Star (Malaysia)\\|The Star]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020014/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file\\=%2F2003%2F12%2F31%2Ffeatures%2F6972955\\&sec\\=features \\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2011 }} Ling spent his early years as president working to resolve MCA's financial problems, raising funds while restructuring the party's assets.{{citation\\|title\\=Tun Dr Ling Liong Sik \\|url\\=http://www.mca.org.my/English/PastPresidents/Pages/DatukSeriDrLingLiongSik.aspx \\|publisher\\=Malaysian Chinese Association \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621112336/http://www.mca.org.my/English/PastPresidents/Pages/DatukSeriDrLingLiongSik.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=21 June 2007 }} Ling presided over a period of relative peace within the party, and worked to maintain the interests of the Chinese community through a closed\\-door approach within the government.{{cite news\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721120401/http://english.cpiasia.net/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1766%3Atussle\\-between\\-mca\\-top\\-two\\-redux\\-\\&Itemid\\=169 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 July 2011 \\|title\\=Tussle between MCA top two – Redux \\|url\\=http://english.cpiasia.net/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1766:tussle\\-between\\-mca\\-top\\-two\\-redux\\-\\&Itemid\\=169 \\|last1\\=Chin \\|first1\\=James \\|date\\=29 October 2009 \\|publisher\\=Centre for Policy Initiatives \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He expanded the MCA\\-owned [Tunku Abdul Rahman College](/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman_College \"Tunku Abdul Rahman College\") through fund\\-raising and government contributions, and in 2001 set up [Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman](/wiki/Universiti_Tunku_Abdul_Rahman \"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman\"). Ling led MCA to its best electoral performance thus far in the [1995 general election](/wiki/1995_Malaysian_general_election \"1995 Malaysian general election\"), winning 30 of the 34 allocated parliamentary seats and 71 of the 77 state seats, and secured a majority of Chinese votes at the expense of DAP.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7UCl7VE4VMIC\\&pg\\=PA175 \\|title\\=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia \\|author\\= Michael Leifer \\|pages\\=174–175 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|edition\\= 3rd \\|year\\= 2000 \\|isbn\\=9781135129453 }}{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=GBotAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA261 \\|title\\=Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir\\|author\\=In\\-Won Hwang \\|publisher\\=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|pages\\=260–262 \\|year\\= 2003 \\|isbn\\=978\\-9812301857 }} MCA also performed well in the [1999 general elections](/wiki/1999_Malaysian_general_election \"1999 Malaysian general election\"), and the successive electoral victory boosted the party's standing within the Barisan Nasional coalition as well as Ling's personal relationship with BN leader and prime minister [Mahathir Mohamad](/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad \"Mahathir Mohamad\").", "However, internal power struggles persisted. In 1993 Ling's deputy [Lee Kim Sai](/wiki/Lee_Kim_Sai \"Lee Kim Sai\") indicated that he would challenge Ling for the presidency, but withdrew at the eleventh hour.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=v9QEBAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA517 \\|title\\=Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary \\|editor\\= Leo Suryadinata \\|pages\\=515–517 \\|publisher\\=ISEAS \\|year\\=2012 \\|isbn\\=9789814345217 }} Lee eventually retired in 1996 and was replaced as deputy president by [Lim Ah Lek](/wiki/Lim_Ah_Lek \"Lim Ah Lek\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Can Ong Ka Ting or any other ex this or that save MCA? \\|url\\=http://www.aliran.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1228:can\\-ong\\-ka\\-ting\\-or\\-any\\-other\\-former\\-this\\-or\\-that\\-save\\-the\\-mca\\&catid\\=96:2010\\&Itemid\\=47 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Aliran]] \\|date\\=16 March 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2010}} In 1999, the party was again wracked by factionalism. Deputy president Lim Ah Lek announced his intention to retire as a minister and agreed with Ling to nominate his protégé [Chan Kong Choy](/wiki/Chan_Kong_Choy \"Chan Kong Choy\") to the Cabinet after the 1999 elections. However, Ling nominated his own protégé [Ong Ka Ting](/wiki/Ong_Ka_Ting \"Ong Ka Ting\") as a minister at the expense of Chan, causing discontent with members aligned to Lim, which became known as \"Team B\" among party members. The Ling faction was known as \"Team A\". Tensions flared further after MCA, through its holding company Huaren, moved to acquire the independent daily *[Nanyang Siang Pau](/wiki/Nanyang_Siang_Pau \"Nanyang Siang Pau\")*. This was vehemently opposed by Team B, fearing a complete control of the Chinese media by Team A. They were joined by Chinese journalists and non\\-governmental organisations, who made their opposition public through demonstrations. The situation turned farcical when chairs were thrown during the 2001 Youth general assembly over the issue.{{cite news \\|title\\=MCA Youth launches inquiry into AGM violence \\|url\\=http://www0\\.malaysiakini.com/news/4245 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Malaysiakini]] \\|date\\=9 August 2001 \\|last1\\=Ng \\|first1\\=Boon Hooi }}{{dead link\\|date\\=December 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Huaren eventually succeeded in taking over *Nanyang Siang Pau*. Huaren also controls *[The Star](/wiki/The_Star_%28Malaysia%29 \"The Star (Malaysia)\")* and *[China Press](/wiki/China_Press \"China Press\")*,{{cite book \\|author\\=George \\|first\\=Cherian \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9S3EeFlJImYC\\&pg\\=PA48 \\|title\\=Contentious Journalism and the Internet: Towards Democratic Discourse in Malaysia and Singapore \\|publisher\\=University of Washington Press \\|year\\=2006 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0295985787 \\|page\\=48 \\|author\\-link\\=Cherian George}} and the domination of media press resulted in strong resentments in the divided party and concerns over press freedom.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://aliran.com/archives/monthly/2001/8d.html \\|title\\=It Matters Who Owns the Media \\|author\\=Wong Kok Keong \\|work\\=Aliran }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/31/malaysiaia.press/ \\|title\\=Malaysian press deal a 'freedom threat' \\|date\\=31 May 2001 \\|work\\=CNN }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/06/15/commentary/world\\-commentary/backers\\-of\\-chinese\\-press\\-in\\-malaysia\\-mobilize\\-to\\-defend\\-its\\-freedom/ \\|title\\=Backers of Chinese press in Malaysia mobilize to defend its freedom \\|author\\= David Chew \\|work\\=The Japan Times \\|date\\=15 June 2001 }}", "Mahathir, as BN leader, eventually stepped in to resolve the conflict, suggesting a \"peace plan\" among the factions. The scheduled 2002 party elections were cancelled, while Ling and Lim stepped down to be replaced by their respective protégés.", "### 2003–2008", "In May 2003, the leadership transition occurred as planned. Ong Ka Ting, who was then a vice\\-president succeeded Ling Liong Sik as president, while Chan Kong Choy succeeded Lim Ah Lek as deputy president. The Ong\\-led MCA contributed to [Barisan Nasional](/wiki/Barisan_Nasional \"Barisan Nasional\")'s overwhelming victory in the [2004 general elections](/wiki/2004_Malaysian_general_election \"2004 Malaysian general election\"). MCA won 31 of the 40 parliamentary seats and 76 of the 90 state seats allocated.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=EHtO7JdRLO0C\\&pg\\=PA92 \\|title\\=Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges \\|editor\\= Saw Swee\\-Hock, K Kesavapany \\|publisher\\= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \\|year\\= 2005 \\|page\\=92 \\|isbn\\= 978\\-9812303394 }} During the 2005 party elections, Teams A and B ran on a united front, easily quashing the challenge by vice\\-president [Chua Jui Meng](/wiki/Chua_Jui_Meng \"Chua Jui Meng\") (for president) and secretary\\-general [Ting Chew Peh](/wiki/Ting_Chew_Peh \"Ting Chew Peh\") (for deputy president).", "The Ong\\-Chan leadership continued the soft approach to protecting the Chinese community's interests, although tension with UMNO over racial issues flared up now and again after the 2004 election.{{citation \\|title\\= The racial divide widens in Malaysia \\|url\\=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast\\_Asia/HK23Ae01\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129091445/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast\\_Asia/HK23Ae01\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\|archive\\-date\\=29 January 2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Asia Times]] \\|date\\=23 November 2006 \\|last1\\=Gatsiounis \\|first1\\=Ioannis}} In early 2008, vice\\-president and Health Minister [Chua Soi Lek](/wiki/Chua_Soi_Lek \"Chua Soi Lek\"), a prominent [Johor](/wiki/Johor \"Johor\") member, was involved in a sex scandal. DVDs of Chua having sex with a woman were circulated in Johor, prompting Chua to resign all his political positions, including as Member of Parliament.{{cite news \\|title\\=Chua resigns after sex scandal \\|url\\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2008/1/2/nation/20080102155121\\&sec\\=nation\\&focus\\=1 \\|date\\=2 January 2008 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Star (Malaysia)\\|The Star]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505073039/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=%2F2008%2F1%2F2%2Fnation%2F20080102155121\\&sec\\=nation\\&focus\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2008 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Chua suggested that his political enemies within the party who might have felt threatened by him for plotting his downfall.{{cite news \\|title\\=Chua blames downfall on hard work \\|url\\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2008/1/4/nation/19913859\\&sec\\=nation\\&focus\\=1 \\|last1\\=Edwards \\|first1\\=Audrey \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Star (Malaysia)]] \\|date\\=4 January 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624141127/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=%2F2008%2F1%2F4%2Fnation%2F19913859\\&sec\\=nation\\&focus\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2008 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|[Ong Tee Keat](/wiki/Ong_Tee_Keat \"Ong Tee Keat\"), president 2008–2010](/wiki/File:OngTeeKeat.jpg \"OngTeeKeat.jpg\")\nIn the [March 2008 general elections](/wiki/2008_Malaysian_general_election \"2008 Malaysian general election\"), MCA fared badly, winning only 15 parliamentary seats and 32 state seats, less than half the number of seats they won in the previous election. Ong decided not to contest the presidency during the party elections later that year, to allow a new leader to take over. The October 2008 party election marked a realignment of the party's factions, with the return of Chua Soi Lek to the fold. Ong Ka Ting's anointed successor was vice\\-president [Ong Tee Keat](/wiki/Ong_Tee_Keat \"Ong Tee Keat\").{{cite news \\|title\\=MCA reform: Real or imaginary? \\|url\\=http://www.thenutgraph.com/mca\\-reform\\-real\\-or\\-imaginary/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Nut Graph]] \\|date\\=3 October 2008 \\|last1\\=Ng \\|first1\\=Boon Hooi}} Meanwhile, Chua entered the race for deputy president, facing among others, [Ong Ka Chuan](/wiki/Ong_Ka_Chuan \"Ong Ka Chuan\"), the elder brother of Ka Ting. Ong Tee Keat won the presidency comfortably, while Chua edged out Ka Chuan. Following his victory, Tee Keat pledged reform and reaching out to more young voters to revive the party.{{cite news \\|title\\=Tee Keat wins, Soi Lek is MCA No. 2 \\|url\\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2008/10/18/nation/20081018214845\\&sec\\=nation \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019174920/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=%2F2008%2F10%2F18%2Fnation%2F20081018214845\\&sec\\=nation \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2008 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Star (Malaysia)]] \\|date\\=18 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2010 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}", "### 2008–present", "After the 2008 leadership change, factional infighting continued and the relationship between the Ong Tee Keat and Chua Soi Lek remained tense. Chua was sidelined by Ong from taking an active role in the party's leadership, and he was also excluded from government posts.{{citation \\|title\\=Pakatan Rakyat courts Chua Soi Lek \\|url\\=http://www.thenutgraph.com/pr\\-courts\\-chua\\-soi\\-lek \\|date\\=30 April 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Nut Graph]] \\|last1\\=Loh \\|first1\\=Deborah}} He was then sacked by MCA in August 2009 for damaging the party's image with his sex scandal more than a year prior.{{cite news \\|title\\=Soi Lek expelled \\|url\\=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/111492 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Malaysiakini]] \\|date\\=26 August 2009}} In response, Chua's supporters forced an extraordinary general meeting which passed a vote of no confidence against incumbent president Ong and annulled the expulsion of Chua. The EGM, however, failed to reinstate Chua as deputy president.{{cite news \\|title\\=MCA EGM: Delegates make dramatic decisions \\|url\\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2009/10/10/nation/20091010083515\\&sec\\=nation \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Star (Malaysia)]] \\|date\\=10 October 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011051038/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=%2F2009%2F10%2F10%2Fnation%2F20091010083515\\&sec\\=nation \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2009 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Ong refused to resign despite the vote of no confidence, but pledged with Chua to set aside their differences under the \"greater unity plan.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Greater unity plan revealed \\|url\\=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=/2009/10/23/nation/4959154\\&sec\\=nation \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Star (Malaysia)]] \\|date\\=23 October 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111065100/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file\\=%2F2009%2F10%2F23%2Fnation%2F4959154\\&sec\\=nation \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2010 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} However, this was opposed by vice\\-president [Liow Tiong Lai](/wiki/Liow_Tiong_Lai \"Liow Tiong Lai\") who demanded Ong step down and that new elections be held.{{cite news \\|title\\=New EGM mired in legal wrangling while Ong pushes unity plan \\|url\\=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/42346\\-new\\-egm\\-mired\\-in\\-legal\\-wrangling\\-while\\-ong\\-pushes\\-unity\\-plan\\- \\|archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107094523/http://www2\\.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/42346\\-new\\-egm\\-mired\\-in\\-legal\\-wrangling\\-while\\-ong\\-pushes\\-unity\\-plan\\- \\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2009 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Malaysian Insider]] \\|date\\=4 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2010}} This set in motion a new leadership crisis, which lasted almost six months.", "Finally in March 2010, Chua, along with his supporters in the central committee resigned. Along with the resignations of Liow's supporters in the CC, more than two\\-thirds of the CC had vacated their seats, paving the way for an election per the party constitution.{{cite news \\|title\\=Soi Lek quits, fresh MCA polls imminent \\|url\\=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55225\\-soi\\-lek\\-quits\\-fresh\\-mca\\-polls\\-imminent \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306024042/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55225\\-soi\\-lek\\-quits\\-fresh\\-mca\\-polls\\-imminent \\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2010 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Malaysian Insider]] \\|date\\=4 March 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2010}} The subsequent election saw Chua defeating incumbent Ong Tee Keat and former leader Ong Ka Ting in the race for president, while Liow defeated [Kong Cho Ha](/wiki/Kong_Cho_Ha \"Kong Cho Ha\") in the contest for deputy president.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/57823\\-soi\\-lek\\-wins\\-liow\\-is\\-mca\\-no\\-2\\- \\|title\\=Soi Lek wins, Liow is MCA No. 2 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Malaysian Insider]] \\|date\\=28 March 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331133609/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/57823\\-soi\\-lek\\-wins\\-liow\\-is\\-mca\\-no\\-2\\- \\|archive\\-date\\=31 March 2010 }} Chua and his deputy Liow pledged to co\\-operate, and opened the party to non\\-Chinese.{{cite news \\|title\\=Liow will cooperate with Dr Chua \\|url\\=http://www.mmail.com.my/content/31613\\-liow\\-will\\-cooperate\\-dr\\-chua \\|date\\=28 March 2010 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Malay Mail]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622013740/http://www.mmail.com.my/content/31613\\-liow\\-will\\-cooperate\\-dr\\-chua \\|archive\\-date\\=22 June 2011 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|[Liow Tiong Lai](/wiki/Liow_Tiong_Lai \"Liow Tiong Lai\"), president 2013–2018](/wiki/File:Liow_Tiong_Lai_in_London_-_2017_%2824850080538%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Liow Tiong Lai in London - 2017 (24850080538) (cropped).jpg\")\nMCA's electoral performance meanwhile continued to deteriorate, as in the [2013 General Election](/wiki/2013_Malaysian_general_election \"2013 Malaysian general election\"), MCA only managed to score only 7 of the 37 parliamentary seats and 11 of the 90 state seats it contested, leading to calls for Chua's resignation.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/mca\\-elders\\-call\\-for\\-soi\\-leks\\-head\\-to\\-roll \\|title\\=MCA elders call for Soi Lek's head to roll \\|author\\=Boo Su\\-Lyn \\|date\\=10 May 2013 \\|work\\=The Malaysian Insider \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903055734/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/mca\\-elders\\-call\\-for\\-soi\\-leks\\-head\\-to\\-roll \\|archive\\-date\\=3 September 2014 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} The so\\-called \"Chinese tsunami\" where the great majority of Chinese votes went to the opposition was blamed by [Najib Razak](/wiki/Najib_Razak \"Najib Razak\") for the losses of the governing coalition.{{cite journal \\|title\\=So Close and Yet So Far: Strategies in the 13th Malaysian Elections\\|journal\\=The Round Table \\|volume\\=102\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=533–540 \\|date\\=December 2013\\|doi\\= 10\\.1080/00358533\\.2013\\.857145 \\|author\\=James Chin\\|s2cid\\=153377005 }}{{cite web\\|url \\=https://www.ft.com/content/460f0c42\\-b711\\-11e2\\-841e\\-00144feabdc0 \\|title\\=Global Insight: Malaysia's 'Chinese tsunami' puts Najib in a bind \\|work\\=Financial Times\\|date\\=7 May 2013 }} MCA's poor performance in the two elections, along with continued factionalism, raised concerns over the party's relevance in the Malaysian political arena.{{cite news \\|title\\=MCA's irrelevant civil war \\|url\\=http://www.thenutgraph.com/mcas\\-irrelevant\\-civil\\-war/ \\|date\\=7 October 2009 \\|last\\=Wong \\|first\\=Chin Huat \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2011 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Nut Graph]]}}{{cite news \\|title\\=MCA polls: Fight to restore party's relevance \\|url\\=https://my.news.yahoo.com/mca\\-polls\\-fight\\-restore\\-partys\\-151658904\\.html \\|author\\=Azman Ghani \\|date\\=20 December 2013 \\|publisher\\=Yahoo! News Malaysia \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106204410/https://my.news.yahoo.com/mca\\-polls\\-fight\\-restore\\-partys\\-151658904\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Also as a result of its poor performance, there was no MCA representation in the cabinet for the first time since independence due to a resolution that MCA would not accept cabinet posts if it performed badly in the general election.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/17/editorial\\-malaysia\\-s\\-chinese\\-tsunami.html \\|title\\=Editorial: Malaysia's 'Chinese tsunami' \\|work\\=The Jakarta Post \\|date\\= 17 May 2012}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www2\\.nst.com.my/latest/mca\\-to\\-mull\\-on\\-invitation\\-by\\-pm\\-to\\-join\\-cabinet\\-1\\.586211 \\|title\\=MCA to mull on invitation by PM to join Cabinet \\|publisher\\=New Straits Times \\|date\\=3 May 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503190909/http://www2\\.nst.com.my/latest/mca\\-to\\-mull\\-on\\-invitation\\-by\\-pm\\-to\\-join\\-cabinet\\-1\\.586211 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2014 }}", "Chua did not enter the following party poll for president, and in December 2013, [Liow Tiong Lai](/wiki/Liow_Tiong_Lai \"Liow Tiong Lai\") was elected the president of MCA.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking\\-news/se\\-asia/story/malaysias\\-former\\-health\\-minister\\-liow\\-tiong\\-lai\\-new\\-mca\\-president\\-201312 \\|title\\=Malaysia's former health minister Liow Tiong Lai is new MCA president \\|author\\=Lester Kong \\|work\\=The Straits Times\\|date\\=21 December 2013 }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/12/13/how\\-will\\-chua\\-soi\\-lek\\-be\\-remembered/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215050625/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/12/13/how\\-will\\-chua\\-soi\\-lek\\-be\\-remembered/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2013 \\|title\\=How will Chua Soi Lek be remembered? \\|author\\=Leven Woon \\|date\\=13 December 2013 \\|work\\=Free Malaysia Today }} Liow also reversed the resolution not to serve in the government and re\\-entered the cabinet.", "In the [2018 election](/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election \"2018 Malaysian general election\"), MCA suffered its worst ever defeat, as it has lost all state seats it has contested, and only managed to retain one elected representative in the national parliament \\- [Wee Ka Siong](/wiki/Wee_Ka_Siong \"Wee Ka Siong\"), who represents [Ayer Hitam](/wiki/Ayer_Hitam_%28federal_constituency%29 \"Ayer Hitam (federal constituency)\") constituency in Johor. MCA, as part of the Barisan Nasional coalition, was also relegated to the opposition for the first time since independence. [Wee Ka Siong](/wiki/Wee_Ka_Siong \"Wee Ka Siong\") was elected president on 4 November 2018 while Liow decided not to stand for party polls after his defeat.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/04/datuk\\-seri\\-dr\\-wee\\-ka\\-siong\\-is\\-the\\-new\\-mca\\-president/ \\|title\\= Dr Wee Ka Siong is the new MCA president (Updated)\\|work\\=The Star \\|date\\=4 November 2018}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/05/11/report\\-liow\\-not\\-standing\\-in\\-mca\\-polls\\-this\\-year/ \\|title\\=Report: Liow not standing in MCA polls this year \\|work\\=Free Malaysia Today \\|date\\=11 May 2018 }} MCA later regained a seat in the [2019 Tanjung Piai by\\-election](/wiki/2019_Tanjung_Piai_by-election \"2019 Tanjung Piai by-election\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/barisan\\-nasional\\-wee\\-jeck\\-seng\\-wins\\-tanjung\\-piai\\-byelection\\-12100108 \\|title\\= Barisan Nasional's Wee Jeck Seng clinches landslide victory in Tanjung Piai by\\-election \\| author\\=Amir Yusof\\|date\\=16 November 2019 \\|work\\=Channel News Asia}}", "In March 2020, MCA returned to power as part of Barisan Nasional aligned to the [Perikatan Nasional](/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional \"Perikatan Nasional\") coalition after the collapse of the [Pakatan Harapan](/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan \"Pakatan Harapan\") government.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2020/03/571665/perikatan\\-nasional\\-coalition\\-set\\-joint\\-secretariat \\|title\\=Perikatan Nasional coalition to set up joint secretariat \\|work\\=New Straits Times \\|author\\=Adib Povera\\|date\\=4 March 202 }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/573221/mca\\-committed\\-ensuring\\-progress\\-all\\-malaysians \\|title\\=MCA committed in ensuring progress of all Malaysians \\|first\\= Dawn \\|last\\=Chan \\|date\\=9 March 2020 \\|work\\=New Straits Times }}", "In the [2022 election](/wiki/2022_Malaysian_general_election \"2022 Malaysian general election\"), the Pakatan Harapan won the most seats but not the majority, and returned to government with the support of Barisan Nasional. MCA won two seats, however, it was not given any government cabinet posts and it stayed as a backbencher of the government.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/01/08/mca\\-not\\-opportunistic\\-wont\\-do\\-anything\\-just\\-to\\-gain\\-power\\-says\\-ti/ \\|title\\=MCA not opportunistic, won't do anything just to gain power, says Ti\\|work\\=FMT \\|date\\=8 January 2023 }}", "" ]
Career ------ ### 1980s Caruso's first movie appearance was in the 1980 film *Getting Wasted* as Danny. He credits his role as Topper Daniels, "the cadet who nearly drowned", in *[An Officer and a Gentleman](/wiki/An_Officer_and_a_Gentleman "An Officer and a Gentleman")* (1982\) as what got him noticed.[Brady, James](/wiki/James_Brady_%28columnist%29 "James Brady (columnist)"). ["In Step With David Caruso (TV and film actor)"](http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2005/edition_03-06-2005/in_step_with_0) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321021753/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2005/edition\_03\-06\-2005/in\_step\_with\_0 \|date\=March 21, 2009 }}, *[Parade](/wiki/Parade_%28magazine%29 "Parade (magazine)")*, March 6, 2005\. accessed June 2, 2009\. Caruso then spent most of the decade in supporting roles in films including *[First Blood](/wiki/First_Blood "First Blood")* (1982\), *[Blue City](/wiki/Blue_City_%28film%29 "Blue City (film)")* (1986\), *[China Girl](/wiki/China_Girl_%281987_film%29 "China Girl (1987 film)")* (1987\) and *[Twins](/wiki/Twins_%281988_film%29 "Twins (1988 film)")* (1988\). On television, Caruso had a recurring role as Tommy Mann, leader of the street gang The Shamrocks, in seven episodes of the [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") police drama series *[Hill Street Blues](/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues "Hill Street Blues")* (1981–83\). He portrayed [U.S. Olympian](/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") [James Brendan Connolly](/wiki/James_Brendan_Connolly "James Brendan Connolly") in the 1984 [miniseries](/wiki/Miniseries "Miniseries"), *[The First Olympics: Athens 1896](/wiki/The_First_Olympics:Athens_1896 "Athens 1896")*, and also appeared in two episodes of the series *[Crime Story](/wiki/Crime_Story_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Crime Story (U.S. TV series)")*. Caruso featured in the [music video](/wiki/Music_video "Music video") for the song "[Voyage, voyage](/wiki/Voyage%2C_voyage "Voyage, voyage")" by the French singer [Desireless](/wiki/Desireless "Desireless"), released in 1986\. ### 1990s Caruso had supporting roles as a police officer in the crime films *[King of New York](/wiki/King_of_New_York "King of New York")* (1990\) and *[Mad Dog and Glory](/wiki/Mad_Dog_and_Glory "Mad Dog and Glory")* (1993\). While filming 1991's *[Hudson Hawk](/wiki/Hudson_Hawk "Hudson Hawk")*, he employed [method acting](/wiki/Method_acting "Method acting"), refusing to talk to anyone on set because his character, Kit\-Kat, was mute, having had his tongue bitten off.Grant, Richard E. *With Nails: The Film Diaries of Richard E Grant*, p.179 In 1993, Caruso landed his first major role as [Detective John Kelly](/wiki/John_Kelly_%28NYPD_Blue%29 "John Kelly (NYPD Blue)") in the [police procedural](/wiki/Police_procedural "Police procedural") series *[NYPD Blue](/wiki/NYPD_Blue "NYPD Blue")*, for which he won a [Golden Globe Award](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award "Golden Globe Award"). *[TV Guide](/wiki/TV_Guide "TV Guide")* named him as one of the six new stars to watch in the 1993–1994 season. He made news by leaving the highly [rated](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings "Nielsen ratings") show the following year (only four episodes into the second season) after failing to obtain the raise he wanted.{{Citation \|title\=3\.4\. Why did David Caruso leave the show? (NYPD Blue) \|url\=http://stason.org/TULARC/tv/nypd\-blue/3\-4\-Why\-did\-David\-Caruso\-leave\-the\-show\-NYPD\-Blue.html \|work\=NYPD Blue FAQ \|publisher\=The Ultimate Learn And Resource Center at Stason.org \|access\-date\=April 4, 2012}}{{Cite news \|date\=August 7, 1994 \|title\=David Caruso Will Quit 'NYPD Blue' Cast \|work\=\[\[Orlando Sentinel]] \|url\=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994\-08\-07/news/9408070037\_1\_david\-caruso\-nypd\-blue\-salary\-dispute \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=April 4, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614031516/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994\-08\-07/news/9408070037\_1\_david\-caruso\-nypd\-blue\-salary\-dispute \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2012}} His decision to leave the series would later be listed in a 2010 issue of *TV Guide* as \#6 on a list of TV's 10 biggest "blunders".Battaglio, Stephen. "The Blunder Years", *[TV Guide](/wiki/TV_Guide "TV Guide")*, November 1, 2010, pp. 20–21\. He was unable to establish himself as a leading man in films. His appearances in the 1995 thrillers *[Kiss of Death](/wiki/Kiss_of_Death_%281995_film%29 "Kiss of Death (1995 film)")* and *[Jade](/wiki/Jade_%28film%29 "Jade (film)")* were met with a negative reception from critics, with both films receiving mixed reviews and poor box\-office takings, and Caruso was nominated for the [Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star](/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_New_Star "Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star") for these two roles. In 1997, Caruso returned to television as a [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City")\-based federal prosecutor in the short\-lived [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") law drama series *[Michael Hayes](/wiki/Michael_Hayes_%28TV_series%29 "Michael Hayes (TV series)")*, which aired for one season. ### 2000s and *CSI: Miami* Caruso returned to film with a supporting role as [Russell Crowe](/wiki/Russell_Crowe "Russell Crowe")'s mercenary associate in *[Proof of Life](/wiki/Proof_of_Life "Proof of Life")* (2000\). In 2001, he had a lead role in the cult [psychological horror](/wiki/Psychological_horror "Psychological horror") film *[Session 9](/wiki/Session_9 "Session 9")*, directed by [Brad Anderson](/wiki/Brad_Anderson_%28director%29 "Brad Anderson (director)"). [Dave Kehr](/wiki/Dave_Kehr "Dave Kehr"), writing in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, praises his performance, stating that "it is good to see David Caruso back in action, with a little more technique and a little less ego."{{Cite news \|last\=Dave Kehr \|author\-link\=Dave Kehr \|date\=August 10, 2001 \|title\=Film Review; Getting More Than They Bargained For When They Submitted the Low Bid \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/10/movies/film\-review\-getting\-more\-than\-they\-bargained\-for\-when\-they\-submitted\-the\-low\-bid.html \|access\-date\=January 2, 2020}} [right\|200px\|thumb\|David Caruso as [Horatio Caine](/wiki/Horatio_Caine "Horatio Caine") in November 2004](/wiki/File:David_Caruso_waiting.jpg "David Caruso waiting.jpg") In 2002, Caruso returned to television in his first successful role since *NYPD Blue*, starring as police [Lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant%23Police_rank "Lieutenant#Police rank") [Horatio Caine](/wiki/Horatio_Caine "Horatio Caine") in the *[CSI](/wiki/CSI:Crime_Scene_Investigation "Crime Scene Investigation")* spin\-off series *[CSI: Miami](/wiki/CSI:Miami "Miami")*. He was the first actor in the franchise to appear as the same character on three of the five *[CSI](/wiki/CSI_%28franchise%29 "CSI (franchise)")* programs. He was known for frequently using one\-liners at the beginning of each episode. Many of these include him putting on his trademark sunglasses mid\-sentence, then walking off\-screen just as the main theme starts. On an episode of the *[Late Show with David Letterman](/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman "Late Show with David Letterman")* that aired on March 8, 2007, actor and comedian [Jim Carrey](/wiki/Jim_Carrey "Jim Carrey") professed to being a fan of the show and went on to do an impersonation of Caruso, asking for an "intense close\-up" from the camera, speaking in a raspy voice and putting on sunglasses. Caruso later said in an interview with [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") that he was impressed with the impersonation.{{YouTube\|ul8gZIGZbdc\|Interview with Caruso and cast of Miami Vice}} In 2012, *CSI: Miami* was cancelled after 10 seasons due to a decline in ratings and the climbing cost of production.{{Cite web \|date\=May 13, 2012 \|title\=''CSI: Miami'': Cancelled by CBS, No Season 11 \|url\=http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv\-show/csi\-miami\-canceled\-season\-eleven\-22999/ \|access\-date\=September 23, 2018 \|publisher\=TV Series Finale}} Caruso was the only actor to appear in all 232 episodes of the series. ### After acting After *CSI: Miami*, Caruso quietly retired from acting and became involved in the art business.{{Cite web \|date\=October 23, 2019 \|title\=Summiting Mt. Kilimanjaro with Art Basel \& David Caruso (That CSI Miami Guy) \|url\=https://medium.com/@dancz/summiting\-mt\-kilimanjaro\-with\-art\-basel\-david\-caruso\-that\-csi\-miami\-guy\-55e7fbba2aa0}} Caruso is founder of DavidCarusoTelevision.tv and LexiconDigital.tv. He is co\-owner of Steam on Sunset, a clothing store in South Miami.{{Cite web \|date\=May 9, 2002 \|title\=Prodigal Cop Tries S. Florida \|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2002\-05\-09/lifestyle/0205080386\_1\_caruso\-s\-character\-nypd\-blue\-david\-caruso \|access\-date\=September 30, 2013 \|website\=sun\-sentinel.com \|archive\-date\=October 2, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002091109/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2002\-05\-09/lifestyle/0205080386\_1\_caruso\-s\-character\-nypd\-blue\-david\-caruso \|url\-status\=dead }}{{Cite web \|date\=March 8, 2002 \|title\=Miami Rocks with Designer's Opening \|url\=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,623772,00\.html \|access\-date\=September 30, 2013 \|website\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]}}
[ "Career\n------", "### 1980s", "Caruso's first movie appearance was in the 1980 film *Getting Wasted* as Danny. He credits his role as Topper Daniels, \"the cadet who nearly drowned\", in *[An Officer and a Gentleman](/wiki/An_Officer_and_a_Gentleman \"An Officer and a Gentleman\")* (1982\\) as what got him noticed.[Brady, James](/wiki/James_Brady_%28columnist%29 \"James Brady (columnist)\"). [\"In Step With David Caruso (TV and film actor)\"](http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2005/edition_03-06-2005/in_step_with_0) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321021753/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2005/edition\\_03\\-06\\-2005/in\\_step\\_with\\_0 \\|date\\=March 21, 2009 }}, *[Parade](/wiki/Parade_%28magazine%29 \"Parade (magazine)\")*, March 6, 2005\\. accessed June 2, 2009\\. Caruso then spent most of the decade in supporting roles in films including *[First Blood](/wiki/First_Blood \"First Blood\")* (1982\\), *[Blue City](/wiki/Blue_City_%28film%29 \"Blue City (film)\")* (1986\\), *[China Girl](/wiki/China_Girl_%281987_film%29 \"China Girl (1987 film)\")* (1987\\) and *[Twins](/wiki/Twins_%281988_film%29 \"Twins (1988 film)\")* (1988\\).", "On television, Caruso had a recurring role as Tommy Mann, leader of the street gang The Shamrocks, in seven episodes of the [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") police drama series *[Hill Street Blues](/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues \"Hill Street Blues\")* (1981–83\\). He portrayed [U.S. Olympian](/wiki/Olympic_Games \"Olympic Games\") [James Brendan Connolly](/wiki/James_Brendan_Connolly \"James Brendan Connolly\") in the 1984 [miniseries](/wiki/Miniseries \"Miniseries\"), *[The First Olympics: Athens 1896](/wiki/The_First_Olympics:Athens_1896 \"Athens 1896\")*, and also appeared in two episodes of the series *[Crime Story](/wiki/Crime_Story_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Crime Story (U.S. TV series)\")*.", "Caruso featured in the [music video](/wiki/Music_video \"Music video\") for the song \"[Voyage, voyage](/wiki/Voyage%2C_voyage \"Voyage, voyage\")\" by the French singer [Desireless](/wiki/Desireless \"Desireless\"), released in 1986\\.", "### 1990s", "Caruso had supporting roles as a police officer in the crime films *[King of New York](/wiki/King_of_New_York \"King of New York\")* (1990\\) and *[Mad Dog and Glory](/wiki/Mad_Dog_and_Glory \"Mad Dog and Glory\")* (1993\\). While filming 1991's *[Hudson Hawk](/wiki/Hudson_Hawk \"Hudson Hawk\")*, he employed [method acting](/wiki/Method_acting \"Method acting\"), refusing to talk to anyone on set because his character, Kit\\-Kat, was mute, having had his tongue bitten off.Grant, Richard E. *With Nails: The Film Diaries of Richard E Grant*, p.179", "In 1993, Caruso landed his first major role as [Detective John Kelly](/wiki/John_Kelly_%28NYPD_Blue%29 \"John Kelly (NYPD Blue)\") in the [police procedural](/wiki/Police_procedural \"Police procedural\") series *[NYPD Blue](/wiki/NYPD_Blue \"NYPD Blue\")*, for which he won a [Golden Globe Award](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award \"Golden Globe Award\"). *[TV Guide](/wiki/TV_Guide \"TV Guide\")* named him as one of the six new stars to watch in the 1993–1994 season. He made news by leaving the highly [rated](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings \"Nielsen ratings\") show the following year (only four episodes into the second season) after failing to obtain the raise he wanted.{{Citation \\|title\\=3\\.4\\. Why did David Caruso leave the show? (NYPD Blue) \\|url\\=http://stason.org/TULARC/tv/nypd\\-blue/3\\-4\\-Why\\-did\\-David\\-Caruso\\-leave\\-the\\-show\\-NYPD\\-Blue.html \\|work\\=NYPD Blue FAQ \\|publisher\\=The Ultimate Learn And Resource Center at Stason.org \\|access\\-date\\=April 4, 2012}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=August 7, 1994 \\|title\\=David Caruso Will Quit 'NYPD Blue' Cast \\|work\\=\\[\\[Orlando Sentinel]] \\|url\\=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994\\-08\\-07/news/9408070037\\_1\\_david\\-caruso\\-nypd\\-blue\\-salary\\-dispute \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=April 4, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614031516/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994\\-08\\-07/news/9408070037\\_1\\_david\\-caruso\\-nypd\\-blue\\-salary\\-dispute \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2012}} His decision to leave the series would later be listed in a 2010 issue of *TV Guide* as \\#6 on a list of TV's 10 biggest \"blunders\".Battaglio, Stephen. \"The Blunder Years\", *[TV Guide](/wiki/TV_Guide \"TV Guide\")*, November 1, 2010, pp. 20–21\\.", "He was unable to establish himself as a leading man in films. His appearances in the 1995 thrillers *[Kiss of Death](/wiki/Kiss_of_Death_%281995_film%29 \"Kiss of Death (1995 film)\")* and *[Jade](/wiki/Jade_%28film%29 \"Jade (film)\")* were met with a negative reception from critics, with both films receiving mixed reviews and poor box\\-office takings, and Caruso was nominated for the [Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star](/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_New_Star \"Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star\") for these two roles.", "In 1997, Caruso returned to television as a [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\")\\-based federal prosecutor in the short\\-lived [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") law drama series *[Michael Hayes](/wiki/Michael_Hayes_%28TV_series%29 \"Michael Hayes (TV series)\")*, which aired for one season.", "### 2000s and *CSI: Miami*", "Caruso returned to film with a supporting role as [Russell Crowe](/wiki/Russell_Crowe \"Russell Crowe\")'s mercenary associate in *[Proof of Life](/wiki/Proof_of_Life \"Proof of Life\")* (2000\\). In 2001, he had a lead role in the cult [psychological horror](/wiki/Psychological_horror \"Psychological horror\") film *[Session 9](/wiki/Session_9 \"Session 9\")*, directed by [Brad Anderson](/wiki/Brad_Anderson_%28director%29 \"Brad Anderson (director)\"). [Dave Kehr](/wiki/Dave_Kehr \"Dave Kehr\"), writing in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, praises his performance, stating that \"it is good to see David Caruso back in action, with a little more technique and a little less ego.\"{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dave Kehr \\|author\\-link\\=Dave Kehr \\|date\\=August 10, 2001 \\|title\\=Film Review; Getting More Than They Bargained For When They Submitted the Low Bid \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/10/movies/film\\-review\\-getting\\-more\\-than\\-they\\-bargained\\-for\\-when\\-they\\-submitted\\-the\\-low\\-bid.html \\|access\\-date\\=January 2, 2020}}", "[right\\|200px\\|thumb\\|David Caruso as [Horatio Caine](/wiki/Horatio_Caine \"Horatio Caine\") in November 2004](/wiki/File:David_Caruso_waiting.jpg \"David Caruso waiting.jpg\")\nIn 2002, Caruso returned to television in his first successful role since *NYPD Blue*, starring as police [Lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant%23Police_rank \"Lieutenant#Police rank\") [Horatio Caine](/wiki/Horatio_Caine \"Horatio Caine\") in the *[CSI](/wiki/CSI:Crime_Scene_Investigation \"Crime Scene Investigation\")* spin\\-off series *[CSI: Miami](/wiki/CSI:Miami \"Miami\")*. He was the first actor in the franchise to appear as the same character on three of the five *[CSI](/wiki/CSI_%28franchise%29 \"CSI (franchise)\")* programs. He was known for frequently using one\\-liners at the beginning of each episode. Many of these include him putting on his trademark sunglasses mid\\-sentence, then walking off\\-screen just as the main theme starts. On an episode of the *[Late Show with David Letterman](/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman \"Late Show with David Letterman\")* that aired on March 8, 2007, actor and comedian [Jim Carrey](/wiki/Jim_Carrey \"Jim Carrey\") professed to being a fan of the show and went on to do an impersonation of Caruso, asking for an \"intense close\\-up\" from the camera, speaking in a raspy voice and putting on sunglasses. Caruso later said in an interview with [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") that he was impressed with the impersonation.{{YouTube\\|ul8gZIGZbdc\\|Interview with Caruso and cast of Miami Vice}}", "In 2012, *CSI: Miami* was cancelled after 10 seasons due to a decline in ratings and the climbing cost of production.{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 13, 2012 \\|title\\=''CSI: Miami'': Cancelled by CBS, No Season 11 \\|url\\=http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv\\-show/csi\\-miami\\-canceled\\-season\\-eleven\\-22999/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 23, 2018 \\|publisher\\=TV Series Finale}} Caruso was the only actor to appear in all 232 episodes of the series.", "### After acting", "After *CSI: Miami*, Caruso quietly retired from acting and became involved in the art business.{{Cite web \\|date\\=October 23, 2019 \\|title\\=Summiting Mt. Kilimanjaro with Art Basel \\& David Caruso (That CSI Miami Guy) \\|url\\=https://medium.com/@dancz/summiting\\-mt\\-kilimanjaro\\-with\\-art\\-basel\\-david\\-caruso\\-that\\-csi\\-miami\\-guy\\-55e7fbba2aa0}}", "Caruso is founder of DavidCarusoTelevision.tv and LexiconDigital.tv. He is co\\-owner of Steam on Sunset, a clothing store in South Miami.{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 9, 2002 \\|title\\=Prodigal Cop Tries S. Florida \\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2002\\-05\\-09/lifestyle/0205080386\\_1\\_caruso\\-s\\-character\\-nypd\\-blue\\-david\\-caruso \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2013 \\|website\\=sun\\-sentinel.com \\|archive\\-date\\=October 2, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002091109/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2002\\-05\\-09/lifestyle/0205080386\\_1\\_caruso\\-s\\-character\\-nypd\\-blue\\-david\\-caruso \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=March 8, 2002 \\|title\\=Miami Rocks with Designer's Opening \\|url\\=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,623772,00\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2013 \\|website\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]}}", "" ]
History ------- The first programme on Monday 20 August 1990, was forty minutes long from 11{{nbsp}}am, and followed by *[Poetry Please](/wiki/Poetry_Please "Poetry Please")*. It was made by the Factual Unit of Religious Programmes (later called Factual Programmes Religion) at [BBC North](/wiki/BBC_North "BBC North") in Manchester. It was hoped that the programme format would involve the panellists' views being revised during the course of a programme, but this rarely happened. In April 1991, it had moved to Tuesdays, and followed the 9{{nbsp}}am news, until 9:45{{nbsp}}am (a slot similar to the current *[In Our Time](/wiki/In_Our_Time_%28BBC_Radio_4%29 "In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)")*). In July 1991, it had moved to 8:05{{nbsp}}pm until 8:50{{nbsp}}pm on Fridays, replacing *[Any Questions?](/wiki/Any_Questions%3F "Any Questions?")* for the summer recess. There was then a repeat at 1{{nbsp}}pm on the following Saturday, and a phone\-in from 2 to 2:30{{nbsp}}pm, replacing *[Any Answers?](/wiki/Any_Answers%3F "Any Answers?")*. There was also an end\-of\-year programme. In July 1992, it had moved to Thursday mornings following the 9{{nbsp}}am news. It became a *[de rigueur](/wiki/Costume_de_rigueur "Costume de rigueur")* listen for Westminster MPs. By 1997, it was fifty\-five minutes long, lasting until 10{{nbsp}}am. It moved to Wednesday evenings from 13 May 1998, in the 1998 schedule changes, with a repeat of the forty\-five\-minute programme on Saturday night at 10:15{{nbsp}}pm. Michael Buerk has presented the programme since August 1990\. [David Aaronovitch](/wiki/David_Aaronovitch "David Aaronovitch") has presented occasional episodes during Buerk's absence. More recently [Edward Stourton](/wiki/Edward_Stourton_%28journalist%29 "Edward Stourton (journalist)") and [William Crawley](/wiki/William_Crawley "William Crawley") have deputised. Originally produced at the [BBC North West](/wiki/BBC_North_West "BBC North West")'s [New Broadcasting House](/wiki/New_Broadcasting_House_%28Manchester%29 "New Broadcasting House (Manchester)") on [Oxford Road](/wiki/Wilmslow_Road "Wilmslow Road") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), the programme production base is [Salford Quays](/wiki/Salford_Quays "Salford Quays"). The programme is broadcast live from [BBC Broadcasting House](/wiki/BBC_Broadcasting_House "BBC Broadcasting House") in London. ### TV pilot In early 1994, a television version was considered, which eventually took off on Saturday 10 September 1994, on [BBC2](/wiki/BBC2 "BBC2") as a trial series of six 45\-minute\-long programmes broadcast around midnight, perhaps influenced by [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4")'s successful late\-night discussion programme *[After Dark](/wiki/After_Dark_%28TV_series%29 "After Dark (TV series)")*. The pilot had audiences of around 1\.3 million. It was last broadcast on 15 October 1994, at 11{{nbsp}}pm.
[ "History\n-------", "The first programme on Monday 20 August 1990, was forty minutes long from 11{{nbsp}}am, and followed by *[Poetry Please](/wiki/Poetry_Please \"Poetry Please\")*. It was made by the Factual Unit of Religious Programmes (later called Factual Programmes Religion) at [BBC North](/wiki/BBC_North \"BBC North\") in Manchester. It was hoped that the programme format would involve the panellists' views being revised during the course of a programme, but this rarely happened.", "In April 1991, it had moved to Tuesdays, and followed the 9{{nbsp}}am news, until 9:45{{nbsp}}am (a slot similar to the current *[In Our Time](/wiki/In_Our_Time_%28BBC_Radio_4%29 \"In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)\")*). In July 1991, it had moved to 8:05{{nbsp}}pm until 8:50{{nbsp}}pm on Fridays, replacing *[Any Questions?](/wiki/Any_Questions%3F \"Any Questions?\")* for the summer recess. There was then a repeat at 1{{nbsp}}pm on the following Saturday, and a phone\\-in from 2 to 2:30{{nbsp}}pm, replacing *[Any Answers?](/wiki/Any_Answers%3F \"Any Answers?\")*. There was also an end\\-of\\-year programme. In July 1992, it had moved to Thursday mornings following the 9{{nbsp}}am news. It became a *[de rigueur](/wiki/Costume_de_rigueur \"Costume de rigueur\")* listen for Westminster MPs. By 1997, it was fifty\\-five minutes long, lasting until 10{{nbsp}}am. It moved to Wednesday evenings from 13 May 1998, in the 1998 schedule changes, with a repeat of the forty\\-five\\-minute programme on Saturday night at 10:15{{nbsp}}pm.", "Michael Buerk has presented the programme since August 1990\\. [David Aaronovitch](/wiki/David_Aaronovitch \"David Aaronovitch\") has presented occasional episodes during Buerk's absence. More recently [Edward Stourton](/wiki/Edward_Stourton_%28journalist%29 \"Edward Stourton (journalist)\") and [William Crawley](/wiki/William_Crawley \"William Crawley\") have deputised.", "Originally produced at the [BBC North West](/wiki/BBC_North_West \"BBC North West\")'s [New Broadcasting House](/wiki/New_Broadcasting_House_%28Manchester%29 \"New Broadcasting House (Manchester)\") on [Oxford Road](/wiki/Wilmslow_Road \"Wilmslow Road\") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"), the programme production base is [Salford Quays](/wiki/Salford_Quays \"Salford Quays\"). The programme is broadcast live from [BBC Broadcasting House](/wiki/BBC_Broadcasting_House \"BBC Broadcasting House\") in London.", "### TV pilot", "In early 1994, a television version was considered, which eventually took off on Saturday 10 September 1994, on [BBC2](/wiki/BBC2 \"BBC2\") as a trial series of six 45\\-minute\\-long programmes broadcast around midnight, perhaps influenced by [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\")'s successful late\\-night discussion programme *[After Dark](/wiki/After_Dark_%28TV_series%29 \"After Dark (TV series)\")*. The pilot had audiences of around 1\\.3 million. It was last broadcast on 15 October 1994, at 11{{nbsp}}pm.", "" ]
Economy ------- ### Livelihood {{Pie chart \|caption\= '''Livelihood in Samserganj CD block''' \|value1 \= 2\.61 \|label1 \= Cultivators \|value2 \= 9\.97 \|label2 \= Agricultural labourers \|value3 \= 65\.31 \|label3 \= Household industries \|value4 \= 22\.11 \|label4 \= Other Workers}} In Samserganj CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 3,197 and formed 2\.61%, agricultural labourers numbered 12,209 and formed 9\.97%, household industry workers numbered 80,000 and formed 65\.31% and other workers numbered 27,085 and formed 22\.11%.{{cite web \| url \= http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook \| title \= District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad \| work \= Tables 2\.7, 17\.2, 16\.1, 18\.1, 18\.2, 20\.1, 21\.2, 4\.4, 3\.1, 3\.3 – arranged as per use \| publisher \= Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal \| access\-date \= 21 November 2018}} ### Infrastructure There are 24 inhabited villages in Samserganj CD block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 6 villages (25\.00%) have post offices. 22 villages (91\.67%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 10 villages (41\.67%) have a pucca approach road and 9 villages (37\.50%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (8\.33%) have agricultural credit societies and 3 villages (12\.50%) have banks.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB\_A/19/1907\_PART\_A\_DCHB\_MURSHIDABAD.pdf \| title \= District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A \| work \= Pages 96\-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 \| publisher \= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. \| access\-date \= 4 August 2017}} ### Agriculture From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.{{cite web\| url \= http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg\_main.htm \| title\=District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas \| work\= (1\) Chapter 1\.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7\-9 (2\) Chapter 3\.4, Land reforms, pages 32\-33\|publisher\= Development \& Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 \| access\-date \= 7 August 2016}} Following [land reforms](/wiki/Land_reform_in_India "Land reform in India") land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Samserganj CD block could be classified as follows: [bargadars](/wiki/Bargadar "Bargadar") 217 (0\.92%,) patta (document) holders 1,752 (7\.44%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1,775 (7\.54%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 7,583 (32\.22%) and agricultural labourers 12,209 (51\.87%). Samserganj CD block had 18 fertiliser depots and 42 [fair price shops](/wiki/Public_distribution_system "Public distribution system") in 2013\-14\. In 2013–14, Samserganj CD block produced 346 tonnes of [Aman paddy](/wiki/Rice%23Ecotypes_and_cultivars "Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars"), the main winter crop from 210 hectares, 221 tonnes of wheat from 111 hectares, 145 tonnes of maize from 56 hectares, 25,898 tonnes of jute from 1,584 hectares, 2,424 tonnes of potatoes from 85 hectares and 25,001 tonnes of sugar cane from 245 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds. In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Samserganj CD block was 1,121 hectares, out of which 100 hectares were irrigated with tank water, 121 hectares with deep tube wells and 900 hectares by other means. ### Beedi industry As of 2003, around 400,000 workers were engaged in the prime area locations of [beedi](/wiki/Beedi "Beedi") making, a household industry, in Farakka, Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj I and Raghunathganj II CD blocks. The majority of those working are women and children. Almost all households are engaged in this activity.{{cite web \| url \= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06\_chapter%201\.pdf\| title \= Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal \| first\= Sunirmal\| last\= Kar\| work \= Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 \| publisher \= Shodhganga \| access\-date \= 28 August 2017}}{{cite web \| url \= http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the\-poor\-man\-s\-cigarette\-1485045757\.html \| title \= The 'Poor man's cigarette' \| work \= Gurvinder Singh \| publisher \= The Statesman, 22 January 2017 \| access\-date \= 28 August 2017}}{{cite web \| url \= http://www.thehindu.com/todays\-paper/Beedi\-workers\-of\-Jangipur\-hold\-key/article16588097\.ece\#! \| title \= Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key \| work \= Indrani Dutta \| publisher \= The Hindu, 1 May 2009 \| access\-date \= 28 August 2017}} See also – [Beedi Workers of Murshidabad (in Hindi). Lok Sabha TV feature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOHuosSJEUo) ### Silk and handicrafts Murshidabad is famous for its silk industry since the Middle Ages. There are three distinct categories in this industry, namely (i) [Mulberry](/wiki/Mulberry "Mulberry") cultivation and silkworm rearing (ii) Peeling of raw silk (iii) Weaving of silk fabrics.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB\_A/19/1907\_PART\_A\_DCHB\_MURSHIDABAD.pdf \| title \= District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A \| work \= Pages 22\-23: Industry \| publisher \= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. \| access\-date \= 4 August 2017}} Ivory carving is an important cottage industry from the era of the Nawabs. The main areas where this industry has flourished are Khagra and Jiaganj. 99% of ivory craft production is exported. In more recent years sandalwood etching has become more popular than ivory carving. Bell metal and Brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi and Jangipur.{{cite web \| url \= http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx\#4 \| title \= Egiye Bangla Murshidabad district \| work \= Handicrafts and Silk Industry \| publisher \= Murshidabad district administration \| access\-date \= 17 August 2017}} ### Banking In 2013–14, Samserganj CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 2 [gramin banks](/wiki/Regional_Rural_Bank "Regional Rural Bank"). ### Backward Regions Grant Fund Murshidabad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [Backward Regions Grant Fund](/wiki/Backward_Regions_Grant_Fund "Backward Regions Grant Fund"). The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf \| title\= Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines \|publisher\= Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India\| access\-date \= 3 November 2018}}{{cite web\| url \= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid\=84879 \| title\= Backward Regions Grant Fund\| work\= Press Release, 14 June 2012 \|publisher\= Press Information Bureau, Government of India \| access\-date \= 26 November 2018}}
[ "Economy\n-------", "### Livelihood", "{{Pie chart\n\\|caption\\= '''Livelihood \nin Samserganj CD block'''\n\\|value1 \\= 2\\.61\n\\|label1 \\= Cultivators\n\\|value2 \\= 9\\.97\n\\|label2 \\= Agricultural labourers\n\\|value3 \\= 65\\.31\n\\|label3 \\= Household industries\n\\|value4 \\= 22\\.11\n\\|label4 \\= Other Workers}}", "In Samserganj CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 3,197 and formed 2\\.61%, agricultural labourers numbered 12,209 and formed 9\\.97%, household industry workers numbered 80,000 and formed 65\\.31% and other workers numbered 27,085 and formed 22\\.11%.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook \\| title \\= District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad \\| work \\= Tables 2\\.7, 17\\.2, 16\\.1, 18\\.1, 18\\.2, 20\\.1, 21\\.2, 4\\.4, 3\\.1, 3\\.3 – arranged as per use \\| publisher \\= Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal \\| access\\-date \\= 21 November 2018}}", "### Infrastructure", "There are 24 inhabited villages in Samserganj CD block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 6 villages (25\\.00%) have post offices. 22 villages (91\\.67%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 10 villages (41\\.67%) have a pucca approach road and 9 villages (37\\.50%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (8\\.33%) have agricultural credit societies and 3 villages (12\\.50%) have banks.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB\\_A/19/1907\\_PART\\_A\\_DCHB\\_MURSHIDABAD.pdf \\| title \\= District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A \\| work \\= Pages 96\\-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 \\| publisher \\= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. \\| access\\-date \\= 4 August 2017}}", "### Agriculture", "From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg\\_main.htm \\| title\\=District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas \\| work\\= (1\\) Chapter 1\\.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7\\-9 (2\\) Chapter 3\\.4, Land reforms, pages 32\\-33\\|publisher\\= Development \\& Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 \\| access\\-date \\= 7 August 2016}} Following [land reforms](/wiki/Land_reform_in_India \"Land reform in India\") land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Samserganj CD block could be classified as follows: [bargadars](/wiki/Bargadar \"Bargadar\") 217 (0\\.92%,) patta (document) holders 1,752 (7\\.44%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1,775 (7\\.54%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 7,583 (32\\.22%) and agricultural labourers 12,209 (51\\.87%).", "Samserganj CD block had 18 fertiliser depots and 42 [fair price shops](/wiki/Public_distribution_system \"Public distribution system\") in 2013\\-14\\.", "In 2013–14, Samserganj CD block produced 346 tonnes of [Aman paddy](/wiki/Rice%23Ecotypes_and_cultivars \"Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars\"), the main winter crop from 210 hectares, 221 tonnes of wheat from 111 hectares, 145 tonnes of maize from 56 hectares, 25,898 tonnes of jute from 1,584 hectares, 2,424 tonnes of potatoes from 85 hectares and 25,001 tonnes of sugar cane from 245 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.", "In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Samserganj CD block was 1,121 hectares, out of which 100 hectares were irrigated with tank water, 121 hectares with deep tube wells and 900 hectares by other means.", "### Beedi industry", "As of 2003, around 400,000 workers were engaged in the prime area locations of [beedi](/wiki/Beedi \"Beedi\") making, a household industry, in Farakka, Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj I and Raghunathganj II CD blocks. The majority of those working are women and children. Almost all households are engaged in this activity.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06\\_chapter%201\\.pdf\\| title \\= Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal \\| first\\= Sunirmal\\| last\\= Kar\\| work \\= Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 \\| publisher \\= Shodhganga \\| access\\-date \\= 28 August 2017}}{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the\\-poor\\-man\\-s\\-cigarette\\-1485045757\\.html \\| title \\= The 'Poor man's cigarette' \\| work \\= Gurvinder Singh \\| publisher \\= The Statesman, 22 January 2017 \\| access\\-date \\= 28 August 2017}}{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.thehindu.com/todays\\-paper/Beedi\\-workers\\-of\\-Jangipur\\-hold\\-key/article16588097\\.ece\\#! \\| title \\= Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key \\| work \\= Indrani Dutta \\| publisher \\= The Hindu, 1 May 2009 \\| access\\-date \\= 28 August 2017}}", "See also – [Beedi Workers of Murshidabad (in Hindi). Lok Sabha TV feature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOHuosSJEUo)", "### Silk and handicrafts", "Murshidabad is famous for its silk industry since the Middle Ages. There are three distinct categories in this industry, namely (i) [Mulberry](/wiki/Mulberry \"Mulberry\") cultivation and silkworm rearing (ii) Peeling of raw silk (iii) Weaving of silk fabrics.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB\\_A/19/1907\\_PART\\_A\\_DCHB\\_MURSHIDABAD.pdf \\| title \\= District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A \\| work \\= Pages 22\\-23: Industry \\| publisher \\= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. \\| access\\-date \\= 4 August 2017}}", "Ivory carving is an important cottage industry from the era of the Nawabs. The main areas where this industry has flourished are Khagra and Jiaganj. 99% of ivory craft production is exported. In more recent years sandalwood etching has become more popular than ivory carving. Bell metal and Brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi and Jangipur.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx\\#4 \\| title \\= Egiye Bangla Murshidabad district \\| work \\= Handicrafts and Silk Industry \\| publisher \\= Murshidabad district administration \\| access\\-date \\= 17 August 2017}}", "### Banking", "In 2013–14, Samserganj CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 2 [gramin banks](/wiki/Regional_Rural_Bank \"Regional Rural Bank\").", "### Backward Regions Grant Fund", "Murshidabad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [Backward Regions Grant Fund](/wiki/Backward_Regions_Grant_Fund \"Backward Regions Grant Fund\"). The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf \\| title\\= Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines \\|publisher\\= Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India\\| access\\-date \\= 3 November 2018}}{{cite web\\| url \\= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid\\=84879 \\| title\\= Backward Regions Grant Fund\\| work\\= Press Release, 14 June 2012 \\|publisher\\= Press Information Bureau, Government of India \\| access\\-date \\= 26 November 2018}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Early history Starting from the sixteennth century, this area was the site of several estates owned by boyars, and on it was an area where the Austrian army camped during its march towards joining the [Russo\-Ottoman war of 1735\-1739](/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War%2C_1735-1739 "Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739"), only for them to be pushed away the following year by [Constantine Mavrocordatos](/wiki/Constantine_Mavrocordatos "Constantine Mavrocordatos") with the support of Ottoman troops. On 16 March 1821, [Tudor Vladimirescu](/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu "Tudor Vladimirescu") sets camp in this area along with his Panduri in order to begin [his botched uprising](/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821 "Wallachian uprising of 1821"). The significance of this place later gave the name to the [Drumul Taberei](/wiki/Drumul_Taberei "Drumul Taberei") housing estate built south of Militari in the 1960s and also the Tudor Vladimirescu Theorethical Highschool. The first military establishments in the area eventually are founded in 1863, which established a military camp meant to be used to train soldiers before eventually relocating west of [Tecuci](/wiki/Tecuci "Tecuci") in 1869\. Later in 1873, the [Army's Pyrotechnical Complex](/wiki/Pirotehnia_Armatei "Pirotehnia Armatei") was moved here along with the 30th Military Engineering Regiment and its barracks. By the end of the 19th century, a full military complex was established in the area, featuring a weapons depot, a factory for military clothing and a storage area for firewood. In March 1894, the Romanian Army expelled two pub owners (Gheorghe Grigore and Niculae Niță) and the inhabitants of these public houses to build the 40th Infantry Regiment. [thumb\|Map from 1921 showing the military establishments and railway lines west of the [Cotroceni Palace](/wiki/Cotroceni_Palace "Cotroceni Palace")](/wiki/File:Pantea_1921.jpg "Pantea 1921.jpg") With the development of the military establishments in the area, several railways appeared at the same time, serving the [Gara de Nord](/wiki/Gara_de_Nord "Gara de Nord") and [Gara Filaret](/wiki/Gara_Filaret "Gara Filaret") railway stations, along with a railway line going to the present\-day Bucharest Belt Railway. The commune of Militari is first mentioned in 1883, in a document relating to the sale of state\-owned land, and in 1901, it is mentioned in the Great Geographic Dictionary of Romania as belng part of *[plasa](/wiki/Plas%C4%83 "Plasă")* Snagov, with a total of 293 hectares (stretching all the way to the present\-day [Grivița](/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba "Grivița") and [Crângași](/wiki/Cr%C3%A2nga%C8%99i "Crângași")) and having a population of 584 people and a mixed school with 32 male students and 9 female students. It also had a brick factory and a watermill. In the early 20th century the village attracted the attention of local politicians due to the existence of an illegal cattle market which led to the closure of an official cattle market in the city of Bucharest. In 1906, a law was passed which reshaped the communes in the present\-day Ilfov County; the Militari commune administered the villages of Militari and Grivița along with the Ciurel [hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%28place%29 "Hamlet (place)") (*cătun*), all of which belonged to the plasa Pantelimon. After the First World War, between 1920 and 1926, the commune of Militari lost the village of Grivița and the hamlet of Ciurel; in addition the [Bolintin](/wiki/Bolintin_%28disambiguation%29 "Bolintin (disambiguation)") Road (*Drumul Bolintinului*), the main road going through the commune was renamed into [Alexander I, Unifier of Yugoslavia Avenue](/wiki/Aleksandar_I_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87 "Aleksandar I Karađorđević"). In 1926, the commune lost the hamlet of [Giulești](/wiki/Giule%C8%99ti "Giulești"), which became its own commune, being renamed into [Prince Carol II](/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania "Carol II of Romania") commune (and later in 1930 [Great Voyvode Michael](/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania "Michael I of Romania")) commune. Like most suburban communes of Bucharest, Militari was left to develop by itself without a proper development plan, as such population surged from just 584 inhabitants in 1901 to 8093 inhabitants in 1930 and 15\.492 inhabitants by the 1948 census. Due to the lack of a development plan and laws prohibiting development of suburban communes, most of the land was split up illegally, and "almost overnight" new roads (with improper names) and houses were built. According to the same census taken on 25 January 1948, among the 3320 dwellings, only 351 had electricity and 3 had running water, and 62,7% of the houses were built from wood and [thatched materials](/wiki/Thatching "Thatching") and 36,4% were made out of brick, stone or concrete.*Populația și clădirile municipiului București în 1948\. Rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului dela 25 ianuarie*, Institutul Central de Statistică, 1948\. The first steps in the modernization of the commune began in 1941 with the official naming of several streets that, some still maintain their name to this day (Apusului, Cupolei, Apeductului), followed by a more major program launched in 1942 to allow the introduction of public lightning, cesspools and communal guarding. In addition to this, in 1943, a new shuttle tram line (nr 13\) began to operate between Apusului street and the Cotroceni [railway crossing](/wiki/Railway_crossing "Railway crossing"), utilizing a single track path with [passing loops](/wiki/Passing_loop "Passing loop"). In an article dated 4 October 1944 however, the [Scânteia](/wiki/Sc%C3%A2nteia "Scânteia") newspaper criticised the way how public works were conducted in the commune and accused the local administration of theft of public funds and clientelism.„Scânteia” an I, nr. 14, 4 octombrie 1944, p. 4\. ### Postwar era [thumb\|Block OD16 before and after the earthquake, seen from [KH\-9](/wiki/KH-9 "KH-9")](/wiki/File:Block_OD16_seen_from_satelite_%281976_and_1980%29.png "Block OD16 seen from satelite (1976 and 1980).png") In 1948, tram line 13 ceased to run for two years while public works were conducted in relation to the sewage network in the village, works which continued up to 1950 and also resulted in the full double\-tracking of line 13, which was then extended to [Pantelimon](/wiki/Pantelimon%2C_Bucharest "Pantelimon, Bucharest"). With the administrative reform of 1950, the Militari commune eventually became part of the city of Bucharest, specifically part of the 16 February District. The first housing program at the time involved the construction of semi\-detached houses in the 1950s. At the same time the military clothes factory became the APACA factory, whose buildings still stand to this day (albeit for other purposes). The first block was finished in 1958 and it is believed to be the first apartment building in Bucharest to use prefabricated panels at the time, situated at Iuliu Maniu Avenue nr 10\. Between 1965 and 1968 the first apartment blocks in the Militari housing estate were built as part of an urban renewal program meant to replace the old substandard houses built in the interwar era. Although the program fell short of expectations (fewer apartment blocks were built than planned), it did offer people various modern apartments with one, two, three or even four rooms, and new markets at Apusului, Veteranilor and Gorjului. The redevelopment occurred at the same time as the opening of the Militari industrial estate, which hosted the IREMOAS factory for bathtubs, radiators and sinks, and later the IMEB factory for electric motors and the National Research and Development Institute for Aerospace, which was connected to the Turbomecanica factory. Also in 1968, works began on rebuilding the road, replacing the cobblestone with asphalt and extending the main avenue (then named [Armata Poporului](/wiki/Army_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania "Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania"), [Păcii](/wiki/Pacifism "Pacifism") and [RSR](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania "Socialist Republic of Romania") respectively, now named [Iuliu Maniu](/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu "Iuliu Maniu") Avenue) towards the city limits on the existing road to [Ciorogârla](/wiki/Ciorog%C3%A2rla "Ciorogârla"), during the construction works for the [A1 motorway](/wiki/A1_motorway_%28Romania%29 "A1 motorway (Romania)"), which opened in 1972\. The new campus of the [Bucharest Polytechnic Institute](/wiki/Politehnica_University_of_Bucharest "Politehnica University of Bucharest") was built here between the late 1960s and up to the early 1980s, gradually relocating from its old campus near Gara de Nord. Construction of apartment blocks continued with a few built between 1971 and 1973 in various empty plots of land and near the remaining military establishments or places otherwise not occupied by houses, followed by more demolitions starting in 1974 to replace substandard housing, which saw the rise of apartment blocks on the south side of the (present day) Iuliu Maniu avenue west of Lujerului. In the same year the Militari tram depot opened to host the ITB's 130\-strong fleet of [Tatra T4R](/wiki/Tatra_T4 "Tatra T4") trams. Among some of the most imposing buildings in the housing estate, Block 15A/B/C (a group of tower blocks with 16 stories) and Block 22B (designed by Yugoslavian architects) were finished in 1979\. In the 4 March [1977 Vrancea earthquake](/wiki/1977_Vrancea_earthquake "1977 Vrancea earthquake"), Block OD16's Staircase F collapsed entirely, killing most of its inhabitants, at the time the building was slightly over a year old and results showed poor construction practices and stolen construction materials; this staircase was only rebuilt 5 years later. During this period the Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy's new building opened and its students moved in for the 1975\-1976 school year, in order to train future Romanian Communist Party elites (today the building is an annex of the Polytechnic). In the 1980s urban renewal works continued, firstly demolishing the remaining houses left in the core of the former village in the early 1980s, which was supplemented by the construction of metro line M3 between 1980 and 1983, followed by the realignement of Șoseaua Virtuții and the construction of new apartment buildings north of Lujerului and near the village of Roșu in the late 1980s. Between 1986 and 1987, the Lujerului Underpass was built, which necessitated the demolition of Block 2, a tower block with 60 one\-room apartments that was only 20 years old at the time of its demolition. Simultaneously, the tram tracks on Păcii and Armata Poporului Avenues was replaced during the summer of 1986 with new ones used from prefabricated concrete slabs, but shortly after the works were completed in October 1986, the new tram tracks were dismantled and the track slabs were relocated elsewhere. Several small houses and semi\-detached houses have survived to this day. [thumb\|Block 15A/B/C and the Lujerului square (foreground) in 2005](/wiki/File:Lujerului%2C_Militari.jpg "Lujerului, Militari.jpg") Despite the construction of new apartment blocks in the communist era, the Militari housing estate has maintained its original street layout, and due to its location on the A1 motorway, the Iuliu Maniu Avenue now suffers from chronic traffic congestion, and notoriously lacks parks (the only park in the area is built over a former industrial railway). Expansion of commercial and other private industrial and residential areas has begun in the early 2000s and continues to this day, but in a similar fashion to the interwar era, putting more strain on the area's street network. The industrial estate still remains an important employer in the western part of Bucharest.
[ "History\n-------", "### Early history", "Starting from the sixteennth century, this area was the site of several estates owned by boyars, and on it was an area where the Austrian army camped during its march towards joining the [Russo\\-Ottoman war of 1735\\-1739](/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War%2C_1735-1739 \"Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739\"), only for them to be pushed away the following year by [Constantine Mavrocordatos](/wiki/Constantine_Mavrocordatos \"Constantine Mavrocordatos\") with the support of Ottoman troops. On 16 March 1821, [Tudor Vladimirescu](/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu \"Tudor Vladimirescu\") sets camp in this area along with his Panduri in order to begin [his botched uprising](/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821 \"Wallachian uprising of 1821\"). The significance of this place later gave the name to the [Drumul Taberei](/wiki/Drumul_Taberei \"Drumul Taberei\") housing estate built south of Militari in the 1960s and also the Tudor Vladimirescu Theorethical Highschool.", "The first military establishments in the area eventually are founded in 1863, which established a military camp meant to be used to train soldiers before eventually relocating west of [Tecuci](/wiki/Tecuci \"Tecuci\") in 1869\\. Later in 1873, the [Army's Pyrotechnical Complex](/wiki/Pirotehnia_Armatei \"Pirotehnia Armatei\") was moved here along with the 30th Military Engineering Regiment and its barracks. By the end of the 19th century, a full military complex was established in the area, featuring a weapons depot, a factory for military clothing and a storage area for firewood. In March 1894, the Romanian Army expelled two pub owners (Gheorghe Grigore and Niculae Niță) and the inhabitants of these public houses to build the 40th Infantry Regiment.\n[thumb\\|Map from 1921 showing the military establishments and railway lines west of the [Cotroceni Palace](/wiki/Cotroceni_Palace \"Cotroceni Palace\")](/wiki/File:Pantea_1921.jpg \"Pantea 1921.jpg\")\nWith the development of the military establishments in the area, several railways appeared at the same time, serving the [Gara de Nord](/wiki/Gara_de_Nord \"Gara de Nord\") and [Gara Filaret](/wiki/Gara_Filaret \"Gara Filaret\") railway stations, along with a railway line going to the present\\-day Bucharest Belt Railway.", "The commune of Militari is first mentioned in 1883, in a document relating to the sale of state\\-owned land, and in 1901, it is mentioned in the Great Geographic Dictionary of Romania as belng part of *[plasa](/wiki/Plas%C4%83 \"Plasă\")* Snagov, with a total of 293 hectares (stretching all the way to the present\\-day [Grivița](/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba \"Grivița\") and [Crângași](/wiki/Cr%C3%A2nga%C8%99i \"Crângași\")) and having a population of 584 people and a mixed school with 32 male students and 9 female students. It also had a brick factory and a watermill. In the early 20th century the village attracted the attention of local politicians due to the existence of an illegal cattle market which led to the closure of an official cattle market in the city of Bucharest. In 1906, a law was passed which reshaped the communes in the present\\-day Ilfov County; the Militari commune administered the villages of Militari and Grivița along with the Ciurel [hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%28place%29 \"Hamlet (place)\") (*cătun*), all of which belonged to the plasa Pantelimon.", "After the First World War, between 1920 and 1926, the commune of Militari lost the village of Grivița and the hamlet of Ciurel; in addition the [Bolintin](/wiki/Bolintin_%28disambiguation%29 \"Bolintin (disambiguation)\") Road (*Drumul Bolintinului*), the main road going through the commune was renamed into [Alexander I, Unifier of Yugoslavia Avenue](/wiki/Aleksandar_I_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87 \"Aleksandar I Karađorđević\"). In 1926, the commune lost the hamlet of [Giulești](/wiki/Giule%C8%99ti \"Giulești\"), which became its own commune, being renamed into [Prince Carol II](/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania \"Carol II of Romania\") commune (and later in 1930 [Great Voyvode Michael](/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania \"Michael I of Romania\")) commune.", "Like most suburban communes of Bucharest, Militari was left to develop by itself without a proper development plan, as such population surged from just 584 inhabitants in 1901 to 8093 inhabitants in 1930 and 15\\.492 inhabitants by the 1948 census. Due to the lack of a development plan and laws prohibiting development of suburban communes, most of the land was split up illegally, and \"almost overnight\" new roads (with improper names) and houses were built. According to the same census taken on 25 January 1948, among the 3320 dwellings, only 351 had electricity and 3 had running water, and 62,7% of the houses were built from wood and [thatched materials](/wiki/Thatching \"Thatching\") and 36,4% were made out of brick, stone or concrete.*Populația și clădirile municipiului București în 1948\\. Rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului dela 25 ianuarie*, Institutul Central de Statistică, 1948\\.", "The first steps in the modernization of the commune began in 1941 with the official naming of several streets that, some still maintain their name to this day (Apusului, Cupolei, Apeductului), followed by a more major program launched in 1942 to allow the introduction of public lightning, cesspools and communal guarding. In addition to this, in 1943, a new shuttle tram line (nr 13\\) began to operate between Apusului street and the Cotroceni [railway crossing](/wiki/Railway_crossing \"Railway crossing\"), utilizing a single track path with [passing loops](/wiki/Passing_loop \"Passing loop\"). In an article dated 4 October 1944 however, the [Scânteia](/wiki/Sc%C3%A2nteia \"Scânteia\") newspaper criticised the way how public works were conducted in the commune and accused the local administration of theft of public funds and clientelism.„Scânteia” an I, nr. 14, 4 octombrie 1944, p. 4\\.", "### Postwar era", "[thumb\\|Block OD16 before and after the earthquake, seen from [KH\\-9](/wiki/KH-9 \"KH-9\")](/wiki/File:Block_OD16_seen_from_satelite_%281976_and_1980%29.png \"Block OD16 seen from satelite (1976 and 1980).png\")\nIn 1948, tram line 13 ceased to run for two years while public works were conducted in relation to the sewage network in the village, works which continued up to 1950 and also resulted in the full double\\-tracking of line 13, which was then extended to [Pantelimon](/wiki/Pantelimon%2C_Bucharest \"Pantelimon, Bucharest\"). With the administrative reform of 1950, the Militari commune eventually became part of the city of Bucharest, specifically part of the 16 February District. The first housing program at the time involved the construction of semi\\-detached houses in the 1950s. At the same time the military clothes factory became the APACA factory, whose buildings still stand to this day (albeit for other purposes). The first block was finished in 1958 and it is believed to be the first apartment building in Bucharest to use prefabricated panels at the time, situated at Iuliu Maniu Avenue nr 10\\.", "Between 1965 and 1968 the first apartment blocks in the Militari housing estate were built as part of an urban renewal program meant to replace the old substandard houses built in the interwar era. Although the program fell short of expectations (fewer apartment blocks were built than planned), it did offer people various modern apartments with one, two, three or even four rooms, and new markets at Apusului, Veteranilor and Gorjului. The redevelopment occurred at the same time as the opening of the Militari industrial estate, which hosted the IREMOAS factory for bathtubs, radiators and sinks, and later the IMEB factory for electric motors and the National Research and Development Institute for Aerospace, which was connected to the Turbomecanica factory. Also in 1968, works began on rebuilding the road, replacing the cobblestone with asphalt and extending the main avenue (then named [Armata Poporului](/wiki/Army_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania \"Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania\"), [Păcii](/wiki/Pacifism \"Pacifism\") and [RSR](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania \"Socialist Republic of Romania\") respectively, now named [Iuliu Maniu](/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu \"Iuliu Maniu\") Avenue) towards the city limits on the existing road to [Ciorogârla](/wiki/Ciorog%C3%A2rla \"Ciorogârla\"), during the construction works for the [A1 motorway](/wiki/A1_motorway_%28Romania%29 \"A1 motorway (Romania)\"), which opened in 1972\\. The new campus of the [Bucharest Polytechnic Institute](/wiki/Politehnica_University_of_Bucharest \"Politehnica University of Bucharest\") was built here between the late 1960s and up to the early 1980s, gradually relocating from its old campus near Gara de Nord.", "Construction of apartment blocks continued with a few built between 1971 and 1973 in various empty plots of land and near the remaining military establishments or places otherwise not occupied by houses, followed by more demolitions starting in 1974 to replace substandard housing, which saw the rise of apartment blocks on the south side of the (present day) Iuliu Maniu avenue west of Lujerului. In the same year the Militari tram depot opened to host the ITB's 130\\-strong fleet of [Tatra T4R](/wiki/Tatra_T4 \"Tatra T4\") trams. Among some of the most imposing buildings in the housing estate, Block 15A/B/C (a group of tower blocks with 16 stories) and Block 22B (designed by Yugoslavian architects) were finished in 1979\\. In the 4 March [1977 Vrancea earthquake](/wiki/1977_Vrancea_earthquake \"1977 Vrancea earthquake\"), Block OD16's Staircase F collapsed entirely, killing most of its inhabitants, at the time the building was slightly over a year old and results showed poor construction practices and stolen construction materials; this staircase was only rebuilt 5 years later. During this period the Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy's new building opened and its students moved in for the 1975\\-1976 school year, in order to train future Romanian Communist Party elites (today the building is an annex of the Polytechnic).", "In the 1980s urban renewal works continued, firstly demolishing the remaining houses left in the core of the former village in the early 1980s, which was supplemented by the construction of metro line M3 between 1980 and 1983, followed by the realignement of Șoseaua Virtuții and the construction of new apartment buildings north of Lujerului and near the village of Roșu in the late 1980s. Between 1986 and 1987, the Lujerului Underpass was built, which necessitated the demolition of Block 2, a tower block with 60 one\\-room apartments that was only 20 years old at the time of its demolition. Simultaneously, the tram tracks on Păcii and Armata Poporului Avenues was replaced during the summer of 1986 with new ones used from prefabricated concrete slabs, but shortly after the works were completed in October 1986, the new tram tracks were dismantled and the track slabs were relocated elsewhere. Several small houses and semi\\-detached houses have survived to this day.\n[thumb\\|Block 15A/B/C and the Lujerului square (foreground) in 2005](/wiki/File:Lujerului%2C_Militari.jpg \"Lujerului, Militari.jpg\")\nDespite the construction of new apartment blocks in the communist era, the Militari housing estate has maintained its original street layout, and due to its location on the A1 motorway, the Iuliu Maniu Avenue now suffers from chronic traffic congestion, and notoriously lacks parks (the only park in the area is built over a former industrial railway). Expansion of commercial and other private industrial and residential areas has begun in the early 2000s and continues to this day, but in a similar fashion to the interwar era, putting more strain on the area's street network. The industrial estate still remains an important employer in the western part of Bucharest.", "" ]
### Early history Starting from the sixteennth century, this area was the site of several estates owned by boyars, and on it was an area where the Austrian army camped during its march towards joining the [Russo\-Ottoman war of 1735\-1739](/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War%2C_1735-1739 "Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739"), only for them to be pushed away the following year by [Constantine Mavrocordatos](/wiki/Constantine_Mavrocordatos "Constantine Mavrocordatos") with the support of Ottoman troops. On 16 March 1821, [Tudor Vladimirescu](/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu "Tudor Vladimirescu") sets camp in this area along with his Panduri in order to begin [his botched uprising](/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821 "Wallachian uprising of 1821"). The significance of this place later gave the name to the [Drumul Taberei](/wiki/Drumul_Taberei "Drumul Taberei") housing estate built south of Militari in the 1960s and also the Tudor Vladimirescu Theorethical Highschool. The first military establishments in the area eventually are founded in 1863, which established a military camp meant to be used to train soldiers before eventually relocating west of [Tecuci](/wiki/Tecuci "Tecuci") in 1869\. Later in 1873, the [Army's Pyrotechnical Complex](/wiki/Pirotehnia_Armatei "Pirotehnia Armatei") was moved here along with the 30th Military Engineering Regiment and its barracks. By the end of the 19th century, a full military complex was established in the area, featuring a weapons depot, a factory for military clothing and a storage area for firewood. In March 1894, the Romanian Army expelled two pub owners (Gheorghe Grigore and Niculae Niță) and the inhabitants of these public houses to build the 40th Infantry Regiment. [thumb\|Map from 1921 showing the military establishments and railway lines west of the [Cotroceni Palace](/wiki/Cotroceni_Palace "Cotroceni Palace")](/wiki/File:Pantea_1921.jpg "Pantea 1921.jpg") With the development of the military establishments in the area, several railways appeared at the same time, serving the [Gara de Nord](/wiki/Gara_de_Nord "Gara de Nord") and [Gara Filaret](/wiki/Gara_Filaret "Gara Filaret") railway stations, along with a railway line going to the present\-day Bucharest Belt Railway. The commune of Militari is first mentioned in 1883, in a document relating to the sale of state\-owned land, and in 1901, it is mentioned in the Great Geographic Dictionary of Romania as belng part of *[plasa](/wiki/Plas%C4%83 "Plasă")* Snagov, with a total of 293 hectares (stretching all the way to the present\-day [Grivița](/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba "Grivița") and [Crângași](/wiki/Cr%C3%A2nga%C8%99i "Crângași")) and having a population of 584 people and a mixed school with 32 male students and 9 female students. It also had a brick factory and a watermill. In the early 20th century the village attracted the attention of local politicians due to the existence of an illegal cattle market which led to the closure of an official cattle market in the city of Bucharest. In 1906, a law was passed which reshaped the communes in the present\-day Ilfov County; the Militari commune administered the villages of Militari and Grivița along with the Ciurel [hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%28place%29 "Hamlet (place)") (*cătun*), all of which belonged to the plasa Pantelimon. After the First World War, between 1920 and 1926, the commune of Militari lost the village of Grivița and the hamlet of Ciurel; in addition the [Bolintin](/wiki/Bolintin_%28disambiguation%29 "Bolintin (disambiguation)") Road (*Drumul Bolintinului*), the main road going through the commune was renamed into [Alexander I, Unifier of Yugoslavia Avenue](/wiki/Aleksandar_I_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87 "Aleksandar I Karađorđević"). In 1926, the commune lost the hamlet of [Giulești](/wiki/Giule%C8%99ti "Giulești"), which became its own commune, being renamed into [Prince Carol II](/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania "Carol II of Romania") commune (and later in 1930 [Great Voyvode Michael](/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania "Michael I of Romania")) commune. Like most suburban communes of Bucharest, Militari was left to develop by itself without a proper development plan, as such population surged from just 584 inhabitants in 1901 to 8093 inhabitants in 1930 and 15\.492 inhabitants by the 1948 census. Due to the lack of a development plan and laws prohibiting development of suburban communes, most of the land was split up illegally, and "almost overnight" new roads (with improper names) and houses were built. According to the same census taken on 25 January 1948, among the 3320 dwellings, only 351 had electricity and 3 had running water, and 62,7% of the houses were built from wood and [thatched materials](/wiki/Thatching "Thatching") and 36,4% were made out of brick, stone or concrete.*Populația și clădirile municipiului București în 1948\. Rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului dela 25 ianuarie*, Institutul Central de Statistică, 1948\. The first steps in the modernization of the commune began in 1941 with the official naming of several streets that, some still maintain their name to this day (Apusului, Cupolei, Apeductului), followed by a more major program launched in 1942 to allow the introduction of public lightning, cesspools and communal guarding. In addition to this, in 1943, a new shuttle tram line (nr 13\) began to operate between Apusului street and the Cotroceni [railway crossing](/wiki/Railway_crossing "Railway crossing"), utilizing a single track path with [passing loops](/wiki/Passing_loop "Passing loop"). In an article dated 4 October 1944 however, the [Scânteia](/wiki/Sc%C3%A2nteia "Scânteia") newspaper criticised the way how public works were conducted in the commune and accused the local administration of theft of public funds and clientelism.„Scânteia” an I, nr. 14, 4 octombrie 1944, p. 4\.
[ "### Early history", "Starting from the sixteennth century, this area was the site of several estates owned by boyars, and on it was an area where the Austrian army camped during its march towards joining the [Russo\\-Ottoman war of 1735\\-1739](/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War%2C_1735-1739 \"Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739\"), only for them to be pushed away the following year by [Constantine Mavrocordatos](/wiki/Constantine_Mavrocordatos \"Constantine Mavrocordatos\") with the support of Ottoman troops. On 16 March 1821, [Tudor Vladimirescu](/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu \"Tudor Vladimirescu\") sets camp in this area along with his Panduri in order to begin [his botched uprising](/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821 \"Wallachian uprising of 1821\"). The significance of this place later gave the name to the [Drumul Taberei](/wiki/Drumul_Taberei \"Drumul Taberei\") housing estate built south of Militari in the 1960s and also the Tudor Vladimirescu Theorethical Highschool.", "The first military establishments in the area eventually are founded in 1863, which established a military camp meant to be used to train soldiers before eventually relocating west of [Tecuci](/wiki/Tecuci \"Tecuci\") in 1869\\. Later in 1873, the [Army's Pyrotechnical Complex](/wiki/Pirotehnia_Armatei \"Pirotehnia Armatei\") was moved here along with the 30th Military Engineering Regiment and its barracks. By the end of the 19th century, a full military complex was established in the area, featuring a weapons depot, a factory for military clothing and a storage area for firewood. In March 1894, the Romanian Army expelled two pub owners (Gheorghe Grigore and Niculae Niță) and the inhabitants of these public houses to build the 40th Infantry Regiment.\n[thumb\\|Map from 1921 showing the military establishments and railway lines west of the [Cotroceni Palace](/wiki/Cotroceni_Palace \"Cotroceni Palace\")](/wiki/File:Pantea_1921.jpg \"Pantea 1921.jpg\")\nWith the development of the military establishments in the area, several railways appeared at the same time, serving the [Gara de Nord](/wiki/Gara_de_Nord \"Gara de Nord\") and [Gara Filaret](/wiki/Gara_Filaret \"Gara Filaret\") railway stations, along with a railway line going to the present\\-day Bucharest Belt Railway.", "The commune of Militari is first mentioned in 1883, in a document relating to the sale of state\\-owned land, and in 1901, it is mentioned in the Great Geographic Dictionary of Romania as belng part of *[plasa](/wiki/Plas%C4%83 \"Plasă\")* Snagov, with a total of 293 hectares (stretching all the way to the present\\-day [Grivița](/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba \"Grivița\") and [Crângași](/wiki/Cr%C3%A2nga%C8%99i \"Crângași\")) and having a population of 584 people and a mixed school with 32 male students and 9 female students. It also had a brick factory and a watermill. In the early 20th century the village attracted the attention of local politicians due to the existence of an illegal cattle market which led to the closure of an official cattle market in the city of Bucharest. In 1906, a law was passed which reshaped the communes in the present\\-day Ilfov County; the Militari commune administered the villages of Militari and Grivița along with the Ciurel [hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%28place%29 \"Hamlet (place)\") (*cătun*), all of which belonged to the plasa Pantelimon.", "After the First World War, between 1920 and 1926, the commune of Militari lost the village of Grivița and the hamlet of Ciurel; in addition the [Bolintin](/wiki/Bolintin_%28disambiguation%29 \"Bolintin (disambiguation)\") Road (*Drumul Bolintinului*), the main road going through the commune was renamed into [Alexander I, Unifier of Yugoslavia Avenue](/wiki/Aleksandar_I_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87 \"Aleksandar I Karađorđević\"). In 1926, the commune lost the hamlet of [Giulești](/wiki/Giule%C8%99ti \"Giulești\"), which became its own commune, being renamed into [Prince Carol II](/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania \"Carol II of Romania\") commune (and later in 1930 [Great Voyvode Michael](/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania \"Michael I of Romania\")) commune.", "Like most suburban communes of Bucharest, Militari was left to develop by itself without a proper development plan, as such population surged from just 584 inhabitants in 1901 to 8093 inhabitants in 1930 and 15\\.492 inhabitants by the 1948 census. Due to the lack of a development plan and laws prohibiting development of suburban communes, most of the land was split up illegally, and \"almost overnight\" new roads (with improper names) and houses were built. According to the same census taken on 25 January 1948, among the 3320 dwellings, only 351 had electricity and 3 had running water, and 62,7% of the houses were built from wood and [thatched materials](/wiki/Thatching \"Thatching\") and 36,4% were made out of brick, stone or concrete.*Populația și clădirile municipiului București în 1948\\. Rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului dela 25 ianuarie*, Institutul Central de Statistică, 1948\\.", "The first steps in the modernization of the commune began in 1941 with the official naming of several streets that, some still maintain their name to this day (Apusului, Cupolei, Apeductului), followed by a more major program launched in 1942 to allow the introduction of public lightning, cesspools and communal guarding. In addition to this, in 1943, a new shuttle tram line (nr 13\\) began to operate between Apusului street and the Cotroceni [railway crossing](/wiki/Railway_crossing \"Railway crossing\"), utilizing a single track path with [passing loops](/wiki/Passing_loop \"Passing loop\"). In an article dated 4 October 1944 however, the [Scânteia](/wiki/Sc%C3%A2nteia \"Scânteia\") newspaper criticised the way how public works were conducted in the commune and accused the local administration of theft of public funds and clientelism.„Scânteia” an I, nr. 14, 4 octombrie 1944, p. 4\\.", "" ]
Administration -------------- [thumb\|379x379px\|The administrative divisions of the First French Empire 1812; the Illyrian Provinces are divided into six [departments](/wiki/Departments_of_France "Departments of France").](/wiki/File:Map_administrative_divisions_of_the_First_French_Empire_1812-en.svg "Map administrative divisions of the First French Empire 1812-en.svg") [thumb\| Political map of Italy in 1810 marking the Illyrian Provinces as part of the [First French Empire](/wiki/First_French_Empire "First French Empire")](/wiki/File:Italy_c_1810.png "Italy c 1810.png") The capital was established at *Laybach*, i.e. [Ljubljana](/wiki/Ljubljana "Ljubljana") in modern [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia "Slovenia"). According to Napoleon's Decree on the Organization of Illyria (*Decret sur l'organisation de l'Illyrie*), issued on April 15, 1811, the Central Government of the Illyrian Provinces (*Gouvernement general des provinces d'Illyrie*) in Ljubljana consisted of the governor\-general (*gouverneur\-général*), the general intendant of finance (*intendant général des finances*) and the commissioner of the judiciary (*commissaire de justice*). With two judges of the Appellate Court in Ljubljana they formed the Minor Council (*Petit conseil*) as the supreme judicial and administrative authority of the Provinces.{{cite web\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=WVdjAAAAcAAJ\&q\=decret\+sur\+l%27organisation\+de\+l%27illyrie\&pg\=PA19\|title\=Decret sur l'organisation de l'Illyrie (1811\)\|language\=fr\|access\-date\=7 March 2017\|last1\=Bonaparte\|first1\=Napoleon I.\|year\=1811}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://croatia.eu/article.php?id\=55⟨\=2\|title\=Croatian\-French relations\|access\-date\=2017\-05\-30\|archive\-date\=2016\-08\-21\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821185551/http://croatia.eu/article.php?lang\=2\&id\=55\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Subdivision The area initially consisted of eleven [departments](/wiki/Departments_of_France "Departments of France"), though the subdivision was never completely enacted: | Name | Capital | | --- | --- | | *Adelsberg* | [Adelsberg](/wiki/Postojna "Postojna") (Postojna) | | *Bouches\-du\-Cattaro* | [Cattaro](/wiki/Kotor "Kotor") (Kotor) | | *Croatie* | [Karlstadt](/wiki/Karlovac "Karlovac") (Karlovac) | | *Dalmatie* | [Zara](/wiki/Zadar "Zadar") (Zadar) | | *Fiume* | [Fiume](/wiki/Rijeka "Rijeka") (Rijeka) | | *Gorice* | [Gorice](/wiki/Gorizia "Gorizia") (Gorizia) | | *Laybach* | [Laybach](/wiki/Ljubljana "Ljubljana") (Ljubljana) | | *Neustadt* | [Neustadt](/wiki/Novo_Mesto "Novo Mesto") (Novo Mesto) | | *Raguse* | [Raguse](/wiki/Dubrovnik "Dubrovnik") (Dubrovnik) | | *Trieste* | [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste "Trieste") | | *Willach* | [Willach](/wiki/Villach "Villach") (Villach) | In 1811, the Illyrian provinces saw an administrative reorganization, when the country was divided initially in four – Laybach (Ljubljana), Karlstadt (Karlovac), Trieste (Trst), Zara (Zadar) – on 15 April in seven [provinces](/wiki/Department_%28France%29 "Department (France)") (*intendances*, similar to French *départements*). Each province was further subdivided into [districts](/wiki/Arrondissements "Arrondissements"), and these into [cantons](/wiki/Canton_%28France%29 "Canton (France)"). A province (*intendancy*) was governed by a provincial intendant, districts were administered by subdelegates (each district capital that was not a province capital had a subdelegation with a subdelegate, similar to French [subprefect](/wiki/Subprefect "Subprefect")) and in cantons [justices of the peace](/wiki/Justices_of_the_peace "Justices of the peace") had their seats. Municipalities – with municipal council, mayor and deputy mayors in larger municipalities; or council, municipality president\-syndic and deputy president\-deputy syndic – were units of local government. All officials and councillors were appointed by the emperor or the governor\-general, depending on their relevance and/or size of the subdivision unit in which they served. ### List of provinces List of provinces (*intendances*) and districts: | Province(Intendancy) | Capital | Districts | Former department | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | *Carinthie*(Carinthia) | Willach (Villach) | Willach[Lienz](/wiki/Lienz "Lienz") | *Willach* | | *Carniole*(Carniola) | Laybach (Ljubljana) | Adelsberg (Postojna)Laybach[Krainburg](/wiki/Kranj "Kranj") (Kranj)Neustadt (Novo Mesto) | *Adelsberg*, *Laybach*, *Neustadt* | | *Croatie civile*(Civil Croatia) | Karlstadt (Karlovac) | KarlstadtFiume (Rijeka)[Lussinpiccolo](/wiki/Mali_Lo%C5%A1inj "Mali Lošinj") (Mali Lošinj) | *Fiume*, parts of *Croatie* | | *Croatie militaire*(Military Croatia) | [Segna](/wiki/Senj "Senj") (Senj) | | parts of *Croatie* | | *Istrie*(Istria) | Trieste | TriesteGorice (Gorizia) [Capodistria](/wiki/Koper "Koper") (Koper)[Rovigno](/wiki/Rovinj "Rovinj") (Rovinj) | *Trieste* and *Gorice* | | *Dalmatie*(Dalmatia) | Zara (Zadar) | Zara [Spalato](/wiki/Split%2C_Croatia "Split, Croatia") (Split) [Lesina](/wiki/Hvar "Hvar") (Hvar) [Sebenico](/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik "Šibenik") (Šibenik) [Macarsca](/wiki/Makarska "Makarska") (Makarska) | *Dalmatie* | | *Raguse* | Raguse (Dubrovnik) | RaguseCattaro (Kotor) [Curzola](/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula "Korčula") (Korčula) | *Bouches\-du\-Cattaro* and *Raguse* | Two [Chambers of Commerce](/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce "Chamber of commerce") were established, at Trieste and at Ragusa. The ecclesiastical administration was reorganized in accordance with the new political borders; two [archdioceses](/wiki/Archdiocese "Archdiocese") were established with seats at [Ljubljana](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Ljubljana "Archdiocese of Ljubljana") and [Zara](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Zadar "Archdiocese of Zadar"), with [suffragan dioceses](/wiki/Suffragan_diocese "Suffragan diocese") at [Gorizia](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Gorizia "Archdiocese of Gorizia"), [Capodistria](/wiki/Diocese_of_Koper "Diocese of Koper"), [Sebenico](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C5%A0ibenik "Roman Catholic Diocese of Šibenik"), [Spalato](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Split-Makarska "Archdiocese of Split-Makarska") and [Ragusa](/wiki/Diocese_of_Dubrovnik "Diocese of Dubrovnik") (1811\). ### Governors\-general The French administration, headed by a governor\-general, introduced [civil law](/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29 "Civil law (legal system)") (the Napoleonic *[Code civil](/wiki/Code_civil "Code civil")*) across the provinces. The seat of the governor\-general was at Laybach. The governors\-general were: * [Auguste de Marmont](/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont "Auguste de Marmont") (8 October 1809 – January 1811\) * [Henri Gatien Bertrand](/wiki/Henri_Gatien_Bertrand "Henri Gatien Bertrand") (9 April 1811 – 21 February 1813\) * [Jean\-Andoche Junot](/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot "Jean-Andoche Junot") (21 February 1813 – July 1813\) * [Joseph Fouché](/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9 "Joseph Fouché") (July 1813 – August 1813\) ### Population The population (1811\) was given at 460,116 for the intendancy of Ljubljana, 381,000 for the intendancy of Karlovac, 357,857 for the intendancy of Trieste and 305,285 for the intendancy of Zara, in total 1,504,258 for all of Illyria. A French decree emancipated the [Jews](/wiki/Jew "Jew"); in effect the decree abolished a [Habsburg](/wiki/Habsburg "Habsburg") regulation which had forbidden Jews to settle within Carniola. ### Political arrangements [thumb\|The Napoleonic Eagle served as the symbol of the provinces from 1811 to 1814\.](/wiki/File:Napoleonic_Eagle_%28Illyrian_Provinces%29.svg "Napoleonic Eagle (Illyrian Provinces).svg") Despite the fact that not all French laws applied to the territory of the Illyrian Provinces, Illyrian offices were accountable to ministries in Paris and to the Higher Court of Paris. Inhabitants of the Illyrian Provinces had Illyrian nationality. Initially the official languages were French, Italian and German, but in 1811 Croatian and Slovenian were further added, the latter becoming official for the first time in history. Among the main changes the French empire brought were the overhaul of administration, the changing of the schooling system – creating universities and making Slovene a learning language – and the usage of the [Napoleonic Code](/wiki/Napoleonic_Code "Napoleonic Code") and the [Penal Code](/wiki/Penal_Code "Penal Code"). Although the French did not entirely abolish the [feudal system](/wiki/Feudal_system "Feudal system"), their rule familiarized in more detail the inhabitants of the Illyrian Provinces with the achievements of the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution") and with contemporary [bourgeois society](/wiki/Bourgeois_society "Bourgeois society"). They introduced equality before the law, [compulsory military service](/wiki/Compulsory_military_service "Compulsory military service") and a uniform tax system, and also abolished certain tax privileges, introduced modern administration, separated powers between the state and the church (the introduction of the [civil wedding](/wiki/Civil_wedding "Civil wedding"), keeping civil registration of births etc.), and nationalized the judiciary. The occupants made all the citizens theoretically equal under the law for the first time. The French also founded a university ({{lang\|fr\|École centrale}}) in 1810 (which was disbanded in 1813, when Austria regained control, but whose Basic Decree of 4 July 1810, which ordered the reorganization of the former Austrian lycees in Ljubljana and Zara into {{lang\|fr\|écoles centrales}}, is now considered the charter of the University of Ljubljana).Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, *1750–1850*, Tallahassee, Fla., University of Florida Press etc, 1990, vol.1, p. 604 They established the first [botanic garden](/wiki/Botanic_garden "Botanic garden") at the city's edge, redesigned the streets and made vaccination of children obligatory. At Karlovac, the headquarters of the Croatian military, a special French\-language military school was established in 1811\. The linguist [Jernej Kopitar](/wiki/Jernej_Kopitar "Jernej Kopitar") and the poet [Valentin Vodnik](/wiki/Valentin_Vodnik "Valentin Vodnik") succeeded in instructing the authorities at that time that the language of the inhabitants living in the present\-day Slovenian part of the Illyrian Provinces was actually [Slovene](/wiki/Slovene_language "Slovene language"). Although at the time of the Illyrian Provinces the [educational reform](/wiki/Educational_reform "Educational reform") did not come to life to its fullest ability, it was nevertheless of considerable social significance. The plan for reorganisation of the school system provided for education in elementary and secondary schools in Slovene in Slovenian areas. There were 25 [gymnasia](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 "Gymnasium (school)") in the Illyrian provinces. Proclamations were published in the provinces' official newspaper, the *Official Telegraph of the Illyrian Provinces* ({{lang\|fr\|Télégraphe officiel des Provinces Illyriennes}}). The newspaper was established by Marmont. In 1813, the French author [Charles Nodier](/wiki/Charles_Nodier "Charles Nodier") worked in Ljubljana as the last editor of the journal, significantly renovated it, and published it in French, Italian, and German.{{cite journal \|url\=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC\-9M1BSVND/302d3f59\-1211\-4e27\-a9f0\-27b30735e57d/PDF \|language\=sl \|title\=Charles Nodier in Ilirija \|trans\-title\=Charles Nodier and Illyria \|first\=Andreja \|last\=Juvan \|year\=2003 \|page\=181 \|volume\=51 \|journal\=Kronika: časopis Za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino \|publisher\=Section for the History of Places, Union of Historical Societies of Slovenia \|issn\=0023\-4923}} The "French gift" of letting Slovene be used at school was one of the most important reforms and it won the sympathy of members of the so\-called "Slovene National Awakening Movement". Marmont's school reform introduced, in the fall of 1810, a uniform four\-year primary school and an extended network of lower and upper gymnasiums and crafts schools. [Valentin Vodnik](/wiki/Valentin_Vodnik "Valentin Vodnik"), author of the poem "Illyria Arise", wrote numerous school books for primary schools and lower gymnasiums; since textbooks (and teachers) were scarce, these books made the realization of the idea of Slovene as a teaching language possible.
[ "Administration\n--------------", "[thumb\\|379x379px\\|The administrative divisions of the First French Empire 1812; the Illyrian Provinces are divided into six [departments](/wiki/Departments_of_France \"Departments of France\").](/wiki/File:Map_administrative_divisions_of_the_First_French_Empire_1812-en.svg \"Map administrative divisions of the First French Empire 1812-en.svg\") \n[thumb\\|\nPolitical map of Italy in 1810 marking the Illyrian Provinces as part of the [First French Empire](/wiki/First_French_Empire \"First French Empire\")](/wiki/File:Italy_c_1810.png \"Italy c 1810.png\")\nThe capital was established at *Laybach*, i.e. [Ljubljana](/wiki/Ljubljana \"Ljubljana\") in modern [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia \"Slovenia\"). According to Napoleon's Decree on the Organization of Illyria (*Decret sur l'organisation de l'Illyrie*), issued on April 15, 1811, the Central Government of the Illyrian Provinces (*Gouvernement general des provinces d'Illyrie*) in Ljubljana consisted of the governor\\-general (*gouverneur\\-général*), the general intendant of finance (*intendant général des finances*) and the commissioner of the judiciary (*commissaire de justice*). With two judges of the Appellate Court in Ljubljana they formed the Minor Council (*Petit conseil*) as the supreme judicial and administrative authority of the Provinces.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WVdjAAAAcAAJ\\&q\\=decret\\+sur\\+l%27organisation\\+de\\+l%27illyrie\\&pg\\=PA19\\|title\\=Decret sur l'organisation de l'Illyrie (1811\\)\\|language\\=fr\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2017\\|last1\\=Bonaparte\\|first1\\=Napoleon I.\\|year\\=1811}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://croatia.eu/article.php?id\\=55⟨\\=2\\|title\\=Croatian\\-French relations\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-30\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-21\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821185551/http://croatia.eu/article.php?lang\\=2\\&id\\=55\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Subdivision", "The area initially consisted of eleven [departments](/wiki/Departments_of_France \"Departments of France\"), though the subdivision was never completely enacted:", "| Name | Capital |\n| --- | --- |\n| *Adelsberg* | [Adelsberg](/wiki/Postojna \"Postojna\") (Postojna) |\n| *Bouches\\-du\\-Cattaro* | [Cattaro](/wiki/Kotor \"Kotor\") (Kotor) |\n| *Croatie* | [Karlstadt](/wiki/Karlovac \"Karlovac\") (Karlovac) |\n| *Dalmatie* | [Zara](/wiki/Zadar \"Zadar\") (Zadar) |\n| *Fiume* | [Fiume](/wiki/Rijeka \"Rijeka\") (Rijeka) |\n| *Gorice* | [Gorice](/wiki/Gorizia \"Gorizia\") (Gorizia) |\n| *Laybach* | [Laybach](/wiki/Ljubljana \"Ljubljana\") (Ljubljana) |\n| *Neustadt* | [Neustadt](/wiki/Novo_Mesto \"Novo Mesto\") (Novo Mesto) |\n| *Raguse* | [Raguse](/wiki/Dubrovnik \"Dubrovnik\") (Dubrovnik) |\n| *Trieste* | [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\") |\n| *Willach* | [Willach](/wiki/Villach \"Villach\") (Villach) |", "In 1811, the Illyrian provinces saw an administrative reorganization, when the country was divided initially in four – Laybach (Ljubljana), Karlstadt (Karlovac), Trieste (Trst), Zara (Zadar) – on 15 April in seven [provinces](/wiki/Department_%28France%29 \"Department (France)\") (*intendances*, similar to French *départements*). Each province was further subdivided into [districts](/wiki/Arrondissements \"Arrondissements\"), and these into [cantons](/wiki/Canton_%28France%29 \"Canton (France)\"). A province (*intendancy*) was governed by a provincial intendant, districts were administered by subdelegates (each district capital that was not a province capital had a subdelegation with a subdelegate, similar to French [subprefect](/wiki/Subprefect \"Subprefect\")) and in cantons [justices of the peace](/wiki/Justices_of_the_peace \"Justices of the peace\") had their seats. Municipalities – with municipal council, mayor and deputy mayors in larger municipalities; or council, municipality president\\-syndic and deputy president\\-deputy syndic – were units of local government. All officials and councillors were appointed by the emperor or the governor\\-general, depending on their relevance and/or size of the subdivision unit in which they served.", "### List of provinces", "List of provinces (*intendances*) and districts:", "| Province(Intendancy) | Capital | Districts | Former department |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *Carinthie*(Carinthia) | Willach (Villach) | Willach[Lienz](/wiki/Lienz \"Lienz\") | *Willach* |\n| *Carniole*(Carniola) | Laybach (Ljubljana) | Adelsberg (Postojna)Laybach[Krainburg](/wiki/Kranj \"Kranj\") (Kranj)Neustadt (Novo Mesto) | *Adelsberg*, *Laybach*, *Neustadt* |\n| *Croatie civile*(Civil Croatia) | Karlstadt (Karlovac) | KarlstadtFiume (Rijeka)[Lussinpiccolo](/wiki/Mali_Lo%C5%A1inj \"Mali Lošinj\") (Mali Lošinj) | *Fiume*, parts of *Croatie* |\n| *Croatie militaire*(Military Croatia) | [Segna](/wiki/Senj \"Senj\") (Senj) | | parts of *Croatie* |\n| *Istrie*(Istria) | Trieste | TriesteGorice (Gorizia) [Capodistria](/wiki/Koper \"Koper\") (Koper)[Rovigno](/wiki/Rovinj \"Rovinj\") (Rovinj) | *Trieste* and *Gorice* |\n| *Dalmatie*(Dalmatia) | Zara (Zadar) | Zara [Spalato](/wiki/Split%2C_Croatia \"Split, Croatia\") (Split) [Lesina](/wiki/Hvar \"Hvar\") (Hvar) [Sebenico](/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik \"Šibenik\") (Šibenik) [Macarsca](/wiki/Makarska \"Makarska\") (Makarska) | *Dalmatie* |\n| *Raguse* | Raguse (Dubrovnik) | RaguseCattaro (Kotor) [Curzola](/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula \"Korčula\") (Korčula) | *Bouches\\-du\\-Cattaro* and *Raguse* |", "Two [Chambers of Commerce](/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce \"Chamber of commerce\") were established, at Trieste and at Ragusa. The ecclesiastical administration was reorganized in accordance with the new political borders; two [archdioceses](/wiki/Archdiocese \"Archdiocese\") were established with seats at [Ljubljana](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Ljubljana \"Archdiocese of Ljubljana\") and [Zara](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Zadar \"Archdiocese of Zadar\"), with [suffragan dioceses](/wiki/Suffragan_diocese \"Suffragan diocese\") at [Gorizia](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Gorizia \"Archdiocese of Gorizia\"), [Capodistria](/wiki/Diocese_of_Koper \"Diocese of Koper\"), [Sebenico](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C5%A0ibenik \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Šibenik\"), [Spalato](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Split-Makarska \"Archdiocese of Split-Makarska\") and [Ragusa](/wiki/Diocese_of_Dubrovnik \"Diocese of Dubrovnik\") (1811\\).", "### Governors\\-general", "The French administration, headed by a governor\\-general, introduced [civil law](/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29 \"Civil law (legal system)\") (the Napoleonic *[Code civil](/wiki/Code_civil \"Code civil\")*) across the provinces. The seat of the governor\\-general was at Laybach. The governors\\-general were:", "* [Auguste de Marmont](/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont \"Auguste de Marmont\") (8 October 1809 – January 1811\\)\n* [Henri Gatien Bertrand](/wiki/Henri_Gatien_Bertrand \"Henri Gatien Bertrand\") (9 April 1811 – 21 February 1813\\)\n* [Jean\\-Andoche Junot](/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot \"Jean-Andoche Junot\") (21 February 1813 – July 1813\\)\n* [Joseph Fouché](/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9 \"Joseph Fouché\") (July 1813 – August 1813\\)", "### Population", "The population (1811\\) was given at 460,116 for the intendancy of Ljubljana, 381,000 for the intendancy of Karlovac, 357,857 for the intendancy of Trieste and 305,285 for the intendancy of Zara, in total 1,504,258 for all of Illyria. A French decree emancipated the [Jews](/wiki/Jew \"Jew\"); in effect the decree abolished a [Habsburg](/wiki/Habsburg \"Habsburg\") regulation which had forbidden Jews to settle within Carniola.", "### Political arrangements", "[thumb\\|The Napoleonic Eagle served as the symbol of the provinces from 1811 to 1814\\.](/wiki/File:Napoleonic_Eagle_%28Illyrian_Provinces%29.svg \"Napoleonic Eagle (Illyrian Provinces).svg\")\nDespite the fact that not all French laws applied to the territory of the Illyrian Provinces, Illyrian offices were accountable to ministries in Paris and to the Higher Court of Paris. Inhabitants of the Illyrian Provinces had Illyrian nationality. Initially the official languages were French, Italian and German, but in 1811 Croatian and Slovenian were further added, the latter becoming official for the first time in history. Among the main changes the French empire brought were the overhaul of administration, the changing of the schooling system – creating universities and making Slovene a learning language – and the usage of the [Napoleonic Code](/wiki/Napoleonic_Code \"Napoleonic Code\") and the [Penal Code](/wiki/Penal_Code \"Penal Code\"). Although the French did not entirely abolish the [feudal system](/wiki/Feudal_system \"Feudal system\"), their rule familiarized in more detail the inhabitants of the Illyrian Provinces with the achievements of the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\") and with contemporary [bourgeois society](/wiki/Bourgeois_society \"Bourgeois society\"). They introduced equality before the law, [compulsory military service](/wiki/Compulsory_military_service \"Compulsory military service\") and a uniform tax system, and also abolished certain tax privileges, introduced modern administration, separated powers between the state and the church (the introduction of the [civil wedding](/wiki/Civil_wedding \"Civil wedding\"), keeping civil registration of births etc.), and nationalized the judiciary. The occupants made all the citizens theoretically equal under the law for the first time.", "The French also founded a university ({{lang\\|fr\\|École centrale}}) in 1810 (which was disbanded in 1813, when Austria regained control, but whose Basic Decree of 4 July 1810, which ordered the reorganization of the former Austrian lycees in Ljubljana and Zara into {{lang\\|fr\\|écoles centrales}}, is now considered the charter of the University of Ljubljana).Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, *1750–1850*, Tallahassee, Fla., University of Florida Press etc, 1990, vol.1, p. 604 They established the first [botanic garden](/wiki/Botanic_garden \"Botanic garden\") at the city's edge, redesigned the streets and made vaccination of children obligatory. At Karlovac, the headquarters of the Croatian military, a special French\\-language military school was established in 1811\\. The linguist [Jernej Kopitar](/wiki/Jernej_Kopitar \"Jernej Kopitar\") and the poet [Valentin Vodnik](/wiki/Valentin_Vodnik \"Valentin Vodnik\") succeeded in instructing the authorities at that time that the language of the inhabitants living in the present\\-day Slovenian part of the Illyrian Provinces was actually [Slovene](/wiki/Slovene_language \"Slovene language\"). Although at the time of the Illyrian Provinces the [educational reform](/wiki/Educational_reform \"Educational reform\") did not come to life to its fullest ability, it was nevertheless of considerable social significance. The plan for reorganisation of the school system provided for education in elementary and secondary schools in Slovene in Slovenian areas. There were 25 [gymnasia](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 \"Gymnasium (school)\") in the Illyrian provinces.", "Proclamations were published in the provinces' official newspaper, the *Official Telegraph of the Illyrian Provinces* ({{lang\\|fr\\|Télégraphe officiel des Provinces Illyriennes}}). The newspaper was established by Marmont. In 1813, the French author [Charles Nodier](/wiki/Charles_Nodier \"Charles Nodier\") worked in Ljubljana as the last editor of the journal, significantly renovated it, and published it in French, Italian, and German.{{cite journal \\|url\\=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC\\-9M1BSVND/302d3f59\\-1211\\-4e27\\-a9f0\\-27b30735e57d/PDF \\|language\\=sl \\|title\\=Charles Nodier in Ilirija \\|trans\\-title\\=Charles Nodier and Illyria \\|first\\=Andreja \\|last\\=Juvan \\|year\\=2003 \\|page\\=181 \\|volume\\=51 \\|journal\\=Kronika: časopis Za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino \\|publisher\\=Section for the History of Places, Union of Historical Societies of Slovenia \\|issn\\=0023\\-4923}} The \"French gift\" of letting Slovene be used at school was one of the most important reforms and it won the sympathy of members of the so\\-called \"Slovene National Awakening Movement\". Marmont's school reform introduced, in the fall of 1810, a uniform four\\-year primary school and an extended network of lower and upper gymnasiums and crafts schools. [Valentin Vodnik](/wiki/Valentin_Vodnik \"Valentin Vodnik\"), author of the poem \"Illyria Arise\", wrote numerous school books for primary schools and lower gymnasiums; since textbooks (and teachers) were scarce, these books made the realization of the idea of Slovene as a teaching language possible.", "" ]
Geometric interpretation ------------------------ We assume that *A* is a [field](/wiki/Field_%28mathematics%29 "Field (mathematics)") *k*. The exact sequence above is dual to the sequence 0 \\longrightarrow \\mathcal O \\longrightarrow \\mathcal O (1\)^{\\oplus (n\+1\)} \\longrightarrow \\mathcal T \\longrightarrow 0 , where \\mathcal T is the [tangent sheaf](/wiki/Tangent_sheaf "Tangent sheaf") of \\mathbb{P}^n. Let us explain the coordinate\-free version of this sequence, on \\mathbb{P} V for an (n\+1\)\-dimensional [vector space](/wiki/Vector_space "Vector space") *V* over *k*: 0\\longrightarrow \\mathcal O\_{\\mathbb{P} V} \\longrightarrow \\mathcal O\_{\\mathbb{P} V}(1\)\\otimes V \\longrightarrow \\mathcal T\_{\\mathbb{P} V} \\longrightarrow 0\. This sequence is most easily understood by interpreting sections of the central term as 1\-homogeneous [vector fields](/wiki/Vector_field "Vector field") on *V*. One such section, the [Euler vector field](/wiki/Euler_vector_field "Euler vector field"), associates to each point v of the variety V the tangent vector v. This vector field is radial in the sense that it vanishes uniformly on 0\-homogeneous functions, that is, the functions that are invariant by homothetic rescaling, or "*independent of the radial coordinate*". A function (defined on some open set) on \\mathbb P V gives rise by pull\-back to a 0\-homogeneous function on *V* (again partially defined). We obtain 1\-homogeneous vector fields by multiplying the Euler vector field by such functions. This is the definition of the first map, and its injectivity is immediate. The second map is related to the notion of derivation, equivalent to that of vector field. Recall that a vector field on an open set *U* of the projective space \\mathbb{P} V can be defined as a derivation of the functions defined on this open set. Pulled\-back in *V*, this is equivalent to a derivation on the preimage of *U* that preserves 0\-homogeneous functions. Any vector field on \\mathbb{P} V can be thus obtained, and the defect of injectivity of this mapping consists precisely of the radial vector fields. Therefore the kernel of the second morphism equals the image of the first one.
[ "Geometric interpretation\n------------------------", "We assume that *A* is a [field](/wiki/Field_%28mathematics%29 \"Field (mathematics)\") *k*.", "The exact sequence above is dual to the sequence\n 0 \\\\longrightarrow \\\\mathcal O \\\\longrightarrow \\\\mathcal O (1\\)^{\\\\oplus (n\\+1\\)} \\\\longrightarrow \\\\mathcal T \\\\longrightarrow 0 ,\nwhere \\\\mathcal T is the [tangent sheaf](/wiki/Tangent_sheaf \"Tangent sheaf\") of \\\\mathbb{P}^n.", "Let us explain the coordinate\\-free version of this sequence, on \\\\mathbb{P} V for an (n\\+1\\)\\-dimensional [vector space](/wiki/Vector_space \"Vector space\") *V* over *k*:\n0\\\\longrightarrow \\\\mathcal O\\_{\\\\mathbb{P} V} \\\\longrightarrow \\\\mathcal O\\_{\\\\mathbb{P} V}(1\\)\\\\otimes V \\\\longrightarrow \\\\mathcal T\\_{\\\\mathbb{P} V} \\\\longrightarrow 0\\.", "This sequence is most easily understood by interpreting sections of the central term as 1\\-homogeneous [vector fields](/wiki/Vector_field \"Vector field\") on *V*. One such section, the [Euler vector field](/wiki/Euler_vector_field \"Euler vector field\"), associates to each point v of the variety V the tangent vector v. This vector field is radial in the sense that it vanishes uniformly on 0\\-homogeneous functions, that is, the functions that are invariant by homothetic rescaling, or \"*independent of the radial coordinate*\".", "A function (defined on some open set) on \\\\mathbb P V gives rise by pull\\-back to a 0\\-homogeneous function on *V* (again partially defined). We obtain 1\\-homogeneous vector fields by multiplying the Euler vector field by such functions. This is the definition of the first map, and its injectivity is immediate.", "The second map is related to the notion of derivation, equivalent to that of vector field. Recall that a vector field on an open set *U* of the projective space \\\\mathbb{P} V can be defined as a derivation of the functions defined on this open set. Pulled\\-back in *V*, this is equivalent to a derivation on the preimage of *U* that preserves 0\\-homogeneous functions. Any vector field on \\\\mathbb{P} V can be thus obtained, and the defect of injectivity of this mapping consists precisely of the radial vector fields.", "Therefore the kernel of the second morphism equals the image of the first one.", "" ]
Early settlers -------------- [thumb\|250px\|An information board, erected in 1969 by the Village Improvement Society, marking out sites of interest around the "Old Ledge" Meeting House, off Route 88 at Gilman Road](/wiki/File:Historic_Yarmouth_information_board.jpg "Historic Yarmouth information board.jpg") Traces of human occupation in the Yarmouth area date to about 2,000 [BC](/wiki/Before_Christ "Before Christ"). During the years prior to the arrival of the Europeans, many [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") cultures existed in the area,[Yarmouth Historical Society](http://www.yarmouth.me.us), via the Yarmouth/North Yarmouth Community Guide, *Portland Press Herald*, Summer 2007 largely because of the natural features of the coastal land. Rivers provided several resources, including food, fertile soil, power for the mills and the navigability between the inland areas and the ocean.["Ancient North Yarmouth and Yarmouth"](http://www.yarmouthmehistory.org/ancient-north-yarmouth-and-yarmouth/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004083854/http://www.yarmouthmehistory.org/ancient\-north\-yarmouth\-and\-yarmouth/ \|date\=2018\-10\-04 }} \- Yarmouth Historical Society In 1643, Englishman [George Felt](/wiki/George_Felt "George Felt"), who had emigrated to [Charlestown](/wiki/Charlestown%2C_Massachusetts "Charlestown, Massachusetts"), [Massachusetts Bay Colony](/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony "Massachusetts Bay Colony"), eighteen years earlier, purchased 300 acres of land at [Broad Cove](/wiki/Broad_Cove%2C_Maine "Broad Cove, Maine") from John Phillips (1607–{{circa\|1667}}), a Welshman, and thus became one of the first European settlers in Yarmouth. (His family in [Bedfordshire](/wiki/Bedfordshire "Bedfordshire"), England, went by the family name *Felce*. He called himself George *Felch*, however, when he moved to America. He began to be known as George *Felt* in his later years.) Englishman [William Royall](/wiki/William_Royall_%28settler%29 "William Royall (settler)") ({{circa\|1595}}–1676\),["Muddy Waters"](http://www.portlandmonthly.com/portmag/2020/06/muddy-waters/), *[Portland Magazine](/wiki/Portland_Magazine "Portland Magazine")* (June 2020\) a [cooper](/wiki/Cooper_%28profession%29 "Cooper (profession)"), emigrated to [Salem](/wiki/Salem%2C_Massachusetts "Salem, Massachusetts"), Massachusetts Bay Colony, in July 1629, aboard the *[Lyon's Whelp](/wiki/Lyon%27s_Whelp "Lyon's Whelp")*. He was a servant in the [Massachusetts Bay Colony Company](/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Company "Massachusetts Bay Company"), and after serving his seven years, he was provided with a land grant in the [Casco Bay](/wiki/Casco_Bay "Casco Bay") area of Maine. In 1636, he purchased a farm at what is now the upscale Lambert Point, next to Redding Creek, at the southern tip of Lambert Road, where he lived with his wife, [County Durham](/wiki/County_Durham "County Durham") native Phoebe Green. They had thirteen children together between 1639 and 1657, the first being son William Jr. The Royal River has ever\-since borne an alternative spelling of Royall Sr.'s name, though two streets off [Gilman Road](/wiki/Gilman_Road "Gilman Road") — Royall Meadow Road and Royall Point Road — carry the double\-L spelling. (One of the earliest maps naming the river *Royal* was a 1699 map by [Wolfgang William Romer](/wiki/Wolfgang_William_Romer "Wolfgang William Romer") on which it was spelled "Roiall River.") This stream and its vicinity were called by the Indians "Westcustogo" — a name that, until the early 1990s, was preserved by an [inn of the same name](/wiki/Westcustogo_Inn "Westcustogo Inn") on [Princes Point Road](/wiki/Princes_Point_Road "Princes Point Road") at its intersection with [Lafayette Street](/wiki/Maine_State_Route_88 "Maine State Route 88").[Westcustogo Inn](https://www.angelfire.com/me4/westcustogoinn/) (The building remains but it is now occupied by another business.) [John Cousins](/wiki/John_Cousins "John Cousins") ({{circa\|1596}}–1682\), a native of [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire "Wiltshire"), England, had arrived a year or more earlier than Royall, with his wife, Mary, occupying the neck of land between the branches of the [Cousins River](/wiki/Cousins_River "Cousins River") and [Cousins Island](/wiki/Cousins_Island "Cousins Island").["Cousins Make Mark on Maine"](http://banfield-hodgkinsfamily.com/cousinsdocument2.pdf) \- banfield\-hodgkinsfamily.com [thumb\|250px\|The Royal River rushing by [Sparhawk Mill](/wiki/Sparhawk_Mill "Sparhawk Mill") en route to the First Falls](/wiki/File:Royal_River%2C_Yarmouth%2C_Maine.jpg "Royal River, Yarmouth, Maine.jpg") By 1676, approximately sixty\-five people lived in Westcustogo. Soon after, however, conflicts forged by [King Philip's War](/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War "King Philip's War") (1675–1678\) caused them to abandon their homes and move south. John Cousins was injured and went to [York, Maine](/wiki/York%2C_Maine "York, Maine"), to receive treatment. He died in Cider Hill, [York County](/wiki/York_County%2C_Maine "York County, Maine"), in 1682, aged 86\. He deeded his real estate in Casco Bay to his wife. Some settlers returned to their dwellings in 1679, and within twelve months the region became incorporated as [North Yarmouth](/wiki/North_Yarmouth%2C_Maine "North Yarmouth, Maine"), the eighth town of the [Province of Maine](/wiki/Province_of_Maine "Province of Maine"). In 1684, an English military officer named [Walter Gendall](/wiki/Walter_Gendall "Walter Gendall") claimed to own all of Felt's two thousand acres in Casco Bay. He had purchased one hundred acres from him in 1680\. Gendall had emigrated to America from [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall "Cornwall") around 1640\.[*Captain Walter Gendall, of North Yarmouth, Maine: A Biographical Sketch*, Doctor Charles E. Banks (1880\)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002070890232&view=1up&seq=7) \- HathiTrust In 1688, during the early stages of [King William's War](/wiki/King_William%27s_War "King William's War"), also known as the Second Indian War (1688–1697\), while the inhabitants on the southern side of the river were building a [garrison](/wiki/Garrison "Garrison"), they were attacked by Indians, and attempted a defense. They continued the contest until nightfall, when the Indians retired. It was not long before they appeared again, in such force that the thirty\-six families of the settlement were forced to flee, abandoning their homes for a second time. Walter Gendall, who had been on good terms with the Indians, was killed. The unrest kept the area deserted for many years, but by 1715 settlers revisited their homes, by which point they found their fields and the sites of their habitations covered by a young growth of trees. The mills at the First Falls were rebuilt first. In 1722, a "Committee for the Resettlement of North Yarmouth" was formed in [Boston](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts "Boston, Massachusetts"), [Province of Massachusetts Bay](/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay "Province of Massachusetts Bay"). In 1725, Massachusetts natives William and Matthew Scales were killed at the hands of the Indians. William's wife and daughter, both named Susannah, survived. His daughter married James Buxton the same year. They are both buried in the [Ledge Cemetery](/wiki/Ledge_Cemetery "Ledge Cemetery"). Joseph Felt, son of Moses Felt II, also perished. His wife, Sarah (Mills), and children were taken into captivity for five years. One of the captors remarked to Felt's widow: "Husband much tough man! Shot good many times, no die! Take scalp off alive; then take knife and cut neck long 'round."*History of Cumberland County, Maine: Town of Cumberland*, Everts \& Peck, 1880 Joseph Felt's daughter and George Felt's great\-granddaughter, Sarah, married in 1720 Captain Peter Weare, who recovered the family in some woods near Quebec. He later drowned while crossing the river near his home. The captain's son and Joseph Felt's brother\-in\-law, [Joseph Weare](/wiki/Joseph_Weare "Joseph Weare"), became a noted scout, pursuing the Native Americans at every opportunity until his death during a trip to Boston sometime after 1774\. His widow, Mary Noyes, remarried, to Humphrey Merrill of Falmouth. Once resettlement began, in 1727, the town's population began to grow rapidly. A proprietors' map was drawn up. It surveyed land divisions made with 103 original proprietors, each with a home lot of ten acres. If this lot was occupied and improved, the settler was permitted to apply for larger after\-divisions. The structural frame of the first [meetinghouse](/wiki/Meeting_house "Meeting house"), the [Meetinghouse under the Ledge](/wiki/Meetinghouse_under_the_Ledge "Meetinghouse under the Ledge"), was raised in 1729 near Westcustogo Hill on what is now Gilman Road, and nine years later the first school was built at the northwestern corner of the Princes Point Road intersection. North Yarmouth held its first town meeting on May 14, 1733\. In August 1746, a party of thirty\-two Indians secreted themselves near the Lower Falls for the apparent purpose of surprising Weare's garrison, in the process killing 35\-year\-old Philip Greely, whose barking dog blew their cover. Greely's son, [Jonathan](/wiki/Jonathan_Greeley "Jonathan Greeley"), died in an engagement with a British [frigate](/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") off [Marblehead, Massachusetts](/wiki/Marblehead%2C_Massachusetts "Marblehead, Massachusetts"), in 1781\. He was 39\. Hannah, Philip's widow, remarried to Jonathan Underwood. In June 1748,[North Yarmouth Necrology, 1736–1762](https://archives.mainegenealogy.net/2011/09/north-yarmouth-deaths-1736-1762.html) \- Rev. Amasa Loring a large party of Indians surprised four people near the meetinghouse. They killed the elderly Ebenezer Eaton. Joseph Burnell was the only inhabitant of the town to be killed at the hands of the Indians in 1751\. He had been on horseback near the Presumpscot River falls when he was ambushed and shot. He was found scalped, with his steed lying nearby, having been shot four times. He left behind a wife and 14\-year\-old daughter, both named Sarah. [thumb\|right\|250px\|Wooden plaques provided by the Yarmouth Village Improvement Society adorn more than 100 notable buildings in the town. Blanchard moved from this residence, at 158 Main Street, to 317 Main Street in 1855](/wiki/File:Sylvanus_Blanchard%27s_house2.jpg "Sylvanus Blanchard's house2.jpg") In 1756, [Indians attacked the Means family](/wiki/Means_massacre "Means massacre"), who lived at [Flying Point](/wiki/Flying_Point "Flying Point"). The family consisted of Thomas, his wife Alice, daughters Alice and Jane,["Maine Ulster Scots Project"](https://www.facebook.com/maineulsterscots/posts/1120272948037730) \- Facebook, May 6, 2016 an infant son, Robert, and Molly Finney, sister of the patriarch and aged about sixteen. The family was dragged out of their home. Thomas was shot and scalped. Mother and baby ran back into the house and barricaded the door. One of the attackers shot through a hole in the wall, killing the infant and puncturing his mother's breast. John Martin, who had been sleeping in another room, fired at them, causing them to flee. They took with them Molly, whom they made follow them through the woods to Canada. Upon her arrival in Quebec, she was sold as a slave. A few months later, Captain [William McLellan](/wiki/William_McLellan_%28sea_captain%2C_born_1735%29 "William McLellan (sea captain, born 1735)"), of Falmouth, was in Quebec in charge of a group of prisoners for exchange. He had known Molly before her capture and secretly arranged for her escape. He came below her window and threw her a rope which she slid down. McLellan brought her back to Falmouth on his vessel. They married shortly afterwards. Alice remarried, to Colonel George Rogers. Thomas is interred in Freeport's First Parish Cemetery, alongside his son. His wife is buried with her second husband in Flying Point Cemetery. The Means massacre was the last act of resistance by the indigenous people to occur within the limits of the town. By 1764, 1,098 individuals lived in 154 houses. By 1810, the population was 3,295\. During a time of peace, settlement began to relocate along the coast and inland. The town's [Main Street](/wiki/Main_Street_%28Yarmouth%2C_Maine%29 "Main Street (Yarmouth, Maine)") gradually became divided into the [Upper Village](/wiki/Upper_Village "Upper Village") (also known as t*he Corner*) and [Lower Falls](/wiki/Lower_Falls_%28Yarmouth%2C_Maine%29 "Lower Falls (Yarmouth, Maine)"), the split roughly located around the present\-day [U.S. Route 1](/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Maine "U.S. Route 1 in Maine") overpass ([Brickyard Hollow](/wiki/Brickyard_Hollow "Brickyard Hollow"), as it was known). Among the new proprietors at the time were descendants of the [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth%2C_Massachusetts "Plymouth, Massachusetts") [Pilgrims](/wiki/Pilgrim_%28Plymouth_Colony%29 "Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)"). [thumb\|250px\|A circa\-1890 photo of Camp Hammond, with the stacks of Forest Paper Company in the background. Pictured on Main Street with their bicycles are Harry Storer and J. Carswell Lane.](/wiki/File:Camp_Hammond%2C_Yarmouth_ME.jpg "Camp Hammond, Yarmouth ME.jpg") The Yarmouth Village Improvement Society has added wooden plaques to over 100 notable buildings in town. These include:*Maine's Historic Places*, Frank Beard (1982\)[Yarmouth Historical Society: The National Register of Historic Places](http://www.yarmouthmehistory.org/the-national-register-of-historic-places/) * [Cushing and Hannah Prince House](/wiki/Cushing_and_Hannah_Prince_House "Cushing and Hannah Prince House"), 189 Greely Road — built 1785\. This [Federal\-style](/wiki/Federal-style "Federal-style") farmhouse remained the home of several generations of the Levi and Olive Prince Blanchard family from 1832 to 1912 * [Mitchell House](/wiki/Mitchell_House_%28Yarmouth%2C_Maine%29 "Mitchell House (Yarmouth, Maine)"), 333 Main Street — circa 1800\. Another Federal\-style building, with an unusual steeply\-pitched [hip roof](/wiki/Hip_roof "Hip roof"), it was the home of three doctors — [Ammi Ruhamah Mitchell](/wiki/Ammi_Ruhamah_Mitchell "Ammi Ruhamah Mitchell"), who died "suddenly" in 1824, aged 62, [Gad Hitchcock](/wiki/Gad_Hitchcock "Gad Hitchcock") and [Eleazer Burbank](/wiki/Eleazer_Burbank "Eleazer Burbank") * [Capt. S. C. Blanchard House](/wiki/Capt._S._C._Blanchard_House "Capt. S. C. Blanchard House"), 317 Main Street — 1855\. One of the most elaborate and finely\-detailed [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate "Italianate") residences on the Maine coast, it was built by [Sylvanus Blanchard](/wiki/Sylvanus_Blanchard "Sylvanus Blanchard") (1778–1858\),[Cemetery Records](http://www.yarmouthmehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/CemeteryRecords_000.pdf) at YarmouthMEHistory.org a highly successful shipbuilder. The design is by [Charles A. Alexander](/wiki/Charles_A._Alexander "Charles A. Alexander"), who also executed the Chestnut Street [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist "Methodist") Church in Portland. It replaced a building that is pictured in the oldest image (a drawing) of a Yarmouth street scene, drawn between 1837 and 1855*Images of America: Yarmouth*, Alan M. Hall (Arcadia, 2002\), p.6 * [Captain Rueben Merrill House](/wiki/Capt._Reuben_Merrill_House "Capt. Reuben Merrill House"), 233 West Main Street — 1858\. [Thomas J. Sparrow](/wiki/Thomas_J._Sparrow "Thomas J. Sparrow"), the first native Portland architect, designed this three\-storey Italian\-style house. Merrill was a well\-known sea captain, who went down with his ship off [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") in 1875\. Few changes have been made in the building, because it did not leave the possession of the Merrill family between then and 2011 Another notable building is [Camp Hammond](/wiki/Camp_Hammond_%28Yarmouth%2C_Maine%29 "Camp Hammond (Yarmouth, Maine)") (1889–90\), at 275 Main Street, whose construction method is significant in that the building consists of a single exterior wall of heavy planks over timbers, with no hidden spaces or hollow walls. This so\-called mill\-built construction was used largely for fire prevention. It was built by [George W. Hammond](/wiki/George_W._Hammond "George W. Hammond"). [Frederick Law Olmsted](/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted "Frederick Law Olmsted"), who is responsible for the layout of New York's [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park"), designed the landscape for the exterior.*Yarmouth Revisited*, Amy Aldredge A "[grasshopper](/wiki/Grasshopper "Grasshopper") plague" arrived in 1822, which resulted in the loss of wheat and corn crops. Around 1847, the Old Ledge School was moved from Gilman Road to today's [Maine State Route 88](/wiki/Maine_State_Route_88 "Maine State Route 88"), at the foot of the hill where the West Side Trail crosses the road. A 1975 replica now stands just beyond the brick schools on West Main Street.
[ "Early settlers\n--------------", "[thumb\\|250px\\|An information board, erected in 1969 by the Village Improvement Society, marking out sites of interest around the \"Old Ledge\" Meeting House, off Route 88 at Gilman Road](/wiki/File:Historic_Yarmouth_information_board.jpg \"Historic Yarmouth information board.jpg\")", "Traces of human occupation in the Yarmouth area date to about 2,000 [BC](/wiki/Before_Christ \"Before Christ\"). During the years prior to the arrival of the Europeans, many [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") cultures existed in the area,[Yarmouth Historical Society](http://www.yarmouth.me.us), via the Yarmouth/North Yarmouth Community Guide, *Portland Press Herald*, Summer 2007 largely because of the natural features of the coastal land. Rivers provided several resources, including food, fertile soil, power for the mills and the navigability between the inland areas and the ocean.[\"Ancient North Yarmouth and Yarmouth\"](http://www.yarmouthmehistory.org/ancient-north-yarmouth-and-yarmouth/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004083854/http://www.yarmouthmehistory.org/ancient\\-north\\-yarmouth\\-and\\-yarmouth/ \\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-04 }} \\- Yarmouth Historical Society", "In 1643, Englishman [George Felt](/wiki/George_Felt \"George Felt\"), who had emigrated to [Charlestown](/wiki/Charlestown%2C_Massachusetts \"Charlestown, Massachusetts\"), [Massachusetts Bay Colony](/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony \"Massachusetts Bay Colony\"), eighteen years earlier, purchased 300 acres of land at [Broad Cove](/wiki/Broad_Cove%2C_Maine \"Broad Cove, Maine\") from John Phillips (1607–{{circa\\|1667}}), a Welshman, and thus became one of the first European settlers in Yarmouth. (His family in [Bedfordshire](/wiki/Bedfordshire \"Bedfordshire\"), England, went by the family name *Felce*. He called himself George *Felch*, however, when he moved to America. He began to be known as George *Felt* in his later years.)", "Englishman [William Royall](/wiki/William_Royall_%28settler%29 \"William Royall (settler)\") ({{circa\\|1595}}–1676\\),[\"Muddy Waters\"](http://www.portlandmonthly.com/portmag/2020/06/muddy-waters/), *[Portland Magazine](/wiki/Portland_Magazine \"Portland Magazine\")* (June 2020\\) a [cooper](/wiki/Cooper_%28profession%29 \"Cooper (profession)\"), emigrated to [Salem](/wiki/Salem%2C_Massachusetts \"Salem, Massachusetts\"), Massachusetts Bay Colony, in July 1629, aboard the *[Lyon's Whelp](/wiki/Lyon%27s_Whelp \"Lyon's Whelp\")*. He was a servant in the [Massachusetts Bay Colony Company](/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Company \"Massachusetts Bay Company\"), and after serving his seven years, he was provided with a land grant in the [Casco Bay](/wiki/Casco_Bay \"Casco Bay\") area of Maine. In 1636, he purchased a farm at what is now the upscale Lambert Point, next to Redding Creek, at the southern tip of Lambert Road, where he lived with his wife, [County Durham](/wiki/County_Durham \"County Durham\") native Phoebe Green. They had thirteen children together between 1639 and 1657, the first being son William Jr.", "The Royal River has ever\\-since borne an alternative spelling of Royall Sr.'s name, though two streets off [Gilman Road](/wiki/Gilman_Road \"Gilman Road\") — Royall Meadow Road and Royall Point Road — carry the double\\-L spelling. (One of the earliest maps naming the river *Royal* was a 1699 map by [Wolfgang William Romer](/wiki/Wolfgang_William_Romer \"Wolfgang William Romer\") on which it was spelled \"Roiall River.\") This stream and its vicinity were called by the Indians \"Westcustogo\" — a name that, until the early 1990s, was preserved by an [inn of the same name](/wiki/Westcustogo_Inn \"Westcustogo Inn\") on [Princes Point Road](/wiki/Princes_Point_Road \"Princes Point Road\") at its intersection with [Lafayette Street](/wiki/Maine_State_Route_88 \"Maine State Route 88\").[Westcustogo Inn](https://www.angelfire.com/me4/westcustogoinn/) (The building remains but it is now occupied by another business.)", "[John Cousins](/wiki/John_Cousins \"John Cousins\") ({{circa\\|1596}}–1682\\), a native of [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire \"Wiltshire\"), England, had arrived a year or more earlier than Royall, with his wife, Mary, occupying the neck of land between the branches of the [Cousins River](/wiki/Cousins_River \"Cousins River\") and [Cousins Island](/wiki/Cousins_Island \"Cousins Island\").[\"Cousins Make Mark on Maine\"](http://banfield-hodgkinsfamily.com/cousinsdocument2.pdf) \\- banfield\\-hodgkinsfamily.com", "[thumb\\|250px\\|The Royal River rushing by [Sparhawk Mill](/wiki/Sparhawk_Mill \"Sparhawk Mill\") en route to the First Falls](/wiki/File:Royal_River%2C_Yarmouth%2C_Maine.jpg \"Royal River, Yarmouth, Maine.jpg\")", "By 1676, approximately sixty\\-five people lived in Westcustogo. Soon after, however, conflicts forged by [King Philip's War](/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War \"King Philip's War\") (1675–1678\\) caused them to abandon their homes and move south. John Cousins was injured and went to [York, Maine](/wiki/York%2C_Maine \"York, Maine\"), to receive treatment. He died in Cider Hill, [York County](/wiki/York_County%2C_Maine \"York County, Maine\"), in 1682, aged 86\\. He deeded his real estate in Casco Bay to his wife.", "Some settlers returned to their dwellings in 1679, and within twelve months the region became incorporated as [North Yarmouth](/wiki/North_Yarmouth%2C_Maine \"North Yarmouth, Maine\"), the eighth town of the [Province of Maine](/wiki/Province_of_Maine \"Province of Maine\").", "In 1684, an English military officer named [Walter Gendall](/wiki/Walter_Gendall \"Walter Gendall\") claimed to own all of Felt's two thousand acres in Casco Bay. He had purchased one hundred acres from him in 1680\\. Gendall had emigrated to America from [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall \"Cornwall\") around 1640\\.[*Captain Walter Gendall, of North Yarmouth, Maine: A Biographical Sketch*, Doctor Charles E. Banks (1880\\)](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002070890232&view=1up&seq=7) \\- HathiTrust", "In 1688, during the early stages of [King William's War](/wiki/King_William%27s_War \"King William's War\"), also known as the Second Indian War (1688–1697\\), while the inhabitants on the southern side of the river were building a [garrison](/wiki/Garrison \"Garrison\"), they were attacked by Indians, and attempted a defense. They continued the contest until nightfall, when the Indians retired. It was not long before they appeared again, in such force that the thirty\\-six families of the settlement were forced to flee, abandoning their homes for a second time. Walter Gendall, who had been on good terms with the Indians, was killed.", "The unrest kept the area deserted for many years, but by 1715 settlers revisited their homes, by which point they found their fields and the sites of their habitations covered by a young growth of trees. The mills at the First Falls were rebuilt first.", "In 1722, a \"Committee for the Resettlement of North Yarmouth\" was formed in [Boston](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts \"Boston, Massachusetts\"), [Province of Massachusetts Bay](/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay \"Province of Massachusetts Bay\").", "In 1725, Massachusetts natives William and Matthew Scales were killed at the hands of the Indians. William's wife and daughter, both named Susannah, survived. His daughter married James Buxton the same year. They are both buried in the [Ledge Cemetery](/wiki/Ledge_Cemetery \"Ledge Cemetery\"). Joseph Felt, son of Moses Felt II, also perished. His wife, Sarah (Mills), and children were taken into captivity for five years. One of the captors remarked to Felt's widow: \"Husband much tough man! Shot good many times, no die! Take scalp off alive; then take knife and cut neck long 'round.\"*History of Cumberland County, Maine: Town of Cumberland*, Everts \\& Peck, 1880 Joseph Felt's daughter and George Felt's great\\-granddaughter, Sarah, married in 1720 Captain Peter Weare, who recovered the family in some woods near Quebec. He later drowned while crossing the river near his home. The captain's son and Joseph Felt's brother\\-in\\-law, [Joseph Weare](/wiki/Joseph_Weare \"Joseph Weare\"), became a noted scout, pursuing the Native Americans at every opportunity until his death during a trip to Boston sometime after 1774\\. His widow, Mary Noyes, remarried, to Humphrey Merrill of Falmouth.", "Once resettlement began, in 1727, the town's population began to grow rapidly. A proprietors' map was drawn up. It surveyed land divisions made with 103 original proprietors, each with a home lot of ten acres. If this lot was occupied and improved, the settler was permitted to apply for larger after\\-divisions.", "The structural frame of the first [meetinghouse](/wiki/Meeting_house \"Meeting house\"), the [Meetinghouse under the Ledge](/wiki/Meetinghouse_under_the_Ledge \"Meetinghouse under the Ledge\"), was raised in 1729 near Westcustogo Hill on what is now Gilman Road, and nine years later the first school was built at the northwestern corner of the Princes Point Road intersection.", "North Yarmouth held its first town meeting on May 14, 1733\\.", "In August 1746, a party of thirty\\-two Indians secreted themselves near the Lower Falls for the apparent purpose of surprising Weare's garrison, in the process killing 35\\-year\\-old Philip Greely, whose barking dog blew their cover. Greely's son, [Jonathan](/wiki/Jonathan_Greeley \"Jonathan Greeley\"), died in an engagement with a British [frigate](/wiki/Frigate \"Frigate\") off [Marblehead, Massachusetts](/wiki/Marblehead%2C_Massachusetts \"Marblehead, Massachusetts\"), in 1781\\. He was 39\\. Hannah, Philip's widow, remarried to Jonathan Underwood.", "In June 1748,[North Yarmouth Necrology, 1736–1762](https://archives.mainegenealogy.net/2011/09/north-yarmouth-deaths-1736-1762.html) \\- Rev. Amasa Loring a large party of Indians surprised four people near the meetinghouse. They killed the elderly Ebenezer Eaton.", "Joseph Burnell was the only inhabitant of the town to be killed at the hands of the Indians in 1751\\. He had been on horseback near the Presumpscot River falls when he was ambushed and shot. He was found scalped, with his steed lying nearby, having been shot four times. He left behind a wife and 14\\-year\\-old daughter, both named Sarah.", "[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Wooden plaques provided by the Yarmouth Village Improvement Society adorn more than 100 notable buildings in the town. Blanchard moved from this residence, at 158 Main Street, to 317 Main Street in 1855](/wiki/File:Sylvanus_Blanchard%27s_house2.jpg \"Sylvanus Blanchard's house2.jpg\")", "In 1756, [Indians attacked the Means family](/wiki/Means_massacre \"Means massacre\"), who lived at [Flying Point](/wiki/Flying_Point \"Flying Point\"). The family consisted of Thomas, his wife Alice, daughters Alice and Jane,[\"Maine Ulster Scots Project\"](https://www.facebook.com/maineulsterscots/posts/1120272948037730) \\- Facebook, May 6, 2016 an infant son, Robert, and Molly Finney, sister of the patriarch and aged about sixteen. The family was dragged out of their home. Thomas was shot and scalped. Mother and baby ran back into the house and barricaded the door. One of the attackers shot through a hole in the wall, killing the infant and puncturing his mother's breast. John Martin, who had been sleeping in another room, fired at them, causing them to flee. They took with them Molly, whom they made follow them through the woods to Canada. Upon her arrival in Quebec, she was sold as a slave. A few months later, Captain [William McLellan](/wiki/William_McLellan_%28sea_captain%2C_born_1735%29 \"William McLellan (sea captain, born 1735)\"), of Falmouth, was in Quebec in charge of a group of prisoners for exchange. He had known Molly before her capture and secretly arranged for her escape. He came below her window and threw her a rope which she slid down. McLellan brought her back to Falmouth on his vessel. They married shortly afterwards. Alice remarried, to Colonel George Rogers. Thomas is interred in Freeport's First Parish Cemetery, alongside his son. His wife is buried with her second husband in Flying Point Cemetery.", "The Means massacre was the last act of resistance by the indigenous people to occur within the limits of the town.", "By 1764, 1,098 individuals lived in 154 houses. By 1810, the population was 3,295\\. During a time of peace, settlement began to relocate along the coast and inland.", "The town's [Main Street](/wiki/Main_Street_%28Yarmouth%2C_Maine%29 \"Main Street (Yarmouth, Maine)\") gradually became divided into the [Upper Village](/wiki/Upper_Village \"Upper Village\") (also known as t*he Corner*) and [Lower Falls](/wiki/Lower_Falls_%28Yarmouth%2C_Maine%29 \"Lower Falls (Yarmouth, Maine)\"), the split roughly located around the present\\-day [U.S. Route 1](/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Maine \"U.S. Route 1 in Maine\") overpass ([Brickyard Hollow](/wiki/Brickyard_Hollow \"Brickyard Hollow\"), as it was known). Among the new proprietors at the time were descendants of the [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth%2C_Massachusetts \"Plymouth, Massachusetts\") [Pilgrims](/wiki/Pilgrim_%28Plymouth_Colony%29 \"Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)\").", "[thumb\\|250px\\|A circa\\-1890 photo of Camp Hammond, with the stacks of Forest Paper Company in the background. Pictured on Main Street with their bicycles are Harry Storer and J. Carswell Lane.](/wiki/File:Camp_Hammond%2C_Yarmouth_ME.jpg \"Camp Hammond, Yarmouth ME.jpg\")", "The Yarmouth Village Improvement Society has added wooden plaques to over 100 notable buildings in town. These include:*Maine's Historic Places*, Frank Beard (1982\\)[Yarmouth Historical Society: The National Register of Historic Places](http://www.yarmouthmehistory.org/the-national-register-of-historic-places/)", "* [Cushing and Hannah Prince House](/wiki/Cushing_and_Hannah_Prince_House \"Cushing and Hannah Prince House\"), 189 Greely Road — built 1785\\. This [Federal\\-style](/wiki/Federal-style \"Federal-style\") farmhouse remained the home of several generations of the Levi and Olive Prince Blanchard family from 1832 to 1912\n* [Mitchell House](/wiki/Mitchell_House_%28Yarmouth%2C_Maine%29 \"Mitchell House (Yarmouth, Maine)\"), 333 Main Street — circa 1800\\. Another Federal\\-style building, with an unusual steeply\\-pitched [hip roof](/wiki/Hip_roof \"Hip roof\"), it was the home of three doctors — [Ammi Ruhamah Mitchell](/wiki/Ammi_Ruhamah_Mitchell \"Ammi Ruhamah Mitchell\"), who died \"suddenly\" in 1824, aged 62, [Gad Hitchcock](/wiki/Gad_Hitchcock \"Gad Hitchcock\") and [Eleazer Burbank](/wiki/Eleazer_Burbank \"Eleazer Burbank\")\n* [Capt. S. C. Blanchard House](/wiki/Capt._S._C._Blanchard_House \"Capt. S. C. Blanchard House\"), 317 Main Street — 1855\\. One of the most elaborate and finely\\-detailed [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate \"Italianate\") residences on the Maine coast, it was built by [Sylvanus Blanchard](/wiki/Sylvanus_Blanchard \"Sylvanus Blanchard\") (1778–1858\\),[Cemetery Records](http://www.yarmouthmehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/CemeteryRecords_000.pdf) at YarmouthMEHistory.org a highly successful shipbuilder. The design is by [Charles A. Alexander](/wiki/Charles_A._Alexander \"Charles A. Alexander\"), who also executed the Chestnut Street [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") Church in Portland. It replaced a building that is pictured in the oldest image (a drawing) of a Yarmouth street scene, drawn between 1837 and 1855*Images of America: Yarmouth*, Alan M. Hall (Arcadia, 2002\\), p.6\n* [Captain Rueben Merrill House](/wiki/Capt._Reuben_Merrill_House \"Capt. Reuben Merrill House\"), 233 West Main Street — 1858\\. [Thomas J. Sparrow](/wiki/Thomas_J._Sparrow \"Thomas J. Sparrow\"), the first native Portland architect, designed this three\\-storey Italian\\-style house. Merrill was a well\\-known sea captain, who went down with his ship off [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") in 1875\\. Few changes have been made in the building, because it did not leave the possession of the Merrill family between then and 2011", "Another notable building is [Camp Hammond](/wiki/Camp_Hammond_%28Yarmouth%2C_Maine%29 \"Camp Hammond (Yarmouth, Maine)\") (1889–90\\), at 275 Main Street, whose construction method is significant in that the building consists of a single exterior wall of heavy planks over timbers, with no hidden spaces or hollow walls. This so\\-called mill\\-built construction was used largely for fire prevention. It was built by [George W. Hammond](/wiki/George_W._Hammond \"George W. Hammond\"). [Frederick Law Olmsted](/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted \"Frederick Law Olmsted\"), who is responsible for the layout of New York's [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\"), designed the landscape for the exterior.*Yarmouth Revisited*, Amy Aldredge", "A \"[grasshopper](/wiki/Grasshopper \"Grasshopper\") plague\" arrived in 1822, which resulted in the loss of wheat and corn crops.", "Around 1847, the Old Ledge School was moved from Gilman Road to today's [Maine State Route 88](/wiki/Maine_State_Route_88 \"Maine State Route 88\"), at the foot of the hill where the West Side Trail crosses the road. A 1975 replica now stands just beyond the brick schools on West Main Street.", "" ]
Software portability -------------------- ### Adapting VMX for SPU #### Differences between VMX and SPU The [VMX](/wiki/AltiVec "AltiVec") (Vector Multimedia Extensions) technology is conceptually similar to the vector model provided by the SPU processors, but there are many significant differences. | \+ **VMX to SPU Comparison**{{ref\|vmxrefman}}*unfinished* | feature | VMX | SPU | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [word](/wiki/Word_%28data_type%29 "Word (data type)") size | 32 bits | 32 bits | | number of [registers](/wiki/Processor_register "Processor register") | 32 | 128 | | register width | 128\-bit quadword | 128\-bit quadword | | [integer](/wiki/Integer "Integer") formats | 8, 16, 32 | 8, 16, 32, 64 | | saturation support | yes | no | | byte ordering | big (default), little | big endian | | [floating point](/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic "Floating-point arithmetic") modes | Java, non\-Java | single precision, IEEE double | | [Memory alignment](/wiki/Data_structure_alignment "Data structure alignment") | quadword only | quadword only | The VMX *[Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 "Java (programming language)") mode* conforms to the [Java Language Specification](/wiki/Java_Language_Specification "Java Language Specification") 1 subset of the default [IEEE Standard](/wiki/IEEE_Standard "IEEE Standard"), extended to include IEEE and [C9X](/wiki/C99 "C99") compliance where the Java standard falls silent. In a typical implementation, non\-Java mode converts [denormal](/wiki/Denormal "Denormal") values to zero but Java mode traps into an emulator when the processor encounters such a value. The IBM PPE Vector/SIMD manual does not define operations for double\-precision floating point, though IBM has published material implying certain double\-precision performance numbers associated with the Cell PPE VMX technology. #### Intrinsics Compilers for Cell{{Who\|date\=February 2011}} provide [intrinsics](/wiki/Intrinsic_function "Intrinsic function") to expose useful SPU instructions in C and C\+\+. Instructions that differ only in the type of operand (such as a, ai, ah, ahi, fa, and dfa for addition) are typically represented by a single C/C\+\+ intrinsic which selects the proper instruction based on the type of the operand. #### Porting VMX code for SPU There is a great body of code which has been developed for other [IBM Power microprocessors](/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors "IBM Power microprocessors") that could potentially be adapted and recompiled to run on the SPU. This code base includes VMX code that runs under the [PowerPC](/wiki/PowerPC "PowerPC") version of [Apple's](/wiki/Apple_Computer "Apple Computer") [Mac OS X](/wiki/Mac_OS_X "Mac OS X"), where it is better known as [Altivec](/wiki/Altivec "Altivec"). Depending on how many VMX specific features are involved, the adaptation involved can range anywhere from straightforward, to onerous, to completely impractical. The most important workloads for the SPU generally map quite well. In some cases it is possible to port existing VMX code directly. If the VMX code is highly generic (makes few assumptions about the execution environment) the translation can be relatively straightforward. The two processors specify a different [binary code format](/wiki/Binary_format "Binary format"), so recompilation is required at a minimum. Even where [instructions](/wiki/Instruction_%28computer_science%29 "Instruction (computer science)") exist with the same behaviors, they do not have the same instruction names, so this must be mapped as well. IBM provides compiler [intrinsics](/wiki/Intrinsic_function "Intrinsic function") which take care of this mapping transparently as part of the development toolkit. In many cases, however, a directly equivalent instruction does not exist. The workaround might be obvious or it might not. For example, if saturation behavior is required on the SPU, it can be coded by adding additional SPU instructions to accomplish this (with some loss of efficiency). At the other extreme, if Java floating\-point semantics are required, this is almost impossible to achieve on the SPU processor. To achieve the same computation on the SPU might require that an entirely different [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm "Algorithm") be written from scratch. The most important conceptual similarity between VMX and the SPU architecture is supporting the same [vectorization model](/wiki/Vectorization_model "Vectorization model"). For this reason, most algorithms adapted to Altivec will usually adapt successfully to the SPU architecture as well.
[ "Software portability\n--------------------", "### Adapting VMX for SPU", "#### Differences between VMX and SPU", "The [VMX](/wiki/AltiVec \"AltiVec\") (Vector Multimedia Extensions) technology is conceptually similar to the vector model provided by the SPU processors, but there are many significant differences.", "", "| \\+ **VMX to SPU Comparison**{{ref\\|vmxrefman}}*unfinished* | feature | VMX | SPU |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [word](/wiki/Word_%28data_type%29 \"Word (data type)\") size | 32 bits | 32 bits |\n| number of [registers](/wiki/Processor_register \"Processor register\") | 32 | 128 |\n| register width | 128\\-bit quadword | 128\\-bit quadword |\n| [integer](/wiki/Integer \"Integer\") formats | 8, 16, 32 | 8, 16, 32, 64 |\n| saturation support | yes | no |\n| byte ordering | big (default), little | big endian |\n| [floating point](/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic \"Floating-point arithmetic\") modes | Java, non\\-Java | single precision, IEEE double |\n| [Memory alignment](/wiki/Data_structure_alignment \"Data structure alignment\") | quadword only | quadword only |", "The VMX *[Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 \"Java (programming language)\") mode* conforms to the [Java Language Specification](/wiki/Java_Language_Specification \"Java Language Specification\") 1 subset of the default [IEEE Standard](/wiki/IEEE_Standard \"IEEE Standard\"), extended to include IEEE and [C9X](/wiki/C99 \"C99\") compliance where the Java standard falls silent. In a typical implementation, non\\-Java mode converts [denormal](/wiki/Denormal \"Denormal\") values to zero but Java mode traps into an emulator when the processor encounters such a value.", "The IBM PPE Vector/SIMD manual does not define operations for double\\-precision floating point, though IBM has published material implying certain double\\-precision performance numbers associated with the Cell PPE VMX technology.", "#### Intrinsics", "Compilers for Cell{{Who\\|date\\=February 2011}} provide [intrinsics](/wiki/Intrinsic_function \"Intrinsic function\") to expose useful SPU instructions in C and C\\+\\+. Instructions that differ only in the type of operand (such as a, ai, ah, ahi, fa, and dfa for addition) are typically represented by a single C/C\\+\\+ intrinsic which selects the proper instruction based on the type of the operand.", "#### Porting VMX code for SPU", "There is a great body of code which has been developed for other [IBM Power microprocessors](/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors \"IBM Power microprocessors\") that could potentially be adapted and recompiled to run on the SPU. This code base includes VMX code that runs under the [PowerPC](/wiki/PowerPC \"PowerPC\") version of [Apple's](/wiki/Apple_Computer \"Apple Computer\") [Mac OS X](/wiki/Mac_OS_X \"Mac OS X\"), where it is better known as [Altivec](/wiki/Altivec \"Altivec\"). Depending on how many VMX specific features are involved, the adaptation involved can range anywhere from straightforward, to onerous, to completely impractical. The most important workloads for the SPU generally map quite well.", "In some cases it is possible to port existing VMX code directly. If the VMX code is highly generic (makes few assumptions about the execution environment) the translation can be relatively straightforward. The two processors specify a different [binary code format](/wiki/Binary_format \"Binary format\"), so recompilation is required at a minimum. Even where [instructions](/wiki/Instruction_%28computer_science%29 \"Instruction (computer science)\") exist with the same behaviors, they do not have the same instruction names, so this must be mapped as well. IBM provides compiler [intrinsics](/wiki/Intrinsic_function \"Intrinsic function\") which take care of this mapping transparently as part of the development toolkit.", "In many cases, however, a directly equivalent instruction does not exist. The workaround might be obvious or it might not. For example, if saturation behavior is required on the SPU, it can be coded by adding additional SPU instructions to accomplish this (with some loss of efficiency). At the other extreme, if Java floating\\-point semantics are required, this is almost impossible to achieve on the SPU processor. To achieve the same computation on the SPU might require that an entirely different [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm \"Algorithm\") be written from scratch.", "The most important conceptual similarity between VMX and the SPU architecture is supporting the same [vectorization model](/wiki/Vectorization_model \"Vectorization model\"). For this reason, most algorithms adapted to Altivec will usually adapt successfully to the SPU architecture as well.", "" ]
### Adapting VMX for SPU #### Differences between VMX and SPU The [VMX](/wiki/AltiVec "AltiVec") (Vector Multimedia Extensions) technology is conceptually similar to the vector model provided by the SPU processors, but there are many significant differences. | \+ **VMX to SPU Comparison**{{ref\|vmxrefman}}*unfinished* | feature | VMX | SPU | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [word](/wiki/Word_%28data_type%29 "Word (data type)") size | 32 bits | 32 bits | | number of [registers](/wiki/Processor_register "Processor register") | 32 | 128 | | register width | 128\-bit quadword | 128\-bit quadword | | [integer](/wiki/Integer "Integer") formats | 8, 16, 32 | 8, 16, 32, 64 | | saturation support | yes | no | | byte ordering | big (default), little | big endian | | [floating point](/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic "Floating-point arithmetic") modes | Java, non\-Java | single precision, IEEE double | | [Memory alignment](/wiki/Data_structure_alignment "Data structure alignment") | quadword only | quadword only | The VMX *[Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 "Java (programming language)") mode* conforms to the [Java Language Specification](/wiki/Java_Language_Specification "Java Language Specification") 1 subset of the default [IEEE Standard](/wiki/IEEE_Standard "IEEE Standard"), extended to include IEEE and [C9X](/wiki/C99 "C99") compliance where the Java standard falls silent. In a typical implementation, non\-Java mode converts [denormal](/wiki/Denormal "Denormal") values to zero but Java mode traps into an emulator when the processor encounters such a value. The IBM PPE Vector/SIMD manual does not define operations for double\-precision floating point, though IBM has published material implying certain double\-precision performance numbers associated with the Cell PPE VMX technology. #### Intrinsics Compilers for Cell{{Who\|date\=February 2011}} provide [intrinsics](/wiki/Intrinsic_function "Intrinsic function") to expose useful SPU instructions in C and C\+\+. Instructions that differ only in the type of operand (such as a, ai, ah, ahi, fa, and dfa for addition) are typically represented by a single C/C\+\+ intrinsic which selects the proper instruction based on the type of the operand. #### Porting VMX code for SPU There is a great body of code which has been developed for other [IBM Power microprocessors](/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors "IBM Power microprocessors") that could potentially be adapted and recompiled to run on the SPU. This code base includes VMX code that runs under the [PowerPC](/wiki/PowerPC "PowerPC") version of [Apple's](/wiki/Apple_Computer "Apple Computer") [Mac OS X](/wiki/Mac_OS_X "Mac OS X"), where it is better known as [Altivec](/wiki/Altivec "Altivec"). Depending on how many VMX specific features are involved, the adaptation involved can range anywhere from straightforward, to onerous, to completely impractical. The most important workloads for the SPU generally map quite well. In some cases it is possible to port existing VMX code directly. If the VMX code is highly generic (makes few assumptions about the execution environment) the translation can be relatively straightforward. The two processors specify a different [binary code format](/wiki/Binary_format "Binary format"), so recompilation is required at a minimum. Even where [instructions](/wiki/Instruction_%28computer_science%29 "Instruction (computer science)") exist with the same behaviors, they do not have the same instruction names, so this must be mapped as well. IBM provides compiler [intrinsics](/wiki/Intrinsic_function "Intrinsic function") which take care of this mapping transparently as part of the development toolkit. In many cases, however, a directly equivalent instruction does not exist. The workaround might be obvious or it might not. For example, if saturation behavior is required on the SPU, it can be coded by adding additional SPU instructions to accomplish this (with some loss of efficiency). At the other extreme, if Java floating\-point semantics are required, this is almost impossible to achieve on the SPU processor. To achieve the same computation on the SPU might require that an entirely different [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm "Algorithm") be written from scratch. The most important conceptual similarity between VMX and the SPU architecture is supporting the same [vectorization model](/wiki/Vectorization_model "Vectorization model"). For this reason, most algorithms adapted to Altivec will usually adapt successfully to the SPU architecture as well.
[ "### Adapting VMX for SPU", "#### Differences between VMX and SPU", "The [VMX](/wiki/AltiVec \"AltiVec\") (Vector Multimedia Extensions) technology is conceptually similar to the vector model provided by the SPU processors, but there are many significant differences.", "", "| \\+ **VMX to SPU Comparison**{{ref\\|vmxrefman}}*unfinished* | feature | VMX | SPU |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [word](/wiki/Word_%28data_type%29 \"Word (data type)\") size | 32 bits | 32 bits |\n| number of [registers](/wiki/Processor_register \"Processor register\") | 32 | 128 |\n| register width | 128\\-bit quadword | 128\\-bit quadword |\n| [integer](/wiki/Integer \"Integer\") formats | 8, 16, 32 | 8, 16, 32, 64 |\n| saturation support | yes | no |\n| byte ordering | big (default), little | big endian |\n| [floating point](/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic \"Floating-point arithmetic\") modes | Java, non\\-Java | single precision, IEEE double |\n| [Memory alignment](/wiki/Data_structure_alignment \"Data structure alignment\") | quadword only | quadword only |", "The VMX *[Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 \"Java (programming language)\") mode* conforms to the [Java Language Specification](/wiki/Java_Language_Specification \"Java Language Specification\") 1 subset of the default [IEEE Standard](/wiki/IEEE_Standard \"IEEE Standard\"), extended to include IEEE and [C9X](/wiki/C99 \"C99\") compliance where the Java standard falls silent. In a typical implementation, non\\-Java mode converts [denormal](/wiki/Denormal \"Denormal\") values to zero but Java mode traps into an emulator when the processor encounters such a value.", "The IBM PPE Vector/SIMD manual does not define operations for double\\-precision floating point, though IBM has published material implying certain double\\-precision performance numbers associated with the Cell PPE VMX technology.", "#### Intrinsics", "Compilers for Cell{{Who\\|date\\=February 2011}} provide [intrinsics](/wiki/Intrinsic_function \"Intrinsic function\") to expose useful SPU instructions in C and C\\+\\+. Instructions that differ only in the type of operand (such as a, ai, ah, ahi, fa, and dfa for addition) are typically represented by a single C/C\\+\\+ intrinsic which selects the proper instruction based on the type of the operand.", "#### Porting VMX code for SPU", "There is a great body of code which has been developed for other [IBM Power microprocessors](/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors \"IBM Power microprocessors\") that could potentially be adapted and recompiled to run on the SPU. This code base includes VMX code that runs under the [PowerPC](/wiki/PowerPC \"PowerPC\") version of [Apple's](/wiki/Apple_Computer \"Apple Computer\") [Mac OS X](/wiki/Mac_OS_X \"Mac OS X\"), where it is better known as [Altivec](/wiki/Altivec \"Altivec\"). Depending on how many VMX specific features are involved, the adaptation involved can range anywhere from straightforward, to onerous, to completely impractical. The most important workloads for the SPU generally map quite well.", "In some cases it is possible to port existing VMX code directly. If the VMX code is highly generic (makes few assumptions about the execution environment) the translation can be relatively straightforward. The two processors specify a different [binary code format](/wiki/Binary_format \"Binary format\"), so recompilation is required at a minimum. Even where [instructions](/wiki/Instruction_%28computer_science%29 \"Instruction (computer science)\") exist with the same behaviors, they do not have the same instruction names, so this must be mapped as well. IBM provides compiler [intrinsics](/wiki/Intrinsic_function \"Intrinsic function\") which take care of this mapping transparently as part of the development toolkit.", "In many cases, however, a directly equivalent instruction does not exist. The workaround might be obvious or it might not. For example, if saturation behavior is required on the SPU, it can be coded by adding additional SPU instructions to accomplish this (with some loss of efficiency). At the other extreme, if Java floating\\-point semantics are required, this is almost impossible to achieve on the SPU processor. To achieve the same computation on the SPU might require that an entirely different [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm \"Algorithm\") be written from scratch.", "The most important conceptual similarity between VMX and the SPU architecture is supporting the same [vectorization model](/wiki/Vectorization_model \"Vectorization model\"). For this reason, most algorithms adapted to Altivec will usually adapt successfully to the SPU architecture as well.", "" ]
Life and work ------------- [thumb\|[Wollaton Hall](/wiki/Wollaton_Hall "Wollaton Hall") (engraved by Rooker after [Paul Sandby](/wiki/Paul_Sandby "Paul Sandby"))](/wiki/File:Wollaton_Hall_late_18th_century_print_by_M_A_Rooker_after_a_drawing_by_Thomas_Sandby.JPG "Wollaton Hall late 18th century print by M A Rooker after a drawing by Thomas Sandby.JPG") Michael was the son of artist [Edward Rooker](/wiki/Edward_Rooker "Edward Rooker") and Elizabeth Coatham and was taught engraving by his father and drawing by [Paul Sandby](/wiki/Paul_Sandby "Paul Sandby") at the [St. Martin's Lane school](/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Lane_Academy "St. Martin's Lane Academy") in [London](/wiki/London "London") and at the [Royal Academy Schools](/wiki/Royal_Academy_Schools "Royal Academy Schools"). It was Sandby who called him Michael "Angelo" Rooker in jest, but the name stuck. In 1765 he exhibited some 'stained' drawings at the exhibition in Spring Gardens, London and in 1768 a print by him of the '[Villa Adriana](/wiki/Villa_Adriana "Villa Adriana")' (after [Richard Wilson](/wiki/Richard_Wilson_%28painter%29 "Richard Wilson (painter)")), was published. In 1770 he was elected an [Associate of the Royal Academy](/wiki/Associate_of_the_Royal_Academy "Associate of the Royal Academy"). In 1772 he exhibited a painting of [Temple Bar](/wiki/Temple_Bar%2C_London "Temple Bar, London"), and he contributed some illustrations to an edition of Sterne, published that year. Most of the landscapes in Kearsley's *Copperplate Magazine* (1776–1777\) were engraved by him, as well as a few plates in its successor, 'The Virtuosi's Museum', and he both drew and engraved the headings of the *[Oxford Almanack](/wiki/Oxford_Almanack "Oxford Almanack")* for several years, for each of which he received 50 pounds. For a long time he was chief scene\-painter at the [Haymarket Theatre](/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre "Haymarket Theatre") in London, and appeared in the playbills as Signer Rookerini; but a few years before his death he was discharged, in consequence, it is said, of his refusal to aid in paying the debts of Colman, the manager. In 1788 he began to make autumnal tours in the country, to which we owe most of those drawings which entitle him to an honourable place among the founders of the watercolour school. They are chiefly of architectural remains in [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk "Norfolk"), [Suffolk](/wiki/Suffolk "Suffolk"), [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset "Somerset"), [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire "Warwickshire"), and other counties, which he drew well, and treated with taste and refinement. His figures and animals were artistically introduced. Rooker became depressed after his discharge from the Haymarket Theatre, and died suddenly in his chair in [Dean Street](/wiki/Dean_Street "Dean Street"), [Soho](/wiki/Soho "Soho"), on 3 March 1801\. His drawings were sold at Squib's auction room in [Savile Row](/wiki/Savile_Row "Savile Row") in the following May, and realised £1,240\. Rooker was unmarried and lived his whole life in London. He exhibited one drawing at the [Society of Artists](/wiki/Society_of_Artists_of_Great_Britain "Society of Artists of Great Britain"), and ninety\-eight at the Royal Academy. He was admired by [J. M. W. Turner](/wiki/J._M._W._Turner "J. M. W. Turner") who learnt an aspect of painting technique called "colour scaling" by copying Rooker's "Gatehouse at Battle Abbey", and purchased over a dozen of Rooker's paintings after his death.[The Rooker family](http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~towcesterfamilies/Edward%20and%20Michael%20%28Angelo%29%20Rooker.htm).
[ "Life and work\n-------------", "[thumb\\|[Wollaton Hall](/wiki/Wollaton_Hall \"Wollaton Hall\") (engraved by Rooker after [Paul Sandby](/wiki/Paul_Sandby \"Paul Sandby\"))](/wiki/File:Wollaton_Hall_late_18th_century_print_by_M_A_Rooker_after_a_drawing_by_Thomas_Sandby.JPG \"Wollaton Hall late 18th century print by M A Rooker after a drawing by Thomas Sandby.JPG\")\nMichael was the son of artist [Edward Rooker](/wiki/Edward_Rooker \"Edward Rooker\") and Elizabeth Coatham and was taught engraving by his father and drawing by [Paul Sandby](/wiki/Paul_Sandby \"Paul Sandby\") at the [St. Martin's Lane school](/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Lane_Academy \"St. Martin's Lane Academy\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\") and at the [Royal Academy Schools](/wiki/Royal_Academy_Schools \"Royal Academy Schools\"). It was Sandby who called him Michael \"Angelo\" Rooker in jest, but the name stuck.", "In 1765 he exhibited some 'stained' drawings at the exhibition in Spring Gardens, London and in 1768 a print by him of the '[Villa Adriana](/wiki/Villa_Adriana \"Villa Adriana\")' (after [Richard Wilson](/wiki/Richard_Wilson_%28painter%29 \"Richard Wilson (painter)\")), was published. In 1770 he was elected an [Associate of the Royal Academy](/wiki/Associate_of_the_Royal_Academy \"Associate of the Royal Academy\"). In 1772 he exhibited a painting of [Temple Bar](/wiki/Temple_Bar%2C_London \"Temple Bar, London\"), and he contributed some illustrations to an edition of Sterne, published that year. Most of the landscapes in Kearsley's *Copperplate Magazine* (1776–1777\\) were engraved by him, as well as a few plates in its successor, 'The Virtuosi's Museum', and he both drew and engraved the headings of the *[Oxford Almanack](/wiki/Oxford_Almanack \"Oxford Almanack\")* for several years, for each of which he received 50 pounds.", "For a long time he was chief scene\\-painter at the [Haymarket Theatre](/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre \"Haymarket Theatre\") in London, and appeared in the playbills as Signer Rookerini; but a few years before his death he was discharged, in consequence, it is said, of his refusal to aid in paying the debts of Colman, the manager.", "In 1788 he began to make autumnal tours in the country, to which we owe most of those drawings which entitle him to an honourable place among the founders of the watercolour school. They are chiefly of architectural remains in [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk \"Norfolk\"), [Suffolk](/wiki/Suffolk \"Suffolk\"), [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset \"Somerset\"), [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire \"Warwickshire\"), and other counties, which he drew well, and treated with taste and refinement. His figures and animals were artistically introduced.", "Rooker became depressed after his discharge from the Haymarket Theatre, and died suddenly in his chair in [Dean Street](/wiki/Dean_Street \"Dean Street\"), [Soho](/wiki/Soho \"Soho\"), on 3 March 1801\\. His drawings were sold at Squib's auction room in [Savile Row](/wiki/Savile_Row \"Savile Row\") in the following May, and realised £1,240\\.", "Rooker was unmarried and lived his whole life in London. He exhibited one drawing at the [Society of Artists](/wiki/Society_of_Artists_of_Great_Britain \"Society of Artists of Great Britain\"), and ninety\\-eight at the Royal Academy. He was admired by [J. M. W. Turner](/wiki/J._M._W._Turner \"J. M. W. Turner\") who learnt an aspect of painting technique called \"colour scaling\" by copying Rooker's \"Gatehouse at Battle Abbey\", and purchased over a dozen of Rooker's paintings after his death.[The Rooker family](http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~towcesterfamilies/Edward%20and%20Michael%20%28Angelo%29%20Rooker.htm).", "" ]
Geography --------- ### Landscape [thumb\|Swords Main Street lined with [London Plane](/wiki/Platanus_%C3%97_hispanica "Platanus × hispanica") trees, August 2022](/wiki/File:Swords_in_Dublin_K67.jpg "Swords in Dublin K67.jpg") Swords is situated roughly in the centre of the modern county of Fingal and the ancient [barony](/wiki/Barony_%28Ireland%29 "Barony (Ireland)") of [Nethercross](/wiki/Nethercross "Nethercross"). The [Ward River](/wiki/Ward_River_%28Ireland%29 "Ward River (Ireland)"), coming from County Meath, runs west to east to near the centre of the town, and then turns to run north, before flowing into the Broad Meadow Water or [Broadmeadow River](/wiki/Broadmeadow_River "Broadmeadow River") to the east of the town, across the former northern road. A small stream joins the Ward near the town centre and the holy well. The Broadmeadow, also flowing from Meath, borders the north of the town. It runs from [Dunshaughlin](/wiki/Dunshaughlin "Dunshaughlin") in the west and across the north of Swords, before receiving the Ward and flowing into the wide Broadmeadow Estuary, then into the Irish Sea past Malahide. The estuary is crossed by a railway embankment and bridge from Malahide.{{cite book \|last1\=Doyle \|first1\=Joseph W. \|title\=Ten Dozen Waters: The Rivers and Streams of County Dublin \|date\=1 December 2013 \|publisher\=Rath Eanna Research \|location\=Dublin, Ireland \|isbn\=978\-0\-9566363\-8\-6 \|pages\=8–10 \|edition\=8th}} Swords is surrounded by a protected green belt. Dublin Airport has prevented the town from expanding further south and the large Broadmeadow Estuary and Malahide beyond limit expansion further east. To the north and west of Swords, there is sparsely\-populated, relatively flat, farmland. ### Townlands and baronies The civil parish of Swords mainly lies in the ancient [barony](/wiki/Barony_%28Ireland%29 "Barony (Ireland)") of [Nethercross](/wiki/Nethercross "Nethercross").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.logainm.ie/en/62\|title\=An Chrois Íochtarach/Nethercross\|website\=Logainm.ie\|access\-date\=29 November 2023\|archive\-date\=10 June 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610143402/http://www.logainm.ie/en/62\|url\-status\=live}} Swords Demesne is the name of the [townland](/wiki/Townland "Townland") in the heart of the urban town of Swords.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.logainm.ie/17054\.aspx\|title\=Diméin Shoird/Swords Demesne\|website\=Logainm.ie\|access\-date\=11 December 2016\|archive\-date\=29 November 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129124020/https://www.logainm.ie/ga/17054\|url\-status\=live}} It is one of 58 such geographic units in the civil parish. However, a single parcel of land, 5 acres in extent, is situated in the barony of [Coolock](/wiki/Coolock_%28barony%29 "Coolock (barony)"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.logainm.ie/16962\.aspx\|title\=An Ghléib/Glebe\|website\=Logainm.ie\|access\-date\=11 December 2016\|archive\-date\=29 November 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129123934/https://www.logainm.ie/ga/16962\|url\-status\=live}} as an [exclave](/wiki/Exclave "Exclave") of the civil parish proper. There are 10 townlands in the [electoral division](/wiki/Electoral_division_%28Ireland%29 "Electoral division (Ireland)") of Swords, which is not coterminous with the civil parish. ### Urban layout [thumb\|A [Credit Union](/wiki/Credit_union "Credit union") on North Street\|left](/wiki/File:Modern_architecture%2C_North_Street%2C_Swords.jpg "Modern architecture, North Street, Swords.jpg") [thumb\|St. Columcille's Court, Swords](/wiki/File:St._Columcille%27s_Court%2C_Swords.jpg "St. Columcille's Court, Swords.jpg") The main retail area is located in the centre of the town and includes the town's wide, tree\-lined [Main Street](/wiki/Main_Street "Main Street"), and the [Pavilions](/wiki/Swords_Pavilions "Swords Pavilions") and Swords Central combined shopping centres. There are also two smaller retail developments, Swords Plaza and Swords Town Mall. Most civic facilities are also in this central area, with some subsidiary shopping and civic centres in surrounding housing areas. The west of the urban area is mainly residential, with the neighbourhoods of [Applewood](/wiki/Applewood%2C_Swords "Applewood, Swords"), [Rathbeale](/wiki/Rathbeale%2C_Swords "Rathbeale, Swords") and [Brackenstown](/wiki/Brackenstown%2C_Swords "Brackenstown, Swords") to the north of the Ward River and [Knocksedan](/wiki/Knocksedan%2C_Swords "Knocksedan, Swords"), River Valley, Rathingle, Highfields, and Boroimhe to the south side of the river. {{anchor\|Kinsealy–Drinan}}The main business and industrial areas are located to the east of the town centre, along the [R132](/wiki/R132_road_%28Ireland%29 "R132 road (Ireland)") dual carriageway. These include Balheary Industrial Park, Swords Business Campus, Swords Business Park, and the Airside campus (Business Park, Retail Park and Motor Park). These campuses separate the town centre from the residential neighbourhoods further east — Seatown, Lissenhall, [Holywell](/wiki/Holywell%2C_Swords "Holywell, Swords") and Drynam (or Drinan) — for which reason the [Central Statistics Office](/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_%28Ireland%29 "Central Statistics Office (Ireland)") treats the latter areas as forming a separate [census town](/wiki/Census_town_%28Ireland%29 "Census town (Ireland)"), which since 1991 it has dubbed "Kinsealy–Drinan"{{cite web \|title\=Settlements: Kinsealy\-Drinan 2016 \|url\=https://visual.cso.ie/?body\=entity/ima/cop/2016\&boundary\=C03899V04650\&guid\=C92D65A4\-2D53\-4242\-9F33\-728C05BF0476 \|website\=Interactive Data Visualisations \|publisher\=CSO Ireland \|access\-date\=10 July 2023 \|archive\-date\=10 July 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710162646/https://visual.cso.ie/?body\=entity/ima/cop/2016\&boundary\=C03899V04650\&guid\=C92D65A4\-2D53\-4242\-9F33\-728C05BF0476 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite book \|title\=Census of Ireland 1991 \|chapter\-url\=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census1991results/volume1/C1991\_V1\_T11\.pdf\#page\=4 \|volume\=1 \|page\=43 \|chapter\=Table 11: Population of Towns ordered by size \|date\=June 1993 \|publisher\=CSO \|access\-date\=10 July 2023 \|archive\-date\=10 July 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710162651/https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census1991results/volume1/C1991\_V1\_T11\.pdf\#page\=4 \|url\-status\=live }} and had a population of 7,526 at the [2022 census](/wiki/2022_census_of_Ireland "2022 census of Ireland").{{cite web \| url \= https://visual.cso.ie/?body\=entity/ima/cop/2022\&boundary\=C04160V04929\&guid\=6ca2f1a4\-ad9b\-4507\-bc97\-01044db6329a \| title \= Interactive Data Visualisations: Towns: Kinsealy\-Drinan \| work \= Census 2022 \| publisher \= \[\[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)\|Central Statistics Office]] \| access\-date \= 26 September 2023 \| archive\-date \= 26 September 2023 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20230926114241/https://visual.cso.ie/?body\=entity/ima/cop/2022\&boundary\=C04160V04929\&guid\=6ca2f1a4\-ad9b\-4507\-bc97\-01044db6329a \| url\-status \= live }} The [development plan](/wiki/Development_plan "Development plan") for Fingal County Council treats Kinsealy–Drinan as part of Swords.{{cite web \|title\=Fingal Development Plan 2023–2029 : Chief Executive's Report on Draft Plan Public Consultation \|url\=https://www.fingal.ie/sites/default/files/2022\-08/CE%20Report%20on%20Draft%20Plan%20Public%20Consultations%20July%202022\.pdf \|publisher\=Fingal County Council \|access\-date\=10 July 2023 \|pages\=32, 551 \|date\=28 July 2022 \|archive\-date\=2 July 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702160847/https://www.fingal.ie/sites/default/files/2022\-08/CE%20Report%20on%20Draft%20Plan%20Public%20Consultations%20July%202022\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} ### Climate The climate of Swords is, like the rest of Ireland, classified as a [maritime temperate climate](/wiki/Maritime_climate "Maritime climate") (*Cfb*) according to the [Köppen climate classification](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification "Köppen climate classification") system. It is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. The hottest months of the year are June, July and August with temperatures of around 17 – 20 degrees. Swords gets rainfall all year round and the wettest months are October to January. {{Clear}} {{Weather box \| location \= Swords (Dublin Airport) (1981–2010 averages) \| metric first \= Yes \| single line \= Yes \| Jan record high C \= 16\.5 \| Feb record high C \= 16\.2 \| Mar record high C \= 17\.2 \| Apr record high C \= 20\.5 \| May record high C \= 23\.5 \| Jun record high C \= 25\.7 \| Jul record high C \= 27\.6 \| Aug record high C \= 28\.7 \| Sep record high C \= 24\.6 \| Oct record high C \= 21\.0 \| Nov record high C \= 18\.0 \| Dec record high C \= 16\.2 \| year record high C \= 28\.7 \| Jan high C \= 8\.1 \| Feb high C \= 8\.3 \| Mar high C \= 10\.2 \| Apr high C \= 12\.1 \| May high C \= 14\.8 \| Jun high C \= 17\.6 \| Jul high C \= 19\.5 \| Aug high C \= 19\.2 \| Sep high C \= 17\.0 \| Oct high C \= 13\.6 \| Nov high C \= 10\.3 \| Dec high C \= 8\.3 \| year high C \= 13\.3 \| Jan mean C \= 5\.3 \| Feb mean C \= 5\.3 \| Mar mean C \= 6\.8 \| Apr mean C \= 8\.3 \| May mean C \= 10\.9 \| Jun mean C \= 13\.6 \| Jul mean C \= 15\.6 \| Aug mean C \= 15\.3 \| Sep mean C \= 13\.4 \| Oct mean C \= 10\.5 \| Nov mean C \= 7\.4 \| Dec mean C \= 5\.6 \| year mean C \= 9\.8 \| Jan low C \= 2\.4 \| Feb low C \= 2\.3 \| Mar low C \= 3\.4 \| Apr low C \= 4\.6 \| May low C \= 6\.9 \| Jun low C \= 9\.6 \| Jul low C \= 11\.7 \| Aug low C \= 11\.5 \| Sep low C \= 9\.8 \| Oct low C \= 7\.3 \| Nov low C \= 4\.5 \| Dec low C \= 2\.8 \| year low C \= 6\.4 \| Jan record low C \= \-9\.5 \| Feb record low C \= \-6\.7 \| Mar record low C \= \-7\.9 \| Apr record low C \= \-4\.0 \| May record low C \= \-1\.6 \| Jun record low C \= 2\.1 \| Jul record low C \= 4\.6 \| Aug record low C \= 2\.4 \| Sep record low C \= 1\.2 \| Oct record low C \= \-3\.3 \| Nov record low C \= \-8\.4 \| Dec record low C \= \-12\.2 \| year record low C \= \-12\.2 \| Jan chill \= \| Feb chill \= \| Mar chill \= \| Apr chill \= \| May chill \= \| Jun chill \= \| Jul chill \= \| Aug chill \= \| Sep chill \= \| Oct chill \= \| Nov chill \= \| Dec chill \= \| year chill \= \| Jan precipitation mm \= \| Feb precipitation mm \= \| Mar precipitation mm \= \| Apr precipitation mm \= \| May precipitation mm \= \| Jun precipitation mm \= \| Jul precipitation mm \= \| Aug precipitation mm \= \| Sep precipitation mm \= \| Oct precipitation mm \= \| Nov precipitation mm \= \| Dec precipitation mm \= \| year precipitation mm \= \| Jan rain mm \= 62\.6 \| Feb rain mm \= 48\.8 \| Mar rain mm \= 52\.7 \| Apr rain mm \= 54\.1 \| May rain mm \= 59\.5 \| Jun rain mm \= 66\.7 \| Jul rain mm \= 56\.2 \| Aug rain mm \= 73\.3 \| Sep rain mm \= 59\.5 \| Oct rain mm \= 79\.0 \| Nov rain mm \= 72\.9 \| Dec rain mm \= 72\.7 \| year rain mm \= 758\.0 \| Jan snow mm \= \| Feb snow mm \= \| Mar snow mm \= \| Apr snow mm \= \| May snow mm \= \| Jun snow mm \= \| Jul snow mm \= \| Aug snow mm \= \| Sep snow mm \= \| Oct snow mm \= \| Nov snow mm \= \| Dec snow mm \= \| year snow mm \= \| Jan humidity \= 80\.6 \| Feb humidity \= 75\.7 \| Mar humidity \= 71\.0 \| Apr humidity \= 68\.3 \| May humidity \= 68\.0 \| Jun humidity \= 68\.3 \| Jul humidity \= 69\.0 \| Aug humidity \= 69\.3 \| Sep humidity \= 71\.5 \| Oct humidity \= 75\.1 \| Nov humidity \= 80\.3 \| Dec humidity \= 83\.1 \| year humidity \= 73\.3 \| Jan precipitation days \= \| Feb precipitation days \= \| Mar precipitation days \= \| Apr precipitation days \= \| May precipitation days \= \| Jun precipitation days \= \| Jul precipitation days \= \| Aug precipitation days \= \| Sep precipitation days \= \| Oct precipitation days \= \| Nov precipitation days \= \| Dec precipitation days \= \| year precipitation days \= \| Jan rain days \= 17 \| Feb rain days \= 15 \| Mar rain days \= 17 \| Apr rain days \= 15 \| May rain days \= 15 \| Jun rain days \= 14 \| Jul rain days \= 16 \| Aug rain days \= 16 \| Sep rain days \= 15 \| Oct rain days \= 17 \| Nov rain days \= 17 \| Dec rain days \= 17 \| year rain days \= 191 \| Jan snow days \= 4\.6 \| Feb snow days \= 4\.2 \| Mar snow days \= 2\.8 \| Apr snow days \= 1\.2 \| May snow days \= 0\.2 \| Jun snow days \= 0\.0 \| Jul snow days \= 0\.0 \| Aug snow days \= 0\.0 \| Sep snow days \= 0\.0 \| Oct snow days \= 0\.0 \| Nov snow days \= 0\.8 \| Dec snow days \= 2\.9 \| year snow days \= 16\.6 \| Jand sun \= 1\.9 \| Febd sun \= 2\.7 \| Mard sun \= 3\.5 \| Aprd sun \= 5\.3 \| Mayd sun \= 6\.2 \| Jund sun \= 5\.8 \| Juld sun \= 5\.3 \| Augd sun \= 5\.1 \| Sepd sun \= 4\.3 \| Octd sun \= 3\.3 \| Novd sun \= 2\.4 \| Decd sun \= 1\.7 \| yeard sun \= 3\.9 \| Jan percentsun \= \| Feb percentsun \= \| Mar percentsun \= \| Apr percentsun \= \| May percentsun \= \| Jun percentsun \= \| Jul percentsun \= \| Aug percentsun \= \| Sep percentsun \= \| Oct percentsun \= \| Nov percentsun \= \| Dec percentsun \= \| year percentsun \= \| source 1 \= Met Éireann{{cite web\|url\=http://www.met.ie/climate\-ireland/1981\-2010/dublin.html\|title\=Dublin 1981–2010 averages\|website\=Met Éireann\|access\-date\=13 July 2012\|archive\-date\=7 January 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002648/https://www.met.ie/climate\-ireland/1981\-2010/dublin.html%0A\|url\-status\=live}} \| date \= July 2012 }} ### Demographics {{Historical populations\|title\=Swords\|state\=collapsed \|1821\|1727 \|1831\|2537 \|1841\|1788 \|1851\|1294 \|1861\|1296 \|1871\|1008 \|1881\|1088 \|1891\|983 \|1901\|944 \|1911\|907 \|1926\|839 \|1936\|838 \|1946\|703 \|1951\|1136 \|1956\|1629 \|1961\|1816 \|1966\|1892 \|1971\|4133 \|1981\|11138 \|1986\|15312 \|1991\|17705 \|1996\|22314 \|2002\|27175 \|2006\|33998 \|2011\|36924 \|2016\|39248 \|2022\|40776 }} {{Historical populations \|title \= Kinsealy–Drinan\|state\=collapsed \|1986\|1095 \|1991\|2084 \|1996\|2182 \|2002\|2110 \|2006\|3651 \|2011\|5814 \|2016\|6643 \|2022\|7526 \|source\= \[https://data.cso.ie/table/A0107 A0107], \[https://data.cso.ie/table/B0107 B0107], \[https://data.cso.ie/table/CD121 CD121], \[https://data.cso.ie/table/E2052 E2052], \[https://data.cso.ie/table/F1015 F1015] }} Swords has developed into the [eighth largest urban area](/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland") in Ireland, with a population of 40,776 at the 2022 census.{{cite web \|title\=Census 2022 \- F1015 Population \|work\=Central Statistics Office Census 2022 Reports \|publisher\=\[\[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)\|Central Statistics Office Ireland]] \|date\=August 2023 \|url\=https://data.cso.ie/table/F1015 \|access\-date\=16 September 2023 \|archive\-date\=18 September 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918224126/https://data.cso.ie/ \|url\-status\=live }} The town's period of rapid population growth began in the 1970s with the construction of the extensive Rivervalley Estate, then Ireland's largest private housing development, ahead of the Kilnamanagh Estate in Tallaght North. It continued during the 1990s and 2000s, with many new residents moving to the area due to its proximity to work at [Dublin Airport](/wiki/Dublin_Airport "Dublin Airport") and various industrial estates / business parks. Fingal County Council has referred to Swords as an "Emerging City", and has suggested that the overall area's population may reach 100,000 by 2035\.
[ "Geography\n---------", "### Landscape", "[thumb\\|Swords Main Street lined with [London Plane](/wiki/Platanus_%C3%97_hispanica \"Platanus × hispanica\") trees, August 2022](/wiki/File:Swords_in_Dublin_K67.jpg \"Swords in Dublin K67.jpg\")\nSwords is situated roughly in the centre of the modern county of Fingal and the ancient [barony](/wiki/Barony_%28Ireland%29 \"Barony (Ireland)\") of [Nethercross](/wiki/Nethercross \"Nethercross\"). The [Ward River](/wiki/Ward_River_%28Ireland%29 \"Ward River (Ireland)\"), coming from County Meath, runs west to east to near the centre of the town, and then turns to run north, before flowing into the Broad Meadow Water or [Broadmeadow River](/wiki/Broadmeadow_River \"Broadmeadow River\") to the east of the town, across the former northern road. A small stream joins the Ward near the town centre and the holy well. The Broadmeadow, also flowing from Meath, borders the north of the town. It runs from [Dunshaughlin](/wiki/Dunshaughlin \"Dunshaughlin\") in the west and across the north of Swords, before receiving the Ward and flowing into the wide Broadmeadow Estuary, then into the Irish Sea past Malahide. The estuary is crossed by a railway embankment and bridge from Malahide.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Doyle \\|first1\\=Joseph W. \\|title\\=Ten Dozen Waters: The Rivers and Streams of County Dublin \\|date\\=1 December 2013 \\|publisher\\=Rath Eanna Research \\|location\\=Dublin, Ireland \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9566363\\-8\\-6 \\|pages\\=8–10 \\|edition\\=8th}} Swords is surrounded by a protected green belt. Dublin Airport has prevented the town from expanding further south and the large Broadmeadow Estuary and Malahide beyond limit expansion further east. To the north and west of Swords, there is sparsely\\-populated, relatively flat, farmland.", "### Townlands and baronies", "The civil parish of Swords mainly lies in the ancient [barony](/wiki/Barony_%28Ireland%29 \"Barony (Ireland)\") of [Nethercross](/wiki/Nethercross \"Nethercross\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.logainm.ie/en/62\\|title\\=An Chrois Íochtarach/Nethercross\\|website\\=Logainm.ie\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610143402/http://www.logainm.ie/en/62\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Swords Demesne is the name of the [townland](/wiki/Townland \"Townland\") in the heart of the urban town of Swords.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.logainm.ie/17054\\.aspx\\|title\\=Diméin Shoird/Swords Demesne\\|website\\=Logainm.ie\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129124020/https://www.logainm.ie/ga/17054\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It is one of 58 such geographic units in the civil parish. However, a single parcel of land, 5 acres in extent, is situated in the barony of [Coolock](/wiki/Coolock_%28barony%29 \"Coolock (barony)\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.logainm.ie/16962\\.aspx\\|title\\=An Ghléib/Glebe\\|website\\=Logainm.ie\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129123934/https://www.logainm.ie/ga/16962\\|url\\-status\\=live}} as an [exclave](/wiki/Exclave \"Exclave\") of the civil parish proper.", "There are 10 townlands in the [electoral division](/wiki/Electoral_division_%28Ireland%29 \"Electoral division (Ireland)\") of Swords, which is not coterminous with the civil parish.", "### Urban layout", "[thumb\\|A [Credit Union](/wiki/Credit_union \"Credit union\") on North Street\\|left](/wiki/File:Modern_architecture%2C_North_Street%2C_Swords.jpg \"Modern architecture, North Street, Swords.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|St. Columcille's Court, Swords](/wiki/File:St._Columcille%27s_Court%2C_Swords.jpg \"St. Columcille's Court, Swords.jpg\")\nThe main retail area is located in the centre of the town and includes the town's wide, tree\\-lined [Main Street](/wiki/Main_Street \"Main Street\"), and the [Pavilions](/wiki/Swords_Pavilions \"Swords Pavilions\") and Swords Central combined shopping centres. There are also two smaller retail developments, Swords Plaza and Swords Town Mall. Most civic facilities are also in this central area, with some subsidiary shopping and civic centres in surrounding housing areas.", "The west of the urban area is mainly residential, with the neighbourhoods of [Applewood](/wiki/Applewood%2C_Swords \"Applewood, Swords\"), [Rathbeale](/wiki/Rathbeale%2C_Swords \"Rathbeale, Swords\") and [Brackenstown](/wiki/Brackenstown%2C_Swords \"Brackenstown, Swords\") to the north of the Ward River and [Knocksedan](/wiki/Knocksedan%2C_Swords \"Knocksedan, Swords\"), River Valley, Rathingle, Highfields, and Boroimhe to the south side of the river.", "{{anchor\\|Kinsealy–Drinan}}The main business and industrial areas are located to the east of the town centre, along the [R132](/wiki/R132_road_%28Ireland%29 \"R132 road (Ireland)\") dual carriageway. These include Balheary Industrial Park, Swords Business Campus, Swords Business Park, and the Airside campus (Business Park, Retail Park and Motor Park). These campuses separate the town centre from the residential neighbourhoods further east — Seatown, Lissenhall, [Holywell](/wiki/Holywell%2C_Swords \"Holywell, Swords\") and Drynam (or Drinan) — for which reason the [Central Statistics Office](/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_%28Ireland%29 \"Central Statistics Office (Ireland)\") treats the latter areas as forming a separate [census town](/wiki/Census_town_%28Ireland%29 \"Census town (Ireland)\"), which since 1991 it has dubbed \"Kinsealy–Drinan\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Settlements: Kinsealy\\-Drinan 2016 \\|url\\=https://visual.cso.ie/?body\\=entity/ima/cop/2016\\&boundary\\=C03899V04650\\&guid\\=C92D65A4\\-2D53\\-4242\\-9F33\\-728C05BF0476 \\|website\\=Interactive Data Visualisations \\|publisher\\=CSO Ireland \\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710162646/https://visual.cso.ie/?body\\=entity/ima/cop/2016\\&boundary\\=C03899V04650\\&guid\\=C92D65A4\\-2D53\\-4242\\-9F33\\-728C05BF0476 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite book \\|title\\=Census of Ireland 1991 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census1991results/volume1/C1991\\_V1\\_T11\\.pdf\\#page\\=4 \\|volume\\=1 \\|page\\=43 \\|chapter\\=Table 11: Population of Towns ordered by size \\|date\\=June 1993 \\|publisher\\=CSO \\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710162651/https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census1991results/volume1/C1991\\_V1\\_T11\\.pdf\\#page\\=4 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and had a population of 7,526 at the [2022 census](/wiki/2022_census_of_Ireland \"2022 census of Ireland\").{{cite web \\| url \\= https://visual.cso.ie/?body\\=entity/ima/cop/2022\\&boundary\\=C04160V04929\\&guid\\=6ca2f1a4\\-ad9b\\-4507\\-bc97\\-01044db6329a \\| title \\= Interactive Data Visualisations: Towns: Kinsealy\\-Drinan \\| work \\= Census 2022 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)\\|Central Statistics Office]] \\| access\\-date \\= 26 September 2023 \\| archive\\-date \\= 26 September 2023 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20230926114241/https://visual.cso.ie/?body\\=entity/ima/cop/2022\\&boundary\\=C04160V04929\\&guid\\=6ca2f1a4\\-ad9b\\-4507\\-bc97\\-01044db6329a \\| url\\-status \\= live }} The [development plan](/wiki/Development_plan \"Development plan\") for Fingal County Council treats Kinsealy–Drinan as part of Swords.{{cite web \\|title\\=Fingal Development Plan 2023–2029 : Chief Executive's Report on Draft Plan Public Consultation \\|url\\=https://www.fingal.ie/sites/default/files/2022\\-08/CE%20Report%20on%20Draft%20Plan%20Public%20Consultations%20July%202022\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=Fingal County Council \\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2023 \\|pages\\=32, 551 \\|date\\=28 July 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702160847/https://www.fingal.ie/sites/default/files/2022\\-08/CE%20Report%20on%20Draft%20Plan%20Public%20Consultations%20July%202022\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Climate", "The climate of Swords is, like the rest of Ireland, classified as a [maritime temperate climate](/wiki/Maritime_climate \"Maritime climate\") (*Cfb*) according to the [Köppen climate classification](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification \"Köppen climate classification\") system. It is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. The hottest months of the year are June, July and August with temperatures of around 17 – 20 degrees. Swords gets rainfall all year round and the wettest months are October to January.", "{{Clear}}\n{{Weather box\n\\| location \\= Swords (Dublin Airport) (1981–2010 averages)\n\\| metric first \\= Yes\n\\| single line \\= Yes\n\\| Jan record high C \\= 16\\.5\n\\| Feb record high C \\= 16\\.2\n\\| Mar record high C \\= 17\\.2\n\\| Apr record high C \\= 20\\.5\n\\| May record high C \\= 23\\.5\n\\| Jun record high C \\= 25\\.7\n\\| Jul record high C \\= 27\\.6\n\\| Aug record high C \\= 28\\.7\n\\| Sep record high C \\= 24\\.6\n\\| Oct record high C \\= 21\\.0\n\\| Nov record high C \\= 18\\.0\n\\| Dec record high C \\= 16\\.2\n\\| year record high C \\= 28\\.7\n\\| Jan high C \\= 8\\.1\n\\| Feb high C \\= 8\\.3\n\\| Mar high C \\= 10\\.2\n\\| Apr high C \\= 12\\.1\n\\| May high C \\= 14\\.8\n\\| Jun high C \\= 17\\.6\n\\| Jul high C \\= 19\\.5\n\\| Aug high C \\= 19\\.2\n\\| Sep high C \\= 17\\.0\n\\| Oct high C \\= 13\\.6\n\\| Nov high C \\= 10\\.3\n\\| Dec high C \\= 8\\.3\n\\| year high C \\= 13\\.3\n\\| Jan mean C \\= 5\\.3\n\\| Feb mean C \\= 5\\.3\n\\| Mar mean C \\= 6\\.8\n\\| Apr mean C \\= 8\\.3\n\\| May mean C \\= 10\\.9\n\\| Jun mean C \\= 13\\.6\n\\| Jul mean C \\= 15\\.6\n\\| Aug mean C \\= 15\\.3\n\\| Sep mean C \\= 13\\.4\n\\| Oct mean C \\= 10\\.5\n\\| Nov mean C \\= 7\\.4\n\\| Dec mean C \\= 5\\.6\n\\| year mean C \\= 9\\.8\n\\| Jan low C \\= 2\\.4\n\\| Feb low C \\= 2\\.3\n\\| Mar low C \\= 3\\.4\n\\| Apr low C \\= 4\\.6\n\\| May low C \\= 6\\.9\n\\| Jun low C \\= 9\\.6\n\\| Jul low C \\= 11\\.7\n\\| Aug low C \\= 11\\.5\n\\| Sep low C \\= 9\\.8\n\\| Oct low C \\= 7\\.3\n\\| Nov low C \\= 4\\.5\n\\| Dec low C \\= 2\\.8\n\\| year low C \\= 6\\.4\n\\| Jan record low C \\= \\-9\\.5\n\\| Feb record low C \\= \\-6\\.7\n\\| Mar record low C \\= \\-7\\.9\n\\| Apr record low C \\= \\-4\\.0\n\\| May record low C \\= \\-1\\.6\n\\| Jun record low C \\= 2\\.1\n\\| Jul record low C \\= 4\\.6\n\\| Aug record low C \\= 2\\.4\n\\| Sep record low C \\= 1\\.2\n\\| Oct record low C \\= \\-3\\.3\n\\| Nov record low C \\= \\-8\\.4\n\\| Dec record low C \\= \\-12\\.2\n\\| year record low C \\= \\-12\\.2\n\\| Jan chill \\= \n\\| Feb chill \\= \n\\| Mar chill \\= \n\\| Apr chill \\= \n\\| May chill \\= \n\\| Jun chill \\= \n\\| Jul chill \\= \n\\| Aug chill \\= \n\\| Sep chill \\= \n\\| Oct chill \\= \n\\| Nov chill \\= \n\\| Dec chill \\= \n\\| year chill \\= \n\\| Jan precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Feb precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Mar precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Apr precipitation mm \\= \n\\| May precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Jun precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Jul precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Aug precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Sep precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Oct precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Nov precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Dec precipitation mm \\= \n\\| year precipitation mm \\= \n\\| Jan rain mm \\= 62\\.6\n\\| Feb rain mm \\= 48\\.8\n\\| Mar rain mm \\= 52\\.7\n\\| Apr rain mm \\= 54\\.1\n\\| May rain mm \\= 59\\.5\n\\| Jun rain mm \\= 66\\.7\n\\| Jul rain mm \\= 56\\.2\n\\| Aug rain mm \\= 73\\.3\n\\| Sep rain mm \\= 59\\.5\n\\| Oct rain mm \\= 79\\.0\n\\| Nov rain mm \\= 72\\.9\n\\| Dec rain mm \\= 72\\.7\n\\| year rain mm \\= 758\\.0\n\\| Jan snow mm \\= \n\\| Feb snow mm \\= \n\\| Mar snow mm \\= \n\\| Apr snow mm \\= \n\\| May snow mm \\= \n\\| Jun snow mm \\= \n\\| Jul snow mm \\= \n\\| Aug snow mm \\= \n\\| Sep snow mm \\= \n\\| Oct snow mm \\= \n\\| Nov snow mm \\= \n\\| Dec snow mm \\= \n\\| year snow mm \\= \n\\| Jan humidity \\= 80\\.6\n\\| Feb humidity \\= 75\\.7\n\\| Mar humidity \\= 71\\.0\n\\| Apr humidity \\= 68\\.3\n\\| May humidity \\= 68\\.0\n\\| Jun humidity \\= 68\\.3\n\\| Jul humidity \\= 69\\.0\n\\| Aug humidity \\= 69\\.3\n\\| Sep humidity \\= 71\\.5\n\\| Oct humidity \\= 75\\.1\n\\| Nov humidity \\= 80\\.3\n\\| Dec humidity \\= 83\\.1\n\\| year humidity \\= 73\\.3\n\\| Jan precipitation days \\= \n\\| Feb precipitation days \\= \n\\| Mar precipitation days \\= \n\\| Apr precipitation days \\= \n\\| May precipitation days \\= \n\\| Jun precipitation days \\= \n\\| Jul precipitation days \\= \n\\| Aug precipitation days \\= \n\\| Sep precipitation days \\= \n\\| Oct precipitation days \\= \n\\| Nov precipitation days \\= \n\\| Dec precipitation days \\= \n\\| year precipitation days \\= \n\\| Jan rain days \\= 17\n\\| Feb rain days \\= 15\n\\| Mar rain days \\= 17\n\\| Apr rain days \\= 15\n\\| May rain days \\= 15\n\\| Jun rain days \\= 14\n\\| Jul rain days \\= 16\n\\| Aug rain days \\= 16\n\\| Sep rain days \\= 15\n\\| Oct rain days \\= 17\n\\| Nov rain days \\= 17\n\\| Dec rain days \\= 17\n\\| year rain days \\= 191\n\\| Jan snow days \\= 4\\.6\n\\| Feb snow days \\= 4\\.2\n\\| Mar snow days \\= 2\\.8\n\\| Apr snow days \\= 1\\.2\n\\| May snow days \\= 0\\.2\n\\| Jun snow days \\= 0\\.0\n\\| Jul snow days \\= 0\\.0\n\\| Aug snow days \\= 0\\.0\n\\| Sep snow days \\= 0\\.0\n\\| Oct snow days \\= 0\\.0\n\\| Nov snow days \\= 0\\.8\n\\| Dec snow days \\= 2\\.9\n\\| year snow days \\= 16\\.6\n\\| Jand sun \\= 1\\.9\n\\| Febd sun \\= 2\\.7\n\\| Mard sun \\= 3\\.5\n\\| Aprd sun \\= 5\\.3\n\\| Mayd sun \\= 6\\.2\n\\| Jund sun \\= 5\\.8\n\\| Juld sun \\= 5\\.3\n\\| Augd sun \\= 5\\.1\n\\| Sepd sun \\= 4\\.3\n\\| Octd sun \\= 3\\.3\n\\| Novd sun \\= 2\\.4\n\\| Decd sun \\= 1\\.7\n\\| yeard sun \\= 3\\.9\n\\| Jan percentsun \\= \n\\| Feb percentsun \\= \n\\| Mar percentsun \\= \n\\| Apr percentsun \\= \n\\| May percentsun \\= \n\\| Jun percentsun \\= \n\\| Jul percentsun \\= \n\\| Aug percentsun \\= \n\\| Sep percentsun \\= \n\\| Oct percentsun \\= \n\\| Nov percentsun \\= \n\\| Dec percentsun \\= \n\\| year percentsun \\= \n\\| source 1 \\= Met Éireann{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.met.ie/climate\\-ireland/1981\\-2010/dublin.html\\|title\\=Dublin 1981–2010 averages\\|website\\=Met Éireann\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=7 January 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002648/https://www.met.ie/climate\\-ireland/1981\\-2010/dublin.html%0A\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n\\| date \\= July 2012\n}}", "### Demographics", "{{Historical populations\\|title\\=Swords\\|state\\=collapsed\n\\|1821\\|1727\n\\|1831\\|2537\n\\|1841\\|1788\n\\|1851\\|1294\n\\|1861\\|1296\n\\|1871\\|1008\n\\|1881\\|1088\n\\|1891\\|983\n\\|1901\\|944\n\\|1911\\|907\n\\|1926\\|839\n\\|1936\\|838\n\\|1946\\|703\n\\|1951\\|1136\n\\|1956\\|1629\n\\|1961\\|1816\n\\|1966\\|1892\n\\|1971\\|4133\n\\|1981\\|11138\n\\|1986\\|15312\n\\|1991\\|17705\n\\|1996\\|22314\n\\|2002\\|27175\n\\|2006\\|33998\n\\|2011\\|36924\n\\|2016\\|39248\n\\|2022\\|40776\n}}\n{{Historical populations\n\\|title \\= Kinsealy–Drinan\\|state\\=collapsed\n\\|1986\\|1095\n\\|1991\\|2084\n\\|1996\\|2182\n\\|2002\\|2110\n\\|2006\\|3651\n\\|2011\\|5814\n\\|2016\\|6643\n\\|2022\\|7526\n\\|source\\= \\[https://data.cso.ie/table/A0107 A0107], \\[https://data.cso.ie/table/B0107 B0107], \\[https://data.cso.ie/table/CD121 CD121], \\[https://data.cso.ie/table/E2052 E2052], \\[https://data.cso.ie/table/F1015 F1015]\n}}\nSwords has developed into the [eighth largest urban area](/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland\") in Ireland, with a population of 40,776 at the 2022 census.{{cite web \\|title\\=Census 2022 \\- F1015 Population \\|work\\=Central Statistics Office Census 2022 Reports \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)\\|Central Statistics Office Ireland]] \\|date\\=August 2023 \\|url\\=https://data.cso.ie/table/F1015 \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 September 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918224126/https://data.cso.ie/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The town's period of rapid population growth began in the 1970s with the construction of the extensive Rivervalley Estate, then Ireland's largest private housing development, ahead of the Kilnamanagh Estate in Tallaght North. It continued during the 1990s and 2000s, with many new residents moving to the area due to its proximity to work at [Dublin Airport](/wiki/Dublin_Airport \"Dublin Airport\") and various industrial estates / business parks.", "Fingal County Council has referred to Swords as an \"Emerging City\", and has suggested that the overall area's population may reach 100,000 by 2035\\.", "" ]
Economy ------- [thumb\|upright\|A concourse area in [Pavilions Swords](/wiki/Swords_Pavilions "Swords Pavilions")](/wiki/File:Swords_Pavilions_Shopping_Centre.jpg "Swords Pavilions Shopping Centre.jpg") ### Commercial and retail Swords is the home to a large retail and business park called [Airside Retail and Business Park](/wiki/Airside_Retail_Park "Airside Retail Park"), on the southern fringe of the town, hosting a number of employers. It is home to several corporates, including Ryanair, AIB, eShopWorld, Sandisk, Fujitsu, Ricoh and the European headquarters of [Kellogg's](/wiki/Kellogg%27s "Kellogg's").{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}} [Ingersoll Rand](/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand "Ingersoll Rand") also has its corporate headquarters in the Airside Business Park."[Contact Us](http://company.ingersollrand.com/Pages/ContactUs.aspx) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102180651/http://company.ingersollrand.com/Pages/ContactUs.aspx \|date\= 2 January 2011 }}." [Ingersoll Rand](/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand "Ingersoll Rand"). Retrieved on 18 January 2011\. "Global Headquarters 170/175 Lakeview Drive Airside Business Park Swords, Co. Dublin Ireland." East of the town, running parallel to Swords bypass, lies the large Swords Business Park, where the [Hertz Corporation](/wiki/Hertz_Corporation "Hertz Corporation") have a Shared Services Centre. Swords also has a large shopping centre, the [Pavilions Swords](/wiki/Swords_Pavilions "Swords Pavilions"), off the R132, which has a multi\-screen cinema and branches of [SuperValu](/wiki/SuperValu_%28Ireland%29 "SuperValu (Ireland)") and [Dunnes Stores](/wiki/Dunnes_Stores "Dunnes Stores"). ### Aviation [thumb\|Empennages of an [Aer Lingus](/wiki/Aer_Lingus "Aer Lingus") and [Ryanair](/wiki/Ryanair "Ryanair") planes at [Dublin Airport](/wiki/Dublin_Airport "Dublin Airport"), near Swords.](/wiki/File:E4411-Ryanair-planes-in-Dublin.jpg "E4411-Ryanair-planes-in-Dublin.jpg") Swords is the closest town to [Dublin Airport](/wiki/Dublin_Airport "Dublin Airport") and the two share the same [Eircode routing area key of K67](/wiki/List_of_Eircode_routing_areas_in_Ireland "List of Eircode routing areas in Ireland"). The airport has long provided employment to the area. In 2011, Dublin Airport handled over 18\.7 million passengers and served over 171 routes with 62 airlines.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dublinairport.com/gns/flight\-information/destinations\-airlines.aspx\|title\=Live Flight Information and Status Updates\|website\=Dublin Airport\|access\-date\=16 November 2012\|archive\-date\=14 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014042813/http://dublinairport.com/gns/flight\-information/destinations\-airlines.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} The airport serves as an operating base for [Aer Lingus](/wiki/Aer_Lingus "Aer Lingus"), [Aer Lingus Regional](/wiki/Aer_Lingus_Regional "Aer Lingus Regional"), [Air Contractors](/wiki/Air_Contractors "Air Contractors"), [CityJet](/wiki/CityJet "CityJet"), [Ryanair](/wiki/Ryanair "Ryanair") and [Thomson Airways](/wiki/Thomson_Airways "Thomson Airways"), and as a maintenance base for Aer Lingus, CityJet, Dublin Aerospace,{{cite web\|url\=http://dublinaerospace.com/\|title\=Home\|website\=Dublin Aerospace\|access\-date\=12 July 2012\|archive\-date\=1 May 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501081100/http://dublinaerospace.com/\|url\-status\=live}} Eirtech Aviation,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eirtechaviation.ie/indexFlash.php\|title\=Eirtech Aviation\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205073915/http://eirtechaviation.ie/indexFlash.php\|archive\-date\=5 February 2012\|df\=dmy\-all}} [Etihad Airways](/wiki/Etihad_Airways "Etihad Airways"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.etihad.com/en/about\-us/etihad\-news/\|title\=News \- Etihad Airways\|website\=Etihad Global\|access\-date\=13 November 2017\|archive\-date\=13 November 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113232818/http://www.etihad.com/en/about\-us/etihad\-news/\|url\-status\=live}} and Ryanair. The [Irish Aviation Authority](/wiki/Irish_Aviation_Authority "Irish Aviation Authority"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.iaa.ie/index.jsp?p\=101\&n\=419\|title\=Irish Aviation Authority\|access\-date\=12 July 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106141039/http://www.iaa.ie/index.jsp?p\=101\&n\=419\|archive\-date\=6 January 2012\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} operate the Dublin Air Traffic Control Centre on the airport. The headquarters of the [Dublin Airport Authority](/wiki/Dublin_Airport_Authority "Dublin Airport Authority") and Ireland's four largest airlines are located in or near Swords. The [Dublin Airport Authority](/wiki/Dublin_Airport_Authority "Dublin Airport Authority"), who manage Dublin, Cork and Shannon Airports, employ over 3,000 people and have their headquarters on the airport campus.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.daa.ie/gns/company\-profile/overview.aspx\|title\=Company Profile \- daa\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705013303/http://www.daa.ie/gns/company\-profile/overview.aspx\|archive\-date\=5 July 2012\|df\=dmy\-all}} Aer Lingus,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aerlingus.com/help/contactus/\|title\=Contact Us \- Aer Lingus\|website\=www.aerlingus.com\|access\-date\=12 July 2012\|archive\-date\=18 May 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518120321/http://www.aerlingus.com/help/contactus/\|url\-status\=live}} Ireland's flag carrier, have their headquarters on the Dublin Airport campus. CityJet, part of the [Air France\-KLM](/wiki/Air_France-KLM "Air France-KLM") group, has its headquarters in Swords Business Campus{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cityjet.com/contact\-us/\|title\=CityJet \- Contact Us\|last\=CityJet\|website\=www.cityjet.com\|access\-date\=12 July 2012\|archive\-date\=20 July 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720053408/http://www.cityjet.com/contact\-us/\|url\-status\=live}} and Air Contractors, part of the [ASL Aviation](/wiki/ASL_Aviation "ASL Aviation") group, has its head office on the Malahide Road in Swords.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aircontractors.com/detail.aspx?page\=ContactUs\|title\=Air Contractors\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717064229/http://www.aircontractors.com/detail.aspx?page\=ContactUs\|archive\-date\=17 July 2012\|df\=dmy\-all}} In 2014, [Ryanair](/wiki/Ryanair "Ryanair") moved into a new €20m, 100,000 sq ft Dublin Head Office in Airside Business Park.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ryanair.com/index.php/ie/news/ryanair\-buys\-new\-dublin\-offices/\|title\=Ryanair Official website News Article}}{{dead link\|date\=November 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The building was officially opened in April 2014\. ### Logistics In 2007 [Tesco Ireland](/wiki/Tesco_Ireland "Tesco Ireland") opened their new €70 million distribution centre in Lanestown, between Swords and Donabate. With a building footprint of over 68,000 m2 and a total volume of 1\.55 million m2 the Tesco Ireland distribution centre is the largest building on the island of Ireland and one of the 10 [largest building in the world](/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world "List of largest buildings in the world"). The building is over half a kilometre long, has 106 loading bays and supplies 106 stores up to 6 times a day.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.euromech.ie/pallet\-racking\-tesco\-ireland\-dublin.html\|title\=Tesco Ireland Case Study: Pallet Racking, Mesh Shelving, Mesh Partitioning\|website\=www.euromech.ie\|access\-date\=1 September 2012\|archive\-date\=30 April 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430025736/http://www.euromech.ie/pallet\-racking\-tesco\-ireland\-dublin.html\|url\-status\=live}} ### Pharmaceutical Swords is the home to several international chemical producers and pharmaceutical giants, including Opec. [Merck Sharp \& Dohme](/wiki/Merck_Sharp_%26_Dohme "Merck Sharp & Dohme") (formally Organnon) employ over 500 people in their facility in Drynam, which manufactures women's health, anaesthesiology and mental health products.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.msd\-ireland.com/about/our\-locations/home.html?WT.svl\=mainnav\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130129052341/http://www.msd\-ireland.com/about/our\-locations/home.html?WT.svl\=mainnav\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2013\-01\-29\|title\=MSD Ireland}} [Bristol Myers Squibb](/wiki/Bristol_Myers_Squibb "Bristol Myers Squibb") employ over 400 people in their Swords Laboratories bulk pharmaceutical plant on Watery Lane.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bms.com/ie\|title\=Bristol Myers Squibb \- Global Biopharmaceutical Company\|website\=www.bms.com\|access\-date\=19 November 2021\|archive\-date\=19 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119060047/https://www.bms.com/ie\|url\-status\=live}} The [Lonza Group](/wiki/Lonza_Group "Lonza Group") employ 45 people in their European manufacturing facility for personal care and industrial biocides, also on Watery Lane.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lonza.com/about\-lonza/company\-profile/locations\-worldwide/swords\-ireland.aspx\|title\=Lonza Swords\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612035909/http://www.lonza.com/about\-lonza/company\-profile/locations\-worldwide/swords\-ireland.aspx\|archive\-date\=12 June 2012\|df\=dmy\-all}} ### Food and horticulture Swords is located in the centre of Fingal and is surrounded by farms growing crops like potatoes, wheat and barley. However, unlike the rest of Fingal, a lot of the food distributed from Swords has been imported from abroad.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}} As of 2018, FoodCentral (marketed as "Ireland's national food park") was being developed south\-west of Swords.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.independent.ie/business/commercial\-property/oakland\-expands\-to\-foodcentral\-37080963\.html \| publisher \= Independent News \& Media \| website \= independent.ie \| title \= Oakland expands to FoodCentral \| date \= 5 July 2018 \| accessdate \= 27 April 2021 \| archive\-date \= 27 April 2021 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210427140336/https://www.independent.ie/business/commercial\-property/oakland\-expands\-to\-foodcentral\-37080963\.html \| url\-status \= live }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foodcentral.eu/index.aspx\|title\=FoodCentral \- Homepage\|website\=www.foodcentral.eu\|access\-date\=13 July 2012\|archive\-date\=1 June 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601042710/http://www.foodcentral.eu/index.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} The Keeling's Group, who employ over 1700 people, have their headquarters in FoodCentral and use a lot of land around Swords.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.keelings.com/home.html\|title\=Keeling's Group\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108121657/http://www.keelings.com/home.html\|archive\-date\=8 January 2013\|df\=dmy\-all}} The Keeling's Farms division annually grow 2,500 tonnes of soft fruits/berries from 5 hectares of glasshouse, tunnel and field crops in Swords. They grow [Bramley apples](/wiki/Bramley_apple "Bramley apple") in 139 acres of orchards and lettuce in 8 acres of glasshouses. Their glasshouses also produce 1,500 tonnes of red, orange, yellow and green peppers annually.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.keelings.com/business9c8a.html?id\=23\|title\=Keeling's Farms\|access\-date\=20 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327013848/http://www.keelings.com/business9c8a.html?id\=23\|archive\-date\=27 March 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} Keeling's also operate a large banana ripening facility for Chiquita which ripens over 3 million bananas each week. They also have separate ripening rooms for other fruits.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.keelings.com/businessea25\.html?id\=24\|title\=Keeling's Multiples\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327013854/http://www.keelings.com/businessea25\.html?id\=24\|archive\-date\=27 March 2013\|df\=dmy\-all}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chiquita.com/Home.aspx\|title\=Chiquita Bananas\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909201409/http://www.chiquita.com/Home.aspx\|archive\-date\=9 September 2012\|df\=dmy\-all}} Total Produce, Ireland's largest [agribusiness](/wiki/Agribusiness "Agribusiness"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.top1000\.ie/industries/agribusiness\|title\=The Top Agribusiness Companies on Top1000\.ie\|website\=Top 1000\|date\=25 June 2023\|access\-date\=8 September 2012\|archive\-date\=9 September 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909021735/http://www.top1000\.ie/industries/agribusiness\|url\-status\=live}} operates two facilities in Swords.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.totalproduce.com/about.php?m\=46\|title\=Total Produce\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821213312/http://www.totalproduce.com/about.php?m\=46\|archive\-date\=21 August 2014\|df\=dmy\-all}} Its facility in Swords Business Park includes a distribution and ripening centre for Fyffes{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fyffes.com/gns/our\-company/locations\-and\-contacts.aspx\|title\=Fyffes Swords\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608063323/http://www.fyffes.com/gns/our\-company/locations\-and\-contacts.aspx\|archive\-date\=8 June 2012\|df\=dmy\-all}} Cape, Outspan, Green Ace and TOP Fruit products. Their "Uniplumo" facility on the Rathbeale Road,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.freshproduce.org.uk/membership/382\.html\|title\=FPC Newsdesk\|website\=www.freshproduce.org.uk\|access\-date\=15 July 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015530/http://www.freshproduce.org.uk/membership/382\.html\|archive\-date\=24 September 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} has 46,000 square metres of glasshouses for growing plants, flowers and tomatoes.
[ "Economy\n-------", "[thumb\\|upright\\|A concourse area in [Pavilions Swords](/wiki/Swords_Pavilions \"Swords Pavilions\")](/wiki/File:Swords_Pavilions_Shopping_Centre.jpg \"Swords Pavilions Shopping Centre.jpg\")", "### Commercial and retail", "Swords is the home to a large retail and business park called [Airside Retail and Business Park](/wiki/Airside_Retail_Park \"Airside Retail Park\"), on the southern fringe of the town, hosting a number of employers. It is home to several corporates, including Ryanair, AIB, eShopWorld, Sandisk, Fujitsu, Ricoh and the European headquarters of [Kellogg's](/wiki/Kellogg%27s \"Kellogg's\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}} [Ingersoll Rand](/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand \"Ingersoll Rand\") also has its corporate headquarters in the Airside Business Park.\"[Contact Us](http://company.ingersollrand.com/Pages/ContactUs.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102180651/http://company.ingersollrand.com/Pages/ContactUs.aspx \\|date\\= 2 January 2011 }}.\" [Ingersoll Rand](/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand \"Ingersoll Rand\"). Retrieved on 18 January 2011\\. \"Global Headquarters 170/175 Lakeview Drive Airside Business Park Swords, Co. Dublin Ireland.\"", "East of the town, running parallel to Swords bypass, lies the large Swords Business Park, where the [Hertz Corporation](/wiki/Hertz_Corporation \"Hertz Corporation\") have a Shared Services Centre.", "Swords also has a large shopping centre, the [Pavilions Swords](/wiki/Swords_Pavilions \"Swords Pavilions\"), off the R132, which has a multi\\-screen cinema and branches of [SuperValu](/wiki/SuperValu_%28Ireland%29 \"SuperValu (Ireland)\") and [Dunnes Stores](/wiki/Dunnes_Stores \"Dunnes Stores\").", "### Aviation", "[thumb\\|Empennages of an [Aer Lingus](/wiki/Aer_Lingus \"Aer Lingus\") and [Ryanair](/wiki/Ryanair \"Ryanair\") planes at [Dublin Airport](/wiki/Dublin_Airport \"Dublin Airport\"), near Swords.](/wiki/File:E4411-Ryanair-planes-in-Dublin.jpg \"E4411-Ryanair-planes-in-Dublin.jpg\") \nSwords is the closest town to [Dublin Airport](/wiki/Dublin_Airport \"Dublin Airport\") and the two share the same [Eircode routing area key of K67](/wiki/List_of_Eircode_routing_areas_in_Ireland \"List of Eircode routing areas in Ireland\"). The airport has long provided employment to the area. In 2011, Dublin Airport handled over 18\\.7 million passengers and served over 171 routes with 62 airlines.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dublinairport.com/gns/flight\\-information/destinations\\-airlines.aspx\\|title\\=Live Flight Information and Status Updates\\|website\\=Dublin Airport\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=14 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014042813/http://dublinairport.com/gns/flight\\-information/destinations\\-airlines.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The airport serves as an operating base for [Aer Lingus](/wiki/Aer_Lingus \"Aer Lingus\"), [Aer Lingus Regional](/wiki/Aer_Lingus_Regional \"Aer Lingus Regional\"), [Air Contractors](/wiki/Air_Contractors \"Air Contractors\"), [CityJet](/wiki/CityJet \"CityJet\"), [Ryanair](/wiki/Ryanair \"Ryanair\") and [Thomson Airways](/wiki/Thomson_Airways \"Thomson Airways\"), and as a maintenance base for Aer Lingus, CityJet, Dublin Aerospace,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://dublinaerospace.com/\\|title\\=Home\\|website\\=Dublin Aerospace\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=1 May 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501081100/http://dublinaerospace.com/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Eirtech Aviation,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eirtechaviation.ie/indexFlash.php\\|title\\=Eirtech Aviation\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205073915/http://eirtechaviation.ie/indexFlash.php\\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2012\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} [Etihad Airways](/wiki/Etihad_Airways \"Etihad Airways\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.etihad.com/en/about\\-us/etihad\\-news/\\|title\\=News \\- Etihad Airways\\|website\\=Etihad Global\\|access\\-date\\=13 November 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=13 November 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113232818/http://www.etihad.com/en/about\\-us/etihad\\-news/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and Ryanair.", "The [Irish Aviation Authority](/wiki/Irish_Aviation_Authority \"Irish Aviation Authority\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.iaa.ie/index.jsp?p\\=101\\&n\\=419\\|title\\=Irish Aviation Authority\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106141039/http://www.iaa.ie/index.jsp?p\\=101\\&n\\=419\\|archive\\-date\\=6 January 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} operate the Dublin Air Traffic Control Centre on the airport.", "The headquarters of the [Dublin Airport Authority](/wiki/Dublin_Airport_Authority \"Dublin Airport Authority\") and Ireland's four largest airlines are located in or near Swords. The [Dublin Airport Authority](/wiki/Dublin_Airport_Authority \"Dublin Airport Authority\"), who manage Dublin, Cork and Shannon Airports, employ over 3,000 people and have their headquarters on the airport campus.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.daa.ie/gns/company\\-profile/overview.aspx\\|title\\=Company Profile \\- daa\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705013303/http://www.daa.ie/gns/company\\-profile/overview.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=5 July 2012\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Aer Lingus,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aerlingus.com/help/contactus/\\|title\\=Contact Us \\- Aer Lingus\\|website\\=www.aerlingus.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518120321/http://www.aerlingus.com/help/contactus/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Ireland's flag carrier, have their headquarters on the Dublin Airport campus. CityJet, part of the [Air France\\-KLM](/wiki/Air_France-KLM \"Air France-KLM\") group, has its headquarters in Swords Business Campus{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cityjet.com/contact\\-us/\\|title\\=CityJet \\- Contact Us\\|last\\=CityJet\\|website\\=www.cityjet.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720053408/http://www.cityjet.com/contact\\-us/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and Air Contractors, part of the [ASL Aviation](/wiki/ASL_Aviation \"ASL Aviation\") group, has its head office on the Malahide Road in Swords.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aircontractors.com/detail.aspx?page\\=ContactUs\\|title\\=Air Contractors\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717064229/http://www.aircontractors.com/detail.aspx?page\\=ContactUs\\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2012\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} In 2014, [Ryanair](/wiki/Ryanair \"Ryanair\") moved into a new €20m, 100,000 sq ft Dublin Head Office in Airside Business Park.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ryanair.com/index.php/ie/news/ryanair\\-buys\\-new\\-dublin\\-offices/\\|title\\=Ryanair Official website News Article}}{{dead link\\|date\\=November 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} The building was officially opened in April 2014\\.", "### Logistics", "In 2007 [Tesco Ireland](/wiki/Tesco_Ireland \"Tesco Ireland\") opened their new €70 million distribution centre in Lanestown, between Swords and Donabate. With a building footprint of over 68,000 m2 and a total volume of 1\\.55 million m2 the Tesco Ireland distribution centre is the largest building on the island of Ireland and one of the 10 [largest building in the world](/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world \"List of largest buildings in the world\"). The building is over half a kilometre long, has 106 loading bays and supplies 106 stores up to 6 times a day.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.euromech.ie/pallet\\-racking\\-tesco\\-ireland\\-dublin.html\\|title\\=Tesco Ireland Case Study: Pallet Racking, Mesh Shelving, Mesh Partitioning\\|website\\=www.euromech.ie\\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=30 April 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430025736/http://www.euromech.ie/pallet\\-racking\\-tesco\\-ireland\\-dublin.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Pharmaceutical", "Swords is the home to several international chemical producers and pharmaceutical giants, including Opec. [Merck Sharp \\& Dohme](/wiki/Merck_Sharp_%26_Dohme \"Merck Sharp & Dohme\") (formally Organnon) employ over 500 people in their facility in Drynam, which manufactures women's health, anaesthesiology and mental health products.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.msd\\-ireland.com/about/our\\-locations/home.html?WT.svl\\=mainnav\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130129052341/http://www.msd\\-ireland.com/about/our\\-locations/home.html?WT.svl\\=mainnav\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-29\\|title\\=MSD Ireland}} [Bristol Myers Squibb](/wiki/Bristol_Myers_Squibb \"Bristol Myers Squibb\") employ over 400 people in their Swords Laboratories bulk pharmaceutical plant on Watery Lane.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bms.com/ie\\|title\\=Bristol Myers Squibb \\- Global Biopharmaceutical Company\\|website\\=www.bms.com\\|access\\-date\\=19 November 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119060047/https://www.bms.com/ie\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The [Lonza Group](/wiki/Lonza_Group \"Lonza Group\") employ 45 people in their European manufacturing facility for personal care and industrial biocides, also on Watery Lane.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lonza.com/about\\-lonza/company\\-profile/locations\\-worldwide/swords\\-ireland.aspx\\|title\\=Lonza Swords\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612035909/http://www.lonza.com/about\\-lonza/company\\-profile/locations\\-worldwide/swords\\-ireland.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2012\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "### Food and horticulture", "Swords is located in the centre of Fingal and is surrounded by farms growing crops like potatoes, wheat and barley. However, unlike the rest of Fingal, a lot of the food distributed from Swords has been imported from abroad.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}} As of 2018, FoodCentral (marketed as \"Ireland's national food park\") was being developed south\\-west of Swords.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.independent.ie/business/commercial\\-property/oakland\\-expands\\-to\\-foodcentral\\-37080963\\.html \\| publisher \\= Independent News \\& Media \\| website \\= independent.ie \\| title \\= Oakland expands to FoodCentral \\| date \\= 5 July 2018 \\| accessdate \\= 27 April 2021 \\| archive\\-date \\= 27 April 2021 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210427140336/https://www.independent.ie/business/commercial\\-property/oakland\\-expands\\-to\\-foodcentral\\-37080963\\.html \\| url\\-status \\= live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foodcentral.eu/index.aspx\\|title\\=FoodCentral \\- Homepage\\|website\\=www.foodcentral.eu\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=1 June 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601042710/http://www.foodcentral.eu/index.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The Keeling's Group, who employ over 1700 people, have their headquarters in FoodCentral and use a lot of land around Swords.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.keelings.com/home.html\\|title\\=Keeling's Group\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108121657/http://www.keelings.com/home.html\\|archive\\-date\\=8 January 2013\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} The Keeling's Farms division annually grow 2,500 tonnes of soft fruits/berries from 5 hectares of glasshouse, tunnel and field crops in Swords. They grow [Bramley apples](/wiki/Bramley_apple \"Bramley apple\") in 139 acres of orchards and lettuce in 8 acres of glasshouses. Their glasshouses also produce 1,500 tonnes of red, orange, yellow and green peppers annually.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.keelings.com/business9c8a.html?id\\=23\\|title\\=Keeling's Farms\\|access\\-date\\=20 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327013848/http://www.keelings.com/business9c8a.html?id\\=23\\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Keeling's also operate a large banana ripening facility for Chiquita which ripens over 3 million bananas each week. They also have separate ripening rooms for other fruits.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.keelings.com/businessea25\\.html?id\\=24\\|title\\=Keeling's Multiples\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327013854/http://www.keelings.com/businessea25\\.html?id\\=24\\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2013\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chiquita.com/Home.aspx\\|title\\=Chiquita Bananas\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909201409/http://www.chiquita.com/Home.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=9 September 2012\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "Total Produce, Ireland's largest [agribusiness](/wiki/Agribusiness \"Agribusiness\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.top1000\\.ie/industries/agribusiness\\|title\\=The Top Agribusiness Companies on Top1000\\.ie\\|website\\=Top 1000\\|date\\=25 June 2023\\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=9 September 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909021735/http://www.top1000\\.ie/industries/agribusiness\\|url\\-status\\=live}} operates two facilities in Swords.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.totalproduce.com/about.php?m\\=46\\|title\\=Total Produce\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821213312/http://www.totalproduce.com/about.php?m\\=46\\|archive\\-date\\=21 August 2014\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Its facility in Swords Business Park includes a distribution and ripening centre for Fyffes{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fyffes.com/gns/our\\-company/locations\\-and\\-contacts.aspx\\|title\\=Fyffes Swords\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608063323/http://www.fyffes.com/gns/our\\-company/locations\\-and\\-contacts.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2012\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Cape, Outspan, Green Ace and TOP Fruit products. Their \"Uniplumo\" facility on the Rathbeale Road,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.freshproduce.org.uk/membership/382\\.html\\|title\\=FPC Newsdesk\\|website\\=www.freshproduce.org.uk\\|access\\-date\\=15 July 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015530/http://www.freshproduce.org.uk/membership/382\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} has 46,000 square metres of glasshouses for growing plants, flowers and tomatoes.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Family Born in [Gascony](/wiki/Gascony "Gascony"),[Pierre Marot, *Allocution à l'occasion de la mort de M. René Labat, membre de l'Académie*](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1974_num_118_2_12988), (5 April 1974, persee.fr. he was the father of [Florence Malbran\-Labat](/wiki/Florence_Malbran-Labat "Florence Malbran-Labat"), a philologist.[Jean Filliozat, *Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. René Labat, membre de l'Académie*](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1978_num_122_4_13524) ### Career In 1932, he graduated from the [École pratique des hautes études](/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes "École pratique des hautes études"). The following year, he was elected directeur d'études at the 4e section to teach the [assyrian language](/wiki/Akkadian_language "Akkadian language"). In 1938, he became [docteur ès lettres](/wiki/Doctorat_%C3%A8s_lettres "Doctorat ès lettres"). In 1952, he was appointed at the chair of [Assyriology](/wiki/Assyriology "Assyriology") at the [Collège de France](/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France "Collège de France"). He became secretary of the Association of Professors at the College de France before being elected vice president in 1965\. He remained in this position until his death. He particularly studied the [Elamite language](/wiki/Elamite_language "Elamite language"), after [father Scheil](/wiki/Jean-Vincent_Scheil "Jean-Vincent Scheil"). ### Academic functions He was a member of the [Académie des inscriptions et belles\-lettres](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_inscriptions_et_belles-lettres "Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres") (ASMP) from 1968 to 1974, of the [German Archaeological Institute](/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute "German Archaeological Institute"), and of the [Société asiatique](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_asiatique "Société asiatique"), which he presided from 1969 to 1974\. In the latter capacity, he chaired the events organized for the hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Society and for the hundredth international congress in 1973\. He also wrote the article "Littérature assyro\-babylonienne" of the *[Encyclopædia Universalis](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Universalis "Encyclopædia Universalis")*[Fiche de René Labat](http://www.universalis.fr/auteurs/rene-labat/), universalis.fr. and collaborated with the *Cambridge Ancient History*, the *Fischer Weltgeschichte* (in which he wrote about assyrian and neo\-babylonian empires) and the **Histoire générale des sciences*.*** Selected publications --------------------- 1932: L’akkadien de Boghaz\-Köi. Étude sur la langue des lettres, traités et vocabulaires akkadiens trouvés à Boghaz\-Köi*, 1933:* Commentaires assyro\-babyloniens sur les présages*, 1935:* Le poème babylonien de la Création*, edition and translation, 1938:* Le caractère religieux de la royauté assyro\-babylonienne*, main thesis, 1938:* Hémérologies et ménologies d’Assur*, complementary thesis, 1943:* Un almanach babylonien*, 1948:* Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne : signes, syllabaires, idéogrammes*, 1951:* Traité akkadien de diagnostics et pronostics médicaux* + - * + - * + , 2 volumes, * 1953: *La médecine babylonienne*, * 1954: *À propos de la chirurgie babylonienne*, * 1957: *La science antique et médiévale. Des origines à 1450*, collectif, * 1961: *Kaštariti, Phraorte et les débuts de l'histoire mède*, * 1965: *Un calendrier babylonien des travaux, des signes et des mois (séries iqqur ipus)*, * 1970: *Les grands textes de la pensée babylonienne*, * 1970: *Les religions du Proche\-Orient asiatique. Textes babyloniens, ougaritiques, hittites*, edition and translation, * 1974: *Suse ville royale. 11 textes littéraires de Suse*, with [Dietz\-Otto Edzard](/wiki/Dietz-Otto_Edzard "Dietz-Otto Edzard"), *in* *Mémoires* de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran, * 1976: *Saint Louis et l'Orient*. ### Other translations * [Code of Hammurabi](/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi "Code of Hammurabi"), with [Jean Bottéro](/wiki/Jean_Bott%C3%A9ro "Jean Bottéro").
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Family", "Born in [Gascony](/wiki/Gascony \"Gascony\"),[Pierre Marot, *Allocution à l'occasion de la mort de M. René Labat, membre de l'Académie*](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1974_num_118_2_12988), (5 April 1974, persee.fr. he was the father of [Florence Malbran\\-Labat](/wiki/Florence_Malbran-Labat \"Florence Malbran-Labat\"), a philologist.[Jean Filliozat, *Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. René Labat, membre de l'Académie*](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1978_num_122_4_13524)", "### Career", "In 1932, he graduated from the [École pratique des hautes études](/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes \"École pratique des hautes études\"). The following year, he was elected directeur d'études at the 4e section to teach the [assyrian language](/wiki/Akkadian_language \"Akkadian language\").", "In 1938, he became [docteur ès lettres](/wiki/Doctorat_%C3%A8s_lettres \"Doctorat ès lettres\").", "In 1952, he was appointed at the chair of [Assyriology](/wiki/Assyriology \"Assyriology\") at the [Collège de France](/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France \"Collège de France\").", "He became secretary of the Association of Professors at the College de France before being elected vice president in 1965\\. He remained in this position until his death.", "He particularly studied the [Elamite language](/wiki/Elamite_language \"Elamite language\"), after [father Scheil](/wiki/Jean-Vincent_Scheil \"Jean-Vincent Scheil\").", "### Academic functions", "He was a member of the [Académie des inscriptions et belles\\-lettres](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_inscriptions_et_belles-lettres \"Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres\") (ASMP) from 1968 to 1974, of the [German Archaeological Institute](/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute \"German Archaeological Institute\"), and of the [Société asiatique](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_asiatique \"Société asiatique\"), which he presided from 1969 to 1974\\. In the latter capacity, he chaired the events organized for the hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Society and for the hundredth international congress in 1973\\.", "He also wrote the article \"Littérature assyro\\-babylonienne\" of the *[Encyclopædia Universalis](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Universalis \"Encyclopædia Universalis\")*[Fiche de René Labat](http://www.universalis.fr/auteurs/rene-labat/), universalis.fr. and collaborated with the *Cambridge Ancient History*, the *Fischer Weltgeschichte* (in which he wrote about assyrian and neo\\-babylonian empires) and the **Histoire générale des sciences*.***", "Selected publications\n---------------------", "1932: L’akkadien de Boghaz\\-Köi. Étude sur la langue des lettres, traités et vocabulaires akkadiens trouvés à Boghaz\\-Köi*,\n1933:* Commentaires assyro\\-babyloniens sur les présages*,\n1935:* Le poème babylonien de la Création*, edition and translation, \n1938:* Le caractère religieux de la royauté assyro\\-babylonienne*, main thesis,\n1938:* Hémérologies et ménologies d’Assur*, complementary thesis, \n1943:* Un almanach babylonien*,\n1948:* Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne : signes, syllabaires, idéogrammes*, \n1951:* Traité akkadien de diagnostics et pronostics médicaux* + - * + - * + , 2 volumes,\n* 1953: *La médecine babylonienne*,\n* 1954: *À propos de la chirurgie babylonienne*,\n* 1957: *La science antique et médiévale. Des origines à 1450*, collectif,\n* 1961: *Kaštariti, Phraorte et les débuts de l'histoire mède*,\n* 1965: *Un calendrier babylonien des travaux, des signes et des mois (séries iqqur ipus)*,\n* 1970: *Les grands textes de la pensée babylonienne*,\n* 1970: *Les religions du Proche\\-Orient asiatique. Textes babyloniens, ougaritiques, hittites*, edition and translation,\n* 1974: *Suse ville royale. 11 textes littéraires de Suse*, with [Dietz\\-Otto Edzard](/wiki/Dietz-Otto_Edzard \"Dietz-Otto Edzard\"), *in* *Mémoires* de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran,\n* 1976: *Saint Louis et l'Orient*.", "### Other translations", "* [Code of Hammurabi](/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi \"Code of Hammurabi\"), with [Jean Bottéro](/wiki/Jean_Bott%C3%A9ro \"Jean Bottéro\")." ]
Rugby Union career ------------------ ### Amateur career He played for [Jed\-Forest](/wiki/Jed-Forest_RFC "Jed-Forest RFC"). His nickname is the *Border Terrier*.Bath, p123\-4 Gary Armstrong had succeeded a fellow [British and Irish Lion](/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lion "British and Irish Lion") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland national rugby union team") player, Roy Laidlaw, as scrum half at Jed\-Forest. Armstrong was helped in his development as a youngster by Jedforest moving Laidlaw to stand off with Armstrong playing scrum half. Jed\-Forest rugby club honored Gary Armstrong and their other two famous scrum\-halves, Roy Laidlaw and Greig Laidlaw, with a gala dinner on 2 August 2019\. All three played for the British and Irish Lions and captained [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland national rugby union team"). At the age of 51, his old Scotland team\-mate Finlay Calder coaxed Armstrong into playing for [Stewart's Melville](/wiki/Stewart%27s_Melville_RFC "Stewart's Melville RFC") 3rd team in a match against [Penicuik](/wiki/Penicuik_RFC "Penicuik RFC") 2nd team. Word got out that Armstrong was playing in the match; and Armstrong then played the 1st half with Stewarts Melville and the 2nd half with Penicuik.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby\-union/scotland\-great\-gary\-armstrong\-playing\-again\-age\-51\-1433255\|title\=Scotland great Gary Armstrong playing again at age of 51\|website\=www.scotsman.com}} ### Provincial and professional career He played for [South of Scotland District](/wiki/South_of_Scotland_District_%28rugby_union%29 "South of Scotland District (rugby union)").{{Cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=GGgVawPscysC\&dat\=19871221\&printsec\=frontpage\&hl\=en\|title\=The Glasgow Herald \- Google News Archive Search\|website\=news.google.com}} He played for the [Reds Trial](/wiki/Reds_Trial "Reds Trial") side in 1988, coming on as a substitute for [Andrew Ker](/wiki/Andrew_Ker "Andrew Ker") in the second half.{{Cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=GGgVawPscysC\&dat\=19880104\&printsec\=frontpage\&hl\=en\|title\=The Glasgow Herald \- Google News Archive Search\|website\=news.google.com}} He joined [Newcastle Falcons](/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons "Newcastle Falcons") in 1995/96, and his appetite for the fray was seen to best advantage when the club won England's [Allied Dunbar Premiership](/wiki/English_Premiership_%28rugby_union%29 "English Premiership (rugby union)") title in 1998, featuring in all 22 matches of the season.{{cite news \|url \= http://stats.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/records/player/records.html?id\=2529;team\=249;type\=tournament \|title \= Allied Dunbar Premiership, 1997/98 / Newcastle Falcons / Player records \|publisher \= espnscrum.com \|access\-date \= 7 September 2014 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140907235203/http://stats.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/records/player/records.html?id\=2529%3Bteam%3D249%3Btype%3Dtournament \|archive\-date \= 7 September 2014 }} He also started the victorious 2001 [Anglo\-Welsh Cup](/wiki/Anglo-Welsh_Cup "Anglo-Welsh Cup") final.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\_union/1187949\.stm\|title\=Newcastle snatch Cup glory\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=24 February 2001\|access\-date\=26 December 2009}} Many supporters believe Armstrong to be the best player in the club's history. In [Jonny Wilkinson](/wiki/Jonny_Wilkinson "Jonny Wilkinson")'s book *How to Play Rugby My Way* Armstrong is given the nickname–"the scrap\-yard dog"– because Wilkinson said that he had never met anyone as "tough as him". He was an ever\-present in [Newcastle Falcons](/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons "Newcastle Falcons") 1998 Premiership win. Armstrong finished his career by returning home to play for the newly created professional team, The Borders. He retired in 2004 at about the same time as [Doddie Weir](/wiki/Doddie_Weir "Doddie Weir"). ### International career He was capped by Scotland at age grades Under 16, Under 18 and Under 21\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.co.uk/rugby/story/\_/id/17667228/the\-man\-never\-threw\-rubbish\-pass\-gary\-armstrong\-50\|title\=The man who never threw a rubbish pass\|date\=30 September 2016\|website\=ESPN.com}} He was capped twice by [Scotland 'B'](/wiki/Scotland_B_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland B national rugby union team") in 1987\-8\. He scored 3 tries against Italy 'B' in a 37–0 win for Scotland. Armstrong made his full senior international debut in 1988, in a game against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team "Australia national rugby union team") building to their 1991 world cup victory. Armstrong displaced Laidlaw as the incumbent scrum half. Scotland lost 31–13 against one of Australia's best ever sides. Richard Bath writes of him: "*...despite his apparently painful shyness, Armstrong has proved throughout his career to be obsessively focussed once out on the pitch. A relatively small man, Armstrong tackles way over his weight and combines this with quick service to his backs and an uncanny ability to break around the fringes just as easily from the first\-phase as from ruck or maul. Although Armstrong failed to shine on the victorious 1989 Lions tour of Australia, his gritty nature stood him in good stead when the chips were down in 1990, that famous year for Scotland... he perhaps more than any other player was the on\-field catalyst for Scotland's 13–7 win in the Grand Slam decider against the Auld Enemy England at Murrayfield.*" It was Armstrong's dart to the blind side that provided the spark opening the opportunity leading to [Tony Stanger](/wiki/Tony_Stanger "Tony Stanger")'s try. He was scrum half in Scotland's 1990 Grand Slam win and his country's run to the 1991 rugby world cup semi final. Armstrong's fearless commitment led to serious knee injuries in 1992 and 1994 that impacted the representative caps he collected. It spoke volumes for his tenacity and courage that he returned to the top flight. In 1998 he captained the Scotland team again.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby\_union/53260\.stm \|title\=Lion loses Scottish captaincy \|work\=BBC News \|date\=4 February 1998 \|access\-date\=20 January 2018}} Armstrong equalled [Roy Laidlaw](/wiki/Roy_Laidlaw "Roy Laidlaw")’s then record as Scotland’s most capped scrum\-half when he won his 47th [cap](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 "Cap (sport)") against [Romania](/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team "Romania national rugby union team") in August 1999\. He then joined the 50\-cap club when he led [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland national rugby union team") to victory in the World Cup play\-off match against [Samoa](/wiki/Manu_Samoa "Manu Samoa") that October. Armstrong captained Scotland to victory in the 1999 Five Nations and to a quarter final place in the same year's rugby world cup. Gary Armstrong captained Scotland to the 1999 [Five Nations Championship](/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship "Six Nations Championship"), playing his eighth Test as captain as Scotland grasped pole position with their stunning 36–22 victory against [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team "France national rugby union team"). He was skipper throughout the previous two Five Nations Championships and was also captain on Scotland’s 1999 visit to [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), when he played in all four matches and scored the opening try of the tour in the victory over Border. He retired from international rugby after Scotland’s 18–30 defeat by [New Zealand](/wiki/All_Blacks "All Blacks") in the [1999 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/1999_Rugby_Union_World_Cup "1999 Rugby Union World Cup") quarter\-final. He played 51 times for Scotland.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/10510\.html\|title\=Rugby Union \- ESPN Scrum \- Statsguru \- Player analysis \- Gary Armstrong \- Test matches\|website\=ESPN scrum}} In a 2015 series of articles in [The Herald](/wiki/The_Herald_%28Glasgow%29 "The Herald (Glasgow)") titled "The 50 Greatest Scottish Rugby Players", Armstrong was ranked as Scotland's greatest.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/rugby/13716448\.The\_50\_Greatest\_Scottish\_Rugby\_Players\_Part\_VI\_\_3\_1/ \|title\=The 50 Greatest Scottish Rugby Players Part VI 3 \- 1 \|work\=The Herald \|date\=12 September 2015 \|access\-date\=20 January 2018}} Armstrong was known for intuitive awareness and was as much an auxiliary flanker and had uncanny talent to break around the fringes. As well as providing quick service as the connection between forwards and backs he was known for his toughness and tackling well above his weight. His fearlessness on the pitch led to two serious knee injuries keeping him out the game for lengthy spells. #### Career statistics International career: 51 [caps](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 "Cap (sport)"). 1988 \- A. 1989 \- W E I F Fj R. 1990 \- I F W E NZ1 NZ2 Arg. 1991 \- F W E I R (WC) J I WS E NZ. 1993 \- I F W E. 1994 \- E I. 1996 \- NZ1 NZ2 A. 1997 \- W SA (rep). 1998 \- It I F W E SA (rep). 1999 \- W E I F Arg R WC (SA U Sam NZ). Points: 21 (5 tries) (Rewritten from the [SRU website](https://web.archive.org/web/20051203113614/http://www.scottishrugby.org/news.cfm?action=plainnewsdetails&newsid=12727) \- used with permission)
[ "Rugby Union career\n------------------", "### Amateur career", "He played for [Jed\\-Forest](/wiki/Jed-Forest_RFC \"Jed-Forest RFC\"). His nickname is the *Border Terrier*.Bath, p123\\-4", "Gary Armstrong had succeeded a fellow [British and Irish Lion](/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lion \"British and Irish Lion\") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team \"Scotland national rugby union team\") player, Roy Laidlaw, as scrum half at Jed\\-Forest. Armstrong was helped in his development as a youngster by Jedforest moving Laidlaw to stand off with Armstrong playing scrum half.", "Jed\\-Forest rugby club honored Gary Armstrong and their other two famous scrum\\-halves, Roy Laidlaw and Greig Laidlaw, with a gala dinner on 2 August 2019\\. All three played for the British and Irish Lions and captained [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team \"Scotland national rugby union team\").", "At the age of 51, his old Scotland team\\-mate Finlay Calder coaxed Armstrong into playing for [Stewart's Melville](/wiki/Stewart%27s_Melville_RFC \"Stewart's Melville RFC\") 3rd team in a match against [Penicuik](/wiki/Penicuik_RFC \"Penicuik RFC\") 2nd team. Word got out that Armstrong was playing in the match; and Armstrong then played the 1st half with Stewarts Melville and the 2nd half with Penicuik.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby\\-union/scotland\\-great\\-gary\\-armstrong\\-playing\\-again\\-age\\-51\\-1433255\\|title\\=Scotland great Gary Armstrong playing again at age of 51\\|website\\=www.scotsman.com}}", "### Provincial and professional career", "He played for [South of Scotland District](/wiki/South_of_Scotland_District_%28rugby_union%29 \"South of Scotland District (rugby union)\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=GGgVawPscysC\\&dat\\=19871221\\&printsec\\=frontpage\\&hl\\=en\\|title\\=The Glasgow Herald \\- Google News Archive Search\\|website\\=news.google.com}}", "He played for the [Reds Trial](/wiki/Reds_Trial \"Reds Trial\") side in 1988, coming on as a substitute for [Andrew Ker](/wiki/Andrew_Ker \"Andrew Ker\") in the second half.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=GGgVawPscysC\\&dat\\=19880104\\&printsec\\=frontpage\\&hl\\=en\\|title\\=The Glasgow Herald \\- Google News Archive Search\\|website\\=news.google.com}}", "He joined [Newcastle Falcons](/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons \"Newcastle Falcons\") in 1995/96, and his appetite for the fray was seen to best advantage when the club won England's [Allied Dunbar Premiership](/wiki/English_Premiership_%28rugby_union%29 \"English Premiership (rugby union)\") title in 1998, featuring in all 22 matches of the season.{{cite news\n \\|url \\= http://stats.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/records/player/records.html?id\\=2529;team\\=249;type\\=tournament\n \\|title \\= Allied Dunbar Premiership, 1997/98 / Newcastle Falcons / Player records\n \\|publisher \\= espnscrum.com\n \\|access\\-date \\= 7 September 2014\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140907235203/http://stats.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/records/player/records.html?id\\=2529%3Bteam%3D249%3Btype%3Dtournament\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 7 September 2014\n}} He also started the victorious 2001 [Anglo\\-Welsh Cup](/wiki/Anglo-Welsh_Cup \"Anglo-Welsh Cup\") final.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby\\_union/1187949\\.stm\\|title\\=Newcastle snatch Cup glory\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=24 February 2001\\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2009}} Many supporters believe Armstrong to be the best player in the club's history. In [Jonny Wilkinson](/wiki/Jonny_Wilkinson \"Jonny Wilkinson\")'s book *How to Play Rugby My Way* Armstrong is given the nickname–\"the scrap\\-yard dog\"– because Wilkinson said that he had never met anyone as \"tough as him\".", "He was an ever\\-present in [Newcastle Falcons](/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons \"Newcastle Falcons\") 1998 Premiership win.", "Armstrong finished his career by returning home to play for the newly created professional team, The Borders. He retired in 2004 at about the same time as [Doddie Weir](/wiki/Doddie_Weir \"Doddie Weir\").", "### International career", "He was capped by Scotland at age grades Under 16, Under 18 and Under 21\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.co.uk/rugby/story/\\_/id/17667228/the\\-man\\-never\\-threw\\-rubbish\\-pass\\-gary\\-armstrong\\-50\\|title\\=The man who never threw a rubbish pass\\|date\\=30 September 2016\\|website\\=ESPN.com}}", "He was capped twice by [Scotland 'B'](/wiki/Scotland_B_national_rugby_union_team \"Scotland B national rugby union team\") in 1987\\-8\\. He scored 3 tries against Italy 'B' in a 37–0 win for Scotland.", "Armstrong made his full senior international debut in 1988, in a game against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team \"Australia national rugby union team\") building to their 1991 world cup victory. Armstrong displaced Laidlaw as the incumbent scrum half. Scotland lost 31–13 against one of Australia's best ever sides.", "Richard Bath writes of him:\n\"*...despite his apparently painful shyness, Armstrong has proved throughout his career to be obsessively focussed once out on the pitch. A relatively small man, Armstrong tackles way over his weight and combines this with quick service to his backs and an uncanny ability to break around the fringes just as easily from the first\\-phase as from ruck or maul. Although Armstrong failed to shine on the victorious 1989 Lions tour of Australia, his gritty nature stood him in good stead when the chips were down in 1990, that famous year for Scotland... he perhaps more than any other player was the on\\-field catalyst for Scotland's 13–7 win in the Grand Slam decider against the Auld Enemy England at Murrayfield.*\"", "It was Armstrong's dart to the blind side that provided the spark opening the opportunity leading to [Tony Stanger](/wiki/Tony_Stanger \"Tony Stanger\")'s try.", "He was scrum half in Scotland's 1990 Grand Slam win and his country's run to the 1991 rugby world cup semi final.", "Armstrong's fearless commitment led to serious knee injuries in 1992 and 1994 that impacted the representative caps he collected. It spoke volumes for his tenacity and courage that he returned to the top flight.", "In 1998 he captained the Scotland team again.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby\\_union/53260\\.stm \\|title\\=Lion loses Scottish captaincy \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=4 February 1998 \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2018}}", "Armstrong equalled [Roy Laidlaw](/wiki/Roy_Laidlaw \"Roy Laidlaw\")’s then record as Scotland’s most capped scrum\\-half when he won his 47th [cap](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 \"Cap (sport)\") against [Romania](/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team \"Romania national rugby union team\") in August 1999\\. He then joined the 50\\-cap club when he led [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team \"Scotland national rugby union team\") to victory in the World Cup play\\-off match against [Samoa](/wiki/Manu_Samoa \"Manu Samoa\") that October.", "Armstrong captained Scotland to victory in the 1999 Five Nations and to a quarter final place in the same year's rugby world cup.", "Gary Armstrong captained Scotland to the 1999 [Five Nations Championship](/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship \"Six Nations Championship\"), playing his eighth Test as captain as Scotland grasped pole position with their stunning 36–22 victory against [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team \"France national rugby union team\").", "He was skipper throughout the previous two Five Nations Championships and was also captain on Scotland’s 1999 visit to [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), when he played in all four matches and scored the opening try of the tour in the victory over Border.", "He retired from international rugby after Scotland’s 18–30 defeat by [New Zealand](/wiki/All_Blacks \"All Blacks\") in the [1999 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/1999_Rugby_Union_World_Cup \"1999 Rugby Union World Cup\") quarter\\-final.", "He played 51 times for Scotland.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/10510\\.html\\|title\\=Rugby Union \\- ESPN Scrum \\- Statsguru \\- Player analysis \\- Gary Armstrong \\- Test matches\\|website\\=ESPN scrum}}", "In a 2015 series of articles in [The Herald](/wiki/The_Herald_%28Glasgow%29 \"The Herald (Glasgow)\") titled \"The 50 Greatest Scottish Rugby Players\", Armstrong was ranked as Scotland's greatest.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/rugby/13716448\\.The\\_50\\_Greatest\\_Scottish\\_Rugby\\_Players\\_Part\\_VI\\_\\_3\\_1/ \\|title\\=The 50 Greatest Scottish Rugby Players Part VI 3 \\- 1 \\|work\\=The Herald \\|date\\=12 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2018}} Armstrong was known for intuitive awareness and was as much an auxiliary flanker and had uncanny talent to break around the fringes. As well as providing quick service as the connection between forwards and backs he was known for his toughness and tackling well above his weight. His fearlessness on the pitch led to two serious knee injuries keeping him out the game for lengthy spells.", "#### Career statistics", "International career: 51 [caps](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 \"Cap (sport)\"). 1988 \\- A. 1989 \\- W E I F Fj R. 1990 \\- I F W E NZ1 NZ2 Arg. 1991 \\- F W E I R (WC) J I WS E NZ. 1993 \\- I F W E. 1994 \\- E I. 1996 \\- NZ1 NZ2 A. 1997 \\- W SA (rep). 1998 \\- It I F W E SA (rep). 1999 \\- W E I F Arg R WC (SA U Sam NZ).", "Points: 21 (5 tries)", "(Rewritten from the [SRU website](https://web.archive.org/web/20051203113614/http://www.scottishrugby.org/news.cfm?action=plainnewsdetails&newsid=12727) \\- used with permission)", "" ]
### International career He was capped by Scotland at age grades Under 16, Under 18 and Under 21\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.co.uk/rugby/story/\_/id/17667228/the\-man\-never\-threw\-rubbish\-pass\-gary\-armstrong\-50\|title\=The man who never threw a rubbish pass\|date\=30 September 2016\|website\=ESPN.com}} He was capped twice by [Scotland 'B'](/wiki/Scotland_B_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland B national rugby union team") in 1987\-8\. He scored 3 tries against Italy 'B' in a 37–0 win for Scotland. Armstrong made his full senior international debut in 1988, in a game against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team "Australia national rugby union team") building to their 1991 world cup victory. Armstrong displaced Laidlaw as the incumbent scrum half. Scotland lost 31–13 against one of Australia's best ever sides. Richard Bath writes of him: "*...despite his apparently painful shyness, Armstrong has proved throughout his career to be obsessively focussed once out on the pitch. A relatively small man, Armstrong tackles way over his weight and combines this with quick service to his backs and an uncanny ability to break around the fringes just as easily from the first\-phase as from ruck or maul. Although Armstrong failed to shine on the victorious 1989 Lions tour of Australia, his gritty nature stood him in good stead when the chips were down in 1990, that famous year for Scotland... he perhaps more than any other player was the on\-field catalyst for Scotland's 13–7 win in the Grand Slam decider against the Auld Enemy England at Murrayfield.*" It was Armstrong's dart to the blind side that provided the spark opening the opportunity leading to [Tony Stanger](/wiki/Tony_Stanger "Tony Stanger")'s try. He was scrum half in Scotland's 1990 Grand Slam win and his country's run to the 1991 rugby world cup semi final. Armstrong's fearless commitment led to serious knee injuries in 1992 and 1994 that impacted the representative caps he collected. It spoke volumes for his tenacity and courage that he returned to the top flight. In 1998 he captained the Scotland team again.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby\_union/53260\.stm \|title\=Lion loses Scottish captaincy \|work\=BBC News \|date\=4 February 1998 \|access\-date\=20 January 2018}} Armstrong equalled [Roy Laidlaw](/wiki/Roy_Laidlaw "Roy Laidlaw")’s then record as Scotland’s most capped scrum\-half when he won his 47th [cap](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 "Cap (sport)") against [Romania](/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team "Romania national rugby union team") in August 1999\. He then joined the 50\-cap club when he led [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team "Scotland national rugby union team") to victory in the World Cup play\-off match against [Samoa](/wiki/Manu_Samoa "Manu Samoa") that October. Armstrong captained Scotland to victory in the 1999 Five Nations and to a quarter final place in the same year's rugby world cup. Gary Armstrong captained Scotland to the 1999 [Five Nations Championship](/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship "Six Nations Championship"), playing his eighth Test as captain as Scotland grasped pole position with their stunning 36–22 victory against [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team "France national rugby union team"). He was skipper throughout the previous two Five Nations Championships and was also captain on Scotland’s 1999 visit to [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), when he played in all four matches and scored the opening try of the tour in the victory over Border. He retired from international rugby after Scotland’s 18–30 defeat by [New Zealand](/wiki/All_Blacks "All Blacks") in the [1999 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/1999_Rugby_Union_World_Cup "1999 Rugby Union World Cup") quarter\-final. He played 51 times for Scotland.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/10510\.html\|title\=Rugby Union \- ESPN Scrum \- Statsguru \- Player analysis \- Gary Armstrong \- Test matches\|website\=ESPN scrum}} In a 2015 series of articles in [The Herald](/wiki/The_Herald_%28Glasgow%29 "The Herald (Glasgow)") titled "The 50 Greatest Scottish Rugby Players", Armstrong was ranked as Scotland's greatest.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/rugby/13716448\.The\_50\_Greatest\_Scottish\_Rugby\_Players\_Part\_VI\_\_3\_1/ \|title\=The 50 Greatest Scottish Rugby Players Part VI 3 \- 1 \|work\=The Herald \|date\=12 September 2015 \|access\-date\=20 January 2018}} Armstrong was known for intuitive awareness and was as much an auxiliary flanker and had uncanny talent to break around the fringes. As well as providing quick service as the connection between forwards and backs he was known for his toughness and tackling well above his weight. His fearlessness on the pitch led to two serious knee injuries keeping him out the game for lengthy spells. #### Career statistics International career: 51 [caps](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 "Cap (sport)"). 1988 \- A. 1989 \- W E I F Fj R. 1990 \- I F W E NZ1 NZ2 Arg. 1991 \- F W E I R (WC) J I WS E NZ. 1993 \- I F W E. 1994 \- E I. 1996 \- NZ1 NZ2 A. 1997 \- W SA (rep). 1998 \- It I F W E SA (rep). 1999 \- W E I F Arg R WC (SA U Sam NZ). Points: 21 (5 tries) (Rewritten from the [SRU website](https://web.archive.org/web/20051203113614/http://www.scottishrugby.org/news.cfm?action=plainnewsdetails&newsid=12727) \- used with permission)
[ "### International career", "He was capped by Scotland at age grades Under 16, Under 18 and Under 21\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.co.uk/rugby/story/\\_/id/17667228/the\\-man\\-never\\-threw\\-rubbish\\-pass\\-gary\\-armstrong\\-50\\|title\\=The man who never threw a rubbish pass\\|date\\=30 September 2016\\|website\\=ESPN.com}}", "He was capped twice by [Scotland 'B'](/wiki/Scotland_B_national_rugby_union_team \"Scotland B national rugby union team\") in 1987\\-8\\. He scored 3 tries against Italy 'B' in a 37–0 win for Scotland.", "Armstrong made his full senior international debut in 1988, in a game against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team \"Australia national rugby union team\") building to their 1991 world cup victory. Armstrong displaced Laidlaw as the incumbent scrum half. Scotland lost 31–13 against one of Australia's best ever sides.", "Richard Bath writes of him:\n\"*...despite his apparently painful shyness, Armstrong has proved throughout his career to be obsessively focussed once out on the pitch. A relatively small man, Armstrong tackles way over his weight and combines this with quick service to his backs and an uncanny ability to break around the fringes just as easily from the first\\-phase as from ruck or maul. Although Armstrong failed to shine on the victorious 1989 Lions tour of Australia, his gritty nature stood him in good stead when the chips were down in 1990, that famous year for Scotland... he perhaps more than any other player was the on\\-field catalyst for Scotland's 13–7 win in the Grand Slam decider against the Auld Enemy England at Murrayfield.*\"", "It was Armstrong's dart to the blind side that provided the spark opening the opportunity leading to [Tony Stanger](/wiki/Tony_Stanger \"Tony Stanger\")'s try.", "He was scrum half in Scotland's 1990 Grand Slam win and his country's run to the 1991 rugby world cup semi final.", "Armstrong's fearless commitment led to serious knee injuries in 1992 and 1994 that impacted the representative caps he collected. It spoke volumes for his tenacity and courage that he returned to the top flight.", "In 1998 he captained the Scotland team again.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby\\_union/53260\\.stm \\|title\\=Lion loses Scottish captaincy \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=4 February 1998 \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2018}}", "Armstrong equalled [Roy Laidlaw](/wiki/Roy_Laidlaw \"Roy Laidlaw\")’s then record as Scotland’s most capped scrum\\-half when he won his 47th [cap](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 \"Cap (sport)\") against [Romania](/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team \"Romania national rugby union team\") in August 1999\\. He then joined the 50\\-cap club when he led [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team \"Scotland national rugby union team\") to victory in the World Cup play\\-off match against [Samoa](/wiki/Manu_Samoa \"Manu Samoa\") that October.", "Armstrong captained Scotland to victory in the 1999 Five Nations and to a quarter final place in the same year's rugby world cup.", "Gary Armstrong captained Scotland to the 1999 [Five Nations Championship](/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship \"Six Nations Championship\"), playing his eighth Test as captain as Scotland grasped pole position with their stunning 36–22 victory against [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team \"France national rugby union team\").", "He was skipper throughout the previous two Five Nations Championships and was also captain on Scotland’s 1999 visit to [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), when he played in all four matches and scored the opening try of the tour in the victory over Border.", "He retired from international rugby after Scotland’s 18–30 defeat by [New Zealand](/wiki/All_Blacks \"All Blacks\") in the [1999 Rugby World Cup](/wiki/1999_Rugby_Union_World_Cup \"1999 Rugby Union World Cup\") quarter\\-final.", "He played 51 times for Scotland.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/10510\\.html\\|title\\=Rugby Union \\- ESPN Scrum \\- Statsguru \\- Player analysis \\- Gary Armstrong \\- Test matches\\|website\\=ESPN scrum}}", "In a 2015 series of articles in [The Herald](/wiki/The_Herald_%28Glasgow%29 \"The Herald (Glasgow)\") titled \"The 50 Greatest Scottish Rugby Players\", Armstrong was ranked as Scotland's greatest.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/rugby/13716448\\.The\\_50\\_Greatest\\_Scottish\\_Rugby\\_Players\\_Part\\_VI\\_\\_3\\_1/ \\|title\\=The 50 Greatest Scottish Rugby Players Part VI 3 \\- 1 \\|work\\=The Herald \\|date\\=12 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2018}} Armstrong was known for intuitive awareness and was as much an auxiliary flanker and had uncanny talent to break around the fringes. As well as providing quick service as the connection between forwards and backs he was known for his toughness and tackling well above his weight. His fearlessness on the pitch led to two serious knee injuries keeping him out the game for lengthy spells.", "#### Career statistics", "International career: 51 [caps](/wiki/Cap_%28sport%29 \"Cap (sport)\"). 1988 \\- A. 1989 \\- W E I F Fj R. 1990 \\- I F W E NZ1 NZ2 Arg. 1991 \\- F W E I R (WC) J I WS E NZ. 1993 \\- I F W E. 1994 \\- E I. 1996 \\- NZ1 NZ2 A. 1997 \\- W SA (rep). 1998 \\- It I F W E SA (rep). 1999 \\- W E I F Arg R WC (SA U Sam NZ).", "Points: 21 (5 tries)", "(Rewritten from the [SRU website](https://web.archive.org/web/20051203113614/http://www.scottishrugby.org/news.cfm?action=plainnewsdetails&newsid=12727) \\- used with permission)", "" ]
Life ---- ### Early life He was born **László Pfeffer**, but took on the name Borsody when he converted from Judaism to Catholicism and joined the army to pursue a military career [(Cohen 2002:399\)](/wiki/%23Cohen2002 "#Cohen2002"). He became a captain and taught fencing at the prestigious Wiener\-Neustadt military academy. [(Gaugler 1998:418\)](/wiki/%23Gaugler1998 "#Gaugler1998"). ### Borsody's Innovations In the years between the World Wars, László Borsody, returning to earlier principles of Hungarian sabre fencing, developed a system of sabre play that depended upon the articulation of the wrist and fingers, and a defensive system that consisted of the parries of third, fourth, and fifth executed with the arm strongly bent to keep the advanced target well out of the antagonist's reach, as distinguished from the sabre defensive system of [Italo Santelli](/wiki/Italo_Santelli "Italo Santelli") comprising the three parries of second, first, and fifth, executed with the arm three quarters extended [(Gaugler 1998:392; 418\)](/wiki/%23Gaugler1998 "#Gaugler1998"). "In Borsody’s sabre technique, the cut was emphasized, and to counter this, he wanted the parries to be taken in close. Santelli, in contrast, took a greater interest in the point, and therefore stressed a defensive system that kept the parties at a distance, maintaining the point in a threatening position.” [(Gaugler 1998:392; 418\)](/wiki/%23Gaugler1998 "#Gaugler1998"). The modern Hungarian saber style which led to so much success was modeled on Borsody's technique. ### Toldi Miklos Seeking to establish and maintain superiority, Hungary established the prestigious Toldi Miklos Royal Hungarian Sports Institute fencing masters training academy, under the directorship of László Borsody during the 1930s. [(Cohen 2002:397\)](/wiki/%23Cohen2002 "#Cohen2002"). Borsody was a strict disciplarian. He was revered because he was such a fine teacher turning out a long line of champion fencers. [(Cohen 2002:397\)](/wiki/%23Cohen2002 "#Cohen2002"). He worked with fencers who had already completed their basic training, and although he would correct his student’s technical errors he was more interested in tactics and strategy, teaching his students how to observe their students on the piste and how to exploit their weaknesses. [(Cohen 2002:397\)](/wiki/%23Cohen2002 "#Cohen2002"). Julius Palffy\-Alpar, in his book Masque and Sword, stated that Maestro Borsody's “ability to build an artistic compromise from the simplest movements, his personal philosophy, and his natural psychological approach caused him to admired by his students.” [(Palffy\-Alpar 1967:21\-22\)](/wiki/%23Palffy-Alpar1967 "#Palffy-Alpar1967"). ### Borsody's Students Maestro Borsody taught Olympic Saber Champions [György Piller](/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Piller "György Piller"), [Pál Kovács](/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kov%C3%A1cs "Pál Kovács"), [Ödön Tersztyánszky](/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_Terszty%C3%A1nszky "Ödön Tersztyánszky"), [Imre Rajczy](/wiki/Imre_Rajczy "Imre Rajczy"), and most of the best Hungarian fencing masters, including [János Szűts](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Sz%C5%B1ts "János Szűts"), [Csaba Elthes](/wiki/Csaba_Elthes "Csaba Elthes"), [Janos Kevey](/wiki/Janos_Kevey "Janos Kevey"), [Bela Bay](/wiki/Bela_Bay "Bela Bay"), [Ferenc Marki](/wiki/Ferenc_Marki "Ferenc Marki"), [Julius Palffy\-Alpar](/wiki/Julius_Palffy-Alpar "Julius Palffy-Alpar"), and [Bela Imregi](/wiki/Bela_Imregi "Bela Imregi").[(Cohen 2002:403\)](/wiki/%23Cohen2002 "#Cohen2002"). ### A Tragic Ending In 1939, Laszlo Borsody's life came to a tragic finish seven months before World War II when he ended his life with a pistol shot rather than be subjected to the Nazi treatment accorded to Jews. He received a funeral with full military honors. [(Eisen 1998: n. 39\)](/wiki/%23Eisen1998 "#Eisen1998").
[ "Life\n----", "### Early life", "He was born **László Pfeffer**, but took on the name Borsody when he converted from Judaism to Catholicism and joined the army to pursue a military career [(Cohen 2002:399\\)](/wiki/%23Cohen2002 \"#Cohen2002\"). He became a captain and taught fencing at the prestigious Wiener\\-Neustadt military academy. [(Gaugler 1998:418\\)](/wiki/%23Gaugler1998 \"#Gaugler1998\").", "### Borsody's Innovations", "In the years between the World Wars, László Borsody, returning to earlier principles of Hungarian sabre fencing, developed a system of sabre play that depended upon the articulation of the wrist and fingers, and a defensive system that consisted of the parries of third, fourth, and fifth executed with the arm strongly bent to keep the advanced target well out of the antagonist's reach, as distinguished from the sabre defensive system of [Italo Santelli](/wiki/Italo_Santelli \"Italo Santelli\") comprising the three parries of second, first, and fifth, executed with the arm three quarters extended [(Gaugler 1998:392; 418\\)](/wiki/%23Gaugler1998 \"#Gaugler1998\").", "\"In Borsody’s sabre technique, the cut was emphasized, and to counter this, he wanted the parries to be taken in close. Santelli, in contrast, took a greater interest in the point, and therefore stressed a defensive system that kept the parties at a distance, maintaining the point in a threatening position.” [(Gaugler 1998:392; 418\\)](/wiki/%23Gaugler1998 \"#Gaugler1998\"). The modern Hungarian saber style which led to so much success was modeled on Borsody's technique.", "### Toldi Miklos", "Seeking to establish and maintain superiority, Hungary established the prestigious Toldi Miklos Royal Hungarian Sports Institute fencing masters training academy, under the directorship of László Borsody during the 1930s. [(Cohen 2002:397\\)](/wiki/%23Cohen2002 \"#Cohen2002\"). Borsody was a strict disciplarian. He was revered because he was such a fine teacher turning out a long line of champion fencers. [(Cohen 2002:397\\)](/wiki/%23Cohen2002 \"#Cohen2002\"). He worked with fencers who had already completed their basic training, and although he would correct his student’s technical errors he was more interested in tactics and strategy, teaching his students how to observe their students on the piste and how to exploit their weaknesses. [(Cohen 2002:397\\)](/wiki/%23Cohen2002 \"#Cohen2002\").", "Julius Palffy\\-Alpar, in his book Masque and Sword, stated that Maestro Borsody's “ability to build an artistic compromise from the simplest movements, his personal philosophy, and his natural psychological approach caused him to admired by his students.” [(Palffy\\-Alpar 1967:21\\-22\\)](/wiki/%23Palffy-Alpar1967 \"#Palffy-Alpar1967\").", "### Borsody's Students", "Maestro Borsody taught Olympic Saber Champions [György Piller](/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Piller \"György Piller\"), [Pál Kovács](/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kov%C3%A1cs \"Pál Kovács\"), [Ödön Tersztyánszky](/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_Terszty%C3%A1nszky \"Ödön Tersztyánszky\"), [Imre Rajczy](/wiki/Imre_Rajczy \"Imre Rajczy\"), and most of the best Hungarian fencing masters, including [János Szűts](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Sz%C5%B1ts \"János Szűts\"), [Csaba Elthes](/wiki/Csaba_Elthes \"Csaba Elthes\"), [Janos Kevey](/wiki/Janos_Kevey \"Janos Kevey\"), [Bela Bay](/wiki/Bela_Bay \"Bela Bay\"), [Ferenc Marki](/wiki/Ferenc_Marki \"Ferenc Marki\"), [Julius Palffy\\-Alpar](/wiki/Julius_Palffy-Alpar \"Julius Palffy-Alpar\"), and [Bela Imregi](/wiki/Bela_Imregi \"Bela Imregi\").[(Cohen 2002:403\\)](/wiki/%23Cohen2002 \"#Cohen2002\").", "### A Tragic Ending", "In 1939, Laszlo Borsody's life came to a tragic finish seven months before World War II when he ended his life with a pistol shot rather than be subjected to the Nazi treatment accorded to Jews. He received a funeral with full military honors. [(Eisen 1998: n. 39\\)](/wiki/%23Eisen1998 \"#Eisen1998\").", "" ]
Career ------ [thumb\|Skeleton reconstruction of *Lessemsaurus sauropoides*, named after Don Lessem](/wiki/File:Lessemsaurus_Senckenberg.jpg "Lessemsaurus Senckenberg.jpg") After a bachelor's degree in art history at [Brandeis University](/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University") and a master's in animal behavior from the [University of Massachusetts Boston](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston "University of Massachusetts Boston"),{{cite news\|last1\=Batcha\|first1\=Becky\|title\=Meet 'Dino Don,' the Delco guy behind the Franklin Institute's upcoming Genghis Khan exhibit\|url\=http://articles.philly.com/2015\-04\-20/news/61308148\_1\_genghis\-khan\-franklin\-institute\-field\-museum\|accessdate\=21 September 2015\|agency\=Philly.com\|date\=20 April 2015}} Lessem began his writing career as a researcher for the [Smithsonian Center for Short\-Lived Phenomena](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution"). For more than a decade he was a science journalist specializing in conservation issues for the *[Boston Globe](/wiki/Boston_Globe "Boston Globe")* and a contributor to *[Life](/wiki/Life_%28magazine%29 "Life (magazine)")*, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, and [*Smithsonian* Magazine](/wiki/Smithsonian_%28magazine%29 "Smithsonian (magazine)").{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-06\-11 \|title\='Dino' Don Lessem on realistic animatronic dinosaurs, Trump and working with Spielberg \|url\=https://blooloop.com/theme\-park/in\-depth/dino\-don\-lessem\-dinosaur/ \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18 \|website\=Blooloop \|language\=en\-GB}} Lessem's professional interest in dinosaurs developed while he was a Knight Journalism Fellow at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") in 1988\. He wrote his first book, *Kings of Creation*, in 1990, as a survey of current worldwide paleontology research. Lessem was an advisor to *[Jurassic Park](/wiki/Jurassic_Park_%28film%29 "Jurassic Park (film)")*, *[Dinosaur](/wiki/Dinosaur_%282000_film%29 "Dinosaur (2000 film)")*, and *[Disney's Animal Kingdom](/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom "Disney's Animal Kingdom")*, as well as their respective theme park attractions. He has written and hosted [Discovery Channel](/wiki/Discovery_Channel "Discovery Channel") and *[NOVA](/wiki/Nova_%28American_TV_series%29 "Nova (American TV series)")* documentaries on dinosaurs and is a television and radio commentator on paleontology. The [sauropodomorph](/wiki/Sauropodomorph "Sauropodomorph") dinosaur *[Lessemsaurus](/wiki/Lessemsaurus "Lessemsaurus")* is named after him. Lessem directed the excavation and reconstruction of the largest plant\-eating dinosaur, the 110\-foot long [Argentinosaurus](/wiki/Argentinosaurus "Argentinosaurus"), and the largest [carnivorous](/wiki/Carnivore "Carnivore") dinosaur, the 45 foot\-long [Giganotosaurus](/wiki/Giganotosaurus "Giganotosaurus") from Patagonia,{{cn\|date\=December 2023}} in collaboration with Dr. Rodolfo Coria of the Museo Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul, Argentina.{{Cite news \|title\=Bankrolling A Dinosaur Dig And Unearthing A Giant: The Giganotosaurus \|language\=en \|work\=NPR.org \|url\=https://www.npr.org/2015/06/14/414286692/bankrolling\-a\-dinosaur\-dig\-and\-unearthing\-a\-giant\-the\-giganotosaurus \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18}} Lessem's first traveling exhibition company, Exhibits Rex, has created several of the largest international travelling museum exhibitions of dinosaurs, including *Jurassic Park*, *The Lost World*, and *Chinasaurs*, in addition to an exhibition of the treasures of [Genghis Khan](/wiki/Genghis_Khan "Genghis Khan"). Lessem's The Real Genghis Khan exhibition has toured major museums in North America and Asia since 2009\. Celebrating the neglected civilizing influence of Genghis Khan and curated by Smithsonian archaeologists, the exhibition has been seen by nearly two million visitors. The exhibition blends live musical performance with role\-playing activities, and the largest collection of 13th century Mongolian artifacts ever toured. It has been viewed by nearly two million museum\-goers. Lessem's company Dino Don, Inc.{{cite web \|last1\=Lessem \|first1\=Don Lessem \|title\=Dino Don, Inc. \|url\=http://www.dinodoninc.com \|website\=Dino Don, Inc.}} began constructing the world's most accurate full\-sized robotic dinosaurs in 2017 for zoos and museums worldwide. In April 2019 Lessem opened his Dinosaur Safari exhibition at New York's [Bronx Zoo](/wiki/Bronx_Zoo "Bronx Zoo") with more than 40 dinosaurs up to 60 feet in length, the largest zoo robotic exhibition in North America. In July 2020 at the [Brookfield Zoo](/wiki/Brookfield_Zoo "Brookfield Zoo") in Chicago, the Dinos Everywhere! exhibit featured Lessem's creation of the world's largest anatomically correct dinosaur, a 120\-foot *[Argentinosaurus](/wiki/Argentinosaurus "Argentinosaurus")*.{{Cite web \|last\=O'Connor \|first\=S. M. \|date\=2020\-07\-21 \|title\=“Exhibit ‘Dinos Everywhere!’ Opens at Brookfield Zoo” \|url\=https://inthegardencity.com/2020/07/21/exhibit\-dinos\-everywhere\-opens\-at\-brookfield\-zoo/ \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18 \|website\=In the Garden City \|language\=en}} Other venues to display Dino Don, Inc. dinosaurs include The Jacksonville Zoo, Philadelphia Zoo, Columbus Zoo, San Antonio Zoo, Copenhagen Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo, and Leipzig Zoo. Lessem has also authored children's books on extinct animals, endangered species, the [Amazon rainforest](/wiki/Amazon_rainforest "Amazon rainforest") and the "[Iceman](/wiki/%C3%96tzi "Ötzi")". Via his monthly column in [*Highlights* Magazine](/wiki/Highlights_Magazine "Highlights Magazine") for a decade, "Dino" Don answered more than 10,000 letters{{Cite web \|date\=2012\-11\-06 \|title\=Media's "Dino Don" Lessem Makes a Career From Dinosaurs \|url\=https://mainlinetoday.com/life\-style/medias\-dino\-don\-lessem\-makes\-a\-career\-from\-dinosaurs/ \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-18 \|website\=Main Line Today \|language\=en\-US}} from children. He created the non\-profit children's newspaper *Dino Times*, which ran from 1981 to 1984\. At the behest of [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Studios "Universal Studios"), 1\.3 million copies of a special edition of *Dino Times* were distributed at the opening of *Jurassic Park*. Lessem is also the author of several humorous books including *Aerphobics*, *Death by Roller Disco*, *How to Flatten Your Nose*, and *The Worst of Everything*. His humorous essays have appeared in *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29 "Punch (magazine)")*, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* and *[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*. Lessem was the creator of [Earth Quest Adventures](/wiki/Earth_Quest_Adventures "Earth Quest Adventures"), a theme park and resort planned for [East Montgomery County](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Texas "Montgomery County, Texas"), west of [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"), in 2008\. He is also the initial designer of a wetlands attraction in [Daqing](/wiki/Daqing "Daqing"), China and an paleontology\-themed attraction, *Gondwana: Das Praehistorium*, in Reden, Germany. Lessem has been profiled on The Today Show, in People, Success, Entrepreneur, and Inc. Magazines. He has frequently appeared as a commentator on dinosaurs for Good Morning America, The Today Show, CBS Morning News, and PBS Science Friday and All Things Considered. Lessem gained worldwide notoriety in 2019 for deploying his "Dumping Trump{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thedumpingtrumprobot.com/\|title\=The Dumping Trump Robot}}" robot at anti\-Trump protests in London and Washington DC. The 16 foot\-high sculpture of Trump sitting on a golden toilet tweets while saying ""No Collusion" "Stable Genius,"  and "Fake News." It toured the eastern United States in October, 2020 as the "Trump Death Mobile" with a banner "Vote for Me and die: 200,000 People Have." Lessem is the author of a quote quiz book comparing Trump to dictators and fictional villains, entitled "Who Said It; Trump Or This Other Shmuck." The website TheDumpingTrumpRobot.com detailed the whereabouts of the robot. Mr. Lessem is currently designing a mobile Trump Museum of Crime to tour US cities in 2024\.
[ "Career\n------", "[thumb\\|Skeleton reconstruction of *Lessemsaurus sauropoides*, named after Don Lessem](/wiki/File:Lessemsaurus_Senckenberg.jpg \"Lessemsaurus Senckenberg.jpg\")\nAfter a bachelor's degree in art history at [Brandeis University](/wiki/Brandeis_University \"Brandeis University\") and a master's in animal behavior from the [University of Massachusetts Boston](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston \"University of Massachusetts Boston\"),{{cite news\\|last1\\=Batcha\\|first1\\=Becky\\|title\\=Meet 'Dino Don,' the Delco guy behind the Franklin Institute's upcoming Genghis Khan exhibit\\|url\\=http://articles.philly.com/2015\\-04\\-20/news/61308148\\_1\\_genghis\\-khan\\-franklin\\-institute\\-field\\-museum\\|accessdate\\=21 September 2015\\|agency\\=Philly.com\\|date\\=20 April 2015}} Lessem began his writing career as a researcher for the [Smithsonian Center for Short\\-Lived Phenomena](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution \"Smithsonian Institution\"). For more than a decade he was a science journalist specializing in conservation issues for the *[Boston Globe](/wiki/Boston_Globe \"Boston Globe\")* and a contributor to *[Life](/wiki/Life_%28magazine%29 \"Life (magazine)\")*, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, and [*Smithsonian* Magazine](/wiki/Smithsonian_%28magazine%29 \"Smithsonian (magazine)\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-11 \\|title\\='Dino' Don Lessem on realistic animatronic dinosaurs, Trump and working with Spielberg \\|url\\=https://blooloop.com/theme\\-park/in\\-depth/dino\\-don\\-lessem\\-dinosaur/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18 \\|website\\=Blooloop \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "Lessem's professional interest in dinosaurs developed while he was a Knight Journalism Fellow at [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") in 1988\\. He wrote his first book, *Kings of Creation*, in 1990, as a survey of current worldwide paleontology research.", "Lessem was an advisor to *[Jurassic Park](/wiki/Jurassic_Park_%28film%29 \"Jurassic Park (film)\")*, *[Dinosaur](/wiki/Dinosaur_%282000_film%29 \"Dinosaur (2000 film)\")*, and *[Disney's Animal Kingdom](/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom \"Disney's Animal Kingdom\")*, as well as their respective theme park attractions. He has written and hosted [Discovery Channel](/wiki/Discovery_Channel \"Discovery Channel\") and *[NOVA](/wiki/Nova_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Nova (American TV series)\")* documentaries on dinosaurs and is a television and radio commentator on paleontology. The [sauropodomorph](/wiki/Sauropodomorph \"Sauropodomorph\") dinosaur *[Lessemsaurus](/wiki/Lessemsaurus \"Lessemsaurus\")* is named after him.", "Lessem directed the excavation and reconstruction of the largest plant\\-eating dinosaur, the 110\\-foot long [Argentinosaurus](/wiki/Argentinosaurus \"Argentinosaurus\"), and the largest [carnivorous](/wiki/Carnivore \"Carnivore\") dinosaur, the 45 foot\\-long [Giganotosaurus](/wiki/Giganotosaurus \"Giganotosaurus\") from Patagonia,{{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}} in collaboration with Dr. Rodolfo Coria of the Museo Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul, Argentina.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Bankrolling A Dinosaur Dig And Unearthing A Giant: The Giganotosaurus \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=NPR.org \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2015/06/14/414286692/bankrolling\\-a\\-dinosaur\\-dig\\-and\\-unearthing\\-a\\-giant\\-the\\-giganotosaurus \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18}}", "Lessem's first traveling exhibition company, Exhibits Rex, has created several of the largest international travelling museum exhibitions of dinosaurs, including *Jurassic Park*, *The Lost World*, and *Chinasaurs*, in addition to an exhibition of the treasures of [Genghis Khan](/wiki/Genghis_Khan \"Genghis Khan\"). Lessem's The Real Genghis Khan exhibition has toured major museums in North America and Asia since 2009\\. Celebrating the neglected civilizing influence of Genghis Khan and curated by Smithsonian archaeologists, the exhibition has been seen by nearly two million visitors. The exhibition blends live musical performance with role\\-playing activities, and the largest collection of 13th century Mongolian artifacts ever toured. It has been viewed by nearly two million museum\\-goers.", "Lessem's company Dino Don, Inc.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Lessem \\|first1\\=Don Lessem \\|title\\=Dino Don, Inc. \\|url\\=http://www.dinodoninc.com \\|website\\=Dino Don, Inc.}} began constructing the world's most accurate full\\-sized robotic dinosaurs in 2017 for zoos and museums worldwide. In April 2019 Lessem opened his Dinosaur Safari exhibition at New York's [Bronx Zoo](/wiki/Bronx_Zoo \"Bronx Zoo\") with more than 40 dinosaurs up to 60 feet in length, the largest zoo robotic exhibition in North America. In July 2020 at the [Brookfield Zoo](/wiki/Brookfield_Zoo \"Brookfield Zoo\") in Chicago, the Dinos Everywhere! exhibit featured Lessem's creation of the world's largest anatomically correct dinosaur, a 120\\-foot *[Argentinosaurus](/wiki/Argentinosaurus \"Argentinosaurus\")*.{{Cite web \\|last\\=O'Connor \\|first\\=S. M. \\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-21 \\|title\\=“Exhibit ‘Dinos Everywhere!’ Opens at Brookfield Zoo” \\|url\\=https://inthegardencity.com/2020/07/21/exhibit\\-dinos\\-everywhere\\-opens\\-at\\-brookfield\\-zoo/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18 \\|website\\=In the Garden City \\|language\\=en}} Other venues to display Dino Don, Inc. dinosaurs include The Jacksonville Zoo, Philadelphia Zoo, Columbus Zoo, San Antonio Zoo, Copenhagen Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo, and Leipzig Zoo.", "Lessem has also authored children's books on extinct animals, endangered species, the [Amazon rainforest](/wiki/Amazon_rainforest \"Amazon rainforest\") and the \"[Iceman](/wiki/%C3%96tzi \"Ötzi\")\". Via his monthly column in [*Highlights* Magazine](/wiki/Highlights_Magazine \"Highlights Magazine\") for a decade, \"Dino\" Don answered more than 10,000 letters{{Cite web \\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-06 \\|title\\=Media's \"Dino Don\" Lessem Makes a Career From Dinosaurs \\|url\\=https://mainlinetoday.com/life\\-style/medias\\-dino\\-don\\-lessem\\-makes\\-a\\-career\\-from\\-dinosaurs/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-18 \\|website\\=Main Line Today \\|language\\=en\\-US}} from children. He created the non\\-profit children's newspaper *Dino Times*, which ran from 1981 to 1984\\. At the behest of [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Studios \"Universal Studios\"), 1\\.3 million copies of a special edition of *Dino Times* were distributed at the opening of *Jurassic Park*.", "Lessem is also the author of several humorous books including *Aerphobics*, *Death by Roller Disco*, *How to Flatten Your Nose*, and *The Worst of Everything*. His humorous essays have appeared in *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29 \"Punch (magazine)\")*, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* and *[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")*.", "Lessem was the creator of [Earth Quest Adventures](/wiki/Earth_Quest_Adventures \"Earth Quest Adventures\"), a theme park and resort planned for [East Montgomery County](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Texas \"Montgomery County, Texas\"), west of [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"), in 2008\\. He is also the initial designer of a wetlands attraction in [Daqing](/wiki/Daqing \"Daqing\"), China and an paleontology\\-themed attraction, *Gondwana: Das Praehistorium*, in Reden, Germany.", "Lessem has been profiled on The Today Show, in People, Success, Entrepreneur, and Inc. Magazines. He has frequently appeared as a commentator on dinosaurs for Good Morning America, The Today Show, CBS Morning News, and PBS Science Friday and All Things Considered.", "Lessem gained worldwide notoriety in 2019 for deploying his \"Dumping Trump{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thedumpingtrumprobot.com/\\|title\\=The Dumping Trump Robot}}\" robot at anti\\-Trump protests in London and Washington DC. The 16 foot\\-high sculpture of Trump sitting on a golden toilet tweets while saying \"\"No Collusion\" \"Stable Genius,\"  and \"Fake News.\" It toured the eastern United States in October, 2020 as the \"Trump Death Mobile\" with a banner \"Vote for Me and die: 200,000 People Have.\" Lessem is the author of a quote quiz book comparing Trump to dictators and fictional villains, entitled \"Who Said It; Trump Or This Other Shmuck.\" The website TheDumpingTrumpRobot.com detailed the whereabouts of the robot. Mr. Lessem is currently designing a mobile Trump Museum of Crime to tour US cities in 2024\\.", "" ]
Playing career -------------- Atkins was an integral part of Blackburn's rise from the [old Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division "Football League Second Division") to [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") champions in [1995](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_in_English_football "1994–95 in English football"). He joined Rovers for [£](/wiki/%C2%A3 "£")45,000 from [Scunthorpe United](/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C. "Scunthorpe United F.C.") in 1988, being then relocated to [midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder "Midfielder"), and staying in the team despite the big investment in new players from owner [Jack Walker](/wiki/Jack_Walker "Jack Walker"). His part in Rovers' championship success is often understated, with many falsely believing that [David Batty](/wiki/David_Batty "David Batty") formed the strong midfield partnership with [club captain](/wiki/Captain_%28association_football%29 "Captain (association football)") [Tim Sherwood](/wiki/Tim_Sherwood "Tim Sherwood") in that team. In fact, a foot injury kept Batty out until the final five matches and Atkins proved to be an unlikely hero for Blackburn, playing 34 matches and scoring six goals in [the title season](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_FA_Premier_League "1994–95 FA Premier League"), including important ones against [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") and [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. "Southampton F.C."). Atkins moved on from Rovers soon after the club's championship success, joining [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division "Football League First Division") [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.") in September 1995 for £1million. He was a first choice player throughout his time at [Molineux](/wiki/Molineux_Stadium "Molineux Stadium") as the club fought to reach the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League"). He reached the play\-offs with the team in [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Football_League_First_Division "1996–97 Football League First Division") but they lost 3–4 on aggregate to [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C."), despite Atkins scoring in the return leg to give them a 2–1 win. After four seasons with Wolves, Atkins was released in 1999, joining [York City](/wiki/York_City_F.C. "York City F.C.") in the fourth tier on a three\-month contract. After leaving this expired, he had an unsuccessful trial at [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. "Reading F.C."), before training with [conference](/wiki/National_League_%28division%29 "National League (division)") side [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C."), who subsequently offered him a deal. He remained at Doncaster for the next two seasons, and served as joint caretaker\-manager (with [Dave Penney](/wiki/Dave_Penney "Dave Penney")) for the final five fixtures of the [1999–2000](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_in_English_football "1999–2000 in English football") campaign after the sacking of [Ian Snodin](/wiki/Ian_Snodin "Ian Snodin"). Atkins returned to a purely playing role during the next season, which ended with him being loaned out to [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C.") for the run\-in. He helped the club reach the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division "Football League Third Division") play\-offs, but was denied a [Wembley](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 "Wembley Stadium (1923)") final by [Leyton Orient](/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C. "Leyton Orient F.C.")'s 2–1 aggregate triumph. He joined [Shrewsbury Town](/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C. "Shrewsbury Town F.C.") in July 2001, enjoying a decent ninth\-placed finish to his first season at [Gay Meadow](/wiki/Gay_Meadow "Gay Meadow"). The [2002–03](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_in_English_football "2002–03 in English football") season was one of mixed fortunes for the *Shrews*, from the highs of runs to the fourth round of the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") and area final of the [Football League Trophy](/wiki/Football_League_Trophy "Football League Trophy") to the lows of seven successive defeats, resulting in relegation to the [conference](/wiki/National_League_%28division%29 "National League (division)").
[ "Playing career\n--------------", "Atkins was an integral part of Blackburn's rise from the [old Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division \"Football League Second Division\") to [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") champions in [1995](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_in_English_football \"1994–95 in English football\"). He joined Rovers for [£](/wiki/%C2%A3 \"£\")45,000 from [Scunthorpe United](/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C. \"Scunthorpe United F.C.\") in 1988, being then relocated to [midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder \"Midfielder\"), and staying in the team despite the big investment in new players from owner [Jack Walker](/wiki/Jack_Walker \"Jack Walker\").", "His part in Rovers' championship success is often understated, with many falsely believing that [David Batty](/wiki/David_Batty \"David Batty\") formed the strong midfield partnership with [club captain](/wiki/Captain_%28association_football%29 \"Captain (association football)\") [Tim Sherwood](/wiki/Tim_Sherwood \"Tim Sherwood\") in that team. In fact, a foot injury kept Batty out until the final five matches and Atkins proved to be an unlikely hero for Blackburn, playing 34 matches and scoring six goals in [the title season](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_FA_Premier_League \"1994–95 FA Premier League\"), including important ones against [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") and [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. \"Southampton F.C.\").", "Atkins moved on from Rovers soon after the club's championship success, joining [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division \"Football League First Division\") [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\") in September 1995 for £1million. He was a first choice player throughout his time at [Molineux](/wiki/Molineux_Stadium \"Molineux Stadium\") as the club fought to reach the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\"). He reached the play\\-offs with the team in [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Football_League_First_Division \"1996–97 Football League First Division\") but they lost 3–4 on aggregate to [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\"), despite Atkins scoring in the return leg to give them a 2–1 win.", "After four seasons with Wolves, Atkins was released in 1999, joining [York City](/wiki/York_City_F.C. \"York City F.C.\") in the fourth tier on a three\\-month contract. After leaving this expired, he had an unsuccessful trial at [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. \"Reading F.C.\"), before training with [conference](/wiki/National_League_%28division%29 \"National League (division)\") side [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\"), who subsequently offered him a deal. He remained at Doncaster for the next two seasons, and served as joint caretaker\\-manager (with [Dave Penney](/wiki/Dave_Penney \"Dave Penney\")) for the final five fixtures of the [1999–2000](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_in_English_football \"1999–2000 in English football\") campaign after the sacking of [Ian Snodin](/wiki/Ian_Snodin \"Ian Snodin\").", "Atkins returned to a purely playing role during the next season, which ended with him being loaned out to [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\") for the run\\-in. He helped the club reach the [Third Division](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division \"Football League Third Division\") play\\-offs, but was denied a [Wembley](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 \"Wembley Stadium (1923)\") final by [Leyton Orient](/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C. \"Leyton Orient F.C.\")'s 2–1 aggregate triumph.", "He joined [Shrewsbury Town](/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C. \"Shrewsbury Town F.C.\") in July 2001, enjoying a decent ninth\\-placed finish to his first season at [Gay Meadow](/wiki/Gay_Meadow \"Gay Meadow\"). The [2002–03](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_in_English_football \"2002–03 in English football\") season was one of mixed fortunes for the *Shrews*, from the highs of runs to the fourth round of the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") and area final of the [Football League Trophy](/wiki/Football_League_Trophy \"Football League Trophy\") to the lows of seven successive defeats, resulting in relegation to the [conference](/wiki/National_League_%28division%29 \"National League (division)\").", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|2020\= 5210 \|align\-fn\=center \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade.html\|title\=Decennial Census by Decade\|publisher\=\[\[US Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=}} 1850–1900{{Cite web\|title\= 1900 Census of Population \- Population of Texas By Counties And Minor Civil Divisions \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/bulletins/demographic/49\-population\-tx.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1910{{Cite web\|title\= 1910 Census of Population \- Supplement for Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/abstract/supplement\-tx\-p1\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1920{{Cite web\|title\= 1920 Census of Population \- Number of Inhabitants \- Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1920/bulletins/demographics/population\-tx\-number\-of\-inhabitants.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1930{{Cite web\|title\= 1930 Census of Population \- Number of Inhabitants \- Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1930/population\-volume\-1/03815512v1ch10\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1940{{Cite web\|title\= 1940 Census of Population \- Number of Inhabitants \- Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population\-volume\-1/33973538v1ch09\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1950{{Cite web\|title\= 1950 Census of Population \- Number of Inhabitants \- Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population\-volume\-1/vol\-01\-46\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1960{{Cite web\|title\= 1960 Census of Population \- Number of Inhabitants \- Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population\-volume\-1/33255142v1p45ch02\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1970{{Cite web\|title\= 1970 Census of Population \- Number of Inhabitants \- Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00496492v1p45s1ch02\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1980{{Cite web\|title\= 1980 Census of Population \- Number of Inhabitants \- Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1980/volume\-1/texas/1980a\_txab\-01\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1990{{Cite web\|title\=1990 Census of Population \- Population and Housing Unit Counts \- Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cph\-2/cph\-2\-45\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 2000{{Cite web\|title\=2000 Census of Population \- Population and Housing Unit Counts \- Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc\-3\-45\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 2010{{Cite web\|title\=2010 Census of Population \- Population and Housing Unit Counts \- Texas \|url\=https://www2\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2010/cph\-2/cph\-2\-45\.pdf\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} }} ### 2020 census | \+**Homestead Meadows North racial composition**{{Cite web \|title\=Explore Census Data \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US4834671\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-19 \|website\=data.census.gov}} | Race | Number | Percentage | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") (NH) | 533 | 10\.23% | | [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") (NH) | 32 | 0\.61% | | [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") (NH) | 12 | 0\.23% | | [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") (NH) | 9 | 0\.17% | | [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") (NH) | 4 | 0\.08% | | Some Other Race (NH) | 13 | 0\.25% | | [Mixed/Multi\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 35 | 0\.67% | | [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 4,572 | 87\.75% | | **Total** | **5,210** | | As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 5,210 people, 1,409 households, and 1,132 families residing in the CDP. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 4,232 people, 1,135 households, and 988 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert\|254\.4\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,268 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|76\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 73\.20% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.43% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.11% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.14% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 22\.71% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 2\.41% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 82\.49% of the population. There were 1,135 households, out of which 58\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12\.9% were non\-families. 10\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.73 and the average family size was 4\.04\. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 36\.6% under the age of 18, 10\.9% from 18 to 24, 28\.4% from 25 to 44, 18\.8% from 45 to 64, and 5\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 100\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99\.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,403, and the median income for a family was $31,547\. Males had a median income of $21,694 versus $18,961 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the CDP was $10,485\. About 22\.9% of families and 21\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 28\.4% of those under age 18 and 14\.6% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|2020\\= 5210\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade.html\\|title\\=Decennial Census by Decade\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[US Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=}} \n 1850–1900{{Cite web\\|title\\= 1900 Census of Population \\- Population of Texas By Counties And Minor Civil Divisions \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/bulletins/demographic/49\\-population\\-tx.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1910{{Cite web\\|title\\= 1910 Census of Population \\- Supplement for Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/abstract/supplement\\-tx\\-p1\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} \n 1920{{Cite web\\|title\\= 1920 Census of Population \\- Number of Inhabitants \\- Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1920/bulletins/demographics/population\\-tx\\-number\\-of\\-inhabitants.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1930{{Cite web\\|title\\= 1930 Census of Population \\- Number of Inhabitants \\- Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1930/population\\-volume\\-1/03815512v1ch10\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1940{{Cite web\\|title\\= 1940 Census of Population \\- Number of Inhabitants \\- Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population\\-volume\\-1/33973538v1ch09\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}}", "1950{{Cite web\\|title\\= 1950 Census of Population \\- Number of Inhabitants \\- Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population\\-volume\\-1/vol\\-01\\-46\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1960{{Cite web\\|title\\= 1960 Census of Population \\- Number of Inhabitants \\- Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population\\-volume\\-1/33255142v1p45ch02\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1970{{Cite web\\|title\\= 1970 Census of Population \\- Number of Inhabitants \\- Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00496492v1p45s1ch02\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} \n 1980{{Cite web\\|title\\= 1980 Census of Population \\- Number of Inhabitants \\- Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1980/volume\\-1/texas/1980a\\_txab\\-01\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 1990{{Cite web\\|title\\=1990 Census of Population \\- Population and Housing Unit Counts \\- Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cph\\-2/cph\\-2\\-45\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=2000 Census of Population \\- Population and Housing Unit Counts \\- Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc\\-3\\-45\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} \n 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\=2010 Census of Population \\- Population and Housing Unit Counts \\- Texas \\|url\\=https://www2\\.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2010/cph\\-2/cph\\-2\\-45\\.pdf\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}}\n}}", "### 2020 census", "", "| \\+**Homestead Meadows North racial composition**{{Cite web \\|title\\=Explore Census Data \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US4834671\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-19 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} | Race | Number | Percentage |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") (NH) | 533 | 10\\.23% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") (NH) | 32 | 0\\.61% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") (NH) | 12 | 0\\.23% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") (NH) | 9 | 0\\.17% |\n| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") (NH) | 4 | 0\\.08% |\n| Some Other Race (NH) | 13 | 0\\.25% |\n| [Mixed/Multi\\-Racial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 35 | 0\\.67% |\n| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") | 4,572 | 87\\.75% |\n| **Total** | **5,210** | |", "As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 5,210 people, 1,409 households, and 1,132 families residing in the CDP.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 4,232 people, 1,135 households, and 988 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert\\|254\\.4\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,268 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|76\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 73\\.20% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.43% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.11% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.14% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 22\\.71% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 2\\.41% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 82\\.49% of the population.", "There were 1,135 households, out of which 58\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12\\.9% were non\\-families. 10\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.73 and the average family size was 4\\.04\\.", "In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 36\\.6% under the age of 18, 10\\.9% from 18 to 24, 28\\.4% from 25 to 44, 18\\.8% from 45 to 64, and 5\\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 100\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99\\.2 males.", "The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,403, and the median income for a family was $31,547\\. Males had a median income of $21,694 versus $18,961 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the CDP was $10,485\\. About 22\\.9% of families and 21\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 28\\.4% of those under age 18 and 14\\.6% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Plot summary ------------ The novel's opening is mostly the perspective of Nash, Martha, and Travis' "father" mixed with the thoughts of [slave trader](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trader "Atlantic slave trader") James Hamilton, which are expressed in italics. The narrator explains that he had to sell his three children to slavery because his crops failed and he had no money. Nash's story as an adult is first revealed through the perspective of his white master Edward Williams, who freed Nash so that he could go to [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa") with the [American Colonization Society](/wiki/American_Colonization_Society "American Colonization Society") to teach black natives. Edward, however, receives a letter saying that Nash had disappeared from the African village where he had been teaching. Edward immediately boards a ship to take him to Africa, and after many days of searching, a former slave of Edward's informs him that Nash had died from fever. Edward is horribly upset, and his grief is further drawn out when he realizes that his beloved Nash was not the holy [Christian](/wiki/Christians "Christians") he thought him to be. He finds plenty that points out Nash's negative behavior, such as his large collection of native wives. The chapter ends with Edward gaping at the hovel that was once Nash's residence while natives stare on, trying to understand the apparent momentary insanity of the shocked and aggrieved stranger. The story then switches to Martha Randolph, an old woman who, after losing her husband and daughter at a slave auction, decides to run away from her owners in [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas") and seek freedom in [California](/wiki/California "California"). She only makes it to [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado"), however, where the group she is traveling with leaves her because she is slowing down the party. A white woman offers Martha a place to room for the night out of the bitter cold, but it is not enough. When the woman returns to Martha the next day, Martha is dead. The white woman decides that she is going to have to "choose a name for her if she was going to receive a [Christian burial](/wiki/Christian_burial "Christian burial")" (p. 94\), which is ironic since Martha hated receiving a new name each time she was passed to a different owner and because Martha did not believe in God. The final section is told through the eyes of Joyce, a white Englishwoman who falls in love with Travis, who is the "brother" of Nash and Martha. Since Travis' story occurs during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") (about a century after his supposed brother Nash's), it can be assumed that Travis is a sort of reincarnation of Nash and Martha's brother from more than a century before. In that case, it can be implied that the ancestor narrator is not the children's true father; rather he is some sort of all\-knowing ancestor who has "listened" to his "children" for the last "two hundred and fifty years" (p. 1\). Joyce meets Travis at her husband's store. Joyce's husband habitually beats her, and when her husband is taken to prison for selling items on the [black market](/wiki/Black_market "Black market"), Joyce and Travis have an affair. Joyce has Travis's baby but has to give it up after Travis dies in the war because it would be unacceptable for her to raise a black baby on her own. The chapter ends with a visit from Greer when he is 20 years old, who meets his mother for the first time after being raised in an orphanage. The book ends with the ancestor narrator once more, who provides an optimistic view even after all his children have died, saying that though he "sold his beloved children … they arrived on the far bank of the river, loved" (p. 237\).
[ "Plot summary\n------------", "The novel's opening is mostly the perspective of Nash, Martha, and Travis' \"father\" mixed with the thoughts of [slave trader](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trader \"Atlantic slave trader\") James Hamilton, which are expressed in italics. The narrator explains that he had to sell his three children to slavery because his crops failed and he had no money.", "Nash's story as an adult is first revealed through the perspective of his white master Edward Williams, who freed Nash so that he could go to [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") with the [American Colonization Society](/wiki/American_Colonization_Society \"American Colonization Society\") to teach black natives. Edward, however, receives a letter saying that Nash had disappeared from the African village where he had been teaching. Edward immediately boards a ship to take him to Africa, and after many days of searching, a former slave of Edward's informs him that Nash had died from fever. Edward is horribly upset, and his grief is further drawn out when he realizes that his beloved Nash was not the holy [Christian](/wiki/Christians \"Christians\") he thought him to be. He finds plenty that points out Nash's negative behavior, such as his large collection of native wives. The chapter ends with Edward gaping at the hovel that was once Nash's residence while natives stare on, trying to understand the apparent momentary insanity of the shocked and aggrieved stranger.", "The story then switches to Martha Randolph, an old woman who, after losing her husband and daughter at a slave auction, decides to run away from her owners in [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\") and seek freedom in [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). She only makes it to [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\"), however, where the group she is traveling with leaves her because she is slowing down the party. A white woman offers Martha a place to room for the night out of the bitter cold, but it is not enough. When the woman returns to Martha the next day, Martha is dead. The white woman decides that she is going to have to \"choose a name for her if she was going to receive a [Christian burial](/wiki/Christian_burial \"Christian burial\")\" (p. 94\\), which is ironic since Martha hated receiving a new name each time she was passed to a different owner and because Martha did not believe in God.", "The final section is told through the eyes of Joyce, a white Englishwoman who falls in love with Travis, who is the \"brother\" of Nash and Martha. Since Travis' story occurs during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") (about a century after his supposed brother Nash's), it can be assumed that Travis is a sort of reincarnation of Nash and Martha's brother from more than a century before. In that case, it can be implied that the ancestor narrator is not the children's true father; rather he is some sort of all\\-knowing ancestor who has \"listened\" to his \"children\" for the last \"two hundred and fifty years\" (p. 1\\).", "Joyce meets Travis at her husband's store. Joyce's husband habitually beats her, and when her husband is taken to prison for selling items on the [black market](/wiki/Black_market \"Black market\"), Joyce and Travis have an affair. Joyce has Travis's baby but has to give it up after Travis dies in the war because it would be unacceptable for her to raise a black baby on her own. The chapter ends with a visit from Greer when he is 20 years old, who meets his mother for the first time after being raised in an orphanage.", "The book ends with the ancestor narrator once more, who provides an optimistic view even after all his children have died, saying that though he \"sold his beloved children … they arrived on the far bank of the river, loved\" (p. 237\\).", "" ]
Artists and achievements ------------------------ During its time, Mpapa showcased the work of such artists as Flinto Chandia, David Chirwa, Mulenga Chafilwa, Tubayi Dube, [Gabriel Ellison](/wiki/Gabriel_Ellison "Gabriel Ellison"), Pam Guhrs\-Carr, Vic Guhrs, Ruth Hartley (Bush), Stephen Kappata, Berlings Kaunda, Fackson Kulya, Style Kunda, Bente Lorenz, Andrew Makromalis, [William Miko](/wiki/William_Miko "William Miko"), Eddie Mumba, Paulina Mubanga, Lutanda Mwamba, Adam Mwansa, Patrick Mweemba, Germain Ngoma, Blanka Novotny, Dickson Nyendwa, Vincent Phiri, Godfrey Setti, Shadreck Simukanga, Henry Tayali,{{Cite journal\|last1\=Zukas\|last2\=Kabungo\|last3\=Rogers\|last4\=Plesner\|last5\=Kabwe\|first1\=C\|first2\=H\|first3\=C\|first4\=M\|first5\=F\|date\=1988\|title\=Henry Tayali 1943 \- 1987\|journal\=Mpapa Gallery}} Friday Tembo, Stephen Williams, Lawrence Yombwe, Cynthia Zukas and Elisha Zulu among others. It also held exhibitions of Zambian crafts (in association with the Zintu Foundation), ceramics and photography as well as hosting visiting artists such as the American [John Franklin Koenig](/wiki/John_Franklin_Koenig "John Franklin Koenig"), Cuban artist [Manuel Mendive](/wiki/Manuel_Mendive "Manuel Mendive"), the British holographer Patrick Keown Boyd and others. Mpapa provided curatorial advice to [Lechwe Trust](/wiki/Lechwe_Trust "Lechwe Trust") and to the Chaminuka Art collection. The gallery worked on joint projects with the British, American, Italian, Norwegian (NORAD) and Russian embassies. Working with the British Council workshops for Zambian artists were led by [Vincent Woropay](/wiki/Vincent_Woropay "Vincent Woropay") and Stephen Mumberson. Research was carried out on ethical issues around artists’ production and copyright with inputs from Stephens Innocent and, later, The Artists’ Information Company (UK) which contributed to the Legislative Protection of Cultural Property in Zambia. The gallery acted as a resource, library, mentor and informal supplier of materials when none were available. Curation of exhibits included: “Artists Against Apartheid” raising funds for the Dora Tamana nursery in Lusaka (1985\); presentation of Stephen Kappata’s work{{Cite journal\|last\=MacMillan\|first\=Hugh\|date\=1997\|title\=The Life and Art of Stephen Kappata\|journal\=African Arts\|volume\=30\|issue\=1\|pages\=20–31, 93–94\|doi\=10\.2307/3337469\|jstor\=3337469}} at the Havana Biennale (1988\); representation in New Art from Zambia at the Africa Centre, London and a Retrospective of the work of Henry Tayali at the same venue (1989\); Frontline Africa exhibition at Glasgow Mayfest (1990\); an exhibition of Kappata paintings at the London Festival Hall (1991\) etc. Mpapa was consulted by [Robert Loder](/wiki/Robert_Loder "Robert Loder") CBE in the lead\-up to the Triangle Trust\-funded Mbile workshops (subsequently Insaka) which enabled artists to work freely in a democratic and sponsored environment.{{Cite book\|last1\=Kasfir\|last2\=Kirumira\|first1\=S\|first2\=N\|title\=African Art and Agency in the Workshop\|publisher\=Indiana University Press\|year\=2013\|isbn\=978\-0253007490}} The Gallery was also involved in residencies for Flinto Chandia, David Chirwa and Friday Tembo in Loder’s London Gasworks Studios and contributed to the attendance of Zambian artists to the Pachipamwe and Thapong workshops in Zimbabwe and Botswana.{{Cite book \|editor1\-last\=Hartley \|editor1\-first\=Ruth \|title\=Mpapa Gallery: A monograph \|editor2\-last\=Corley \|editor2\-first\=John \|date\=28 June 2024 \|publisher\=Atypical Books \|isbn\=978\-2\-9557344\-6\-9 \|location\=Labatut\-Rivière, France}} It closed when funding could not be obtained to develop it into an Art Trust and the Directors were unable to continue their commitment. It remained the only independent, fulltime, professionally curated art gallery at that time and for many years after. Ruth Hartley published a monograph on the Gallery's history in 2024(9)
[ "Artists and achievements\n------------------------", "During its time, Mpapa showcased the work of such artists as Flinto Chandia, David Chirwa, Mulenga Chafilwa, Tubayi Dube, [Gabriel Ellison](/wiki/Gabriel_Ellison \"Gabriel Ellison\"), Pam Guhrs\\-Carr, Vic Guhrs, Ruth Hartley (Bush), Stephen Kappata, Berlings Kaunda, Fackson Kulya, Style Kunda, Bente Lorenz, Andrew Makromalis, [William Miko](/wiki/William_Miko \"William Miko\"), Eddie Mumba, Paulina Mubanga, Lutanda Mwamba, Adam Mwansa, Patrick Mweemba, Germain Ngoma, Blanka Novotny, Dickson Nyendwa, Vincent Phiri, Godfrey Setti, Shadreck Simukanga, Henry Tayali,{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Zukas\\|last2\\=Kabungo\\|last3\\=Rogers\\|last4\\=Plesner\\|last5\\=Kabwe\\|first1\\=C\\|first2\\=H\\|first3\\=C\\|first4\\=M\\|first5\\=F\\|date\\=1988\\|title\\=Henry Tayali 1943 \\- 1987\\|journal\\=Mpapa Gallery}} Friday Tembo, Stephen Williams, Lawrence Yombwe, Cynthia Zukas and Elisha Zulu among others.", "It also held exhibitions of Zambian crafts (in association with the Zintu Foundation), ceramics and photography as well as hosting visiting artists such as the American [John Franklin Koenig](/wiki/John_Franklin_Koenig \"John Franklin Koenig\"), Cuban artist [Manuel Mendive](/wiki/Manuel_Mendive \"Manuel Mendive\"), the British holographer Patrick Keown Boyd and others.", "Mpapa provided curatorial advice to [Lechwe Trust](/wiki/Lechwe_Trust \"Lechwe Trust\") and to the Chaminuka Art collection. The gallery worked on joint projects with the British, American, Italian, Norwegian (NORAD) and Russian embassies. Working with the British Council workshops for Zambian artists were led by [Vincent Woropay](/wiki/Vincent_Woropay \"Vincent Woropay\") and Stephen Mumberson.", "Research was carried out on ethical issues around artists’ production and copyright with inputs from Stephens Innocent and, later, The Artists’ Information Company (UK) which contributed to the Legislative Protection of Cultural Property in Zambia. The gallery acted as a resource, library, mentor and informal supplier of materials when none were available.", "Curation of exhibits included: “Artists Against Apartheid” raising funds for the Dora Tamana nursery in Lusaka (1985\\); presentation of Stephen Kappata’s work{{Cite journal\\|last\\=MacMillan\\|first\\=Hugh\\|date\\=1997\\|title\\=The Life and Art of Stephen Kappata\\|journal\\=African Arts\\|volume\\=30\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=20–31, 93–94\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3337469\\|jstor\\=3337469}} at the Havana Biennale (1988\\); representation in New Art from Zambia at the Africa Centre, London and a Retrospective of the work of Henry Tayali at the same venue (1989\\); Frontline Africa exhibition at Glasgow Mayfest (1990\\); an exhibition of Kappata paintings at the London Festival Hall (1991\\) etc.", "Mpapa was consulted by [Robert Loder](/wiki/Robert_Loder \"Robert Loder\") CBE in the lead\\-up to the Triangle Trust\\-funded Mbile workshops (subsequently Insaka) which enabled artists to work freely in a democratic and sponsored environment.{{Cite book\\|last1\\=Kasfir\\|last2\\=Kirumira\\|first1\\=S\\|first2\\=N\\|title\\=African Art and Agency in the Workshop\\|publisher\\=Indiana University Press\\|year\\=2013\\|isbn\\=978\\-0253007490}} The Gallery was also involved in residencies for Flinto Chandia, David Chirwa and Friday Tembo in Loder’s London Gasworks Studios and contributed to the attendance of Zambian artists to the Pachipamwe and Thapong workshops in Zimbabwe and Botswana.{{Cite book \\|editor1\\-last\\=Hartley \\|editor1\\-first\\=Ruth \\|title\\=Mpapa Gallery: A monograph \\|editor2\\-last\\=Corley \\|editor2\\-first\\=John \\|date\\=28 June 2024 \\|publisher\\=Atypical Books \\|isbn\\=978\\-2\\-9557344\\-6\\-9 \\|location\\=Labatut\\-Rivière, France}}", "It closed when funding could not be obtained to develop it into an Art Trust and the Directors were unable to continue their commitment. It remained the only independent, fulltime, professionally curated art gallery at that time and for many years after.", "Ruth Hartley published a monograph on the Gallery's history in 2024(9)", "" ]
Subsidiaries ------------ ### MobiCom Corporation MobiCom started its operations, serving its first customers, on March 18, 1996 after 6 months of its establishment. Meeting the requirements of the tender announced by the Government of Mongolia, MobiCom launched its network with [GSM](/wiki/GSM "GSM") technology, which is the most advanced digital system of mobile communication. Today, MobiCom has become the largest [Mobile Telephone Service](/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service "Mobile Telephone Service") provider, with over 1,200,000 subscribers,[Telecommunications in Mongolia](/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia "Telecommunications in Mongolia") and the biggest corporation in the [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology") sector of Mongolia.[List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region\#Mongolia](/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region%23Mongolia "List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region#Mongolia") The following companies are subsidiaries of MobiCom: * Newtel LLC * MobiNet LLC * Ulusnet LLC * Newfund LLC * Mongol Content LLC * Most PSP LLC * Mobifinance LLC * GrapeCity LLC ### Eznis Airways [Eznis Airways](/wiki/Eznis_Airways "Eznis Airways") is the leading Mongolian domestic airline with the largest network of domestic destinations within [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia "Mongolia") and highest flight frequency on these routes. The airline was established on December 6, 2006 by Newcom LLC, one of the largest holding companies of [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia "Mongolia"). The first scheduled service flight of [Eznis Airways](/wiki/Eznis_Airways "Eznis Airways") was from [Ulaanbaatar](/wiki/Ulaanbaatar "Ulaanbaatar") to Choibalsan in December 2006\. Now the airline operates domestic scheduled and charter flights to 5 destinations of [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia "Mongolia") including Dornod, Khuvsgul, Umnugobi, Uvs and Bayan\-Ulgii, and operates international scheduled service to Hailar in China's [Inner Mongolia](/wiki/Inner_Mongolia "Inner Mongolia") region, and charter services to points in China, Russia and [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"). The airline’s name “Eznis” means ‘easiness in flight’. The name consists of two parts which when put together say 'easy flight': the first two letters “Ez” stand for “easy” in English and “nis” is a Mongolian word meaning “fly”. Eznis Airways ceased all operations from 22 May 2014 due to the financial difficulties and the current situation at the airline industry.{{cite web \|url\=http://newcom.mn/en/media/news/234 \|title\=Newcom Group {{!}} STATEMENT \|website\=newcom.mn \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911151827/http://newcom.mn/en/media/news/234 \|archive\-date\=2014\-09\-11}} ### Clean Energy Clean Energy Company (75% owned by Newcom and 25% owned by the [EBRD](/wiki/EBRD "EBRD")) was established in 2004, initially to collect data from wind measurement stations established on Salkhit [Mountain](/wiki/Mountai "Mountai") some 70 kilometers southeast of [Ulaanbaatar](/wiki/Ulaanbaatar "Ulaanbaatar") to assess the site's suitability for the construction of a [wind farm](/wiki/Wind_farm "Wind farm"). Wind data has been collected from the site for over two years and the raw data has been compiled and assessed by Global Energy Concepts of the United States with the result that the selected site shows excellent potential for wind generation. The [wind farm](/wiki/Wind_farm "Wind farm") \- the first in [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia "Mongolia") \- has been completed with financing from the [EBRD](/wiki/EBRD "EBRD") and is being commissioned on June 20, 2013\.MONGOLIA’S FIRST WIND FARM OPENS \- <http://newcom.mn/en/media/news/224> ### Newcom Property Newcom Property LLC, after being set up in 1997 as Newcom Group’s real estate management and service division, became an independent company in 2005 specializing in [property management](/wiki/Property_management "Property management") services for [real estate](/wiki/Real_estate "Real estate") owners, [investors](/wiki/Investors "Investors"), private individuals, businesses and organizations. The company now has over 230 employees. ### Newcom Mining Services Newcom Mining Services LLC is a construction and mining equipment rentals and sales company, established in 2011\. It is the authorized distributor for [Terex](/wiki/Terex "Terex") and Genie brands in [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia "Mongolia").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.terex.com/cranes/flash/newsletter/2013\-01/en/index.html\#/4/ \|title\=Terex Cranes Newsletter 11 \|website\=www.terex.com \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204004905/http://www.terex.com/cranes/flash/newsletter/2013\-01/en/index.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-02\-04}} ### Tsegts Tsegts LLC was established in 2004 as Newsec LLC to provide security services for all types of property. ### American University of Mongolia Newcom Group signed a strategic partnership with [UC Berkeley](/wiki/UC_Berkeley "UC Berkeley")’s Center for [Executive Education](/wiki/Executive_Education "Executive Education") in July 2011 and launched the [American University of Mongolia](/wiki/American_University_of_Mongoli "American University of Mongoli")’s Center for Executive Education in August, 2011 in [Ulaanbaatar](/wiki/Ulaanbaatar "Ulaanbaatar"). The Center for [Executive Education](/wiki/Executive_Education "Executive Education") offers [executive programs](/wiki/Executive_programs "Executive programs") showcasing [leadership](/wiki/Leadership "Leadership"), [business management](/wiki/Business_management "Business management"), [strategy](/wiki/Strategy "Strategy"), [project management](/wiki/Project_management "Project management"), [corporate finance](/wiki/Corporate_finance "Corporate finance"), business contracts and [negotiation](/wiki/Negotiation "Negotiation"), [public policy](/wiki/Public_policy "Public policy"), [business communication](/wiki/Business_communication "Business communication"), [corporate social responsibility](/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility "Corporate social responsibility"), [marketing](/wiki/Marketing "Marketing"). ### Clean Energy Asia Clean Energy Asia LLC (CEA) was established in 2012 as a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture "Joint venture") between Newcom LLC Newcom LLC and SB Energy Corp., renewable energy arm of Japan’s [Softbank Corporation](/wiki/Softbank_Corporation "Softbank Corporation").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012\-10\-24/softbank\-plans\-to\-develop\-wind\-power\-in\-mongolia\-with\-newcom\|title\=Softbank Plans to Develop Wind Power in Mongolia With Newcom\|date\=October 24, 2012\|via\=www.bloomberg.com}}
[ "Subsidiaries\n------------", "### MobiCom Corporation", "MobiCom started its operations, serving its first customers, on March 18, 1996 after 6 months of its establishment. Meeting the requirements of the tender announced by the Government of Mongolia, MobiCom launched its network with [GSM](/wiki/GSM \"GSM\") technology, which is the most advanced digital system of mobile communication. Today, MobiCom has become the largest [Mobile Telephone Service](/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service \"Mobile Telephone Service\") provider, with over 1,200,000 subscribers,[Telecommunications in Mongolia](/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia \"Telecommunications in Mongolia\") and the biggest corporation in the [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology \"Information technology\") sector of Mongolia.[List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region\\#Mongolia](/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region%23Mongolia \"List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region#Mongolia\")", "The following companies are subsidiaries of MobiCom:\n* Newtel LLC\n* MobiNet LLC\n* Ulusnet LLC\n* Newfund LLC\n* Mongol Content LLC\n* Most PSP LLC\n* Mobifinance LLC\n* GrapeCity LLC", "### Eznis Airways", "[Eznis Airways](/wiki/Eznis_Airways \"Eznis Airways\") is the leading Mongolian domestic airline with the largest network of domestic destinations within [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia \"Mongolia\") and highest flight frequency on these routes. The airline was established on December 6, 2006 by Newcom LLC, one of the largest holding companies of [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia \"Mongolia\").", "The first scheduled service flight of [Eznis Airways](/wiki/Eznis_Airways \"Eznis Airways\") was from [Ulaanbaatar](/wiki/Ulaanbaatar \"Ulaanbaatar\") to Choibalsan in December 2006\\. Now the airline operates domestic scheduled and charter flights to 5 destinations of [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia \"Mongolia\") including Dornod, Khuvsgul, Umnugobi, Uvs and Bayan\\-Ulgii, and operates international scheduled service to Hailar in China's [Inner Mongolia](/wiki/Inner_Mongolia \"Inner Mongolia\") region, and charter services to points in China, Russia and [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\").", "The airline’s name “Eznis” means ‘easiness in flight’. The name consists of two parts which when put together say 'easy flight': the first two letters “Ez” stand for “easy” in English and “nis” is a Mongolian word meaning “fly”.", "Eznis Airways ceased all operations from 22 May 2014 due to the financial difficulties and the current situation at the airline industry.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://newcom.mn/en/media/news/234 \\|title\\=Newcom Group {{!}} STATEMENT \\|website\\=newcom.mn \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911151827/http://newcom.mn/en/media/news/234 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-11}}", "### Clean Energy", "Clean Energy Company (75% owned by Newcom and 25% owned by the [EBRD](/wiki/EBRD \"EBRD\")) was established in 2004, initially to collect data from wind measurement stations established on Salkhit [Mountain](/wiki/Mountai \"Mountai\") some 70 kilometers southeast of [Ulaanbaatar](/wiki/Ulaanbaatar \"Ulaanbaatar\") to assess the site's suitability for the construction of a [wind farm](/wiki/Wind_farm \"Wind farm\"). Wind data has been collected from the site for over two years and the raw data has been compiled and assessed by Global Energy Concepts of the United States with the result that the selected site shows excellent potential for wind generation. The [wind farm](/wiki/Wind_farm \"Wind farm\") \\- the first in [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia \"Mongolia\") \\- has been completed with financing from the [EBRD](/wiki/EBRD \"EBRD\") and is being commissioned on June 20, 2013\\.MONGOLIA’S FIRST WIND FARM OPENS \\- <http://newcom.mn/en/media/news/224>", "### Newcom Property", "Newcom Property LLC, after being set up in 1997 as Newcom Group’s real estate management and service division, became an independent company in 2005 specializing in [property management](/wiki/Property_management \"Property management\") services for [real estate](/wiki/Real_estate \"Real estate\") owners, [investors](/wiki/Investors \"Investors\"), private individuals, businesses and organizations. The company now has over 230 employees.", "### Newcom Mining Services", "Newcom Mining Services LLC is a construction and mining equipment rentals and sales company, established in 2011\\. It is the authorized distributor for [Terex](/wiki/Terex \"Terex\") and Genie brands in [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia \"Mongolia\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.terex.com/cranes/flash/newsletter/2013\\-01/en/index.html\\#/4/ \\|title\\=Terex Cranes Newsletter 11 \\|website\\=www.terex.com \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204004905/http://www.terex.com/cranes/flash/newsletter/2013\\-01/en/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-02\\-04}}", "### Tsegts", "Tsegts LLC was established in 2004 as Newsec LLC to provide security services for all types of property.", "### American University of Mongolia", "Newcom Group signed a strategic partnership with [UC Berkeley](/wiki/UC_Berkeley \"UC Berkeley\")’s Center for [Executive Education](/wiki/Executive_Education \"Executive Education\") in July 2011 and launched the [American University of Mongolia](/wiki/American_University_of_Mongoli \"American University of Mongoli\")’s Center for Executive Education in August, 2011 in [Ulaanbaatar](/wiki/Ulaanbaatar \"Ulaanbaatar\"). The Center for [Executive Education](/wiki/Executive_Education \"Executive Education\") offers [executive programs](/wiki/Executive_programs \"Executive programs\") showcasing [leadership](/wiki/Leadership \"Leadership\"), [business management](/wiki/Business_management \"Business management\"), [strategy](/wiki/Strategy \"Strategy\"), [project management](/wiki/Project_management \"Project management\"), [corporate finance](/wiki/Corporate_finance \"Corporate finance\"), business contracts and [negotiation](/wiki/Negotiation \"Negotiation\"), [public policy](/wiki/Public_policy \"Public policy\"), [business communication](/wiki/Business_communication \"Business communication\"), [corporate social responsibility](/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility \"Corporate social responsibility\"), [marketing](/wiki/Marketing \"Marketing\").", "### Clean Energy Asia", "Clean Energy Asia LLC (CEA) was established in 2012 as a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture \"Joint venture\") between Newcom LLC Newcom LLC and SB Energy Corp., renewable energy arm of Japan’s [Softbank Corporation](/wiki/Softbank_Corporation \"Softbank Corporation\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012\\-10\\-24/softbank\\-plans\\-to\\-develop\\-wind\\-power\\-in\\-mongolia\\-with\\-newcom\\|title\\=Softbank Plans to Develop Wind Power in Mongolia With Newcom\\|date\\=October 24, 2012\\|via\\=www.bloomberg.com}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Early work The concept of a tail\-sitting aircraft can be attributed to originate with the inventor [Nikola Tesla](/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "Nikola Tesla"), who filed for an associated [patent](/wiki/Patent "Patent") during 1928\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola\-tesla/patents/us\-patent\-1655114\-apparatus\-aerial\-transportation \|title\=Nikola Tesla U.S. Patent 1,655,114 \- Apparatus for Aerial Transportation \|date\=1 March 2015 \|access\-date\=7 July 2016}}, Tesla Universe. However, no immediate attempt to implement this concept into a functional aircraft would emerge for almost two decades. During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") worked on the [Focke\-Wulf *Triebflügel*](/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Triebfl%C3%BCgel "Focke-Wulf Triebflügel") (wing\-driven) fighter that incorporated the tail\-sitter concept into its design. It featured three wings that were mounted radially as a rotor on a rotating section of the fuselage, these were driven by small [jet engines](/wiki/Jet_engine "Jet engine") positioned on the wingtips to propel the aircraft via this wing rotation. For takeoff and landing, it would fly vertically (akin to a [helicopter](/wiki/Helicopter "Helicopter")) before tilting over horizontally to fly as a self\-propelled wing generating both lift and thrust. The contemporary [Heinkel Lerche](/wiki/Heinkel_Lerche "Heinkel Lerche") project had an annular wing forming a duct around a conventional propeller, and in the transition from vertical to forward flight the lift would have transferred to the wing.Sharp, Dan. *Luftwaffe: Secret Weapons of the Third Reich.* Mortons, 2015\. pp. 98\-101\.{{cite book \|last1\=Ford \|first1\=Roger \|title\=Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=Amber Books \|location\=London, United Kingdom \|isbn\=9781909160569 \|pages\=224}} ### Cold War era During the 1950s, aircraft designers around the world engaged in programmes to develop fixed\-wing aircraft that could not only perform both a vertical take\-off and vertical landing, but transition into and out of conventional flight as well. As observed by the aviation author Francis K. Mason, a combat aircraft that possessed such qualities would have effectively eliminate the traditional reliance on relatively vulnerable runways by taking off and landing vertically as opposed to the conventional horizontal approach.Mason 1967, p. 3\. Accordingly, the development of viable [vertical take\-off and landing](/wiki/VTOL "VTOL") (VTOL) aircraft was particularly attractive to military planners of the early [postwar](/wiki/Postwar "Postwar") era.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.airspacemag.com/history\-of\-flight/cancelled\-vertical\-flyer\-94957695/ \|title \= Cancelled: Vertical Flyer \|publisher \= Air \& Space Magazine \|first \= Jeremy \|last \= Davis \|date \= July 2012}} As the [thrust\-to\-weight ratio](/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio "Thrust-to-weight ratio") of [turbojet](/wiki/Turbojet "Turbojet") engines increased sufficiently for a single engine be able to lift an aircraft, designers began to investigate ways of maintaining stability while an aircraft was flying in the VTOL stage of flight.{{sfn\|Gaillard \|1990 \|page\=200}} One company that opted to engage in VTOL research was the [French](/wiki/France "France") engine manufacturer [SNECMA](/wiki/SNECMA "SNECMA") who, beginning in 1956, built a series of wingless test rigs called the [Atar Volant](/wiki/SNECMA_Atar_Volant "SNECMA Atar Volant"). Only the first of these was unpiloted and the second flew freely, both stabilized by gas jets on outrigger pipes The third had a tilting seat to allow the pilot to sit upright when the [fuselage](/wiki/Fuselage "Fuselage") was level and had the lateral air intakes planned for the free flying aircraft, though it always operated attached to a movable cradle. The pilot for these experiments was Auguste Morel. However, the Atar Volant was not an end onto itself; its long term purpose was to serve as precursors to a larger fixed\-wing aircraft.{{sfn\|Gaillard \|1990 \|page\=180}} Independently of this work, substantial influence on the direction of development came from the Austrian design engineer [Helmut von Zborowski](/wiki/Helmut_Zborowski "Helmut Zborowski"), who had designed an innovative doughnut\-shaped [annular wing](/wiki/Annular_wing "Annular wing") that could function "as power plant, airframe of a flying wing aircraft and drag\-reducing housing". It was theorised that such a wing could function as a [ramjet](/wiki/Ramjet "Ramjet") engine and propel an aircraft at [supersonic](/wiki/Supersonic "Supersonic") speeds, suitable for an [interceptor aircraft](/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft "Interceptor aircraft"). SNECMA's design team decided to integrate this radical annual wing design into their VTOL efforts. Accordingly, from this decision emerged the basic configuration of the [C.450 Coléoptère](/wiki/SNECMA_Col%C3%A9opt%C3%A8re "SNECMA Coléoptère"). In December 1958, the Coléoptère first left the ground under its own power, albeit while attached to a gantry.{{sfn\|Gaillard \|1990 \|page\=200}} Several challenging flight characteristics were observed, such as the tendency for the aircraft to slowly spin on its axis while in a vertical hover; its pilot also noted that the vertical speed indicator was unrealistic and that the controls were incapable of steering the aircraft with precision while performing the critical landing phase. Dead\-stick landings were deemed to be an impossibility. One of aircraft's flights involved a public display of its hover performance before an assembled audience.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19225780\.013\-the\-coleopter\-\-a\-revolutionary\-experimental\-aircraft.html \|publisher \= New Scientist \|title \= The Coleopter \- a revolutionary experimental aircraft \|date \= 15 November 2006 \|first \= Brian J. \|last \= Haimes}} The eye\-catching design of the Coléoptère rapidly made waves in the public conscious, even internationally; author Jeremy Davis observed that the aircraft had even influenced international efforts, having allegedly motivated the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") to contract American helicopter manufacturer [Kaman Aircraft](/wiki/Kaman_Aircraft "Kaman Aircraft") to design its own annular\-wing vehicle, nicknamed the Flying Barrel. Accordingly, the United States experimented with its own tail\-sitters, typically involving [propeller](/wiki/Contra-rotating_propeller "Contra-rotating propeller")\-driven design configurations with relatively conventional fixed wings. The [Convair XFY Pogo](/wiki/Convair_XFY "Convair XFY") was one such aircraft, featuring a [delta wing](/wiki/Delta_wing "Delta wing") with [cruciform tail](/wiki/Cruciform_tail "Cruciform tail") configuration; initial test flights were conducted inside of a naval [airship hangar](/wiki/Airship_hangar "Airship hangar") at Moffett Field in Mountain View, California.Taylor 1977, p. 63\. The XFY successfully demonstrated the full transition between flight modes on 5 November 1954\.["Convair XFY."](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%203043.html) *Flight*, 12 November 1954, p. 696\. A somewhat similar aircraft was the [Lockheed XFV](/wiki/Lockheed_XFV "Lockheed XFV") *Salmon*, which paired a straight wing with an [X tail](/wiki/X_tail "X tail"); however, the XFV never achieved the crucial flight transition.Winchester 2005, p. 135\. However, it became evident during flight testing that such VTOL aircraft would be flown only by the most experienced pilots, even if all technical problems were disregarded; thus, it was not feasible to place VTOL fighters—as previously hoped for—on every ship. Also, whereas jet\-engined fighters had top speeds that approached Mach 2, the turboprop VTOL fighter was at a disadvantage due to its maximum speed being below Mach 1\. As a result of these circumstances, work on the XFY was halted.Allen 2007, p. 20\. During 1955, the United States commenced flight testing of a jet\-powered design, the Ryan [X\-13 Vertijet](/wiki/X-13_Vertijet "X-13 Vertijet"). Two prototypes were constructed, both of which flew, made successful transitions to and from horizontal flight, and [landed](/wiki/VTOL "VTOL"). The X\-13's final test flight was conducted near [Washington DC](/wiki/Washington_DC "Washington DC") during 1957\.{{cite news \|last\=Darling \|first\=Jeff \|title\=Ryan X\-13 Vertijet \|url\=http://www.diseno\-art.com/news\_content/2011/06/ryan\-x\-13\-vertijet/ \|accessdate\=9 February 2014 \|newspaper\=Diseno \|date\=13 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128140214/http://www.diseno\-art.com/news\_content/2011/06/ryan\-x\-13\-vertijet/ \|archivedate\=28 January 2014}} An inherent problem with all these tail\-sitter designs was poor pilot visibility, especially of the ground, during vertical descent and landing. Ultimately, most work on applying the concept towards manned aircraft were abandoned upon the arrival of more practical form of VTOL appeared, in the form of [thrust vectoring](/wiki/Thrust_vectoring "Thrust vectoring"), as used by production aircraft such as the [Hawker Siddeley Harrier](/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier "Hawker Siddeley Harrier") and [Yakovlev Yak\-38](/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38 "Yakovlev Yak-38").Wilson 2000, p. 145\.["Yak\-36 Forger—interim V/Stol."](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%201229.html) *Flight International*, 2 May 1981\.Brown 1970, p. 81\. An [unmanned aerial vehicle](/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle "Unmanned aerial vehicle") (UAV) does not suffer the problem of pilot attitude. The [Dornier Aerodyne](/wiki/Dornier_Aerodyne "Dornier Aerodyne") is of ducted\-fan configuration similar to a [coleopter](/wiki/Coleopter "Coleopter"), and a test UAV flew successfully in hover mode in 1972, before development was discontinued."Eine Dokumentation zur Geschichte des Hauses Dornier." Dornier GmbH, 1983\. p. 214\. Another contemporary UAV project was the [NSRDC BQM\-108](/wiki/NSRDC_BQM-108 "NSRDC BQM-108") that was developed by the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy"); although work was discontinued almost immediately after its single successful test flight.Eilertson 1977\. During the 1970s, several studies and [wind tunnel](/wiki/Wind_tunnel "Wind tunnel") models were made of a tail\-sitting version of the [General Dynamics F\-16 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon "General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon") that was intended for use on board ships; however, it was decided not to pursue further development of the concept due to the large thrust requirement involved, as well as the need for extensive apparatus to handle take\-off and landing.{{Cite web \|url\=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750022036\.pdf \|title\=FREE\-FLIGHT MODEL INVESTIGATION OF A VERTICAL\-ATTITUDE VTOL FIGHTER \|last\=Newsom \|first\=William A. \|last2\=Anglin \|first2\=Ernie L. \|date\=September 1975\|website\= \|publisher\=\[\[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] \|access\-date\=October 16, 2016}} ### In the present At present, most of the tail sitter projects or proposals fall under the category of [unmanned aircraft](/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle "Unmanned aerial vehicle") such as Bell Apt or [Northrop Grumman Tern](/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Tern "Northrop Grumman Tern").
[ "History\n-------", "### Early work", "The concept of a tail\\-sitting aircraft can be attributed to originate with the inventor [Nikola Tesla](/wiki/Nikola_Tesla \"Nikola Tesla\"), who filed for an associated [patent](/wiki/Patent \"Patent\") during 1928\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola\\-tesla/patents/us\\-patent\\-1655114\\-apparatus\\-aerial\\-transportation \\|title\\=Nikola Tesla U.S. Patent 1,655,114 \\- Apparatus for Aerial Transportation \\|date\\=1 March 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2016}}, Tesla Universe. However, no immediate attempt to implement this concept into a functional aircraft would emerge for almost two decades.", "During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") worked on the [Focke\\-Wulf *Triebflügel*](/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Triebfl%C3%BCgel \"Focke-Wulf Triebflügel\") (wing\\-driven) fighter that incorporated the tail\\-sitter concept into its design. It featured three wings that were mounted radially as a rotor on a rotating section of the fuselage, these were driven by small [jet engines](/wiki/Jet_engine \"Jet engine\") positioned on the wingtips to propel the aircraft via this wing rotation. For takeoff and landing, it would fly vertically (akin to a [helicopter](/wiki/Helicopter \"Helicopter\")) before tilting over horizontally to fly as a self\\-propelled wing generating both lift and thrust. The contemporary [Heinkel Lerche](/wiki/Heinkel_Lerche \"Heinkel Lerche\") project had an annular wing forming a duct around a conventional propeller, and in the transition from vertical to forward flight the lift would have transferred to the wing.Sharp, Dan. *Luftwaffe: Secret Weapons of the Third Reich.* Mortons, 2015\\. pp. 98\\-101\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Ford \\|first1\\=Roger \\|title\\=Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Amber Books \\|location\\=London, United Kingdom \\|isbn\\=9781909160569 \\|pages\\=224}}", "### Cold War era", "During the 1950s, aircraft designers around the world engaged in programmes to develop fixed\\-wing aircraft that could not only perform both a vertical take\\-off and vertical landing, but transition into and out of conventional flight as well. As observed by the aviation author Francis K. Mason, a combat aircraft that possessed such qualities would have effectively eliminate the traditional reliance on relatively vulnerable runways by taking off and landing vertically as opposed to the conventional horizontal approach.Mason 1967, p. 3\\. Accordingly, the development of viable [vertical take\\-off and landing](/wiki/VTOL \"VTOL\") (VTOL) aircraft was particularly attractive to military planners of the early [postwar](/wiki/Postwar \"Postwar\") era.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.airspacemag.com/history\\-of\\-flight/cancelled\\-vertical\\-flyer\\-94957695/ \\|title \\= Cancelled: Vertical Flyer \\|publisher \\= Air \\& Space Magazine \\|first \\= Jeremy \\|last \\= Davis \\|date \\= July 2012}} As the [thrust\\-to\\-weight ratio](/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio \"Thrust-to-weight ratio\") of [turbojet](/wiki/Turbojet \"Turbojet\") engines increased sufficiently for a single engine be able to lift an aircraft, designers began to investigate ways of maintaining stability while an aircraft was flying in the VTOL stage of flight.{{sfn\\|Gaillard \\|1990 \\|page\\=200}}", "One company that opted to engage in VTOL research was the [French](/wiki/France \"France\") engine manufacturer [SNECMA](/wiki/SNECMA \"SNECMA\") who, beginning in 1956, built a series of wingless test rigs called the [Atar Volant](/wiki/SNECMA_Atar_Volant \"SNECMA Atar Volant\"). Only the first of these was unpiloted and the second flew freely, both stabilized by gas jets on outrigger pipes The third had a tilting seat to allow the pilot to sit upright when the [fuselage](/wiki/Fuselage \"Fuselage\") was level and had the lateral air intakes planned for the free flying aircraft, though it always operated attached to a movable cradle. The pilot for these experiments was Auguste Morel. However, the Atar Volant was not an end onto itself; its long term purpose was to serve as precursors to a larger fixed\\-wing aircraft.{{sfn\\|Gaillard \\|1990 \\|page\\=180}} Independently of this work, substantial influence on the direction of development came from the Austrian design engineer [Helmut von Zborowski](/wiki/Helmut_Zborowski \"Helmut Zborowski\"), who had designed an innovative doughnut\\-shaped [annular wing](/wiki/Annular_wing \"Annular wing\") that could function \"as power plant, airframe of a flying wing aircraft and drag\\-reducing housing\". It was theorised that such a wing could function as a [ramjet](/wiki/Ramjet \"Ramjet\") engine and propel an aircraft at [supersonic](/wiki/Supersonic \"Supersonic\") speeds, suitable for an [interceptor aircraft](/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft \"Interceptor aircraft\").", "SNECMA's design team decided to integrate this radical annual wing design into their VTOL efforts. Accordingly, from this decision emerged the basic configuration of the [C.450 Coléoptère](/wiki/SNECMA_Col%C3%A9opt%C3%A8re \"SNECMA Coléoptère\"). In December 1958, the Coléoptère first left the ground under its own power, albeit while attached to a gantry.{{sfn\\|Gaillard \\|1990 \\|page\\=200}} Several challenging flight characteristics were observed, such as the tendency for the aircraft to slowly spin on its axis while in a vertical hover; its pilot also noted that the vertical speed indicator was unrealistic and that the controls were incapable of steering the aircraft with precision while performing the critical landing phase. Dead\\-stick landings were deemed to be an impossibility. One of aircraft's flights involved a public display of its hover performance before an assembled audience.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19225780\\.013\\-the\\-coleopter\\-\\-a\\-revolutionary\\-experimental\\-aircraft.html \\|publisher \\= New Scientist \\|title \\= The Coleopter \\- a revolutionary experimental aircraft \\|date \\= 15 November 2006 \\|first \\= Brian J. \\|last \\= Haimes}} The eye\\-catching design of the Coléoptère rapidly made waves in the public conscious, even internationally; author Jeremy Davis observed that the aircraft had even influenced international efforts, having allegedly motivated the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") to contract American helicopter manufacturer [Kaman Aircraft](/wiki/Kaman_Aircraft \"Kaman Aircraft\") to design its own annular\\-wing vehicle, nicknamed the Flying Barrel.", "Accordingly, the United States experimented with its own tail\\-sitters, typically involving [propeller](/wiki/Contra-rotating_propeller \"Contra-rotating propeller\")\\-driven design configurations with relatively conventional fixed wings. The [Convair XFY Pogo](/wiki/Convair_XFY \"Convair XFY\") was one such aircraft, featuring a [delta wing](/wiki/Delta_wing \"Delta wing\") with [cruciform tail](/wiki/Cruciform_tail \"Cruciform tail\") configuration; initial test flights were conducted inside of a naval [airship hangar](/wiki/Airship_hangar \"Airship hangar\") at Moffett Field in Mountain View, California.Taylor 1977, p. 63\\. The XFY successfully demonstrated the full transition between flight modes on 5 November 1954\\.[\"Convair XFY.\"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%203043.html) *Flight*, 12 November 1954, p. 696\\. A somewhat similar aircraft was the [Lockheed XFV](/wiki/Lockheed_XFV \"Lockheed XFV\") *Salmon*, which paired a straight wing with an [X tail](/wiki/X_tail \"X tail\"); however, the XFV never achieved the crucial flight transition.Winchester 2005, p. 135\\. However, it became evident during flight testing that such VTOL aircraft would be flown only by the most experienced pilots, even if all technical problems were disregarded; thus, it was not feasible to place VTOL fighters—as previously hoped for—on every ship. Also, whereas jet\\-engined fighters had top speeds that approached Mach 2, the turboprop VTOL fighter was at a disadvantage due to its maximum speed being below Mach 1\\. As a result of these circumstances, work on the XFY was halted.Allen 2007, p. 20\\. During 1955, the United States commenced flight testing of a jet\\-powered design, the Ryan [X\\-13 Vertijet](/wiki/X-13_Vertijet \"X-13 Vertijet\"). Two prototypes were constructed, both of which flew, made successful transitions to and from horizontal flight, and [landed](/wiki/VTOL \"VTOL\"). The X\\-13's final test flight was conducted near [Washington DC](/wiki/Washington_DC \"Washington DC\") during 1957\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Darling \\|first\\=Jeff \\|title\\=Ryan X\\-13 Vertijet \\|url\\=http://www.diseno\\-art.com/news\\_content/2011/06/ryan\\-x\\-13\\-vertijet/ \\|accessdate\\=9 February 2014 \\|newspaper\\=Diseno \\|date\\=13 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128140214/http://www.diseno\\-art.com/news\\_content/2011/06/ryan\\-x\\-13\\-vertijet/ \\|archivedate\\=28 January 2014}}", "An inherent problem with all these tail\\-sitter designs was poor pilot visibility, especially of the ground, during vertical descent and landing. Ultimately, most work on applying the concept towards manned aircraft were abandoned upon the arrival of more practical form of VTOL appeared, in the form of [thrust vectoring](/wiki/Thrust_vectoring \"Thrust vectoring\"), as used by production aircraft such as the [Hawker Siddeley Harrier](/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier \"Hawker Siddeley Harrier\") and [Yakovlev Yak\\-38](/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38 \"Yakovlev Yak-38\").Wilson 2000, p. 145\\.[\"Yak\\-36 Forger—interim V/Stol.\"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%201229.html) *Flight International*, 2 May 1981\\.Brown 1970, p. 81\\. An [unmanned aerial vehicle](/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle \"Unmanned aerial vehicle\") (UAV) does not suffer the problem of pilot attitude. The [Dornier Aerodyne](/wiki/Dornier_Aerodyne \"Dornier Aerodyne\") is of ducted\\-fan configuration similar to a [coleopter](/wiki/Coleopter \"Coleopter\"), and a test UAV flew successfully in hover mode in 1972, before development was discontinued.\"Eine Dokumentation zur Geschichte des Hauses Dornier.\" Dornier GmbH, 1983\\. p. 214\\. Another contemporary UAV project was the [NSRDC BQM\\-108](/wiki/NSRDC_BQM-108 \"NSRDC BQM-108\") that was developed by the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"); although work was discontinued almost immediately after its single successful test flight.Eilertson 1977\\.", "During the 1970s, several studies and [wind tunnel](/wiki/Wind_tunnel \"Wind tunnel\") models were made of a tail\\-sitting version of the [General Dynamics F\\-16 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon \"General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon\") that was intended for use on board ships; however, it was decided not to pursue further development of the concept due to the large thrust requirement involved, as well as the need for extensive apparatus to handle take\\-off and landing.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750022036\\.pdf \\|title\\=FREE\\-FLIGHT MODEL INVESTIGATION OF A VERTICAL\\-ATTITUDE VTOL FIGHTER \\|last\\=Newsom \\|first\\=William A. \\|last2\\=Anglin \\|first2\\=Ernie L. \\|date\\=September 1975\\|website\\= \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] \\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2016}}", "### In the present", "At present, most of the tail sitter projects or proposals fall under the category of [unmanned aircraft](/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle \"Unmanned aerial vehicle\") such as Bell Apt or [Northrop Grumman Tern](/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Tern \"Northrop Grumman Tern\").", "" ]
Fur trade posts --------------- The area was strategic, as the [Winnipeg River](/wiki/Winnipeg_River "Winnipeg River") was the [main route](/wiki/Canadian_canoe_routes_%28early%29 "Canadian canoe routes (early)") east to Montreal. From [Lake Winnipeg](/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg "Lake Winnipeg") one could go southwest to the [Assiniboine River](/wiki/Assiniboine_River "Assiniboine River"), northwest to the [Saskatchewan River](/wiki/Saskatchewan_River "Saskatchewan River"), and from there to [Lake Athabasca](/wiki/Lake_Athabasca "Lake Athabasca") or northeast up the [Hayes River](/wiki/Hayes_River "Hayes River") to [Hudson Bay](/wiki/Hudson_Bay "Hudson Bay"). As such, the area was home to three posts: second [Fort Maurepas](/wiki/Fort_Maurepas_%28Canada%29 "Fort Maurepas (Canada)") (French, {{Circa\|1739}}), Fort Bas de la Rivière (NWC, 1792\), and [Fort Alexander](/wiki/Sagkeeng_First_Nation%23Fort_Alexander "Sagkeeng First Nation#Fort Alexander") (HBC, before 1800\). The second **Fort Maurepas** was built around {{Circa\|1739}} on the north side of the river by some of [La Vérendrye](/wiki/Pierre_Gaultier_de_Varennes%2C_sieur_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye "Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye")'s men as part of his expansion west from [Lake Superior](/wiki/Lake_Superior "Lake Superior"). It was abandoned at an unknown date, perhaps in connection with the general French withdrawal during the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War "French and Indian War"). **Fort Bas de la Rivière** was built in 1792 by Toussaint Le Sieur of the [North West Company](/wiki/North_West_Company "North West Company"). It was on the south side of the river six miles below old Fort Maurepas. It was sometimes called **Le Sieur's Fort**. **Fort Alexander**, founded by [Alexander MacKay](/wiki/Alexander_MacKay_%28fur_trader%29 "Alexander MacKay (fur trader)"), was built before 1800 by the Hudson's Bay Company a few rods from the NWC post.Losey, Elizabeth Browne. 1999\. *Let Them Be Remembered: The Story of the Fur Trade Forts*.[https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/14282\.Fort%20Alexander.pdf](https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/14282.Fort%20Alexander.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=August 2024}} It was supplied from [Fort Albany](/wiki/Fort_Albany_%28Ontario%29 "Fort Albany (Ontario)") on James Bay via the [English River](/wiki/English_River_%28Ontario%29 "English River (Ontario)") which took about 40 days in one direction and 80 days in the other. In 1800 [Alexander Henry the younger](/wiki/Alexander_Henry_the_younger "Alexander Henry the younger") said that the post had a clerk and two men and was not paying expenses. When the two companies were merged in 1821, the HBC post was closed and its operations moved to the NWC post which was now called Fort Alexander. When Nicholas Garry inspected the post in 1821 he noted that there were 50 women and children living there at company expense. The forts were not proper trading posts where furs were collected but rather depots where goods were stored for shipment in either direction. After {{Circa\|1810}}, when [pemmican](/wiki/Pemmican "Pemmican") production started in the buffalo country along the Assiniboine River, they were used to store pemmican to feed the [voyageurs](/wiki/Voyageurs "Voyageurs") on their way to distant Lake Athabasca. There was some farming in the area. After the merger in 1821, the area became less important as trade was shifted from Montreal to [York Factory](/wiki/York_Factory "York Factory") on Hudson Bay. MortonMorton, Arthur S. n.d. "A History of Western Canada."{{Rp\|page\=510}} mentions the remains of an [XY Company](/wiki/XY_Company "XY Company") post across the river from the NWC post. He{{Rp\|page\=288}} also mentions Jean Baptiste Adhemar who around 1780 had a post on the Assiniboine and supplied east\-bound canoemen with pemmican at a place called Pemmican Point near the mouth of the Winnipeg. There is a monument near [Fort Alexander, Manitoba](/wiki/Fort_Alexander%2C_Manitoba "Fort Alexander, Manitoba") which says that the forts were 'nearby'.
[ "Fur trade posts\n---------------", "The area was strategic, as the [Winnipeg River](/wiki/Winnipeg_River \"Winnipeg River\") was the [main route](/wiki/Canadian_canoe_routes_%28early%29 \"Canadian canoe routes (early)\") east to Montreal. From [Lake Winnipeg](/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg \"Lake Winnipeg\") one could go southwest to the [Assiniboine River](/wiki/Assiniboine_River \"Assiniboine River\"), northwest to the [Saskatchewan River](/wiki/Saskatchewan_River \"Saskatchewan River\"), and from there to [Lake Athabasca](/wiki/Lake_Athabasca \"Lake Athabasca\") or northeast up the [Hayes River](/wiki/Hayes_River \"Hayes River\") to [Hudson Bay](/wiki/Hudson_Bay \"Hudson Bay\").", "As such, the area was home to three posts: second [Fort Maurepas](/wiki/Fort_Maurepas_%28Canada%29 \"Fort Maurepas (Canada)\") (French, {{Circa\\|1739}}), Fort Bas de la Rivière (NWC, 1792\\), and [Fort Alexander](/wiki/Sagkeeng_First_Nation%23Fort_Alexander \"Sagkeeng First Nation#Fort Alexander\") (HBC, before 1800\\).", "The second **Fort Maurepas** was built around {{Circa\\|1739}} on the north side of the river by some of [La Vérendrye](/wiki/Pierre_Gaultier_de_Varennes%2C_sieur_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye \"Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye\")'s men as part of his expansion west from [Lake Superior](/wiki/Lake_Superior \"Lake Superior\"). It was abandoned at an unknown date, perhaps in connection with the general French withdrawal during the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War \"French and Indian War\").", "**Fort Bas de la Rivière** was built in 1792 by Toussaint Le Sieur of the [North West Company](/wiki/North_West_Company \"North West Company\"). It was on the south side of the river six miles below old Fort Maurepas. It was sometimes called **Le Sieur's Fort**.", "**Fort Alexander**, founded by [Alexander MacKay](/wiki/Alexander_MacKay_%28fur_trader%29 \"Alexander MacKay (fur trader)\"), was built before 1800 by the Hudson's Bay Company a few rods from the NWC post.Losey, Elizabeth Browne. 1999\\. *Let Them Be Remembered: The Story of the Fur Trade Forts*.[https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/14282\\.Fort%20Alexander.pdf](https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/14282.Fort%20Alexander.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=August 2024}} It was supplied from [Fort Albany](/wiki/Fort_Albany_%28Ontario%29 \"Fort Albany (Ontario)\") on James Bay via the [English River](/wiki/English_River_%28Ontario%29 \"English River (Ontario)\") which took about 40 days in one direction and 80 days in the other. In 1800 [Alexander Henry the younger](/wiki/Alexander_Henry_the_younger \"Alexander Henry the younger\") said that the post had a clerk and two men and was not paying expenses. When the two companies were merged in 1821, the HBC post was closed and its operations moved to the NWC post which was now called Fort Alexander. When Nicholas Garry inspected the post in 1821 he noted that there were 50 women and children living there at company expense.", "The forts were not proper trading posts where furs were collected but rather depots where goods were stored for shipment in either direction. After {{Circa\\|1810}}, when [pemmican](/wiki/Pemmican \"Pemmican\") production started in the buffalo country along the Assiniboine River, they were used to store pemmican to feed the [voyageurs](/wiki/Voyageurs \"Voyageurs\") on their way to distant Lake Athabasca. There was some farming in the area. After the merger in 1821, the area became less important as trade was shifted from Montreal to [York Factory](/wiki/York_Factory \"York Factory\") on Hudson Bay.", "MortonMorton, Arthur S. n.d. \"A History of Western Canada.\"{{Rp\\|page\\=510}} mentions the remains of an [XY Company](/wiki/XY_Company \"XY Company\") post across the river from the NWC post. He{{Rp\\|page\\=288}} also mentions Jean Baptiste Adhemar who around 1780 had a post on the Assiniboine and supplied east\\-bound canoemen with pemmican at a place called Pemmican Point near the mouth of the Winnipeg. There is a monument near [Fort Alexander, Manitoba](/wiki/Fort_Alexander%2C_Manitoba \"Fort Alexander, Manitoba\") which says that the forts were 'nearby'.", "" ]
Plot ---- During a camping trip, two teenagers are killed by an unseen force whilst making out in a field near to the Tall Grass Country Club's famed golf course, and their mangled bodies are discovered the next morning. Later that day, another club member, Mr. Simpkins, is also killed, and his bloodied remains are found near the same hole as the one where the teenager's bodies were discovered. Norman Osgood, the owner of Tall Grass, is determined to keep the news of the murders private as he and the rest of the club prepares for an upcoming nationally televised golf tournament. Police chief Charlie Kimmel is brought in to investigate the murders. Meanwhile, Tall Grass's newest professional, former celebrity golf player Roy Kent, decides to instigate his own investigations, and discovers a number of clues, including oil stains, paths of mowed grass, and a busted golf ball found near Simpkins's body. After a young [caddy](/wiki/Caddy_%28golf%29 "Caddy (golf)") becomes the latest victim, a meeting is held, and Kimmel declares the necessity of a "course\-wide maniac hunt" for the killer, in which the whole club gets involved. Chaos quickly erupts throughout the golf course, and the club members unanimously accuse former clubmember Deke Slade of being the killer after they find him on the course trying to start up a lawnmower. During a police interrogation, Deke claims that a larger lawnmower is attacking people all by itself, and that he has been trying to track it down and stop it, but he is dismissed as being insane and gets locked up in the police station. Norman, convinced that Deke was the killer, decides to proceed with the upcoming tournament. Roy is skeptical, however, and later that night, he and assistant professional Kelly Lange sneak into the club and cut open the bag of the lawnmower Deke was using, and discover that it contains grass and no body parts, implying that the real killer is still out there. On the day of the tournament, Roy and Kelly secretly hire a number of spotters to survey the course and ensure that the players remain safe. Right as the game ends, the course is invaded by a sentient lawnmower, which brutally kills golfer Squire Evans and terrorises the locals. Now knowing that Deke was telling the truth, Roy gets Norman to release him from prison before meeting up with Deke at an old metalworks factory. Roy offers Deke $20,000 if he agrees to help him and Kelly deal with the lawnmower, and he accepts. Roy, Kelly and Deke devise a plan involving them tossing balloons attached to hay bales from a van to bait the lawnmower into attacking. That night, Deke reveals that the lawnmower was once owned by his father, a former [greenskeeper](/wiki/Greenskeeper "Greenskeeper") of Tall Grass who was decapitated by the mower in an apparent suicide the day after he was fired. The next morning, the mower attacks, and Roy accidentally crashes the van in the ensuing chaos. Unable to repair the engine, Kelly devises a plan to disable the mower by pouring sugar into the gas tank, and Deke offers to be the one to lure the mower to the van. The plan fails, however, and Deke is killed. Roy manages to toss an explosive device onto the mower, however, and successfully putts a golf ball onto it, causing the mower to catch fire and explode.
[ "Plot\n----", "During a camping trip, two teenagers are killed by an unseen force whilst making out in a field near to the Tall Grass Country Club's famed golf course, and their mangled bodies are discovered the next morning. Later that day, another club member, Mr. Simpkins, is also killed, and his bloodied remains are found near the same hole as the one where the teenager's bodies were discovered. Norman Osgood, the owner of Tall Grass, is determined to keep the news of the murders private as he and the rest of the club prepares for an upcoming nationally televised golf tournament. Police chief Charlie Kimmel is brought in to investigate the murders.", "Meanwhile, Tall Grass's newest professional, former celebrity golf player Roy Kent, decides to instigate his own investigations, and discovers a number of clues, including oil stains, paths of mowed grass, and a busted golf ball found near Simpkins's body. After a young [caddy](/wiki/Caddy_%28golf%29 \"Caddy (golf)\") becomes the latest victim, a meeting is held, and Kimmel declares the necessity of a \"course\\-wide maniac hunt\" for the killer, in which the whole club gets involved. Chaos quickly erupts throughout the golf course, and the club members unanimously accuse former clubmember Deke Slade of being the killer after they find him on the course trying to start up a lawnmower.", "During a police interrogation, Deke claims that a larger lawnmower is attacking people all by itself, and that he has been trying to track it down and stop it, but he is dismissed as being insane and gets locked up in the police station. Norman, convinced that Deke was the killer, decides to proceed with the upcoming tournament. Roy is skeptical, however, and later that night, he and assistant professional Kelly Lange sneak into the club and cut open the bag of the lawnmower Deke was using, and discover that it contains grass and no body parts, implying that the real killer is still out there.", "On the day of the tournament, Roy and Kelly secretly hire a number of spotters to survey the course and ensure that the players remain safe. Right as the game ends, the course is invaded by a sentient lawnmower, which brutally kills golfer Squire Evans and terrorises the locals. Now knowing that Deke was telling the truth, Roy gets Norman to release him from prison before meeting up with Deke at an old metalworks factory. Roy offers Deke $20,000 if he agrees to help him and Kelly deal with the lawnmower, and he accepts.", "Roy, Kelly and Deke devise a plan involving them tossing balloons attached to hay bales from a van to bait the lawnmower into attacking. That night, Deke reveals that the lawnmower was once owned by his father, a former [greenskeeper](/wiki/Greenskeeper \"Greenskeeper\") of Tall Grass who was decapitated by the mower in an apparent suicide the day after he was fired. The next morning, the mower attacks, and Roy accidentally crashes the van in the ensuing chaos. Unable to repair the engine, Kelly devises a plan to disable the mower by pouring sugar into the gas tank, and Deke offers to be the one to lure the mower to the van. The plan fails, however, and Deke is killed. Roy manages to toss an explosive device onto the mower, however, and successfully putts a golf ball onto it, causing the mower to catch fire and explode.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|left\|[Bob Nystrom](/wiki/Bob_Nystrom "Bob Nystrom"), Swedish\-Canadian professional ice hockey player, moved to Hinton as a 4\-year old](/wiki/File:Bob_Nystrom_1973.jpg "Bob Nystrom 1973.jpg") [thumb\|left\|Looking west from Hinton on the [Yellowhead Highway](/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway "Yellowhead Highway")](/wiki/File:Hinton_Alberta_looking_west_Trans-Canada_highway.jpg "Hinton Alberta looking west Trans-Canada highway.jpg") [thumb\|Downtown Hinton](/wiki/File:Hinton_downtown.JPG "Hinton downtown.JPG") The Town of Hinton was named for William P. Hinton, Vice President and General Manager of the [Grand Trunk Pacific Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific_Railway "Grand Trunk Pacific Railway"). The community was named in 1911 and remained a hamlet for the next 45 years. Settlement in the area was scattered along a line some {{cvt\|12\|km}} in length. A site along Hardisty Creek is where a [First Nations](/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada "First Nations in Canada") group from the Jasper area had left members stricken with [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox "Smallpox") while the rest of the group travelled to [Lac Ste. Anne](/wiki/Lac_Ste._Anne_%28Alberta%29 "Lac Ste. Anne (Alberta)") to find medical aid for the [smallpox epidemic](/wiki/History_of_smallpox "History of smallpox") which was ravaging the [indigenous population](/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta "First Nations in Alberta"). The area was thus dubbed Cache Picote (Smallpox Camp) in 1870\. In 1888, Jack Gregg established a [trading post](/wiki/Trading_post "Trading post") at Prairie Creek to serve travellers along the Jasper trail. The creek is now known as Muskuta Creek after an incorrect interpretation of the [Cree](/wiki/Cree_language "Cree language") name by white settlers. The construction of the [Grand Trunk Pacific Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific_Railway "Grand Trunk Pacific Railway") saw the establishment of a construction camp at the mouth of Prairie Creek (at the [Athabasca River](/wiki/Athabasca_River "Athabasca River")) in 1908\. A trestle was built over the creek and is still in use by the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway") (CNR) today. In 1911 the Grand Trunk Pacific built a station house at mile 978 west of [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg "Winnipeg"). The station was named Hinton, and the community was born. The [Canadian Northern Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway "Canadian Northern Railway") also established a station called Bliss in 1914\. The Canadian Northern Railway ran north of the Grand Trunk Pacific line and the Bliss station was about {{cvt\|4\|mi\|order\=flip}} east of Hinton in the Athabasca River valley. In 1916 when the Grand Trunk Pacific rail line was temporarily closed, Dalehurst became the postal station for Hinton. [Entrance](/wiki/Entrance%2C_Alberta "Entrance, Alberta") (formerly Dyke), another important centre to Hinton, served as its communications centre. The original community known as Entrance was so named due to its location at the entrance to [Jasper Forest Park](/wiki/Jasper_Forest_Park "Jasper Forest Park") and was on the Canadian Northern rail line north of the Athabasca River. The original site of Entrance is now known as Old Entrance. The Canadian National Railway became the owner of both the Canadian Northern and the Grand Trunk Pacific, and various portions of both lines were used by the new railway. The company, however, abandoned the use of the rail line through Bliss in 1926 and once again the rail line through Hinton was opened. The population of Hinton experienced a boom during the 1930s when American entrepreneur Frank Seabolt and two partners opened the Hinton coal mine in 1931\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.hintonhistory.com/StoryofHinton/storyhinton.html \|title\=A History of Hinton \|access\-date\=2004\-01\-10 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040211193144/http://www.hintonhistory.com/StoryofHinton/storyhinton.html \|archive\-date\=2004\-02\-11 }} Shortly thereafter, a [recession](/wiki/Recession "Recession") caused the population to dwindle to fewer than 100 people, but the town began to rebound in 1955 with the construction of a pulp mill. The mill brought rapid growth to Hinton and a new village was developed and was named [Drinnan](/wiki/Drinnan%2C_Alberta "Drinnan, Alberta") in 1956\. The two communities amalgamated on April 1, 1957, to form the present Town of Hinton.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/cfml/pdf\_search/pdf/TOWN/0151/Hinton\_Gaz\_OC\_494\_57\_1957\_No13\.pdf \|author\=Province of Alberta \|title\=Order in Council (O.C.) 494\-57, New Town Established (Amalgamation of Hinton and Drinnan) \|date\=1957\-03\-27 \|access\-date\=April 23, 2010}} ### Hinton train collision {{main\|Hinton train collision}} On February 8, 1986, a [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway") freight train collided with a [Via Rail](/wiki/Via_Rail "Via Rail") passenger train called the *[Super Continental](/wiki/Super_Continental "Super Continental")*, killing twenty\-three people. The [Hinton train collision](/wiki/Hinton_train_collision "Hinton train collision") was the deadliest rail disaster in Canada since the [Dugald rail accident](/wiki/Dugald_rail_accident "Dugald rail accident") of 1947, which had thirty\-one fatalities, and was not surpassed until the [Lac\-Mégantic rail disaster](/wiki/Lac-M%C3%A9gantic_rail_disaster "Lac-Mégantic rail disaster") in 2013, which resulted in forty\-seven fatalities. It was surmised that the accident was a result of the crew of the freight train becoming incapacitated, and the resulting investigations revealed serious flaws in Canadian National Railway's employee practises.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hinton.ca/index.aspx?NID\=148 \|publisher\=Town of Hinton \|title\=Hinton Train Collision \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-29 \|archive\-date\=2012\-04\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416133416/http://www.hinton.ca/index.aspx?NID\=148 }}
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|left\\|[Bob Nystrom](/wiki/Bob_Nystrom \"Bob Nystrom\"), Swedish\\-Canadian professional ice hockey player, moved to Hinton as a 4\\-year old](/wiki/File:Bob_Nystrom_1973.jpg \"Bob Nystrom 1973.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Looking west from Hinton on the [Yellowhead Highway](/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway \"Yellowhead Highway\")](/wiki/File:Hinton_Alberta_looking_west_Trans-Canada_highway.jpg \"Hinton Alberta looking west Trans-Canada highway.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Downtown Hinton](/wiki/File:Hinton_downtown.JPG \"Hinton downtown.JPG\")\nThe Town of Hinton was named for William P. Hinton, Vice President and General Manager of the [Grand Trunk Pacific Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific_Railway \"Grand Trunk Pacific Railway\"). The community was named in 1911 and remained a hamlet for the next 45 years.", "Settlement in the area was scattered along a line some {{cvt\\|12\\|km}} in length. A site along Hardisty Creek is where a [First Nations](/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada \"First Nations in Canada\") group from the Jasper area had left members stricken with [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox \"Smallpox\") while the rest of the group travelled to [Lac Ste. Anne](/wiki/Lac_Ste._Anne_%28Alberta%29 \"Lac Ste. Anne (Alberta)\") to find medical aid for the [smallpox epidemic](/wiki/History_of_smallpox \"History of smallpox\") which was ravaging the [indigenous population](/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta \"First Nations in Alberta\"). The area was thus dubbed Cache Picote (Smallpox Camp) in 1870\\.", "In 1888, Jack Gregg established a [trading post](/wiki/Trading_post \"Trading post\") at Prairie Creek to serve travellers along the Jasper trail. The creek is now known as Muskuta Creek after an incorrect interpretation of the [Cree](/wiki/Cree_language \"Cree language\") name by white settlers. The construction of the [Grand Trunk Pacific Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific_Railway \"Grand Trunk Pacific Railway\") saw the establishment of a construction camp at the mouth of Prairie Creek (at the [Athabasca River](/wiki/Athabasca_River \"Athabasca River\")) in 1908\\. A trestle was built over the creek and is still in use by the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\") (CNR) today.", "In 1911 the Grand Trunk Pacific built a station house at mile 978 west of [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg \"Winnipeg\"). The station was named Hinton, and the community was born.", "The [Canadian Northern Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway \"Canadian Northern Railway\") also established a station called Bliss in 1914\\. The Canadian Northern Railway ran north of the Grand Trunk Pacific line and the Bliss station was about {{cvt\\|4\\|mi\\|order\\=flip}} east of Hinton in the Athabasca River valley. In 1916 when the Grand Trunk Pacific rail line was temporarily closed, Dalehurst became the postal station for Hinton. [Entrance](/wiki/Entrance%2C_Alberta \"Entrance, Alberta\") (formerly Dyke), another important centre to Hinton, served as its communications centre. The original community known as Entrance was so named due to its location at the entrance to [Jasper Forest Park](/wiki/Jasper_Forest_Park \"Jasper Forest Park\") and was on the Canadian Northern rail line north of the Athabasca River. The original site of Entrance is now known as Old Entrance.", "The Canadian National Railway became the owner of both the Canadian Northern and the Grand Trunk Pacific, and various portions of both lines were used by the new railway. The company, however, abandoned the use of the rail line through Bliss in 1926 and once again the rail line through Hinton was opened.", "The population of Hinton experienced a boom during the 1930s when American entrepreneur Frank Seabolt and two partners opened the Hinton coal mine in 1931\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hintonhistory.com/StoryofHinton/storyhinton.html \\|title\\=A History of Hinton \\|access\\-date\\=2004\\-01\\-10 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040211193144/http://www.hintonhistory.com/StoryofHinton/storyhinton.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2004\\-02\\-11 }} Shortly thereafter, a [recession](/wiki/Recession \"Recession\") caused the population to dwindle to fewer than 100 people, but the town began to rebound in 1955 with the construction of a pulp mill. The mill brought rapid growth to Hinton and a new village was developed and was named [Drinnan](/wiki/Drinnan%2C_Alberta \"Drinnan, Alberta\") in 1956\\. The two communities amalgamated on April 1, 1957, to form the present Town of Hinton.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/cfml/pdf\\_search/pdf/TOWN/0151/Hinton\\_Gaz\\_OC\\_494\\_57\\_1957\\_No13\\.pdf \\|author\\=Province of Alberta \\|title\\=Order in Council (O.C.) 494\\-57, New Town Established (Amalgamation of Hinton and Drinnan) \\|date\\=1957\\-03\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=April 23, 2010}}", "### Hinton train collision", "{{main\\|Hinton train collision}}\nOn February 8, 1986, a [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\") freight train collided with a [Via Rail](/wiki/Via_Rail \"Via Rail\") passenger train called the *[Super Continental](/wiki/Super_Continental \"Super Continental\")*, killing twenty\\-three people. The [Hinton train collision](/wiki/Hinton_train_collision \"Hinton train collision\") was the deadliest rail disaster in Canada since the [Dugald rail accident](/wiki/Dugald_rail_accident \"Dugald rail accident\") of 1947, which had thirty\\-one fatalities, and was not surpassed until the [Lac\\-Mégantic rail disaster](/wiki/Lac-M%C3%A9gantic_rail_disaster \"Lac-Mégantic rail disaster\") in 2013, which resulted in forty\\-seven fatalities. It was surmised that the accident was a result of the crew of the freight train becoming incapacitated, and the resulting investigations revealed serious flaws in Canadian National Railway's employee practises.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hinton.ca/index.aspx?NID\\=148 \\|publisher\\=Town of Hinton \\|title\\=Hinton Train Collision \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-29 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416133416/http://www.hinton.ca/index.aspx?NID\\=148 }}", "" ]
Career ------ [thumb\|right\|Michelle and [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") fist bump with Michelle in a dress by Pinto](/wiki/File:20080603_Victory_Fist_Pound.jpg "20080603 Victory Fist Pound.jpg") She started her first business, Maria V. Pinto Designs, in her apartment with a $20,000 loan from a friend in 1991\. Her collection was sold at, among others, [Neiman Marcus](/wiki/Neiman_Marcus "Neiman Marcus"), [Barneys New York](/wiki/Barneys_New_York "Barneys New York"), [Saks Fifth Avenue](/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue "Saks Fifth Avenue"), [Takashimaya](/wiki/Takashimaya "Takashimaya"), and [Bergdorf Goodman](/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman "Bergdorf Goodman"). She closed her [Michigan Avenue](/wiki/Michigan_Avenue_%28Chicago%29 "Michigan Avenue (Chicago)") shop in January 2002 because of [embezzlement](/wiki/Embezzlement "Embezzlement") by a bookkeeper and the economic downturn after the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"). She also spent six months recovering from [peritonitis](/wiki/Peritonitis "Peritonitis") after [laparoscopic surgery](/wiki/Laparoscopic_surgery "Laparoscopic surgery") but reopened in late 2004 after spending some time [oil painting](/wiki/Oil_painting "Oil painting"). [Oprah Winfrey](/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey "Oprah Winfrey") wore a long, cognac\-colored leather skirt of Pinto's for the 2007 premiere of *[The Great Debaters](/wiki/The_Great_Debaters "The Great Debaters")*.{{rp\|at\=slide 6}} Maria Pinto designed costumes for two [Joffrey Ballet](/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet "Joffrey Ballet") ballets, the [pas de deux](/wiki/Pas_de_deux "Pas de deux") *Ruth, Ricordi Per Due* in 2002 and *Age of Innocence* in 2008\. On August 12, 2009, she opened a retail boutique in Chicago's [West Loop](/wiki/Near_West_Side%2C_Chicago "Near West Side, Chicago"). She held a kick\-off party for 350 guests to benefit the [Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago](/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Chicago "Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago")'s women's board. That year, she also was invited to become a member of the [Council of Fashion Designers of America](/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America "Council of Fashion Designers of America"). She was selected out of 100 as one of eight to present a design for the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences") [Oscars](/wiki/Oscars "Oscars") preview fashion show on February 9, 2009\. The fashion show's winner had their design worn by the presenter or a nominee at the [81st Academy Awards](/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards "81st Academy Awards") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), as well as being able to attend the Oscars. After an online poll, a dress by another Chicago\-based designer, Sam Kori George, was chosen. [thumb\|left\|Pinto's boutique in the [Near West Side, Chicago](/wiki/Near_West_Side%2C_Chicago "Near West Side, Chicago") (It closed in 2010\.)](/wiki/File:Maria_Pinto_boutique_Chicago.jpg "Maria Pinto boutique Chicago.jpg") In spring 2009, actress [Brooke Shields](/wiki/Brooke_Shields "Brooke Shields") wore a [bustier](/wiki/Bustier "Bustier") and pants that Pinto had designed to a [Tupperware](/wiki/Tupperware "Tupperware") event.{{rp\|at\=slide 8}} Actress [Marcia Gay Harden](/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden "Marcia Gay Harden") wore a Pinto dress to the August premiere of *[The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler](/wiki/The_Courageous_Heart_of_Irena_Sendler "The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler")*.{{rp\|at\=slide 7}} The next month, television host [Nancy O'Dell](/wiki/Nancy_O%27Dell "Nancy O'Dell") wore one of her [minidresses](/wiki/Minidress "Minidress") as co\-host of the *[Jerry Lewis Telethon](/wiki/Jerry_Lewis_Telethon "Jerry Lewis Telethon")*.{{rp\|at\=slide 9}}{{rp\|at\=slide 10}} The same month, she presented a runway show at [New York Fashion week](/wiki/New_York_Fashion_week "New York Fashion week"). In February 2010, she closed her Chicago boutique. The [Great Recession](/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") caused an economic downturn that hurt the fashion industry—particularly a high\-end label like Pinto, whose pieces cost hundreds to thousands of dollars. However, she announced that she planned to return to the business, saying, "I'm here. I just need to take a break. I will be in fashion for sure but in some new facet. I think the whole industry is changing". In "Fashion and the Field Museum Collection: Maria Pinto", an exhibit at Chicago's [Field Museum](/wiki/Field_Museum "Field Museum") from September 14, 2012 to June 16, 2013, Pinto matched eight of her designs with twenty\-five of the museum's artifacts. In December 2012, about sixty students from Palatine High School and other surrounding high schools went on a special trip to meet Pinto and see the exhibit. Pinto had previously invited Palatine High School fashion students to visit and tour her boutique in January 2010\. On August 31, 2013, Pinto announced on her blog that she plans to launch a new collection, called M2057, with the [crowdfunding](/wiki/Crowdfunding "Crowdfunding") website [Kickstarter](/wiki/Kickstarter "Kickstarter"). She offered garments such as dresses, jackets, scarves, a [shrug](/wiki/Shrug_%28clothing%29 "Shrug (clothing)"), and a [wrap](/wiki/Wrap_%28clothing%29 "Wrap (clothing)") for ordering through Kickstarter. They range in price from $75 to $250, much cheaper than her $500–1,000 previous dresses. She exceeded her goal, to raise $250,000 before October 14, 2013, by obtaining $272,523 in funds from 624 different backers. The "2057" part of the collection's name refers to the year in which she would turn 100 years old. Since the Kickstarter campaign, she sells the line through both an e\-commerce site and a retail store in Chicago near her old boutique. The clothes are intended to be versatile and low\-maintenance, as they resist wrinkling when folded and are machine\-washable. {{clear right}} ### Michelle Obama [thumb\|right\|[George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush"), [Laura Bush](/wiki/Laura_Bush "Laura Bush"), [Michelle Obama](/wiki/Michelle_Obama "Michelle Obama"), and [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") in 2008](/wiki/File:Bushes_with_Obamas.jpg "Bushes with Obamas.jpg") One of her clients is former [First Lady](/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States "First Lady of the United States") [Michelle Obama](/wiki/Michelle_Obama "Michelle Obama"). A client of Pinto's referred Obama to her in 2004\. Obama wore a white gown designed by Maria Pinto to [Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball](/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_Legends_Ball "Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball") in May 2005\. When [*Ebony*](/wiki/Ebony_%28magazine%29 "Ebony (magazine)") magazine photographed the Obamas, calling them "the Hottest Couple in America," Michelle was wearing pants made by Pinto. On June 3, 2008, Obama wore a Pinto dress to a campaign speech in [St. Paul, Minnesota](/wiki/St._Paul%2C_Minnesota "St. Paul, Minnesota"), where she and [her husband](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") exchanged a [fist bump](/wiki/Fist_bump "Fist bump") that became known as "the fist bump heard 'round the world." On August 25 of that year, Michelle Obama wore a teal dress from Pinto to the [2008 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention "2008 Democratic National Convention"). Obama wore an orange [sheath](/wiki/Sheath_dress "Sheath dress") designed by Pinto for a visit to the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") with [George](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") and [Laura Bush](/wiki/Laura_Bush "Laura Bush") shortly after [the election](/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election"). Michelle Obama was on the cover of *[Parade](/wiki/Parade_%28magazine%29 "Parade (magazine)")* magazine in June 2014 wearing a dress from the M2057 collection. On October 8, 2014, she invited Pinto to attend her Celebration of Design event at the White House.
[ "Career\n------", "[thumb\\|right\\|Michelle and [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") fist bump with Michelle in a dress by Pinto](/wiki/File:20080603_Victory_Fist_Pound.jpg \"20080603 Victory Fist Pound.jpg\")", "She started her first business, Maria V. Pinto Designs, in her apartment with a $20,000 loan from a friend in 1991\\. Her collection was sold at, among others, [Neiman Marcus](/wiki/Neiman_Marcus \"Neiman Marcus\"), [Barneys New York](/wiki/Barneys_New_York \"Barneys New York\"), [Saks Fifth Avenue](/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue \"Saks Fifth Avenue\"), [Takashimaya](/wiki/Takashimaya \"Takashimaya\"), and [Bergdorf Goodman](/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman \"Bergdorf Goodman\").", "She closed her [Michigan Avenue](/wiki/Michigan_Avenue_%28Chicago%29 \"Michigan Avenue (Chicago)\") shop in January 2002 because of [embezzlement](/wiki/Embezzlement \"Embezzlement\") by a bookkeeper and the economic downturn after the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"). She also spent six months recovering from [peritonitis](/wiki/Peritonitis \"Peritonitis\") after [laparoscopic surgery](/wiki/Laparoscopic_surgery \"Laparoscopic surgery\") but reopened in late 2004 after spending some time [oil painting](/wiki/Oil_painting \"Oil painting\").", "[Oprah Winfrey](/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey \"Oprah Winfrey\") wore a long, cognac\\-colored leather skirt of Pinto's for the 2007 premiere of *[The Great Debaters](/wiki/The_Great_Debaters \"The Great Debaters\")*.{{rp\\|at\\=slide 6}}", "Maria Pinto designed costumes for two [Joffrey Ballet](/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet \"Joffrey Ballet\") ballets, the [pas de deux](/wiki/Pas_de_deux \"Pas de deux\") *Ruth, Ricordi Per Due* in 2002 and *Age of Innocence* in 2008\\.", "On August 12, 2009, she opened a retail boutique in Chicago's [West Loop](/wiki/Near_West_Side%2C_Chicago \"Near West Side, Chicago\"). She held a kick\\-off party for 350 guests to benefit the [Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago](/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Chicago \"Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago\")'s women's board. That year, she also was invited to become a member of the [Council of Fashion Designers of America](/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America \"Council of Fashion Designers of America\").", "She was selected out of 100 as one of eight to present a design for the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences \"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\") [Oscars](/wiki/Oscars \"Oscars\") preview fashion show on February 9, 2009\\. The fashion show's winner had their design worn by the presenter or a nominee at the [81st Academy Awards](/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards \"81st Academy Awards\") in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), as well as being able to attend the Oscars. After an online poll, a dress by another Chicago\\-based designer, Sam Kori George, was chosen.", "[thumb\\|left\\|Pinto's boutique in the [Near West Side, Chicago](/wiki/Near_West_Side%2C_Chicago \"Near West Side, Chicago\") (It closed in 2010\\.)](/wiki/File:Maria_Pinto_boutique_Chicago.jpg \"Maria Pinto boutique Chicago.jpg\")\nIn spring 2009, actress [Brooke Shields](/wiki/Brooke_Shields \"Brooke Shields\") wore a [bustier](/wiki/Bustier \"Bustier\") and pants that Pinto had designed to a [Tupperware](/wiki/Tupperware \"Tupperware\") event.{{rp\\|at\\=slide 8}}", "Actress [Marcia Gay Harden](/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden \"Marcia Gay Harden\") wore a Pinto dress to the August premiere of *[The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler](/wiki/The_Courageous_Heart_of_Irena_Sendler \"The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler\")*.{{rp\\|at\\=slide 7}}", "The next month, television host [Nancy O'Dell](/wiki/Nancy_O%27Dell \"Nancy O'Dell\") wore one of her [minidresses](/wiki/Minidress \"Minidress\") as co\\-host of the *[Jerry Lewis Telethon](/wiki/Jerry_Lewis_Telethon \"Jerry Lewis Telethon\")*.{{rp\\|at\\=slide 9}}{{rp\\|at\\=slide 10}} The same month, she presented a runway show at [New York Fashion week](/wiki/New_York_Fashion_week \"New York Fashion week\").", "In February 2010, she closed her Chicago boutique. The [Great Recession](/wiki/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") caused an economic downturn that hurt the fashion industry—particularly a high\\-end label like Pinto, whose pieces cost hundreds to thousands of dollars. However, she announced that she planned to return to the business, saying, \"I'm here. I just need to take a break. I will be in fashion for sure but in some new facet. I think the whole industry is changing\".", "In \"Fashion and the Field Museum Collection: Maria Pinto\", an exhibit at Chicago's [Field Museum](/wiki/Field_Museum \"Field Museum\") from September 14, 2012 to June 16, 2013, Pinto matched eight of her designs with twenty\\-five of the museum's artifacts. In December 2012, about sixty students from Palatine High School and other surrounding high schools went on a special trip to meet Pinto and see the exhibit. Pinto had previously invited Palatine High School fashion students to visit and tour her boutique in January 2010\\.", "On August 31, 2013, Pinto announced on her blog that she plans to launch a new collection, called M2057, with the [crowdfunding](/wiki/Crowdfunding \"Crowdfunding\") website [Kickstarter](/wiki/Kickstarter \"Kickstarter\"). She offered garments such as dresses, jackets, scarves, a [shrug](/wiki/Shrug_%28clothing%29 \"Shrug (clothing)\"), and a [wrap](/wiki/Wrap_%28clothing%29 \"Wrap (clothing)\") for ordering through Kickstarter. They range in price from $75 to $250, much cheaper than her $500–1,000 previous dresses. She exceeded her goal, to raise $250,000 before October 14, 2013, by obtaining $272,523 in funds from 624 different backers. The \"2057\" part of the collection's name refers to the year in which she would turn 100 years old. Since the Kickstarter campaign, she sells the line through both an e\\-commerce site and a retail store in Chicago near her old boutique. The clothes are intended to be versatile and low\\-maintenance, as they resist wrinkling when folded and are machine\\-washable.\n{{clear right}}", "### Michelle Obama", "[thumb\\|right\\|[George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\"), [Laura Bush](/wiki/Laura_Bush \"Laura Bush\"), [Michelle Obama](/wiki/Michelle_Obama \"Michelle Obama\"), and [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") in 2008](/wiki/File:Bushes_with_Obamas.jpg \"Bushes with Obamas.jpg\")\nOne of her clients is former [First Lady](/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States \"First Lady of the United States\") [Michelle Obama](/wiki/Michelle_Obama \"Michelle Obama\"). A client of Pinto's referred Obama to her in 2004\\. Obama wore a white gown designed by Maria Pinto to [Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball](/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_Legends_Ball \"Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball\") in May 2005\\. When [*Ebony*](/wiki/Ebony_%28magazine%29 \"Ebony (magazine)\") magazine photographed the Obamas, calling them \"the Hottest Couple in America,\" Michelle was wearing pants made by Pinto. On June 3, 2008, Obama wore a Pinto dress to a campaign speech in [St. Paul, Minnesota](/wiki/St._Paul%2C_Minnesota \"St. Paul, Minnesota\"), where she and [her husband](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") exchanged a [fist bump](/wiki/Fist_bump \"Fist bump\") that became known as \"the fist bump heard 'round the world.\" On August 25 of that year, Michelle Obama wore a teal dress from Pinto to the [2008 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention \"2008 Democratic National Convention\"). Obama wore an orange [sheath](/wiki/Sheath_dress \"Sheath dress\") designed by Pinto for a visit to the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") with [George](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") and [Laura Bush](/wiki/Laura_Bush \"Laura Bush\") shortly after [the election](/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election \"2008 United States presidential election\"). Michelle Obama was on the cover of *[Parade](/wiki/Parade_%28magazine%29 \"Parade (magazine)\")* magazine in June 2014 wearing a dress from the M2057 collection. On October 8, 2014, she invited Pinto to attend her Celebration of Design event at the White House.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life [thumb \|190px \|Mourners, including Israeli Military Chief Rabbi [Shlomo Goren](/wiki/Shlomo_Goren "Shlomo Goren"), far left, saluting, at the grave of Ilan (1955\)](/wiki/File:Uri_Ilan_grave_Gan_Shmuel.jpg "Uri Ilan grave Gan Shmuel.jpg") Uri Ilan was born in 1935 in [kibbutz](/wiki/Kibbutz "Kibbutz") [Gan Shmuel](/wiki/Gan_Shmuel "Gan Shmuel"). His mother was [Fayge Ilanit](/wiki/Fayge_Ilanit "Fayge Ilanit"), a [member](/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_first_Knesset "List of members of the first Knesset") of the [First Knesset](/wiki/1949_Israeli_legislative_election "1949 Israeli legislative election"),{{cite book \|author\=Avi Shlaim \|publisher\=W. W. Norton \|year\=2001 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/ironwallisraelar00shla \|url\-access\=registration \|quote\=Uri Ilan. \|title\=The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World \|isbn\=0\-393\-04816\-0}} and a member of the [Mapam](/wiki/Mapam "Mapam") faction. Uri was the great\-grandson of the famed Talmudic scholar Rabbi [Shimon Shkop](/wiki/Shimon_Shkop "Shimon Shkop"). ### Capture and suicide In July 1953, Ilan enlisted in the [Golani Brigade](/wiki/Golani_Brigade "Golani Brigade"). On December 8, 1954, he was sent to an operation (the Zarzar operation) aiming to return a wiretapping device to a telephone line in Syrian territory, near [Tel Faher](/wiki/Tel_Faher "Tel Faher"), not far from Kibbutz [Dan](/wiki/Dan%2C_Israel "Dan, Israel"). Ilan, together with Lieutenant Meir Mozes, commander of the Golani patrol, joined the squad, which included three paratroopers \- Sergeant Meir Jacobi (squad commander), Corporal Yaakov (Jackie) Lind and T.S. Gad Castelnitz. The operation got complicated and the five were discovered and captured. The captives were taken to [Quneitra](/wiki/Quneitra "Quneitra"), and from there they were transferred to [Mezzeh](/wiki/Mezzeh "Mezzeh") prison in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus"),{{cite web \|title\=Syria returns the body of a soldier captured in Damascus \|url\=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/History/50s/1955/1301\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221081817/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/History/50s/1955/1301\.htm \|archive\-date\=December 21, 2011 \|publisher\=IDF}} where each of them was held separately. After the squad was captured, the Minister of Defense [Pinchas Lavon](/wiki/Pinhas_Lavon "Pinhas Lavon") authorized Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan to hijack a military plane if it crossed the border or approached it, for bargaining purposes. Dayan ordered the Air Force, contrary to Lavon's opinion, to hijack a civilian plane. On December 12, the Israeli Air Force planes forced a Syrian civilian plane, which was on its way to [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") and entered Israeli airspace, to land at [Ben\-Gurion Airport](/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport "Ben Gurion Airport") under false pretenses. On the plane there were ten passengers and crew members. Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs [Moshe Sharet](/wiki/Moshe_Sharett "Moshe Sharett") rejected the proposal to use the passengers as bargaining chips for the exchange of captives. Sharet explained his decision by saying: "we are not pirates, we act like human beings".{{Cite web \|date\=January 17, 2022 \|title\=Uri Ilan and the Zarzar operation covered by Israel Defense \|url\=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/node/53351}} Fayge Ilanit, Uri's mother, respected Sharett's decision and did not go against it. In January 1955 Sharet wrote in his diary about the operation in Syria: > "It turned out that the entire organization of this operation was flawed by an alarming irresponsibility. Young people were sent... They were not briefed at all in case of failure, and the result was that in the first investigation they collapsed and told the whole truth." *Moshe Sharet, personal diary, volume 3, 1978, p. 649* In the Syrian prison, they were sent to separate cells and [tortured](/wiki/Torture "Torture").{{cite book \|title\=Navies in Northern Waters, 1721\-2000 \|publisher\=\[\[Routeledge]] \|year\=2004 \|page\=130}}{{cite web \|date\=8 January 2012 \|title\=This Week in History: 'I didn't betray my country' \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Features/In\-Thespotlight/This\-Week\-in\-History\-I\-didnt\-betray\-my\-country \|website\=The Jerusalem Post}} According to [Dan Margalit](/wiki/Dan_Margalit_%28journalist%29 "Dan Margalit (journalist)"), international organizations suggested to Fayge Ilanit, Uri's mother, to work for his release, due to the mother being a Mapam member. She agreed, provided that the release would be "not alone. Uri will be released with everyone". Opinions differ as to Ilan's last days. According to the accepted version, while in captivity, under extreme physical and psychological pressure, Uri was told that his friends had been murdered by the Syrians and if he did not reveal the secret they would kill him as well. As a result, Uri feared that under the pressure of torture, he would reveal the secrets of the operation to the Syrians, thus harming the security of the country. As a result, Uri hanged himself on 13 January 1955 in his prison cell, using a rope made from the fabric of the mattress cover. When Uri's body was examined, a note was found tied to his leg: "They've already killed everyone, I'm waiting for the verdict, I don't know anything about the rest, bury me next to Gabi, they're going to kill me, revenge". Nine additional notes were found in his clothes, written by punching holes in the form of letters on the paper (the paper was taken from the book "Revenge of the Fathers" by Yitzhak Shemi). The most famous is a scrap of paper on which he wrote the [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew "Hebrew") words "לא בגדתי. התאבדתי" (*"Lo bagadeti, hitabadeti"*) which means: "I did not betray. I committed suicide," that is to say, he chose to end his own life so as not to reveal military secrets under torture. He was buried on 14 January 1955 in Kibbutz Gan Shmuel. In the remarks made by the Chief of Staff, Moshe Dayan, at Ilan's funeral, he chose not to read the end of the note, and thus the message "I did not betray" remained in the public's mind. According to another version, based on Syrian sources, Ilan fell victim to an interrogation manipulation and revealed the secret he tried to keep. According to Syrian publications, in these days, Israel possessed an eavesdropping device for the Syrian media that transmitted to Israel and even made it possible to transmit false messages. Ilan revealed that the squad was intended to replace the device that was damaged by the moisture it absorbed due to being buried in the ground. According to the same source, Israel even sent people who were "accidentally" captured and even blackmailed Ilan in prison using violence and put great pressure on him not to say anything about the wiretapping device. However, there is no denying that Ilan committed suicide. According to the Syrian source, it was done by tearing a cloth and hanging his body on the bars of the cell.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-01\-13 \|title\=N12 \- התרגיל שהוביל להתאבדות אורי אילן בשבי הסורי \|url\=https://www.mako.co.il/news\-n12\_magazine/2022\_q1/Article\-bd30991dead4e71027\.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-09 \|website\=N12}} At the end of that day, his body was returned to Israel.{{Cite web \|date\=January 14, 1955 \|title\=Uri Ilan's corpse was returned to Israel \|url\=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1955/01/14/01/article/9?\&dliv\=none\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-\-he\-20\-\-1\-\-img\-txIN%7ctxTI\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-1}} ### Return to Israel On March 29, 1956, after 15 months of captivity, the four surviving members of the squad were returned to Israel, in exchange for 41 Syrian prisoners, 35 of whom were captured in raids (mainly Operation Kinneret also known as [Operation Olive Leaves](/wiki/Operation_Olive_Leaves "Operation Olive Leaves")) conducted in order to collect prisoners for the exchange.{{Cite web \|date\=April 6, 1956 \|title\=The return from Damascus \|url\=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1956/04/06/01/article/124?\&dliv\=none\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-\-he\-20\-\-1\-\-img\-txIN%7ctxTI\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-1}}{{cite news \|url\=http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news\_id\=fto071620081018220239\&page\=2 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929154749/http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news\_id\=fto071620081018220239\&page\=2 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2011\-09\-29 \|title\=Timeline: Israeli prisoner exchanges \|newspaper\=Financial Times}} Ilan's suicide and the notes he left behind set off a great outpouring of grief in Israel, but also a sense of national pride.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "[thumb \\|190px \\|Mourners, including Israeli Military Chief Rabbi [Shlomo Goren](/wiki/Shlomo_Goren \"Shlomo Goren\"), far left, saluting, at the grave of Ilan (1955\\)](/wiki/File:Uri_Ilan_grave_Gan_Shmuel.jpg \"Uri Ilan grave Gan Shmuel.jpg\")\nUri Ilan was born in 1935 in [kibbutz](/wiki/Kibbutz \"Kibbutz\") [Gan Shmuel](/wiki/Gan_Shmuel \"Gan Shmuel\"). His mother was [Fayge Ilanit](/wiki/Fayge_Ilanit \"Fayge Ilanit\"), a [member](/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_first_Knesset \"List of members of the first Knesset\") of the [First Knesset](/wiki/1949_Israeli_legislative_election \"1949 Israeli legislative election\"),{{cite book \\|author\\=Avi Shlaim \\|publisher\\=W. W. Norton \\|year\\=2001 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ironwallisraelar00shla \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|quote\\=Uri Ilan. \\|title\\=The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World \\|isbn\\=0\\-393\\-04816\\-0}} and a member of the [Mapam](/wiki/Mapam \"Mapam\") faction. Uri was the great\\-grandson of the famed Talmudic scholar Rabbi [Shimon Shkop](/wiki/Shimon_Shkop \"Shimon Shkop\").", "### Capture and suicide", "In July 1953, Ilan enlisted in the [Golani Brigade](/wiki/Golani_Brigade \"Golani Brigade\"). On December 8, 1954, he was sent to an operation (the Zarzar operation) aiming to return a wiretapping device to a telephone line in Syrian territory, near [Tel Faher](/wiki/Tel_Faher \"Tel Faher\"), not far from Kibbutz [Dan](/wiki/Dan%2C_Israel \"Dan, Israel\").", "Ilan, together with Lieutenant Meir Mozes, commander of the Golani patrol, joined the squad, which included three paratroopers \\- Sergeant Meir Jacobi (squad commander), Corporal Yaakov (Jackie) Lind and T.S. Gad Castelnitz. The operation got complicated and the five were discovered and captured. The captives were taken to [Quneitra](/wiki/Quneitra \"Quneitra\"), and from there they were transferred to [Mezzeh](/wiki/Mezzeh \"Mezzeh\") prison in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\"),{{cite web \\|title\\=Syria returns the body of a soldier captured in Damascus \\|url\\=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/History/50s/1955/1301\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221081817/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/History/50s/1955/1301\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=December 21, 2011 \\|publisher\\=IDF}} where each of them was held separately.", "After the squad was captured, the Minister of Defense [Pinchas Lavon](/wiki/Pinhas_Lavon \"Pinhas Lavon\") authorized Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan to hijack a military plane if it crossed the border or approached it, for bargaining purposes. Dayan ordered the Air Force, contrary to Lavon's opinion, to hijack a civilian plane.", "On December 12, the Israeli Air Force planes forced a Syrian civilian plane, which was on its way to [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") and entered Israeli airspace, to land at [Ben\\-Gurion Airport](/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport \"Ben Gurion Airport\") under false pretenses. On the plane there were ten passengers and crew members. Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs [Moshe Sharet](/wiki/Moshe_Sharett \"Moshe Sharett\") rejected the proposal to use the passengers as bargaining chips for the exchange of captives. Sharet explained his decision by saying: \"we are not pirates, we act like human beings\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 17, 2022 \\|title\\=Uri Ilan and the Zarzar operation covered by Israel Defense \\|url\\=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/node/53351}} Fayge Ilanit, Uri's mother, respected Sharett's decision and did not go against it.", "In January 1955 Sharet wrote in his diary about the operation in Syria:\n> \"It turned out that the entire organization of this operation was flawed by an alarming irresponsibility. Young people were sent... They were not briefed at all in case of failure, and the result was that in the first investigation they collapsed and told the whole truth.\"", "", "*Moshe Sharet, personal diary, volume 3, 1978, p. 649*\nIn the Syrian prison, they were sent to separate cells and [tortured](/wiki/Torture \"Torture\").{{cite book \\|title\\=Navies in Northern Waters, 1721\\-2000 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routeledge]] \\|year\\=2004 \\|page\\=130}}{{cite web \\|date\\=8 January 2012 \\|title\\=This Week in History: 'I didn't betray my country' \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Features/In\\-Thespotlight/This\\-Week\\-in\\-History\\-I\\-didnt\\-betray\\-my\\-country \\|website\\=The Jerusalem Post}}", "According to [Dan Margalit](/wiki/Dan_Margalit_%28journalist%29 \"Dan Margalit (journalist)\"), international organizations suggested to Fayge Ilanit, Uri's mother, to work for his release, due to the mother being a Mapam member. She agreed, provided that the release would be \"not alone. Uri will be released with everyone\".", "Opinions differ as to Ilan's last days. According to the accepted version, while in captivity, under extreme physical and psychological pressure, Uri was told that his friends had been murdered by the Syrians and if he did not reveal the secret they would kill him as well. As a result, Uri feared that under the pressure of torture, he would reveal the secrets of the operation to the Syrians, thus harming the security of the country. As a result, Uri hanged himself on 13 January 1955 in his prison cell, using a rope made from the fabric of the mattress cover.", "When Uri's body was examined, a note was found tied to his leg: \"They've already killed everyone, I'm waiting for the verdict, I don't know anything about the rest, bury me next to Gabi, they're going to kill me, revenge\". Nine additional notes were found in his clothes, written by punching holes in the form of letters on the paper (the paper was taken from the book \"Revenge of the Fathers\" by Yitzhak Shemi). The most famous is a scrap of paper on which he wrote the [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew \"Hebrew\") words \"לא בגדתי. התאבדתי\" (*\"Lo bagadeti, hitabadeti\"*) which means: \"I did not betray. I committed suicide,\" that is to say, he chose to end his own life so as not to reveal military secrets under torture.", "He was buried on 14 January 1955 in Kibbutz Gan Shmuel.", "In the remarks made by the Chief of Staff, Moshe Dayan, at Ilan's funeral, he chose not to read the end of the note, and thus the message \"I did not betray\" remained in the public's mind.", "According to another version, based on Syrian sources, Ilan fell victim to an interrogation manipulation and revealed the secret he tried to keep. According to Syrian publications, in these days, Israel possessed an eavesdropping device for the Syrian media that transmitted to Israel and even made it possible to transmit false messages. Ilan revealed that the squad was intended to replace the device that was damaged by the moisture it absorbed due to being buried in the ground.", "According to the same source, Israel even sent people who were \"accidentally\" captured and even blackmailed Ilan in prison using violence and put great pressure on him not to say anything about the wiretapping device. However, there is no denying that Ilan committed suicide. According to the Syrian source, it was done by tearing a cloth and hanging his body on the bars of the cell.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-13 \\|title\\=N12 \\- התרגיל שהוביל להתאבדות אורי אילן בשבי הסורי \\|url\\=https://www.mako.co.il/news\\-n12\\_magazine/2022\\_q1/Article\\-bd30991dead4e71027\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-09 \\|website\\=N12}} At the end of that day, his body was returned to Israel.{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 14, 1955 \\|title\\=Uri Ilan's corpse was returned to Israel \\|url\\=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1955/01/14/01/article/9?\\&dliv\\=none\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-he\\-20\\-\\-1\\-\\-img\\-txIN%7ctxTI\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-1}}", "### Return to Israel", "On March 29, 1956, after 15 months of captivity, the four surviving members of the squad were returned to Israel, in exchange for 41 Syrian prisoners, 35 of whom were captured in raids (mainly Operation Kinneret also known as [Operation Olive Leaves](/wiki/Operation_Olive_Leaves \"Operation Olive Leaves\")) conducted in order to collect prisoners for the exchange.{{Cite web \\|date\\=April 6, 1956 \\|title\\=The return from Damascus \\|url\\=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1956/04/06/01/article/124?\\&dliv\\=none\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-he\\-20\\-\\-1\\-\\-img\\-txIN%7ctxTI\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-1}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news\\_id\\=fto071620081018220239\\&page\\=2 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929154749/http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news\\_id\\=fto071620081018220239\\&page\\=2 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-09\\-29 \\|title\\=Timeline: Israeli prisoner exchanges \\|newspaper\\=Financial Times}}", "Ilan's suicide and the notes he left behind set off a great outpouring of grief in Israel, but also a sense of national pride.", "" ]
### Capture and suicide In July 1953, Ilan enlisted in the [Golani Brigade](/wiki/Golani_Brigade "Golani Brigade"). On December 8, 1954, he was sent to an operation (the Zarzar operation) aiming to return a wiretapping device to a telephone line in Syrian territory, near [Tel Faher](/wiki/Tel_Faher "Tel Faher"), not far from Kibbutz [Dan](/wiki/Dan%2C_Israel "Dan, Israel"). Ilan, together with Lieutenant Meir Mozes, commander of the Golani patrol, joined the squad, which included three paratroopers \- Sergeant Meir Jacobi (squad commander), Corporal Yaakov (Jackie) Lind and T.S. Gad Castelnitz. The operation got complicated and the five were discovered and captured. The captives were taken to [Quneitra](/wiki/Quneitra "Quneitra"), and from there they were transferred to [Mezzeh](/wiki/Mezzeh "Mezzeh") prison in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus"),{{cite web \|title\=Syria returns the body of a soldier captured in Damascus \|url\=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/History/50s/1955/1301\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221081817/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/History/50s/1955/1301\.htm \|archive\-date\=December 21, 2011 \|publisher\=IDF}} where each of them was held separately. After the squad was captured, the Minister of Defense [Pinchas Lavon](/wiki/Pinhas_Lavon "Pinhas Lavon") authorized Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan to hijack a military plane if it crossed the border or approached it, for bargaining purposes. Dayan ordered the Air Force, contrary to Lavon's opinion, to hijack a civilian plane. On December 12, the Israeli Air Force planes forced a Syrian civilian plane, which was on its way to [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") and entered Israeli airspace, to land at [Ben\-Gurion Airport](/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport "Ben Gurion Airport") under false pretenses. On the plane there were ten passengers and crew members. Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs [Moshe Sharet](/wiki/Moshe_Sharett "Moshe Sharett") rejected the proposal to use the passengers as bargaining chips for the exchange of captives. Sharet explained his decision by saying: "we are not pirates, we act like human beings".{{Cite web \|date\=January 17, 2022 \|title\=Uri Ilan and the Zarzar operation covered by Israel Defense \|url\=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/node/53351}} Fayge Ilanit, Uri's mother, respected Sharett's decision and did not go against it. In January 1955 Sharet wrote in his diary about the operation in Syria: > "It turned out that the entire organization of this operation was flawed by an alarming irresponsibility. Young people were sent... They were not briefed at all in case of failure, and the result was that in the first investigation they collapsed and told the whole truth." *Moshe Sharet, personal diary, volume 3, 1978, p. 649* In the Syrian prison, they were sent to separate cells and [tortured](/wiki/Torture "Torture").{{cite book \|title\=Navies in Northern Waters, 1721\-2000 \|publisher\=\[\[Routeledge]] \|year\=2004 \|page\=130}}{{cite web \|date\=8 January 2012 \|title\=This Week in History: 'I didn't betray my country' \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Features/In\-Thespotlight/This\-Week\-in\-History\-I\-didnt\-betray\-my\-country \|website\=The Jerusalem Post}} According to [Dan Margalit](/wiki/Dan_Margalit_%28journalist%29 "Dan Margalit (journalist)"), international organizations suggested to Fayge Ilanit, Uri's mother, to work for his release, due to the mother being a Mapam member. She agreed, provided that the release would be "not alone. Uri will be released with everyone". Opinions differ as to Ilan's last days. According to the accepted version, while in captivity, under extreme physical and psychological pressure, Uri was told that his friends had been murdered by the Syrians and if he did not reveal the secret they would kill him as well. As a result, Uri feared that under the pressure of torture, he would reveal the secrets of the operation to the Syrians, thus harming the security of the country. As a result, Uri hanged himself on 13 January 1955 in his prison cell, using a rope made from the fabric of the mattress cover. When Uri's body was examined, a note was found tied to his leg: "They've already killed everyone, I'm waiting for the verdict, I don't know anything about the rest, bury me next to Gabi, they're going to kill me, revenge". Nine additional notes were found in his clothes, written by punching holes in the form of letters on the paper (the paper was taken from the book "Revenge of the Fathers" by Yitzhak Shemi). The most famous is a scrap of paper on which he wrote the [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew "Hebrew") words "לא בגדתי. התאבדתי" (*"Lo bagadeti, hitabadeti"*) which means: "I did not betray. I committed suicide," that is to say, he chose to end his own life so as not to reveal military secrets under torture. He was buried on 14 January 1955 in Kibbutz Gan Shmuel. In the remarks made by the Chief of Staff, Moshe Dayan, at Ilan's funeral, he chose not to read the end of the note, and thus the message "I did not betray" remained in the public's mind. According to another version, based on Syrian sources, Ilan fell victim to an interrogation manipulation and revealed the secret he tried to keep. According to Syrian publications, in these days, Israel possessed an eavesdropping device for the Syrian media that transmitted to Israel and even made it possible to transmit false messages. Ilan revealed that the squad was intended to replace the device that was damaged by the moisture it absorbed due to being buried in the ground. According to the same source, Israel even sent people who were "accidentally" captured and even blackmailed Ilan in prison using violence and put great pressure on him not to say anything about the wiretapping device. However, there is no denying that Ilan committed suicide. According to the Syrian source, it was done by tearing a cloth and hanging his body on the bars of the cell.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-01\-13 \|title\=N12 \- התרגיל שהוביל להתאבדות אורי אילן בשבי הסורי \|url\=https://www.mako.co.il/news\-n12\_magazine/2022\_q1/Article\-bd30991dead4e71027\.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-09 \|website\=N12}} At the end of that day, his body was returned to Israel.{{Cite web \|date\=January 14, 1955 \|title\=Uri Ilan's corpse was returned to Israel \|url\=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1955/01/14/01/article/9?\&dliv\=none\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-\-he\-20\-\-1\-\-img\-txIN%7ctxTI\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-1}}
[ "### Capture and suicide", "In July 1953, Ilan enlisted in the [Golani Brigade](/wiki/Golani_Brigade \"Golani Brigade\"). On December 8, 1954, he was sent to an operation (the Zarzar operation) aiming to return a wiretapping device to a telephone line in Syrian territory, near [Tel Faher](/wiki/Tel_Faher \"Tel Faher\"), not far from Kibbutz [Dan](/wiki/Dan%2C_Israel \"Dan, Israel\").", "Ilan, together with Lieutenant Meir Mozes, commander of the Golani patrol, joined the squad, which included three paratroopers \\- Sergeant Meir Jacobi (squad commander), Corporal Yaakov (Jackie) Lind and T.S. Gad Castelnitz. The operation got complicated and the five were discovered and captured. The captives were taken to [Quneitra](/wiki/Quneitra \"Quneitra\"), and from there they were transferred to [Mezzeh](/wiki/Mezzeh \"Mezzeh\") prison in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\"),{{cite web \\|title\\=Syria returns the body of a soldier captured in Damascus \\|url\\=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/History/50s/1955/1301\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221081817/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/History/50s/1955/1301\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=December 21, 2011 \\|publisher\\=IDF}} where each of them was held separately.", "After the squad was captured, the Minister of Defense [Pinchas Lavon](/wiki/Pinhas_Lavon \"Pinhas Lavon\") authorized Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan to hijack a military plane if it crossed the border or approached it, for bargaining purposes. Dayan ordered the Air Force, contrary to Lavon's opinion, to hijack a civilian plane.", "On December 12, the Israeli Air Force planes forced a Syrian civilian plane, which was on its way to [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") and entered Israeli airspace, to land at [Ben\\-Gurion Airport](/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport \"Ben Gurion Airport\") under false pretenses. On the plane there were ten passengers and crew members. Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs [Moshe Sharet](/wiki/Moshe_Sharett \"Moshe Sharett\") rejected the proposal to use the passengers as bargaining chips for the exchange of captives. Sharet explained his decision by saying: \"we are not pirates, we act like human beings\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 17, 2022 \\|title\\=Uri Ilan and the Zarzar operation covered by Israel Defense \\|url\\=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/node/53351}} Fayge Ilanit, Uri's mother, respected Sharett's decision and did not go against it.", "In January 1955 Sharet wrote in his diary about the operation in Syria:\n> \"It turned out that the entire organization of this operation was flawed by an alarming irresponsibility. Young people were sent... They were not briefed at all in case of failure, and the result was that in the first investigation they collapsed and told the whole truth.\"", "", "*Moshe Sharet, personal diary, volume 3, 1978, p. 649*\nIn the Syrian prison, they were sent to separate cells and [tortured](/wiki/Torture \"Torture\").{{cite book \\|title\\=Navies in Northern Waters, 1721\\-2000 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routeledge]] \\|year\\=2004 \\|page\\=130}}{{cite web \\|date\\=8 January 2012 \\|title\\=This Week in History: 'I didn't betray my country' \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Features/In\\-Thespotlight/This\\-Week\\-in\\-History\\-I\\-didnt\\-betray\\-my\\-country \\|website\\=The Jerusalem Post}}", "According to [Dan Margalit](/wiki/Dan_Margalit_%28journalist%29 \"Dan Margalit (journalist)\"), international organizations suggested to Fayge Ilanit, Uri's mother, to work for his release, due to the mother being a Mapam member. She agreed, provided that the release would be \"not alone. Uri will be released with everyone\".", "Opinions differ as to Ilan's last days. According to the accepted version, while in captivity, under extreme physical and psychological pressure, Uri was told that his friends had been murdered by the Syrians and if he did not reveal the secret they would kill him as well. As a result, Uri feared that under the pressure of torture, he would reveal the secrets of the operation to the Syrians, thus harming the security of the country. As a result, Uri hanged himself on 13 January 1955 in his prison cell, using a rope made from the fabric of the mattress cover.", "When Uri's body was examined, a note was found tied to his leg: \"They've already killed everyone, I'm waiting for the verdict, I don't know anything about the rest, bury me next to Gabi, they're going to kill me, revenge\". Nine additional notes were found in his clothes, written by punching holes in the form of letters on the paper (the paper was taken from the book \"Revenge of the Fathers\" by Yitzhak Shemi). The most famous is a scrap of paper on which he wrote the [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew \"Hebrew\") words \"לא בגדתי. התאבדתי\" (*\"Lo bagadeti, hitabadeti\"*) which means: \"I did not betray. I committed suicide,\" that is to say, he chose to end his own life so as not to reveal military secrets under torture.", "He was buried on 14 January 1955 in Kibbutz Gan Shmuel.", "In the remarks made by the Chief of Staff, Moshe Dayan, at Ilan's funeral, he chose not to read the end of the note, and thus the message \"I did not betray\" remained in the public's mind.", "According to another version, based on Syrian sources, Ilan fell victim to an interrogation manipulation and revealed the secret he tried to keep. According to Syrian publications, in these days, Israel possessed an eavesdropping device for the Syrian media that transmitted to Israel and even made it possible to transmit false messages. Ilan revealed that the squad was intended to replace the device that was damaged by the moisture it absorbed due to being buried in the ground.", "According to the same source, Israel even sent people who were \"accidentally\" captured and even blackmailed Ilan in prison using violence and put great pressure on him not to say anything about the wiretapping device. However, there is no denying that Ilan committed suicide. According to the Syrian source, it was done by tearing a cloth and hanging his body on the bars of the cell.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-13 \\|title\\=N12 \\- התרגיל שהוביל להתאבדות אורי אילן בשבי הסורי \\|url\\=https://www.mako.co.il/news\\-n12\\_magazine/2022\\_q1/Article\\-bd30991dead4e71027\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-09 \\|website\\=N12}} At the end of that day, his body was returned to Israel.{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 14, 1955 \\|title\\=Uri Ilan's corpse was returned to Israel \\|url\\=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1955/01/14/01/article/9?\\&dliv\\=none\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-he\\-20\\-\\-1\\-\\-img\\-txIN%7ctxTI\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-1}}", "" ]
Commemoration and legacy ------------------------ [thumb\|Uri Ilan's grave in Gan Shmuel](/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_33331_Kibbutz_Gan_Shmuel.JPG "PikiWiki Israel 33331 Kibbutz Gan Shmuel.JPG") The rise of Uri Ilan, who preferred death to the disclosure of military secrets, created an [IDF](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") ethos, and was hailed as a miracle by many. Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan was the one to start it, paying tribute to Uri at his funeral, saying the following words: > The 19\-year\-old soldier, Uri Ilan, carried on his young body, and with the strength of his determined will, the mission of the security of his people, until he reached the limit of his ability and then his will prevailed over his body. Uri came to the end of his path. Attached to his cold corpse, which was returning to his homeland, was a note with his last cry: I did not betray! The army flag is bowed before you \- the Hebrew soldier, Uri Ilan. The poet [Nathan Alterman](/wiki/Nathan_Alterman "Nathan Alterman") wrote about the event the poem "Uri Ilan" in his series "The Seventh Column", a year after Uri Ilan's suicide{{Cite web \|date\=January 6, 1956 \|title\=Nathan Alterman's song following Uri Ilan's suicide \|url\=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1956/01/06/01/article/25?\&dliv\=none\&e\=\-\-\-\-\-\-\-he\-20\-\-1\-\-img\-txIN%7ctxTI\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-1}} (this is a translation of the songs): > From the northern border, from the bridge, he was brought. Sit on his back and relax properly. who's next? This is one of the army boys. This is Uri Ilan. This is one of the children. This is Uri Ilan who fights for nothing \- witness Swept away \- horrors \- and twisted and twisted and fell. There was perhaps no more bitter and lonely battle Necessary battles, Israel. From the northern border on palms was brought, From the battle he fought alone, get \- to. Between fighting goats and lovers of love. Remember his name, Israel.[thumb\|Uri Ilan TrailA](/wiki/File:URI_ILAN_TRAIL.jpg "URI ILAN TRAIL.jpg") call for revenge was found in one of the notes written by Ilan. The notes were punched on pages from the book "Revenge of the Fathers" by [Yitzhaq Shami](/wiki/Yitzhaq_Shami "Yitzhaq Shami"), published by Mitzpeh in 1927 (it is not known for sure how the book got to Ilan's cell, but it was probably passed on to him through the Jewish community in Damascus). On January 14, 2005, [Haaretz](/wiki/Haaretz "Haaretz") newspaper published an article by Moshe Rom and Ze'ev H. Erlich about the book and its messages by Uri Ilan. The authors of the article find a connection between the calls for revenge in the notes and certain passages in the pages of the book where Uri Ilan punctuates his messages, and raise the hypothesis that these passages strengthened Ilan in his decision.{{Cite news \|title\=אורי אילן \- מסר נוסף בפתקים \|language\=he \|work\=הארץ \|url\=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/2005\-01\-12/ty\-article/0000017f\-ebad\-d0f7\-a9ff\-efedca3e0000 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-09}}{{Cite news \|title\=אלוהי אברהם \- אל נקמות? \|language\=he \|work\=הארץ \|url\=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/2005\-02\-01/ty\-article/0000017f\-e506\-dc7e\-adff\-f5afcf420000 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-09}}{{Cite news \|title\=על מה ולמה הנקם \|language\=he \|work\=הארץ \|url\=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/2005\-01\-18/ty\-article/0000017f\-e912\-df2c\-a1ff\-ff534b2d0000 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-09}} However, it is not known if Ilan actually read the book; The plot of the book condemns the tradition of revenge, not praises it. In 2005, 50 years after Uri Ilan's death, an archive named after him was inaugurated at [Bar\-Ilan University](/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University "Bar-Ilan University"). The archival material was loaned to the university by members of Ilan's family.{{Cite web \|date\=December 29, 2004 \|title\=Archive to Uri Ilan's commemoration at Bar\-Ilan University \|url\=https://www.inn.co.il/news/98791}} The city of [Kiryat Shmona](/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona "Kiryat Shmona"), near which the squad was captured, honored his memory and named a street after Uri Ilan. In 1955 Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan wrote to the members of the Ilan family: "We will keep the original notes in the army archive". Since then, the notes have been kept in the [Military Intelligence Directorate](/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_%28Israel%29 "Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)")'s archive. The tour guide Gil Brenner initiated the creation of the "Uri Ilan Trail \- We Did Not Betray" documenting the walking route of Uri Ilan and his friends. The path was inaugurated in the winter of 2016 and along it are placed monuments made by the sculptor Yuval Lufen of [Kibbutz Ginosar](/wiki/Kibbutz_Ginosar "Kibbutz Ginosar").
[ "Commemoration and legacy\n------------------------", "[thumb\\|Uri Ilan's grave in Gan Shmuel](/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_33331_Kibbutz_Gan_Shmuel.JPG \"PikiWiki Israel 33331 Kibbutz Gan Shmuel.JPG\")", "The rise of Uri Ilan, who preferred death to the disclosure of military secrets, created an [IDF](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") ethos, and was hailed as a miracle by many. Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan was the one to start it, paying tribute to Uri at his funeral, saying the following words:\n> The 19\\-year\\-old soldier, Uri Ilan, carried on his young body, and with the strength of his determined will, the mission of the security of his people, until he reached the limit of his ability and then his will prevailed over his body. Uri came to the end of his path. Attached to his cold corpse, which was returning to his homeland, was a note with his last cry: I did not betray! The army flag is bowed before you \\- the Hebrew soldier, Uri Ilan.", "The poet [Nathan Alterman](/wiki/Nathan_Alterman \"Nathan Alterman\") wrote about the event the poem \"Uri Ilan\" in his series \"The Seventh Column\", a year after Uri Ilan's suicide{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 6, 1956 \\|title\\=Nathan Alterman's song following Uri Ilan's suicide \\|url\\=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1956/01/06/01/article/25?\\&dliv\\=none\\&e\\=\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-he\\-20\\-\\-1\\-\\-img\\-txIN%7ctxTI\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-1}} (this is a translation of the songs):\n> From the northern border, from the bridge, he was brought. Sit on his back and relax properly. who's next? This is one of the army boys. This is Uri Ilan. This is one of the children.", "", "This is Uri Ilan who fights for nothing \\- witness Swept away \\- horrors \\- and twisted and twisted and fell. There was perhaps no more bitter and lonely battle Necessary battles, Israel.\nFrom the northern border on palms was brought, From the battle he fought alone, get \\- to. Between fighting goats and lovers of love. Remember his name, Israel.[thumb\\|Uri Ilan TrailA](/wiki/File:URI_ILAN_TRAIL.jpg \"URI ILAN TRAIL.jpg\") call for revenge was found in one of the notes written by Ilan. The notes were punched on pages from the book \"Revenge of the Fathers\" by [Yitzhaq Shami](/wiki/Yitzhaq_Shami \"Yitzhaq Shami\"), published by Mitzpeh in 1927 (it is not known for sure how the book got to Ilan's cell, but it was probably passed on to him through the Jewish community in Damascus). On January 14, 2005, [Haaretz](/wiki/Haaretz \"Haaretz\") newspaper published an article by Moshe Rom and Ze'ev H. Erlich about the book and its messages by Uri Ilan. The authors of the article find a connection between the calls for revenge in the notes and certain passages in the pages of the book where Uri Ilan punctuates his messages, and raise the hypothesis that these passages strengthened Ilan in his decision.{{Cite news \\|title\\=אורי אילן \\- מסר נוסף בפתקים \\|language\\=he \\|work\\=הארץ \\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/2005\\-01\\-12/ty\\-article/0000017f\\-ebad\\-d0f7\\-a9ff\\-efedca3e0000 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-09}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=אלוהי אברהם \\- אל נקמות? \\|language\\=he \\|work\\=הארץ \\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/2005\\-02\\-01/ty\\-article/0000017f\\-e506\\-dc7e\\-adff\\-f5afcf420000 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-09}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=על מה ולמה הנקם \\|language\\=he \\|work\\=הארץ \\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/2005\\-01\\-18/ty\\-article/0000017f\\-e912\\-df2c\\-a1ff\\-ff534b2d0000 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-09}} However, it is not known if Ilan actually read the book; The plot of the book condemns the tradition of revenge, not praises it.", "In 2005, 50 years after Uri Ilan's death, an archive named after him was inaugurated at [Bar\\-Ilan University](/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University \"Bar-Ilan University\"). The archival material was loaned to the university by members of Ilan's family.{{Cite web \\|date\\=December 29, 2004 \\|title\\=Archive to Uri Ilan's commemoration at Bar\\-Ilan University \\|url\\=https://www.inn.co.il/news/98791}} The city of [Kiryat Shmona](/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona \"Kiryat Shmona\"), near which the squad was captured, honored his memory and named a street after Uri Ilan. In 1955 Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan wrote to the members of the Ilan family: \"We will keep the original notes in the army archive\". Since then, the notes have been kept in the [Military Intelligence Directorate](/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_%28Israel%29 \"Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)\")'s archive.", "The tour guide Gil Brenner initiated the creation of the \"Uri Ilan Trail \\- We Did Not Betray\" documenting the walking route of Uri Ilan and his friends. The path was inaugurated in the winter of 2016 and along it are placed monuments made by the sculptor Yuval Lufen of [Kibbutz Ginosar](/wiki/Kibbutz_Ginosar \"Kibbutz Ginosar\").", "" ]
Battle ------ [thumb\|left\|The Israeli missile boats return to their base in Haifa following the battle](/wiki/File:SaarsReturn7101973.jpg "SaarsReturn7101973.jpg") At the beginning of the [Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War "Yom Kippur War"), the Israeli Navy carried out a raid against the Syrian port of Latakia. For this, the Israelis sent five missile boats and two landing ships with four helicopters. The helicopters had ESM, chaff, and mechanical–electronic echo enhancement equipment. The aim of the strike force was to carry out missile and gun attacks on the Syrian port. The helicopters were to be used for surface surveillance, EW, and gun spotting and as decoys. The four Israeli Navy [Sa'ar 3\-class](/wiki/Sa%27ar_3-class_missile_boat "Sa'ar 3-class missile boat") and one [Sa'ar 4\-class](/wiki/Sa%27ar_4-class_missile_boat "Sa'ar 4-class missile boat") missile boats headed towards the Syrian [port of Latakia](/wiki/Port_of_Latakia "Port of Latakia") in two parallel columns. In the western column were the missile boats *Miznak* (Blast), *Ga'ash* (Storm), and *Hanit* (Spear); the eastern column was composed of the missile boats *Mivtach* (Reliance) and *Reshef* (Spark). The Israeli missile boats were detected by a patrolling Syrian torpedo boat and this detection was reported to the base. But before any reinforcements could be sent, at 22:28 hours the Israelis encountered the Syrian K\-123 [torpedo boat](/wiki/Torpedo_boat "Torpedo boat") which was attacked using Gabriel SSMs and sunk by 76 mm gunfire from *Mivtach* and *Hanit*. As they headed toward the shore, the Israeli ships engaged a 560\-ton Syrian [T43\-class minesweeper](/wiki/T43-class_minesweeper "T43-class minesweeper") and also sank it, this time using four Gabriel anti\-ship missiles. At 23:30, the Israelis made contact with two Syrian [Komar\-class](/wiki/Komar-class_missile_boat "Komar-class missile boat") and one [Osa\-class missile boats](/wiki/Osa-class_missile_boat "Osa-class missile boat"). The Israeli force turned East South Eastwards, and the helicopters climbed high so as to be detected by the shore radar at Latakia. In the meantime, three patrolling Syrian missile boats from off Bans were vectored northwest to attack the Israeli formation of seven radar contacts (three chaff clouds and four helicopters). At about 2330, the Syrians launched eight to twelve Styx missiles at the Israeli formation, which subsequently disappeared from the Syrian radar. The Syrian missile boats fired their Styx missiles at long range, but as the missiles approached, the Israelis employed [electronic countermeasures](/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures "Electronic countermeasures") and launched [chaff](/wiki/Chaff_%28radar_countermeasure%29 "Chaff (radar countermeasure)") rockets to successfully decoy the missiles. When the Israeli ships closed the range, they fired five Gabriel missiles, sinking one Komar and the Osa immediately and damaging the second Komar. The surviving Syrian Komar tried to escape, but it ran aground in shallow water and was destroyed by 76 mm cannon fire at 00:26 hours. During this naval clash, other Syrian missile boats launched missiles from within the port limits of Latakia (actually launched while the missile boats were moored between merchant ships in port). However, these missiles malfunctioned or lost guidance, and two foreign (one Greek and one Japanese) merchant vessels anchored along the [piers](/wiki/Pier "Pier") were hit. Both vessels were struck in the engine rooms. The [Syrian Navy](/wiki/Syrian_Navy "Syrian Navy") remained bottled up in its [home ports](/wiki/Home_port "Home port") for the rest of the war. While the Battle of Latakia was the first naval battle in history between missile boats, it was not the first incident in which a missile boat sank another ship using missiles. That had happened when two [Egyptian Navy](/wiki/Egyptian_Navy "Egyptian Navy") Komar\-class missile boats sank the British\-built Israeli [destroyer](/wiki/Destroyer "Destroyer") [*Eilat*](/wiki/HMS_Zealous_%28R39%29%23Service_as_Eilat "HMS Zealous (R39)#Service as Eilat") on 21 October 1967, shortly after the [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War"), using four [P\-15 Termit](/wiki/P-15_Termit "P-15 Termit") surface\-to\-surface missiles.{{Citation \|title\=Cruise Missiles \|first\=Richard K \|last\=Betts \|page\=381 \|publisher\=Brookings Institution Press \|year\=1982 \|isbn\=0\-8157\-0933\-1 }}.{{Citation \|first\=Saad \|last\=El Shzly \|page\=23 \|title\=The Crossing of the Suez \|date\=31 March 1980 \|publisher\=American Mideast Research \|isbn\=0\-9604562\-0\-1 }}.
[ "Battle\n------", "[thumb\\|left\\|The Israeli missile boats return to their base in Haifa following the battle](/wiki/File:SaarsReturn7101973.jpg \"SaarsReturn7101973.jpg\")\nAt the beginning of the [Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War \"Yom Kippur War\"), the Israeli Navy carried out a raid against the Syrian port of Latakia. For this, the Israelis sent five missile boats and two landing ships with four helicopters. The helicopters had ESM, chaff, and mechanical–electronic echo enhancement equipment. The aim of the strike force was to carry out missile and gun attacks on the Syrian port. The helicopters were to be used for surface surveillance, EW, and gun spotting and as decoys.", "The four Israeli Navy [Sa'ar 3\\-class](/wiki/Sa%27ar_3-class_missile_boat \"Sa'ar 3-class missile boat\") and one [Sa'ar 4\\-class](/wiki/Sa%27ar_4-class_missile_boat \"Sa'ar 4-class missile boat\") missile boats headed towards the Syrian [port of Latakia](/wiki/Port_of_Latakia \"Port of Latakia\") in two parallel columns. In the western column were the missile boats *Miznak* (Blast), *Ga'ash* (Storm), and *Hanit* (Spear); the eastern column was composed of the missile boats *Mivtach* (Reliance) and *Reshef* (Spark).", "The Israeli missile boats were detected by a patrolling Syrian torpedo boat and this detection was reported to the base. But before any reinforcements could be sent, at 22:28 hours the Israelis encountered the Syrian K\\-123 [torpedo boat](/wiki/Torpedo_boat \"Torpedo boat\") which was attacked using Gabriel SSMs and sunk by 76 mm gunfire from *Mivtach* and *Hanit*. As they headed toward the shore, the Israeli ships engaged a 560\\-ton Syrian [T43\\-class minesweeper](/wiki/T43-class_minesweeper \"T43-class minesweeper\") and also sank it, this time using four Gabriel anti\\-ship missiles. At 23:30, the Israelis made contact with two Syrian [Komar\\-class](/wiki/Komar-class_missile_boat \"Komar-class missile boat\") and one [Osa\\-class missile boats](/wiki/Osa-class_missile_boat \"Osa-class missile boat\"). The Israeli force turned East South Eastwards, and the helicopters climbed high so as to be detected by the shore radar at Latakia. In the meantime, three patrolling Syrian missile boats from off Bans were vectored northwest to attack the Israeli formation of seven radar contacts (three chaff clouds and four helicopters). At about 2330, the Syrians launched eight to twelve Styx missiles at the Israeli formation, which subsequently disappeared from the Syrian radar. The Syrian missile boats fired their Styx missiles at long range, but as the missiles approached, the Israelis employed [electronic countermeasures](/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures \"Electronic countermeasures\") and launched [chaff](/wiki/Chaff_%28radar_countermeasure%29 \"Chaff (radar countermeasure)\") rockets to successfully decoy the missiles. When the Israeli ships closed the range, they fired five Gabriel missiles, sinking one Komar and the Osa immediately and damaging the second Komar. The surviving Syrian Komar tried to escape, but it ran aground in shallow water and was destroyed by 76 mm cannon fire at 00:26 hours.", "During this naval clash, other Syrian missile boats launched missiles from within the port limits of Latakia (actually launched while the missile boats were moored between merchant ships in port). However, these missiles malfunctioned or lost guidance, and two foreign (one Greek and one Japanese) merchant vessels anchored along the [piers](/wiki/Pier \"Pier\") were hit. Both vessels were struck in the engine rooms.", "The [Syrian Navy](/wiki/Syrian_Navy \"Syrian Navy\") remained bottled up in its [home ports](/wiki/Home_port \"Home port\") for the rest of the war.", "While the Battle of Latakia was the first naval battle in history between missile boats, it was not the first incident in which a missile boat sank another ship using missiles. That had happened when two [Egyptian Navy](/wiki/Egyptian_Navy \"Egyptian Navy\") Komar\\-class missile boats sank the British\\-built Israeli [destroyer](/wiki/Destroyer \"Destroyer\") [*Eilat*](/wiki/HMS_Zealous_%28R39%29%23Service_as_Eilat \"HMS Zealous (R39)#Service as Eilat\") on 21 October 1967, shortly after the [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\"), using four [P\\-15 Termit](/wiki/P-15_Termit \"P-15 Termit\") surface\\-to\\-surface missiles.{{Citation \\|title\\=Cruise Missiles \\|first\\=Richard K \\|last\\=Betts \\|page\\=381 \\|publisher\\=Brookings Institution Press \\|year\\=1982 \\|isbn\\=0\\-8157\\-0933\\-1 }}.{{Citation \\|first\\=Saad \\|last\\=El Shzly \\|page\\=23 \\|title\\=The Crossing of the Suez \\|date\\=31 March 1980 \\|publisher\\=American Mideast Research \\|isbn\\=0\\-9604562\\-0\\-1 }}.", "" ]
Plot ---- ### Part one At [Waterloo International railway station](/wiki/Waterloo_International_railway_station "Waterloo International railway station"), Roy and Pat, who have two tickets to the [FIFA World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup "FIFA World Cup") final, are on their way to France via the [Eurostar](/wiki/Eurostar "Eurostar"). Having rented a van, Barry, Robbie, Huw and Lenny are already there but become lost due to Robbie choosing to drink alcohol rather than give directions. The group need to reach Paris by 9\.30 to pick up tickets for the World Cup from Charlie, who is selling them to Barry. On the Eurostar, Pat is becoming annoyed by excited football fans singing chants. Reminding her that it is the World Cup and that even more fans will be in Paris, Roy reassures her that they can still have a nice time. Meanwhile, the group's van has suddenly broken down, requiring the men to push it to the side of the road and find help. Lenny goes into a local bar and tries to speak French to a waitress called Karen. Laughing at his poor attempt, she replies in English. Now in France but unable to get a taxi, Pat and Roy walk down a street but Roy sees Barry hanging out of his van, so he rushes Pat into their hotel, Hotel Madison, to avoid her seeing Barry. In their room, Roy moans about the room size and the view from their windows. The men reach the bar where they plan to meet Charlie and he is already waiting and angry as they are 20 minutes late. Barry asks if he still has the four tickets he wanted but Charlie says that Barry only asked for two and that he can collect them the next day. The next morning, Roy moans about the size of the bathroom, but Pat tells him that as long as the room is clean and the bed is firm, then it is fine. The men wake up in the van and Barry brings them croissants and coffee as he feels guilty about only getting two tickets. ### Part two Pat and Roy come out of the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre "Louvre") museum. Roy is enjoying it, but Pat remarks that the Louvre Pyramid looks like a greenhouse. Pat is getting tired of Roy's quick stop tours and asks Roy to slow down. Barry admits to Robbie there are only two tickets, and he has chosen him to have the other. In the bar, Robbie has told Huw and Lenny about the tickets and everyone is annoyed at Barry, so Lenny suggests they draw lots to see who will get a ticket. Roy gives Pat a tour of the [Notre Dame](/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris "Notre-Dame de Paris"), but Pat is still having difficulties keeping up. Roy then walks past the [Eiffel Tower](/wiki/Eiffel_Tower "Eiffel Tower") without saying anything. Roy explains that [Les Invalides](/wiki/Les_Invalides "Les Invalides") houses the remains of [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon "Napoleon") and points out a statue of *[The Thinker](/wiki/The_Thinker "The Thinker")* but says nothing to Pat. They return to their hotel. In the bar, Charlie gives Barry the tickets and the men draw straws; Huw and Lenny win the tickets. As they come out of the bar, they see their van being driven away by thieves. With nowhere to sleep, they go to Hotel Madison and knock on Roy and Pat's hotel room door. Roy opens the door and is horrified to see them. ### Part three In the hotel restaurant, Pat is outraged that Barry is in France and that Roy did not tell her. Pat says it is bad enough thinking of having to go home to Barry without having to share a hotel room with him and the others. Robbie and Huw thank Roy for allowing them spend the night in his hotel room. In a bar, a French woman asks if she can sit next to Robbie, and Robbie becomes love\-stricken. Barry is wallowing, saying that he has always wanted to see the World Cup Final, but as usual things have conspired against him. Roy gives Barry his two tickets for the World Cup Final and tells him to enjoy it. Roy then apologises to Pat. Barry finds Robbie and tells him they are going to the final as he has another two tickets, and several people try to buy the tickets from Barry. Roy shows Pat *[The Kiss](/wiki/The_Kiss_%28Rodin_sculpture%29 "The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)")*, a sculpture depicting two people kissing. Roy wishes he could just tell Pat how much he loves her and realises that he is blessed for having her. Pat acknowledges that Roy did the right thing by helping Barry and she says she is glad that they are in the most romantic city on Earth; Pat kisses Roy. At the stadium, everyone is excited for the final. Barry and Robbie show Lenny and Huw their tickets, and they all go in together to watch the match.
[ "Plot\n----", "### Part one", "At [Waterloo International railway station](/wiki/Waterloo_International_railway_station \"Waterloo International railway station\"), Roy and Pat, who have two tickets to the [FIFA World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup \"FIFA World Cup\") final, are on their way to France via the [Eurostar](/wiki/Eurostar \"Eurostar\"). Having rented a van, Barry, Robbie, Huw and Lenny are already there but become lost due to Robbie choosing to drink alcohol rather than give directions. The group need to reach Paris by 9\\.30 to pick up tickets for the World Cup from Charlie, who is selling them to Barry. On the Eurostar, Pat is becoming annoyed by excited football fans singing chants. Reminding her that it is the World Cup and that even more fans will be in Paris, Roy reassures her that they can still have a nice time. Meanwhile, the group's van has suddenly broken down, requiring the men to push it to the side of the road and find help. Lenny goes into a local bar and tries to speak French to a waitress called Karen. Laughing at his poor attempt, she replies in English.", "Now in France but unable to get a taxi, Pat and Roy walk down a street but Roy sees Barry hanging out of his van, so he rushes Pat into their hotel, Hotel Madison, to avoid her seeing Barry. In their room, Roy moans about the room size and the view from their windows. The men reach the bar where they plan to meet Charlie and he is already waiting and angry as they are 20 minutes late. Barry asks if he still has the four tickets he wanted but Charlie says that Barry only asked for two and that he can collect them the next day. The next morning, Roy moans about the size of the bathroom, but Pat tells him that as long as the room is clean and the bed is firm, then it is fine. The men wake up in the van and Barry brings them croissants and coffee as he feels guilty about only getting two tickets.", "### Part two", "Pat and Roy come out of the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre \"Louvre\") museum. Roy is enjoying it, but Pat remarks that the Louvre Pyramid looks like a greenhouse. Pat is getting tired of Roy's quick stop tours and asks Roy to slow down. Barry admits to Robbie there are only two tickets, and he has chosen him to have the other. In the bar, Robbie has told Huw and Lenny about the tickets and everyone is annoyed at Barry, so Lenny suggests they draw lots to see who will get a ticket.", "Roy gives Pat a tour of the [Notre Dame](/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris \"Notre-Dame de Paris\"), but Pat is still having difficulties keeping up. Roy then walks past the [Eiffel Tower](/wiki/Eiffel_Tower \"Eiffel Tower\") without saying anything. Roy explains that [Les Invalides](/wiki/Les_Invalides \"Les Invalides\") houses the remains of [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon \"Napoleon\") and points out a statue of *[The Thinker](/wiki/The_Thinker \"The Thinker\")* but says nothing to Pat. They return to their hotel.", "In the bar, Charlie gives Barry the tickets and the men draw straws; Huw and Lenny win the tickets. As they come out of the bar, they see their van being driven away by thieves. With nowhere to sleep, they go to Hotel Madison and knock on Roy and Pat's hotel room door. Roy opens the door and is horrified to see them.", "### Part three", "In the hotel restaurant, Pat is outraged that Barry is in France and that Roy did not tell her. Pat says it is bad enough thinking of having to go home to Barry without having to share a hotel room with him and the others. Robbie and Huw thank Roy for allowing them spend the night in his hotel room. In a bar, a French woman asks if she can sit next to Robbie, and Robbie becomes love\\-stricken.", "Barry is wallowing, saying that he has always wanted to see the World Cup Final, but as usual things have conspired against him. Roy gives Barry his two tickets for the World Cup Final and tells him to enjoy it. Roy then apologises to Pat. Barry finds Robbie and tells him they are going to the final as he has another two tickets, and several people try to buy the tickets from Barry.", "Roy shows Pat *[The Kiss](/wiki/The_Kiss_%28Rodin_sculpture%29 \"The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)\")*, a sculpture depicting two people kissing. Roy wishes he could just tell Pat how much he loves her and realises that he is blessed for having her. Pat acknowledges that Roy did the right thing by helping Barry and she says she is glad that they are in the most romantic city on Earth; Pat kisses Roy. At the stadium, everyone is excited for the final. Barry and Robbie show Lenny and Huw their tickets, and they all go in together to watch the match.", "" ]
Subsidiaries ------------ ### Maruti Suzuki India Limited (Formerly *Maruti Udyog Limited*) {{Main\|Maruti Suzuki}} [left\|thumb\|Maruti Suzuki [A\-Star](/wiki/Maruti_A-Star "Maruti A-Star"), Suzuki's fifth global car model, was designed and is made only in India and exported as the Alto.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/171202\.html \|title\=Suzuki's A\-Star concept in global debut at Delhi auto show : Cars General \|publisher\=Earthtimes.org \|date\=9 January 2008 \|access\-date\=20 May 2009}} Besides being the largest Suzuki\-branded company in terms of car sales, Maruti Suzuki also acts as Suzuki's leading research and development arm outside Japan.](/wiki/File:2014_Suzuki_Alto_SZ_1.0_Front_%281%29.jpg "2014 Suzuki Alto SZ 1.0 Front (1).jpg") [thumb\|[Maruti Baleno](/wiki/Maruti_Baleno "Maruti Baleno") [Rally Car](/wiki/Rally_Car "Rally Car") in [Mysore](/wiki/Mysore "Mysore") Safari Rally in 2005](/wiki/File:Naren_Kumar.jpg "Naren Kumar.jpg") Based in [Gurgaon](/wiki/Gurgaon "Gurgaon"), [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana "Haryana"), [Maruti Suzuki India Limited](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki "Maruti Suzuki") is an Indian [automobile manufacturer](/wiki/Automaker "Automaker") that is a subsidiary of Japanese automaker Suzuki Motor Corporation.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate.aspx \|title\=Knowing Maruti Suzuki \|publisher\=Marutisuzuki.com \|access\-date\=29 December 2012}} Maruti Suzuki produced 1,133,695 units between 1 April 2011 and 30 March 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/monthly\-sales.aspx \|title\=Maruti Suzuki Monthly Sales \|publisher\=Marutisuzuki.com \|access\-date\=29 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126164844/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/monthly\-sales.aspx \|archive\-date\=26 January 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}} The Suzuki Motor Corporation owns 54\.2% of Maruti Suzuki and the rest is owned by various Indian public and financial institutions. The company was incorporated in 1981 and is listed on the [Bombay Stock Exchange](/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange "Bombay Stock Exchange") and [National Stock Exchange of India](/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India "National Stock Exchange of India").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch\=1\&ct\=1≻\=6\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215231200/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch\=1\&ct\=1≻\=6\|title\=Milestones\|archive\-date\=15 December 2007}} Maruti Suzuki was born as a [Government of India](/wiki/Government_of_India "Government of India")\-led company named Maruti Udyog Limited, with Suzuki as a minor partner, to make lower priced cars for middle class Indians. Over the years, the product range has widened and ownership has changed hands as the customer has evolved. Maruti Suzuki offers models ranging from the [Maruti 800](/wiki/Maruti_800 "Maruti 800") to the premium [sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29 "Sedan (car)") [Maruti Suzuki Kizashi](/wiki/Suzuki_Kizashi%23Kizashi_in_India "Suzuki Kizashi#Kizashi in India") and luxury SUV Maruti Suzuki Grand Vitara. Maruti 800 was the first model launched by the company in 1983 followed by mini\-van [Maruti Omni](/wiki/Maruti_Omni "Maruti Omni") in 1984\. [Maruti Gypsy](/wiki/Maruti_Gypsy "Maruti Gypsy"), launched in 1985, came into widespread use with the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") and [Indian Police Service](/wiki/Indian_Police_Service "Indian Police Service") becoming its primary customers. The short\-lived [Maruti 1000](/wiki/Maruti_1000 "Maruti 1000") was replaced by [Maruti Esteem](/wiki/Maruti_Esteem "Maruti Esteem") in 1994\. [Maruti Zen](/wiki/Maruti_Zen "Maruti Zen"), launched in 1993, was the company's second compact car model. The company went on to launch another compact car [Maruti Wagon\-R](/wiki/Maruti_Wagon-R "Maruti Wagon-R") followed by [Maruti Baleno](/wiki/Maruti_Baleno "Maruti Baleno") in 1999\. It was later replaced by the Suzuki SX4\. The SX4 further was replaced by [Ciaz](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki_Ciaz "Maruti Suzuki Ciaz"). In 2000, [Maruti Alto](/wiki/Maruti_Alto "Maruti Alto") was launched. The Maruti models include Maruti [Suzuki Grand Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara "Suzuki Grand Vitara"), launched in 2003, [Maruti Versa](/wiki/Maruti_Versa "Maruti Versa"), launched in 2004, [Maruti Suzuki Swift](/wiki/Maruti_Swift "Maruti Swift"), launched in 2005, [Maruti Zen Estilo](/wiki/Maruti_Zen_Estilo "Maruti Zen Estilo") and Maruti [Suzuki SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 "Suzuki SX4"), launched in 2007\. On 14 February 2011, Maruti announced that it had achieved one million total accumulated production volume of the Alto. The Alto has reached the million units mark in just seven years and five months since its launch in September 2000\. The last half of the million was achieved in 25 months. The Alto became the third car by Maruti Suzuki stable to cross the million units mark, following the Maruti 800 and the Omni. In January 2012 at the New Delhi [Auto Expo](/wiki/Auto_Expo "Auto Expo"), Maruti presented a new car called the [Maruti Suzuki XA Alpha](/wiki/Maruti_XA_Alpha "Maruti XA Alpha"),{{cite web \|url\=http://overdrive.in/details/1385/Maruti\-Suzuki\-XA\-Alpha\-origins \|title\=Maruti Suzuki XA Alpha origins – Overdrive \|publisher\=Overdrive.in \|date\=15 March 2011 \|access\-date\=17 April 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225032354/http://overdrive.in/details/1385/Maruti\-Suzuki\-XA\-Alpha\-origins \|archive\-date\=25 February 2013}}{{cite web \|url\= http://www.marutisuzuki.com/concept\-xa\-alpha\-unveiled.aspx \|title\= Concept XA Alpha unveiled \|publisher\= Marutisuzuki.com \|date\= 5 January 2012 \|access\-date\= 17 April 2013 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130524183527/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/concept\-xa\-alpha\-unveiled.aspx \|archive\-date\= 24 May 2013 \|url\-status\= dead}} to commence production in mid\-late 2013\. Maruti Suzuki unveiled the [Vitara Brezza](/wiki/Suzuki_Vitara_Brezza "Suzuki Vitara Brezza") in the Indian Auto Expo 2016 as a contender in the subcompact SUV segment. [Maruti Exports](/wiki/Maruti_Exports "Maruti Exports") Limited is Maruti's exporting subsidiary and, as such, does not operate in the domestic Indian market except in its capacity as an exporter for [Maruti Suzuki](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki "Maruti Suzuki") and for the international [Suzuki Motor Corporation](/wiki/Suzuki_Motor_Corporation "Suzuki Motor Corporation") as well as their other affiliates. The first commercial consignment of 480 cars were sent to Hungary. By sending a consignment of 571 cars to the same country, Maruti crossed the benchmark of 3,000,000 cars. Since its inception export was one of the aspects the government has been keen to encourage. ### American Suzuki Motor Corp. American Suzuki headquarters is in [Brea](/wiki/Brea%2C_California "Brea, California"), California. The company announced in November 2012 that it would stop selling cars in the United States.{{cite web \| url \= http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2012/11/suzuki\-files\-bankruptcy\-stops\-selling\-cars\-in\-us\-.html \| last \= Thomas \| first \= David \| date \= 5 November 2012 \| title \= Suzuki Files Bankruptcy, Stops Selling Cars in U.S. \| publisher \= Cars.com \| access\-date \= 5 November 2012 \| archive\-date \= 9 November 2012 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121109054138/http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2012/11/suzuki\-files\-bankruptcy\-stops\-selling\-cars\-in\-us\-.html \| url\-status \= dead }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/americansuzukimotor\-chapter\-idUSL3E8M58MP20121106 \|title\=UPDATE 2\-Suzuki to end car sales in U.S., focus on motorcycles \|date\=5 November 2012\|newspaper\=Reuters }} Through an agreement with [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation "General Motors Corporation"), Suzuki began selling a version of their [Suzuki Cultus](/wiki/Suzuki_Cultus "Suzuki Cultus") in the United States as the [Chevrolet Sprint](/wiki/Chevrolet_Sprint "Chevrolet Sprint") in 1985\. This model was initially sold as a 3\-door [hatchback](/wiki/Hatchback "Hatchback") and would be [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet")'s smallest model. [thumb\|2004 Suzuki XL\-7](/wiki/File:2004.suzuki.grand.vitara.2point0td.arp.jpg "2004.suzuki.grand.vitara.2point0td.arp.jpg") The [Samurai](/wiki/Suzuki_Jimny "Suzuki Jimny") was also introduced in 1985 for the 1986 model year and was the first car introduced to the United States by the newly created American Suzuki Corp. No other Japanese company sold more cars in the United States in its first year than Suzuki. The Samurai was available as a [convertible](/wiki/Convertible_%28car%29 "Convertible (car)") or [hardtop](/wiki/Hardtop "Hardtop") and the company slogan was *Never a Dull Moment*. The Samurai was successful until [Consumer Reports](/wiki/Consumer_Reports "Consumer Reports") alleged the Samurai of being susceptible to roll over in a 1988 test. This led to a much publicized [1996 lawsuit](/wiki/Suzuki_Motor_Corp._v._Consumers_Union_of_the_U.S.%2C_Inc. "Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Consumers Union of the U.S., Inc."), not settled until 2004\. In 1989, American Suzuki introduced the [Swift](/wiki/Suzuki_Swift "Suzuki Swift") which was the 2nd generation Suzuki Cultus. The Swift was available as a GTi and GLX hatchback with a 4\-door sedan following in 1990\. A new small SUV called the [Sidekick](/wiki/Suzuki_Escudo "Suzuki Escudo") was also introduced in 1989\. 1991 saw the introduction of the 4\-door Suzuki Sidekick, the first 4\-door mini\-SUV in North America. The Swift and Sidekick were cousins to GM's [Geo Metro](/wiki/Geo_Metro "Geo Metro") and [Geo Tracker](/wiki/Geo_Tracker "Geo Tracker") and were mostly produced in [Ingersoll](/wiki/Ingersoll%2C_Ontario "Ingersoll, Ontario"), Ontario, Canada by Suzuki and GM's joint venture, CAMI. The Swift GT/GTi and 4\-door models were imported from Japan. Negative evaluations from [Consumer Reports](/wiki/Consumer_Reports "Consumer Reports") of the Suzuki Samurai led to some temporary setbacks at American Suzuki as annual sales in the following years dropped to below 20,000 units. In 1995, American Suzuki introduced the [Esteem](/wiki/Suzuki_Esteem "Suzuki Esteem") and redesigned the Swift. The Swift GT was dropped and this version Swift was specific only to North America where it was built at CAMI. These models were the first Suzuki vehicles to be marketed in North America with dual front [airbags](/wiki/Airbag "Airbag"). A [station wagon](/wiki/Station_wagon "Station wagon") version of the Esteem was introduced in 1996\. Worldwide Suzuki production reached more than 975,000 cars this{{which\|date\=February 2013}} year. Also in 1996, American Suzuki released the 2\-door SUV [X\-90](/wiki/Suzuki_X-90 "Suzuki X-90") and a revised [Sidekick Sport](/wiki/Suzuki_Sidekick "Suzuki Sidekick") model with [dual airbags](/wiki/Airbag "Airbag"), a {{convert\|95\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on}} 1\.6 liter engine, 15 inch wheels. The Sidekick was replaced by the [Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Escudo "Suzuki Escudo") and the [Grand Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara "Suzuki Grand Vitara") for 1999\. The Grand Vitara would be Suzuki's first model with a V6\-cylinder engine and available 4\-wheel [ABS](/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system "Anti-lock braking system") brakes. The [XL\-7](/wiki/Suzuki_XL-7 "Suzuki XL-7") was introduced in 1998 as a stretched version of the Grand Vitara. The XL\-7 had a larger 2\.7 liter V6\-cylinder engine and 3\-row seating. This would be Suzuki's largest vehicle to date. The Swift was dropped from the model lineup in 2001 and the [Esteem](/wiki/Suzuki_Esteem "Suzuki Esteem") was replaced in 2002 by the new [Aerio](/wiki/Suzuki_Aerio "Suzuki Aerio"), which was offered as a 4\-door sedan and 5\-door [crossover](/wiki/Crossover_SUV "Crossover SUV") with [4\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive "Four-wheel drive") as an option. In 2004, General Motors and Suzuki jointly purchased the bankrupt [Daewoo Motors](/wiki/GM_Daewoo "GM Daewoo") renaming the venture GMDAT. American Suzuki rebadged the compact [Daewoo Nubira](/wiki/Daewoo_Nubira "Daewoo Nubira")/[Daewoo Lacetti](/wiki/Daewoo_Lacetti "Daewoo Lacetti") as the [Forenza](/wiki/Suzuki_Forenza "Suzuki Forenza") and the mid\-size [Daewoo Magnus](/wiki/Daewoo_Magnus "Daewoo Magnus") as the [Verona](/wiki/Suzuki_Verona "Suzuki Verona"). The [Forenza](/wiki/Suzuki_Forenza "Suzuki Forenza") gained [station wagon](/wiki/Station_wagon "Station wagon") and hatchback body style in 2005, with the hatchback sold under the [Reno](/wiki/Suzuki_Reno "Suzuki Reno") name. 2006 was the first year American Suzuki sold more than 100,000 vehicles in the United States. Suzuki redesigned the Grand Vitara in 2006 as well as introduced the all\-new [SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 "Suzuki SX4") and [XL7](/wiki/Suzuki_XL-7%23Second_generation_%28XL7%3B_2006%29 "Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)") in 2007\. The [Suzuki SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 "Suzuki SX4") is produced as a joint venture with [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_S.p.A. "Fiat S.p.A.") and the XL7 (notice the shortening of the name from Grand Vitara XL\-7\) was produced as a joint venture with GM at CAMI Automotive Inc. in Ingersoll. Suzuki put XL7 production on indefinite hiatus in mid\-2009 due to low demand and subsequently sold off its share of CAMI back to GM later that year. Despite a difficult domestic US automarket, Suzuki kept pace with its 2007 sales numbers in 2008\. In 2009 however, Suzuki sales dropped 48\.5%,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2010/01/05/460657\.html \|title\=U.S. December 2009 Auto Sales \|publisher\= TheAutoChannel.com \|access\-date\=19 April 2011}} following a 17% sales drop in 2008\.{{cite web \|url\=http://media.suzuki.com/auto/index.php?p\=448 \|title\=Suzuki December 2008 Sales \|publisher\=Media.suzuki.com \|access\-date\=19 April 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171017/http://media.suzuki.com/auto/index.php?p\=448 \|archive\-date\=16 July 2011}} Suzuki did not import any 2010 model year street motorcycles into the US, with dealers instead relying on unsold stock from the 2009 model year.{{Cite news \|title\=No 2010 Suzukis planned \|first\=Wes \|last\=Siler \|date\=19 November 2009 \|magazine\=Hell for Leather \|url\=http://hellforleathermagazine.com/2009/11/no\-2010\-suzukis\-planned/ \|access\-date\=21 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124014851/http://hellforleathermagazine.com/2009/11/no\-2010\-suzukis\-planned/ \|archive\-date\=24 November 2010 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite news \|title\= No 2010 Suzuki Sportbikes? \|last\=Atlas \|first\= Steve \|magazine\= MotorcycleUSA \|url\= http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/5/473/3/Motorcycle\-Blog\-Post/No\-2010\-Suzuki\-Sportbikes\-.aspx \|access\-date\=21 January 2011 }} New street motorcycle models to the US resumed for the 2011 model year.{{Cite news \|title\= Suzuki Intros First Wave of 2011 Motorcycles \|first\= Bryan \|last\= Harley \|magazine\= Motorcycle USA \|date\= 19 July 2010 \|url\= http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/598/7514/Motorcycle\-Article/Suzuki\-Intros\-First\-Wave\-of\-2011\-Motorcycles.aspx \|access\-date\= 21 January 2011 \|archive\-date\= 16 January 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210116165724/https://www.jpcycles.com/countersteer \|url\-status\= dead }} In November 2012, Suzuki announced that its US division would file for bankruptcy and would stop selling automobiles in the United States. It plans to continue to sell motorcycles, ATVs, and marine products in the US. In ten months of 2012, Suzuki only sold 21,188 automobiles in the US. The combination of a strong yen and Suzuki's own limited offering of models has been blamed for the downturn. ### Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited [thumb\|The [Suzuki FX](/wiki/Suzuki_FX "Suzuki FX") was the first car that was assembled by Pak Suzuki in Pakistan.\|right](/wiki/File:Suzukifx1987.png "Suzukifx1987.png") Following the terms of the joint\-venture agreement between Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan (SMC) and Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PACO), [Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited (PSMCL)](/wiki/Pak_Suzuki_Motors "Pak Suzuki Motors") was incorporated as a public limited company in August 1983\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/ \|title\=Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited \|publisher\=Paksuzuki.com.pk \|access\-date\=20 May 2009 \|archive\-date\=14 April 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414154524/http://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/ \|url\-status\=dead }} The new company assumed the assets including production facilities of Awami Autos Limited. PSMCL started commercial operations in January 1984 with the primary objective of passenger cars, pick ups, vans and 4x4 vehicles. The groundbreaking ceremony of the company's green field automobile plant at Bin Qasim was performed by the then Prime Minister of Pakistan in early 1989\. On completion of first phase of this plant in early 1990, in\-house assembly Suzuki engines started. The new plant was completed in 1992, and Suzuki production was transferred to new plant – and [three\-box](/wiki/Three-box_styling "Three-box styling") 1,300 cc Margalla car was also added to its range of production. In September 1992 the company was privatized and placed directly under the Japanese Management. At the time of privatization SMC increased its equity from 25% to 40% Subsequently, SMC progressively increased its equity to 73\.09% by 31 December 2001\. The Bin Qasim Plant further expanded its production capacity to 50,000 vehicles per year in July 1994 and 300,000 vehicles had been manufactured at this plant by December 2003\. ### Suzuki Canada Inc. * 1973 – 1 June, Suzuki Canada Ltd. was incorporated with offices at [North York](/wiki/North_York "North York"), Ontario. Product lines included motorcycles, parts and accessories to Suzuki dealers throughout Canada. * 1974 – [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") branch office and warehouse inaugurated to service dealers in western Canada. * 1980 – Autumn – Suzuki Canada began its automotive sales with the marketing and sales of the four\-wheel\-drive [LJ80](/wiki/Suzuki_Jimny%23SJ20 "Suzuki Jimny#SJ20") in eastern Canada. 1 November, the name of company changed from Suzuki Canada Ltd. to Suzuki Canada Inc. * 1982 – Introduction of a line of Suzuki all\-terrain vehicles (ATVs) in Canada. * 1983 – Introduction of a line of Suzuki outboard motors in western Canada. 1 February 1983 – Western Branch moved to enlarged facilities in [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_British_Columbia "Richmond, British Columbia"), British Columbia. * 1984 – Began the sales of 'Suzuki Forsa' ([Suzuki Cultus](/wiki/Suzuki_Cultus "Suzuki Cultus")) automobile. * 1986 – A$600 million Suzuki\-GM joint venture CAMI Automotive Inc. announced for the manufacturing of vehicles. Production was set to begin in 1989 at [Ingersoll](/wiki/Ingersoll%2C_Ontario "Ingersoll, Ontario"), Ontario. * 1987 – 25 January – Suzuki Canada Inc. moved to a new {{convert\|110000\|sqft\|m2\|abbr\=on}}. head office and warehouse facility at [Richmond Hill](/wiki/Richmond_Hill%2C_Ontario "Richmond Hill, Ontario"), Ontario. * 1988 – Autumn – Suzuki began selling the CAMI\-built 2\-door [Suzuki Sidekick](/wiki/Suzuki_Escudo "Suzuki Escudo"). * 2009 – Autumn – Suzuki sold its participation in CAMI to GM.{{cite news\|title\=Suzuki, General Motors to end Canada partnership\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/business/suzuki\-general\-motors\-to\-end\-canada\-partnership/article60114\.ece\|newspaper\=The Hindu\|date\=4 December 2009\|quote\=Suzuki said on Friday it will sell its 50 percent stake in CAMI Automotive Inc. to GM for an undisclosed price. The deal marks the demise of a nearly three\-decade relationship between the two companies and gives GM full control of the factory.}} In 2013, Suzuki Canada announced that it would follow the US division and stop selling automobiles in Canada after the 2014 model year. Suzuki Canada will continue to provide parts and services to vehicles through dealer network, as well as selling motorcycles, ATV and outboard motors.{{cite news \|url\=http://business.financialpost.com/2013/03/26/suzuki\-to\-stop\-selling\-autos\-in\-canada/\| title\=Suzuki to stop selling autos in Canada \| newspaper\=Financial Post \|date\=26 March 2013\| last1\=Deveau \| first1\=Scott }} ### Suzuki GB PLC *Suzuki GB PLC* are the manufacturer's agent and distributor of automobiles, motorcycles, ATV's and Marine engines in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") with a head office based in [Milton Keynes](/wiki/Milton_Keynes "Milton Keynes"). A wholly owned subsidiary of the *Suzuki Motor Corporation* operates as *Suzuki Cars (Ireland) Limited* in [Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"). * In 1963, Suzuki commenced official import of motorcycles, via an independent distributor called *Suzuki (Great Britain) Limited*. * In 1968, *Suzuki (Great Britain) Limited* went into receivership and Hambros bank sold the company to Peter Agg of [Trojan (automobile)](/wiki/Trojan_%28automobile%29 "Trojan (automobile)"). He formed a new company called *Suzuki GB Limited* that took over Suzuki's independent UK distribution. * Around 1975, *Heron Corporation plc* bought into *Suzuki GB Limited* and the company was thereafter known as *Heron Suzuki GB Limited*. * From 1975 and into the 1980s, [Heron International](/wiki/Heron_International "Heron International") sponsored the [Suzuki](/wiki/Suzuki_MotoGP "Suzuki MotoGP") factory racing team in [Grand Prix motorcycle racing](/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing "Grand Prix motorcycle racing"), with riders including [Barry Sheene](/wiki/Barry_Sheene "Barry Sheene"), [Randy Mamola](/wiki/Randy_Mamola "Randy Mamola"), [Graeme Crosby](/wiki/Graeme_Crosby "Graeme Crosby"), [Mick Grant](/wiki/Mick_Grant "Mick Grant") and [Rob McElnea](/wiki/Rob_McElnea "Rob McElnea"). * in 1989, *Heron Suzuki GB Limited* became *Heron Suzuki Plc*. * In 1994, *Suzuki GB PLC* took over the direct distribution of all Suzuki products in the United Kingdom. ### Suzuki Indomobil Motor {{Main\|Suzuki Indomobil Motor}} [thumb\|left\|[Suzuki Carry](/wiki/Suzuki_Carry "Suzuki Carry"), Suzuki's best selling car in Indonesia of all time](/wiki/File:2018_Suzuki_Carry_Futura_Flat_Deck_1.5_SL415_%2820190826%29.jpg "2018 Suzuki Carry Futura Flat Deck 1.5 SL415 (20190826).jpg") [thumb\|left\|[Suzuki APV](/wiki/Suzuki_APV "Suzuki APV"), assembled in Indonesia](/wiki/File:2014_Suzuki_APV_Arena_SGX_1.5_DN42V_%2820190623%29.jpg "2014 Suzuki APV Arena SGX 1.5 DN42V (20190623).jpg") [thumb\|left\|Suzuki GSX\-R150](/wiki/File:Suzuki_GSX-R150_-_Indonesia_International_Motor_Show_2017_-_April_30_2017.jpg "Suzuki GSX-R150 - Indonesia International Motor Show 2017 - April 30 2017.jpg") *PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor* (formerly *PT Indomobil Suzuki International* until December 2008\) is a joint venture between Suzuki Motor Corporation and the [Indomobil Group](/wiki/Indomobil_Group "Indomobil Group"). The company is located in [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") and specialized in manufacturing Suzuki vehicles for the domestic and international markets. A separate company, *PT Suzuki Indomobil Sales (SIS)*, previously *PT Indomobil Niaga International*,{{Cite web\|url\=https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2009/02/15/1608321/Suzuku.Ganti.Nama.Perusahaan.dan.Pimpinan.di.Indonesia\|title\=Suzuki Ganti Nama Perusahaan dan Pimpinan di Indonesia\|last\=Media\|first\=Kompas Cyber\|website\=KOMPAS.com\|date\=15 February 2009\|language\=id\|access\-date\=18 August 2019}} handled sales and marketing of Suzuki automobiles and motorcycles. Suzuki has done its first activities on the Indonesian market in 1970 about its import firm PT. Indohero Steel \& Engineering Company. Six years later they were built the manufacturing facility in Jakarta which is the oldest part of the Indomobil Group. Their first product was the [ST20 Carry](/wiki/Suzuki_Carry%23ST20 "Suzuki Carry#ST20") (introduced in 1978\), it saw extensive use as an [Angkot](/wiki/Share_taxi "Share taxi").{{cite book \| title \= Arsip mobil kita: Tamasya sejarah seabad perjalanan mobil di Indonesia \|trans\-title\=Our cars archive: Sightseeing through a century of the car in Indonesia \| language \= id \| year \= 2003 \| page \= 109 \| isbn \= 9789799768506 \| last1 \= Trisulo \| first1 \= Bambang \| last2 \= Samudra \| first2 \= M \| last3 \= Firmansyah \| first3 \= Arif \| publisher \= PT Temprint \| location \= Jakarta }} Nicknamed "Trungtung", it was built until at least 1983\.{{cite journal \| url \= http://3\.bp.blogspot.com/\-28ApkgGURSY/TVSSgL7CxoI/AAAAAAAAAAQ/Q6L6N03MMIk/s1600/otokirst20\.jpg \| title \= Klasik, "Fancy", dan Cantik \| trans\-title \= Classic, "Fancy", and Beautiful \| language \= id \| date \= 19 November 2010 \| journal \= Pikiran Rakyat: Otokir Plus \| page \= 29 \| last \= Hudaya \| first \= Didih \| location \= \[\[Bandung]], \[\[Indonesia]] \| access\-date \= 26 September 2013 }} This is an [onomatopoetic](/wiki/Onomatopoeia "Onomatopoeia") word for the sound made by the Carry's two\-stroke engine. In 2011, the company invested $800 million for producing [Low Cost Green Car (LCGC)](/wiki/Indonesian_car "Indonesian car") in Indonesia. In 2013, Suzuki opened another plant in Cikarang with a total investment of $1 billion.{{Cite web\|url\=http://marketeers.com/ingin\-rajai\-pasar\-asean\-suzuki\-bangun\-pabrik\-ke\-4\-di\-indonesia/\|title\=Ingin Rajai Pasar ASEAN, Suzuki Bangun Pabrik Ke\-4 di Indonesia\|last\=Hafiz\|first\=Muhammad Perkasa Al\|date\=1 June 2015\|website\=Marketeers \- Majalah Bisnis \& Marketing Online \- Marketeers.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=18 August 2019}} The plant manufactured Ertiga MPV for both domestic and export markets and K10B engine for Karimun Wagon R.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.otosia.com/berita/suzuki\-indonesia\-resmikan\-pabrik\-baru\-di\-giic\-\-cikarang.html\|title\=Suzuki Indonesia resmikan pabrik baru di GIIC, Cikarang\|website\=merdeka.com\|date\=June 2015 \|language\=en\|access\-date\=18 August 2019}} ### Suzuki Motorcycle India, Private Limited {{Main\|Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited}} *Suzuki Motorcycle India, Private Limited (SMIL)* is the wholly owned Indian subsidiary of Suzuki, Japan. The company has a manufacturing plant at Gurgaon, Haryana having the annual capacity of 5,40,000 units.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/about\_us.aspx \|title\=Suzuki India \|access\-date\=13 July 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712022039/http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/about\_us.aspx \|archive\-date\=12 July 2016}}{{clear}}
[ "Subsidiaries\n------------", "### Maruti Suzuki India Limited (Formerly *Maruti Udyog Limited*)", "{{Main\\|Maruti Suzuki}}\n[left\\|thumb\\|Maruti Suzuki [A\\-Star](/wiki/Maruti_A-Star \"Maruti A-Star\"), Suzuki's fifth global car model, was designed and is made only in India and exported as the Alto.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/171202\\.html \\|title\\=Suzuki's A\\-Star concept in global debut at Delhi auto show : Cars General \\|publisher\\=Earthtimes.org \\|date\\=9 January 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2009}} Besides being the largest Suzuki\\-branded company in terms of car sales, Maruti Suzuki also acts as Suzuki's leading research and development arm outside Japan.](/wiki/File:2014_Suzuki_Alto_SZ_1.0_Front_%281%29.jpg \"2014 Suzuki Alto SZ 1.0 Front (1).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Maruti Baleno](/wiki/Maruti_Baleno \"Maruti Baleno\") [Rally Car](/wiki/Rally_Car \"Rally Car\") in [Mysore](/wiki/Mysore \"Mysore\") Safari Rally in 2005](/wiki/File:Naren_Kumar.jpg \"Naren Kumar.jpg\")", "Based in [Gurgaon](/wiki/Gurgaon \"Gurgaon\"), [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana \"Haryana\"), [Maruti Suzuki India Limited](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki \"Maruti Suzuki\") is an Indian [automobile manufacturer](/wiki/Automaker \"Automaker\") that is a subsidiary of Japanese automaker Suzuki Motor Corporation.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate.aspx \\|title\\=Knowing Maruti Suzuki \\|publisher\\=Marutisuzuki.com \\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2012}} Maruti Suzuki produced 1,133,695 units between 1 April 2011 and 30 March 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/monthly\\-sales.aspx \\|title\\=Maruti Suzuki Monthly Sales \\|publisher\\=Marutisuzuki.com \\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126164844/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/monthly\\-sales.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Suzuki Motor Corporation owns 54\\.2% of Maruti Suzuki and the rest is owned by various Indian public and financial institutions. The company was incorporated in 1981 and is listed on the [Bombay Stock Exchange](/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange \"Bombay Stock Exchange\") and [National Stock Exchange of India](/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India \"National Stock Exchange of India\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch\\=1\\&ct\\=1≻\\=6\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215231200/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch\\=1\\&ct\\=1≻\\=6\\|title\\=Milestones\\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2007}}", "Maruti Suzuki was born as a [Government of India](/wiki/Government_of_India \"Government of India\")\\-led company named Maruti Udyog Limited, with Suzuki as a minor partner, to make lower priced cars for middle class Indians. Over the years, the product range has widened and ownership has changed hands as the customer has evolved.", "Maruti Suzuki offers models ranging from the [Maruti 800](/wiki/Maruti_800 \"Maruti 800\") to the premium [sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29 \"Sedan (car)\") [Maruti Suzuki Kizashi](/wiki/Suzuki_Kizashi%23Kizashi_in_India \"Suzuki Kizashi#Kizashi in India\") and luxury SUV Maruti Suzuki Grand Vitara. Maruti 800 was the first model launched by the company in 1983 followed by mini\\-van [Maruti Omni](/wiki/Maruti_Omni \"Maruti Omni\") in 1984\\. [Maruti Gypsy](/wiki/Maruti_Gypsy \"Maruti Gypsy\"), launched in 1985, came into widespread use with the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") and [Indian Police Service](/wiki/Indian_Police_Service \"Indian Police Service\") becoming its primary customers. The short\\-lived [Maruti 1000](/wiki/Maruti_1000 \"Maruti 1000\") was replaced by [Maruti Esteem](/wiki/Maruti_Esteem \"Maruti Esteem\") in 1994\\.", "[Maruti Zen](/wiki/Maruti_Zen \"Maruti Zen\"), launched in 1993, was the company's second compact car model. The company went on to launch another compact car [Maruti Wagon\\-R](/wiki/Maruti_Wagon-R \"Maruti Wagon-R\") followed by [Maruti Baleno](/wiki/Maruti_Baleno \"Maruti Baleno\") in 1999\\. It was later replaced by the Suzuki SX4\\. The SX4 further was replaced by [Ciaz](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki_Ciaz \"Maruti Suzuki Ciaz\").", "In 2000, [Maruti Alto](/wiki/Maruti_Alto \"Maruti Alto\") was launched. The Maruti models include Maruti [Suzuki Grand Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara \"Suzuki Grand Vitara\"), launched in 2003, [Maruti Versa](/wiki/Maruti_Versa \"Maruti Versa\"), launched in 2004, [Maruti Suzuki Swift](/wiki/Maruti_Swift \"Maruti Swift\"), launched in 2005, [Maruti Zen Estilo](/wiki/Maruti_Zen_Estilo \"Maruti Zen Estilo\") and Maruti [Suzuki SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 \"Suzuki SX4\"), launched in 2007\\.", "On 14 February 2011, Maruti announced that it had achieved one million total accumulated production volume of the Alto. The Alto has reached the million units mark in just seven years and five months since its launch in September 2000\\. The last half of the million was achieved in 25 months. The Alto became the third car by Maruti Suzuki stable to cross the million units mark, following the Maruti 800 and the Omni.", "In January 2012 at the New Delhi [Auto Expo](/wiki/Auto_Expo \"Auto Expo\"), Maruti presented a new car called the [Maruti Suzuki XA Alpha](/wiki/Maruti_XA_Alpha \"Maruti XA Alpha\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://overdrive.in/details/1385/Maruti\\-Suzuki\\-XA\\-Alpha\\-origins \\|title\\=Maruti Suzuki XA Alpha origins – Overdrive \\|publisher\\=Overdrive.in \\|date\\=15 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225032354/http://overdrive.in/details/1385/Maruti\\-Suzuki\\-XA\\-Alpha\\-origins \\|archive\\-date\\=25 February 2013}}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.marutisuzuki.com/concept\\-xa\\-alpha\\-unveiled.aspx \\|title\\= Concept XA Alpha unveiled \\|publisher\\= Marutisuzuki.com \\|date\\= 5 January 2012 \\|access\\-date\\= 17 April 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130524183527/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/concept\\-xa\\-alpha\\-unveiled.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\= 24 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\= dead}} to commence production in mid\\-late 2013\\. Maruti Suzuki unveiled the [Vitara Brezza](/wiki/Suzuki_Vitara_Brezza \"Suzuki Vitara Brezza\") in the Indian Auto Expo 2016 as a contender in the subcompact SUV segment.", "[Maruti Exports](/wiki/Maruti_Exports \"Maruti Exports\") Limited is Maruti's exporting subsidiary and, as such, does not operate in the domestic Indian market except in its capacity as an exporter for [Maruti Suzuki](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki \"Maruti Suzuki\") and for the international [Suzuki Motor Corporation](/wiki/Suzuki_Motor_Corporation \"Suzuki Motor Corporation\") as well as their other affiliates. The first commercial consignment of 480 cars were sent to Hungary. By sending a consignment of 571 cars to the same country, Maruti crossed the benchmark of 3,000,000 cars. Since its inception export was one of the aspects the government has been keen to encourage.", "### American Suzuki Motor Corp.", "American Suzuki headquarters is in [Brea](/wiki/Brea%2C_California \"Brea, California\"), California. The company announced in November 2012 that it would stop selling cars in the United States.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2012/11/suzuki\\-files\\-bankruptcy\\-stops\\-selling\\-cars\\-in\\-us\\-.html \\| last \\= Thomas \\| first \\= David \\| date \\= 5 November 2012 \\| title \\= Suzuki Files Bankruptcy, Stops Selling Cars in U.S. \\| publisher \\= Cars.com \\| access\\-date \\= 5 November 2012 \\| archive\\-date \\= 9 November 2012 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121109054138/http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2012/11/suzuki\\-files\\-bankruptcy\\-stops\\-selling\\-cars\\-in\\-us\\-.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/americansuzukimotor\\-chapter\\-idUSL3E8M58MP20121106 \\|title\\=UPDATE 2\\-Suzuki to end car sales in U.S., focus on motorcycles \\|date\\=5 November 2012\\|newspaper\\=Reuters }}", "Through an agreement with [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation \"General Motors Corporation\"), Suzuki began selling a version of their [Suzuki Cultus](/wiki/Suzuki_Cultus \"Suzuki Cultus\") in the United States as the [Chevrolet Sprint](/wiki/Chevrolet_Sprint \"Chevrolet Sprint\") in 1985\\. This model was initially sold as a 3\\-door [hatchback](/wiki/Hatchback \"Hatchback\") and would be [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\")'s smallest model.\n[thumb\\|2004 Suzuki XL\\-7](/wiki/File:2004.suzuki.grand.vitara.2point0td.arp.jpg \"2004.suzuki.grand.vitara.2point0td.arp.jpg\")", "The [Samurai](/wiki/Suzuki_Jimny \"Suzuki Jimny\") was also introduced in 1985 for the 1986 model year and was the first car introduced to the United States by the newly created American Suzuki Corp. No other Japanese company sold more cars in the United States in its first year than Suzuki. The Samurai was available as a [convertible](/wiki/Convertible_%28car%29 \"Convertible (car)\") or [hardtop](/wiki/Hardtop \"Hardtop\") and the company slogan was *Never a Dull Moment*. The Samurai was successful until [Consumer Reports](/wiki/Consumer_Reports \"Consumer Reports\") alleged the Samurai of being susceptible to roll over in a 1988 test. This led to a much publicized [1996 lawsuit](/wiki/Suzuki_Motor_Corp._v._Consumers_Union_of_the_U.S.%2C_Inc. \"Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Consumers Union of the U.S., Inc.\"), not settled until 2004\\.", "In 1989, American Suzuki introduced the [Swift](/wiki/Suzuki_Swift \"Suzuki Swift\") which was the 2nd generation Suzuki Cultus. The Swift was available as a GTi and GLX hatchback with a 4\\-door sedan following in 1990\\. A new small SUV called the [Sidekick](/wiki/Suzuki_Escudo \"Suzuki Escudo\") was also introduced in 1989\\. 1991 saw the introduction of the 4\\-door Suzuki Sidekick, the first 4\\-door mini\\-SUV in North America. The Swift and Sidekick were cousins to GM's [Geo Metro](/wiki/Geo_Metro \"Geo Metro\") and [Geo Tracker](/wiki/Geo_Tracker \"Geo Tracker\") and were mostly produced in [Ingersoll](/wiki/Ingersoll%2C_Ontario \"Ingersoll, Ontario\"), Ontario, Canada by Suzuki and GM's joint venture, CAMI. The Swift GT/GTi and 4\\-door models were imported from Japan. Negative evaluations from [Consumer Reports](/wiki/Consumer_Reports \"Consumer Reports\") of the Suzuki Samurai led to some temporary setbacks at American Suzuki as annual sales in the following years dropped to below 20,000 units.", "In 1995, American Suzuki introduced the [Esteem](/wiki/Suzuki_Esteem \"Suzuki Esteem\") and redesigned the Swift. The Swift GT was dropped and this version Swift was specific only to North America where it was built at CAMI. These models were the first Suzuki vehicles to be marketed in North America with dual front [airbags](/wiki/Airbag \"Airbag\"). A [station wagon](/wiki/Station_wagon \"Station wagon\") version of the Esteem was introduced in 1996\\. Worldwide Suzuki production reached more than 975,000 cars this{{which\\|date\\=February 2013}} year.", "Also in 1996, American Suzuki released the 2\\-door SUV [X\\-90](/wiki/Suzuki_X-90 \"Suzuki X-90\") and a revised [Sidekick Sport](/wiki/Suzuki_Sidekick \"Suzuki Sidekick\") model with [dual airbags](/wiki/Airbag \"Airbag\"), a {{convert\\|95\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}} 1\\.6 liter engine, 15 inch wheels. The Sidekick was replaced by the [Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Escudo \"Suzuki Escudo\") and the [Grand Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara \"Suzuki Grand Vitara\") for 1999\\. The Grand Vitara would be Suzuki's first model with a V6\\-cylinder engine and available 4\\-wheel [ABS](/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system \"Anti-lock braking system\") brakes.", "The [XL\\-7](/wiki/Suzuki_XL-7 \"Suzuki XL-7\") was introduced in 1998 as a stretched version of the Grand Vitara. The XL\\-7 had a larger 2\\.7 liter V6\\-cylinder engine and 3\\-row seating. This would be Suzuki's largest vehicle to date.", "The Swift was dropped from the model lineup in 2001 and the [Esteem](/wiki/Suzuki_Esteem \"Suzuki Esteem\") was replaced in 2002 by the new [Aerio](/wiki/Suzuki_Aerio \"Suzuki Aerio\"), which was offered as a 4\\-door sedan and 5\\-door [crossover](/wiki/Crossover_SUV \"Crossover SUV\") with [4\\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive \"Four-wheel drive\") as an option.", "In 2004, General Motors and Suzuki jointly purchased the bankrupt [Daewoo Motors](/wiki/GM_Daewoo \"GM Daewoo\") renaming the venture GMDAT. American Suzuki rebadged the compact [Daewoo Nubira](/wiki/Daewoo_Nubira \"Daewoo Nubira\")/[Daewoo Lacetti](/wiki/Daewoo_Lacetti \"Daewoo Lacetti\") as the [Forenza](/wiki/Suzuki_Forenza \"Suzuki Forenza\") and the mid\\-size [Daewoo Magnus](/wiki/Daewoo_Magnus \"Daewoo Magnus\") as the [Verona](/wiki/Suzuki_Verona \"Suzuki Verona\"). The [Forenza](/wiki/Suzuki_Forenza \"Suzuki Forenza\") gained [station wagon](/wiki/Station_wagon \"Station wagon\") and hatchback body style in 2005, with the hatchback sold under the [Reno](/wiki/Suzuki_Reno \"Suzuki Reno\") name.", "2006 was the first year American Suzuki sold more than 100,000 vehicles in the United States. Suzuki redesigned the Grand Vitara in 2006 as well as introduced the all\\-new [SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 \"Suzuki SX4\") and [XL7](/wiki/Suzuki_XL-7%23Second_generation_%28XL7%3B_2006%29 \"Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)\") in 2007\\. The [Suzuki SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 \"Suzuki SX4\") is produced as a joint venture with [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_S.p.A. \"Fiat S.p.A.\") and the XL7 (notice the shortening of the name from Grand Vitara XL\\-7\\) was produced as a joint venture with GM at CAMI Automotive Inc. in Ingersoll. Suzuki put XL7 production on indefinite hiatus in mid\\-2009 due to low demand and subsequently sold off its share of CAMI back to GM later that year.", "Despite a difficult domestic US automarket, Suzuki kept pace with its 2007 sales numbers in 2008\\. In 2009 however, Suzuki sales dropped 48\\.5%,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2010/01/05/460657\\.html \\|title\\=U.S. December 2009 Auto Sales \\|publisher\\= TheAutoChannel.com \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2011}} following a 17% sales drop in 2008\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://media.suzuki.com/auto/index.php?p\\=448 \\|title\\=Suzuki December 2008 Sales \\|publisher\\=Media.suzuki.com \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171017/http://media.suzuki.com/auto/index.php?p\\=448 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2011}} Suzuki did not import any 2010 model year street motorcycles into the US, with dealers instead relying on unsold stock from the 2009 model year.{{Cite news \\|title\\=No 2010 Suzukis planned \\|first\\=Wes \\|last\\=Siler \\|date\\=19 November 2009 \\|magazine\\=Hell for Leather \\|url\\=http://hellforleathermagazine.com/2009/11/no\\-2010\\-suzukis\\-planned/ \\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124014851/http://hellforleathermagazine.com/2009/11/no\\-2010\\-suzukis\\-planned/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 November 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite news \\|title\\= No 2010 Suzuki Sportbikes? \\|last\\=Atlas \\|first\\= Steve \\|magazine\\= MotorcycleUSA \\|url\\= http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/5/473/3/Motorcycle\\-Blog\\-Post/No\\-2010\\-Suzuki\\-Sportbikes\\-.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2011 }} New street motorcycle models to the US resumed for the 2011 model year.{{Cite news \\|title\\= Suzuki Intros First Wave of 2011 Motorcycles \\|first\\= Bryan \\|last\\= Harley \\|magazine\\= Motorcycle USA \\|date\\= 19 July 2010 \\|url\\= http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/598/7514/Motorcycle\\-Article/Suzuki\\-Intros\\-First\\-Wave\\-of\\-2011\\-Motorcycles.aspx \\|access\\-date\\= 21 January 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\= 16 January 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210116165724/https://www.jpcycles.com/countersteer \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}", "In November 2012, Suzuki announced that its US division would file for bankruptcy and would stop selling automobiles in the United States. It plans to continue to sell motorcycles, ATVs, and marine products in the US. In ten months of 2012, Suzuki only sold 21,188 automobiles in the US. The combination of a strong yen and Suzuki's own limited offering of models has been blamed for the downturn.", "### Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited", "[thumb\\|The [Suzuki FX](/wiki/Suzuki_FX \"Suzuki FX\") was the first car that was assembled by Pak Suzuki in Pakistan.\\|right](/wiki/File:Suzukifx1987.png \"Suzukifx1987.png\")\nFollowing the terms of the joint\\-venture agreement between Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan (SMC) and Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PACO), [Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited (PSMCL)](/wiki/Pak_Suzuki_Motors \"Pak Suzuki Motors\") was incorporated as a public limited company in August 1983\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/ \\|title\\=Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited \\|publisher\\=Paksuzuki.com.pk \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414154524/http://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The new company assumed the assets including production facilities of Awami Autos Limited. PSMCL started commercial operations in January 1984 with the primary objective of passenger cars, pick ups, vans and 4x4 vehicles.", "The groundbreaking ceremony of the company's green field automobile plant at Bin Qasim was performed by the then Prime Minister of Pakistan in early 1989\\.", "On completion of first phase of this plant in early 1990, in\\-house assembly Suzuki engines started. The new plant was completed in 1992, and Suzuki production was transferred to new plant – and [three\\-box](/wiki/Three-box_styling \"Three-box styling\") 1,300 cc Margalla car was also added to its range of production.", "In September 1992 the company was privatized and placed directly under the Japanese Management. At the time of privatization SMC increased its equity from 25% to 40% Subsequently, SMC progressively increased its equity to 73\\.09% by 31 December 2001\\.", "The Bin Qasim Plant further expanded its production capacity to 50,000 vehicles per year in July 1994 and 300,000 vehicles had been manufactured at this plant by December 2003\\.", "### Suzuki Canada Inc.", "* 1973 – 1 June, Suzuki Canada Ltd. was incorporated with offices at [North York](/wiki/North_York \"North York\"), Ontario. Product lines included motorcycles, parts and accessories to Suzuki dealers throughout Canada.\n* 1974 – [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\") branch office and warehouse inaugurated to service dealers in western Canada.\n* 1980 – Autumn – Suzuki Canada began its automotive sales with the marketing and sales of the four\\-wheel\\-drive [LJ80](/wiki/Suzuki_Jimny%23SJ20 \"Suzuki Jimny#SJ20\") in eastern Canada. 1 November, the name of company changed from Suzuki Canada Ltd. to Suzuki Canada Inc.\n* 1982 – Introduction of a line of Suzuki all\\-terrain vehicles (ATVs) in Canada.\n* 1983 – Introduction of a line of Suzuki outboard motors in western Canada. 1 February 1983 – Western Branch moved to enlarged facilities in [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_British_Columbia \"Richmond, British Columbia\"), British Columbia.\n* 1984 – Began the sales of 'Suzuki Forsa' ([Suzuki Cultus](/wiki/Suzuki_Cultus \"Suzuki Cultus\")) automobile.\n* 1986 – A$600 million Suzuki\\-GM joint venture CAMI Automotive Inc. announced for the manufacturing of vehicles. Production was set to begin in 1989 at [Ingersoll](/wiki/Ingersoll%2C_Ontario \"Ingersoll, Ontario\"), Ontario.\n* 1987 – 25 January – Suzuki Canada Inc. moved to a new {{convert\\|110000\\|sqft\\|m2\\|abbr\\=on}}. head office and warehouse facility at [Richmond Hill](/wiki/Richmond_Hill%2C_Ontario \"Richmond Hill, Ontario\"), Ontario.\n* 1988 – Autumn – Suzuki began selling the CAMI\\-built 2\\-door [Suzuki Sidekick](/wiki/Suzuki_Escudo \"Suzuki Escudo\").\n* 2009 – Autumn – Suzuki sold its participation in CAMI to GM.{{cite news\\|title\\=Suzuki, General Motors to end Canada partnership\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/business/suzuki\\-general\\-motors\\-to\\-end\\-canada\\-partnership/article60114\\.ece\\|newspaper\\=The Hindu\\|date\\=4 December 2009\\|quote\\=Suzuki said on Friday it will sell its 50 percent stake in CAMI Automotive Inc. to GM for an undisclosed price. The deal marks the demise of a nearly three\\-decade relationship between the two companies and gives GM full control of the factory.}}", "In 2013, Suzuki Canada announced that it would follow the US division and stop selling automobiles in Canada after the 2014 model year. Suzuki Canada will continue to provide parts and services to vehicles through dealer network, as well as selling motorcycles, ATV and outboard motors.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://business.financialpost.com/2013/03/26/suzuki\\-to\\-stop\\-selling\\-autos\\-in\\-canada/\\| title\\=Suzuki to stop selling autos in Canada \\| newspaper\\=Financial Post \\|date\\=26 March 2013\\| last1\\=Deveau \\| first1\\=Scott }}", "### Suzuki GB PLC", "*Suzuki GB PLC* are the manufacturer's agent and distributor of automobiles, motorcycles, ATV's and Marine engines in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") with a head office based in [Milton Keynes](/wiki/Milton_Keynes \"Milton Keynes\"). A wholly owned subsidiary of the *Suzuki Motor Corporation* operates as *Suzuki Cars (Ireland) Limited* in [Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\").", "* In 1963, Suzuki commenced official import of motorcycles, via an independent distributor called *Suzuki (Great Britain) Limited*.\n* In 1968, *Suzuki (Great Britain) Limited* went into receivership and Hambros bank sold the company to Peter Agg of [Trojan (automobile)](/wiki/Trojan_%28automobile%29 \"Trojan (automobile)\"). He formed a new company called *Suzuki GB Limited* that took over Suzuki's independent UK distribution.\n* Around 1975, *Heron Corporation plc* bought into *Suzuki GB Limited* and the company was thereafter known as *Heron Suzuki GB Limited*.\n* From 1975 and into the 1980s, [Heron International](/wiki/Heron_International \"Heron International\") sponsored the [Suzuki](/wiki/Suzuki_MotoGP \"Suzuki MotoGP\") factory racing team in [Grand Prix motorcycle racing](/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing \"Grand Prix motorcycle racing\"), with riders including [Barry Sheene](/wiki/Barry_Sheene \"Barry Sheene\"), [Randy Mamola](/wiki/Randy_Mamola \"Randy Mamola\"), [Graeme Crosby](/wiki/Graeme_Crosby \"Graeme Crosby\"), [Mick Grant](/wiki/Mick_Grant \"Mick Grant\") and [Rob McElnea](/wiki/Rob_McElnea \"Rob McElnea\").\n* in 1989, *Heron Suzuki GB Limited* became *Heron Suzuki Plc*.\n* In 1994, *Suzuki GB PLC* took over the direct distribution of all Suzuki products in the United Kingdom.", "### Suzuki Indomobil Motor", "{{Main\\|Suzuki Indomobil Motor}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Suzuki Carry](/wiki/Suzuki_Carry \"Suzuki Carry\"), Suzuki's best selling car in Indonesia of all time](/wiki/File:2018_Suzuki_Carry_Futura_Flat_Deck_1.5_SL415_%2820190826%29.jpg \"2018 Suzuki Carry Futura Flat Deck 1.5 SL415 (20190826).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Suzuki APV](/wiki/Suzuki_APV \"Suzuki APV\"), assembled in Indonesia](/wiki/File:2014_Suzuki_APV_Arena_SGX_1.5_DN42V_%2820190623%29.jpg \"2014 Suzuki APV Arena SGX 1.5 DN42V (20190623).jpg\") \n[thumb\\|left\\|Suzuki GSX\\-R150](/wiki/File:Suzuki_GSX-R150_-_Indonesia_International_Motor_Show_2017_-_April_30_2017.jpg \"Suzuki GSX-R150 - Indonesia International Motor Show 2017 - April 30 2017.jpg\")", "*PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor* (formerly *PT Indomobil Suzuki International* until December 2008\\) is a joint venture between Suzuki Motor Corporation and the [Indomobil Group](/wiki/Indomobil_Group \"Indomobil Group\"). The company is located in [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta \"Jakarta\"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") and specialized in manufacturing Suzuki vehicles for the domestic and international markets. A separate company, *PT Suzuki Indomobil Sales (SIS)*, previously *PT Indomobil Niaga International*,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2009/02/15/1608321/Suzuku.Ganti.Nama.Perusahaan.dan.Pimpinan.di.Indonesia\\|title\\=Suzuki Ganti Nama Perusahaan dan Pimpinan di Indonesia\\|last\\=Media\\|first\\=Kompas Cyber\\|website\\=KOMPAS.com\\|date\\=15 February 2009\\|language\\=id\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2019}} handled sales and marketing of Suzuki automobiles and motorcycles.", "Suzuki has done its first activities on the Indonesian market in 1970 about its import firm PT. Indohero Steel \\& Engineering Company. Six years later they were built the manufacturing facility in Jakarta which is the oldest part of the Indomobil Group.", "Their first product was the [ST20 Carry](/wiki/Suzuki_Carry%23ST20 \"Suzuki Carry#ST20\") (introduced in 1978\\), it saw extensive use as an [Angkot](/wiki/Share_taxi \"Share taxi\").{{cite book \\| title \\= Arsip mobil kita: Tamasya sejarah seabad perjalanan mobil di Indonesia \\|trans\\-title\\=Our cars archive: Sightseeing through a century of the car in Indonesia \\| language \\= id \\| year \\= 2003 \\| page \\= 109 \\| isbn \\= 9789799768506 \\| last1 \\= Trisulo \\| first1 \\= Bambang \\| last2 \\= Samudra \\| first2 \\= M \\| last3 \\= Firmansyah \\| first3 \\= Arif \\| publisher \\= PT Temprint \\| location \\= Jakarta }} Nicknamed \"Trungtung\", it was built until at least 1983\\.{{cite journal \\| url \\= http://3\\.bp.blogspot.com/\\-28ApkgGURSY/TVSSgL7CxoI/AAAAAAAAAAQ/Q6L6N03MMIk/s1600/otokirst20\\.jpg \\| title \\= Klasik, \"Fancy\", dan Cantik \\| trans\\-title \\= Classic, \"Fancy\", and Beautiful \\| language \\= id \\| date \\= 19 November 2010 \\| journal \\= Pikiran Rakyat: Otokir Plus \\| page \\= 29 \\| last \\= Hudaya \\| first \\= Didih \\| location \\= \\[\\[Bandung]], \\[\\[Indonesia]] \\| access\\-date \\= 26 September 2013 }} This is an [onomatopoetic](/wiki/Onomatopoeia \"Onomatopoeia\") word for the sound made by the Carry's two\\-stroke engine.", "In 2011, the company invested $800 million for producing [Low Cost Green Car (LCGC)](/wiki/Indonesian_car \"Indonesian car\") in Indonesia. In 2013, Suzuki opened another plant in Cikarang with a total investment of $1 billion.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://marketeers.com/ingin\\-rajai\\-pasar\\-asean\\-suzuki\\-bangun\\-pabrik\\-ke\\-4\\-di\\-indonesia/\\|title\\=Ingin Rajai Pasar ASEAN, Suzuki Bangun Pabrik Ke\\-4 di Indonesia\\|last\\=Hafiz\\|first\\=Muhammad Perkasa Al\\|date\\=1 June 2015\\|website\\=Marketeers \\- Majalah Bisnis \\& Marketing Online \\- Marketeers.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2019}} The plant manufactured Ertiga MPV for both domestic and export markets and K10B engine for Karimun Wagon R.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.otosia.com/berita/suzuki\\-indonesia\\-resmikan\\-pabrik\\-baru\\-di\\-giic\\-\\-cikarang.html\\|title\\=Suzuki Indonesia resmikan pabrik baru di GIIC, Cikarang\\|website\\=merdeka.com\\|date\\=June 2015 \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2019}}", "### Suzuki Motorcycle India, Private Limited", "{{Main\\|Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited}}", "*Suzuki Motorcycle India, Private Limited (SMIL)* is the wholly owned Indian subsidiary of Suzuki, Japan. The company has a manufacturing plant at Gurgaon, Haryana having the annual capacity of 5,40,000 units.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/about\\_us.aspx \\|title\\=Suzuki India \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712022039/http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/about\\_us.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2016}}{{clear}}", "" ]
### Maruti Suzuki India Limited (Formerly *Maruti Udyog Limited*) {{Main\|Maruti Suzuki}} [left\|thumb\|Maruti Suzuki [A\-Star](/wiki/Maruti_A-Star "Maruti A-Star"), Suzuki's fifth global car model, was designed and is made only in India and exported as the Alto.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/171202\.html \|title\=Suzuki's A\-Star concept in global debut at Delhi auto show : Cars General \|publisher\=Earthtimes.org \|date\=9 January 2008 \|access\-date\=20 May 2009}} Besides being the largest Suzuki\-branded company in terms of car sales, Maruti Suzuki also acts as Suzuki's leading research and development arm outside Japan.](/wiki/File:2014_Suzuki_Alto_SZ_1.0_Front_%281%29.jpg "2014 Suzuki Alto SZ 1.0 Front (1).jpg") [thumb\|[Maruti Baleno](/wiki/Maruti_Baleno "Maruti Baleno") [Rally Car](/wiki/Rally_Car "Rally Car") in [Mysore](/wiki/Mysore "Mysore") Safari Rally in 2005](/wiki/File:Naren_Kumar.jpg "Naren Kumar.jpg") Based in [Gurgaon](/wiki/Gurgaon "Gurgaon"), [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana "Haryana"), [Maruti Suzuki India Limited](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki "Maruti Suzuki") is an Indian [automobile manufacturer](/wiki/Automaker "Automaker") that is a subsidiary of Japanese automaker Suzuki Motor Corporation.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate.aspx \|title\=Knowing Maruti Suzuki \|publisher\=Marutisuzuki.com \|access\-date\=29 December 2012}} Maruti Suzuki produced 1,133,695 units between 1 April 2011 and 30 March 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/monthly\-sales.aspx \|title\=Maruti Suzuki Monthly Sales \|publisher\=Marutisuzuki.com \|access\-date\=29 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126164844/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/monthly\-sales.aspx \|archive\-date\=26 January 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}} The Suzuki Motor Corporation owns 54\.2% of Maruti Suzuki and the rest is owned by various Indian public and financial institutions. The company was incorporated in 1981 and is listed on the [Bombay Stock Exchange](/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange "Bombay Stock Exchange") and [National Stock Exchange of India](/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India "National Stock Exchange of India").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch\=1\&ct\=1≻\=6\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215231200/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch\=1\&ct\=1≻\=6\|title\=Milestones\|archive\-date\=15 December 2007}} Maruti Suzuki was born as a [Government of India](/wiki/Government_of_India "Government of India")\-led company named Maruti Udyog Limited, with Suzuki as a minor partner, to make lower priced cars for middle class Indians. Over the years, the product range has widened and ownership has changed hands as the customer has evolved. Maruti Suzuki offers models ranging from the [Maruti 800](/wiki/Maruti_800 "Maruti 800") to the premium [sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29 "Sedan (car)") [Maruti Suzuki Kizashi](/wiki/Suzuki_Kizashi%23Kizashi_in_India "Suzuki Kizashi#Kizashi in India") and luxury SUV Maruti Suzuki Grand Vitara. Maruti 800 was the first model launched by the company in 1983 followed by mini\-van [Maruti Omni](/wiki/Maruti_Omni "Maruti Omni") in 1984\. [Maruti Gypsy](/wiki/Maruti_Gypsy "Maruti Gypsy"), launched in 1985, came into widespread use with the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") and [Indian Police Service](/wiki/Indian_Police_Service "Indian Police Service") becoming its primary customers. The short\-lived [Maruti 1000](/wiki/Maruti_1000 "Maruti 1000") was replaced by [Maruti Esteem](/wiki/Maruti_Esteem "Maruti Esteem") in 1994\. [Maruti Zen](/wiki/Maruti_Zen "Maruti Zen"), launched in 1993, was the company's second compact car model. The company went on to launch another compact car [Maruti Wagon\-R](/wiki/Maruti_Wagon-R "Maruti Wagon-R") followed by [Maruti Baleno](/wiki/Maruti_Baleno "Maruti Baleno") in 1999\. It was later replaced by the Suzuki SX4\. The SX4 further was replaced by [Ciaz](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki_Ciaz "Maruti Suzuki Ciaz"). In 2000, [Maruti Alto](/wiki/Maruti_Alto "Maruti Alto") was launched. The Maruti models include Maruti [Suzuki Grand Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara "Suzuki Grand Vitara"), launched in 2003, [Maruti Versa](/wiki/Maruti_Versa "Maruti Versa"), launched in 2004, [Maruti Suzuki Swift](/wiki/Maruti_Swift "Maruti Swift"), launched in 2005, [Maruti Zen Estilo](/wiki/Maruti_Zen_Estilo "Maruti Zen Estilo") and Maruti [Suzuki SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 "Suzuki SX4"), launched in 2007\. On 14 February 2011, Maruti announced that it had achieved one million total accumulated production volume of the Alto. The Alto has reached the million units mark in just seven years and five months since its launch in September 2000\. The last half of the million was achieved in 25 months. The Alto became the third car by Maruti Suzuki stable to cross the million units mark, following the Maruti 800 and the Omni. In January 2012 at the New Delhi [Auto Expo](/wiki/Auto_Expo "Auto Expo"), Maruti presented a new car called the [Maruti Suzuki XA Alpha](/wiki/Maruti_XA_Alpha "Maruti XA Alpha"),{{cite web \|url\=http://overdrive.in/details/1385/Maruti\-Suzuki\-XA\-Alpha\-origins \|title\=Maruti Suzuki XA Alpha origins – Overdrive \|publisher\=Overdrive.in \|date\=15 March 2011 \|access\-date\=17 April 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225032354/http://overdrive.in/details/1385/Maruti\-Suzuki\-XA\-Alpha\-origins \|archive\-date\=25 February 2013}}{{cite web \|url\= http://www.marutisuzuki.com/concept\-xa\-alpha\-unveiled.aspx \|title\= Concept XA Alpha unveiled \|publisher\= Marutisuzuki.com \|date\= 5 January 2012 \|access\-date\= 17 April 2013 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130524183527/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/concept\-xa\-alpha\-unveiled.aspx \|archive\-date\= 24 May 2013 \|url\-status\= dead}} to commence production in mid\-late 2013\. Maruti Suzuki unveiled the [Vitara Brezza](/wiki/Suzuki_Vitara_Brezza "Suzuki Vitara Brezza") in the Indian Auto Expo 2016 as a contender in the subcompact SUV segment. [Maruti Exports](/wiki/Maruti_Exports "Maruti Exports") Limited is Maruti's exporting subsidiary and, as such, does not operate in the domestic Indian market except in its capacity as an exporter for [Maruti Suzuki](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki "Maruti Suzuki") and for the international [Suzuki Motor Corporation](/wiki/Suzuki_Motor_Corporation "Suzuki Motor Corporation") as well as their other affiliates. The first commercial consignment of 480 cars were sent to Hungary. By sending a consignment of 571 cars to the same country, Maruti crossed the benchmark of 3,000,000 cars. Since its inception export was one of the aspects the government has been keen to encourage.
[ "### Maruti Suzuki India Limited (Formerly *Maruti Udyog Limited*)", "{{Main\\|Maruti Suzuki}}\n[left\\|thumb\\|Maruti Suzuki [A\\-Star](/wiki/Maruti_A-Star \"Maruti A-Star\"), Suzuki's fifth global car model, was designed and is made only in India and exported as the Alto.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/171202\\.html \\|title\\=Suzuki's A\\-Star concept in global debut at Delhi auto show : Cars General \\|publisher\\=Earthtimes.org \\|date\\=9 January 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2009}} Besides being the largest Suzuki\\-branded company in terms of car sales, Maruti Suzuki also acts as Suzuki's leading research and development arm outside Japan.](/wiki/File:2014_Suzuki_Alto_SZ_1.0_Front_%281%29.jpg \"2014 Suzuki Alto SZ 1.0 Front (1).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Maruti Baleno](/wiki/Maruti_Baleno \"Maruti Baleno\") [Rally Car](/wiki/Rally_Car \"Rally Car\") in [Mysore](/wiki/Mysore \"Mysore\") Safari Rally in 2005](/wiki/File:Naren_Kumar.jpg \"Naren Kumar.jpg\")", "Based in [Gurgaon](/wiki/Gurgaon \"Gurgaon\"), [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana \"Haryana\"), [Maruti Suzuki India Limited](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki \"Maruti Suzuki\") is an Indian [automobile manufacturer](/wiki/Automaker \"Automaker\") that is a subsidiary of Japanese automaker Suzuki Motor Corporation.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate.aspx \\|title\\=Knowing Maruti Suzuki \\|publisher\\=Marutisuzuki.com \\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2012}} Maruti Suzuki produced 1,133,695 units between 1 April 2011 and 30 March 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/monthly\\-sales.aspx \\|title\\=Maruti Suzuki Monthly Sales \\|publisher\\=Marutisuzuki.com \\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126164844/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/monthly\\-sales.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Suzuki Motor Corporation owns 54\\.2% of Maruti Suzuki and the rest is owned by various Indian public and financial institutions. The company was incorporated in 1981 and is listed on the [Bombay Stock Exchange](/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange \"Bombay Stock Exchange\") and [National Stock Exchange of India](/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India \"National Stock Exchange of India\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch\\=1\\&ct\\=1≻\\=6\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215231200/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch\\=1\\&ct\\=1≻\\=6\\|title\\=Milestones\\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2007}}", "Maruti Suzuki was born as a [Government of India](/wiki/Government_of_India \"Government of India\")\\-led company named Maruti Udyog Limited, with Suzuki as a minor partner, to make lower priced cars for middle class Indians. Over the years, the product range has widened and ownership has changed hands as the customer has evolved.", "Maruti Suzuki offers models ranging from the [Maruti 800](/wiki/Maruti_800 \"Maruti 800\") to the premium [sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29 \"Sedan (car)\") [Maruti Suzuki Kizashi](/wiki/Suzuki_Kizashi%23Kizashi_in_India \"Suzuki Kizashi#Kizashi in India\") and luxury SUV Maruti Suzuki Grand Vitara. Maruti 800 was the first model launched by the company in 1983 followed by mini\\-van [Maruti Omni](/wiki/Maruti_Omni \"Maruti Omni\") in 1984\\. [Maruti Gypsy](/wiki/Maruti_Gypsy \"Maruti Gypsy\"), launched in 1985, came into widespread use with the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") and [Indian Police Service](/wiki/Indian_Police_Service \"Indian Police Service\") becoming its primary customers. The short\\-lived [Maruti 1000](/wiki/Maruti_1000 \"Maruti 1000\") was replaced by [Maruti Esteem](/wiki/Maruti_Esteem \"Maruti Esteem\") in 1994\\.", "[Maruti Zen](/wiki/Maruti_Zen \"Maruti Zen\"), launched in 1993, was the company's second compact car model. The company went on to launch another compact car [Maruti Wagon\\-R](/wiki/Maruti_Wagon-R \"Maruti Wagon-R\") followed by [Maruti Baleno](/wiki/Maruti_Baleno \"Maruti Baleno\") in 1999\\. It was later replaced by the Suzuki SX4\\. The SX4 further was replaced by [Ciaz](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki_Ciaz \"Maruti Suzuki Ciaz\").", "In 2000, [Maruti Alto](/wiki/Maruti_Alto \"Maruti Alto\") was launched. The Maruti models include Maruti [Suzuki Grand Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara \"Suzuki Grand Vitara\"), launched in 2003, [Maruti Versa](/wiki/Maruti_Versa \"Maruti Versa\"), launched in 2004, [Maruti Suzuki Swift](/wiki/Maruti_Swift \"Maruti Swift\"), launched in 2005, [Maruti Zen Estilo](/wiki/Maruti_Zen_Estilo \"Maruti Zen Estilo\") and Maruti [Suzuki SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 \"Suzuki SX4\"), launched in 2007\\.", "On 14 February 2011, Maruti announced that it had achieved one million total accumulated production volume of the Alto. The Alto has reached the million units mark in just seven years and five months since its launch in September 2000\\. The last half of the million was achieved in 25 months. The Alto became the third car by Maruti Suzuki stable to cross the million units mark, following the Maruti 800 and the Omni.", "In January 2012 at the New Delhi [Auto Expo](/wiki/Auto_Expo \"Auto Expo\"), Maruti presented a new car called the [Maruti Suzuki XA Alpha](/wiki/Maruti_XA_Alpha \"Maruti XA Alpha\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://overdrive.in/details/1385/Maruti\\-Suzuki\\-XA\\-Alpha\\-origins \\|title\\=Maruti Suzuki XA Alpha origins – Overdrive \\|publisher\\=Overdrive.in \\|date\\=15 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225032354/http://overdrive.in/details/1385/Maruti\\-Suzuki\\-XA\\-Alpha\\-origins \\|archive\\-date\\=25 February 2013}}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.marutisuzuki.com/concept\\-xa\\-alpha\\-unveiled.aspx \\|title\\= Concept XA Alpha unveiled \\|publisher\\= Marutisuzuki.com \\|date\\= 5 January 2012 \\|access\\-date\\= 17 April 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130524183527/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/concept\\-xa\\-alpha\\-unveiled.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\= 24 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\= dead}} to commence production in mid\\-late 2013\\. Maruti Suzuki unveiled the [Vitara Brezza](/wiki/Suzuki_Vitara_Brezza \"Suzuki Vitara Brezza\") in the Indian Auto Expo 2016 as a contender in the subcompact SUV segment.", "[Maruti Exports](/wiki/Maruti_Exports \"Maruti Exports\") Limited is Maruti's exporting subsidiary and, as such, does not operate in the domestic Indian market except in its capacity as an exporter for [Maruti Suzuki](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki \"Maruti Suzuki\") and for the international [Suzuki Motor Corporation](/wiki/Suzuki_Motor_Corporation \"Suzuki Motor Corporation\") as well as their other affiliates. The first commercial consignment of 480 cars were sent to Hungary. By sending a consignment of 571 cars to the same country, Maruti crossed the benchmark of 3,000,000 cars. Since its inception export was one of the aspects the government has been keen to encourage.", "" ]
### American Suzuki Motor Corp. American Suzuki headquarters is in [Brea](/wiki/Brea%2C_California "Brea, California"), California. The company announced in November 2012 that it would stop selling cars in the United States.{{cite web \| url \= http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2012/11/suzuki\-files\-bankruptcy\-stops\-selling\-cars\-in\-us\-.html \| last \= Thomas \| first \= David \| date \= 5 November 2012 \| title \= Suzuki Files Bankruptcy, Stops Selling Cars in U.S. \| publisher \= Cars.com \| access\-date \= 5 November 2012 \| archive\-date \= 9 November 2012 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121109054138/http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2012/11/suzuki\-files\-bankruptcy\-stops\-selling\-cars\-in\-us\-.html \| url\-status \= dead }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/americansuzukimotor\-chapter\-idUSL3E8M58MP20121106 \|title\=UPDATE 2\-Suzuki to end car sales in U.S., focus on motorcycles \|date\=5 November 2012\|newspaper\=Reuters }} Through an agreement with [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation "General Motors Corporation"), Suzuki began selling a version of their [Suzuki Cultus](/wiki/Suzuki_Cultus "Suzuki Cultus") in the United States as the [Chevrolet Sprint](/wiki/Chevrolet_Sprint "Chevrolet Sprint") in 1985\. This model was initially sold as a 3\-door [hatchback](/wiki/Hatchback "Hatchback") and would be [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet")'s smallest model. [thumb\|2004 Suzuki XL\-7](/wiki/File:2004.suzuki.grand.vitara.2point0td.arp.jpg "2004.suzuki.grand.vitara.2point0td.arp.jpg") The [Samurai](/wiki/Suzuki_Jimny "Suzuki Jimny") was also introduced in 1985 for the 1986 model year and was the first car introduced to the United States by the newly created American Suzuki Corp. No other Japanese company sold more cars in the United States in its first year than Suzuki. The Samurai was available as a [convertible](/wiki/Convertible_%28car%29 "Convertible (car)") or [hardtop](/wiki/Hardtop "Hardtop") and the company slogan was *Never a Dull Moment*. The Samurai was successful until [Consumer Reports](/wiki/Consumer_Reports "Consumer Reports") alleged the Samurai of being susceptible to roll over in a 1988 test. This led to a much publicized [1996 lawsuit](/wiki/Suzuki_Motor_Corp._v._Consumers_Union_of_the_U.S.%2C_Inc. "Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Consumers Union of the U.S., Inc."), not settled until 2004\. In 1989, American Suzuki introduced the [Swift](/wiki/Suzuki_Swift "Suzuki Swift") which was the 2nd generation Suzuki Cultus. The Swift was available as a GTi and GLX hatchback with a 4\-door sedan following in 1990\. A new small SUV called the [Sidekick](/wiki/Suzuki_Escudo "Suzuki Escudo") was also introduced in 1989\. 1991 saw the introduction of the 4\-door Suzuki Sidekick, the first 4\-door mini\-SUV in North America. The Swift and Sidekick were cousins to GM's [Geo Metro](/wiki/Geo_Metro "Geo Metro") and [Geo Tracker](/wiki/Geo_Tracker "Geo Tracker") and were mostly produced in [Ingersoll](/wiki/Ingersoll%2C_Ontario "Ingersoll, Ontario"), Ontario, Canada by Suzuki and GM's joint venture, CAMI. The Swift GT/GTi and 4\-door models were imported from Japan. Negative evaluations from [Consumer Reports](/wiki/Consumer_Reports "Consumer Reports") of the Suzuki Samurai led to some temporary setbacks at American Suzuki as annual sales in the following years dropped to below 20,000 units. In 1995, American Suzuki introduced the [Esteem](/wiki/Suzuki_Esteem "Suzuki Esteem") and redesigned the Swift. The Swift GT was dropped and this version Swift was specific only to North America where it was built at CAMI. These models were the first Suzuki vehicles to be marketed in North America with dual front [airbags](/wiki/Airbag "Airbag"). A [station wagon](/wiki/Station_wagon "Station wagon") version of the Esteem was introduced in 1996\. Worldwide Suzuki production reached more than 975,000 cars this{{which\|date\=February 2013}} year. Also in 1996, American Suzuki released the 2\-door SUV [X\-90](/wiki/Suzuki_X-90 "Suzuki X-90") and a revised [Sidekick Sport](/wiki/Suzuki_Sidekick "Suzuki Sidekick") model with [dual airbags](/wiki/Airbag "Airbag"), a {{convert\|95\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on}} 1\.6 liter engine, 15 inch wheels. The Sidekick was replaced by the [Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Escudo "Suzuki Escudo") and the [Grand Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara "Suzuki Grand Vitara") for 1999\. The Grand Vitara would be Suzuki's first model with a V6\-cylinder engine and available 4\-wheel [ABS](/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system "Anti-lock braking system") brakes. The [XL\-7](/wiki/Suzuki_XL-7 "Suzuki XL-7") was introduced in 1998 as a stretched version of the Grand Vitara. The XL\-7 had a larger 2\.7 liter V6\-cylinder engine and 3\-row seating. This would be Suzuki's largest vehicle to date. The Swift was dropped from the model lineup in 2001 and the [Esteem](/wiki/Suzuki_Esteem "Suzuki Esteem") was replaced in 2002 by the new [Aerio](/wiki/Suzuki_Aerio "Suzuki Aerio"), which was offered as a 4\-door sedan and 5\-door [crossover](/wiki/Crossover_SUV "Crossover SUV") with [4\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive "Four-wheel drive") as an option. In 2004, General Motors and Suzuki jointly purchased the bankrupt [Daewoo Motors](/wiki/GM_Daewoo "GM Daewoo") renaming the venture GMDAT. American Suzuki rebadged the compact [Daewoo Nubira](/wiki/Daewoo_Nubira "Daewoo Nubira")/[Daewoo Lacetti](/wiki/Daewoo_Lacetti "Daewoo Lacetti") as the [Forenza](/wiki/Suzuki_Forenza "Suzuki Forenza") and the mid\-size [Daewoo Magnus](/wiki/Daewoo_Magnus "Daewoo Magnus") as the [Verona](/wiki/Suzuki_Verona "Suzuki Verona"). The [Forenza](/wiki/Suzuki_Forenza "Suzuki Forenza") gained [station wagon](/wiki/Station_wagon "Station wagon") and hatchback body style in 2005, with the hatchback sold under the [Reno](/wiki/Suzuki_Reno "Suzuki Reno") name. 2006 was the first year American Suzuki sold more than 100,000 vehicles in the United States. Suzuki redesigned the Grand Vitara in 2006 as well as introduced the all\-new [SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 "Suzuki SX4") and [XL7](/wiki/Suzuki_XL-7%23Second_generation_%28XL7%3B_2006%29 "Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)") in 2007\. The [Suzuki SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 "Suzuki SX4") is produced as a joint venture with [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_S.p.A. "Fiat S.p.A.") and the XL7 (notice the shortening of the name from Grand Vitara XL\-7\) was produced as a joint venture with GM at CAMI Automotive Inc. in Ingersoll. Suzuki put XL7 production on indefinite hiatus in mid\-2009 due to low demand and subsequently sold off its share of CAMI back to GM later that year. Despite a difficult domestic US automarket, Suzuki kept pace with its 2007 sales numbers in 2008\. In 2009 however, Suzuki sales dropped 48\.5%,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2010/01/05/460657\.html \|title\=U.S. December 2009 Auto Sales \|publisher\= TheAutoChannel.com \|access\-date\=19 April 2011}} following a 17% sales drop in 2008\.{{cite web \|url\=http://media.suzuki.com/auto/index.php?p\=448 \|title\=Suzuki December 2008 Sales \|publisher\=Media.suzuki.com \|access\-date\=19 April 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171017/http://media.suzuki.com/auto/index.php?p\=448 \|archive\-date\=16 July 2011}} Suzuki did not import any 2010 model year street motorcycles into the US, with dealers instead relying on unsold stock from the 2009 model year.{{Cite news \|title\=No 2010 Suzukis planned \|first\=Wes \|last\=Siler \|date\=19 November 2009 \|magazine\=Hell for Leather \|url\=http://hellforleathermagazine.com/2009/11/no\-2010\-suzukis\-planned/ \|access\-date\=21 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124014851/http://hellforleathermagazine.com/2009/11/no\-2010\-suzukis\-planned/ \|archive\-date\=24 November 2010 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite news \|title\= No 2010 Suzuki Sportbikes? \|last\=Atlas \|first\= Steve \|magazine\= MotorcycleUSA \|url\= http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/5/473/3/Motorcycle\-Blog\-Post/No\-2010\-Suzuki\-Sportbikes\-.aspx \|access\-date\=21 January 2011 }} New street motorcycle models to the US resumed for the 2011 model year.{{Cite news \|title\= Suzuki Intros First Wave of 2011 Motorcycles \|first\= Bryan \|last\= Harley \|magazine\= Motorcycle USA \|date\= 19 July 2010 \|url\= http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/598/7514/Motorcycle\-Article/Suzuki\-Intros\-First\-Wave\-of\-2011\-Motorcycles.aspx \|access\-date\= 21 January 2011 \|archive\-date\= 16 January 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210116165724/https://www.jpcycles.com/countersteer \|url\-status\= dead }} In November 2012, Suzuki announced that its US division would file for bankruptcy and would stop selling automobiles in the United States. It plans to continue to sell motorcycles, ATVs, and marine products in the US. In ten months of 2012, Suzuki only sold 21,188 automobiles in the US. The combination of a strong yen and Suzuki's own limited offering of models has been blamed for the downturn.
[ "### American Suzuki Motor Corp.", "American Suzuki headquarters is in [Brea](/wiki/Brea%2C_California \"Brea, California\"), California. The company announced in November 2012 that it would stop selling cars in the United States.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2012/11/suzuki\\-files\\-bankruptcy\\-stops\\-selling\\-cars\\-in\\-us\\-.html \\| last \\= Thomas \\| first \\= David \\| date \\= 5 November 2012 \\| title \\= Suzuki Files Bankruptcy, Stops Selling Cars in U.S. \\| publisher \\= Cars.com \\| access\\-date \\= 5 November 2012 \\| archive\\-date \\= 9 November 2012 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121109054138/http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2012/11/suzuki\\-files\\-bankruptcy\\-stops\\-selling\\-cars\\-in\\-us\\-.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/americansuzukimotor\\-chapter\\-idUSL3E8M58MP20121106 \\|title\\=UPDATE 2\\-Suzuki to end car sales in U.S., focus on motorcycles \\|date\\=5 November 2012\\|newspaper\\=Reuters }}", "Through an agreement with [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation \"General Motors Corporation\"), Suzuki began selling a version of their [Suzuki Cultus](/wiki/Suzuki_Cultus \"Suzuki Cultus\") in the United States as the [Chevrolet Sprint](/wiki/Chevrolet_Sprint \"Chevrolet Sprint\") in 1985\\. This model was initially sold as a 3\\-door [hatchback](/wiki/Hatchback \"Hatchback\") and would be [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\")'s smallest model.\n[thumb\\|2004 Suzuki XL\\-7](/wiki/File:2004.suzuki.grand.vitara.2point0td.arp.jpg \"2004.suzuki.grand.vitara.2point0td.arp.jpg\")", "The [Samurai](/wiki/Suzuki_Jimny \"Suzuki Jimny\") was also introduced in 1985 for the 1986 model year and was the first car introduced to the United States by the newly created American Suzuki Corp. No other Japanese company sold more cars in the United States in its first year than Suzuki. The Samurai was available as a [convertible](/wiki/Convertible_%28car%29 \"Convertible (car)\") or [hardtop](/wiki/Hardtop \"Hardtop\") and the company slogan was *Never a Dull Moment*. The Samurai was successful until [Consumer Reports](/wiki/Consumer_Reports \"Consumer Reports\") alleged the Samurai of being susceptible to roll over in a 1988 test. This led to a much publicized [1996 lawsuit](/wiki/Suzuki_Motor_Corp._v._Consumers_Union_of_the_U.S.%2C_Inc. \"Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Consumers Union of the U.S., Inc.\"), not settled until 2004\\.", "In 1989, American Suzuki introduced the [Swift](/wiki/Suzuki_Swift \"Suzuki Swift\") which was the 2nd generation Suzuki Cultus. The Swift was available as a GTi and GLX hatchback with a 4\\-door sedan following in 1990\\. A new small SUV called the [Sidekick](/wiki/Suzuki_Escudo \"Suzuki Escudo\") was also introduced in 1989\\. 1991 saw the introduction of the 4\\-door Suzuki Sidekick, the first 4\\-door mini\\-SUV in North America. The Swift and Sidekick were cousins to GM's [Geo Metro](/wiki/Geo_Metro \"Geo Metro\") and [Geo Tracker](/wiki/Geo_Tracker \"Geo Tracker\") and were mostly produced in [Ingersoll](/wiki/Ingersoll%2C_Ontario \"Ingersoll, Ontario\"), Ontario, Canada by Suzuki and GM's joint venture, CAMI. The Swift GT/GTi and 4\\-door models were imported from Japan. Negative evaluations from [Consumer Reports](/wiki/Consumer_Reports \"Consumer Reports\") of the Suzuki Samurai led to some temporary setbacks at American Suzuki as annual sales in the following years dropped to below 20,000 units.", "In 1995, American Suzuki introduced the [Esteem](/wiki/Suzuki_Esteem \"Suzuki Esteem\") and redesigned the Swift. The Swift GT was dropped and this version Swift was specific only to North America where it was built at CAMI. These models were the first Suzuki vehicles to be marketed in North America with dual front [airbags](/wiki/Airbag \"Airbag\"). A [station wagon](/wiki/Station_wagon \"Station wagon\") version of the Esteem was introduced in 1996\\. Worldwide Suzuki production reached more than 975,000 cars this{{which\\|date\\=February 2013}} year.", "Also in 1996, American Suzuki released the 2\\-door SUV [X\\-90](/wiki/Suzuki_X-90 \"Suzuki X-90\") and a revised [Sidekick Sport](/wiki/Suzuki_Sidekick \"Suzuki Sidekick\") model with [dual airbags](/wiki/Airbag \"Airbag\"), a {{convert\\|95\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}} 1\\.6 liter engine, 15 inch wheels. The Sidekick was replaced by the [Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Escudo \"Suzuki Escudo\") and the [Grand Vitara](/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara \"Suzuki Grand Vitara\") for 1999\\. The Grand Vitara would be Suzuki's first model with a V6\\-cylinder engine and available 4\\-wheel [ABS](/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system \"Anti-lock braking system\") brakes.", "The [XL\\-7](/wiki/Suzuki_XL-7 \"Suzuki XL-7\") was introduced in 1998 as a stretched version of the Grand Vitara. The XL\\-7 had a larger 2\\.7 liter V6\\-cylinder engine and 3\\-row seating. This would be Suzuki's largest vehicle to date.", "The Swift was dropped from the model lineup in 2001 and the [Esteem](/wiki/Suzuki_Esteem \"Suzuki Esteem\") was replaced in 2002 by the new [Aerio](/wiki/Suzuki_Aerio \"Suzuki Aerio\"), which was offered as a 4\\-door sedan and 5\\-door [crossover](/wiki/Crossover_SUV \"Crossover SUV\") with [4\\-wheel drive](/wiki/Four-wheel_drive \"Four-wheel drive\") as an option.", "In 2004, General Motors and Suzuki jointly purchased the bankrupt [Daewoo Motors](/wiki/GM_Daewoo \"GM Daewoo\") renaming the venture GMDAT. American Suzuki rebadged the compact [Daewoo Nubira](/wiki/Daewoo_Nubira \"Daewoo Nubira\")/[Daewoo Lacetti](/wiki/Daewoo_Lacetti \"Daewoo Lacetti\") as the [Forenza](/wiki/Suzuki_Forenza \"Suzuki Forenza\") and the mid\\-size [Daewoo Magnus](/wiki/Daewoo_Magnus \"Daewoo Magnus\") as the [Verona](/wiki/Suzuki_Verona \"Suzuki Verona\"). The [Forenza](/wiki/Suzuki_Forenza \"Suzuki Forenza\") gained [station wagon](/wiki/Station_wagon \"Station wagon\") and hatchback body style in 2005, with the hatchback sold under the [Reno](/wiki/Suzuki_Reno \"Suzuki Reno\") name.", "2006 was the first year American Suzuki sold more than 100,000 vehicles in the United States. Suzuki redesigned the Grand Vitara in 2006 as well as introduced the all\\-new [SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 \"Suzuki SX4\") and [XL7](/wiki/Suzuki_XL-7%23Second_generation_%28XL7%3B_2006%29 \"Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)\") in 2007\\. The [Suzuki SX4](/wiki/Suzuki_SX4 \"Suzuki SX4\") is produced as a joint venture with [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat_S.p.A. \"Fiat S.p.A.\") and the XL7 (notice the shortening of the name from Grand Vitara XL\\-7\\) was produced as a joint venture with GM at CAMI Automotive Inc. in Ingersoll. Suzuki put XL7 production on indefinite hiatus in mid\\-2009 due to low demand and subsequently sold off its share of CAMI back to GM later that year.", "Despite a difficult domestic US automarket, Suzuki kept pace with its 2007 sales numbers in 2008\\. In 2009 however, Suzuki sales dropped 48\\.5%,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2010/01/05/460657\\.html \\|title\\=U.S. December 2009 Auto Sales \\|publisher\\= TheAutoChannel.com \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2011}} following a 17% sales drop in 2008\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://media.suzuki.com/auto/index.php?p\\=448 \\|title\\=Suzuki December 2008 Sales \\|publisher\\=Media.suzuki.com \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171017/http://media.suzuki.com/auto/index.php?p\\=448 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2011}} Suzuki did not import any 2010 model year street motorcycles into the US, with dealers instead relying on unsold stock from the 2009 model year.{{Cite news \\|title\\=No 2010 Suzukis planned \\|first\\=Wes \\|last\\=Siler \\|date\\=19 November 2009 \\|magazine\\=Hell for Leather \\|url\\=http://hellforleathermagazine.com/2009/11/no\\-2010\\-suzukis\\-planned/ \\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124014851/http://hellforleathermagazine.com/2009/11/no\\-2010\\-suzukis\\-planned/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 November 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite news \\|title\\= No 2010 Suzuki Sportbikes? \\|last\\=Atlas \\|first\\= Steve \\|magazine\\= MotorcycleUSA \\|url\\= http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/5/473/3/Motorcycle\\-Blog\\-Post/No\\-2010\\-Suzuki\\-Sportbikes\\-.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2011 }} New street motorcycle models to the US resumed for the 2011 model year.{{Cite news \\|title\\= Suzuki Intros First Wave of 2011 Motorcycles \\|first\\= Bryan \\|last\\= Harley \\|magazine\\= Motorcycle USA \\|date\\= 19 July 2010 \\|url\\= http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/598/7514/Motorcycle\\-Article/Suzuki\\-Intros\\-First\\-Wave\\-of\\-2011\\-Motorcycles.aspx \\|access\\-date\\= 21 January 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\= 16 January 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210116165724/https://www.jpcycles.com/countersteer \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}", "In November 2012, Suzuki announced that its US division would file for bankruptcy and would stop selling automobiles in the United States. It plans to continue to sell motorcycles, ATVs, and marine products in the US. In ten months of 2012, Suzuki only sold 21,188 automobiles in the US. The combination of a strong yen and Suzuki's own limited offering of models has been blamed for the downturn.", "" ]
### Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited [thumb\|The [Suzuki FX](/wiki/Suzuki_FX "Suzuki FX") was the first car that was assembled by Pak Suzuki in Pakistan.\|right](/wiki/File:Suzukifx1987.png "Suzukifx1987.png") Following the terms of the joint\-venture agreement between Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan (SMC) and Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PACO), [Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited (PSMCL)](/wiki/Pak_Suzuki_Motors "Pak Suzuki Motors") was incorporated as a public limited company in August 1983\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/ \|title\=Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited \|publisher\=Paksuzuki.com.pk \|access\-date\=20 May 2009 \|archive\-date\=14 April 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414154524/http://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/ \|url\-status\=dead }} The new company assumed the assets including production facilities of Awami Autos Limited. PSMCL started commercial operations in January 1984 with the primary objective of passenger cars, pick ups, vans and 4x4 vehicles. The groundbreaking ceremony of the company's green field automobile plant at Bin Qasim was performed by the then Prime Minister of Pakistan in early 1989\. On completion of first phase of this plant in early 1990, in\-house assembly Suzuki engines started. The new plant was completed in 1992, and Suzuki production was transferred to new plant – and [three\-box](/wiki/Three-box_styling "Three-box styling") 1,300 cc Margalla car was also added to its range of production. In September 1992 the company was privatized and placed directly under the Japanese Management. At the time of privatization SMC increased its equity from 25% to 40% Subsequently, SMC progressively increased its equity to 73\.09% by 31 December 2001\. The Bin Qasim Plant further expanded its production capacity to 50,000 vehicles per year in July 1994 and 300,000 vehicles had been manufactured at this plant by December 2003\.
[ "### Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited", "[thumb\\|The [Suzuki FX](/wiki/Suzuki_FX \"Suzuki FX\") was the first car that was assembled by Pak Suzuki in Pakistan.\\|right](/wiki/File:Suzukifx1987.png \"Suzukifx1987.png\")\nFollowing the terms of the joint\\-venture agreement between Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan (SMC) and Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PACO), [Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited (PSMCL)](/wiki/Pak_Suzuki_Motors \"Pak Suzuki Motors\") was incorporated as a public limited company in August 1983\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/ \\|title\\=Pak Suzuki Motor Company Limited \\|publisher\\=Paksuzuki.com.pk \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414154524/http://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The new company assumed the assets including production facilities of Awami Autos Limited. PSMCL started commercial operations in January 1984 with the primary objective of passenger cars, pick ups, vans and 4x4 vehicles.", "The groundbreaking ceremony of the company's green field automobile plant at Bin Qasim was performed by the then Prime Minister of Pakistan in early 1989\\.", "On completion of first phase of this plant in early 1990, in\\-house assembly Suzuki engines started. The new plant was completed in 1992, and Suzuki production was transferred to new plant – and [three\\-box](/wiki/Three-box_styling \"Three-box styling\") 1,300 cc Margalla car was also added to its range of production.", "In September 1992 the company was privatized and placed directly under the Japanese Management. At the time of privatization SMC increased its equity from 25% to 40% Subsequently, SMC progressively increased its equity to 73\\.09% by 31 December 2001\\.", "The Bin Qasim Plant further expanded its production capacity to 50,000 vehicles per year in July 1994 and 300,000 vehicles had been manufactured at this plant by December 2003\\.", "" ]
Production facilities --------------------- {{col\-begin}} {{col\-2}} {{em\|Current facilities:}} Japan: * Takatsuka Plant (motorcycle parts) + 300, [Takatsuka\-cho, Chūō\-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka](/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D-ku%2C_Hamamatsu "Chūō-ku, Hamamatsu"). * Hamamatsu Plant (motorcycles) + 8686, [Miyakoda\-cho, Hamana\-ku, Hamamatsu\-shi, Shizuoka](/wiki/Hamana-ku%2C_Hamamatsu "Hamana-ku, Hamamatsu"). * Kosai Plant (automobiles and outboard motors) + 4520, [Shirasuka, Kosai\-shi, Shizuoka](/wiki/Kosai%2C_Shizuoka "Kosai, Shizuoka"). * Iwata Plant (automobiles) + 2500, [Iwai, Iwata\-shi, Shizuoka](/wiki/Iwata%2C_Shizuoka "Iwata, Shizuoka"). * Toyokawa Motorcycle Plant (motorcycle parts) + 1–2, [Utari, Shiratori\-cho, Toyokawa\-shi, Aichi](/wiki/Toyokawa%2C_Aichi "Toyokawa, Aichi"). * Sagara Plant (automobiles and engines) + 1111, [Shirai, Makinohara\-shi, Shizuoka](/wiki/Makinohara "Makinohara"). * Osuka Foundry Plant + 6333, [Nishiobuchi, Kakegawa\-shi, Shizuoka](/wiki/Kakegawa%2C_Shizuoka "Kakegawa, Shizuoka"). India: * [Suzuki Motor Gujarat](/wiki/Suzuki_Motor_Gujarat "Suzuki Motor Gujarat") (automobiles and engines) + Hansalpur Becharaji, [Mandal Taluka](/wiki/Mandal_taluka%2C_Ahmedabad_district "Mandal taluka, Ahmedabad district"), [Ahmedabad District](/wiki/Ahmedabad_District "Ahmedabad District"), [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat "Gujarat"). * [Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited](/wiki/Suzuki_Motorcycle_India_Limited "Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited") (motorcycles) + [Gurgaon](/wiki/Gurgaon "Gurgaon"), [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana "Haryana"). * [Maruti Suzuki](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki "Maruti Suzuki") (automobiles and engines) + [Manesar](/wiki/Manesar "Manesar") and Gurgaon, Haryana. Indonesia ([Suzuki Indomobil Motor](/wiki/Suzuki_Indomobil_Motor "Suzuki Indomobil Motor")): * Cakung Plant (engines) + [Cakung](/wiki/Cakung "Cakung"), [East Jakarta](/wiki/East_Jakarta "East Jakarta"), [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta"). * Tambun Plant I and II (automobiles and motorcycles) + South Tambun, [Bekasi Regency](/wiki/Bekasi_Regency "Bekasi Regency"), [West Java](/wiki/West_Java "West Java"). * Cikarang Plant (automobiles) + [Central Cikarang](/wiki/Central_Cikarang "Central Cikarang"), [Bekasi Regency](/wiki/Bekasi_Regency "Bekasi Regency"), [West Java](/wiki/West_Java "West Java"). Pakistan: * [Pak Suzuki](/wiki/Pak_Suzuki "Pak Suzuki") (automobiles) + [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi "Karachi"), [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh"). China: * [Jincheng Suzuki](/wiki/Jincheng_Suzuki "Jincheng Suzuki") (motorcycles) + [Nanjing](/wiki/Nanjing "Nanjing"), [Jiangsu](/wiki/Jiangsu "Jiangsu"). * [Jinan Qingqi](/wiki/Jinan_Qingqi "Jinan Qingqi") Suzuki (motorcycles) + [Jinan](/wiki/Jinan "Jinan"), [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong "Shandong"). * Changzhou Haojue Suzuki (motorcycles) + [Changzhou](/wiki/Changzhou "Changzhou"), [Jiangsu](/wiki/Jiangsu "Jiangsu"). Taiwan: * Tailing Motor (motorcycles) + [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei") Hungary: * [Magyar Suzuki](/wiki/Magyar_Suzuki "Magyar Suzuki") (automobiles) + [Esztergom](/wiki/Esztergom "Esztergom"), [Komárom\-Esztergom](/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom "Komárom-Esztergom"). Laos: * Santiphab Suzuki Lao Factory (motorcycles) + [Vientiane](/wiki/Vientiane "Vientiane") Thailand: * Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycles and outboard motors) + [Thanyaburi](/wiki/Thanyaburi_District "Thanyaburi District"), [Pathum Thani](/wiki/Pathum_Thani "Pathum Thani"). * Suzuki Motor (Thailand). Ltd. (automobiles) + Rayong Plant, [Rayong](/wiki/Rayong "Rayong"). Vietnam: * Vietnam Suzuki Corp. (motorcycles) + Long Binh Techno Park, [Bien Hoa](/wiki/Bien_Hoa "Bien Hoa"), [Dong Nai](/wiki/Dong_Nai_Province "Dong Nai Province"). Philippines: * Suzuki Philippines Inc. (motorcycles) + [Calamba, Laguna](/wiki/Calamba%2C_Laguna "Calamba, Laguna"). Cambodia: * Cambodia Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) + Sangkat Chom Chao, [Phnom Penh](/wiki/Phnom_Penh "Phnom Penh"). Myanmar: * Suzuki (Myanmar) Motor Co., Ltd. (automobiles and motorcycles) + [Thilawa Special Economic Zone](/wiki/Thilawa_Special_Economic_Zone "Thilawa Special Economic Zone"), [Thanlyin Township](/wiki/Thanlyin_Township "Thanlyin Township"), [Yangon Region](/wiki/Yangon_Region "Yangon Region"). United States: * Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corporation (SMAC) (motorcycle parts and ATVs) + [Rome, Georgia](/wiki/Rome%2C_Georgia "Rome, Georgia"). Brazil: * J. Toledo da Amazonia (motorcycle parts) + [Manaus](/wiki/Manaus "Manaus"), [Amazonas](/wiki/Amazonas_%28Brazilian_state%29 "Amazonas (Brazilian state)"). Egypt: * Suzuki Egypt S.A.E. (automobiles) + [6th of October](/wiki/6th_of_October_Governorate "6th of October Governorate"), [Giza Governorate](/wiki/Giza_Governorate "Giza Governorate"). {{col\-2}} {{em\|Former facilities:}} Japan: * Takatsuka Plant (original) + Kami\-mura, [Hamana\-gun, Shizuoka](/wiki/Hamana_District%2C_Shizuoka "Hamana District, Shizuoka"). New Zealand: * South Pacific Suzuki Assemblers (automobiles) + [Whanganui](/wiki/Whanganui "Whanganui"), [Manawatū\-Whanganui](/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui "Manawatū-Whanganui"). Spain: * [Santana Motor](/wiki/Santana_Motor "Santana Motor") (automobiles) + [Linares, Jaén](/wiki/Linares%2C_Ja%C3%A9n "Linares, Jaén"), [Andalusia](/wiki/Andalusia "Andalusia"). * [Suzuki Motor España](/wiki/Avello_%28motorcycle%29 "Avello (motorcycle)") (motorcycle) + [Porceyo](/wiki/Porceyo "Porceyo"), [Gijon](/wiki/Gijon "Gijon"), [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias "Asturias"). China: * [Changan Suzuki](/wiki/Changan_Suzuki "Changan Suzuki") (automobiles) + [Chongqing](/wiki/Chongqing "Chongqing") * [Changhe](/wiki/Changhe "Changhe") Suzuki (automobiles) + [Jingdezhen](/wiki/Jingdezhen "Jingdezhen"), [Jiangxi](/wiki/Jiangxi "Jiangxi"). Canada * [CAMI Automotive](/wiki/CAMI_Automotive "CAMI Automotive") (automobiles) + 300, Ingersoll Street, [Ingersoll](/wiki/Ingersoll%2C_Ontario "Ingersoll, Ontario"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"). Argentina: * General Motors de Argentina (automobiles) Colombia: * [GM Colmotores](/wiki/GM_Colmotores "GM Colmotores") (automobiles) + [Bogotá](/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1 "Bogotá"), [Cundinamarca Department](/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department "Cundinamarca Department"). Malaysia: * Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia Sdn, Bhd., (motorcycle) + [Perai](/wiki/Perai "Perai"), [Penang](/wiki/Penang "Penang"). * [HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)](/wiki/HICOM_Automotive_Manufacturers_%28Malaysia%29 "HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)") (automobiles) + [Pekan](/wiki/Pekan "Pekan"), [Pahang](/wiki/Pahang "Pahang"). Taiwan: * [Prince Motors Co., Ltd.](/wiki/Prince_Motors_%28Taiwan%29 "Prince Motors (Taiwan)"), (automobiles) + [New Taipei City](/wiki/New_Taipei_City "New Taipei City") {{col\-end}}
[ "Production facilities\n---------------------", "{{col\\-begin}}\n{{col\\-2}}\n{{em\\|Current facilities:}}", "Japan:\n* Takatsuka Plant (motorcycle parts)\n\t+ 300, [Takatsuka\\-cho, Chūō\\-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka](/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D-ku%2C_Hamamatsu \"Chūō-ku, Hamamatsu\").\n* Hamamatsu Plant (motorcycles)\n\t+ 8686, [Miyakoda\\-cho, Hamana\\-ku, Hamamatsu\\-shi, Shizuoka](/wiki/Hamana-ku%2C_Hamamatsu \"Hamana-ku, Hamamatsu\").\n* Kosai Plant (automobiles and outboard motors)\n\t+ 4520, [Shirasuka, Kosai\\-shi, Shizuoka](/wiki/Kosai%2C_Shizuoka \"Kosai, Shizuoka\").\n* Iwata Plant (automobiles)\n\t+ 2500, [Iwai, Iwata\\-shi, Shizuoka](/wiki/Iwata%2C_Shizuoka \"Iwata, Shizuoka\").\n* Toyokawa Motorcycle Plant (motorcycle parts)\n\t+ 1–2, [Utari, Shiratori\\-cho, Toyokawa\\-shi, Aichi](/wiki/Toyokawa%2C_Aichi \"Toyokawa, Aichi\").\n* Sagara Plant (automobiles and engines)\n\t+ 1111, [Shirai, Makinohara\\-shi, Shizuoka](/wiki/Makinohara \"Makinohara\").\n* Osuka Foundry Plant\n\t+ 6333, [Nishiobuchi, Kakegawa\\-shi, Shizuoka](/wiki/Kakegawa%2C_Shizuoka \"Kakegawa, Shizuoka\").", "India:\n* [Suzuki Motor Gujarat](/wiki/Suzuki_Motor_Gujarat \"Suzuki Motor Gujarat\") (automobiles and engines)\n\t+ Hansalpur Becharaji, [Mandal Taluka](/wiki/Mandal_taluka%2C_Ahmedabad_district \"Mandal taluka, Ahmedabad district\"), [Ahmedabad District](/wiki/Ahmedabad_District \"Ahmedabad District\"), [Gujarat](/wiki/Gujarat \"Gujarat\").\n* [Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited](/wiki/Suzuki_Motorcycle_India_Limited \"Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited\") (motorcycles)\n\t+ [Gurgaon](/wiki/Gurgaon \"Gurgaon\"), [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana \"Haryana\").\n* [Maruti Suzuki](/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki \"Maruti Suzuki\") (automobiles and engines)\n\t+ [Manesar](/wiki/Manesar \"Manesar\") and Gurgaon, Haryana.", "Indonesia ([Suzuki Indomobil Motor](/wiki/Suzuki_Indomobil_Motor \"Suzuki Indomobil Motor\")):\n* Cakung Plant (engines)\n\t+ [Cakung](/wiki/Cakung \"Cakung\"), [East Jakarta](/wiki/East_Jakarta \"East Jakarta\"), [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta \"Jakarta\").\n* Tambun Plant I and II (automobiles and motorcycles)\n\t+ South Tambun, [Bekasi Regency](/wiki/Bekasi_Regency \"Bekasi Regency\"), [West Java](/wiki/West_Java \"West Java\").\n* Cikarang Plant (automobiles)\n\t+ [Central Cikarang](/wiki/Central_Cikarang \"Central Cikarang\"), [Bekasi Regency](/wiki/Bekasi_Regency \"Bekasi Regency\"), [West Java](/wiki/West_Java \"West Java\").", "Pakistan:\n* [Pak Suzuki](/wiki/Pak_Suzuki \"Pak Suzuki\") (automobiles)\n\t+ [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi \"Karachi\"), [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh \"Sindh\").", "China:\n* [Jincheng Suzuki](/wiki/Jincheng_Suzuki \"Jincheng Suzuki\") (motorcycles)\n\t+ [Nanjing](/wiki/Nanjing \"Nanjing\"), [Jiangsu](/wiki/Jiangsu \"Jiangsu\").\n* [Jinan Qingqi](/wiki/Jinan_Qingqi \"Jinan Qingqi\") Suzuki (motorcycles)\n\t+ [Jinan](/wiki/Jinan \"Jinan\"), [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong \"Shandong\").\n* Changzhou Haojue Suzuki (motorcycles)\n\t+ [Changzhou](/wiki/Changzhou \"Changzhou\"), [Jiangsu](/wiki/Jiangsu \"Jiangsu\").", "Taiwan:\n* Tailing Motor (motorcycles)\n\t+ [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\")", "Hungary:\n* [Magyar Suzuki](/wiki/Magyar_Suzuki \"Magyar Suzuki\") (automobiles)\n\t+ [Esztergom](/wiki/Esztergom \"Esztergom\"), [Komárom\\-Esztergom](/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom \"Komárom-Esztergom\").", "Laos:\n* Santiphab Suzuki Lao Factory (motorcycles)\n\t+ [Vientiane](/wiki/Vientiane \"Vientiane\")", "Thailand:\n* Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycles and outboard motors)\n\t+ [Thanyaburi](/wiki/Thanyaburi_District \"Thanyaburi District\"), [Pathum Thani](/wiki/Pathum_Thani \"Pathum Thani\").\n* Suzuki Motor (Thailand). Ltd. (automobiles)\n\t+ Rayong Plant, [Rayong](/wiki/Rayong \"Rayong\").", "Vietnam:\n* Vietnam Suzuki Corp. (motorcycles)\n\t+ Long Binh Techno Park, [Bien Hoa](/wiki/Bien_Hoa \"Bien Hoa\"), [Dong Nai](/wiki/Dong_Nai_Province \"Dong Nai Province\").", "Philippines:\n* Suzuki Philippines Inc. (motorcycles)\n\t+ [Calamba, Laguna](/wiki/Calamba%2C_Laguna \"Calamba, Laguna\").", "Cambodia:\n* Cambodia Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)\n\t+ Sangkat Chom Chao, [Phnom Penh](/wiki/Phnom_Penh \"Phnom Penh\").", "Myanmar:\n* Suzuki (Myanmar) Motor Co., Ltd. (automobiles and motorcycles)\n\t+ [Thilawa Special Economic Zone](/wiki/Thilawa_Special_Economic_Zone \"Thilawa Special Economic Zone\"), [Thanlyin Township](/wiki/Thanlyin_Township \"Thanlyin Township\"), [Yangon Region](/wiki/Yangon_Region \"Yangon Region\").", "United States:\n* Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corporation (SMAC) (motorcycle parts and ATVs)\n\t+ [Rome, Georgia](/wiki/Rome%2C_Georgia \"Rome, Georgia\").", "Brazil:\n* J. Toledo da Amazonia (motorcycle parts)\n\t+ [Manaus](/wiki/Manaus \"Manaus\"), [Amazonas](/wiki/Amazonas_%28Brazilian_state%29 \"Amazonas (Brazilian state)\").", "Egypt:\n* Suzuki Egypt S.A.E. (automobiles)\n\t+ [6th of October](/wiki/6th_of_October_Governorate \"6th of October Governorate\"), [Giza Governorate](/wiki/Giza_Governorate \"Giza Governorate\").", "{{col\\-2}}\n{{em\\|Former facilities:}}", "Japan:\n* Takatsuka Plant (original)\n\t+ Kami\\-mura, [Hamana\\-gun, Shizuoka](/wiki/Hamana_District%2C_Shizuoka \"Hamana District, Shizuoka\").", "New Zealand:\n* South Pacific Suzuki Assemblers (automobiles)\n\t+ [Whanganui](/wiki/Whanganui \"Whanganui\"), [Manawatū\\-Whanganui](/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui \"Manawatū-Whanganui\").", "Spain:\n* [Santana Motor](/wiki/Santana_Motor \"Santana Motor\") (automobiles)\n\t+ [Linares, Jaén](/wiki/Linares%2C_Ja%C3%A9n \"Linares, Jaén\"), [Andalusia](/wiki/Andalusia \"Andalusia\").\n* [Suzuki Motor España](/wiki/Avello_%28motorcycle%29 \"Avello (motorcycle)\") (motorcycle)\n\t+ [Porceyo](/wiki/Porceyo \"Porceyo\"), [Gijon](/wiki/Gijon \"Gijon\"), [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias \"Asturias\").", "China:\n* [Changan Suzuki](/wiki/Changan_Suzuki \"Changan Suzuki\") (automobiles)\n\t+ [Chongqing](/wiki/Chongqing \"Chongqing\")\n* [Changhe](/wiki/Changhe \"Changhe\") Suzuki (automobiles)\n\t+ [Jingdezhen](/wiki/Jingdezhen \"Jingdezhen\"), [Jiangxi](/wiki/Jiangxi \"Jiangxi\").\n\tCanada\n* [CAMI Automotive](/wiki/CAMI_Automotive \"CAMI Automotive\") (automobiles)\n\t+ 300, Ingersoll Street, [Ingersoll](/wiki/Ingersoll%2C_Ontario \"Ingersoll, Ontario\"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\").", "Argentina:\n* General Motors de Argentina (automobiles)", "Colombia:\n* [GM Colmotores](/wiki/GM_Colmotores \"GM Colmotores\") (automobiles)\n\t+ [Bogotá](/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1 \"Bogotá\"), [Cundinamarca Department](/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department \"Cundinamarca Department\").", "Malaysia:\n* Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia Sdn, Bhd., (motorcycle)\n\t+ [Perai](/wiki/Perai \"Perai\"), [Penang](/wiki/Penang \"Penang\").\n* [HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)](/wiki/HICOM_Automotive_Manufacturers_%28Malaysia%29 \"HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)\") (automobiles)\n\t+ [Pekan](/wiki/Pekan \"Pekan\"), [Pahang](/wiki/Pahang \"Pahang\").", "Taiwan:\n* [Prince Motors Co., Ltd.](/wiki/Prince_Motors_%28Taiwan%29 \"Prince Motors (Taiwan)\"), (automobiles)\n\t+ [New Taipei City](/wiki/New_Taipei_City \"New Taipei City\")\n\t{{col\\-end}}", "" ]
Motorcycles ----------- Suzuki started manufacturing motorcycles in 1952, the first models being motorized bicycles. From 1955 to 1976 the company manufactured motorcycles with [two\-stroke](/wiki/Two-stroke "Two-stroke") engines only, the biggest two\-stroke model being the water\-cooled triple\-cylinder [G2F5](/wiki/Suzuki_GT_750 "Suzuki GT 750"). A large factor in Suzuki's success in two\-stroke competition was the [East German](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic "German Democratic Republic") [Grand Prix](/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing "Grand Prix motorcycle racing") racer [Ernst Degner](/wiki/Ernst_Degner "Ernst Degner"), who defected to the West in 1961,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.teamsuzuki.co.uk/ \|title\=TEAM SUZUKI by Ray Battersby (2008\) Parker House Publishing ISBN 0\-9796891\-5\-5 / 0\-9796891\-5\-5 \|publisher\=Teamsuzuki.co.uk \|access\-date\=5 October 2010}} bringing with him expertise in two\-stroke engines from the East German manufacturer [MZ](/wiki/MZ_Motorrad-_und_Zweiradwerk "MZ Motorrad- und Zweiradwerk"). The secrets Degner brought with him were three crucial technologies: the boost port,{{cite web\|title\=Boost Ports\|url\=http://www.modelenginenews.org/design/boost\_ports.html\|publisher\=Model Engine News\|access\-date\=10 October 2013\|first\=R \|last\=Kinnersly\|date\=23 November 2011\|quote\=It has been used with outstanding success by the M.Z. designer, Walter Kaaden, who obtained a 20 per cent. power increase by combining this port with the standard Schnürle system.}}{{cite web \| url \= http://karimunwagonr.com/ \| title \= karimun wagon r \| publisher \= Karimun Wagon R \| access\-date \= 11 July 2009 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20141209123312/http://www.karimunwagonr.com/ \| archive\-date \= 9 December 2014}} the [expansion chamber](/wiki/Expansion_chamber "Expansion chamber"), and the [rotary valve](/wiki/Rotary_valve "Rotary valve").{{cite web\|last\=Oxley\|first\=Matt\|title\=50 years ago: The Ernst Degner story\|url\=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/General\-news/2012/December/de1712\-the\-ernst\-degner\-story/\|work\=Motor Cycle News\|publisher\=Bauer Media\|access\-date\=10 October 2013\|date\=27 December 2012\|quote\=Most remarkable of all, Suzuki and the other Japanese factories only built winning two\-strokes after Suzuki paid star MZ rider Degner a king's ransom to defect from East to West and sell Kaaden's hard\-earned secrets.}} [Walter Kaaden](/wiki/Walter_Kaaden "Walter Kaaden") of MZ was the first engineer to combine these three crucial technologies. Suzuki hired Degner, and he won the [50 cc class](/wiki/50_cc "50 cc") [FIM](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme "Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme") [road racing](/wiki/Road_racing "Road racing") [World Championship](/wiki/List_of_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_World_Champions "List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions") for them in the [1962 season](/wiki/1962_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season "1962 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season"). Suzuki became the first Japanese manufacturer to win a [motocross world championship](/wiki/List_of_motocross_World_Championship_results "List of motocross World Championship results") when [Joel Robert](/wiki/Joel_Robert "Joel Robert") won the 1970 250 cc title. In the 1970s, Suzuki established themselves in the motorcycle racing world with [Barry Sheene](/wiki/Barry_Sheene "Barry Sheene") [Marco Lucchinelli](/wiki/Marco_Lucchinelli "Marco Lucchinelli")1981 [Franco Uncini](/wiki/Franco_Uncini "Franco Uncini")1982 winning world championships in the premier 500cc class. In 1976 Suzuki introduced its first motorcycles since the Colleda COX of the 1950s with [four\-stroke](/wiki/Four-stroke "Four-stroke") engines, the [GS400](/wiki/Suzuki_GS_series "Suzuki GS series") and [GS750](/wiki/Suzuki_GS_series "Suzuki GS series"). In 1994, Suzuki partnered with [Nanjing Jincheng Machinery](/wiki/Nanjing_Jincheng_Machinery "Nanjing Jincheng Machinery") to create a Chinese motorcycle manufacturer and exporter called [Jincheng Suzuki](/wiki/Jincheng_Suzuki "Jincheng Suzuki"). Suzuki continued to compete in [MotoGP](/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing "Grand Prix motorcycle racing") and last won the title in the [2000 season](/wiki/2000_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season "2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season"). From 2006 to 2011, the team was sponsored by [Rizla](/wiki/Rizla "Rizla") and was known as [Rizla Suzuki](/wiki/Rizla_Suzuki "Rizla Suzuki") MotoGP team. On 18 November 2011, Suzuki announced that the GP racing was suspended, partly due to natural disasters and recession, until 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/suzuki\+suspends\+gp\+racing\|title\=motogp.com · Suzuki Motor Corporation suspends GP racing\|access\-date\=28 November 2011\|archive\-date\=9 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103842/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/11/21/suzuki\-motor\-corporation\-suspends\-gp\-racing/157375\|url\-status\=dead}} Suzuki returned to MotoGP in 2015\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Suzuki\+return\+to\+MotoGP\+with\+Aleix\+Espargaro\+and\+Maverick\+Viales\+in\+2015\|title\=Suzuki return to MotoGP with Aleix Espargaro and Maverick Viñales in 2015\|date\=30 September 2014\|work\=MotoGP.com\|publisher\=\[\[Dorna Sports]]\|access\-date\=12 July 2018\|archive\-date\=1 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001011058/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Suzuki%2Breturn%2Bto%2BMotoGP%2Bwith%2BAleix%2BEspargaro%2Band%2BMaverick%2BViales%2Bin%2B2015\|url\-status\=dead}} The next few years in MotoGP were rather experimental for Suzuki, with some spotty success; but in 2020, on Suzuki's 100th anniversary, Spanish rider [Joan Mir](/wiki/Joan_Mir "Joan Mir") surprised the world by cinching the 2020 MotoGP World Championship, Suzuki's first GP conquest since Kenny Roberts Jr's World Championship win in 2000\. In addition Suzuki have recorded a total of 94 victories at the [Isle of Man TT Races](/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT_Races "Isle of Man TT Races").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.iomtt.com/tt\-database/machines?marq\_Name\=Suzuki\&filter\=S\|title\=Machines \- iomtt.com: The World's \#1 TT Website\|website\=www.iomtt.com}} Suzuki have also taken the runner up spot in the various race categories 100 times and a total 92 third places. ### Models {{Main\|List of Suzuki motorcycles}} {{prose\|section\|date\=February 2020}} Some notable Suzuki motorcycles include the following: #### [Two\-stroke engines](/wiki/Two-stroke_engine "Two-stroke engine") [thumb\|Suzuki T20 (front) and T500 Titan (rear) at *Le Salon de la Moto* 2011 in Paris](/wiki/File:Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Suzuki_-_T20_-_001.jpg "Paris - Salon de la moto 2011 - Suzuki - T20 - 001.jpg") [thumb\|Suzuki RGV250Γ at the [Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum](/wiki/Barber_Motorsports_Park%23Barber_Vintage_Motorsport_Museum "Barber Motorsports Park#Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum") in 2006](/wiki/File:Suzuki_RGV250%CE%93_01.jpg "Suzuki RGV250Γ 01.jpg") * [X6 Hustler](/wiki/Suzuki_T20 "Suzuki T20") twin (aka T20 Super Six) was sold from 1966 to 1968 as "the fastest 250cc motorcycle in the world". It had Suzuki's new [Posi\-Force](/wiki/Suzuki_T20%23Posi-Force_system "Suzuki T20#Posi-Force system") automatic oil injection system (later called [Suzuki CCI](/wiki/Suzuki_GT550%23Automatic_oil/gas_mixing "Suzuki GT550#Automatic oil/gas mixing")).{{cite web\|title\=L\+S\=MF (Cont'd)\|url\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2010/11/08/lsmf\-contd/\|work\=Cycle World (Blog)\|publisher\=Bonnier Corp.\|access\-date\=5 October 2013\|first\=Steven L. \|last\=Thompson\|date\=8 November 2010\|quote\=In the September, 1966, issue of CW, Suzuki ran an ad for the X6 Hustler 250, a ferociously quick 250cc piston\-port Twin with six speeds and "Posi\-Force" oil injection. What made the ad stick in my mind all these years was the copywriter's line at the top: "We've invented a very fast way to lose 70 lbs." The point being, as the body copy of the ad made clear, that the Suzuki was as quick and fast as most 500s but it weighed much less.}} Production peaked at more than 5000 units per month.{{cite web\|title\=1966 Suzuki X6 Hustler\|url\=http://www.jaylenosgarage.com/at\-the\-garage/motorcycles/1966\-suzuki\-x6\-hustler/\|work\=Jay Leno's Garage\|publisher\=NBC Studio, Inc.\|access\-date\=5 October 2013\|date\=10 April 2008\|quote\=When Suzuki introduced the X6 in the fall of 1965, it caused an immediate sensation. Developed with the goal of captivating the U.S. market, the Hustler was designed to be the fastest 250 cc motorcycle in the world. The bike featured Suzuki's first ever tubular steel double\-cradle frame, and its air\-cooled two\-stroke \[\[Cylinder (engine)\#Cylinder sleeving\|sleeved]] aluminum cylinder engine was capable of just about 100 mph. Surprisingly sophisticated, this little engine achieved 100 hp per one liter cylinder volume, which meant it could outrun most of the bigger, faster bikes on the road. It featured automatic oil injection, but more importantly, it was the first six speed motorcycle ever to go into full production.}} In 2013, Suzuki renewed the *Hustler* motorcycle trademark for Europe, leading to rumors of a [retro style](/wiki/Retro_style "Retro style") 250 twin.{{cite web\|title\=Suzuki to revive Hustler name\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/motorcycle\-news\-new\-bikes/suzuki\-to\-revive\-hustler\-name/22181\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=7 October 2013\|date\=25 January 2013\|quote\=We can be pretty certain that whatever the new machine turns out to be, it won't follow the mechanical pattern of the original Hustlers, which were 250cc two\-stroke parallel twins. Suzuki's new 250cc four\-stroke twin, as used in the naked Inazuma, might be a good choice.}}{{cite news\|last\=Beresford\|first\=Jack\|title\=Suzuki plotting return of the Hustler motorbike?\|url\=http://www.motorbiketimes.com/news/makes/suzuki/suzuki\-plotting\-return\-of\-the\-hustler\-motorbike\-\-$21381968\.htm\|access\-date\=7 October 2013\|newspaper\=MotorbikeTimes.com\|date\=29 January 2013\|quote\=Whatever the case, reports indicate that the update could be heavily influenced by the classic T20 and T250 Hustlers which became such an iconic part of the brand itself.\|archive\-date\=16 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116151606/http://www.motorbiketimes.com/news/makes/suzuki/suzuki\-plotting\-return\-of\-the\-hustler\-motorbike\-\-$21381968\.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} A 1967 T20 Super Six was included in the Las Vegas show of *[The Art of the Motorcycle](/wiki/The_Art_of_the_Motorcycle "The Art of the Motorcycle")* exhibition.{{Cite book \|chapter\=Catalog Index \|title\=The Art of the Motorcycle \|url\=https://archive.org/details/artofmot00solo \|publisher\=Guggenheim Museum \|year\=2001 \|isbn\=0\-8109\-6912\-2 }} * [T500 Titan](/wiki/Suzuki_T_series "Suzuki T series") (aka T500 Cobra, GT500\) had a 500 cc air\-cooled parallel\-twin engine which overcame problems with durability, overheating and vibration. With an output of {{convert\|47\|PS}} at 6,500 rpm and top speed of {{convert\|180\|km/h}}, it became Suzuki's flagship machine in 1968, and remains popular with collectors and [café racers](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_racer "Café racer").{{cite news\|last\=Melling\|first\=Frank\|title\=Kick start a blast from the past\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2731947/Kick\-start\-a\-blast\-from\-the\-past.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2731947/Kick\-start\-a\-blast\-from\-the\-past.html \|archive\-date\=11 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=5 October 2013\|newspaper\=Telegraph\|date\=11 December 2004\|quote\=The powerplant of the Seeley Suzuki was closely derived from Suzuki's T500 Cobra road engine.}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\|last\=Melling\|first\=Frank\|title\=Memorable Motorcycles Suzuki T500\|url\=http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/289/1703/Motorcycle\-Article/Memorable\-Motorcycles\-Suzuki\-T500\.aspx\|publisher\=Motorcycle USA\|access\-date\=5 October 2013\|date\=1 June 2005\|quote\=The T500 metamorphosed into the GT500 which had better brakes, suspension, electronic ignition – and less performance. Even so, the GT500 and T500 are very much siblings. Together the two models had a production life of over 9 years and this means that there are still many thousands of T500s in use.\|archive\-date\=10 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213201/http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/289/1703/Motorcycle\-Article/Memorable\-Motorcycles\-Suzuki\-T500\.aspx\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|last\=Melling\|first\=Frank\|title\=Racing Daytona on a Cafe Racer\|url\=http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/739/12405/Motorcycle\-Article/Racing\-Daytona\-On\-a\-Cafe\-Racer.aspx\|publisher\=Motorcycle USA\|access\-date\=5 October 2013\|date\=6 March 2012\|quote\=The motor, tuned for torque, was a dream. Pulling stupendously high gearing, the T500 was cruising round the banking at over 130mph – with speed still in reserve. Now, touring round at the back of the field was forgotten. Those AHRMA trophies looked good!\|archive\-date\=10 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610200630/http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/739/12405/Motorcycle\-Article/Racing\-Daytona\-On\-a\-Cafe\-Racer.aspx\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=The workhorse nobody remembers\|url\=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/09/08/The\-workhorse\-nobody\-remembers.aspx\|work\=The Star Online\|publisher\=Star Publications (M) Bhd\|access\-date\=5 October 2013\|first1\=Choong En\|last1\=Han\|first2\=Jeannette\|last2\=Goon\|date\=8 September 2013\|quote\=Efforts are being made to tell the story of two Suzuki T500 motorcycles which were once the workhorse of our traffic police.\|archive\-date\=12 October 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054805/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/09/08/The\-workhorse\-nobody\-remembers.aspx\|url\-status\=dead}} * [GT750 Le Mans](/wiki/Suzuki_GT750 "Suzuki GT750") with a [straight\-three engine](/wiki/Straight-three_engine "Straight-three engine") was the first Japanese motorcycle with a [liquid\-cooled engine](/wiki/Liquid-cooled_engine "Liquid-cooled engine"), earning it the moniker "Water Buffalo." The [Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A "自動車技術会") {{in lang\|ja}} includes the 1971 Suzuki GT750 as one of their *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*. * [TM400 Cyclone](/wiki/List_of_Suzuki_motorcycles "List of Suzuki motorcycles") production motocrosser was designed to participate in 500cc class [Motocross World Championship](/wiki/Motocross_World_Championship "Motocross World Championship") racing. Introduced in 1971, it was notoriously difficult even for skilled riders to control. Redesigned in 1975\.{{cite web\|title\=SUZUKI TM400 CYCLONE – The most dangerous bike ever built?\|url\=http://dirtbike.off\-road.com/dirtbike/voice/suzuki\-tm400\-cyclone\-the\-most\-dangerous\-bike\-ever\-built\-16159\.html\|work\=Off\-Road.com\|publisher\=VerticalScope Inc.\|access\-date\=7 October 2013\|date\=1 November 2005\|quote\=Somewhere around 4000 rpm, the electronic ignition would go from a mild retard mode, to FULL ADVANCE, with no graduation at all. Bang! The proverbial light switch. What made this problem even more pronounced, was that the 'jump' never happened at the same rpm twice in a row. When it was cold, it might hit earlier. As the engine warmed up, it might jump 200 or 300 rpm later. But you could never predict exactly when.\|archive\-date\=27 February 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227161104/http://dirtbike.off\-road.com/dirtbike/voice/suzuki\-tm400\-cyclone\-the\-most\-dangerous\-bike\-ever\-built\-16159\.html\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|last\=Weeston\|first\=J.\|title\=Top Ten Worst Motorcycles of All Time\|url\=http://xmotorcycle.com/2013/02/11/top\-ten\-worst\-motorcycles\-of\-all\-time/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214025539/http://xmotorcycle.com/2013/02/11/top\-ten\-worst\-motorcycles\-of\-all\-time/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=14 February 2013\|work\=Xmotorcycle\|publisher\=Helmet Venture Inc.\|access\-date\=7 October 2013\|date\=11 February 2013\|quote\=Imagine having an amazing amount of horsepower you could turn on instantly like a light switch. Now, imagine never quite knowing when that light switch is going to suddenly flick on and accelerate you forward to the point of making the Kessle Run in less than 12 parsecs. Also, you're off\-road and it's 1971\.}}{{cite web\|last\=Weisel\|first\=Jody\|title\=The Worst Bikes I Ever Rode\|url\=http://www.motocrossactionmag.com/Main/News/THE\-WORST\-BIKES\-I\-EVER\-RACED\-BY\-JODY\-WEISEL\-9329\.aspx\|work\=Motocross Action Magazine\|publisher\=Hi\-Torque Publications, Inc.\|access\-date\=7 October 2013\|quote\=It would scare you. I loved the Suzuki TM125 Challenger and felt that the TM250 Champion was a decent bike, but the TM400 Cyclone was totally unpredictable. I take that back. If you expected bad things to happen, it never disappointed you. Once, at a night race on a '74 model, I thought someone was trying to pass me on my left side; it turns out that the back of my TM400 was swapping so bad that I could see it in my peripheral vision. Down a rough straight, the TM400 resembled a fish flopping on a beach.\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008224134/http://motocrossactionmag.com/Main/News/THE\-WORST\-BIKES\-I\-EVER\-RACED\-BY\-JODY\-WEISEL\-9329\.aspx\|archive\-date\=8 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} * The RM125 production motocrosser debuted in 1975 to replace the TM125\. It was a successful forerunner of the future [RM series](/wiki/Suzuki_RM_series "Suzuki RM series") line\-up from 50cc to 500cc.{{cite web\|title\=1975 Suzuki RM 125\|url\=http://www.pelicanguanomotorsports.com/1975suzukiRM125\.html\|publisher\=Pelican Guano Motorsports\|access\-date\=11 October 2013\|quote\=The '75 was the first year for the RM series. It actually was only made for 6 months as the TM was in production at the beginning of the year and at the year end Suzuki introduced the new RM series.\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017065725/http://www.pelicanguanomotorsports.com/1975suzukiRM125\.html\|archive\-date\=17 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} * [RM250](/wiki/Suzuki_RM_series "Suzuki RM series") was fully redesigned in 1982 and the liquid\-cooled single\-cylinder delivered more power than any production 250cc motorcrosser of the time. It had Suzuki's original full floater, link\-type rear suspension introduced a year earlier.{{cite web\|title\=The Life And Times of the Suzuki RM250\|url\=http://www.dirtbikemagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?type\=news\&mod\=News\&tier\=3\&nid\=9AF49EE195B2492F9BC67553A2D2ABC9\|work\=Dirt Bike Magazine\|publisher\=Hi\-Torque Publications, Inc\|access\-date\=11 October 2013\|date\=12 December 2011\|quote\=The liquid\-cooled RM250 of 1982 reigns supreme as the best 250 of the year. It's faster, lighter and has better suspension than anything in the class.\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012071451/http://www.dirtbikemagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?type\=news\&mod\=News\&tier\=3\&nid\=9AF49EE195B2492F9BC67553A2D2ABC9\|archive\-date\=12 October 2013}} * [RG250 Gamma](/wiki/Suzuki_RG250_Gamma "Suzuki RG250 Gamma") of 1983 was one of the new generation of [race replica](/wiki/Race_replica "Race replica") sport bikes of the 1980s. It had an aluminum frame, a [full fairing](/wiki/Motorcycle_fairing "Motorcycle fairing") and a high output [straight\-twin engine](/wiki/Straight-twin_engine "Straight-twin engine").{{cite news\|last\=Chaterji\|first\=Pablo\|title\=Suzuki RG 250 Gamma – Gamma Ray\|url\=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/suzuki\-rg\-250\-gamma\-gamma\-ray/406/\|access\-date\=5 September 2013\|newspaper\=Business Standard Motoring\|date\=18 February 2005\|quote\=Cue 1983, when Suzuki presented the RG250 Gamma and turned the class on its head. Although many motorcycles had been called road\-legal racers before the Gamma, the RG was perhaps the first mass\-produced motorcycle with a lightweight aluminum frame and a racing\-type aerodynamic fairing, and it started a new trend in the process. Suzuki used all their two\-stroke knowledge and racetrack experience when building the Gamma and it showed – it was light, fast, handled superbly and was an instant box\-office hit in the racing circuits.}}{{cite news\|last\=Kodack\|first\=Anthony\|title\=Suzuki GSX\-R750 Model Timeline\|url\=http://www.topspeed.com/motorcycles/motorcycle\-reviews/suzuki/2008\-suzuki\-gsx\-r750\-ar45365\.html\|access\-date\=8 October 2013\|newspaper\=TopSpeed\|date\=17 October 2007\|quote\=With the 1983 RG250 Gamma, Suzuki was the first factory to deliver a true racer replica using race\-bred technology to the public. The next step was to build a 4\-stroke 400cc machine for the Japanese home market and a year later a 750cc machine, culmination to the Suzuki's racing experiences in the World Endurance, AMA Superbike and Championship. The GSX\-R750 was first presented at the 1984 IFMA Cologne Show in West Germany. Although it was fully street legal, it was clear that it was built even to compete in the various Worldwide Championships.}} The 1983 RG250Γ is one of the [JSAE](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A "自動車技術会") *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*. * [RG500 Gamma](/wiki/Suzuki_RG500 "Suzuki RG500") of 1985 was like RG250, but with a [square\-four engine](/wiki/U_engine "U engine").{{cite web\|title\=Classic Test: Suzuki RG500 v Yamaha RD500LC\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/road\-tests\-used/classic\-test\-suzuki\-rg500\-v\-yamaha\-rd500lc/19728\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=10 October 2013\|date\=21 December 2011\|quote\=The RG makes a claimed 95bhp, which translates to a genuine 78bhp at the wheel, all packed in a svelte 156 kilos with a genuine top speed of 144mph. But that's not all, it comes with an incredibly trick alloy frame, lifted straight off the race bike. Suzuki's glory days in Grand Prix may be going through a lean time, but the RG still bristles with purpose and lessons learned off the track.}} * [RGV250 Gamma](/wiki/Suzuki_RGV250 "Suzuki RGV250"), the road\-racing replica of [Kevin Schwantz](/wiki/Kevin_Schwantz "Kevin Schwantz")'s RGV500 GP race bike, replaced the [RG250](/wiki/Suzuki_RG250_Gamma "Suzuki RG250 Gamma") in 1988 with a [V\-twin engine](/wiki/V-twin_engine "V-twin engine").{{cite web\|last\=Pole\|first\=Warren\|title\=Bike Icon: Suzuki RGV250\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/features/bike\-icon\-suzuki\-rgv250/14046\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=10 October 2013\|date\=16 September 2010\|quote\=Simply put, the RGV was nothing short of a revelation and a quantum leap forwards in performance and production bike technology.}} #### [Four\-stroke engines](/wiki/Four-stroke_engine "Four-stroke engine") [thumb\|Suzuki GS1000S at the [Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum](/wiki/Barber_Motorsports_Park%23Barber_Vintage_Motorsport_Museum "Barber Motorsports Park#Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum") in 2006](/wiki/File:Suzuki_GS1000S_01.jpg "Suzuki GS1000S 01.jpg") [thumb\|Suzuki DR800S](/wiki/File:Suzuki_DR_800s.jpg "Suzuki DR 800s.jpg") [thumb\|Suzuki GSX\-R1000 at the [Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show "Tokyo Motor Show") in 2007](/wiki/File:Suzuki_GSX-R1000_2007TMS.jpg "Suzuki GSX-R1000 2007TMS.jpg") * [GS series](/wiki/Suzuki_GS_series "Suzuki GS series") – The 1976 GS750 was the first 4\-stroke machine released by Suzuki in 20 years. The following year saw Suzuki's first 1\-liter machine, the GS1000E, and then in 1979 the GS1000S copy of a [Yoshimura GS1000 Superbike](/wiki/Pops_Yoshimura "Pops Yoshimura"). * [Katana](/wiki/Suzuki_Katana "Suzuki Katana") – The GSX1100S was released in Europe in 1980; the GSX1000S arrived in the U.S. and Canada later that year as a 1981 model, and revolutionized sportbike styling.{{cite web\|last\=Boehm\|first\=Mitch\|title\=Thirty Years of the (Original) Suzuki Katana\|url\=http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/mc\_100/122\_1212\_thirty\_years\_of\_the\_original\_suzuki\_katana/viewall.html\|work\=Motorcyclist Magazine\|publisher\=Source Interlink Media\|access\-date\=12 October 2013\|date\=1 December 2012\|quote\=The press's reaction to the Katana was a mixed bag. Several books had the Big Kat on their December 1981 covers, including ''Motorcyclist'' and ''Cycle Guide'', with futuristic layouts that stressed the starship, flashbike and quantum\-leap aspects of the bike's aesthetics. But styling was clearly a love\-hate issue. 'If visual impact is the Katana's primary reason for being,' wrote ''Cycle Guide'', 'then it is a rousing, unqualified success. Because no matter where this motorcycle goes, it turns heads and draws stares like a flasher at a church social. But while there's no doubt Muth's creation is the most spellbinding motorcycle to come along in quite some time, there is some question as to why: Do people gawk at it because it is pleasing to the eye, or is it simply too bizarre for anyone to not look at it?'}} A 1982 Katana GS1000SV is on the [AMA](/wiki/American_Motorcyclist_Association "American Motorcyclist Association") [Motorcycle Hall of Fame](/wiki/Motorcycle_Hall_of_Fame "Motorcycle Hall of Fame"){{'}}s list of "classic bikes" that have been shown in the museum,{{cite web\|title\=1982 Suzuki GS1000SV Katana\|url\=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/asp/classics/bike.asp?id\=31\|work\=Classic Bikes from the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum\|publisher\=American Motorcyclist Association\|access\-date\=16 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017045347/http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/asp/classics/bike.asp?id\=31\|archive\-date\=17 October 2013}} and was in *The Art of the Motorcycle* exhibition. * [GSX\-R750](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R750 "Suzuki GSX-R750") was one of the Japanese sport bikes of the 1980s that began the modern race replica era.{{Citation \|author\-link\= Mick Walker (motorcycling) \|last\= Walker \|first\= Mick \|year\= 2001 \|title\= Performance Motorcycles \|publisher\= Amber Books, Ltd. and Chartwell Books (Book Sales, Inc.) \|isbn\= 0\-7858\-1380\-2 \|pages\= \[https://archive.org/details/performancemotor0000walk/page/26 26, 58, 76, 102] \|url\= https://archive.org/details/performancemotor0000walk/page/26 }} It had air/oil cooling, light weight, and a powerful engine.{{cite web\|last\=Mackenzie\|first\=Niall\|title\=Niall's Spin: 1985–1986 Suzuki GSX\-R750\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/road\-tests\-used/nialls\-spin\-1985\-1986\-suzuki\-gsx\-r750/14518\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=12 October 2013\|date\=8 October 2010\|quote\=The first GSX\-R750 (it was sold as a 400 in 1984 in Japan) was incredibly light at 176 kg with sophisticated suspension and race\-ready brakes. Oh yes, and it came with drop\-dead gorgeous racer styling, to all intents looking like a factory endurance racer, and finished in factory colours to boot. In 1985 there was nothing sexier.}}{{cite news\|last\=Milner\|first\=Doug\|title\=1985 24\-Hour Motorcycle World Speed Record\|url\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/08/24/cws\-1985\-24\-hour\-world\-speed\-record/\|access\-date\=12 October 2013\|newspaper\=Cycle World\|date\=24 August 2012\|quote\=That wonderful lunacy took place in September of 1985 (for the December, '85, issue) when Cycle World set a 24\-hour world speed record of 128\.303 mph on a Suzuki GSX\-R750\. And not by a slim margin: We went 10 percent faster than the previous record, 117\.149 mph, set in 1977 by Kawasaki with a modified KZ650\.}} The [Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A "自動車技術会") {{in lang\|ja}} includes the 1984 Suzuki GSX\-R750 as one of their *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*, and was in *The Art of the Motorcycle*. * [Intruder 750](/wiki/Suzuki_Intruder "Suzuki Intruder") with its [OHC](/wiki/Overhead_camshaft "Overhead camshaft") 4\-valve 45° [V\-twin engine](/wiki/V-twin_engine "V-twin engine") was the first Japanese [cruiser](/wiki/Cruiser_%28motorcycle%29 "Cruiser (motorcycle)") motorcycle (designed to appeal to U.S. riders) in 1985\. By 1997, cruiser\-style motorcycles would account for nearly 60 percent of the U.S. street\-bike market.{{cite news\|last\=McCraw\|first\=Jim\|title\=Motorcycle Wars: Japan's Latest Shots at Fortress Harley\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/20/automobiles/motorcycle\-wars\-japan\-s\-latest\-shots\-at\-fortress\-harley.html\|access\-date\=13 October 2013\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=20 July 1997\|quote\=When Japanese clones began to arrive in the United States in the late 1980s – Suzuki's Intruder was the first – Harley was incensed that Honda had managed to duplicate its engines' distinctive sound, a result of Harley's simple crankshaft layout. Harley has applied for a trademark on the sound, a potato\-potato\-potato rhythm at idle and a staccato beat at cruising speeds.}} * [GSX\-R1100](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R1100 "Suzuki GSX-R1100"), related to the GSX\-R750, appeared in 1986\.{{cite web\|last\=Barker\|first\=Stuart\|title\=Bike Icon: Suzuki GSX\-R1100\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/features/bike\-icon\-suzuki\-gsx\-r1100/14528\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=14 October 2013\|date\=8 October 2010\|quote\=For their cash, GSX\-R1100 buyers got an oil/air\-cooled 1052cc dohc, four\-cylinder, in\-line motor housed in a lightweight double cradle frame made from aerospace quality aluminium and, since their front wheels would be spending so much time in the sky, that was a necessary luxury. Like the 750, the GSX\-R1100 featured SACS (Suzuki Advanced Cooling System) as well as the new TSCC (Twin Swirl Combustion Chamber) and a host of acronyms which helped give mucho grunt from 5000 revs.}} The same basic engine would reappear in 1995 to power the [Bandit 1200](/wiki/Suzuki_Bandit_series "Suzuki Bandit series") and remain in production through 2006\.{{cite news\|last\=Ash\|first\=Kevin\|title\=An even better Bandit\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/2714667/An\-even\-better\-Bandit.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/2714667/An\-even\-better\-Bandit.html \|archive\-date\=11 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=14 October 2013\|newspaper\=Telegraph\|date\=4 July 2000\|quote\=So it will sell well, and our first ride suggests it deserves to. It's thanks to the engine that Suzuki has been able to keep the cost around the £6,000 mark, as the four\-cylinder, air and oil\-cooled transverse four debuted back in 1986, when it powered the fearsome GSX\-R1100\.}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\|last\=Urry\|first\=Jon\|title\=Road Test: Suzuki Bandit 1200 VS 1250\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/road\-tests/road\-test\-suzuki\-bandit\-1200\-vs\-1250/4410\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=\[\[Immediate Media Company Ltd]]\|access\-date\=14 October 2013\|date\=13 April 2013\|quote\=Like a sleeper secret agent the Bandit has been doing its part to corrupt a generation of bikers into its wicked ways since it was launched in 1996\. This big\-bore monster was the first proper streetbike, boasting an air/oil\-cooled 1,157cc motor that was very closely related to the legendary GSX\-R1100's lump while its styling was simple, naked and designed to show off this heart of metal. It wheelied like a banshee and went round corners, too. A perfect example of the philosophy keep it simple.}} * [Suzuki GSF1200 Bandit](/wiki/Suzuki_GSF1200_Bandit "Suzuki GSF1200 Bandit") \- Released in 1996 after the fully\-faired RF900, the big, GSXR\-powered Bandit offered stunning performance with real\-world ergonomics and capabilities, and has become something of a "cult" model. These units have been used widely from road\-race to Open Road Touring, were renowned for their versatility, robustness and massive torque production. Many are still in operation. The carbureted, air (and oil)\-cooled design ran from 1996 to 2002; afterward Suzuki moved into fuel injection and liquid cooling on subsequent models. The last of the series was the GSX1250Fa. Though not technically labeled as a "Bandit", it was obviously the last in the long, popular line. Black, with a full\-fairing, the GSX/Fa sold for only two years, between 2010 and 2011\. Critics praised the model, like the earlier GSF, for its ergonomics and practical, "Do\-It\-All" capabilities; but market desire sagged due to the final model's heavy weight and relatively low power output. * The *DR\-BIG* aka *Desert Express* [DR800S](/wiki/Suzuki_DR_800_S "Suzuki DR 800 S") {{in lang\|de}} off\-roader was existent for two model years as the [DR750S](/wiki/Suzuki_DR_Big_750_S "Suzuki DR Big 750 S") {{in lang\|de}} until 1990, when its displacement increased to 779cc, still the world largest single cylinder engine in a production motorcycle.{{cite web\|title\=Products History 1990s\|url\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/products/products\_1990s.html\|work\=Global Suzuki\|publisher\=Suzuki Motor Corporation\|access\-date\=2 September 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006085036/http://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/products/products\_1990s.html\|archive\-date\=6 October 2013}} Available in Europe through 1999, it was not exported to the U.S. market.{{cite web\|last\=Siler\|first\=Wes\|title\=Retro: Suzuki DR Big\|url\=http://rideapart.com/2010/11/retro\-suzuki\-dr\-big/\|work\=RideApart\|publisher\=RideApart Inc\|access\-date\=15 October 2013\|date\=15 November 2010\|quote\=We first learned of Doctor Big, or 'Desert Express' as he's known by people with more mature senses of humor, in something of an aside in Kevin Ash's Tiger 800 review about Triumph being peeved that people (read: us) think the Triumph is unmistakably an effort to copy the \[BMW R80]GS's design. It is, but Triumph argues that the BMW itself is simply a copy, of this Suzuki. And thus Doctor Big's place in history is assured.}} Replaced by the [V\-Strom](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_1000 "Suzuki V-Strom 1000") twin, the *DR\-BIG* has now come full circle as the design inspiration for a 2014 overhaul of the V\-Strom 1000 ABS.{{cite web\|title\=History\|url\=http://www.suzuki\-vstrom.com/en/history/index.html\|work\=All New V\-Strom 1000 ABS\|publisher\=Suzuki Motor Corporation\|access\-date\=15 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016054139/http://www.suzuki\-vstrom.com/en/history/index.html\|archive\-date\=16 October 2013}} As of 2020, the DR\-BIG acted as the inspiration of the revisioned [Suzuki V\-Strom 1050](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_1050 "Suzuki V-Strom 1050"). * [Suzuki RF Series](/wiki/Suzuki_RF_Series "Suzuki RF Series") The Suzuki RF series are sport touring motorcycles. They came with three engine variations: 400, 600 and 900 cc. It was in production from 1994 to 1998\. * [TL1000S](/wiki/Suzuki_TL1000S "Suzuki TL1000S") debuted at the 1996 [International Motorcycle and Scooter Show](/wiki/Motorcycle_Live "Motorcycle Live") as the first Suzuki sport bike with a [V\-twin engine](/wiki/V-twin_engine "V-twin engine").{{cite news\|last\=Brown\|first\=Roland\|title\=Motoring: Bike to the future\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/motoring/motoring\-bike\-to\-the\-future\-1351502\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/motoring/motoring\-bike\-to\-the\-future\-1351502\.html \|archive\-date\=25 May 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=16 October 2013\|newspaper\=The Independent\|date\=9 November 1996\|quote\=Japan's brightest show stars come from Suzuki, whose TL1000S sportster combines a 123bhp V\-twin engine with a racy chassis based on a lightweight aluminium frame. The TL features fuel\-injection and an innovative rear damping system.}} This was a liquid\-cooled, 90° V\-twin, [DOHC](/wiki/DOHC "DOHC") engine with 4 valves per cylinder, which would be in production through 2012\. Although the TL1000S motorcycle ceased production in 2001, the engine would carry on in the [TL1000R](/wiki/Suzuki_TL1000R "Suzuki TL1000R"), the [SV1000](/wiki/Suzuki_SV1000 "Suzuki SV1000") and SV1000S,{{cite news\|last\=Melling\|first\=Frank\|title\=Memorable Motorcycle: Suzuki SV1000\|url\=http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/289/15847/Motorcycle\-Article/Memorable\-Motorcycle\-\-Suzuki\-SV1000\.aspx\|access\-date\=16 October 2013\|newspaper\=Motorcycle USA\|date\=28 March 2013\|quote\=So when the SV was launched the warning lights were well and truly lit on Suzuki's instrument panel. Gone was the frenetic rush of the eight\-valve, dual overhead cam V\-Twin which powered the TL. Instead, Sensible San in Hamamatsu re\-cammed and re\-mapped the same motor, so that it allegedly produced 120 hp – but felt about 20 hp less. The capacity remained at 996cc and the six\-speed gearbox was retained from the TL but now the powerplant was a sportbike engine which the Health and Safety lobby would have us all ride.\|archive\-date\=6 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506115904/http://www.motorcycle\-usa.com/289/15847/Motorcycle\-Article/Memorable\-Motorcycle\-\-Suzuki\-SV1000\.aspx\|url\-status\=dead}} as well as the [V\-Strom 1000](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_1000 "Suzuki V-Strom 1000") and the [Suzuki V\-Strom 1050](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_1050 "Suzuki V-Strom 1050").{{cite news\|last\=Bennett\|first\=Jon\|title\=Suzuki DL1000 GT\|url\=http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Suzuki\-DL1000\-GT/story\-11258801\-detail/story.html\|access\-date\=16 October 2013\|newspaper\=Bristol Post\|date\=13 January 2009\|quote\=A couple of days later, however, I was in for a surprise. Having made a conscious decision to go out thrill\-seeking, rather than just using the DL to commute, the smooth 1,000cc V\-twin began to show its heritage. Based heavily on the tried and tested motor which once powered the frankly lunatic TL1000S and TL1000R sportsbikes of the 90s, the V\-Strom showed remarkable venom once the revs really began to climb. The 90\-degree V\-twin which had previously been so gentlemanly had transformed into a fire\-breathing monster. From 5,000rpm up to the redline, in gear after gear, the V\-Strom has plenty of shove for the most brisk of overtaking manouevres.\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231540/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Suzuki\-DL1000\-GT/story\-11258801\-detail/story.html\|archive\-date\=23 September 2015}} * [GSX\-R600](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R600 "Suzuki GSX-R600") – a smaller version of the GSX\-R750\. There were earlier pretenders,{{cite web\|last\=Barker\|first\=Stuart\|title\=600 Evolution 1985 – 2003\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/features/600\-evolution\-1985\-\-\-2003/15324\-2\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=17 October 2013\|quote\=Of the major Japanese players, this leaves only Suzuki to offer up a contender and the latest is obviously the famed GSX\-R600, first launched in 1996\. But there were two earlier offerings. Back in 1992 in the 'States you could get a GSX\-R600, although it was only a sleeved\-down 750 engine in a 750 chassis. For the UK in 1993 came the RF600R – a powerful enough (100bhp) machine but one which had to pull too much weight. The beast tipped the scales at 195 kilos and was never going to be a genuine supersports contender, more a comfy, relaxed all\-rounder for dad to enjoy.}} but the genuine article arrived in 1997 and has received frequent updates after that.{{cite web\|title\=GSX\-R History\|url\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/gsx\-r/03\.html\|work\=Global Suzuki\|publisher\=Suzuki Motor Corp\|access\-date\=17 October 2013\|page\=3\|quote\=For riders who want the GSX\-R experience in a middleweight machine, Suzuki introduced the GSX\-R600 in 1997\. Kunio Arase, project leader for this new member of the GSX\-R family, says he started development with a mission: 'The mission shared by every engineer for succeeding models of the legendary GSX\-R line has been to surpass the performance of any existing model in its class. We determined to achieve the fastest top speed and starting acceleration, yet the production model had to be transformable to a winning circuit racer with minimal modification. Indeed, the first GSX\-R600 realized a top speed faster than that of the GSX\-R750 two years earlier, taking the World Supersport Championship for two consecutive years.'\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024125031/http://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/gsx\-r/03\.html\|archive\-date\=24 October 2013}}{{cite news\|last\=Ash\|first\=Kevin\|title\=The joy of 600\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2740090/The\-joy\-of\-600\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2740090/The\-joy\-of\-600\.html \|archive\-date\=11 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=17 October 2013\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=25 February 2006\|quote\=Which means the GSX\-R600 K6 (as the 2006 model is designated) is millimetre\-perfect in going precisely where you want it to, steering with no tendency to run wide, drop in or do its own thing in any way. It's astonishingly stable, so much so that this is the defining characteristic of the handling, despite an improvement in agility and the GSX\-R's history of flightiness.}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news\|last\=Ash\|first\=Kevin\|title\=Suzuki GSX\-R600 review\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=18 March 2011\|quote\=Suzuki's 600cc engine has had a more substantial makeover than the 750s, with new pistons and combustion chamber shapes as well as the usual ECU and engine fuelling and ignition map upgrades, and the difference between old and new is marked. It's not so much about the top\-end power, which doesn't feel significantly different, but the mid\-range thrust is a lot better (far more helpful in terms of performance and usability).}} * [Hayabusa](/wiki/Suzuki_Hayabusa "Suzuki Hayabusa") (GSX\-1300R) was introduced in 1998, and remains Suzuki's flagship [sport bike](/wiki/Sport_bike "Sport bike").{{cite news\|last\=Marmar\|first\=Shubhabrata\|title\=Suzuki GSX\-R1300 Hayabusa \-PERE\-GRIN FALCON\|url\=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/suzuki\-gsx\-r1300\-hayabusa/798/1\|access\-date\=16 October 2013\|newspaper\=Business Standard Motoring\|date\=17 April 2008\|quote\=The Hayabusa was first shown to the world in 1998\. Love blossomed from the press kit stage itself, and while a few detractors dug in their heels and obstinately referred to the thing variously as an ugly pig and a gigantic, shapeless buffalo, the rest of the world was not tuned in to that frequency. With magazines awash with top speed runs, the 314–321 km/h records were peppered by considerable astonishment. The speed was possible despite – and not at the expense of – the Hayabusa's market\-defined role – that of a comfortable sport tourer.}}{{cite news\|last\=Ash\|first\=Kevin\|title\=Suzuki Hayabusa: the world's fastest production motorcycle\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/6728470/Suzuki\-Hayabusa\-the\-worlds\-fastest\-production\-motorcycle.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/6728470/Suzuki\-Hayabusa\-the\-worlds\-fastest\-production\-motorcycle.html \|archive\-date\=11 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=16 October 2013\|newspaper\=Telegraph\|date\=10 December 2009\|quote\=We're saving the best number until last: how about zero to 180mph in 18 seconds? Glorious, and all this on a bike that will just as happily trickle all day around the supermarket car park. Last summer, that is why Pirelli chose the Hayabusa to launch its new Angel ST sport\-touring tyre with a speed\-record attempt – the bike duly averaged 143mph for 24 hours over 3,209 miles, including all fuel stops and rider changes, setting the world record for standard production bikes.}}{{cbignore}} The 1998 Suzuki Hayabusa is included in the [JSAE](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A "自動車技術会") *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*. The development of a [second generation](/wiki/Suzuki_Hayabusa%23Second_generation_%282008%E2%80%93_%29 "Suzuki Hayabusa#Second generation (2008– )") Hayabusa for the 2008 model year facilitated the 2007 roll\-out of the GSX\-1300BK [B\-King](/wiki/Suzuki_B-King "Suzuki B-King"),{{cite news\|last\=Ash\|first\=Kevin\|title\=Suzuki B\-King is King of the road\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2748116/Suzuki\-B\-King\-is\-King\-of\-the\-road.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2748116/Suzuki\-B\-King\-is\-King\-of\-the\-road.html \|archive\-date\=11 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=25 October 2013\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=4 August 2007\|quote\=Instead, six years on, the spirit of that show bike has been retained. The details are beautifully executed with exceptionally high\-quality fit and finish, and the motor is based on the Hayabusa's imminent 2008 1,340cc unit rather than its slightly smaller and much older engine, which means a staggering 181bhp, making the B\-King by far the most powerful naked street bike available.}}{{cbignore}} a highly stylized [naked](/wiki/Types_of_motorcycles%23Standard "Types of motorcycles#Standard") variant.{{cite news\|last\=Carpenter\|first\=Susan\|title\=Suzuki B\-King is for Lord Vader. His chariot awaits.\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/news/la\-hy\-throttle12dec12,0,890967\.story\|access\-date\=25 October 2013\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=12 December 2007\|quote\=From the front end, the headlight looks like the face of a Hasbro robot. The turn signals blink from the outer edges of the tank. Travel down the bike's body to its curved radiator and finned oil cooler, and you're looking at what appears to be the Dark Knight's voice box.}}{{cite news\|last\=Welsh\|first\=Jonathan\|title\=Suzuki's B\-King Muscle Bike Is for Motorcycle Riders Who Want to be Noticed\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121814498946121989\|access\-date\=25 October 2013\|newspaper\=The Wall Street Journal\|date\=24 September 2008\|quote\=Viewed up close it looks, well, scary. If the B\-King appeared in a feature film, the villain would ride it. Had 'Star Wars' been a biker movie, Darth Vader would have been in his element astride this Suzuki. The bike is menacing in black and has a mask\-like shield around its headlight. Its pointy stinger tail and overall angular styling would go well with a cape.}} * [SV650](/wiki/Suzuki_SV650 "Suzuki SV650") was introduced in 1999 as a budget entry in the naked bike market,{{cite web\|title\=1999 Suzuki SV650\|url\=http://www.motorcycle.com/manufacturer/suzuki/1999\-suzuki\-sv650\-16317\.html\|work\=Motorcycle Online\|publisher\=VerticalScope Inc\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|date\=19 March 1999\|quote\=Although it's not incorrect to describe the SV650 as a naked, downscale TL1000S, it's not entirely accurate either. True, the 645cc liquid\-cooled, 90° V\-twin engine borrows more than a few bits and pieces from Suzuki's high\-performance TL bikes such as lower exhaust cams and triangularly arranged crank and transmission shafts to reduce engine height and length, a rear cylinder head pipe that routes through the swingarm, an internal water pump, and all\-electric instrument gauges. But the SV650 also receives a few new tweaks of its own, such as an oil guide that sprays oil directly on the gear faces. The SV650 also receives two 39mm Mikuni downdraft carburetors instead of fuel\-injection, but considering the glitches we've experienced in the past with Suzuki's EFI, carburetion isn't that bad of an idea.}}{{cite news\|last\=May\|first\=Keith\|title\=Frugal Fuelers: Suzuki SV650 – First Look\|url\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2008/07/16/frugal\-fuelers\-suzuki\-sv650\-first\-look/\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|newspaper\=Cycle World\|date\=16 July 2008\|quote\=This then\-new standard from Suzuki had apparently charmed the riding pants off everyone at the office. 'So easy to flick back and forth that turning around and re\-running ess\-turns isn't just an option, it's a necessity,' Cycle World's May, 1999, issue declared. And shockingly, 'Better performance numbers than Ducati's Monster 900\.' Other turn\-ons included the short wheelbase, low center of gravity, relaxed riding position, competent suspension, decent brakes, smooth gearbox, narrow waist, wide handlebars and cozy passenger perch. The perfect companion for novice and hooligans alike. And stunning good looks to boot.}} and since 2001, offered both naked and fully faired.{{cite web\|last\=Cathcart\|first\=Alan\|title\=Suzuki SV650S And Kawasaki ZX\-6R – Tweaks 2001!\|url\=http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/features/122\_0012\_suzuki\_sv650s\_kawasaki\_zx\_6r/\|work\=Motorcyclist Magazine\|publisher\=Source Interlink Media\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|date\=1 December 2000\|quote\=Good news, bad news from Suzuki. As you'll see elsewhere in this issue, we are indeed getting the light, hot GSX\-R600 and 1000 (that would be the really good news) but, contrary to some rumors, we are not going to see a TL1000\-engined naked model for 2001\. (Oh, and we wanted it so badly.) Still, there's plenty of good reason for V\-twin fans to cheer, as the SV650S, a half\-faired iteration of our favorite middleweight boomer, will finally come Stateside. Sporting a racier riding stance thanks to clip\-ons replacing the naked SV's tubular affair, taller gearing and slightly revised steering geometry, the SV\-S we get will be identical to the bike Europeans and Canadians have enjoyed for two years. Cool, eh? The naked SV650 returns unchanged, as do the Bandit 600, Katanas 600 and 750 and TL1000s S and R.}} In 2009 the [naked bike](/wiki/Naked_bike "Naked bike") version was redesigned and renamed the [Gladius](/wiki/Suzuki_SFV650_Gladius "Suzuki SFV650 Gladius") in keeping with the [sword](/wiki/Gladius "Gladius") motif Suzuki established with the *Katana.*{{cite news\|last\=Stermer\|first\=Bill\|title\=2009 Suzuki Gladius Road Test\|url\=http://www.ridermagazine.com/manufacturer/suzuki/2009\-suzuki\-gladius\-650\-road\-test.htm/\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|newspaper\=Rider Magazine\|date\=June 2009\|quote\=In researching the market, Suzuki determined that with the influx of young people the average age of motorcycle buyers was no longer increasing. They further determined that the younger buyers entering the market desired practical and economical transportation, and thus the Gladius was born. The intent was for it to be more versatile than the Katanas by making it a naked bike with an upright seating position. It was originally targeted for the European market so they wanted something that was hip, urban and modern. Suzuki even sent Japanese designers to Europe for several months to study its fashion, architecture and motorcycle culture. The result is the flowing shapes and forward thrust, what Suzuki calls 'style meets technology.'\|archive\-date\=24 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224231043/http://ridermagazine.com/manufacturer/suzuki/2009\-suzuki\-gladius\-650\-road\-test.htm/\|url\-status\=dead}} The Gladius motorcycle won a Good Design Award (aka *G Mark*) from the [Japan Institute of Design Promotion](/wiki/Japan_Institute_of_Design_Promotion "Japan Institute of Design Promotion").{{cite web\|title\=MOTORCYCLE \[GLADIUS]\|url\=http://www.g\-mark.org/award/describe/35123\|work\=Good Design Award\|publisher\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\|year\=2009\|access\-date\=23 October 2013}} * [GSX\-R1000](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R1000 "Suzuki GSX-R1000") – This top\-of\-the\-line [superbike](/wiki/Superbike "Superbike") debuted in 2000,{{cite news\|last\=Ash\|first\=Kevin\|title\=Open the throttle for a big thrill\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/4747856/Open\-the\-throttle\-for\-a\-big\-thrill.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/4747856/Open\-the\-throttle\-for\-a\-big\-thrill.html \|archive\-date\=11 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=24 October 2013\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=19 December 2000\|quote\=BUY a Suzuki GSX\-R1000 today! Right now! It doesn't matter if you're normally into tourers, trail bikes or whatever. If there is any soul in you, any quest whatsoever to experience truly mind\-expanding excitement, then at some point in your life you really must own – or at the very least ride – this latest flagship supersports machine from the 500cc grand prix world championship\-winning manufacturer. This bike not only offers more than any road\-going sports bike before it in terms of power, handling and braking, it also plugs the rider into its dynamics with such clarity and obedient responsiveness that it feels as if your very nerve endings have been spliced into the wiring loom.}}{{cbignore}} and remains the largest model of the GSX\-R series. * [Burgman 650](/wiki/Suzuki_Burgman "Suzuki Burgman") (AN650\) was the largest of a series of urban scooters produced in Japan (marketed as *Skywave* domestically) as well as in Italy and Spain with engine capacities of 125cc and up. When it appeared in 2002 the 650 was the largest\-displacement [scooter](/wiki/Scooter_%28motorcycle%29 "Scooter (motorcycle)") in the world, and first two\-wheel vehicle to have an electrically controlled [Continuously Variable Transmission](/wiki/Continuously_Variable_Transmission "Continuously Variable Transmission").{{cite journal\|title\=Suzuki Electrically\-controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (SECVT)\|journal\=Global Communications Magazine\|year\=2002\|volume\=1\|url\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/gcm/bigheart/002\.html\|access\-date\=18 October 2013\|publisher\=Suzuki Motor Corp\|quote\='Unlike the conventional centrifugal CVT using a rubber belt, the SECVT adjusts the CVT ratio by varying the drive\-pulley diameter with an electric actuator motor,' relates Kazutoshi Ohashi who led development of the SECVT control systems in Group I, Miyakoda R\&D Centre. 'The SECVT controller calculates the target engine revolution based on the vehicle speed and throttle position, and automatically adjusts the CVT ratio. Unlike conventional systems that adjust the CVT ratio only to the engine revolution, the SECVT's calculation is made with the throttle position – the rider's acceleration choice – also taken into consideration. That optimizes the CVT ratio for actual riding conditions.'\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024134532/http://www.globalsuzuki.com/gcm/bigheart/002\.html\|archive\-date\=24 October 2013}}{{cite news\|last\=Ash\|first\=Kevin\|title\=Press here for 'power' mode\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2717275/Press\-here\-for\-power\-mode.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2717275/Press\-here\-for\-power\-mode.html \|archive\-date\=11 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=18 October 2013\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=29 June 2002\|quote\=Suzuki's entry into the new superscooter class might be something of a latecomer, but, if anything, it's been even more eagerly awaited than the first machine on this improbable scene, Yamaha's 500cc Tmax. This has nothing to do with the fact the Burgman has an even bigger engine – its 54bhp, 638cc twin includes such high\-performance features as double overhead cams, fuel injection and liquid cooling – but its transmission breaks new ground even in this innovative category.}}{{cbignore}} The [Japan Institute of Design Promotion](/wiki/Japan_Institute_of_Design_Promotion "Japan Institute of Design Promotion") awarded the *G Mark* Good Design Award to the Skywave 650 in 2003, to the entire Skywave series in 2006 and to the updated Skywave 650LX in 2013\.{{cite web\|title\=scooter \[Skywave650]\|url\=http://www.g\-mark.org/award/describe/28504\|work\=Good Design Award\|publisher\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\|year\=2003\|access\-date\=4 November 2013}}{{cite web\|title\=scooter \[skywave series]\|url\=http://www.g\-mark.org/award/describe/32454 \|work\=Good Design Award\|publisher\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\|year\=2006\|access\-date\=4 November 2013}}{{cite web\|title\=SCOOTER \[SKYWAVE650LX]\|url\=http://www.g\-mark.org/award/describe/40035 \|work\=Good Design Award\|publisher\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\|year\=2013\|access\-date\=4 November 2013\|quote\=Suzuki's flagship scooter, the Skywave 650, has been updated with its styling, functionality, and fuel economy.}} + [Choinori](/wiki/Suzuki_Choinori "Suzuki Choinori") was a lightweight, inexpensive, 50cc scooter and the antithesis of the [Skywave 650](/wiki/Suzuki_Burgman "Suzuki Burgman"), but they were introduced at the same time in an effort to increase domestic sales in response to shrinking motorcycle exports.{{cite news\|title\=Suzuki set to increase output\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2682701\.stm\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|newspaper\=BBC News\|date\=22 January 2003\|quote\=Motorcycle production is set to be boosted by strong demand from China, and the release of a new 50cc scooter called 'Choinori'.}}{{cite web\|title\=Annual Report\|url\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/ir/library/annualreport/pdf/2003/2003\-1\.pdf\|publisher\=Suzuki Motor Corporation\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|page\=1\|year\=2003\|quote\=In the overseas markets, motorcycle exports to North America and other markets increased, but exports to Central and South America, Europe and other markets dropped. As a result, motorcycle exports as a whole saw a decrease from the previous year. On the other hand, due to increases in North America, Europe and other markets, automobile exports surpassed last year's level. Under such circumstances, Suzuki made efforts to increase sales in the domestic motorcycle market by enhancing our product lineup through the introduction of models such as the Choinori and the SKYWAVE 650\. Literally meaning 'short time riding', the Choinori is a functional domestically produced 50cc scooter available at a highly competitive price of 59,800 yen while the SKYWAVE 650 is a large\-size scooter featuring the world's first electronically controlled CVT system.\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106114414/http://www.globalsuzuki.com/ir/library/annualreport/pdf/2003/2003\-1\.pdf\|archive\-date\=6 November 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} The 2002 Choinori is one of the [JSAE](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A "自動車技術会") *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*. The Choinori was awarded the *G Mark* Good Design Award in 2003\.{{cite web\|title\=scooter \[choinori]\|url\=http://www.g\-mark.org/award/describe/28505\|work\=Good Design Award\|publisher\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\|year\=2003\|access\-date\=4 November 2013}} * [Boulevard M109R](/wiki/Suzuki_Boulevard_M109R "Suzuki Boulevard M109R") (VZR1800\) V\-twin, dubbed the Intruder M1800R in Europe, arrived in 2006 boasting a {{convert\|112\|mm\|abbr\=on}} bore with a {{convert\|90\.5\|mm\|abbr\=on}} stroke, amongst the largest gasoline engine [pistons](/wiki/Piston "Piston") ever used in any production motorcycle (or passenger car).{{cite web\|last\=Winfield\|first\=Barry\|title\=Suzuki Boulevard M109R\|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\-03\-13/suzuki\-boulevard\-m109r\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20131025210148/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\-03\-13/suzuki\-boulevard\-m109r\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=25 October 2013\|work\=Businessweek.com\|publisher\=Bloomberg L.P.\|access\-date\=25 October 2013\|date\=13 March 2006\|quote\=Nor does the new engine seem to notice the load it is being asked to carry. It's a 54\-degree V\-twin with dual overhead cams turned by a novel two\-stage chain drive system that teams with a semi\-dry\-sump lubrication technique and plated aluminum cylinder bores to keep the engine relatively light and compact. Compact, that is, for a 1783cc twin with pistons that are 4\.4\-inches across. Fortunately for all of us, the engine uses a balancer shaft to keep the big twin's shaking forces from buzzing our brains out.}}{{cite news\|last\=Luckhurst\|first\=Tim\|title\=Suzuki Intruder M1800R\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/motoring/road\-tests/suzuki\-intruder\-m1800r\-410924\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/motoring/road\-tests/suzuki\-intruder\-m1800r\-410924\.html \|archive\-date\=25 May 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=25 October 2013\|newspaper\=The Independent\|date\=8 August 2006\|quote\=As soon as I saw the Suzuki Intruder a sound entered my head and refused to leave. It was not the sumptuous aural thrill provided by the largest pair of reciprocating pistons ever installed in an internal combustion engine. That came later. First I imagined the American musician Lyle Lovett singing, 'No, you're not from Texas, but Texas loves you anyway.'}}{{cite web\|title\=Products History 2000s\|url\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/products/products\_2000s.html\|work\=Global Suzuki\|publisher\=Suzuki Motor Corporation\|access\-date\=25 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024231820/https://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/products/products\_2000s.html\|archive\-date\=24 October 2013}} * [GSX\-650F](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX_650_F "Suzuki GSX 650 F") – introduced in 2008, this new sport touring model fills the void of the retired [Katana](/wiki/Suzuki_Katana "Suzuki Katana"). The 2009 model has [ABS](/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system "Anti-lock braking system") standard. * [Suzuki DR125](/wiki/Suzuki_DR125 "Suzuki DR125") \- a 124cc four stroke motorcycle * [DL\-650 V\-Strom](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_650 "Suzuki V-Strom 650") – a [dual\-sport motorcycle](/wiki/Dual-sport_motorcycle "Dual-sport motorcycle") * [GSX\-250F Across](/wiki/Suzuki_Across_%28motorcycle%29 "Suzuki Across (motorcycle)") – a small 250 cc engine sport [touring motorcycle](/wiki/Touring_motorcycle "Touring motorcycle") produced from 1990 until 1998\. It is mostly known as a practical sports/touring bike, due to its rear petrol tank and a fully enclosed helmet storage area where the petrol tank usually is. * Suzuki GSX\-R250 – a motorcycle that was manufactured from 1987 to 1994\. A couple of years after the presentation of the GSX\-R750 the 250 cc GSX\-R250 was released. Like the larger bike, the GSX\-R250 had a box\-frame (steel, not aluminum), full fairing, full\-floater rear swing and a four\-cylinder four\-stroke engine. But while the GSX\-R750 engine was air and oil\-cooled, the baby brother had a liquid\-cooled engine. Not many examples are seen outside Japan. 17\-inch cast wheels and 300 mm twin disc brake at the front. The GSX\-R250 had impressive power and was made primarily as a road legal 250 cc racing bike reaching speeds of 200\+km/h (124 mph). Imported specimens may be seen in Australia and New Zealand commonly. Also, around 350 units were exported to Denmark around 1989 to 1992\. Starting in 2017, the engine continued in the [Suzuki V\-Strom 250](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_250 "Suzuki V-Strom 250"). #### Other power sources [thumb\|Cutaway model of the Burgman Fuel Cell Scooter at the [2011 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232011 "Tokyo Motor Show#2011")\|alt\=](/wiki/File:Suzuki_Burgman_Fuel_Cell_cutaway_model_2011_Tokyo_Motor_Show.jpg "Suzuki Burgman Fuel Cell cutaway model 2011 Tokyo Motor Show.jpg") * [RE5](/wiki/Suzuki_RE5 "Suzuki RE5") was the first (and only) Japanese motorcycle produced with a [Wankel rotary engine](/wiki/Wankel_engine "Wankel engine"). That, and its [Giugiaro](/wiki/Giugiaro "Giugiaro") styling, make it one of the oddest and most collectible motorcycles of the 1970s.{{cite news\|last\=Duchene\|first\=Paul\|title\=Rotary bikes are real spin cycles\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/10/31/rotary\-bikes\-are\-real\-spin\-cycles/\|access\-date\=8 October 2013\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune\|date\=31 October 2004\|quote\=Suzuki's RE5 arrived at the 1974 Tokyo Motor Show to huge fanfare. The hefty, 507\-pound watercooled roadster used a 497\-cc twin\-rotor engine and sold for about $2,700\. Suzuki rushed the RE5 into production, but a 3{{citefrac\|1\|2}}\-month delay in delivery of the first bikes cooled demand. Then carburetor problems surfaced. Sales limped along until 1977, with only one production run of fewer than 5,000 bikes. The RE5 owners' registry lists 1,782 survivors worldwide.}}{{cite web\|title\=Happy Birthday, Felix: The Eleven Coolest Wankel\-Powered Vehicles Built\|url\=http://rumors.automobilemag.com/happy\-birthday\-felix\-the\-eleven\-coolest\-wankel\-powered\-vehicles\-built\-162677\.html\|work\=Automobile Magazine\|publisher\=Source Interlink Media\|access\-date\=8 October 2013\|date\=13 August 2012\|quote\=Despite licensing the engine from NSU, Suzuki poured much of its own research and development money into the RE5′s rotary mill. The company actually holds some 20 patents for different parts of the engine, including on the engine's subsystems. The Wankel was less than ideal for a motorcycle, however, as it had high fuel consumption and generated a lot of heat, necessitating the use of various systems for cooling.\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108202750/http://rumors.automobilemag.com/happy\-birthday\-felix\-the\-eleven\-coolest\-wankel\-powered\-vehicles\-built\-162677\.html\|archive\-date\=8 November 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} The 1974 RE5 is one of the [JSAE](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A "自動車技術会") *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*, and a 1976 model is in the [AMA](/wiki/American_Motorcyclist_Association "American Motorcyclist Association") *Motorcycle Hall of Fame*.{{cite web\|title\=1976 Suzuki RE5 Rotary\|url\=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/asp/classics/bike.asp?id\=39\|work\=Classic Bikes from the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum\|publisher\=American Motorcyclist Association\|access\-date\=8 October 2013\|quote\=To Suzuki's credit, the high\-tech RE5 worked fairly well. But all that complexity resulted in a hefty curb weight of 573 pounds. That bulk, coupled with the rotary's large appetite for fuel, resulted in gas mileage in the 30 to 35\-mile\-per\-gallon range at a time when Americans were facing gas crises. And the bike's limited cruising range didn't endear it to the touring market it was designed for.\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111180903/http://motorcyclemuseum.org/asp/classics/bike.asp?id\=39\|archive\-date\=11 January 2011}} * Burgman Fuel\-Cell Scooter uses electric\-motor propulsion, powered by an air\-cooled hydrogen [fuel cell](/wiki/Fuel_cell "Fuel cell"); its only emission is water. Following on a concept model at the [2009 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232009 "Tokyo Motor Show#2009"), in 2011 the Burgman Fuel\-Cell Scooter became the world's first fuel\-cell vehicle to earn [Whole Vehicle Type Approval](/wiki/Motor_vehicle_type_approval "Motor vehicle type approval") (WVTA) in the European Union, enabling the vehicle to be sold in all member states. Suzuki is working toward commercial production of this scooter.{{cite news\|last\=Ash\|first\=Kevin\|title\=Hydrogen fuel\-cell Suzuki tested\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/green\-motoring/7222183/Hydrogen\-fuel\-cell\-Suzuki\-tested.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/green\-motoring/7222183/Hydrogen\-fuel\-cell\-Suzuki\-tested.html \|archive\-date\=11 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=26 October 2013\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=15 February 2010\|quote\=Suzuki plans to have a viable production fuel\-cell two\-wheeler on sale by 2015\. It will cost more than a conventional, petrol\-engined Burgman 125, which costs just over £3,000, but service costs will be minimal because the cell requires little maintenance and is intended to last the life of the vehicle. Compared with exorbitantly costly all\-battery two\-wheelers, there's no question hydrogen fuel cells present a more realistic alternative to petrol engines.}}{{cbignore}} ### Concept motorcycles [thumb\|Suzuki Biplane concept motorcycle at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 "Tokyo Motor Show#2007")\|alt\=](/wiki/File:Suzuki_2008_Biplane_Concept_Front_at_Tokyo_Motor_Show.jpg "Suzuki 2008 Biplane Concept Front at Tokyo Motor Show.jpg") [thumb\|Suzuki Crosscage fuel\-cell concept at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 "Tokyo Motor Show#2007")\|alt\=](/wiki/File:Crosscage_-_Flickr_-_yuichirock.jpg "Crosscage - Flickr - yuichirock.jpg") [thumb\|[Suzuki Gemma](/wiki/Suzuki_Gemma "Suzuki Gemma") prototype scooter at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 "Tokyo Motor Show#2007")\|alt\=](/wiki/File:Tokyo_Motor_Show_2007_-_DSC_7255_-_Flickr_-_Nguyen_Vu_Hung_%28vuhung%29.jpg "Tokyo Motor Show 2007 - DSC 7255 - Flickr - Nguyen Vu Hung (vuhung).jpg") * **Falcorustyco** concept model at the [1985 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%231985 "Tokyo Motor Show#1985") envisaged the motorcycle technologies that might be brought into play by 1995, including a 4\-cycle square 4\-cylinder 500 cc engine, frameless body, front\-and\-rear swingarm suspension, center hub hydraulic power steering, chainless hydraulic drive and pop\-up screen cowling.{{cite web\|last\=Burns\|first\=John\|title\=Days of Future Past\|url\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\-of\-future\-past/\|work\=Cycle World\|publisher\=Bonnier Corp.\|access\-date\=27 October 2013\|page\=1\|date\=11 May 2012\|quote\=The first memorable concept bike of the modern era may have been the Suzuki '''Falcorustyco''' (''gyrfalcon'' in Latin – pictured above), which appeared at the 1985 Tokyo Motor Show. \[...] Possibly still happily bemused at the reception the Falcorustyco had received, Suzuki was back at the 1986 Tokyoshow with the '''Nuda'''. This one, they said, is functional—not that anybody actually got to see it function.}}{{cite web\|title\=The 2WD Freak Show... – Suzuki Falcorustyco concept\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/features/the\-2wd\-freak\-show/14819\-4\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=27 October 2013\|page\=4\|date\=19 October 2010\|quote\=In 1985 Suzuki produced this concept, the Falcorustyco. Really? It had a 500 cc square four water\-cooled engine with 16 valves and 3 camshafts, no gearbox and relied on hydraulic pumps to provide final drive to both wheels. Front and rear swinging arms provided hub\-centered steering and the bike had electromagnet brakes.}}{{cite web\|last\=West\|first\=Phil\|title\=MCN's Top 10 concept bikes that were never made\|url\=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/New\-bikes/2010/january/jan0110\-mcns\-top\-10\-concept\-bikes\-never\-made/\|work\=Motorcycle News\|publisher\=Bauer Media\|access\-date\=27 October 2013\|date\=8 June 2010\|quote\=We've all drooled over Honda's CB1100R concept bike, willing Honda to bring it to the UK. On the other hand there was Suzuki's B\-King and Yamaha's MT\-01 that did hit the showroom floors. But what about the others? Over the last 25 years there have been dozens of show specials or concept bikes that the leading manufacturers have teased us with, never to go into production.}} * **Nuda** was a full\-time two\-wheel drive prototype, incorporating power steering and a swing seat, in a carbon fiber honeycomb monocoque body, shown at the 1986 Tokyo Motor Show. Nuda concepts influenced the design of the [Suzuki Hayabusa](/wiki/Suzuki_Hayabusa "Suzuki Hayabusa").{{cite web\|last\=Diaz\|first\=Jesus\|title\=They Actually Had Real Tron Bikes in The '80s\|url\=http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/06/they\-actually\-had\-real\-tron\-bikes\-in\-the\-80s/\|work\=Gizmodo Australia\|publisher\=Allure Media\|access\-date\=27 October 2013\|date\=16 June 2010\|quote\=Sometimes you look back in time and you see industrial designs that seem to be timeless. Like the Suzuki Nuda. It could come from 2045 or 1986, the year when it was actually introduced as a fully functional 174mph prototype.\|archive\-date\=28 March 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328134114/https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/06/they\-actually\-had\-real\-tron\-bikes\-in\-the\-80s/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\='The future' 25 years on\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/motorcycle\-news\-\-general\-news/the\-future\-25\-years\-on/20316\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=27 October 2013\|date\=22 March 2012\|quote\=The wonder of the internet means documents that once could only have been found by rooting through reams of hidden paperwork or scrolling endless microfilm rolls are available to anyone who cares to look. But as far as we know no publication has ever revealed these images showing the secrets of the most advanced motorcycle of the 1980s.}} * [B\-King](/wiki/Suzuki_B-King "Suzuki B-King") – The concept model was well received by the public when it went on display at the [2001 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232001 "Tokyo Motor Show#2001"). The addition of a turbocharger to the GSX1300R engine testified to massive power output, while electronics such as cellphone and GPS were stowed in the ultra\-modern angular bodywork. The production model appeared six years later, largely unchanged except for its [naturally aspirated engine](/wiki/Naturally_aspirated_engine "Naturally aspirated engine").{{cite web\|last\=Conner\|first\=Blake\|title\=2008 Suzuki B\-King – First Look\|url\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2007/03/07/2008\-suzuki\-b\-king\-first\-look/\|work\=Cycle World\|publisher\=Bonnier Corp\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|date\=7 March 2007\|quote\=Details on this much\-hyped motorcycle were still suppressed by our Suzuki hosts, but the bike does closely resemble the showbike that raised our temperatures in the first place, even if, as previously announced, the concept B\-bike's turbocharger didn't make the translation.}}{{cite web\|last\=Burns\|first\=John\|title\=Days of Future Past\|url\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\-of\-future\-past/2/\|work\=Cycle World\|publisher\=Bonnier Corp.\|access\-date\=27 October 2013\|page\=2\|date\=11 May 2012\|quote\=Suzuki sold a few, mostly to owners who must've parked the things under a cover once the honeymoon was over and reality set in. You really don't see many B\-Kings running around, do you? It's destined to be a serious Craigslist bargain in another few years when owners throw in the towel after admitting that fashion is never going to catch up to this motorcycle.\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105121938/http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\-of\-future\-past/2/\|archive\-date\=5 November 2013}} B\-King styling is reflected in the award\-winning design of the [GSR600](/wiki/Suzuki_GSR600 "Suzuki GSR600"){{cite web\|title\=Road sports bike \[GSR series]\|url\=http://www.g\-mark.org/award/describe/32453\|work\=Good Design Award\|publisher\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\|year\=2006\|access\-date\=4 November 2013}} and the [GSR750](/wiki/Suzuki_GSR750 "Suzuki GSR750"), as well as the [Inazuma](/wiki/Suzuki_Inazuma_250 "Suzuki Inazuma 250") GW250 and GW250S.{{cite web\|title\=Lost in translation\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/features/lost\-in\-translation/22663\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|date\=22 April 2013\|quote\=Nobody would call the B\-King beautiful when it was shown as a concept bike, but onlookers clamoured for the machine to be put into production nonetheless. It was just ''so'' brutal.}}{{cite web\|last\=Burns\|first\=John\|title\=Days of Future Past\|url\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\-of\-future\-past/2/\|work\=Cycle World\|publisher\=Bonnier Corp.\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|page\=2\|date\=11 May 2012\|quote\=Suzuki sold a few, mostly to owners who must've parked the things under a cover once the honeymoon was over and reality set in. You really don't see many B\-Kings running around, do you? It's destined to be a serious Craigslist bargain in another few years when owners throw in the towel after admitting that fashion is never going to catch up to this motorcycle.\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105121938/http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\-of\-future\-past/2/\|archive\-date\=5 November 2013}} * **G\-Strider** concept model with 916 cc engine, made public at the [2003 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232003 "Tokyo Motor Show#2003"), was a half\-scooter, half\-[cruiser (motorcycle)](/wiki/Cruiser_%28motorcycle%29 "Cruiser (motorcycle)") mash\-up with an electrically controlled [Continuously Variable Transmission](/wiki/Continuously_Variable_Transmission "Continuously Variable Transmission") incorporating a push\-button manual mode, similar to the Burgman 650\. Accentuating luxury, the G\-Strider's handlebars, footrests, seat backrest, passenger backrest and windscreen were all electrically adjustable while under way to ensure the most comfortable riding position possible.{{cite news\|last\=Hanlon\|first\=Mike\|title\=Suzuki's radical G\-Strider concept\|url\=http://www.gizmag.com/go/2303/\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|newspaper\=Gizmag\|date\=31 October 2003\|quote\=The G\-Strider is as interesting and radical as it looks, and in many ways it builds on the direction taken by the Burgman 650 cc scooter tested in Gizmo last year and simply bristles with new ideas and functionality.}}{{cite web\|last\=Burns\|first\=John\|title\=Days of Future Past\|url\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\-of\-future\-past/3/\|work\=Cycle World\|publisher\=Bonnier Corp.\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|page\=3\|date\=11 May 2012\|quote\=What the G\-Strider did get right was its 'nextgeneration telematics system, with interactive communications over a bidirectional wireless infrastructure...all controlled via glove\-friendly trackball.' Which is actually similar to the thumbdrive controller that sorts through all the electronics on BMW's new K1600s. This wouldn't be the first time BMW took some good cues from the generally proletarian Suzuki. \[...] In 2007, Suzuki went so far as to announce that the Strat would be entering production at an unspecified future time. Shortly thereafter, as you may have noticed, the free\-market system imploded, and our Suzuki contacts claim to have no knowledge of what became of the bike.\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105160103/http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\-of\-future\-past/3/\|archive\-date\=5 November 2013}} * [Stratosphere](/wiki/Suzuki_Stratosphere "Suzuki Stratosphere") prototype was shown at the [Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232005 "Tokyo Motor Show#2005") in 2005, with an 1100 cc engine pushed to the limits of space\-saving design, resulting in an in\-line six\-cylinder as wide as a conventional in\-line four\-cylinder engine. Hammered aluminum and Damascus steel incorporate material characteristics into styling design. Prospects for a production model seemed good, considering that Suzuki's previous significant concept motorcycle, the B\-King had made it into production, but the market changed before Stratosphere got the go\-ahead.{{cite news\|last\=Hanlon\|first\=Mike\|title\=Suzuki's Stratosphere unveiled: 180bhp, 1100cc six\-cylinder machine\|url\=http://www.gizmag.com/go/4770/\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|newspaper\=Gizmag\|date\=31 October 2005\|quote\=The raw figures are 1100cc, 24 valves, 180 horses and a motor reportedly turbine\-like smooth. The motor is an engineering masterpiece akin to the miniaturized sophistication of a Swiss watch and the aluminium fairing, electrically\-adjustable windscreen, LED headlights, adjustable handlebars, built\-in GPS navigation just add to the high\-tech cred. We're not so sure about the orange seat, but love the Katanesque profile.}}{{cite web\|last\=Barker\|first\=Stuart\|title\=The Joy of Six... (cylinders) – Suzuki Stratosphere\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/features/the\-joy\-of\-six\-cylinders/13231\-3\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|date\=5 August 2012\|quote\=Probably the single most interesting concept bike shown in the last decade, Suzuki's Stratosphere briefly looked like it might reach production. Those hopes have now receded, with sales for expensive naked bikes dropping away sharply worldwide.}} * **Biplane** was a blue\-sky concept announced at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 "Tokyo Motor Show#2007"), designed to convey the joy of two\-wheel mobility, inspired by the feeling of flying an airplane. Its shape generates a feeling of openness in a modern machine powered by a V\-four engine.{{cite web\|title\=Suzuki at the 2007 Tokyo Motor Show\|url\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/globalnews/2007/1001\.html\|work\=Global News\|publisher\=Suzuki Motor Corp\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|date\=1 October 2007}}{{cite web\|title\=Suzuki Biplane Concept – First Look\|url\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2007/10/25/tokyo\-%E2%80%9907\-suzuki\-biplane\-concept\-first\-look/\|work\=Cycle World\|publisher\=Bonnier Corp\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|quote\=This is the Suzuki Biplane, penned at Suzuki's recently re\-opened U.S. design center. Suzuki's goal was to give the rider the sensation of flying in a vintage biplane with no canopy, a distilled, in\-the\-wind riding experience. It (conceptually) uses a V\-Four motor, with cylinder heads and exhaust headers visible on the sides, just like the fabric\-skinned twin\-wingers of the last century. The front end gets a girder fork (kinda like the Confederate Wraith) and rim\-mounted brake discs (a la Buell XB). The exhaust is tucked in underneath the cowling, and the link\-type rear suspension can be seen under the tractor\-style seat.\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109161054/http://www.cycleworld.com/2007/10/25/tokyo\-%E2%80%9907\-suzuki\-biplane\-concept\-first\-look/\|archive\-date\=9 November 2013}}{{cite news\|last\=Garrett\|first\=Jerry\|title\=Tokyo Motor Show: Two\-Wheel Thunderdome\|url\=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/29/tokyo\-motor\-show\-two\-wheeled\-thunderdome/\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=29 October 2007\|quote\=The Suzukis are wild. Silent runner: the Crosscage is a fuel cell bike that really works; no gas engine at all. The powerplant is made by Intelligent Energy of the U.K., the same group that made the ENV fuel cell bike I tested – and thought was viable even if it sounded like a U.F.O., not a bike. The Biplane supposedly has a V\-4, but the show bike is most likely a make\-believe mockup. Looks to be straight out of a video game. When will either Suzuki be produced? Right after the 12th of Never.}} * **Crosscage** concept model was displayed at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 "Tokyo Motor Show#2007"). Combining a high\-performance secondary battery and a compact, lightweight air\-cooled fuel\-cell system from British specialist company [Intelligent Energy](/wiki/Intelligent_Energy "Intelligent Energy") enabled quick activation with low fuel consumption. The lithium\-ion battery assured reserve power as well as minimal environmental impact. Light weight not only made this bike environment\-friendly but also sporty. * [Gemma](/wiki/Suzuki_Gemma "Suzuki Gemma") prototype model was introduced at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 "Tokyo Motor Show#2007"). The distinctive "full\-flat 2\-seater," 250 cc four\-stroke single\-cylinder scooter is low and sleek and gives the rider and passenger feel a greater sense of intimacy. The luggage compartment in front of the rider holds a helmet. Gemma went into production in Japan the following year for the domestic market.{{cite web\|last\=Newbigging\|first\=Chris\|title\=Tokyo Show: Suzuki unveil gemma concept scooter\|url\=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/mcn/2007/October/october23\-30/oct2407tokyoshowsuzukiunveilgemmaconceptscooter/\|work\=Motorcycle News\|publisher\=Bauer Media\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|date\=24 October 2007\|quote\=The 250cc four\-stroke scooter has a long, low riding position designed specifically to transport two adults around a city in comfort, according to Suzuki. The large dual seat is almost completely flat to keep rider and passenger weight low, and a large lockable cubby hole in front of the rider is big enough to take a helmet. The gemma is currently just a concept, but the concept appears well developed enough to reach production if the Japanese public like the idea.}}{{cite web\|title\=First Look: Suzuki Gemma 250\|url\=http://www.visordown.com/motorcycle\-news\-\-general\-news/first\-look\-suzuki\-gemma\-250/5054\.html\|work\=Visordown\|publisher\=Immediate Media Company\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|date\=3 July 2008\|quote\=The scooter looks set for the Japanese market only for the time being, but given the recent fuel price hikes there are strong rumours of it finding its way over here. Using the motor from the four\-stroke 250cc Burgman, but with a new management system, the bike will be a full seven kilos lighter than the Burgman, 10 cm longer with a longer wheelbase for stability.}}{{cite web\|title\=Gemma\|url\=http://www1\.suzuki.co.jp/motor/ul250k8/\|work\=Domestic Site\|publisher\=Suzuki Motor Corp\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|archive\-date\=8 November 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108194430/http://www1\.suzuki.co.jp/motor/ul250k8/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{in lang\|ja}} * [Recursion](/wiki/Suzuki_Recursion "Suzuki Recursion") turbo parallel\-twin middleweight, shown at the [2013 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232013 "Tokyo Motor Show#2013").
[ "Motorcycles\n-----------", "Suzuki started manufacturing motorcycles in 1952, the first models being motorized bicycles. From 1955 to 1976 the company manufactured motorcycles with [two\\-stroke](/wiki/Two-stroke \"Two-stroke\") engines only, the biggest two\\-stroke model being the water\\-cooled triple\\-cylinder [G2F5](/wiki/Suzuki_GT_750 \"Suzuki GT 750\").", "A large factor in Suzuki's success in two\\-stroke competition was the [East German](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic \"German Democratic Republic\") [Grand Prix](/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing \"Grand Prix motorcycle racing\") racer [Ernst Degner](/wiki/Ernst_Degner \"Ernst Degner\"), who defected to the West in 1961,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.teamsuzuki.co.uk/ \\|title\\=TEAM SUZUKI by Ray Battersby (2008\\) Parker House Publishing ISBN 0\\-9796891\\-5\\-5 / 0\\-9796891\\-5\\-5 \\|publisher\\=Teamsuzuki.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2010}} bringing with him expertise in two\\-stroke engines from the East German manufacturer [MZ](/wiki/MZ_Motorrad-_und_Zweiradwerk \"MZ Motorrad- und Zweiradwerk\"). The secrets Degner brought with him were three crucial technologies: the boost port,{{cite web\\|title\\=Boost Ports\\|url\\=http://www.modelenginenews.org/design/boost\\_ports.html\\|publisher\\=Model Engine News\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2013\\|first\\=R \\|last\\=Kinnersly\\|date\\=23 November 2011\\|quote\\=It has been used with outstanding success by the M.Z. designer, Walter Kaaden, who obtained a 20 per cent. power increase by combining this port with the standard Schnürle system.}}{{cite web \\| url \\= http://karimunwagonr.com/ \\| title \\= karimun wagon r \\| publisher \\= Karimun Wagon R \\| access\\-date \\= 11 July 2009 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141209123312/http://www.karimunwagonr.com/ \\| archive\\-date \\= 9 December 2014}} the [expansion chamber](/wiki/Expansion_chamber \"Expansion chamber\"), and the [rotary valve](/wiki/Rotary_valve \"Rotary valve\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Oxley\\|first\\=Matt\\|title\\=50 years ago: The Ernst Degner story\\|url\\=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/General\\-news/2012/December/de1712\\-the\\-ernst\\-degner\\-story/\\|work\\=Motor Cycle News\\|publisher\\=Bauer Media\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2013\\|date\\=27 December 2012\\|quote\\=Most remarkable of all, Suzuki and the other Japanese factories only built winning two\\-strokes after Suzuki paid star MZ rider Degner a king's ransom to defect from East to West and sell Kaaden's hard\\-earned secrets.}} [Walter Kaaden](/wiki/Walter_Kaaden \"Walter Kaaden\") of MZ was the first engineer to combine these three crucial technologies.", "Suzuki hired Degner, and he won the [50 cc class](/wiki/50_cc \"50 cc\") [FIM](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme \"Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme\") [road racing](/wiki/Road_racing \"Road racing\") [World Championship](/wiki/List_of_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_World_Champions \"List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions\") for them in the [1962 season](/wiki/1962_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season \"1962 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season\"). Suzuki became the first Japanese manufacturer to win a [motocross world championship](/wiki/List_of_motocross_World_Championship_results \"List of motocross World Championship results\") when [Joel Robert](/wiki/Joel_Robert \"Joel Robert\") won the 1970 250 cc title. In the 1970s, Suzuki established themselves in the motorcycle racing world with [Barry Sheene](/wiki/Barry_Sheene \"Barry Sheene\") [Marco Lucchinelli](/wiki/Marco_Lucchinelli \"Marco Lucchinelli\")1981 [Franco Uncini](/wiki/Franco_Uncini \"Franco Uncini\")1982 winning world championships in the premier 500cc class.", "In 1976 Suzuki introduced its first motorcycles since the Colleda COX of the 1950s with [four\\-stroke](/wiki/Four-stroke \"Four-stroke\") engines, the [GS400](/wiki/Suzuki_GS_series \"Suzuki GS series\") and [GS750](/wiki/Suzuki_GS_series \"Suzuki GS series\").", "In 1994, Suzuki partnered with [Nanjing Jincheng Machinery](/wiki/Nanjing_Jincheng_Machinery \"Nanjing Jincheng Machinery\") to create a Chinese motorcycle manufacturer and exporter called [Jincheng Suzuki](/wiki/Jincheng_Suzuki \"Jincheng Suzuki\").", "Suzuki continued to compete in [MotoGP](/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing \"Grand Prix motorcycle racing\") and last won the title in the [2000 season](/wiki/2000_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season \"2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season\"). From 2006 to 2011, the team was sponsored by [Rizla](/wiki/Rizla \"Rizla\") and was known as [Rizla Suzuki](/wiki/Rizla_Suzuki \"Rizla Suzuki\") MotoGP team. On 18 November 2011, Suzuki announced that the GP racing was suspended, partly due to natural disasters and recession, until 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/suzuki\\+suspends\\+gp\\+racing\\|title\\=motogp.com · Suzuki Motor Corporation suspends GP racing\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103842/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/11/21/suzuki\\-motor\\-corporation\\-suspends\\-gp\\-racing/157375\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Suzuki returned to MotoGP in 2015\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Suzuki\\+return\\+to\\+MotoGP\\+with\\+Aleix\\+Espargaro\\+and\\+Maverick\\+Viales\\+in\\+2015\\|title\\=Suzuki return to MotoGP with Aleix Espargaro and Maverick Viñales in 2015\\|date\\=30 September 2014\\|work\\=MotoGP.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Dorna Sports]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001011058/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Suzuki%2Breturn%2Bto%2BMotoGP%2Bwith%2BAleix%2BEspargaro%2Band%2BMaverick%2BViales%2Bin%2B2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The next few years in MotoGP were rather experimental for Suzuki, with some spotty success; but in 2020, on Suzuki's 100th anniversary, Spanish rider [Joan Mir](/wiki/Joan_Mir \"Joan Mir\") surprised the world by cinching the 2020 MotoGP World Championship, Suzuki's first GP conquest since Kenny Roberts Jr's World Championship win in 2000\\.", "In addition Suzuki have recorded a total of 94 victories at the [Isle of Man TT Races](/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT_Races \"Isle of Man TT Races\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.iomtt.com/tt\\-database/machines?marq\\_Name\\=Suzuki\\&filter\\=S\\|title\\=Machines \\- iomtt.com: The World's \\#1 TT Website\\|website\\=www.iomtt.com}} Suzuki have also taken the runner up spot in the various race categories 100 times and a total 92 third places.", "### Models", "{{Main\\|List of Suzuki motorcycles}}\n{{prose\\|section\\|date\\=February 2020}}\nSome notable Suzuki motorcycles include the following:", "#### [Two\\-stroke engines](/wiki/Two-stroke_engine \"Two-stroke engine\")", "[thumb\\|Suzuki T20 (front) and T500 Titan (rear) at *Le Salon de la Moto* 2011 in Paris](/wiki/File:Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Suzuki_-_T20_-_001.jpg \"Paris - Salon de la moto 2011 - Suzuki - T20 - 001.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Suzuki RGV250Γ at the [Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum](/wiki/Barber_Motorsports_Park%23Barber_Vintage_Motorsport_Museum \"Barber Motorsports Park#Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum\") in 2006](/wiki/File:Suzuki_RGV250%CE%93_01.jpg \"Suzuki RGV250Γ 01.jpg\")\n* [X6 Hustler](/wiki/Suzuki_T20 \"Suzuki T20\") twin (aka T20 Super Six) was sold from 1966 to 1968 as \"the fastest 250cc motorcycle in the world\". It had Suzuki's new [Posi\\-Force](/wiki/Suzuki_T20%23Posi-Force_system \"Suzuki T20#Posi-Force system\") automatic oil injection system (later called [Suzuki CCI](/wiki/Suzuki_GT550%23Automatic_oil/gas_mixing \"Suzuki GT550#Automatic oil/gas mixing\")).{{cite web\\|title\\=L\\+S\\=MF (Cont'd)\\|url\\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2010/11/08/lsmf\\-contd/\\|work\\=Cycle World (Blog)\\|publisher\\=Bonnier Corp.\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2013\\|first\\=Steven L. \\|last\\=Thompson\\|date\\=8 November 2010\\|quote\\=In the September, 1966, issue of CW, Suzuki ran an ad for the X6 Hustler 250, a ferociously quick 250cc piston\\-port Twin with six speeds and \"Posi\\-Force\" oil injection. What made the ad stick in my mind all these years was the copywriter's line at the top: \"We've invented a very fast way to lose 70 lbs.\" The point being, as the body copy of the ad made clear, that the Suzuki was as quick and fast as most 500s but it weighed much less.}} Production peaked at more than 5000 units per month.{{cite web\\|title\\=1966 Suzuki X6 Hustler\\|url\\=http://www.jaylenosgarage.com/at\\-the\\-garage/motorcycles/1966\\-suzuki\\-x6\\-hustler/\\|work\\=Jay Leno's Garage\\|publisher\\=NBC Studio, Inc.\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2013\\|date\\=10 April 2008\\|quote\\=When Suzuki introduced the X6 in the fall of 1965, it caused an immediate sensation. Developed with the goal of captivating the U.S. market, the Hustler was designed to be the fastest 250 cc motorcycle in the world. The bike featured Suzuki's first ever tubular steel double\\-cradle frame, and its air\\-cooled two\\-stroke \\[\\[Cylinder (engine)\\#Cylinder sleeving\\|sleeved]] aluminum cylinder engine was capable of just about 100 mph. Surprisingly sophisticated, this little engine achieved 100 hp per one liter cylinder volume, which meant it could outrun most of the bigger, faster bikes on the road. It featured automatic oil injection, but more importantly, it was the first six speed motorcycle ever to go into full production.}} In 2013, Suzuki renewed the *Hustler* motorcycle trademark for Europe, leading to rumors of a [retro style](/wiki/Retro_style \"Retro style\") 250 twin.{{cite web\\|title\\=Suzuki to revive Hustler name\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/motorcycle\\-news\\-new\\-bikes/suzuki\\-to\\-revive\\-hustler\\-name/22181\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2013\\|date\\=25 January 2013\\|quote\\=We can be pretty certain that whatever the new machine turns out to be, it won't follow the mechanical pattern of the original Hustlers, which were 250cc two\\-stroke parallel twins. Suzuki's new 250cc four\\-stroke twin, as used in the naked Inazuma, might be a good choice.}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Beresford\\|first\\=Jack\\|title\\=Suzuki plotting return of the Hustler motorbike?\\|url\\=http://www.motorbiketimes.com/news/makes/suzuki/suzuki\\-plotting\\-return\\-of\\-the\\-hustler\\-motorbike\\-\\-$21381968\\.htm\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=MotorbikeTimes.com\\|date\\=29 January 2013\\|quote\\=Whatever the case, reports indicate that the update could be heavily influenced by the classic T20 and T250 Hustlers which became such an iconic part of the brand itself.\\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116151606/http://www.motorbiketimes.com/news/makes/suzuki/suzuki\\-plotting\\-return\\-of\\-the\\-hustler\\-motorbike\\-\\-$21381968\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} A 1967 T20 Super Six was included in the Las Vegas show of *[The Art of the Motorcycle](/wiki/The_Art_of_the_Motorcycle \"The Art of the Motorcycle\")* exhibition.{{Cite book \\|chapter\\=Catalog Index \\|title\\=The Art of the Motorcycle \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/artofmot00solo \\|publisher\\=Guggenheim Museum \\|year\\=2001 \\|isbn\\=0\\-8109\\-6912\\-2 }}\n* [T500 Titan](/wiki/Suzuki_T_series \"Suzuki T series\") (aka T500 Cobra, GT500\\) had a 500 cc air\\-cooled parallel\\-twin engine which overcame problems with durability, overheating and vibration. With an output of {{convert\\|47\\|PS}} at 6,500 rpm and top speed of {{convert\\|180\\|km/h}}, it became Suzuki's flagship machine in 1968, and remains popular with collectors and [café racers](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_racer \"Café racer\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Melling\\|first\\=Frank\\|title\\=Kick start a blast from the past\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2731947/Kick\\-start\\-a\\-blast\\-from\\-the\\-past.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2731947/Kick\\-start\\-a\\-blast\\-from\\-the\\-past.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Telegraph\\|date\\=11 December 2004\\|quote\\=The powerplant of the Seeley Suzuki was closely derived from Suzuki's T500 Cobra road engine.}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Melling\\|first\\=Frank\\|title\\=Memorable Motorcycles Suzuki T500\\|url\\=http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/289/1703/Motorcycle\\-Article/Memorable\\-Motorcycles\\-Suzuki\\-T500\\.aspx\\|publisher\\=Motorcycle USA\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2013\\|date\\=1 June 2005\\|quote\\=The T500 metamorphosed into the GT500 which had better brakes, suspension, electronic ignition – and less performance. Even so, the GT500 and T500 are very much siblings. Together the two models had a production life of over 9 years and this means that there are still many thousands of T500s in use.\\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213201/http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/289/1703/Motorcycle\\-Article/Memorable\\-Motorcycles\\-Suzuki\\-T500\\.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Melling\\|first\\=Frank\\|title\\=Racing Daytona on a Cafe Racer\\|url\\=http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/739/12405/Motorcycle\\-Article/Racing\\-Daytona\\-On\\-a\\-Cafe\\-Racer.aspx\\|publisher\\=Motorcycle USA\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2013\\|date\\=6 March 2012\\|quote\\=The motor, tuned for torque, was a dream. Pulling stupendously high gearing, the T500 was cruising round the banking at over 130mph – with speed still in reserve. Now, touring round at the back of the field was forgotten. Those AHRMA trophies looked good!\\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610200630/http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/739/12405/Motorcycle\\-Article/Racing\\-Daytona\\-On\\-a\\-Cafe\\-Racer.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=The workhorse nobody remembers\\|url\\=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/09/08/The\\-workhorse\\-nobody\\-remembers.aspx\\|work\\=The Star Online\\|publisher\\=Star Publications (M) Bhd\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2013\\|first1\\=Choong En\\|last1\\=Han\\|first2\\=Jeannette\\|last2\\=Goon\\|date\\=8 September 2013\\|quote\\=Efforts are being made to tell the story of two Suzuki T500 motorcycles which were once the workhorse of our traffic police.\\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054805/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/09/08/The\\-workhorse\\-nobody\\-remembers.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* [GT750 Le Mans](/wiki/Suzuki_GT750 \"Suzuki GT750\") with a [straight\\-three engine](/wiki/Straight-three_engine \"Straight-three engine\") was the first Japanese motorcycle with a [liquid\\-cooled engine](/wiki/Liquid-cooled_engine \"Liquid-cooled engine\"), earning it the moniker \"Water Buffalo.\" The [Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A \"自動車技術会\") {{in lang\\|ja}} includes the 1971 Suzuki GT750 as one of their *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*.\n* [TM400 Cyclone](/wiki/List_of_Suzuki_motorcycles \"List of Suzuki motorcycles\") production motocrosser was designed to participate in 500cc class [Motocross World Championship](/wiki/Motocross_World_Championship \"Motocross World Championship\") racing. Introduced in 1971, it was notoriously difficult even for skilled riders to control. Redesigned in 1975\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=SUZUKI TM400 CYCLONE – The most dangerous bike ever built?\\|url\\=http://dirtbike.off\\-road.com/dirtbike/voice/suzuki\\-tm400\\-cyclone\\-the\\-most\\-dangerous\\-bike\\-ever\\-built\\-16159\\.html\\|work\\=Off\\-Road.com\\|publisher\\=VerticalScope Inc.\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2013\\|date\\=1 November 2005\\|quote\\=Somewhere around 4000 rpm, the electronic ignition would go from a mild retard mode, to FULL ADVANCE, with no graduation at all. Bang! The proverbial light switch. What made this problem even more pronounced, was that the 'jump' never happened at the same rpm twice in a row. When it was cold, it might hit earlier. As the engine warmed up, it might jump 200 or 300 rpm later. But you could never predict exactly when.\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227161104/http://dirtbike.off\\-road.com/dirtbike/voice/suzuki\\-tm400\\-cyclone\\-the\\-most\\-dangerous\\-bike\\-ever\\-built\\-16159\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Weeston\\|first\\=J.\\|title\\=Top Ten Worst Motorcycles of All Time\\|url\\=http://xmotorcycle.com/2013/02/11/top\\-ten\\-worst\\-motorcycles\\-of\\-all\\-time/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214025539/http://xmotorcycle.com/2013/02/11/top\\-ten\\-worst\\-motorcycles\\-of\\-all\\-time/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2013\\|work\\=Xmotorcycle\\|publisher\\=Helmet Venture Inc.\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2013\\|date\\=11 February 2013\\|quote\\=Imagine having an amazing amount of horsepower you could turn on instantly like a light switch. Now, imagine never quite knowing when that light switch is going to suddenly flick on and accelerate you forward to the point of making the Kessle Run in less than 12 parsecs. Also, you're off\\-road and it's 1971\\.}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Weisel\\|first\\=Jody\\|title\\=The Worst Bikes I Ever Rode\\|url\\=http://www.motocrossactionmag.com/Main/News/THE\\-WORST\\-BIKES\\-I\\-EVER\\-RACED\\-BY\\-JODY\\-WEISEL\\-9329\\.aspx\\|work\\=Motocross Action Magazine\\|publisher\\=Hi\\-Torque Publications, Inc.\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2013\\|quote\\=It would scare you. I loved the Suzuki TM125 Challenger and felt that the TM250 Champion was a decent bike, but the TM400 Cyclone was totally unpredictable. I take that back. If you expected bad things to happen, it never disappointed you. Once, at a night race on a '74 model, I thought someone was trying to pass me on my left side; it turns out that the back of my TM400 was swapping so bad that I could see it in my peripheral vision. Down a rough straight, the TM400 resembled a fish flopping on a beach.\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008224134/http://motocrossactionmag.com/Main/News/THE\\-WORST\\-BIKES\\-I\\-EVER\\-RACED\\-BY\\-JODY\\-WEISEL\\-9329\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* The RM125 production motocrosser debuted in 1975 to replace the TM125\\. It was a successful forerunner of the future [RM series](/wiki/Suzuki_RM_series \"Suzuki RM series\") line\\-up from 50cc to 500cc.{{cite web\\|title\\=1975 Suzuki RM 125\\|url\\=http://www.pelicanguanomotorsports.com/1975suzukiRM125\\.html\\|publisher\\=Pelican Guano Motorsports\\|access\\-date\\=11 October 2013\\|quote\\=The '75 was the first year for the RM series. It actually was only made for 6 months as the TM was in production at the beginning of the year and at the year end Suzuki introduced the new RM series.\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017065725/http://www.pelicanguanomotorsports.com/1975suzukiRM125\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* [RM250](/wiki/Suzuki_RM_series \"Suzuki RM series\") was fully redesigned in 1982 and the liquid\\-cooled single\\-cylinder delivered more power than any production 250cc motorcrosser of the time. It had Suzuki's original full floater, link\\-type rear suspension introduced a year earlier.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Life And Times of the Suzuki RM250\\|url\\=http://www.dirtbikemagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?type\\=news\\&mod\\=News\\&tier\\=3\\&nid\\=9AF49EE195B2492F9BC67553A2D2ABC9\\|work\\=Dirt Bike Magazine\\|publisher\\=Hi\\-Torque Publications, Inc\\|access\\-date\\=11 October 2013\\|date\\=12 December 2011\\|quote\\=The liquid\\-cooled RM250 of 1982 reigns supreme as the best 250 of the year. It's faster, lighter and has better suspension than anything in the class.\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012071451/http://www.dirtbikemagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?type\\=news\\&mod\\=News\\&tier\\=3\\&nid\\=9AF49EE195B2492F9BC67553A2D2ABC9\\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2013}}\n* [RG250 Gamma](/wiki/Suzuki_RG250_Gamma \"Suzuki RG250 Gamma\") of 1983 was one of the new generation of [race replica](/wiki/Race_replica \"Race replica\") sport bikes of the 1980s. It had an aluminum frame, a [full fairing](/wiki/Motorcycle_fairing \"Motorcycle fairing\") and a high output [straight\\-twin engine](/wiki/Straight-twin_engine \"Straight-twin engine\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Chaterji\\|first\\=Pablo\\|title\\=Suzuki RG 250 Gamma – Gamma Ray\\|url\\=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/suzuki\\-rg\\-250\\-gamma\\-gamma\\-ray/406/\\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2013\\|newspaper\\=Business Standard Motoring\\|date\\=18 February 2005\\|quote\\=Cue 1983, when Suzuki presented the RG250 Gamma and turned the class on its head. Although many motorcycles had been called road\\-legal racers before the Gamma, the RG was perhaps the first mass\\-produced motorcycle with a lightweight aluminum frame and a racing\\-type aerodynamic fairing, and it started a new trend in the process. Suzuki used all their two\\-stroke knowledge and racetrack experience when building the Gamma and it showed – it was light, fast, handled superbly and was an instant box\\-office hit in the racing circuits.}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Kodack\\|first\\=Anthony\\|title\\=Suzuki GSX\\-R750 Model Timeline\\|url\\=http://www.topspeed.com/motorcycles/motorcycle\\-reviews/suzuki/2008\\-suzuki\\-gsx\\-r750\\-ar45365\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=TopSpeed\\|date\\=17 October 2007\\|quote\\=With the 1983 RG250 Gamma, Suzuki was the first factory to deliver a true racer replica using race\\-bred technology to the public. The next step was to build a 4\\-stroke 400cc machine for the Japanese home market and a year later a 750cc machine, culmination to the Suzuki's racing experiences in the World Endurance, AMA Superbike and Championship. The GSX\\-R750 was first presented at the 1984 IFMA Cologne Show in West Germany. Although it was fully street legal, it was clear that it was built even to compete in the various Worldwide Championships.}} The 1983 RG250Γ is one of the [JSAE](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A \"自動車技術会\") *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*.\n* [RG500 Gamma](/wiki/Suzuki_RG500 \"Suzuki RG500\") of 1985 was like RG250, but with a [square\\-four engine](/wiki/U_engine \"U engine\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Classic Test: Suzuki RG500 v Yamaha RD500LC\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/road\\-tests\\-used/classic\\-test\\-suzuki\\-rg500\\-v\\-yamaha\\-rd500lc/19728\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2013\\|date\\=21 December 2011\\|quote\\=The RG makes a claimed 95bhp, which translates to a genuine 78bhp at the wheel, all packed in a svelte 156 kilos with a genuine top speed of 144mph. But that's not all, it comes with an incredibly trick alloy frame, lifted straight off the race bike. Suzuki's glory days in Grand Prix may be going through a lean time, but the RG still bristles with purpose and lessons learned off the track.}}\n* [RGV250 Gamma](/wiki/Suzuki_RGV250 \"Suzuki RGV250\"), the road\\-racing replica of [Kevin Schwantz](/wiki/Kevin_Schwantz \"Kevin Schwantz\")'s RGV500 GP race bike, replaced the [RG250](/wiki/Suzuki_RG250_Gamma \"Suzuki RG250 Gamma\") in 1988 with a [V\\-twin engine](/wiki/V-twin_engine \"V-twin engine\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Pole\\|first\\=Warren\\|title\\=Bike Icon: Suzuki RGV250\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/features/bike\\-icon\\-suzuki\\-rgv250/14046\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2013\\|date\\=16 September 2010\\|quote\\=Simply put, the RGV was nothing short of a revelation and a quantum leap forwards in performance and production bike technology.}}", "#### [Four\\-stroke engines](/wiki/Four-stroke_engine \"Four-stroke engine\")", "[thumb\\|Suzuki GS1000S at the [Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum](/wiki/Barber_Motorsports_Park%23Barber_Vintage_Motorsport_Museum \"Barber Motorsports Park#Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum\") in 2006](/wiki/File:Suzuki_GS1000S_01.jpg \"Suzuki GS1000S 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Suzuki DR800S](/wiki/File:Suzuki_DR_800s.jpg \"Suzuki DR 800s.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Suzuki GSX\\-R1000 at the [Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show \"Tokyo Motor Show\") in 2007](/wiki/File:Suzuki_GSX-R1000_2007TMS.jpg \"Suzuki GSX-R1000 2007TMS.jpg\")\n* [GS series](/wiki/Suzuki_GS_series \"Suzuki GS series\") – The 1976 GS750 was the first 4\\-stroke machine released by Suzuki in 20 years. The following year saw Suzuki's first 1\\-liter machine, the GS1000E, and then in 1979 the GS1000S copy of a [Yoshimura GS1000 Superbike](/wiki/Pops_Yoshimura \"Pops Yoshimura\").\n* [Katana](/wiki/Suzuki_Katana \"Suzuki Katana\") – The GSX1100S was released in Europe in 1980; the GSX1000S arrived in the U.S. and Canada later that year as a 1981 model, and revolutionized sportbike styling.{{cite web\\|last\\=Boehm\\|first\\=Mitch\\|title\\=Thirty Years of the (Original) Suzuki Katana\\|url\\=http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/mc\\_100/122\\_1212\\_thirty\\_years\\_of\\_the\\_original\\_suzuki\\_katana/viewall.html\\|work\\=Motorcyclist Magazine\\|publisher\\=Source Interlink Media\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2013\\|date\\=1 December 2012\\|quote\\=The press's reaction to the Katana was a mixed bag. Several books had the Big Kat on their December 1981 covers, including ''Motorcyclist'' and ''Cycle Guide'', with futuristic layouts that stressed the starship, flashbike and quantum\\-leap aspects of the bike's aesthetics. But styling was clearly a love\\-hate issue. 'If visual impact is the Katana's primary reason for being,' wrote ''Cycle Guide'', 'then it is a rousing, unqualified success. Because no matter where this motorcycle goes, it turns heads and draws stares like a flasher at a church social. But while there's no doubt Muth's creation is the most spellbinding motorcycle to come along in quite some time, there is some question as to why: Do people gawk at it because it is pleasing to the eye, or is it simply too bizarre for anyone to not look at it?'}} A 1982 Katana GS1000SV is on the [AMA](/wiki/American_Motorcyclist_Association \"American Motorcyclist Association\") [Motorcycle Hall of Fame](/wiki/Motorcycle_Hall_of_Fame \"Motorcycle Hall of Fame\"){{'}}s list of \"classic bikes\" that have been shown in the museum,{{cite web\\|title\\=1982 Suzuki GS1000SV Katana\\|url\\=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/asp/classics/bike.asp?id\\=31\\|work\\=Classic Bikes from the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum\\|publisher\\=American Motorcyclist Association\\|access\\-date\\=16 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017045347/http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/asp/classics/bike.asp?id\\=31\\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2013}} and was in *The Art of the Motorcycle* exhibition.\n* [GSX\\-R750](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R750 \"Suzuki GSX-R750\") was one of the Japanese sport bikes of the 1980s that began the modern race replica era.{{Citation \\|author\\-link\\= Mick Walker (motorcycling) \\|last\\= Walker \\|first\\= Mick \\|year\\= 2001 \\|title\\= Performance Motorcycles \\|publisher\\= Amber Books, Ltd. and Chartwell Books (Book Sales, Inc.) \\|isbn\\= 0\\-7858\\-1380\\-2 \\|pages\\= \\[https://archive.org/details/performancemotor0000walk/page/26 26, 58, 76, 102] \\|url\\= https://archive.org/details/performancemotor0000walk/page/26 }} It had air/oil cooling, light weight, and a powerful engine.{{cite web\\|last\\=Mackenzie\\|first\\=Niall\\|title\\=Niall's Spin: 1985–1986 Suzuki GSX\\-R750\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/road\\-tests\\-used/nialls\\-spin\\-1985\\-1986\\-suzuki\\-gsx\\-r750/14518\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2013\\|date\\=8 October 2010\\|quote\\=The first GSX\\-R750 (it was sold as a 400 in 1984 in Japan) was incredibly light at 176 kg with sophisticated suspension and race\\-ready brakes. Oh yes, and it came with drop\\-dead gorgeous racer styling, to all intents looking like a factory endurance racer, and finished in factory colours to boot. In 1985 there was nothing sexier.}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Milner\\|first\\=Doug\\|title\\=1985 24\\-Hour Motorcycle World Speed Record\\|url\\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/08/24/cws\\-1985\\-24\\-hour\\-world\\-speed\\-record/\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Cycle World\\|date\\=24 August 2012\\|quote\\=That wonderful lunacy took place in September of 1985 (for the December, '85, issue) when Cycle World set a 24\\-hour world speed record of 128\\.303 mph on a Suzuki GSX\\-R750\\. And not by a slim margin: We went 10 percent faster than the previous record, 117\\.149 mph, set in 1977 by Kawasaki with a modified KZ650\\.}} The [Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A \"自動車技術会\") {{in lang\\|ja}} includes the 1984 Suzuki GSX\\-R750 as one of their *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*, and was in *The Art of the Motorcycle*.\n* [Intruder 750](/wiki/Suzuki_Intruder \"Suzuki Intruder\") with its [OHC](/wiki/Overhead_camshaft \"Overhead camshaft\") 4\\-valve 45° [V\\-twin engine](/wiki/V-twin_engine \"V-twin engine\") was the first Japanese [cruiser](/wiki/Cruiser_%28motorcycle%29 \"Cruiser (motorcycle)\") motorcycle (designed to appeal to U.S. riders) in 1985\\. By 1997, cruiser\\-style motorcycles would account for nearly 60 percent of the U.S. street\\-bike market.{{cite news\\|last\\=McCraw\\|first\\=Jim\\|title\\=Motorcycle Wars: Japan's Latest Shots at Fortress Harley\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/20/automobiles/motorcycle\\-wars\\-japan\\-s\\-latest\\-shots\\-at\\-fortress\\-harley.html\\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=20 July 1997\\|quote\\=When Japanese clones began to arrive in the United States in the late 1980s – Suzuki's Intruder was the first – Harley was incensed that Honda had managed to duplicate its engines' distinctive sound, a result of Harley's simple crankshaft layout. Harley has applied for a trademark on the sound, a potato\\-potato\\-potato rhythm at idle and a staccato beat at cruising speeds.}}\n* [GSX\\-R1100](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R1100 \"Suzuki GSX-R1100\"), related to the GSX\\-R750, appeared in 1986\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Barker\\|first\\=Stuart\\|title\\=Bike Icon: Suzuki GSX\\-R1100\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/features/bike\\-icon\\-suzuki\\-gsx\\-r1100/14528\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2013\\|date\\=8 October 2010\\|quote\\=For their cash, GSX\\-R1100 buyers got an oil/air\\-cooled 1052cc dohc, four\\-cylinder, in\\-line motor housed in a lightweight double cradle frame made from aerospace quality aluminium and, since their front wheels would be spending so much time in the sky, that was a necessary luxury. Like the 750, the GSX\\-R1100 featured SACS (Suzuki Advanced Cooling System) as well as the new TSCC (Twin Swirl Combustion Chamber) and a host of acronyms which helped give mucho grunt from 5000 revs.}} The same basic engine would reappear in 1995 to power the [Bandit 1200](/wiki/Suzuki_Bandit_series \"Suzuki Bandit series\") and remain in production through 2006\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ash\\|first\\=Kevin\\|title\\=An even better Bandit\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/2714667/An\\-even\\-better\\-Bandit.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/2714667/An\\-even\\-better\\-Bandit.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Telegraph\\|date\\=4 July 2000\\|quote\\=So it will sell well, and our first ride suggests it deserves to. It's thanks to the engine that Suzuki has been able to keep the cost around the £6,000 mark, as the four\\-cylinder, air and oil\\-cooled transverse four debuted back in 1986, when it powered the fearsome GSX\\-R1100\\.}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Urry\\|first\\=Jon\\|title\\=Road Test: Suzuki Bandit 1200 VS 1250\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/road\\-tests/road\\-test\\-suzuki\\-bandit\\-1200\\-vs\\-1250/4410\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Immediate Media Company Ltd]]\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2013\\|date\\=13 April 2013\\|quote\\=Like a sleeper secret agent the Bandit has been doing its part to corrupt a generation of bikers into its wicked ways since it was launched in 1996\\. This big\\-bore monster was the first proper streetbike, boasting an air/oil\\-cooled 1,157cc motor that was very closely related to the legendary GSX\\-R1100's lump while its styling was simple, naked and designed to show off this heart of metal. It wheelied like a banshee and went round corners, too. A perfect example of the philosophy keep it simple.}}\n* [Suzuki GSF1200 Bandit](/wiki/Suzuki_GSF1200_Bandit \"Suzuki GSF1200 Bandit\") \\- Released in 1996 after the fully\\-faired RF900, the big, GSXR\\-powered Bandit offered stunning performance with real\\-world ergonomics and capabilities, and has become something of a \"cult\" model. These units have been used widely from road\\-race to Open Road Touring, were renowned for their versatility, robustness and massive torque production. Many are still in operation. The carbureted, air (and oil)\\-cooled design ran from 1996 to 2002; afterward Suzuki moved into fuel injection and liquid cooling on subsequent models. The last of the series was the GSX1250Fa. Though not technically labeled as a \"Bandit\", it was obviously the last in the long, popular line. Black, with a full\\-fairing, the GSX/Fa sold for only two years, between 2010 and 2011\\. Critics praised the model, like the earlier GSF, for its ergonomics and practical, \"Do\\-It\\-All\" capabilities; but market desire sagged due to the final model's heavy weight and relatively low power output.\n* The *DR\\-BIG* aka *Desert Express* [DR800S](/wiki/Suzuki_DR_800_S \"Suzuki DR 800 S\") {{in lang\\|de}} off\\-roader was existent for two model years as the [DR750S](/wiki/Suzuki_DR_Big_750_S \"Suzuki DR Big 750 S\") {{in lang\\|de}} until 1990, when its displacement increased to 779cc, still the world largest single cylinder engine in a production motorcycle.{{cite web\\|title\\=Products History 1990s\\|url\\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/products/products\\_1990s.html\\|work\\=Global Suzuki\\|publisher\\=Suzuki Motor Corporation\\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006085036/http://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/products/products\\_1990s.html\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2013}} Available in Europe through 1999, it was not exported to the U.S. market.{{cite web\\|last\\=Siler\\|first\\=Wes\\|title\\=Retro: Suzuki DR Big\\|url\\=http://rideapart.com/2010/11/retro\\-suzuki\\-dr\\-big/\\|work\\=RideApart\\|publisher\\=RideApart Inc\\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2013\\|date\\=15 November 2010\\|quote\\=We first learned of Doctor Big, or 'Desert Express' as he's known by people with more mature senses of humor, in something of an aside in Kevin Ash's Tiger 800 review about Triumph being peeved that people (read: us) think the Triumph is unmistakably an effort to copy the \\[BMW R80]GS's design. It is, but Triumph argues that the BMW itself is simply a copy, of this Suzuki. And thus Doctor Big's place in history is assured.}} Replaced by the [V\\-Strom](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_1000 \"Suzuki V-Strom 1000\") twin, the *DR\\-BIG* has now come full circle as the design inspiration for a 2014 overhaul of the V\\-Strom 1000 ABS.{{cite web\\|title\\=History\\|url\\=http://www.suzuki\\-vstrom.com/en/history/index.html\\|work\\=All New V\\-Strom 1000 ABS\\|publisher\\=Suzuki Motor Corporation\\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016054139/http://www.suzuki\\-vstrom.com/en/history/index.html\\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2013}} As of 2020, the DR\\-BIG acted as the inspiration of the revisioned [Suzuki V\\-Strom 1050](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_1050 \"Suzuki V-Strom 1050\").\n* [Suzuki RF Series](/wiki/Suzuki_RF_Series \"Suzuki RF Series\") The Suzuki RF series are sport touring motorcycles. They came with three engine variations: 400, 600 and 900 cc. It was in production from 1994 to 1998\\.\n* [TL1000S](/wiki/Suzuki_TL1000S \"Suzuki TL1000S\") debuted at the 1996 [International Motorcycle and Scooter Show](/wiki/Motorcycle_Live \"Motorcycle Live\") as the first Suzuki sport bike with a [V\\-twin engine](/wiki/V-twin_engine \"V-twin engine\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Brown\\|first\\=Roland\\|title\\=Motoring: Bike to the future\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/motoring/motoring\\-bike\\-to\\-the\\-future\\-1351502\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/motoring/motoring\\-bike\\-to\\-the\\-future\\-1351502\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=16 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|date\\=9 November 1996\\|quote\\=Japan's brightest show stars come from Suzuki, whose TL1000S sportster combines a 123bhp V\\-twin engine with a racy chassis based on a lightweight aluminium frame. The TL features fuel\\-injection and an innovative rear damping system.}} This was a liquid\\-cooled, 90° V\\-twin, [DOHC](/wiki/DOHC \"DOHC\") engine with 4 valves per cylinder, which would be in production through 2012\\. Although the TL1000S motorcycle ceased production in 2001, the engine would carry on in the [TL1000R](/wiki/Suzuki_TL1000R \"Suzuki TL1000R\"), the [SV1000](/wiki/Suzuki_SV1000 \"Suzuki SV1000\") and SV1000S,{{cite news\\|last\\=Melling\\|first\\=Frank\\|title\\=Memorable Motorcycle: Suzuki SV1000\\|url\\=http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/289/15847/Motorcycle\\-Article/Memorable\\-Motorcycle\\-\\-Suzuki\\-SV1000\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=16 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Motorcycle USA\\|date\\=28 March 2013\\|quote\\=So when the SV was launched the warning lights were well and truly lit on Suzuki's instrument panel. Gone was the frenetic rush of the eight\\-valve, dual overhead cam V\\-Twin which powered the TL. Instead, Sensible San in Hamamatsu re\\-cammed and re\\-mapped the same motor, so that it allegedly produced 120 hp – but felt about 20 hp less. The capacity remained at 996cc and the six\\-speed gearbox was retained from the TL but now the powerplant was a sportbike engine which the Health and Safety lobby would have us all ride.\\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506115904/http://www.motorcycle\\-usa.com/289/15847/Motorcycle\\-Article/Memorable\\-Motorcycle\\-\\-Suzuki\\-SV1000\\.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} as well as the [V\\-Strom 1000](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_1000 \"Suzuki V-Strom 1000\") and the [Suzuki V\\-Strom 1050](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_1050 \"Suzuki V-Strom 1050\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Bennett\\|first\\=Jon\\|title\\=Suzuki DL1000 GT\\|url\\=http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Suzuki\\-DL1000\\-GT/story\\-11258801\\-detail/story.html\\|access\\-date\\=16 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Bristol Post\\|date\\=13 January 2009\\|quote\\=A couple of days later, however, I was in for a surprise. Having made a conscious decision to go out thrill\\-seeking, rather than just using the DL to commute, the smooth 1,000cc V\\-twin began to show its heritage. Based heavily on the tried and tested motor which once powered the frankly lunatic TL1000S and TL1000R sportsbikes of the 90s, the V\\-Strom showed remarkable venom once the revs really began to climb. The 90\\-degree V\\-twin which had previously been so gentlemanly had transformed into a fire\\-breathing monster. From 5,000rpm up to the redline, in gear after gear, the V\\-Strom has plenty of shove for the most brisk of overtaking manouevres.\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231540/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Suzuki\\-DL1000\\-GT/story\\-11258801\\-detail/story.html\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2015}}\n* [GSX\\-R600](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R600 \"Suzuki GSX-R600\") – a smaller version of the GSX\\-R750\\. There were earlier pretenders,{{cite web\\|last\\=Barker\\|first\\=Stuart\\|title\\=600 Evolution 1985 – 2003\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/features/600\\-evolution\\-1985\\-\\-\\-2003/15324\\-2\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2013\\|quote\\=Of the major Japanese players, this leaves only Suzuki to offer up a contender and the latest is obviously the famed GSX\\-R600, first launched in 1996\\. But there were two earlier offerings. Back in 1992 in the 'States you could get a GSX\\-R600, although it was only a sleeved\\-down 750 engine in a 750 chassis. For the UK in 1993 came the RF600R – a powerful enough (100bhp) machine but one which had to pull too much weight. The beast tipped the scales at 195 kilos and was never going to be a genuine supersports contender, more a comfy, relaxed all\\-rounder for dad to enjoy.}} but the genuine article arrived in 1997 and has received frequent updates after that.{{cite web\\|title\\=GSX\\-R History\\|url\\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/gsx\\-r/03\\.html\\|work\\=Global Suzuki\\|publisher\\=Suzuki Motor Corp\\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2013\\|page\\=3\\|quote\\=For riders who want the GSX\\-R experience in a middleweight machine, Suzuki introduced the GSX\\-R600 in 1997\\. Kunio Arase, project leader for this new member of the GSX\\-R family, says he started development with a mission: 'The mission shared by every engineer for succeeding models of the legendary GSX\\-R line has been to surpass the performance of any existing model in its class. We determined to achieve the fastest top speed and starting acceleration, yet the production model had to be transformable to a winning circuit racer with minimal modification. Indeed, the first GSX\\-R600 realized a top speed faster than that of the GSX\\-R750 two years earlier, taking the World Supersport Championship for two consecutive years.'\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024125031/http://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/gsx\\-r/03\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2013}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Ash\\|first\\=Kevin\\|title\\=The joy of 600\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2740090/The\\-joy\\-of\\-600\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2740090/The\\-joy\\-of\\-600\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=25 February 2006\\|quote\\=Which means the GSX\\-R600 K6 (as the 2006 model is designated) is millimetre\\-perfect in going precisely where you want it to, steering with no tendency to run wide, drop in or do its own thing in any way. It's astonishingly stable, so much so that this is the defining characteristic of the handling, despite an improvement in agility and the GSX\\-R's history of flightiness.}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Ash\\|first\\=Kevin\\|title\\=Suzuki GSX\\-R600 review\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=18 March 2011\\|quote\\=Suzuki's 600cc engine has had a more substantial makeover than the 750s, with new pistons and combustion chamber shapes as well as the usual ECU and engine fuelling and ignition map upgrades, and the difference between old and new is marked. It's not so much about the top\\-end power, which doesn't feel significantly different, but the mid\\-range thrust is a lot better (far more helpful in terms of performance and usability).}}\n* [Hayabusa](/wiki/Suzuki_Hayabusa \"Suzuki Hayabusa\") (GSX\\-1300R) was introduced in 1998, and remains Suzuki's flagship [sport bike](/wiki/Sport_bike \"Sport bike\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Marmar\\|first\\=Shubhabrata\\|title\\=Suzuki GSX\\-R1300 Hayabusa \\-PERE\\-GRIN FALCON\\|url\\=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/suzuki\\-gsx\\-r1300\\-hayabusa/798/1\\|access\\-date\\=16 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Business Standard Motoring\\|date\\=17 April 2008\\|quote\\=The Hayabusa was first shown to the world in 1998\\. Love blossomed from the press kit stage itself, and while a few detractors dug in their heels and obstinately referred to the thing variously as an ugly pig and a gigantic, shapeless buffalo, the rest of the world was not tuned in to that frequency. With magazines awash with top speed runs, the 314–321 km/h records were peppered by considerable astonishment. The speed was possible despite – and not at the expense of – the Hayabusa's market\\-defined role – that of a comfortable sport tourer.}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Ash\\|first\\=Kevin\\|title\\=Suzuki Hayabusa: the world's fastest production motorcycle\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/6728470/Suzuki\\-Hayabusa\\-the\\-worlds\\-fastest\\-production\\-motorcycle.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/6728470/Suzuki\\-Hayabusa\\-the\\-worlds\\-fastest\\-production\\-motorcycle.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=16 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Telegraph\\|date\\=10 December 2009\\|quote\\=We're saving the best number until last: how about zero to 180mph in 18 seconds? Glorious, and all this on a bike that will just as happily trickle all day around the supermarket car park. Last summer, that is why Pirelli chose the Hayabusa to launch its new Angel ST sport\\-touring tyre with a speed\\-record attempt – the bike duly averaged 143mph for 24 hours over 3,209 miles, including all fuel stops and rider changes, setting the world record for standard production bikes.}}{{cbignore}} The 1998 Suzuki Hayabusa is included in the [JSAE](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A \"自動車技術会\") *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*. The development of a [second generation](/wiki/Suzuki_Hayabusa%23Second_generation_%282008%E2%80%93_%29 \"Suzuki Hayabusa#Second generation (2008– )\") Hayabusa for the 2008 model year facilitated the 2007 roll\\-out of the GSX\\-1300BK [B\\-King](/wiki/Suzuki_B-King \"Suzuki B-King\"),{{cite news\\|last\\=Ash\\|first\\=Kevin\\|title\\=Suzuki B\\-King is King of the road\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2748116/Suzuki\\-B\\-King\\-is\\-King\\-of\\-the\\-road.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2748116/Suzuki\\-B\\-King\\-is\\-King\\-of\\-the\\-road.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=4 August 2007\\|quote\\=Instead, six years on, the spirit of that show bike has been retained. The details are beautifully executed with exceptionally high\\-quality fit and finish, and the motor is based on the Hayabusa's imminent 2008 1,340cc unit rather than its slightly smaller and much older engine, which means a staggering 181bhp, making the B\\-King by far the most powerful naked street bike available.}}{{cbignore}} a highly stylized [naked](/wiki/Types_of_motorcycles%23Standard \"Types of motorcycles#Standard\") variant.{{cite news\\|last\\=Carpenter\\|first\\=Susan\\|title\\=Suzuki B\\-King is for Lord Vader. His chariot awaits.\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/news/la\\-hy\\-throttle12dec12,0,890967\\.story\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=12 December 2007\\|quote\\=From the front end, the headlight looks like the face of a Hasbro robot. The turn signals blink from the outer edges of the tank. Travel down the bike's body to its curved radiator and finned oil cooler, and you're looking at what appears to be the Dark Knight's voice box.}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Welsh\\|first\\=Jonathan\\|title\\=Suzuki's B\\-King Muscle Bike Is for Motorcycle Riders Who Want to be Noticed\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121814498946121989\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|date\\=24 September 2008\\|quote\\=Viewed up close it looks, well, scary. If the B\\-King appeared in a feature film, the villain would ride it. Had 'Star Wars' been a biker movie, Darth Vader would have been in his element astride this Suzuki. The bike is menacing in black and has a mask\\-like shield around its headlight. Its pointy stinger tail and overall angular styling would go well with a cape.}}\n* [SV650](/wiki/Suzuki_SV650 \"Suzuki SV650\") was introduced in 1999 as a budget entry in the naked bike market,{{cite web\\|title\\=1999 Suzuki SV650\\|url\\=http://www.motorcycle.com/manufacturer/suzuki/1999\\-suzuki\\-sv650\\-16317\\.html\\|work\\=Motorcycle Online\\|publisher\\=VerticalScope Inc\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|date\\=19 March 1999\\|quote\\=Although it's not incorrect to describe the SV650 as a naked, downscale TL1000S, it's not entirely accurate either. True, the 645cc liquid\\-cooled, 90° V\\-twin engine borrows more than a few bits and pieces from Suzuki's high\\-performance TL bikes such as lower exhaust cams and triangularly arranged crank and transmission shafts to reduce engine height and length, a rear cylinder head pipe that routes through the swingarm, an internal water pump, and all\\-electric instrument gauges. But the SV650 also receives a few new tweaks of its own, such as an oil guide that sprays oil directly on the gear faces. The SV650 also receives two 39mm Mikuni downdraft carburetors instead of fuel\\-injection, but considering the glitches we've experienced in the past with Suzuki's EFI, carburetion isn't that bad of an idea.}}{{cite news\\|last\\=May\\|first\\=Keith\\|title\\=Frugal Fuelers: Suzuki SV650 – First Look\\|url\\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2008/07/16/frugal\\-fuelers\\-suzuki\\-sv650\\-first\\-look/\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Cycle World\\|date\\=16 July 2008\\|quote\\=This then\\-new standard from Suzuki had apparently charmed the riding pants off everyone at the office. 'So easy to flick back and forth that turning around and re\\-running ess\\-turns isn't just an option, it's a necessity,' Cycle World's May, 1999, issue declared. And shockingly, 'Better performance numbers than Ducati's Monster 900\\.' Other turn\\-ons included the short wheelbase, low center of gravity, relaxed riding position, competent suspension, decent brakes, smooth gearbox, narrow waist, wide handlebars and cozy passenger perch. The perfect companion for novice and hooligans alike. And stunning good looks to boot.}} and since 2001, offered both naked and fully faired.{{cite web\\|last\\=Cathcart\\|first\\=Alan\\|title\\=Suzuki SV650S And Kawasaki ZX\\-6R – Tweaks 2001!\\|url\\=http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/features/122\\_0012\\_suzuki\\_sv650s\\_kawasaki\\_zx\\_6r/\\|work\\=Motorcyclist Magazine\\|publisher\\=Source Interlink Media\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|date\\=1 December 2000\\|quote\\=Good news, bad news from Suzuki. As you'll see elsewhere in this issue, we are indeed getting the light, hot GSX\\-R600 and 1000 (that would be the really good news) but, contrary to some rumors, we are not going to see a TL1000\\-engined naked model for 2001\\. (Oh, and we wanted it so badly.) Still, there's plenty of good reason for V\\-twin fans to cheer, as the SV650S, a half\\-faired iteration of our favorite middleweight boomer, will finally come Stateside. Sporting a racier riding stance thanks to clip\\-ons replacing the naked SV's tubular affair, taller gearing and slightly revised steering geometry, the SV\\-S we get will be identical to the bike Europeans and Canadians have enjoyed for two years. Cool, eh? The naked SV650 returns unchanged, as do the Bandit 600, Katanas 600 and 750 and TL1000s S and R.}} In 2009 the [naked bike](/wiki/Naked_bike \"Naked bike\") version was redesigned and renamed the [Gladius](/wiki/Suzuki_SFV650_Gladius \"Suzuki SFV650 Gladius\") in keeping with the [sword](/wiki/Gladius \"Gladius\") motif Suzuki established with the *Katana.*{{cite news\\|last\\=Stermer\\|first\\=Bill\\|title\\=2009 Suzuki Gladius Road Test\\|url\\=http://www.ridermagazine.com/manufacturer/suzuki/2009\\-suzuki\\-gladius\\-650\\-road\\-test.htm/\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Rider Magazine\\|date\\=June 2009\\|quote\\=In researching the market, Suzuki determined that with the influx of young people the average age of motorcycle buyers was no longer increasing. They further determined that the younger buyers entering the market desired practical and economical transportation, and thus the Gladius was born. The intent was for it to be more versatile than the Katanas by making it a naked bike with an upright seating position. It was originally targeted for the European market so they wanted something that was hip, urban and modern. Suzuki even sent Japanese designers to Europe for several months to study its fashion, architecture and motorcycle culture. The result is the flowing shapes and forward thrust, what Suzuki calls 'style meets technology.'\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224231043/http://ridermagazine.com/manufacturer/suzuki/2009\\-suzuki\\-gladius\\-650\\-road\\-test.htm/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Gladius motorcycle won a Good Design Award (aka *G Mark*) from the [Japan Institute of Design Promotion](/wiki/Japan_Institute_of_Design_Promotion \"Japan Institute of Design Promotion\").{{cite web\\|title\\=MOTORCYCLE \\[GLADIUS]\\|url\\=http://www.g\\-mark.org/award/describe/35123\\|work\\=Good Design Award\\|publisher\\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\\|year\\=2009\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013}}\n* [GSX\\-R1000](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R1000 \"Suzuki GSX-R1000\") – This top\\-of\\-the\\-line [superbike](/wiki/Superbike \"Superbike\") debuted in 2000,{{cite news\\|last\\=Ash\\|first\\=Kevin\\|title\\=Open the throttle for a big thrill\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/4747856/Open\\-the\\-throttle\\-for\\-a\\-big\\-thrill.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/4747856/Open\\-the\\-throttle\\-for\\-a\\-big\\-thrill.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=19 December 2000\\|quote\\=BUY a Suzuki GSX\\-R1000 today! Right now! It doesn't matter if you're normally into tourers, trail bikes or whatever. If there is any soul in you, any quest whatsoever to experience truly mind\\-expanding excitement, then at some point in your life you really must own – or at the very least ride – this latest flagship supersports machine from the 500cc grand prix world championship\\-winning manufacturer. This bike not only offers more than any road\\-going sports bike before it in terms of power, handling and braking, it also plugs the rider into its dynamics with such clarity and obedient responsiveness that it feels as if your very nerve endings have been spliced into the wiring loom.}}{{cbignore}} and remains the largest model of the GSX\\-R series.\n* [Burgman 650](/wiki/Suzuki_Burgman \"Suzuki Burgman\") (AN650\\) was the largest of a series of urban scooters produced in Japan (marketed as *Skywave* domestically) as well as in Italy and Spain with engine capacities of 125cc and up. When it appeared in 2002 the 650 was the largest\\-displacement [scooter](/wiki/Scooter_%28motorcycle%29 \"Scooter (motorcycle)\") in the world, and first two\\-wheel vehicle to have an electrically controlled [Continuously Variable Transmission](/wiki/Continuously_Variable_Transmission \"Continuously Variable Transmission\").{{cite journal\\|title\\=Suzuki Electrically\\-controlled Continuously Variable Transmission (SECVT)\\|journal\\=Global Communications Magazine\\|year\\=2002\\|volume\\=1\\|url\\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/gcm/bigheart/002\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2013\\|publisher\\=Suzuki Motor Corp\\|quote\\='Unlike the conventional centrifugal CVT using a rubber belt, the SECVT adjusts the CVT ratio by varying the drive\\-pulley diameter with an electric actuator motor,' relates Kazutoshi Ohashi who led development of the SECVT control systems in Group I, Miyakoda R\\&D Centre. 'The SECVT controller calculates the target engine revolution based on the vehicle speed and throttle position, and automatically adjusts the CVT ratio. Unlike conventional systems that adjust the CVT ratio only to the engine revolution, the SECVT's calculation is made with the throttle position – the rider's acceleration choice – also taken into consideration. That optimizes the CVT ratio for actual riding conditions.'\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024134532/http://www.globalsuzuki.com/gcm/bigheart/002\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2013}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Ash\\|first\\=Kevin\\|title\\=Press here for 'power' mode\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2717275/Press\\-here\\-for\\-power\\-mode.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2717275/Press\\-here\\-for\\-power\\-mode.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=29 June 2002\\|quote\\=Suzuki's entry into the new superscooter class might be something of a latecomer, but, if anything, it's been even more eagerly awaited than the first machine on this improbable scene, Yamaha's 500cc Tmax. This has nothing to do with the fact the Burgman has an even bigger engine – its 54bhp, 638cc twin includes such high\\-performance features as double overhead cams, fuel injection and liquid cooling – but its transmission breaks new ground even in this innovative category.}}{{cbignore}} The [Japan Institute of Design Promotion](/wiki/Japan_Institute_of_Design_Promotion \"Japan Institute of Design Promotion\") awarded the *G Mark* Good Design Award to the Skywave 650 in 2003, to the entire Skywave series in 2006 and to the updated Skywave 650LX in 2013\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=scooter \\[Skywave650]\\|url\\=http://www.g\\-mark.org/award/describe/28504\\|work\\=Good Design Award\\|publisher\\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\\|year\\=2003\\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2013}}{{cite web\\|title\\=scooter \\[skywave series]\\|url\\=http://www.g\\-mark.org/award/describe/32454 \\|work\\=Good Design Award\\|publisher\\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\\|year\\=2006\\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2013}}{{cite web\\|title\\=SCOOTER \\[SKYWAVE650LX]\\|url\\=http://www.g\\-mark.org/award/describe/40035 \\|work\\=Good Design Award\\|publisher\\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\\|year\\=2013\\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2013\\|quote\\=Suzuki's flagship scooter, the Skywave 650, has been updated with its styling, functionality, and fuel economy.}}\n\t+ [Choinori](/wiki/Suzuki_Choinori \"Suzuki Choinori\") was a lightweight, inexpensive, 50cc scooter and the antithesis of the [Skywave 650](/wiki/Suzuki_Burgman \"Suzuki Burgman\"), but they were introduced at the same time in an effort to increase domestic sales in response to shrinking motorcycle exports.{{cite news\\|title\\=Suzuki set to increase output\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2682701\\.stm\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=BBC News\\|date\\=22 January 2003\\|quote\\=Motorcycle production is set to be boosted by strong demand from China, and the release of a new 50cc scooter called 'Choinori'.}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Annual Report\\|url\\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/ir/library/annualreport/pdf/2003/2003\\-1\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=Suzuki Motor Corporation\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|page\\=1\\|year\\=2003\\|quote\\=In the overseas markets, motorcycle exports to North America and other markets increased, but exports to Central and South America, Europe and other markets dropped. As a result, motorcycle exports as a whole saw a decrease from the previous year. On the other hand, due to increases in North America, Europe and other markets, automobile exports surpassed last year's level. Under such circumstances, Suzuki made efforts to increase sales in the domestic motorcycle market by enhancing our product lineup through the introduction of models such as the Choinori and the SKYWAVE 650\\. Literally meaning 'short time riding', the Choinori is a functional domestically produced 50cc scooter available at a highly competitive price of 59,800 yen while the SKYWAVE 650 is a large\\-size scooter featuring the world's first electronically controlled CVT system.\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106114414/http://www.globalsuzuki.com/ir/library/annualreport/pdf/2003/2003\\-1\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The 2002 Choinori is one of the [JSAE](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A \"自動車技術会\") *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*. The Choinori was awarded the *G Mark* Good Design Award in 2003\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=scooter \\[choinori]\\|url\\=http://www.g\\-mark.org/award/describe/28505\\|work\\=Good Design Award\\|publisher\\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\\|year\\=2003\\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2013}}\n* [Boulevard M109R](/wiki/Suzuki_Boulevard_M109R \"Suzuki Boulevard M109R\") (VZR1800\\) V\\-twin, dubbed the Intruder M1800R in Europe, arrived in 2006 boasting a {{convert\\|112\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} bore with a {{convert\\|90\\.5\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} stroke, amongst the largest gasoline engine [pistons](/wiki/Piston \"Piston\") ever used in any production motorcycle (or passenger car).{{cite web\\|last\\=Winfield\\|first\\=Barry\\|title\\=Suzuki Boulevard M109R\\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\\-03\\-13/suzuki\\-boulevard\\-m109r\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20131025210148/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\\-03\\-13/suzuki\\-boulevard\\-m109r\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=25 October 2013\\|work\\=Businessweek.com\\|publisher\\=Bloomberg L.P.\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2013\\|date\\=13 March 2006\\|quote\\=Nor does the new engine seem to notice the load it is being asked to carry. It's a 54\\-degree V\\-twin with dual overhead cams turned by a novel two\\-stage chain drive system that teams with a semi\\-dry\\-sump lubrication technique and plated aluminum cylinder bores to keep the engine relatively light and compact. Compact, that is, for a 1783cc twin with pistons that are 4\\.4\\-inches across. Fortunately for all of us, the engine uses a balancer shaft to keep the big twin's shaking forces from buzzing our brains out.}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Luckhurst\\|first\\=Tim\\|title\\=Suzuki Intruder M1800R\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/motoring/road\\-tests/suzuki\\-intruder\\-m1800r\\-410924\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/motoring/road\\-tests/suzuki\\-intruder\\-m1800r\\-410924\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Independent\\|date\\=8 August 2006\\|quote\\=As soon as I saw the Suzuki Intruder a sound entered my head and refused to leave. It was not the sumptuous aural thrill provided by the largest pair of reciprocating pistons ever installed in an internal combustion engine. That came later. First I imagined the American musician Lyle Lovett singing, 'No, you're not from Texas, but Texas loves you anyway.'}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Products History 2000s\\|url\\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/products/products\\_2000s.html\\|work\\=Global Suzuki\\|publisher\\=Suzuki Motor Corporation\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024231820/https://www.globalsuzuki.com/motorcycle/history/products/products\\_2000s.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2013}}\n* [GSX\\-650F](/wiki/Suzuki_GSX_650_F \"Suzuki GSX 650 F\") – introduced in 2008, this new sport touring model fills the void of the retired [Katana](/wiki/Suzuki_Katana \"Suzuki Katana\"). The 2009 model has [ABS](/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system \"Anti-lock braking system\") standard.\n* [Suzuki DR125](/wiki/Suzuki_DR125 \"Suzuki DR125\") \\- a 124cc four stroke motorcycle\n* [DL\\-650 V\\-Strom](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_650 \"Suzuki V-Strom 650\") – a [dual\\-sport motorcycle](/wiki/Dual-sport_motorcycle \"Dual-sport motorcycle\")\n* [GSX\\-250F Across](/wiki/Suzuki_Across_%28motorcycle%29 \"Suzuki Across (motorcycle)\") – a small 250 cc engine sport [touring motorcycle](/wiki/Touring_motorcycle \"Touring motorcycle\") produced from 1990 until 1998\\. It is mostly known as a practical sports/touring bike, due to its rear petrol tank and a fully enclosed helmet storage area where the petrol tank usually is.\n* Suzuki GSX\\-R250 – a motorcycle that was manufactured from 1987 to 1994\\. A couple of years after the presentation of the GSX\\-R750 the 250 cc GSX\\-R250 was released. Like the larger bike, the GSX\\-R250 had a box\\-frame (steel, not aluminum), full fairing, full\\-floater rear swing and a four\\-cylinder four\\-stroke engine. But while the GSX\\-R750 engine was air and oil\\-cooled, the baby brother had a liquid\\-cooled engine. Not many examples are seen outside Japan. 17\\-inch cast wheels and 300 mm twin disc brake at the front. The GSX\\-R250 had impressive power and was made primarily as a road legal 250 cc racing bike reaching speeds of 200\\+km/h (124 mph). Imported specimens may be seen in Australia and New Zealand commonly. Also, around 350 units were exported to Denmark around 1989 to 1992\\. Starting in 2017, the engine continued in the [Suzuki V\\-Strom 250](/wiki/Suzuki_V-Strom_250 \"Suzuki V-Strom 250\").", "#### Other power sources", "[thumb\\|Cutaway model of the Burgman Fuel Cell Scooter at the [2011 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232011 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2011\")\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Suzuki_Burgman_Fuel_Cell_cutaway_model_2011_Tokyo_Motor_Show.jpg \"Suzuki Burgman Fuel Cell cutaway model 2011 Tokyo Motor Show.jpg\")\n* [RE5](/wiki/Suzuki_RE5 \"Suzuki RE5\") was the first (and only) Japanese motorcycle produced with a [Wankel rotary engine](/wiki/Wankel_engine \"Wankel engine\"). That, and its [Giugiaro](/wiki/Giugiaro \"Giugiaro\") styling, make it one of the oddest and most collectible motorcycles of the 1970s.{{cite news\\|last\\=Duchene\\|first\\=Paul\\|title\\=Rotary bikes are real spin cycles\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/10/31/rotary\\-bikes\\-are\\-real\\-spin\\-cycles/\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune\\|date\\=31 October 2004\\|quote\\=Suzuki's RE5 arrived at the 1974 Tokyo Motor Show to huge fanfare. The hefty, 507\\-pound watercooled roadster used a 497\\-cc twin\\-rotor engine and sold for about $2,700\\. Suzuki rushed the RE5 into production, but a 3{{citefrac\\|1\\|2}}\\-month delay in delivery of the first bikes cooled demand. Then carburetor problems surfaced. Sales limped along until 1977, with only one production run of fewer than 5,000 bikes. The RE5 owners' registry lists 1,782 survivors worldwide.}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Happy Birthday, Felix: The Eleven Coolest Wankel\\-Powered Vehicles Built\\|url\\=http://rumors.automobilemag.com/happy\\-birthday\\-felix\\-the\\-eleven\\-coolest\\-wankel\\-powered\\-vehicles\\-built\\-162677\\.html\\|work\\=Automobile Magazine\\|publisher\\=Source Interlink Media\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2013\\|date\\=13 August 2012\\|quote\\=Despite licensing the engine from NSU, Suzuki poured much of its own research and development money into the RE5′s rotary mill. The company actually holds some 20 patents for different parts of the engine, including on the engine's subsystems. The Wankel was less than ideal for a motorcycle, however, as it had high fuel consumption and generated a lot of heat, necessitating the use of various systems for cooling.\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108202750/http://rumors.automobilemag.com/happy\\-birthday\\-felix\\-the\\-eleven\\-coolest\\-wankel\\-powered\\-vehicles\\-built\\-162677\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=8 November 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The 1974 RE5 is one of the [JSAE](/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%BC%9A \"自動車技術会\") *240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology*, and a 1976 model is in the [AMA](/wiki/American_Motorcyclist_Association \"American Motorcyclist Association\") *Motorcycle Hall of Fame*.{{cite web\\|title\\=1976 Suzuki RE5 Rotary\\|url\\=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/asp/classics/bike.asp?id\\=39\\|work\\=Classic Bikes from the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum\\|publisher\\=American Motorcyclist Association\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2013\\|quote\\=To Suzuki's credit, the high\\-tech RE5 worked fairly well. But all that complexity resulted in a hefty curb weight of 573 pounds. That bulk, coupled with the rotary's large appetite for fuel, resulted in gas mileage in the 30 to 35\\-mile\\-per\\-gallon range at a time when Americans were facing gas crises. And the bike's limited cruising range didn't endear it to the touring market it was designed for.\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111180903/http://motorcyclemuseum.org/asp/classics/bike.asp?id\\=39\\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2011}}\n* Burgman Fuel\\-Cell Scooter uses electric\\-motor propulsion, powered by an air\\-cooled hydrogen [fuel cell](/wiki/Fuel_cell \"Fuel cell\"); its only emission is water. Following on a concept model at the [2009 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232009 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2009\"), in 2011 the Burgman Fuel\\-Cell Scooter became the world's first fuel\\-cell vehicle to earn [Whole Vehicle Type Approval](/wiki/Motor_vehicle_type_approval \"Motor vehicle type approval\") (WVTA) in the European Union, enabling the vehicle to be sold in all member states. Suzuki is working toward commercial production of this scooter.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ash\\|first\\=Kevin\\|title\\=Hydrogen fuel\\-cell Suzuki tested\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/green\\-motoring/7222183/Hydrogen\\-fuel\\-cell\\-Suzuki\\-tested.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/green\\-motoring/7222183/Hydrogen\\-fuel\\-cell\\-Suzuki\\-tested.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=15 February 2010\\|quote\\=Suzuki plans to have a viable production fuel\\-cell two\\-wheeler on sale by 2015\\. It will cost more than a conventional, petrol\\-engined Burgman 125, which costs just over £3,000, but service costs will be minimal because the cell requires little maintenance and is intended to last the life of the vehicle. Compared with exorbitantly costly all\\-battery two\\-wheelers, there's no question hydrogen fuel cells present a more realistic alternative to petrol engines.}}{{cbignore}}", "### Concept motorcycles", "[thumb\\|Suzuki Biplane concept motorcycle at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2007\")\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Suzuki_2008_Biplane_Concept_Front_at_Tokyo_Motor_Show.jpg \"Suzuki 2008 Biplane Concept Front at Tokyo Motor Show.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Suzuki Crosscage fuel\\-cell concept at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2007\")\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Crosscage_-_Flickr_-_yuichirock.jpg \"Crosscage - Flickr - yuichirock.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Suzuki Gemma](/wiki/Suzuki_Gemma \"Suzuki Gemma\") prototype scooter at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2007\")\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Tokyo_Motor_Show_2007_-_DSC_7255_-_Flickr_-_Nguyen_Vu_Hung_%28vuhung%29.jpg \"Tokyo Motor Show 2007 - DSC 7255 - Flickr - Nguyen Vu Hung (vuhung).jpg\")\n* **Falcorustyco** concept model at the [1985 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%231985 \"Tokyo Motor Show#1985\") envisaged the motorcycle technologies that might be brought into play by 1995, including a 4\\-cycle square 4\\-cylinder 500 cc engine, frameless body, front\\-and\\-rear swingarm suspension, center hub hydraulic power steering, chainless hydraulic drive and pop\\-up screen cowling.{{cite web\\|last\\=Burns\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=Days of Future Past\\|url\\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\\-of\\-future\\-past/\\|work\\=Cycle World\\|publisher\\=Bonnier Corp.\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2013\\|page\\=1\\|date\\=11 May 2012\\|quote\\=The first memorable concept bike of the modern era may have been the Suzuki '''Falcorustyco''' (''gyrfalcon'' in Latin – pictured above), which appeared at the 1985 Tokyo Motor Show. \\[...] Possibly still happily bemused at the reception the Falcorustyco had received, Suzuki was back at the 1986 Tokyoshow with the '''Nuda'''. This one, they said, is functional—not that anybody actually got to see it function.}}{{cite web\\|title\\=The 2WD Freak Show... – Suzuki Falcorustyco concept\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/features/the\\-2wd\\-freak\\-show/14819\\-4\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2013\\|page\\=4\\|date\\=19 October 2010\\|quote\\=In 1985 Suzuki produced this concept, the Falcorustyco. Really? It had a 500 cc square four water\\-cooled engine with 16 valves and 3 camshafts, no gearbox and relied on hydraulic pumps to provide final drive to both wheels. Front and rear swinging arms provided hub\\-centered steering and the bike had electromagnet brakes.}}{{cite web\\|last\\=West\\|first\\=Phil\\|title\\=MCN's Top 10 concept bikes that were never made\\|url\\=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/New\\-bikes/2010/january/jan0110\\-mcns\\-top\\-10\\-concept\\-bikes\\-never\\-made/\\|work\\=Motorcycle News\\|publisher\\=Bauer Media\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2013\\|date\\=8 June 2010\\|quote\\=We've all drooled over Honda's CB1100R concept bike, willing Honda to bring it to the UK. On the other hand there was Suzuki's B\\-King and Yamaha's MT\\-01 that did hit the showroom floors. But what about the others? Over the last 25 years there have been dozens of show specials or concept bikes that the leading manufacturers have teased us with, never to go into production.}}\n* **Nuda** was a full\\-time two\\-wheel drive prototype, incorporating power steering and a swing seat, in a carbon fiber honeycomb monocoque body, shown at the 1986 Tokyo Motor Show. Nuda concepts influenced the design of the [Suzuki Hayabusa](/wiki/Suzuki_Hayabusa \"Suzuki Hayabusa\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Diaz\\|first\\=Jesus\\|title\\=They Actually Had Real Tron Bikes in The '80s\\|url\\=http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/06/they\\-actually\\-had\\-real\\-tron\\-bikes\\-in\\-the\\-80s/\\|work\\=Gizmodo Australia\\|publisher\\=Allure Media\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2013\\|date\\=16 June 2010\\|quote\\=Sometimes you look back in time and you see industrial designs that seem to be timeless. Like the Suzuki Nuda. It could come from 2045 or 1986, the year when it was actually introduced as a fully functional 174mph prototype.\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328134114/https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/06/they\\-actually\\-had\\-real\\-tron\\-bikes\\-in\\-the\\-80s/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\='The future' 25 years on\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/motorcycle\\-news\\-\\-general\\-news/the\\-future\\-25\\-years\\-on/20316\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2013\\|date\\=22 March 2012\\|quote\\=The wonder of the internet means documents that once could only have been found by rooting through reams of hidden paperwork or scrolling endless microfilm rolls are available to anyone who cares to look. But as far as we know no publication has ever revealed these images showing the secrets of the most advanced motorcycle of the 1980s.}}\n* [B\\-King](/wiki/Suzuki_B-King \"Suzuki B-King\") – The concept model was well received by the public when it went on display at the [2001 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232001 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2001\"). The addition of a turbocharger to the GSX1300R engine testified to massive power output, while electronics such as cellphone and GPS were stowed in the ultra\\-modern angular bodywork. The production model appeared six years later, largely unchanged except for its [naturally aspirated engine](/wiki/Naturally_aspirated_engine \"Naturally aspirated engine\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Conner\\|first\\=Blake\\|title\\=2008 Suzuki B\\-King – First Look\\|url\\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2007/03/07/2008\\-suzuki\\-b\\-king\\-first\\-look/\\|work\\=Cycle World\\|publisher\\=Bonnier Corp\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|date\\=7 March 2007\\|quote\\=Details on this much\\-hyped motorcycle were still suppressed by our Suzuki hosts, but the bike does closely resemble the showbike that raised our temperatures in the first place, even if, as previously announced, the concept B\\-bike's turbocharger didn't make the translation.}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Burns\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=Days of Future Past\\|url\\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\\-of\\-future\\-past/2/\\|work\\=Cycle World\\|publisher\\=Bonnier Corp.\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2013\\|page\\=2\\|date\\=11 May 2012\\|quote\\=Suzuki sold a few, mostly to owners who must've parked the things under a cover once the honeymoon was over and reality set in. You really don't see many B\\-Kings running around, do you? It's destined to be a serious Craigslist bargain in another few years when owners throw in the towel after admitting that fashion is never going to catch up to this motorcycle.\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105121938/http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\\-of\\-future\\-past/2/\\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2013}} B\\-King styling is reflected in the award\\-winning design of the [GSR600](/wiki/Suzuki_GSR600 \"Suzuki GSR600\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Road sports bike \\[GSR series]\\|url\\=http://www.g\\-mark.org/award/describe/32453\\|work\\=Good Design Award\\|publisher\\=Japan Institute of Design Promotion\\|year\\=2006\\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2013}} and the [GSR750](/wiki/Suzuki_GSR750 \"Suzuki GSR750\"), as well as the [Inazuma](/wiki/Suzuki_Inazuma_250 \"Suzuki Inazuma 250\") GW250 and GW250S.{{cite web\\|title\\=Lost in translation\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/features/lost\\-in\\-translation/22663\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|date\\=22 April 2013\\|quote\\=Nobody would call the B\\-King beautiful when it was shown as a concept bike, but onlookers clamoured for the machine to be put into production nonetheless. It was just ''so'' brutal.}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Burns\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=Days of Future Past\\|url\\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\\-of\\-future\\-past/2/\\|work\\=Cycle World\\|publisher\\=Bonnier Corp.\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|page\\=2\\|date\\=11 May 2012\\|quote\\=Suzuki sold a few, mostly to owners who must've parked the things under a cover once the honeymoon was over and reality set in. You really don't see many B\\-Kings running around, do you? It's destined to be a serious Craigslist bargain in another few years when owners throw in the towel after admitting that fashion is never going to catch up to this motorcycle.\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105121938/http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\\-of\\-future\\-past/2/\\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2013}}\n* **G\\-Strider** concept model with 916 cc engine, made public at the [2003 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232003 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2003\"), was a half\\-scooter, half\\-[cruiser (motorcycle)](/wiki/Cruiser_%28motorcycle%29 \"Cruiser (motorcycle)\") mash\\-up with an electrically controlled [Continuously Variable Transmission](/wiki/Continuously_Variable_Transmission \"Continuously Variable Transmission\") incorporating a push\\-button manual mode, similar to the Burgman 650\\. Accentuating luxury, the G\\-Strider's handlebars, footrests, seat backrest, passenger backrest and windscreen were all electrically adjustable while under way to ensure the most comfortable riding position possible.{{cite news\\|last\\=Hanlon\\|first\\=Mike\\|title\\=Suzuki's radical G\\-Strider concept\\|url\\=http://www.gizmag.com/go/2303/\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Gizmag\\|date\\=31 October 2003\\|quote\\=The G\\-Strider is as interesting and radical as it looks, and in many ways it builds on the direction taken by the Burgman 650 cc scooter tested in Gizmo last year and simply bristles with new ideas and functionality.}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Burns\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=Days of Future Past\\|url\\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\\-of\\-future\\-past/3/\\|work\\=Cycle World\\|publisher\\=Bonnier Corp.\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|page\\=3\\|date\\=11 May 2012\\|quote\\=What the G\\-Strider did get right was its 'nextgeneration telematics system, with interactive communications over a bidirectional wireless infrastructure...all controlled via glove\\-friendly trackball.' Which is actually similar to the thumbdrive controller that sorts through all the electronics on BMW's new K1600s. This wouldn't be the first time BMW took some good cues from the generally proletarian Suzuki. \\[...] In 2007, Suzuki went so far as to announce that the Strat would be entering production at an unspecified future time. Shortly thereafter, as you may have noticed, the free\\-market system imploded, and our Suzuki contacts claim to have no knowledge of what became of the bike.\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105160103/http://www.cycleworld.com/2012/05/11/days\\-of\\-future\\-past/3/\\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2013}}\n* [Stratosphere](/wiki/Suzuki_Stratosphere \"Suzuki Stratosphere\") prototype was shown at the [Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232005 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2005\") in 2005, with an 1100 cc engine pushed to the limits of space\\-saving design, resulting in an in\\-line six\\-cylinder as wide as a conventional in\\-line four\\-cylinder engine. Hammered aluminum and Damascus steel incorporate material characteristics into styling design. Prospects for a production model seemed good, considering that Suzuki's previous significant concept motorcycle, the B\\-King had made it into production, but the market changed before Stratosphere got the go\\-ahead.{{cite news\\|last\\=Hanlon\\|first\\=Mike\\|title\\=Suzuki's Stratosphere unveiled: 180bhp, 1100cc six\\-cylinder machine\\|url\\=http://www.gizmag.com/go/4770/\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=Gizmag\\|date\\=31 October 2005\\|quote\\=The raw figures are 1100cc, 24 valves, 180 horses and a motor reportedly turbine\\-like smooth. The motor is an engineering masterpiece akin to the miniaturized sophistication of a Swiss watch and the aluminium fairing, electrically\\-adjustable windscreen, LED headlights, adjustable handlebars, built\\-in GPS navigation just add to the high\\-tech cred. We're not so sure about the orange seat, but love the Katanesque profile.}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Barker\\|first\\=Stuart\\|title\\=The Joy of Six... (cylinders) – Suzuki Stratosphere\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/features/the\\-joy\\-of\\-six\\-cylinders/13231\\-3\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|date\\=5 August 2012\\|quote\\=Probably the single most interesting concept bike shown in the last decade, Suzuki's Stratosphere briefly looked like it might reach production. Those hopes have now receded, with sales for expensive naked bikes dropping away sharply worldwide.}}\n* **Biplane** was a blue\\-sky concept announced at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2007\"), designed to convey the joy of two\\-wheel mobility, inspired by the feeling of flying an airplane. Its shape generates a feeling of openness in a modern machine powered by a V\\-four engine.{{cite web\\|title\\=Suzuki at the 2007 Tokyo Motor Show\\|url\\=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/globalnews/2007/1001\\.html\\|work\\=Global News\\|publisher\\=Suzuki Motor Corp\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|date\\=1 October 2007}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Suzuki Biplane Concept – First Look\\|url\\=http://www.cycleworld.com/2007/10/25/tokyo\\-%E2%80%9907\\-suzuki\\-biplane\\-concept\\-first\\-look/\\|work\\=Cycle World\\|publisher\\=Bonnier Corp\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|quote\\=This is the Suzuki Biplane, penned at Suzuki's recently re\\-opened U.S. design center. Suzuki's goal was to give the rider the sensation of flying in a vintage biplane with no canopy, a distilled, in\\-the\\-wind riding experience. It (conceptually) uses a V\\-Four motor, with cylinder heads and exhaust headers visible on the sides, just like the fabric\\-skinned twin\\-wingers of the last century. The front end gets a girder fork (kinda like the Confederate Wraith) and rim\\-mounted brake discs (a la Buell XB). The exhaust is tucked in underneath the cowling, and the link\\-type rear suspension can be seen under the tractor\\-style seat.\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109161054/http://www.cycleworld.com/2007/10/25/tokyo\\-%E2%80%9907\\-suzuki\\-biplane\\-concept\\-first\\-look/\\|archive\\-date\\=9 November 2013}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Garrett\\|first\\=Jerry\\|title\\=Tokyo Motor Show: Two\\-Wheel Thunderdome\\|url\\=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/29/tokyo\\-motor\\-show\\-two\\-wheeled\\-thunderdome/\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=29 October 2007\\|quote\\=The Suzukis are wild. Silent runner: the Crosscage is a fuel cell bike that really works; no gas engine at all. The powerplant is made by Intelligent Energy of the U.K., the same group that made the ENV fuel cell bike I tested – and thought was viable even if it sounded like a U.F.O., not a bike. The Biplane supposedly has a V\\-4, but the show bike is most likely a make\\-believe mockup. Looks to be straight out of a video game. When will either Suzuki be produced? Right after the 12th of Never.}}\n* **Crosscage** concept model was displayed at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2007\"). Combining a high\\-performance secondary battery and a compact, lightweight air\\-cooled fuel\\-cell system from British specialist company [Intelligent Energy](/wiki/Intelligent_Energy \"Intelligent Energy\") enabled quick activation with low fuel consumption. The lithium\\-ion battery assured reserve power as well as minimal environmental impact. Light weight not only made this bike environment\\-friendly but also sporty.\n* [Gemma](/wiki/Suzuki_Gemma \"Suzuki Gemma\") prototype model was introduced at the [2007 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232007 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2007\"). The distinctive \"full\\-flat 2\\-seater,\" 250 cc four\\-stroke single\\-cylinder scooter is low and sleek and gives the rider and passenger feel a greater sense of intimacy. The luggage compartment in front of the rider holds a helmet. Gemma went into production in Japan the following year for the domestic market.{{cite web\\|last\\=Newbigging\\|first\\=Chris\\|title\\=Tokyo Show: Suzuki unveil gemma concept scooter\\|url\\=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/mcn/2007/October/october23\\-30/oct2407tokyoshowsuzukiunveilgemmaconceptscooter/\\|work\\=Motorcycle News\\|publisher\\=Bauer Media\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|date\\=24 October 2007\\|quote\\=The 250cc four\\-stroke scooter has a long, low riding position designed specifically to transport two adults around a city in comfort, according to Suzuki. The large dual seat is almost completely flat to keep rider and passenger weight low, and a large lockable cubby hole in front of the rider is big enough to take a helmet. The gemma is currently just a concept, but the concept appears well developed enough to reach production if the Japanese public like the idea.}}{{cite web\\|title\\=First Look: Suzuki Gemma 250\\|url\\=http://www.visordown.com/motorcycle\\-news\\-\\-general\\-news/first\\-look\\-suzuki\\-gemma\\-250/5054\\.html\\|work\\=Visordown\\|publisher\\=Immediate Media Company\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|date\\=3 July 2008\\|quote\\=The scooter looks set for the Japanese market only for the time being, but given the recent fuel price hikes there are strong rumours of it finding its way over here. Using the motor from the four\\-stroke 250cc Burgman, but with a new management system, the bike will be a full seven kilos lighter than the Burgman, 10 cm longer with a longer wheelbase for stability.}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Gemma\\|url\\=http://www1\\.suzuki.co.jp/motor/ul250k8/\\|work\\=Domestic Site\\|publisher\\=Suzuki Motor Corp\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=8 November 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108194430/http://www1\\.suzuki.co.jp/motor/ul250k8/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{in lang\\|ja}}\n* [Recursion](/wiki/Suzuki_Recursion \"Suzuki Recursion\") turbo parallel\\-twin middleweight, shown at the [2013 Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show%232013 \"Tokyo Motor Show#2013\").", "" ]
History and issues ------------------ ### Roots of the movement [thumb\|[Women Strike for Peace](/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace "Women Strike for Peace") during the [Cuban Missile Crisis](/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis "Cuban Missile Crisis")](/wiki/File:Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg "Women Strike for Peace NYWTS.jpg") {{Main\|History of the anti\-nuclear movement}} [thumb\|Atmospheric 14C [Bomb pulse](/wiki/Bomb_pulse "Bomb pulse"), corresponding to atmospheric [nuclear weapons tests](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_test "Nuclear weapons test"), [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"){{cite journal\|url\=http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/welling.html \|title\=Atmospheric δ14C record from Wellington \|access\-date\=2007\-06\-11 \|journal\=Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center \|year\=1994 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201222225/http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/welling.html \|archive\-date\=1 February 2014 }} and [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria").{{cite journal\| url\=http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/cent\-verm.html\| author\=Levin, I.\| title\=δ14C record from Vermunt\| journal\=Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center\| year\=1994\| display\-authors\=etal\| access\-date\=4 January 2016\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923105819/http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/cent\-verm.html\| archive\-date\=23 September 2008\| url\-status\=dead}} The New Zealand curve is representative for the Southern Hemisphere, the Austrian curve is representative for the Northern Hemisphere. Atmospheric nuclear weapon tests almost doubled the concentration of 14C in the Northern Hemisphere.{{cite web \| url\=http://www1\.phys.uu.nl/ams/Radiocarbon.htm \| publisher\=University of Utrecht \| title\= Radiocarbon dating \| access\-date\=2008\-02\-19}}](/wiki/File:Radiocarbon_bomb_spike.svg "Radiocarbon bomb spike.svg") [thumb\|Protest in Amsterdam against the [nuclear arms race](/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race "Nuclear arms race") between the U.S./NATO and the Soviet Union, 1981](/wiki/File:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg "Overzicht op Museumplein met spandoek The Dutch disease is better for peace o, Bestanddeelnr 253-8627.jpg") The application of [nuclear technology](/wiki/Nuclear_technology "Nuclear technology"), as a source of energy and as an instrument of war, has been controversial.{{cite news \|title\=Opinion {{!}} Sunday Dialogue: Nuclear Energy, Pro and Con \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/opinion/sunday/sunday\-dialogue\-nuclear\-energy\-pro\-and\-con.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=25 February 2012 \|access\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=6 December 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206175143/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/opinion/sunday/sunday\-dialogue\-nuclear\-energy\-pro\-and\-con.html?\_r\=1 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2011/mar/27/nuclear\-controversy/ \|title\=The nuclear controversy \|author\=Union\-Tribune Editorial Board \|date\=27 March 2011 \|work\=Union\-Tribune \|access\-date\=1 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=18 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018201730/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/mar/27/nuclear\-controversy/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Benford \|first1\=Robert \|title\=Review of The Antinuclear Movement. \|journal\=American Journal of Sociology \|date\=1984 \|volume\=89 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=1456–1458 \|doi\=10\.1086/228034 \|jstor\=2779201 }}{{cite journal \|last1\=MacKenzie \|first1\=James J. \|title\=Review of The Nuclear Power Controversy \|journal\=The Quarterly Review of Biology \|date\=1977 \|volume\=52 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=467–468 \|doi\=10\.1086/410301 \|jstor\=2823429 }}{{cite book\|last\=Walker\|first\=J. Samuel\|title\=Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=tf0AfoynG\-EC\|year\=2006\|publisher\=University of California Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-24683\-6\|pages\=10–11\|access\-date\=11 November 2015\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045245/https://books.google.com/books?id\=tf0AfoynG\-EC\|url\-status\=live}}[Jim Falk](/wiki/Jim_Falk "Jim Falk") (1982\). *Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power*, Oxford University Press. These issues are discussed in [nuclear weapons debate](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate "Nuclear weapons debate"), [nuclear power debate](/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate "Nuclear power debate"), and [uranium mining debate](/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate "Uranium mining debate"). Scientists and diplomats have debated [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon "Nuclear weapon") policy since before the [Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki") in 1945\.Jerry Brown and [Rinaldo Brutoco](/wiki/Rinaldo_Brutoco "Rinaldo Brutoco") (1997\). *Profiles in Power: The Anti\-nuclear Movement and the Dawn of the Solar Age*, Twayne Publishers, pp. 191–192\. The public became concerned about [nuclear weapons testing](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing "Nuclear weapons testing") from about 1954, following extensive nuclear testing in the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean "Pacific Ocean"). In 1961, at the height of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), about 50,000 women brought together by [Women Strike for Peace](/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace "Women Strike for Peace") marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la\-me\-dagmar\-wilson\-20110130,0,5499397\.story \|title\=Dagmar Wilson dies at 94; organizer of women's disarmament protesters \|author\=Woo, Elaine \|date\=30 January 2011 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|access\-date\=20 February 2020 \|archive\-date\=4 February 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204143804/http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la\-me\-dagmar\-wilson\-20110130,0,5499397\.story \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/us/24wilson.html \|title\=Dagmar Wilson, Anti\-Nuclear Leader, Dies at 94 \|author\=Hevesi, Dennis \|date\=23 January 2011 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=8 March 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308122642/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/us/24wilson.html \|url\-status\=live }} In 1963, many countries ratified the [Partial Test Ban Treaty](/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty "Partial Test Ban Treaty") which prohibited atmospheric nuclear testing.Wolfgang Rudig (1990\). *Anti\-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy*, Longman, p. 54–55\. Some local opposition to [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power "Nuclear power") emerged in the early 1960s, and in the late 1960s some members of the scientific community began to express their concerns.Wolfgang Rudig (1990\). *Anti\-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy*, Longman, p. 52\. In the early 1970s, there were large protests about a proposed nuclear power plant in [Wyhl](/wiki/Wyhl "Wyhl"), Germany. The project was cancelled in 1975 and anti\-nuclear success at Wyhl inspired opposition to nuclear power in other parts of Europe and North America. Nuclear power became an issue of major public protest in the 1970s. #### Fossil fuels industry The fossil fuel industry starting from the 1950s was engaging in campaigns against the nuclear industry which it perceived as a threat to their commercial interests.{{Cite web\|title\=How did leaders of the Hydrocarbon Establishment build the foundation for radiation fears?\|url\=https://atomicinsights.com/how\-did\-leaders\-of\-the\-hydrocarbon\-establishment\-build\-the\-foundation\-for\-radiation\-fears/\|website\=Atomic Insights\|date\=21 May 2020\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=15 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515080411/https://atomicinsights.com/how\-did\-leaders\-of\-the\-hydrocarbon\-establishment\-build\-the\-foundation\-for\-radiation\-fears/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|title\=Above board competition in energy markets finally emerging. API Ohio pushing for nuclear shutdowns\|url\=https://atomicinsights.com/above\-board\-competition\-in\-energy\-markets\-finally\-emerging/\|date\=2017\-04\-27\|website\=Atomic Insights\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=9 August 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809023616/https://atomicinsights.com/above\-board\-competition\-in\-energy\-markets\-finally\-emerging/\|url\-status\=live}} Organizations such as the [American Petroleum Institute](/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute "American Petroleum Institute"), the Pennsylvania Independent Oil and Gas Association and Marcellus Shale Coalition were engaged in anti\-nuclear lobbying in the late 2010s{{Cite web\|title\=Gloves are off in fossil fuel fight against nuclear \- World Nuclear News\|url\=https://www.world\-nuclear\-news.org/V\-Gloves\-are\-off\-in\-fossil\-fuel\-fight\-against\-nuclear\-0205171\.html\|website\=www.world\-nuclear\-news.org\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=10 May 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510132600/https://www.world\-nuclear\-news.org/V\-Gloves\-are\-off\-in\-fossil\-fuel\-fight\-against\-nuclear\-0205171\.html\|url\-status\=live}} and from 2019, large fossil fuel suppliers started advertising campaigns portraying fossil gas as a "perfect partner for renewables" (wording from [Shell](/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell "Royal Dutch Shell") and [Statoil](/wiki/Statoil "Statoil") advertisements).{{Cite web\|title\=Why Renewables Advocates Protect Fossil Fuel Interests, Not The Climate\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2019/03/28/the\-dirty\-secret\-of\-renewables\-advocates\-is\-that\-they\-protect\-fossil\-fuel\-interests\-not\-the\-climate/\|last\=Shellenberger\|first\=Michael\|website\=Forbes\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=22 October 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022050333/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2019/03/28/the\-dirty\-secret\-of\-renewables\-advocates\-is\-that\-they\-protect\-fossil\-fuel\-interests\-not\-the\-climate/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|title\=influencemap.org Big Oil's Real Agenda on Climate Change\|url\=https://influencemap.org/report/How\-Big\-Oil\-Continues\-to\-Oppose\-the\-Paris\-Agreement\-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc\|website\=influencemap.org\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=8 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608133129/https://influencemap.org/report/How\-Big\-Oil\-Continues\-to\-Oppose\-the\-Paris\-Agreement\-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc\|url\-status\=live}} Groups like the [Sierra Club](/wiki/Sierra_Club "Sierra Club"), [Environmental Defense Fund](/wiki/Environmental_Defense_Fund "Environmental Defense Fund") and [Natural Resources Defense Council](/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council "Natural Resources Defense Council") are receiving grants from other fossil fuel companies.{{Cite web\|title\=The War on Nuclear\|url\=http://environmentalprogress.org/the\-war\-on\-nuclear\|website\=Environmental Progress\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=31 August 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831113105/https://environmentalprogress.org/the\-war\-on\-nuclear\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|title\=Are Fossil Fuel Interests Bankrolling The Anti\-Nuclear Energy Movement?\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2016/07/13/are\-fossil\-fuel\-interests\-bankrolling\-the\-anti\-nuclear\-energy\-movement/\|last\=Silverstein\|first\=Ken\|website\=Forbes\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=18 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918051417/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2016/07/13/are\-fossil\-fuel\-interests\-bankrolling\-the\-anti\-nuclear\-energy\-movement/\|url\-status\=live}} As of 2011, a strategy paper released by [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace") titled "Battle of Grids" proposed gradual replacement of nuclear power by [fossil gas](/wiki/Natural_gas "Natural gas") plants which would provide "flexible backup for wind and solar power".{{Cite web\|title\=Battle of the Grids\|url\=https://www.nirs.org/wp\-content/uploads/alternatives/battleofthegrids.pdf\|date\=2011\|website\=Greenpeace\|quote\=In 2030, gas plants provide most of the non\-renewable electricityand serve as a flexible backup for wind and solar power. Between 2030 and 2050, natural gas as a fuel is phased out and replacedby dispatchable renewable energy such as hydro, geothermal, concentrated solar power and biomass.\|access\-date\=27 May 2020\|archive\-date\=23 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723161848/https://www.nirs.org/wp\-content/uploads/alternatives/battleofthegrids.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} However, Greenpeace has since distanced itself from advocating for fossil gas, instead proposing [grid energy storage](/wiki/Grid_energy_storage "Grid energy storage") as a solution to issues caused by [intermittent renewable energy](/wiki/Intermittent_renewable_energy "Intermittent renewable energy"). In Germany the [Energiewende](/wiki/Energiewende "Energiewende"), which was advertised as a shift to renewable energy but included a [gradual phaseout of nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out%23Germany "Nuclear power phase-out#Germany") from 2000 to end 2022, caused among other things a rise in fossil gas power production from 49\.2 TWh in 2000 to 94\.7 TWh in 2020\.{{cite web \|title\=Bruttostromerzeugung in Deutschland nach Energieträgern \|url\=https://ag\-energiebilanzen.de/wp\-content/uploads/2022/03/STRERZ\_2021Feb22\_web.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915211550/https://ag\-energiebilanzen.de/wp\-content/uploads/2022/03/STRERZ\_2021Feb22\_web.pdf \|archive\-date\=15 September 2022 \|url\-status\=live}} In the same interval total electricity generation barely changed (576\.6 TWh in 2000 vs 574\.2 TWh in 2020\) while it did rise and fall in the meantime, reaching a peak of 652\.9 TWh in 2017\. As much of that fossil gas was and is imported from Russia, controversial pipeline projects like [Nord Stream 1](/wiki/Nord_Stream_1 "Nord Stream 1") were built to satisfy increasing German gas demand. After the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine") it came to light that significant amounts of Russian lobbying was involved in both the continued anti\-nuclear movement in Germany and the anti\-[fracking](/wiki/Fracking "Fracking") movement.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/mecklenburg\-vorpommern/Verschleiert\-Schwesig\-ihre\-Kontakte\-zur\-russischen\-Gas\-Lobby,klimastiftungmv128\.html \| title\=Verschleiert Schwesig ihre Kontakte zur russischen Gas\-Lobby? \| access\-date\=23 June 2022 \| archive\-date\=23 June 2022 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623124103/https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/mecklenburg\-vorpommern/Verschleiert\-Schwesig\-ihre\-Kontakte\-zur\-russischen\-Gas\-Lobby,klimastiftungmv128\.html \| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.newsweek.com/putin\-funding\-green\-groups\-discredit\-natural\-gas\-fracking\-635052 \| title\=Putin is funding Green groups to discredit fracking \| website\=\[\[Newsweek]] \| date\=11 July 2017 \| access\-date\=23 June 2022 \| archive\-date\=23 June 2022 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623124103/https://www.newsweek.com/putin\-funding\-green\-groups\-discredit\-natural\-gas\-fracking\-635052 \| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.ipi.org/multimedia/detail/has\-russia\-been\-funding\-anti\-fracking\-anti\-nuclear\-environmental\-groups\-audio\-podcast \| title\=Has Russia Been Funding Anti\-Fracking, Anti\-Nuclear Environmental Groups? (Audio: Podcast) \| access\-date\=23 June 2022 \| archive\-date\=17 July 2022 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717160259/https://www.ipi.org/multimedia/detail/has\-russia\-been\-funding\-anti\-fracking\-anti\-nuclear\-environmental\-groups\-audio\-podcast \| url\-status\=live }} ### Anti\-nuclear perspectives {{See also\|Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents}} #### Concerns about nuclear weapons [thumb\|The 18,000 km2 expanse of the [Semipalatinsk Test Site](/wiki/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site "Semipalatinsk Test Site") (indicated in red), which covers an area [the size of Wales](/wiki/The_size_of_Wales "The size of Wales"). The Soviet Union conducted 456 nuclear tests at Semipalatinsk from 1949 until 1989 with little regard for their effect on the local people or environment. The full impact of radiation exposure was hidden for many years by Soviet authorities and has only come to light since the test site closed in 1991\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/features/the\-lasting\-toll\-of\-semipalatinsks\-nuclear\-testing \|title\=The lasting toll of Semipalatinsk's nuclear testing \|author\=Togzhan Kassenova \|date\=28 September 2009 \|work\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \|access\-date\=28 October 2013 \|archive\-date\=24 May 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524224452/http://thebulletin.org/web\-edition/features/the\-lasting\-toll\-of\-semipalatinsks\-nuclear\-testing \|url\-status\=live }}](/wiki/File:Wfm_sts_overview.png "Wfm sts overview.png") {{See also\|Nuclear ethics\|Uranium mining\#Environment}} From an anti\-nuclear point of view, there is a threat to modern civilization from global [nuclear war](/wiki/Nuclear_war "Nuclear war") by accidental or deliberate nuclear strike. Some climate scientists estimate that a war between two countries that resulted in 100 Hiroshima\-size atomic explosions would cause significant loss of life, in the tens of millions from climatic effects alone as well as disabled future generations. Soot thrown up into the atmosphere could blanket the earth, causing food chain disruption in what is termed a [nuclear winter](/wiki/Nuclear_winter "Nuclear winter").{{cite magazine \|first1\=Philip \|last1\=Yam \|title\=Nuclear Exchange \|magazine\=Scientific American \|date\=June 2010 \|page\=24 \|url\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nuclear\-exchange/ \|access\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=8 June 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608204445/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nuclear\-exchange/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite magazine \|first1\=Alan \|last1\=Robock \|first2\=Owen Brian \|last2\=Toon \|title\=South Asian Threat? Local Nuclear War \= Global Suffering \|magazine\=Scientific American \|date\=January 2010 \|pages\=74–81 \|url\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/local\-nuclear\-war/ \|access\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=5 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705105748/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/local\-nuclear\-war/ \|url\-status\=live }} Many anti\-nuclear weapons groups cite the 1996 Advisory Opinion of the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice"), *[Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_the_Legality_of_the_Threat_or_Use_of_Nuclear_Weapons "International Court of Justice advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons")*, in which it found that 'the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict'.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1\=3\&p2\=4\&k\=e1\&case\=95\&code\=unan\&p3\=4\|title\=Cour internationale de Justice \- International Court\|website\=www.icj\-cij.org\|access\-date\=7 May 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021837/http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1\=3\&p2\=4\&k\=e1\&case\=95\&code\=unan\&p3\=4\|archive\-date\=3 December 2013}} Ridding the world of nuclear weapons has been a cause for pacifists for decades. But more recently mainstream politicians and retired military leaders have advocated [nuclear disarmament](/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament "Nuclear disarmament"). In January 2007 an article in *The Wall Street Journal*, authored by [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger"), [Bill Perry](/wiki/William_J._Perry "William J. Perry"), [George Shultz](/wiki/George_Shultz "George Shultz") and [Sam Nunn](/wiki/Sam_Nunn "Sam Nunn").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/columnists/hugh\-gusterson/the\-new\-abolitionists \|title\=The new abolitionists \|author\=Hugh Gusterson \|date\=30 March 2012 \|work\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606022845/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/columnists/hugh\-gusterson/the\-new\-abolitionists \|archive\-date\=6 June 2013}} These men were veterans of the [cold\-war](/wiki/Cold-war "Cold-war") who believed in using nuclear weapons for [deterrence](/wiki/Nuclear_deterrence "Nuclear deterrence"). But they now reversed their previous position and asserted that instead of making the world safer, nuclear weapons had become a source of extreme concern.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.economist.com/node/18836134 \|title\=Nuclear endgame: The growing appeal of zero \|date\=16 June 2011 \|newspaper\=The Economist \|access\-date\=10 July 2011 \|archive\-date\=3 December 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203114636/http://www.economist.com/node/18836134 \|url\-status\=live }} Since the 1970s, some countries have built their own [second\-strike capability](/wiki/Second_strike "Second strike") of [massive deterrence](/wiki/Massive_retaliation "Massive retaliation") in the event of a military attack with [weapons of mass destruction](/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction "Weapon of mass destruction"). Two examples of this second\-strike capability are the [Samson Option](/wiki/Samson_Option "Samson Option") strategy of Israel, and the [Dead Hand](/wiki/Dead_Hand "Dead Hand") system of Russia. During the era of [nuclear weapons testing](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing "Nuclear weapons testing") many local communities were affected, and some are still affected by [uranium mining](/wiki/Uranium_mining "Uranium mining"), and radioactive waste disposal.Frida Berrigan. [The New Anti\-Nuclear Movement](http://www.fpif.org/articles/the_new_anti-nuclear_movement) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319205130/http://www.fpif.org/articles/the\_new\_anti\-nuclear\_movement \|date\=19 March 2012 }} *Foreign Policy in Focus*, 16 April 2010\. It should however be noted, that countries can possess nuclear weapons without possessing nuclear power plants (as is almost certainly the case with [Israel](/wiki/Israel_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction "Israel and weapons of mass destruction")) or indeed the reverse, as is the case with most users of nuclear power past and present. #### Concerns about nuclear power [thumb\|Following the 2011 Japanese [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima nuclear disaster"), authorities shut down the nation's 54 nuclear power plants. As of 2013, the Fukushima site remains [highly radioactive](/wiki/Radiation_effects_from_Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster "Radiation effects from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster"), with some 160,000 evacuees still living in temporary housing, and some land will be unfarmable for centuries. The [difficult cleanup job](/wiki/Fukushima_disaster_cleanup "Fukushima disaster cleanup") will take 40 or more years, and cost tens of billions of dollars.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/12/fukushima\-nuclear\-accident\-lessons\-for\-us \|title\=Two years on, America hasn't learned lessons of Fukushima nuclear disaster \|author\=Richard Schiffman \|date\=12 March 2013 \|work\=The Guardian \|access\-date\=11 December 2016 \|archive\-date\=2 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202143654/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/12/fukushima\-nuclear\-accident\-lessons\-for\-us \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/02/world/asia/02japan.html?\_r\=1\&ref\=world \|title\=Report Finds Japan Underestimated Tsunami Danger \|author\=Martin Fackler \|date\=1 June 2011 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205043423/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/02/world/asia/02japan.html?\_r\=1\&ref\=world \|url\-status\=live }} However it has also been criticised that the initial decontamination target of the Japanese government to of 5 mSv has been abandoned in favour of a plan to limit the additional radiation dosage to less than 1 mSv increasing the expenses, the radiological necessity of this is disputed.{{Cite book \|last\=Laufs \|first\=Paul \|title\=Reaktorsicherheit für Leistungskernkraftwerke 1 \|date\=2018 \|publisher\=Springer \|pages\=193 \|language\=DE \|trans\-title\=Reactor Security for High Power Nuclear Power Plants \|doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-662\-53453\-3 \|isbn\=978\-3\-662\-53452\-6 \|quote\=The Japanese government's decontamination target of reducing the permissible radiation exposure to 1 mSv/a is regarded by experts as pointless and cannot be justified by the radiological facts. (Translated from German)}}](/wiki/File:Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg "Fukushima I by Digital Globe.jpg") [thumb\|The abandoned city of [Prypiat, Ukraine](/wiki/Prypiat%2C_Ukraine "Prypiat, Ukraine"), following the April 1986 [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster"). The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is in the background.](/wiki/File:View_of_Chernobyl_taken_from_Pripyat.JPG "View of Chernobyl taken from Pripyat.JPG") [thumb\|President [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") leaving the [Three Mile Island accident](/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident "Three Mile Island accident") for [Middletown, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Middletown%2C_Dauphin_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania"), 1 April 1979](/wiki/File:Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg "Carter leaving Three Mile Island.jpg") [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear protest on 14 October 1979 in [Bonn](/wiki/Bonn "Bonn"), capital city of [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany")](/wiki/File:ANTIAKW2.jpg "ANTIAKW2.jpg") {{See also\|Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents\|Nuclear safety and security}} There are large variations in peoples' beliefs regarding the issues surrounding nuclear power, including the technology itself, its deployment, [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"), and [energy security](/wiki/Energy_security "Energy security"). There is a wide spectrum of views and concerns over [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power "Nuclear power")[Sustainable Development Commission](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Commission "Sustainable Development Commission"). [Public engagement and nuclear power](http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/Nuclear_public_engagement-briefing.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217022808/http://www.sd\-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/Nuclear\_public\_engagement\-briefing.pdf \|date\=17 February 2012 }} and it remains a controversial area of [public policy](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy "Nuclear energy policy").Sustainable Development Commission. [Is Nuclear the Answer?](http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/IsNuclearTheAnswer.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322043200/http://www.sd\-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/IsNuclearTheAnswer.pdf \|date\=22 March 2014 }} p. 12\. When compared to other energy sources, nuclear power has one of the lowest death rates per unit of energy produced – 0\.07 per TWh, as compared to over 32 per TWh in case of brown coal.{{Cite web\|title\=What are the safest sources of energy?\|url\=https://ourworldindata.org/safest\-sources\-of\-energy\|website\=Our World in Data\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=29 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129205209/https://ourworldindata.org/safest\-sources\-of\-energy\|url\-status\=live}} This figure is driven by a 2005 [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") projection of up to 4000 stochastic cancer deaths that could result from the Chernobyl disaster.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.who.int/news/item/05\-09\-2005\-chernobyl\-the\-true\-scale\-of\-the\-accident \|title\=Chernobyl: The true scale of the accident \|access\-date\=20 April 2022 \|archive\-date\=21 October 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021003029/https://www.who.int/news/item/05\-09\-2005\-chernobyl\-the\-true\-scale\-of\-the\-accident \|url\-status\=live }} The [UNSCEAR](/wiki/United_Nations_Scientific_Committee_on_the_Effects_of_Atomic_Radiation "United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation") reports in its 2008 summary on Chernobyl that no increases in cancer incidence (other than thyroid cancer) have been observed to date that can be attributed to radiation from the accident.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11\-80076\_Report\_2008\_Annex\_D.pdf \|title\=Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR 2008 report to the general assembly Volume II Scientific annexes \|access\-date\=20 April 2022 \|archive\-date\=2 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502130136/https://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11\-80076\_Report\_2008\_Annex\_D.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} Many studies have shown that the public "perceives nuclear power as a very risky technology" and, around the world, nuclear energy declined in popularity in the aftermath of the [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster"),{{cite journal \|last1\=Ramana \|first1\=M.V. \|title\=Nuclear power and the public \|journal\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \|date\=July 2011 \|volume\=67 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=43–51 \|doi\=10\.1177/0096340211413358 \|bibcode\=2011BuAtS..67d..43R \|s2cid\=144321178 \|author\-link\=M.V. Ramana }}{{cite journal \|title\=The implications of Fukushima: The US perspective \|author\=Mark Cooper \|date\=July 2011 \|volume\=67 \|issue\=4 \|journal\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \|page\=9 \|doi\=10\.1177/0096340211414840 \|s2cid\=146270304 \|author\-link\=Mark Cooper (academic) }} but it has recently rebounded in response to the climate crisis.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.ans.org/news/article\-314/public\-opinion\-on\-nuclear\-energy\-turning\-a\-corner/ \|title\=Public opinion on nuclear energy: Turning a corner? \|access\-date\=20 April 2022 \|archive\-date\=25 April 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425220750/https://www.ans.org/news/article\-314/public\-opinion\-on\-nuclear\-energy\-turning\-a\-corner/ \|url\-status\=live }} Anti\-nuclear critics see nuclear power as a dangerous, expensive way to boil water to generate electricity.Helen Caldicott (2006\). *Nuclear Power is Not the Answer to Global Warming or Anything Else*, Melbourne University Press, {{ISBN\|0\-522\-85251\-3}}, p. xvii Opponents of nuclear power have raised a number of related concerns:{{cite journal \|last1\=Martin \|first1\=Brian \|title\=Opposing nuclear power: past and present. \|journal\=Social Alternatives \|date\=2007 \|volume\=26 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=43–47 \|url\=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10\.3316/ielapa.200709131 }} * [Nuclear accidents](/wiki/Nuclear_accident "Nuclear accident"): a safety concern that the core of a nuclear power plant could overheat and melt down, releasing radioactivity. * [Nuclear Fuel Mining](/wiki/Nuclear_fuel "Nuclear fuel"): mining waste of nuclear fuels like uranium and thorium,{{Cite web\|date\=2008\-10\-19\|title\=Thorium is not an environmentally safe alternative type of nuclear energy, Norwegian report says\|url\=https://bellona.org/news/nuclear\-issues/2008\-10\-thorium\-is\-not\-an\-environmentally\-safe\-alternative\-type\-of\-nuclear\-energy\-norwegian\-report\-says\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-12\|website\=Bellona.org\|archive\-date\=12 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134454/https://bellona.org/news/nuclear\-issues/2008\-10\-thorium\-is\-not\-an\-environmentally\-safe\-alternative\-type\-of\-nuclear\-energy\-norwegian\-report\-says\|url\-status\=live}} results in its radioactive decay. That causes radium pollution{{cite web \|last1\=Health and Environmental Impact of Uranium Mining \|first1\=Radium from Uranium Decay \|title\=Nuclear Fuel Mining Health and Environmental Impact \|url\=https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ra.htm \|access\-date\=12 May 2021 \|archive\-date\=12 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060028/https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ra.htm \|url\-status\=live }} and radon pollution{{cite web \|last1\=Health and Environmental Impact of Uranium Mining \|first1\=Stanford study on uranium mining \|title\=Nuclear Fuel Mining Health and Environmental Impact \|url\=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/longstaff1/ \|website\=large.standford.edu \|publisher\=Sandford Edu \|access\-date\=12 May 2021 \|archive\-date\=31 January 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131223406/http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/longstaff1/ \|url\-status\=live }} in environment and ultimately affects public health. * [Radioactive waste disposal](/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management "High-level radioactive waste management"): a concern that nuclear power results in large amounts of radioactive waste, some of which remains dangerous for very long periods. * [Nuclear proliferation](/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation "Nuclear proliferation"): a concern that [some types](/wiki/Heavy_water_reactor%23Nuclear_proliferation "Heavy water reactor#Nuclear proliferation") of nuclear reactor designs use and/or produce [fissile material](/wiki/Fissile_material "Fissile material") which could be used in [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons "Nuclear weapons"). * [High cost](/wiki/Economics_of_new_nuclear_power_plants "Economics of new nuclear power plants"): a concern that nuclear power plants are very expensive to build, and that clean up from nuclear accidents are highly expensive and can take decades. * [Attacks on nuclear plants](/wiki/Vulnerability_of_nuclear_plants_to_attack "Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack"): a concern that nuclear facilities could be targeted by terrorists or criminals. * Curtailed [civil liberties](/wiki/Civil_liberties "Civil liberties"): a concern that the risk of nuclear accidents, proliferation and terrorism may be used to justify restraints on citizen rights.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2023}} Of these concerns, nuclear accidents and disposal of long\-lived radioactive waste have probably had the greatest public impact worldwide. Anti\-nuclear campaigners point to the 2011 [Fukushima nuclear emergency](/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents "Fukushima I nuclear accidents") as proof that nuclear power can never be 100% safe.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/22/japan\-nuclear\-crisis\-uk\-power\-stations \|title\=Japan nuclear crisis puts UK public off new power stations \|author\=Bibi van der Zee \|date\=22 March 2011 \|work\=The Guardian \|access\-date\=11 December 2016 \|archive\-date\=10 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510221404/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/22/japan\-nuclear\-crisis\-uk\-power\-stations \|url\-status\=live }} Costs resulting from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are likely to exceed 12 trillion yen ($100 billion){{cite news \|url\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/97c88560\-e05b\-11e5\-8d9b\-e88a2a889797\.html \|title\=Japan taxpayers foot $100bn bill for Fukushima disaster \|author\=Robin Harding \|newspaper\=Financial Times \|date\=6 March 2016 \|access\-date\=20 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=9 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309082414/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/97c88560\-e05b\-11e5\-8d9b\-e88a2a889797\.html \|url\-status\=live }} and the clean up effort to decontaminate affected areas and decommission the plant is estimated to take 30 to 40 years. Excluding accidents, the standard amount of high\-level radioactive waste is claimed to be manageable (UK has produced just 2150 m3 during its 60 years nuclear program), with the Geological Society of London alleging that it can be effectively recycled and stored safely.{{Cite web\|title\=The Geological Society of London \- Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste\|url\=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gdrw\|website\=www.geolsoc.org.uk\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=14 June 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614121644/https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gdrw\|url\-status\=live}} {{Main\|Radioactive waste}} In his book *Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power*, [Jim Falk](/wiki/Jim_Falk "Jim Falk") explores connections between technological concerns and political concerns. Falk suggests that concerns of citizen groups or individuals who oppose nuclear power have often focused initially on the "range of physical hazards which accompany the technology" and leads to a "concern over the political relations of the nuclear industry". [Baruch Fischhoff](/wiki/Baruch_Fischhoff "Baruch Fischhoff"), a social scientist, said that many people really do not trust the nuclear industry.Matthew L. Wald. [Edging Back to Nuclear Power](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/business/energy-environment/22NUKE.html?pagewanted=all) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910110637/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/business/energy\-environment/22NUKE.html?pagewanted\=all \|date\=10 September 2017 }} *The New York Times*, 21 April 2010\. [Wade Allison](/wiki/Wade_Allison "Wade Allison"), a physicist, said "radiation is safe \& all nations should embrace nuclear technology"{{cite AV media \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=YZ6aL3wv4v0 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111025820/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=YZ6aL3wv4v0\&app\=desktop \|archive\-date\=11 November 2014 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|title\=Why radiation is safe \& all nations should embrace nuclear technology \|author\=Wade Allison \|publisher\=James Hollow \|via\=\[\[YouTube]] \|access\-date\=2 January 2015 }} [M.V. Ramana](/wiki/M.V._Ramana "M.V. Ramana") says that "distrust of the social institutions that manage nuclear energy is widespread", and a 2001 survey by the European Commission found that "only 10\.1 percent of Europeans trusted the nuclear industry". This public distrust is periodically reinforced by nuclear safety violations, or through ineffectiveness or corruption of the nuclear regulatory authorities. Once lost, says Ramana, trust is extremely difficult to regain. Faced with public antipathy, the nuclear industry has "tried a variety of strategies to persuade the public to accept nuclear power", including the publication of numerous "fact sheets" that discuss issues of public concern. M.V. Ramana says that none of these strategies have been very successful. Nuclear proponents have tried to regain public support by offering newer, purportedly safer, reactor designs. These designs include those that incorporate [passive safety](/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety "Passive nuclear safety") and [Small Modular Reactors](/wiki/Small_modular_reactor "Small modular reactor"). While these reactor designs "are intended to inspire trust, they may have an unintended effect: creating distrust of older reactors that lack the touted safety features". Since 2000 the nuclear power was promoted as potential solution to the [greenhouse effect](/wiki/Greenhouse_effect "Greenhouse effect") and [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"){{Cite web\|title\=The Harmony programme \- World Nuclear Association\|url\=https://www.world\-nuclear.org/our\-association/what\-we\-do/the\-harmony\-programme.aspx\|website\=www.world\-nuclear.org\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=9 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609021909/https://www.world\-nuclear.org/our\-association/what\-we\-do/the\-harmony\-programme.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} as nuclear power emits no or negligible amounts of carbon dioxide during operations. Anti\-nuclear groups highlighted the fact that other stages of the [nuclear fuel chain](/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_chain "Nuclear fuel chain") – mining, milling, transport, fuel fabrication, enrichment, reactor construction, decommissioning and waste management – use [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuels "Fossil fuels") and hence emit carbon dioxide.{{cite journal \|last1\=Diesendorf \|first1\=Mark \|title\=Is nuclear energy a possible solution to global warming?: \[Paper in: The Nuclear Debate Re\-visited. Eddy, Elizabeth (ed.).] \|journal\=Social Alternatives \|date\=24 December 2020 \|volume\=26 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=8–11 \|url\=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10\.3316/ielapa.200709124 }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Kleiner \|first1\=Kurt \|title\=Nuclear energy: assessing the emissions \|journal\=Nature Climate Change \|date\=October 2008 \|volume\=1 \|issue\=810 \|pages\=130–131 \|doi\=10\.1038/climate.2008\.99 \|doi\-access\=free }}[Mark Diesendorf](/wiki/Mark_Diesendorf "Mark Diesendorf") (2007\). *[Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy](/wiki/Greenhouse_Solutions_with_Sustainable_Energy "Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy")*, University of New South Wales Press, p. 252\. As this is the case with any energy sources, including [renewable energy](/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy"), [IPCC](/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change") analyzed total [life\-cycle greenhouse\-gas emissions](/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources "Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources"), which account for all emissions during manufacturing, installation, operations and decommissioning. With 12 gCO2eq/kWh nuclear power still remains one of the lowest emitting energy sources available. {{Main\|Life\-cycle greenhouse\-gas emissions of energy sources}} In 2011, a French court fined [Électricité de France](/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France "Électricité de France") (EDF) €1\.5m and jailed two senior employees for spying on Greenpeace, including hacking into Greenpeace's computer systems. Greenpeace was awarded €500,000 in damages.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science\-environment\-15683090 \|title\=EDF fined for spying on Greenpeace nuclear campaign \|author\=Richard Black \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=10 November 2011 \|access\-date\=11 November 2011 \|archive\-date\=28 November 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128194211/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science\-environment\-15683090 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/10/edf\-spying\-greenpeace \|title\=EDF fined €1\.5m for spying on Greenpeace \|author\=Hanna Gersmann \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|date\=10 November 2011 \|access\-date\=11 November 2011 \|archive\-date\=23 December 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223194429/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/10/edf\-spying\-greenpeace \|url\-status\=live }} There are some energy\-related studies which conclude that [energy efficiency programs](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use "Efficient energy use") and [renewable power technologies](/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy") are a better energy option than nuclear power plants.*[Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power](/wiki/Contesting_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Power "Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power")*, *[Non\-Nuclear Futures](/wiki/Non-Nuclear_Futures "Non-Nuclear Futures")* #### Other technologies The international nuclear fusion project [International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor](/wiki/International_Thermonuclear_Experimental_Reactor "International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor") (ITER) is constructing the world's largest and most advanced experimental [tokamak](/wiki/Tokamak "Tokamak") [nuclear fusion reactor](/wiki/Fusion_reactor "Fusion reactor") in the south of France. A collaboration between the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU), India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States, the project aims to make a transition from experimental studies of [plasma](/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29 "Plasma (physics)") physics to electricity\-producing [fusion power](/wiki/Fusion_power "Fusion power") plants. In 2005, [Greenpeace International](/wiki/Greenpeace_International "Greenpeace International") issued a press statement criticizing government funding of the ITER, believing the money should have been diverted to renewable energy sources and claiming that fusion energy would result in nuclear waste and nuclear weapons proliferation issues. A French association including about 700 anti\-nuclear groups, [Sortir du nucléaire](/wiki/Sortir_du_nucl%C3%A9aire_%28France%29 "Sortir du nucléaire (France)") (Get Out of Nuclear Energy), claimed that ITER was a hazard because scientists did not yet know how to manipulate the high\-energy deuterium and tritium [hydrogen](/wiki/Hydrogen "Hydrogen") isotopes used in the fusion process.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1631650,00\.html\|title\=France Wins Nuclear Fusion Plant\|author\=Deutsche Welle\|date\=28 June 2005\|website\=dw.com\|access\-date\=1 May 2013\|archive\-date\=7 March 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307071706/http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1631650,00\.html\|url\-status\=live}} According to most anti\-nuclear groups, nuclear fusion power "remains a distant dream".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.foe.org.au/anti\-nuclear/issues/nfc/power/new\-reactor\-types/ \|title\=New Reactor Types – pebble bed, thorium, plutonium, fusion \|author\=Jim Green \|year\=2012 \|work\=Friends of the Earth \|access\-date\=20 August 2012 \|archive\-date\=21 October 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021050049/https://www.foe.org.au/anti\-nuclear/issues/nfc/power/new\-reactor\-types \|url\-status\=dead }} The [World Nuclear Association](/wiki/World_Nuclear_Association "World Nuclear Association") have said that fusion "presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering challenges".{{cite web \|url\= http://www.world\-nuclear.org/info/inf66\.htm \|title\= Nuclear Fusion Power \|author\= World Nuclear Association \|year\= 2005 \|access\-date\= 5 October 2012 \|archive\-date\= 24 June 2009 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624123428/http://www.world\-nuclear.org/info/inf66\.htm \|url\-status\= dead }} Construction of the ITER facility began in 2007, but the project has run into many delays and [budget overruns](/wiki/Cost_overrun "Cost overrun"). Several milestones of the project has already been finished, but the finishing date for First Plasma has been discussed and postponed many times with various conclusions. In late 2016, the ITER council agreed on an updated project schedule, with a planned First Plasma opening by 2025, nine years after the originally anticipated opening.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.iter.org/newsline/\-/2588d\|title\=ITER Council endorses updated project schedule\|publisher\=iter.org\|author\=ITER Communication\|date\=21 November 2016\|access\-date\=11 December 2017}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite journal \|title\=Triple\-threat method sparks hope for fusion \|author\=W Wayt Gibbs \|date\=30 December 2013 \|journal\=Nature \|volume\=505 \|issue\=7481 \|pages\=9–10 \|doi\=10\.1038/505009a \|pmid\=24380935\|doi\-access\=free \|bibcode\=2014Natur.505\....9G }} Some anti\-nuclear groups advocate reduced reliance on reactor\-produced [medical radioisotopes](/wiki/Radiopharmacology "Radiopharmacology"), through the use of alternative [radioisotope](/wiki/Radioisotope "Radioisotope") production and alternative clinical technologies.{{cite news \|title\=Medical radioisotope supply options for Australia \|author\=Jim Green \|work\= Friends of the Earth }} [Cyclotrons](/wiki/Cyclotrons "Cyclotrons") are being increasingly used to produce medical radioisotopes to the point where nuclear reactors are no longer needed to make the most common medical isotopes.{{cite web \|url\=http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/02/nuclear\-reactors\-not\-needed\-to\-m.html?ref\=hp \|title\=Nuclear Reactors Not Needed to Make the Most Common Medical Isotope \|author\=Robert F. Service \|date\=20 February 2012 \|work\=Science Now \|access\-date\=20 August 2012 \|archive\-date\=24 February 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224124132/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/02/nuclear\-reactors\-not\-needed\-to\-m.html?ref\=hp \|url\-status\=live }} However, the development of newer, more reliable and efficient particle accelerators also fuels the proposals for [subcritical reactors](/wiki/Subcritical_reactor "Subcritical reactor") with a [spallation neutron source](/wiki/Spallation_Neutron_Source "Spallation Neutron Source") being used for [nuclear transmutation](/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation "Nuclear transmutation") of "legacy" waste and/or power generation. Such reactors could also be used to produce medical isotopes. Some isotopes, like [Cobalt\-60](/wiki/Cobalt-60 "Cobalt-60") are currently mostly produced in reactors like the Canadian [CANDU](/wiki/CANDU "CANDU").{{cite web \|title\=Cobalt\-60 Production in Candu Power Reactors \|url\=http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/malkoskie\_cobalt\_paper.pdf \|access\-date\=21 February 2022 \|archive\-date\=22 June 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622080120/http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/malkoskie\_cobalt\_paper.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mining.com/cobalt\-60\-a\-life\-saving\-medical\-isotope\-harvested\-at\-onatrio\-nuclear\-generating\-station/\|title\=Cobalt\-60 — a life\-saving medical isotope harvested at Onatrio \[sic] Nuclear Generating Station\|date\=27 October 2021\|access\-date\=21 February 2022\|archive\-date\=21 February 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221215120/https://www.mining.com/cobalt\-60\-a\-life\-saving\-medical\-isotope\-harvested\-at\-onatrio\-nuclear\-generating\-station/\|url\-status\=live}}[Plutonium\-238](/wiki/Plutonium-238 "Plutonium-238"), the preferred material for [radioisotope thermal generators](/wiki/Radioisotope_thermal_generator "Radioisotope thermal generator") for use in spacecraft, faced a significant shortage after a single reactor producing it shut down,{{Cite web\|url \= https://science.howstuffworks.com/plutonium\-238\-fuel\-shortage\-nasa.htm\|title \= Plutonium Shortage Could Cripple NASA's Deep Space Exploration\|date \= 24 October 2017\|access\-date \= 21 February 2022\|archive\-date \= 21 February 2022\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20220221062437/https://science.howstuffworks.com/plutonium\-238\-fuel\-shortage\-nasa.htm\|url\-status \= live}} before the U.S. established a capacity to produce it from [Neptunium\-237](/wiki/Neptunium-237 "Neptunium-237") at one of their laboratories.{{Cite web\|url \= https://www.space.com/31499\-us\-makes\-plutonium\-deep\-space\-fuel.html\|title \= Space Plutonium: US Once Again Producing Fuel for Deep\-Space Missions\|website \= \[\[Space.com]]\|date \= January 2016\|access\-date \= 21 February 2022\|archive\-date \= 21 February 2022\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20220221062509/https://www.space.com/31499\-us\-makes\-plutonium\-deep\-space\-fuel.html\|url\-status \= live}} ### Nuclear\-free alternatives {{See also\|100% renewable energy\|Soft energy path\|Renewable energy commercialisation\|Non\-nuclear future\|Clean Tech Nation}} [thumb\|right\|Three renewable energy sources: [solar energy](/wiki/Solar_energy "Solar energy"), [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power "Wind power"), and [hydroelectricity](/wiki/Hydroelectricity "Hydroelectricity")](/wiki/File:Alternative_Energies.jpg "Alternative Energies.jpg") [thumb\|right\|The 150 MW [Andasol Solar Power Station](/wiki/Andasol_Solar_Power_Station "Andasol Solar Power Station") is a commercial [parabolic trough](/wiki/Parabolic_trough "Parabolic trough") [solar thermal](/wiki/Solar_thermal "Solar thermal") power plant, located in [Spain](/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain "Renewable energy in Spain"). The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity even when the sun isn't shining.{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1126/science.334\.6058\.922\|pmid\=22096185\|title\=Saving for a Rainy Day\|journal\=Science\|volume\=334\|issue\=6058\|pages\=922–924\|year\=2011\|last1\=Cartlidge\|first1\=E.\|bibcode\=2011Sci...334\..922C}}](/wiki/File:Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg "Andasol Guadix 4.jpg") [thumb\|Photovoltaic SUDI shade is an autonomous and mobile station in France that provides energy for electric vehicles using solar energy.](/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_%26_Innovation.jpg "Ombrière SUDI - Sustainable Urban Design & Innovation.jpg") Anti\-nuclear groups say that reliance on nuclear energy can be reduced by adopting [energy conservation](/wiki/Energy_conservation "Energy conservation") and [energy efficiency](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use "Efficient energy use") measures. Energy efficiency can reduce energy consumption while providing the same level of energy "services".Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council (January 2007\). *[Energy Revolution: A Sustainable World Energy Outlook](http://www.energyblueprint.info/fileadmin/media/documents/energy_revolution.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806121526/http://www.energyblueprint.info/fileadmin/media/documents/energy\_revolution.pdf \|date\=6 August 2009 }}*, p. 7\. Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such as [sunlight](/wiki/Sunlight "Sunlight"), [wind](/wiki/Wind "Wind"), [tides](/wiki/Tide "Tide"), [plant growth](/wiki/Biomass "Biomass"), and [geothermal heat](/wiki/Geothermal_heating "Geothermal heating"), as the [International Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Energy_Agency "International Energy Agency") explains:IEA Renewable Energy Working Party (2002\). *Renewable Energy... into the mainstream*, p. 9\. {{blockquote\|Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.}} Anti\-nuclear groups also favour the use of [renewable energy](/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy"), such as [hydro](/wiki/Hydroelectricity "Hydroelectricity"), [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power "Wind power"), [solar power](/wiki/Solar_power "Solar power"), [geothermal energy](/wiki/Geothermal_energy "Geothermal energy") and [biofuel](/wiki/Biofuel "Biofuel").Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council (January 2007\). *[Energy Revolution: A Sustainable World Energy Outlook](http://www.energyblueprint.info/fileadmin/media/documents/energy_revolution.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806121526/http://www.energyblueprint.info/fileadmin/media/documents/energy\_revolution.pdf \|date\=6 August 2009 }}* According to the [International Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Energy_Agency "International Energy Agency") renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as they contribute to [world energy security](/wiki/Energy_security "Energy security") and provide opportunities for mitigating [greenhouse gases](/wiki/Greenhouse_gases "Greenhouse gases").[International Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Energy_Agency "International Energy Agency") (2007\). [*Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet* (PDF)](http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable_factsheet.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012052513/http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable\_factsheet.pdf \|date\=12 October 2009 }} OECD, 34 pages. Fossil fuels are being replaced by clean, climate\-stabilizing, non\-depletable sources of energy. According to [Lester R. Brown](/wiki/Lester_R._Brown "Lester R. Brown"): > ...the transition from coal, oil, and gas to wind, solar, and geothermal energy is well under way. In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something – oil, coal, or natural gas – leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy. The new energy economy harnesses the energy in wind, the energy coming from the sun, and heat from within the earth itself.[Lester R. Brown](/wiki/Lester_R._Brown "Lester R. Brown"). *Plan B 4\.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization*, [Earth Policy Institute](/wiki/Earth_Policy_Institute "Earth Policy Institute"), 2009, p. 135\. In 2014 global [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power "Wind power") capacity expanded 16% to 369,553 MW.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gwec.net/wp\-content/uploads/2015/02/GWEC\_GlobalWindStats2014\_FINAL\_10\.2\.2015\.pdf \|title\=GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2014 \|date\=10 February 2015 \|publisher\=GWEC \|access\-date\=27 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=18 February 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218173958/http://www.gwec.net/wp\-content/uploads/2015/02/GWEC\_GlobalWindStats2014\_FINAL\_10\.2\.2015\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4% of worldwide electricity usage,{{cite book \|author\=The World Wind Energy Association \|title\=2014 Half\-year Report \|year\=2014\|pages\=1–8 \|publisher\=WWEA}} 11\.4% in the EU,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA\-Annual\-Statistics\-2015\.pdf\|title\=Wind in power: 2015 European statistics\- EWEA\|access\-date\=27 March 2016\|archive\-date\=3 August 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803023236/http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA\-Annual\-Statistics\-2015\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} and it is widely used in [Asia](/wiki/Wind_power_in_China "Wind power in China"), and the [United States](/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States "Wind power in the United States"). In 2014, worldwide installed photovoltaics capacity increased to 177 [gigawatts](/wiki/Gigawatts "Gigawatts") (GW), sufficient to supply 1 per cent of global [electricity demands](/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption "Electric energy consumption").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/The\-Solar\-Singularity\-is\-Nigh \|title\=The Solar Singularity Is Nigh \|author\=Tam Hunt \|date\=9 March 2015 \|publisher\=Greentech Media \|access\-date\=29 April 2015 \|archive\-date\=28 March 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328073616/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/The\-Solar\-Singularity\-is\-Nigh \|url\-status\=live }} As of 2020 wind power expansion slowed down due to protests of residents and environmentalists.{{Cite web\|title\=Sámi mount new challenge to legality of Norway's largest wind farm\|url\=https://www.arctictoday.com/sami\-mount\-new\-challenge\-legality\-norways\-largest\-wind\-farm/\|last\=McGwin\|first\=Kevin\|date\=2018\-04\-20\|website\=ArcticToday\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=28 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728123316/https://www.arctictoday.com/sami\-mount\-new\-challenge\-legality\-norways\-largest\-wind\-farm/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|date\=2018\-08\-07\|title\=Why do so many people in France hate wind farms?\|url\=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180807/why\-do\-some\-people\-in\-france\-hate\-wind\-farms\-so\-much\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|website\=The Local .fr\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807172749/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180807/why\-do\-some\-people\-in\-france\-hate\-wind\-farms\-so\-much \|archive\-date\=7 August 2018 }}{{Cite news\|date\=2019\-09\-25\|title\=Norway's public backlash against onshore wind threatens sector growth\|work\=Reuters\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-norway\-windfarm\-politics\-idUSKBN1WA177\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=23 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623024910/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-norway\-windfarm\-politics\-idUSKBN1WA177\|url\-status\=live}} [Solar thermal energy](/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy "Solar thermal energy") stations operate in the United States and Spain, and as of 2016, the largest of these is the 392 MW [Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System](/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Electric_Generating_System "Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System") in California.{{cite web \|url\=https://spectrum.ieee.org/worlds\-largest\-solar\-thermal\-plant\-syncs\-to\-the\-grid \|title\=World largest solar thermal plant syncs to the grid \|publisher\=\[\[IEEE]] \|access\-date\=28 November 2014 \|date\=2013\-09\-26 \|archive\-date\=25 June 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625233502/https://spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/energy/renewables/worlds\-largest\-solar\-thermal\-plant\-syncs\-to\-the\-grid \|url\-status\=live }}["World's Largest Solar Thermal Power Project at Ivanpah Achieves Commercial Operation"](http://investors.nrg.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=121544&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1899656&highlight) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129072528/http://investors.nrg.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\=121544\&p\=irol\-newsArticle\&ID\=1899656\&highlight \|date\=29 January 2016 }}, NRG press release, 13 February 2014\. The world's largest [geothermal power](/wiki/Geothermal_power "Geothermal power") installation is [The Geysers](/wiki/The_Geysers "The Geysers") in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. [Brazil](/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil "Renewable energy in Brazil") has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of [ethanol fuel](/wiki/Ethanol_fuel "Ethanol fuel") from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the United States. As of 2020 expansion of biomass as fuel, which was previously praised by environmental organizations such as [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace"), has been criticized for [environmental damage](/wiki/Biomass_%28energy%29%23Environmental_impacts "Biomass (energy)#Environmental impacts").{{Cite web\|title\=Pulp Fiction, The Series\|url\=https://www.climatecentral.org/news/pulp\-fiction\-the\-series\-19592\|website\=www.climatecentral.org\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=22 April 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422234925/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/pulp\-fiction\-the\-series\-19592\|url\-status\=live}} [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace") advocates a reduction of fossil fuels by 50% by 2050 as well as phasing out nuclear power, contending that innovative technologies can increase energy efficiency, and suggests that by 2050 most electricity will come from renewable sources. The International Energy Agency estimates that nearly 50% of global electricity supplies will need to come from renewable energy sources in order to halve carbon dioxide emissions by 2050 and minimise climate change impacts.International Energy Agency. [IEA urges governments to adopt effective policies based on key design principles to accelerate the exploitation of the large potential for renewable energy](http://www.iea.org/Textbase/press/pressdetail.asp?PRESS_REL_ID=271) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922003032/http://www.iea.org/Textbase/press/pressdetail.asp?PRESS\_REL\_ID\=271 \|date\=22 September 2017 }} 29 September 2008\. [Mark Z. Jacobson](/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson "Mark Z. Jacobson") says producing all new energy with [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power "Wind power"), [solar power](/wiki/Solar_power "Solar power"), and [hydropower](/wiki/Hydropower "Hydropower") by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050\. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/DJEnPolicyPt2\.pdf \|title\=Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies \|author\=Mark A. Delucchi and Mark Z. Jacobson \|year\=2011 \|volume\=39 \|work\=Energy Policy \|pages\=1170–1190 \|publisher\=Elsevier Ltd \|access\-date\=6 December 2013 \|archive\-date\=16 June 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616162420/http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/DJEnPolicyPt2\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} Many have since referred to Jacobson's work to justify advocating for all 100% renewables, however, in February, 2017, a group of twenty\-one scientists published a critique of Jacobson's work and found that his analysis involves "errors, inappropriate methods and implausible assumptions" and failed to provide "credible evidence for rejecting the conclusions of previous analyses that point to the benefits of considering a broad portfolio of energy system options."{{cite journal \|last1\=Clack \|first1\=Christopher T. M. \|last2\=Qvist \|first2\=Staffan A. \|last3\=Apt \|first3\=Jay \|last4\=Bazilian \|first4\=Morgan \|last5\=Brandt \|first5\=Adam R. \|last6\=Caldeira \|first6\=Ken \|last7\=Davis \|first7\=Steven J. \|last8\=Diakov \|first8\=Victor \|last9\=Handschy \|first9\=Mark A. \|last10\=Hines \|first10\=Paul D. H. \|last11\=Jaramillo \|first11\=Paulina \|last12\=Kammen \|first12\=Daniel M. \|last13\=Long \|first13\=Jane C. S. \|last14\=Morgan \|first14\=M. Granger \|last15\=Reed \|first15\=Adam \|last16\=Sivaram \|first16\=Varun \|last17\=Sweeney \|first17\=James \|last18\=Tynan \|first18\=George R. \|last19\=Victor \|first19\=David G. \|last20\=Weyant \|first20\=John P. \|last21\=Whitacre \|first21\=Jay F. \|title\=Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low\-cost grid power with 100% wind, water, and solar \|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \|date\=27 June 2017 \|volume\=114 \|issue\=26 \|pages\=6722–6727 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1610381114 \|pmid\=28630353 \|pmc\=5495221 \|bibcode\=2017PNAS..114\.6722C \|doi\-access\=free }} Critics state that the anti\-nuclear arguments overestimate the benefits of renewable energy and fail to consider [land per unit of energy](/wiki/Surface_power_density "Surface power density") inefficiencies and data that claims to forecast, "...biomass, wind, and solar power are set to occupy an area equivalent of the size of the European Union by 2050\."{{Cite web \|last\=Bailey \|first\=Ronald \|date\=2023\-05\-10 \|title\=New study: Nuclear power is humanity's greenest energy option \|url\=https://reason.com/2023/05/10/new\-study\-nuclear\-power\-is\-humanitys\-greenest\-energy\-option/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-24 \|website\=Reason.com \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=22 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522184138/https://reason.com/2023/05/10/new\-study\-nuclear\-power\-is\-humanitys\-greenest\-energy\-option/ \|url\-status\=live }}
[ "History and issues\n------------------", "### Roots of the movement", "[thumb\\|[Women Strike for Peace](/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace \"Women Strike for Peace\") during the [Cuban Missile Crisis](/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis \"Cuban Missile Crisis\")](/wiki/File:Women_Strike_for_Peace_NYWTS.jpg \"Women Strike for Peace NYWTS.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|History of the anti\\-nuclear movement}}\n[thumb\\|Atmospheric 14C [Bomb pulse](/wiki/Bomb_pulse \"Bomb pulse\"), corresponding to atmospheric [nuclear weapons tests](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_test \"Nuclear weapons test\"), [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"){{cite journal\\|url\\=http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/welling.html \\|title\\=Atmospheric δ14C record from Wellington \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-11 \\|journal\\=Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center \\|year\\=1994 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201222225/http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/welling.html \\|archive\\-date\\=1 February 2014 }} and [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\").{{cite journal\\| url\\=http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/cent\\-verm.html\\| author\\=Levin, I.\\| title\\=δ14C record from Vermunt\\| journal\\=Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center\\| year\\=1994\\| display\\-authors\\=etal\\| access\\-date\\=4 January 2016\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923105819/http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/cent\\-verm.html\\| archive\\-date\\=23 September 2008\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} The New Zealand curve is representative for the Southern Hemisphere, the Austrian curve is representative for the Northern Hemisphere. Atmospheric nuclear weapon tests almost doubled the concentration of 14C in the Northern Hemisphere.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www1\\.phys.uu.nl/ams/Radiocarbon.htm \\| publisher\\=University of Utrecht \\| title\\= Radiocarbon dating \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-02\\-19}}](/wiki/File:Radiocarbon_bomb_spike.svg \"Radiocarbon bomb spike.svg\")\n[thumb\\|Protest in Amsterdam against the [nuclear arms race](/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race \"Nuclear arms race\") between the U.S./NATO and the Soviet Union, 1981](/wiki/File:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg \"Overzicht op Museumplein met spandoek The Dutch disease is better for peace o, Bestanddeelnr 253-8627.jpg\")", "The application of [nuclear technology](/wiki/Nuclear_technology \"Nuclear technology\"), as a source of energy and as an instrument of war, has been controversial.{{cite news \\|title\\=Opinion {{!}} Sunday Dialogue: Nuclear Energy, Pro and Con \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/opinion/sunday/sunday\\-dialogue\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-pro\\-and\\-con.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=25 February 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206175143/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/opinion/sunday/sunday\\-dialogue\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-pro\\-and\\-con.html?\\_r\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2011/mar/27/nuclear\\-controversy/ \\|title\\=The nuclear controversy \\|author\\=Union\\-Tribune Editorial Board \\|date\\=27 March 2011 \\|work\\=Union\\-Tribune \\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018201730/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/mar/27/nuclear\\-controversy/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Benford \\|first1\\=Robert \\|title\\=Review of The Antinuclear Movement. \\|journal\\=American Journal of Sociology \\|date\\=1984 \\|volume\\=89 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=1456–1458 \\|doi\\=10\\.1086/228034 \\|jstor\\=2779201 }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=MacKenzie \\|first1\\=James J. \\|title\\=Review of The Nuclear Power Controversy \\|journal\\=The Quarterly Review of Biology \\|date\\=1977 \\|volume\\=52 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=467–468 \\|doi\\=10\\.1086/410301 \\|jstor\\=2823429 }}{{cite book\\|last\\=Walker\\|first\\=J. Samuel\\|title\\=Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=tf0AfoynG\\-EC\\|year\\=2006\\|publisher\\=University of California Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-24683\\-6\\|pages\\=10–11\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045245/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=tf0AfoynG\\-EC\\|url\\-status\\=live}}[Jim Falk](/wiki/Jim_Falk \"Jim Falk\") (1982\\). *Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power*, Oxford University Press. These issues are discussed in [nuclear weapons debate](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate \"Nuclear weapons debate\"), [nuclear power debate](/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate \"Nuclear power debate\"), and [uranium mining debate](/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate \"Uranium mining debate\").", "Scientists and diplomats have debated [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon \"Nuclear weapon\") policy since before the [Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki \"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\") in 1945\\.Jerry Brown and [Rinaldo Brutoco](/wiki/Rinaldo_Brutoco \"Rinaldo Brutoco\") (1997\\). *Profiles in Power: The Anti\\-nuclear Movement and the Dawn of the Solar Age*, Twayne Publishers, pp. 191–192\\. The public became concerned about [nuclear weapons testing](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing \"Nuclear weapons testing\") from about 1954, following extensive nuclear testing in the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\"). In 1961, at the height of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"), about 50,000 women brought together by [Women Strike for Peace](/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace \"Women Strike for Peace\") marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la\\-me\\-dagmar\\-wilson\\-20110130,0,5499397\\.story \\|title\\=Dagmar Wilson dies at 94; organizer of women's disarmament protesters \\|author\\=Woo, Elaine \\|date\\=30 January 2011 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 February 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204143804/http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la\\-me\\-dagmar\\-wilson\\-20110130,0,5499397\\.story \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/us/24wilson.html \\|title\\=Dagmar Wilson, Anti\\-Nuclear Leader, Dies at 94 \\|author\\=Hevesi, Dennis \\|date\\=23 January 2011 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308122642/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/us/24wilson.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 1963, many countries ratified the [Partial Test Ban Treaty](/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty \"Partial Test Ban Treaty\") which prohibited atmospheric nuclear testing.Wolfgang Rudig (1990\\). *Anti\\-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy*, Longman, p. 54–55\\.", "Some local opposition to [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power \"Nuclear power\") emerged in the early 1960s, and in the late 1960s some members of the scientific community began to express their concerns.Wolfgang Rudig (1990\\). *Anti\\-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy*, Longman, p. 52\\. In the early 1970s, there were large protests about a proposed nuclear power plant in [Wyhl](/wiki/Wyhl \"Wyhl\"), Germany. The project was cancelled in 1975 and anti\\-nuclear success at Wyhl inspired opposition to nuclear power in other parts of Europe and North America. Nuclear power became an issue of major public protest in the 1970s.", "#### Fossil fuels industry", "The fossil fuel industry starting from the 1950s was engaging in campaigns against the nuclear industry which it perceived as a threat to their commercial interests.{{Cite web\\|title\\=How did leaders of the Hydrocarbon Establishment build the foundation for radiation fears?\\|url\\=https://atomicinsights.com/how\\-did\\-leaders\\-of\\-the\\-hydrocarbon\\-establishment\\-build\\-the\\-foundation\\-for\\-radiation\\-fears/\\|website\\=Atomic Insights\\|date\\=21 May 2020\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515080411/https://atomicinsights.com/how\\-did\\-leaders\\-of\\-the\\-hydrocarbon\\-establishment\\-build\\-the\\-foundation\\-for\\-radiation\\-fears/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Above board competition in energy markets finally emerging. API Ohio pushing for nuclear shutdowns\\|url\\=https://atomicinsights.com/above\\-board\\-competition\\-in\\-energy\\-markets\\-finally\\-emerging/\\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-27\\|website\\=Atomic Insights\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=9 August 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809023616/https://atomicinsights.com/above\\-board\\-competition\\-in\\-energy\\-markets\\-finally\\-emerging/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Organizations such as the [American Petroleum Institute](/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute \"American Petroleum Institute\"), the Pennsylvania Independent Oil and Gas Association and Marcellus Shale Coalition were engaged in anti\\-nuclear lobbying in the late 2010s{{Cite web\\|title\\=Gloves are off in fossil fuel fight against nuclear \\- World Nuclear News\\|url\\=https://www.world\\-nuclear\\-news.org/V\\-Gloves\\-are\\-off\\-in\\-fossil\\-fuel\\-fight\\-against\\-nuclear\\-0205171\\.html\\|website\\=www.world\\-nuclear\\-news.org\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510132600/https://www.world\\-nuclear\\-news.org/V\\-Gloves\\-are\\-off\\-in\\-fossil\\-fuel\\-fight\\-against\\-nuclear\\-0205171\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and from 2019, large fossil fuel suppliers started advertising campaigns portraying fossil gas as a \"perfect partner for renewables\" (wording from [Shell](/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell \"Royal Dutch Shell\") and [Statoil](/wiki/Statoil \"Statoil\") advertisements).{{Cite web\\|title\\=Why Renewables Advocates Protect Fossil Fuel Interests, Not The Climate\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2019/03/28/the\\-dirty\\-secret\\-of\\-renewables\\-advocates\\-is\\-that\\-they\\-protect\\-fossil\\-fuel\\-interests\\-not\\-the\\-climate/\\|last\\=Shellenberger\\|first\\=Michael\\|website\\=Forbes\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022050333/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2019/03/28/the\\-dirty\\-secret\\-of\\-renewables\\-advocates\\-is\\-that\\-they\\-protect\\-fossil\\-fuel\\-interests\\-not\\-the\\-climate/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=influencemap.org Big Oil's Real Agenda on Climate Change\\|url\\=https://influencemap.org/report/How\\-Big\\-Oil\\-Continues\\-to\\-Oppose\\-the\\-Paris\\-Agreement\\-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc\\|website\\=influencemap.org\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608133129/https://influencemap.org/report/How\\-Big\\-Oil\\-Continues\\-to\\-Oppose\\-the\\-Paris\\-Agreement\\-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Groups like the [Sierra Club](/wiki/Sierra_Club \"Sierra Club\"), [Environmental Defense Fund](/wiki/Environmental_Defense_Fund \"Environmental Defense Fund\") and [Natural Resources Defense Council](/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council \"Natural Resources Defense Council\") are receiving grants from other fossil fuel companies.{{Cite web\\|title\\=The War on Nuclear\\|url\\=http://environmentalprogress.org/the\\-war\\-on\\-nuclear\\|website\\=Environmental Progress\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831113105/https://environmentalprogress.org/the\\-war\\-on\\-nuclear\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Are Fossil Fuel Interests Bankrolling The Anti\\-Nuclear Energy Movement?\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2016/07/13/are\\-fossil\\-fuel\\-interests\\-bankrolling\\-the\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-movement/\\|last\\=Silverstein\\|first\\=Ken\\|website\\=Forbes\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=18 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918051417/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2016/07/13/are\\-fossil\\-fuel\\-interests\\-bankrolling\\-the\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-movement/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} As of 2011, a strategy paper released by [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace \"Greenpeace\") titled \"Battle of Grids\" proposed gradual replacement of nuclear power by [fossil gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\") plants which would provide \"flexible backup for wind and solar power\".{{Cite web\\|title\\=Battle of the Grids\\|url\\=https://www.nirs.org/wp\\-content/uploads/alternatives/battleofthegrids.pdf\\|date\\=2011\\|website\\=Greenpeace\\|quote\\=In 2030, gas plants provide most of the non\\-renewable electricityand serve as a flexible backup for wind and solar power. Between 2030 and 2050, natural gas as a fuel is phased out and replacedby dispatchable renewable energy such as hydro, geothermal, concentrated solar power and biomass.\\|access\\-date\\=27 May 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=23 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723161848/https://www.nirs.org/wp\\-content/uploads/alternatives/battleofthegrids.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} However, Greenpeace has since distanced itself from advocating for fossil gas, instead proposing [grid energy storage](/wiki/Grid_energy_storage \"Grid energy storage\") as a solution to issues caused by [intermittent renewable energy](/wiki/Intermittent_renewable_energy \"Intermittent renewable energy\"). In Germany the [Energiewende](/wiki/Energiewende \"Energiewende\"), which was advertised as a shift to renewable energy but included a [gradual phaseout of nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out%23Germany \"Nuclear power phase-out#Germany\") from 2000 to end 2022, caused among other things a rise in fossil gas power production from 49\\.2 TWh in 2000 to 94\\.7 TWh in 2020\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Bruttostromerzeugung in Deutschland nach Energieträgern \\|url\\=https://ag\\-energiebilanzen.de/wp\\-content/uploads/2022/03/STRERZ\\_2021Feb22\\_web.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915211550/https://ag\\-energiebilanzen.de/wp\\-content/uploads/2022/03/STRERZ\\_2021Feb22\\_web.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=15 September 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the same interval total electricity generation barely changed (576\\.6 TWh in 2000 vs 574\\.2 TWh in 2020\\) while it did rise and fall in the meantime, reaching a peak of 652\\.9 TWh in 2017\\. As much of that fossil gas was and is imported from Russia, controversial pipeline projects like [Nord Stream 1](/wiki/Nord_Stream_1 \"Nord Stream 1\") were built to satisfy increasing German gas demand. After the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\") it came to light that significant amounts of Russian lobbying was involved in both the continued anti\\-nuclear movement in Germany and the anti\\-[fracking](/wiki/Fracking \"Fracking\") movement.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/mecklenburg\\-vorpommern/Verschleiert\\-Schwesig\\-ihre\\-Kontakte\\-zur\\-russischen\\-Gas\\-Lobby,klimastiftungmv128\\.html \\| title\\=Verschleiert Schwesig ihre Kontakte zur russischen Gas\\-Lobby? \\| access\\-date\\=23 June 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=23 June 2022 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623124103/https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/mecklenburg\\-vorpommern/Verschleiert\\-Schwesig\\-ihre\\-Kontakte\\-zur\\-russischen\\-Gas\\-Lobby,klimastiftungmv128\\.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.newsweek.com/putin\\-funding\\-green\\-groups\\-discredit\\-natural\\-gas\\-fracking\\-635052 \\| title\\=Putin is funding Green groups to discredit fracking \\| website\\=\\[\\[Newsweek]] \\| date\\=11 July 2017 \\| access\\-date\\=23 June 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=23 June 2022 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623124103/https://www.newsweek.com/putin\\-funding\\-green\\-groups\\-discredit\\-natural\\-gas\\-fracking\\-635052 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.ipi.org/multimedia/detail/has\\-russia\\-been\\-funding\\-anti\\-fracking\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-environmental\\-groups\\-audio\\-podcast \\| title\\=Has Russia Been Funding Anti\\-Fracking, Anti\\-Nuclear Environmental Groups? (Audio: Podcast) \\| access\\-date\\=23 June 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=17 July 2022 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717160259/https://www.ipi.org/multimedia/detail/has\\-russia\\-been\\-funding\\-anti\\-fracking\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-environmental\\-groups\\-audio\\-podcast \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Anti\\-nuclear perspectives", "{{See also\\|Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents}}", "#### Concerns about nuclear weapons", "[thumb\\|The 18,000 km2 expanse of the [Semipalatinsk Test Site](/wiki/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site \"Semipalatinsk Test Site\") (indicated in red), which covers an area [the size of Wales](/wiki/The_size_of_Wales \"The size of Wales\"). The Soviet Union conducted 456 nuclear tests at Semipalatinsk from 1949 until 1989 with little regard for their effect on the local people or environment. The full impact of radiation exposure was hidden for many years by Soviet authorities and has only come to light since the test site closed in 1991\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/features/the\\-lasting\\-toll\\-of\\-semipalatinsks\\-nuclear\\-testing \\|title\\=The lasting toll of Semipalatinsk's nuclear testing \\|author\\=Togzhan Kassenova \\|date\\=28 September 2009 \\|work\\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524224452/http://thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/features/the\\-lasting\\-toll\\-of\\-semipalatinsks\\-nuclear\\-testing \\|url\\-status\\=live }}](/wiki/File:Wfm_sts_overview.png \"Wfm sts overview.png\")", "{{See also\\|Nuclear ethics\\|Uranium mining\\#Environment}}\nFrom an anti\\-nuclear point of view, there is a threat to modern civilization from global [nuclear war](/wiki/Nuclear_war \"Nuclear war\") by accidental or deliberate nuclear strike. Some climate scientists estimate that a war between two countries that resulted in 100 Hiroshima\\-size atomic explosions would cause significant loss of life, in the tens of millions from climatic effects alone as well as disabled future generations. Soot thrown up into the atmosphere could blanket the earth, causing food chain disruption in what is termed a [nuclear winter](/wiki/Nuclear_winter \"Nuclear winter\").{{cite magazine \\|first1\\=Philip \\|last1\\=Yam \\|title\\=Nuclear Exchange \\|magazine\\=Scientific American \\|date\\=June 2010 \\|page\\=24 \\|url\\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nuclear\\-exchange/ \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608204445/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nuclear\\-exchange/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite magazine \\|first1\\=Alan \\|last1\\=Robock \\|first2\\=Owen Brian \\|last2\\=Toon \\|title\\=South Asian Threat? Local Nuclear War \\= Global Suffering \\|magazine\\=Scientific American \\|date\\=January 2010 \\|pages\\=74–81 \\|url\\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/local\\-nuclear\\-war/ \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705105748/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/local\\-nuclear\\-war/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Many anti\\-nuclear weapons groups cite the 1996 Advisory Opinion of the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\"), *[Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_the_Legality_of_the_Threat_or_Use_of_Nuclear_Weapons \"International Court of Justice advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons\")*, in which it found that 'the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict'.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1\\=3\\&p2\\=4\\&k\\=e1\\&case\\=95\\&code\\=unan\\&p3\\=4\\|title\\=Cour internationale de Justice \\- International Court\\|website\\=www.icj\\-cij.org\\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021837/http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1\\=3\\&p2\\=4\\&k\\=e1\\&case\\=95\\&code\\=unan\\&p3\\=4\\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2013}}", "Ridding the world of nuclear weapons has been a cause for pacifists for decades. But more recently mainstream politicians and retired military leaders have advocated [nuclear disarmament](/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament \"Nuclear disarmament\"). In January 2007 an article in *The Wall Street Journal*, authored by [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger \"Henry Kissinger\"), [Bill Perry](/wiki/William_J._Perry \"William J. Perry\"), [George Shultz](/wiki/George_Shultz \"George Shultz\") and [Sam Nunn](/wiki/Sam_Nunn \"Sam Nunn\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/columnists/hugh\\-gusterson/the\\-new\\-abolitionists \\|title\\=The new abolitionists \\|author\\=Hugh Gusterson \\|date\\=30 March 2012 \\|work\\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606022845/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/columnists/hugh\\-gusterson/the\\-new\\-abolitionists \\|archive\\-date\\=6 June 2013}} These men were veterans of the [cold\\-war](/wiki/Cold-war \"Cold-war\") who believed in using nuclear weapons for [deterrence](/wiki/Nuclear_deterrence \"Nuclear deterrence\"). But they now reversed their previous position and asserted that instead of making the world safer, nuclear weapons had become a source of extreme concern.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.economist.com/node/18836134 \\|title\\=Nuclear endgame: The growing appeal of zero \\|date\\=16 June 2011 \\|newspaper\\=The Economist \\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203114636/http://www.economist.com/node/18836134 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Since the 1970s, some countries have built their own [second\\-strike capability](/wiki/Second_strike \"Second strike\") of [massive deterrence](/wiki/Massive_retaliation \"Massive retaliation\") in the event of a military attack with [weapons of mass destruction](/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction \"Weapon of mass destruction\").\nTwo examples of this second\\-strike capability are the [Samson Option](/wiki/Samson_Option \"Samson Option\") strategy of Israel, and the [Dead Hand](/wiki/Dead_Hand \"Dead Hand\") system of Russia.\nDuring the era of [nuclear weapons testing](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing \"Nuclear weapons testing\") many local communities were affected, and some are still affected by [uranium mining](/wiki/Uranium_mining \"Uranium mining\"), and radioactive waste disposal.Frida Berrigan. [The New Anti\\-Nuclear Movement](http://www.fpif.org/articles/the_new_anti-nuclear_movement) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319205130/http://www.fpif.org/articles/the\\_new\\_anti\\-nuclear\\_movement \\|date\\=19 March 2012 }} *Foreign Policy in Focus*, 16 April 2010\\.", "It should however be noted, that countries can possess nuclear weapons without possessing nuclear power plants (as is almost certainly the case with [Israel](/wiki/Israel_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction \"Israel and weapons of mass destruction\")) or indeed the reverse, as is the case with most users of nuclear power past and present.", "#### Concerns about nuclear power", "[thumb\\|Following the 2011 Japanese [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima nuclear disaster\"), authorities shut down the nation's 54 nuclear power plants. As of 2013, the Fukushima site remains [highly radioactive](/wiki/Radiation_effects_from_Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster \"Radiation effects from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster\"), with some 160,000 evacuees still living in temporary housing, and some land will be unfarmable for centuries. The [difficult cleanup job](/wiki/Fukushima_disaster_cleanup \"Fukushima disaster cleanup\") will take 40 or more years, and cost tens of billions of dollars.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/12/fukushima\\-nuclear\\-accident\\-lessons\\-for\\-us \\|title\\=Two years on, America hasn't learned lessons of Fukushima nuclear disaster \\|author\\=Richard Schiffman \\|date\\=12 March 2013 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202143654/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/12/fukushima\\-nuclear\\-accident\\-lessons\\-for\\-us \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/02/world/asia/02japan.html?\\_r\\=1\\&ref\\=world \\|title\\=Report Finds Japan Underestimated Tsunami Danger \\|author\\=Martin Fackler \\|date\\=1 June 2011 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205043423/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/02/world/asia/02japan.html?\\_r\\=1\\&ref\\=world \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However it has also been criticised that the initial decontamination target of the Japanese government to of 5 mSv has been abandoned in favour of a plan to limit the additional radiation dosage to less than 1 mSv increasing the expenses, the radiological necessity of this is disputed.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Laufs \\|first\\=Paul \\|title\\=Reaktorsicherheit für Leistungskernkraftwerke 1 \\|date\\=2018 \\|publisher\\=Springer \\|pages\\=193 \\|language\\=DE \\|trans\\-title\\=Reactor Security for High Power Nuclear Power Plants \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-662\\-53453\\-3 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-662\\-53452\\-6 \\|quote\\=The Japanese government's decontamination target of reducing the permissible radiation exposure to 1 mSv/a is regarded by experts as pointless and cannot be justified by the radiological facts. (Translated from German)}}](/wiki/File:Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg \"Fukushima I by Digital Globe.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The abandoned city of [Prypiat, Ukraine](/wiki/Prypiat%2C_Ukraine \"Prypiat, Ukraine\"), following the April 1986 [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\"). The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is in the background.](/wiki/File:View_of_Chernobyl_taken_from_Pripyat.JPG \"View of Chernobyl taken from Pripyat.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|President [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\") leaving the [Three Mile Island accident](/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident \"Three Mile Island accident\") for [Middletown, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Middletown%2C_Dauphin_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania\"), 1 April 1979](/wiki/File:Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg \"Carter leaving Three Mile Island.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear protest on 14 October 1979 in [Bonn](/wiki/Bonn \"Bonn\"), capital city of [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\")](/wiki/File:ANTIAKW2.jpg \"ANTIAKW2.jpg\")\n{{See also\\|Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents\\|Nuclear safety and security}}", "There are large variations in peoples' beliefs regarding the issues surrounding nuclear power, including the technology itself, its deployment, [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\"), and [energy security](/wiki/Energy_security \"Energy security\"). There is a wide spectrum of views and concerns over [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power \"Nuclear power\")[Sustainable Development Commission](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Commission \"Sustainable Development Commission\"). [Public engagement and nuclear power](http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/Nuclear_public_engagement-briefing.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217022808/http://www.sd\\-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/Nuclear\\_public\\_engagement\\-briefing.pdf \\|date\\=17 February 2012 }} and it remains a controversial area of [public policy](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy \"Nuclear energy policy\").Sustainable Development Commission. [Is Nuclear the Answer?](http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/IsNuclearTheAnswer.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322043200/http://www.sd\\-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/IsNuclearTheAnswer.pdf \\|date\\=22 March 2014 }} p. 12\\. When compared to other energy sources, nuclear power has one of the lowest death rates per unit of energy produced – 0\\.07 per TWh, as compared to over 32 per TWh in case of brown coal.{{Cite web\\|title\\=What are the safest sources of energy?\\|url\\=https://ourworldindata.org/safest\\-sources\\-of\\-energy\\|website\\=Our World in Data\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129205209/https://ourworldindata.org/safest\\-sources\\-of\\-energy\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This figure is driven by a 2005 [WHO](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") projection of up to 4000 stochastic cancer deaths that could result from the Chernobyl disaster.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.who.int/news/item/05\\-09\\-2005\\-chernobyl\\-the\\-true\\-scale\\-of\\-the\\-accident \\|title\\=Chernobyl: The true scale of the accident \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021003029/https://www.who.int/news/item/05\\-09\\-2005\\-chernobyl\\-the\\-true\\-scale\\-of\\-the\\-accident \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [UNSCEAR](/wiki/United_Nations_Scientific_Committee_on_the_Effects_of_Atomic_Radiation \"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation\") reports in its 2008 summary on Chernobyl that no increases in cancer incidence (other than thyroid cancer) have been observed to date that can be attributed to radiation from the accident.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11\\-80076\\_Report\\_2008\\_Annex\\_D.pdf \\|title\\=Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR 2008 report to the general assembly Volume II Scientific annexes \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502130136/https://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11\\-80076\\_Report\\_2008\\_Annex\\_D.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Many studies have shown that the public \"perceives nuclear power as a very risky technology\" and, around the world, nuclear energy declined in popularity in the aftermath of the [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster\"),{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Ramana \\|first1\\=M.V. \\|title\\=Nuclear power and the public \\|journal\\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\|date\\=July 2011 \\|volume\\=67 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=43–51 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0096340211413358 \\|bibcode\\=2011BuAtS..67d..43R \\|s2cid\\=144321178 \\|author\\-link\\=M.V. Ramana }}{{cite journal \\|title\\=The implications of Fukushima: The US perspective \\|author\\=Mark Cooper \\|date\\=July 2011 \\|volume\\=67 \\|issue\\=4 \\|journal\\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\|page\\=9 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0096340211414840 \\|s2cid\\=146270304 \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Cooper (academic) }} but it has recently rebounded in response to the climate crisis.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ans.org/news/article\\-314/public\\-opinion\\-on\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-turning\\-a\\-corner/ \\|title\\=Public opinion on nuclear energy: Turning a corner? \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425220750/https://www.ans.org/news/article\\-314/public\\-opinion\\-on\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-turning\\-a\\-corner/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Anti\\-nuclear critics see nuclear power as a dangerous, expensive way to boil water to generate electricity.Helen Caldicott (2006\\). *Nuclear Power is Not the Answer to Global Warming or Anything Else*, Melbourne University Press, {{ISBN\\|0\\-522\\-85251\\-3}}, p. xvii Opponents of nuclear power have raised a number of related concerns:{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Martin \\|first1\\=Brian \\|title\\=Opposing nuclear power: past and present. \\|journal\\=Social Alternatives \\|date\\=2007 \\|volume\\=26 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=43–47 \\|url\\=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10\\.3316/ielapa.200709131 }}", "* [Nuclear accidents](/wiki/Nuclear_accident \"Nuclear accident\"): a safety concern that the core of a nuclear power plant could overheat and melt down, releasing radioactivity.\n* [Nuclear Fuel Mining](/wiki/Nuclear_fuel \"Nuclear fuel\"): mining waste of nuclear fuels like uranium and thorium,{{Cite web\\|date\\=2008\\-10\\-19\\|title\\=Thorium is not an environmentally safe alternative type of nuclear energy, Norwegian report says\\|url\\=https://bellona.org/news/nuclear\\-issues/2008\\-10\\-thorium\\-is\\-not\\-an\\-environmentally\\-safe\\-alternative\\-type\\-of\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-norwegian\\-report\\-says\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-12\\|website\\=Bellona.org\\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134454/https://bellona.org/news/nuclear\\-issues/2008\\-10\\-thorium\\-is\\-not\\-an\\-environmentally\\-safe\\-alternative\\-type\\-of\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-norwegian\\-report\\-says\\|url\\-status\\=live}} results in its radioactive decay. That causes radium pollution{{cite web \\|last1\\=Health and Environmental Impact of Uranium Mining \\|first1\\=Radium from Uranium Decay \\|title\\=Nuclear Fuel Mining Health and Environmental Impact \\|url\\=https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ra.htm \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060028/https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ra.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and radon pollution{{cite web \\|last1\\=Health and Environmental Impact of Uranium Mining \\|first1\\=Stanford study on uranium mining \\|title\\=Nuclear Fuel Mining Health and Environmental Impact \\|url\\=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/longstaff1/ \\|website\\=large.standford.edu \\|publisher\\=Sandford Edu \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131223406/http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/longstaff1/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} in environment and ultimately affects public health.\n* [Radioactive waste disposal](/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management \"High-level radioactive waste management\"): a concern that nuclear power results in large amounts of radioactive waste, some of which remains dangerous for very long periods.\n* [Nuclear proliferation](/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation \"Nuclear proliferation\"): a concern that [some types](/wiki/Heavy_water_reactor%23Nuclear_proliferation \"Heavy water reactor#Nuclear proliferation\") of nuclear reactor designs use and/or produce [fissile material](/wiki/Fissile_material \"Fissile material\") which could be used in [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons \"Nuclear weapons\").\n* [High cost](/wiki/Economics_of_new_nuclear_power_plants \"Economics of new nuclear power plants\"): a concern that nuclear power plants are very expensive to build, and that clean up from nuclear accidents are highly expensive and can take decades.\n* [Attacks on nuclear plants](/wiki/Vulnerability_of_nuclear_plants_to_attack \"Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack\"): a concern that nuclear facilities could be targeted by terrorists or criminals.\n* Curtailed [civil liberties](/wiki/Civil_liberties \"Civil liberties\"): a concern that the risk of nuclear accidents, proliferation and terrorism may be used to justify restraints on citizen rights.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2023}}", "Of these concerns, nuclear accidents and disposal of long\\-lived radioactive waste have probably had the greatest public impact worldwide. Anti\\-nuclear campaigners point to the 2011 [Fukushima nuclear emergency](/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents \"Fukushima I nuclear accidents\") as proof that nuclear power can never be 100% safe.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/22/japan\\-nuclear\\-crisis\\-uk\\-power\\-stations \\|title\\=Japan nuclear crisis puts UK public off new power stations \\|author\\=Bibi van der Zee \\|date\\=22 March 2011 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510221404/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/22/japan\\-nuclear\\-crisis\\-uk\\-power\\-stations \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Costs resulting from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are likely to exceed 12 trillion yen ($100 billion){{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/97c88560\\-e05b\\-11e5\\-8d9b\\-e88a2a889797\\.html \\|title\\=Japan taxpayers foot $100bn bill for Fukushima disaster \\|author\\=Robin Harding \\|newspaper\\=Financial Times \\|date\\=6 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=20 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309082414/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/97c88560\\-e05b\\-11e5\\-8d9b\\-e88a2a889797\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and the clean up effort to decontaminate affected areas and decommission the plant is estimated to take 30 to 40 years. Excluding accidents, the standard amount of high\\-level radioactive waste is claimed to be manageable (UK has produced just 2150 m3 during its 60 years nuclear program), with the Geological Society of London alleging that it can be effectively recycled and stored safely.{{Cite web\\|title\\=The Geological Society of London \\- Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste\\|url\\=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gdrw\\|website\\=www.geolsoc.org.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614121644/https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gdrw\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "{{Main\\|Radioactive waste}}", "In his book *Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power*, [Jim Falk](/wiki/Jim_Falk \"Jim Falk\") explores connections between technological concerns and political concerns. Falk suggests that concerns of citizen groups or individuals who oppose nuclear power have often focused initially on the \"range of physical hazards which accompany the technology\" and leads to a \"concern over the political relations of the nuclear industry\". [Baruch Fischhoff](/wiki/Baruch_Fischhoff \"Baruch Fischhoff\"), a social scientist, said that many people really do not trust the nuclear industry.Matthew L. Wald. [Edging Back to Nuclear Power](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/business/energy-environment/22NUKE.html?pagewanted=all) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910110637/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/business/energy\\-environment/22NUKE.html?pagewanted\\=all \\|date\\=10 September 2017 }} *The New York Times*, 21 April 2010\\. [Wade Allison](/wiki/Wade_Allison \"Wade Allison\"), a physicist, said \"radiation is safe \\& all nations should embrace nuclear technology\"{{cite AV media \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=YZ6aL3wv4v0 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111025820/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=YZ6aL3wv4v0\\&app\\=desktop \\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|title\\=Why radiation is safe \\& all nations should embrace nuclear technology \\|author\\=Wade Allison \\|publisher\\=James Hollow \\|via\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|access\\-date\\=2 January 2015 }}", "[M.V. Ramana](/wiki/M.V._Ramana \"M.V. Ramana\") says that \"distrust of the social institutions that manage nuclear energy is widespread\", and a 2001 survey by the European Commission found that \"only 10\\.1 percent of Europeans trusted the nuclear industry\". This public distrust is periodically reinforced by nuclear safety violations, or through ineffectiveness or corruption of the nuclear regulatory authorities. Once lost, says Ramana, trust is extremely difficult to regain.", "Faced with public antipathy, the nuclear industry has \"tried a variety of strategies to persuade the public to accept nuclear power\", including the publication of numerous \"fact sheets\" that discuss issues of public concern. M.V. Ramana says that none of these strategies have been very successful. Nuclear proponents have tried to regain public support by offering newer, purportedly safer, reactor designs. These designs include those that incorporate [passive safety](/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety \"Passive nuclear safety\") and [Small Modular Reactors](/wiki/Small_modular_reactor \"Small modular reactor\"). While these reactor designs \"are intended to inspire trust, they may have an unintended effect: creating distrust of older reactors that lack the touted safety features\".", "Since 2000 the nuclear power was promoted as potential solution to the [greenhouse effect](/wiki/Greenhouse_effect \"Greenhouse effect\") and [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\"){{Cite web\\|title\\=The Harmony programme \\- World Nuclear Association\\|url\\=https://www.world\\-nuclear.org/our\\-association/what\\-we\\-do/the\\-harmony\\-programme.aspx\\|website\\=www.world\\-nuclear.org\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609021909/https://www.world\\-nuclear.org/our\\-association/what\\-we\\-do/the\\-harmony\\-programme.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}} as nuclear power emits no or negligible amounts of carbon dioxide during operations. Anti\\-nuclear groups highlighted the fact that other stages of the [nuclear fuel chain](/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_chain \"Nuclear fuel chain\") – mining, milling, transport, fuel fabrication, enrichment, reactor construction, decommissioning and waste management – use [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuels \"Fossil fuels\") and hence emit carbon dioxide.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Diesendorf \\|first1\\=Mark \\|title\\=Is nuclear energy a possible solution to global warming?: \\[Paper in: The Nuclear Debate Re\\-visited. Eddy, Elizabeth (ed.).] \\|journal\\=Social Alternatives \\|date\\=24 December 2020 \\|volume\\=26 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=8–11 \\|url\\=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10\\.3316/ielapa.200709124 }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kleiner \\|first1\\=Kurt \\|title\\=Nuclear energy: assessing the emissions \\|journal\\=Nature Climate Change \\|date\\=October 2008 \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=810 \\|pages\\=130–131 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/climate.2008\\.99 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}[Mark Diesendorf](/wiki/Mark_Diesendorf \"Mark Diesendorf\") (2007\\). *[Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy](/wiki/Greenhouse_Solutions_with_Sustainable_Energy \"Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy\")*, University of New South Wales Press, p. 252\\. As this is the case with any energy sources, including [renewable energy](/wiki/Renewable_energy \"Renewable energy\"), [IPCC](/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change \"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\") analyzed total [life\\-cycle greenhouse\\-gas emissions](/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources \"Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources\"), which account for all emissions during manufacturing, installation, operations and decommissioning. With 12 gCO2eq/kWh nuclear power still remains one of the lowest emitting energy sources available.", "{{Main\\|Life\\-cycle greenhouse\\-gas emissions of energy sources}}", "In 2011, a French court fined [Électricité de France](/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France \"Électricité de France\") (EDF) €1\\.5m and jailed two senior employees for spying on Greenpeace, including hacking into Greenpeace's computer systems. Greenpeace was awarded €500,000 in damages.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science\\-environment\\-15683090 \\|title\\=EDF fined for spying on Greenpeace nuclear campaign \\|author\\=Richard Black \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=10 November 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 November 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128194211/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science\\-environment\\-15683090 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/10/edf\\-spying\\-greenpeace \\|title\\=EDF fined €1\\.5m for spying on Greenpeace \\|author\\=Hanna Gersmann \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=10 November 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 December 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223194429/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/10/edf\\-spying\\-greenpeace \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "There are some energy\\-related studies which conclude that [energy efficiency programs](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use \"Efficient energy use\") and [renewable power technologies](/wiki/Renewable_energy \"Renewable energy\") are a better energy option than nuclear power plants.*[Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power](/wiki/Contesting_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Power \"Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power\")*, *[Non\\-Nuclear Futures](/wiki/Non-Nuclear_Futures \"Non-Nuclear Futures\")*", "#### Other technologies", "The international nuclear fusion project [International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor](/wiki/International_Thermonuclear_Experimental_Reactor \"International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor\") (ITER) is constructing the world's largest and most advanced experimental [tokamak](/wiki/Tokamak \"Tokamak\") [nuclear fusion reactor](/wiki/Fusion_reactor \"Fusion reactor\") in the south of France. A collaboration between the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU), India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States, the project aims to make a transition from experimental studies of [plasma](/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29 \"Plasma (physics)\") physics to electricity\\-producing [fusion power](/wiki/Fusion_power \"Fusion power\") plants. In 2005, [Greenpeace International](/wiki/Greenpeace_International \"Greenpeace International\") issued a press statement criticizing government funding of the ITER, believing the money should have been diverted to renewable energy sources and claiming that fusion energy would result in nuclear waste and nuclear weapons proliferation issues. A French association including about 700 anti\\-nuclear groups, [Sortir du nucléaire](/wiki/Sortir_du_nucl%C3%A9aire_%28France%29 \"Sortir du nucléaire (France)\") (Get Out of Nuclear Energy), claimed that ITER was a hazard because scientists did not yet know how to manipulate the high\\-energy deuterium and tritium [hydrogen](/wiki/Hydrogen \"Hydrogen\") isotopes used in the fusion process.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1631650,00\\.html\\|title\\=France Wins Nuclear Fusion Plant\\|author\\=Deutsche Welle\\|date\\=28 June 2005\\|website\\=dw.com\\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=7 March 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307071706/http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1631650,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} According to most anti\\-nuclear groups, nuclear fusion power \"remains a distant dream\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.foe.org.au/anti\\-nuclear/issues/nfc/power/new\\-reactor\\-types/ \\|title\\=New Reactor Types – pebble bed, thorium, plutonium, fusion \\|author\\=Jim Green \\|year\\=2012 \\|work\\=Friends of the Earth \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021050049/https://www.foe.org.au/anti\\-nuclear/issues/nfc/power/new\\-reactor\\-types \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The [World Nuclear Association](/wiki/World_Nuclear_Association \"World Nuclear Association\") have said that fusion \"presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering challenges\".{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.world\\-nuclear.org/info/inf66\\.htm \\|title\\= Nuclear Fusion Power \\|author\\= World Nuclear Association \\|year\\= 2005 \\|access\\-date\\= 5 October 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\= 24 June 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624123428/http://www.world\\-nuclear.org/info/inf66\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\= dead }} Construction of the ITER facility began in 2007, but the project has run into many delays and [budget overruns](/wiki/Cost_overrun \"Cost overrun\"). Several milestones of the project has already been finished, but the finishing date for First Plasma has been discussed and postponed many times with various conclusions. In late 2016, the ITER council agreed on an updated project schedule, with a planned First Plasma opening by 2025, nine years after the originally anticipated opening.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.iter.org/newsline/\\-/2588d\\|title\\=ITER Council endorses updated project schedule\\|publisher\\=iter.org\\|author\\=ITER Communication\\|date\\=21 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2017}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite journal \\|title\\=Triple\\-threat method sparks hope for fusion \\|author\\=W Wayt Gibbs \\|date\\=30 December 2013 \\|journal\\=Nature \\|volume\\=505 \\|issue\\=7481 \\|pages\\=9–10 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/505009a \\|pmid\\=24380935\\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|bibcode\\=2014Natur.505\\....9G }}", "Some anti\\-nuclear groups advocate reduced reliance on reactor\\-produced [medical radioisotopes](/wiki/Radiopharmacology \"Radiopharmacology\"), through the use of alternative [radioisotope](/wiki/Radioisotope \"Radioisotope\") production and alternative clinical technologies.{{cite news \\|title\\=Medical radioisotope supply options for Australia \\|author\\=Jim Green \\|work\\= Friends of the Earth }} [Cyclotrons](/wiki/Cyclotrons \"Cyclotrons\") are being increasingly used to produce medical radioisotopes to the point where nuclear reactors are no longer needed to make the most common medical isotopes.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/02/nuclear\\-reactors\\-not\\-needed\\-to\\-m.html?ref\\=hp \\|title\\=Nuclear Reactors Not Needed to Make the Most Common Medical Isotope \\|author\\=Robert F. Service \\|date\\=20 February 2012 \\|work\\=Science Now \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224124132/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/02/nuclear\\-reactors\\-not\\-needed\\-to\\-m.html?ref\\=hp \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, the development of newer, more reliable and efficient particle accelerators also fuels the proposals for [subcritical reactors](/wiki/Subcritical_reactor \"Subcritical reactor\") with a [spallation neutron source](/wiki/Spallation_Neutron_Source \"Spallation Neutron Source\") being used for [nuclear transmutation](/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation \"Nuclear transmutation\") of \"legacy\" waste and/or power generation. Such reactors could also be used to produce medical isotopes. Some isotopes, like [Cobalt\\-60](/wiki/Cobalt-60 \"Cobalt-60\") are currently mostly produced in reactors like the Canadian [CANDU](/wiki/CANDU \"CANDU\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Cobalt\\-60 Production in Candu Power Reactors \\|url\\=http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/malkoskie\\_cobalt\\_paper.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 June 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622080120/http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/malkoskie\\_cobalt\\_paper.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mining.com/cobalt\\-60\\-a\\-life\\-saving\\-medical\\-isotope\\-harvested\\-at\\-onatrio\\-nuclear\\-generating\\-station/\\|title\\=Cobalt\\-60 — a life\\-saving medical isotope harvested at Onatrio \\[sic] Nuclear Generating Station\\|date\\=27 October 2021\\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221215120/https://www.mining.com/cobalt\\-60\\-a\\-life\\-saving\\-medical\\-isotope\\-harvested\\-at\\-onatrio\\-nuclear\\-generating\\-station/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}[Plutonium\\-238](/wiki/Plutonium-238 \"Plutonium-238\"), the preferred material for [radioisotope thermal generators](/wiki/Radioisotope_thermal_generator \"Radioisotope thermal generator\") for use in spacecraft, faced a significant shortage after a single reactor producing it shut down,{{Cite web\\|url \\= https://science.howstuffworks.com/plutonium\\-238\\-fuel\\-shortage\\-nasa.htm\\|title \\= Plutonium Shortage Could Cripple NASA's Deep Space Exploration\\|date \\= 24 October 2017\\|access\\-date \\= 21 February 2022\\|archive\\-date \\= 21 February 2022\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220221062437/https://science.howstuffworks.com/plutonium\\-238\\-fuel\\-shortage\\-nasa.htm\\|url\\-status \\= live}} before the U.S. established a capacity to produce it from [Neptunium\\-237](/wiki/Neptunium-237 \"Neptunium-237\") at one of their laboratories.{{Cite web\\|url \\= https://www.space.com/31499\\-us\\-makes\\-plutonium\\-deep\\-space\\-fuel.html\\|title \\= Space Plutonium: US Once Again Producing Fuel for Deep\\-Space Missions\\|website \\= \\[\\[Space.com]]\\|date \\= January 2016\\|access\\-date \\= 21 February 2022\\|archive\\-date \\= 21 February 2022\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220221062509/https://www.space.com/31499\\-us\\-makes\\-plutonium\\-deep\\-space\\-fuel.html\\|url\\-status \\= live}}", "### Nuclear\\-free alternatives", "{{See also\\|100% renewable energy\\|Soft energy path\\|Renewable energy commercialisation\\|Non\\-nuclear future\\|Clean Tech Nation}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Three renewable energy sources: [solar energy](/wiki/Solar_energy \"Solar energy\"), [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power \"Wind power\"), and [hydroelectricity](/wiki/Hydroelectricity \"Hydroelectricity\")](/wiki/File:Alternative_Energies.jpg \"Alternative Energies.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|The 150 MW [Andasol Solar Power Station](/wiki/Andasol_Solar_Power_Station \"Andasol Solar Power Station\") is a commercial [parabolic trough](/wiki/Parabolic_trough \"Parabolic trough\") [solar thermal](/wiki/Solar_thermal \"Solar thermal\") power plant, located in [Spain](/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain \"Renewable energy in Spain\"). The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity even when the sun isn't shining.{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.334\\.6058\\.922\\|pmid\\=22096185\\|title\\=Saving for a Rainy Day\\|journal\\=Science\\|volume\\=334\\|issue\\=6058\\|pages\\=922–924\\|year\\=2011\\|last1\\=Cartlidge\\|first1\\=E.\\|bibcode\\=2011Sci...334\\..922C}}](/wiki/File:Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg \"Andasol Guadix 4.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Photovoltaic SUDI shade is an autonomous and mobile station in France that provides energy for electric vehicles using solar energy.](/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_%26_Innovation.jpg \"Ombrière SUDI - Sustainable Urban Design & Innovation.jpg\")", "Anti\\-nuclear groups say that reliance on nuclear energy can be reduced by adopting [energy conservation](/wiki/Energy_conservation \"Energy conservation\") and [energy efficiency](/wiki/Efficient_energy_use \"Efficient energy use\") measures. Energy efficiency can reduce energy consumption while providing the same level of energy \"services\".Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council (January 2007\\). *[Energy Revolution: A Sustainable World Energy Outlook](http://www.energyblueprint.info/fileadmin/media/documents/energy_revolution.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806121526/http://www.energyblueprint.info/fileadmin/media/documents/energy\\_revolution.pdf \\|date\\=6 August 2009 }}*, p. 7\\.\nRenewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such as [sunlight](/wiki/Sunlight \"Sunlight\"), [wind](/wiki/Wind \"Wind\"), [tides](/wiki/Tide \"Tide\"), [plant growth](/wiki/Biomass \"Biomass\"), and [geothermal heat](/wiki/Geothermal_heating \"Geothermal heating\"), as the [International Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Energy_Agency \"International Energy Agency\") explains:IEA Renewable Energy Working Party (2002\\). *Renewable Energy... into the mainstream*, p. 9\\.\n{{blockquote\\|Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.}}", "Anti\\-nuclear groups also favour the use of [renewable energy](/wiki/Renewable_energy \"Renewable energy\"), such as [hydro](/wiki/Hydroelectricity \"Hydroelectricity\"), [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power \"Wind power\"), [solar power](/wiki/Solar_power \"Solar power\"), [geothermal energy](/wiki/Geothermal_energy \"Geothermal energy\") and [biofuel](/wiki/Biofuel \"Biofuel\").Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council (January 2007\\). *[Energy Revolution: A Sustainable World Energy Outlook](http://www.energyblueprint.info/fileadmin/media/documents/energy_revolution.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806121526/http://www.energyblueprint.info/fileadmin/media/documents/energy\\_revolution.pdf \\|date\\=6 August 2009 }}* According to the [International Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Energy_Agency \"International Energy Agency\") renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as they contribute to [world energy security](/wiki/Energy_security \"Energy security\") and provide opportunities for mitigating [greenhouse gases](/wiki/Greenhouse_gases \"Greenhouse gases\").[International Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Energy_Agency \"International Energy Agency\") (2007\\). [*Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet* (PDF)](http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable_factsheet.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012052513/http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable\\_factsheet.pdf \\|date\\=12 October 2009 }} OECD, 34 pages. Fossil fuels are being replaced by clean, climate\\-stabilizing, non\\-depletable sources of energy. According to [Lester R. Brown](/wiki/Lester_R._Brown \"Lester R. Brown\"):", "> ...the transition from coal, oil, and gas to wind, solar, and geothermal energy is well under way. In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something – oil, coal, or natural gas – leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy. The new energy economy harnesses the energy in wind, the energy coming from the sun, and heat from within the earth itself.[Lester R. Brown](/wiki/Lester_R._Brown \"Lester R. Brown\"). *Plan B 4\\.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization*, [Earth Policy Institute](/wiki/Earth_Policy_Institute \"Earth Policy Institute\"), 2009, p. 135\\.", "", "In 2014 global [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power \"Wind power\") capacity expanded 16% to 369,553 MW.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gwec.net/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/02/GWEC\\_GlobalWindStats2014\\_FINAL\\_10\\.2\\.2015\\.pdf \\|title\\=GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2014 \\|date\\=10 February 2015 \\|publisher\\=GWEC \\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218173958/http://www.gwec.net/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/02/GWEC\\_GlobalWindStats2014\\_FINAL\\_10\\.2\\.2015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4% of worldwide electricity usage,{{cite book \\|author\\=The World Wind Energy Association \\|title\\=2014 Half\\-year Report \\|year\\=2014\\|pages\\=1–8 \\|publisher\\=WWEA}} 11\\.4% in the EU,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA\\-Annual\\-Statistics\\-2015\\.pdf\\|title\\=Wind in power: 2015 European statistics\\- EWEA\\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=3 August 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803023236/http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA\\-Annual\\-Statistics\\-2015\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and it is widely used in [Asia](/wiki/Wind_power_in_China \"Wind power in China\"), and the [United States](/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States \"Wind power in the United States\"). In 2014, worldwide installed photovoltaics capacity increased to 177 [gigawatts](/wiki/Gigawatts \"Gigawatts\") (GW), sufficient to supply 1 per cent of global [electricity demands](/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption \"Electric energy consumption\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/The\\-Solar\\-Singularity\\-is\\-Nigh \\|title\\=The Solar Singularity Is Nigh \\|author\\=Tam Hunt \\|date\\=9 March 2015 \\|publisher\\=Greentech Media \\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328073616/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/The\\-Solar\\-Singularity\\-is\\-Nigh \\|url\\-status\\=live }} As of 2020 wind power expansion slowed down due to protests of residents and environmentalists.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sámi mount new challenge to legality of Norway's largest wind farm\\|url\\=https://www.arctictoday.com/sami\\-mount\\-new\\-challenge\\-legality\\-norways\\-largest\\-wind\\-farm/\\|last\\=McGwin\\|first\\=Kevin\\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-20\\|website\\=ArcticToday\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728123316/https://www.arctictoday.com/sami\\-mount\\-new\\-challenge\\-legality\\-norways\\-largest\\-wind\\-farm/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-07\\|title\\=Why do so many people in France hate wind farms?\\|url\\=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180807/why\\-do\\-some\\-people\\-in\\-france\\-hate\\-wind\\-farms\\-so\\-much\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|website\\=The Local .fr\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807172749/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180807/why\\-do\\-some\\-people\\-in\\-france\\-hate\\-wind\\-farms\\-so\\-much \\|archive\\-date\\=7 August 2018 }}{{Cite news\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-25\\|title\\=Norway's public backlash against onshore wind threatens sector growth\\|work\\=Reuters\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-norway\\-windfarm\\-politics\\-idUSKBN1WA177\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623024910/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-norway\\-windfarm\\-politics\\-idUSKBN1WA177\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[Solar thermal energy](/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy \"Solar thermal energy\") stations operate in the United States and Spain, and as of 2016, the largest of these is the 392 MW [Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System](/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Electric_Generating_System \"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\") in California.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://spectrum.ieee.org/worlds\\-largest\\-solar\\-thermal\\-plant\\-syncs\\-to\\-the\\-grid \\|title\\=World largest solar thermal plant syncs to the grid \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IEEE]] \\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2014 \\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-26 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625233502/https://spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/energy/renewables/worlds\\-largest\\-solar\\-thermal\\-plant\\-syncs\\-to\\-the\\-grid \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[\"World's Largest Solar Thermal Power Project at Ivanpah Achieves Commercial Operation\"](http://investors.nrg.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=121544&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1899656&highlight) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129072528/http://investors.nrg.com/phoenix.zhtml?c\\=121544\\&p\\=irol\\-newsArticle\\&ID\\=1899656\\&highlight \\|date\\=29 January 2016 }}, NRG press release, 13 February 2014\\. The world's largest [geothermal power](/wiki/Geothermal_power \"Geothermal power\") installation is [The Geysers](/wiki/The_Geysers \"The Geysers\") in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. [Brazil](/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil \"Renewable energy in Brazil\") has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of [ethanol fuel](/wiki/Ethanol_fuel \"Ethanol fuel\") from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the United States. As of 2020 expansion of biomass as fuel, which was previously praised by environmental organizations such as [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace \"Greenpeace\"), has been criticized for [environmental damage](/wiki/Biomass_%28energy%29%23Environmental_impacts \"Biomass (energy)#Environmental impacts\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Pulp Fiction, The Series\\|url\\=https://www.climatecentral.org/news/pulp\\-fiction\\-the\\-series\\-19592\\|website\\=www.climatecentral.org\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422234925/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/pulp\\-fiction\\-the\\-series\\-19592\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace \"Greenpeace\") advocates a reduction of fossil fuels by 50% by 2050 as well as phasing out nuclear power, contending that innovative technologies can increase energy efficiency, and suggests that by 2050 most electricity will come from renewable sources. The International Energy Agency estimates that nearly 50% of global electricity supplies will need to come from renewable energy sources in order to halve carbon dioxide emissions by 2050 and minimise climate change impacts.International Energy Agency. [IEA urges governments to adopt effective policies based on key design principles to accelerate the exploitation of the large potential for renewable energy](http://www.iea.org/Textbase/press/pressdetail.asp?PRESS_REL_ID=271) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922003032/http://www.iea.org/Textbase/press/pressdetail.asp?PRESS\\_REL\\_ID\\=271 \\|date\\=22 September 2017 }} 29 September 2008\\.", "[Mark Z. Jacobson](/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson \"Mark Z. Jacobson\") says producing all new energy with [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power \"Wind power\"), [solar power](/wiki/Solar_power \"Solar power\"), and [hydropower](/wiki/Hydropower \"Hydropower\") by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050\\. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be \"primarily social and political, not technological or economic\". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/DJEnPolicyPt2\\.pdf \\|title\\=Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies \\|author\\=Mark A. Delucchi and Mark Z. Jacobson \\|year\\=2011 \\|volume\\=39 \\|work\\=Energy Policy \\|pages\\=1170–1190 \\|publisher\\=Elsevier Ltd \\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616162420/http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/DJEnPolicyPt2\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Many have since referred to Jacobson's work to justify advocating for all 100% renewables, however, in February, 2017, a group of twenty\\-one scientists published a critique of Jacobson's work and found that his analysis involves \"errors, inappropriate methods and implausible assumptions\" and failed to provide \"credible evidence for rejecting the conclusions of previous analyses that point to the benefits of considering a broad portfolio of energy system options.\"{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Clack \\|first1\\=Christopher T. M. \\|last2\\=Qvist \\|first2\\=Staffan A. \\|last3\\=Apt \\|first3\\=Jay \\|last4\\=Bazilian \\|first4\\=Morgan \\|last5\\=Brandt \\|first5\\=Adam R. \\|last6\\=Caldeira \\|first6\\=Ken \\|last7\\=Davis \\|first7\\=Steven J. \\|last8\\=Diakov \\|first8\\=Victor \\|last9\\=Handschy \\|first9\\=Mark A. \\|last10\\=Hines \\|first10\\=Paul D. H. \\|last11\\=Jaramillo \\|first11\\=Paulina \\|last12\\=Kammen \\|first12\\=Daniel M. \\|last13\\=Long \\|first13\\=Jane C. S. \\|last14\\=Morgan \\|first14\\=M. Granger \\|last15\\=Reed \\|first15\\=Adam \\|last16\\=Sivaram \\|first16\\=Varun \\|last17\\=Sweeney \\|first17\\=James \\|last18\\=Tynan \\|first18\\=George R. \\|last19\\=Victor \\|first19\\=David G. \\|last20\\=Weyant \\|first20\\=John P. \\|last21\\=Whitacre \\|first21\\=Jay F. \\|title\\=Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low\\-cost grid power with 100% wind, water, and solar \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \\|date\\=27 June 2017 \\|volume\\=114 \\|issue\\=26 \\|pages\\=6722–6727 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1610381114 \\|pmid\\=28630353 \\|pmc\\=5495221 \\|bibcode\\=2017PNAS..114\\.6722C \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}", "Critics state that the anti\\-nuclear arguments overestimate the benefits of renewable energy and fail to consider [land per unit of energy](/wiki/Surface_power_density \"Surface power density\") inefficiencies and data that claims to forecast, \"...biomass, wind, and solar power are set to occupy an area equivalent of the size of the European Union by 2050\\.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bailey \\|first\\=Ronald \\|date\\=2023\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=New study: Nuclear power is humanity's greenest energy option \\|url\\=https://reason.com/2023/05/10/new\\-study\\-nuclear\\-power\\-is\\-humanitys\\-greenest\\-energy\\-option/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-24 \\|website\\=Reason.com \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=22 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522184138/https://reason.com/2023/05/10/new\\-study\\-nuclear\\-power\\-is\\-humanitys\\-greenest\\-energy\\-option/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "" ]
Activities ---------- ### Large protests [thumb\|Protest in Bonn against the deployment of [Pershing II](/wiki/Pershing_II "Pershing II") missiles in Europe, 1981](/wiki/File:Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8611.jpg "Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8611.jpg") [thumb\|Demonstration against [French nuclear testing](/wiki/French_nuclear_testing "French nuclear testing") in 1995 in Paris](/wiki/File:StopEssaisManif.jpg "StopEssaisManif.jpg") [thumb\|Demonstration in [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon "Lyon"), France, in the 1980s against nuclear tests](/wiki/File:Essais_nucleaires_manif.jpg "Essais nucleaires manif.jpg") [thumb\|On 12 December 1982, 30,000 women held hands around the {{convert\|6\|mi\|km}} perimeter of the base, in protest against the decision to site American [cruise missiles](/wiki/Cruise_missiles "Cruise missiles") there.](/wiki/File:Embracing_the_base%2C_Greenham_Common_December_1982_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759090.jpg "Embracing the base, Greenham Common December 1982 - geograph.org.uk - 759090.jpg") {{Main\|Anti\-nuclear protests}} In 1971, the town of [Wyhl](/wiki/Wyhl "Wyhl"), in Germany, was a proposed site for a nuclear power station. In the years that followed, public opposition steadily mounted, and there were large protests. Television coverage of police dragging away farmers and their wives helped to turn nuclear power into a major issue. In 1975, an administrative court withdrew the construction licence for the plant.{{cite book\|author1\=Stephen C. Mills\|author2\=Roger Williams\|title\=Public Acceptance of New Technologies: An International Review\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SeMNAAAAQAAJ\|year\=1986\|publisher\=Croom Helm\|isbn\=978\-0\-7099\-4319\-8\|pages\=375–376\|access\-date\=17 March 2018\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\=SeMNAAAAQAAJ\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite book\|author\=Robert Gottlieb\|title\=Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lR0n6oqMNPkC\&pg\=PP1\|year\=2005\|publisher\=Island Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-59726\-761\-8\|page\=237\|access\-date\=17 March 2018\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\=lR0n6oqMNPkC\&pg\=PP1\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00\.html\|title\=Nuclear Power in Germany: A Chronology\|author\=Deutsche Welle\|website\=DW.COM\|access\-date\=19 February 2008\|archive\-date\=24 January 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124115849/http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The Wyhl experience encouraged the formation of citizen action groups near other planned nuclear sites. In 1972, the nuclear disarmament movement maintained a presence in the Pacific, largely in response to [French nuclear testing](/wiki/French_nuclear_testing "French nuclear testing") there. New Zealand activists sailed boats into the test zone, interrupting the testing program.{{cite news \|last1\=Lewis \|first1\=Paul \|title\=David McTaggart, a Builder of Greenpeace, Dies at 69 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/world/david\-mctaggart\-a\-builder\-of\-greenpeace\-dies\-at\-69\.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=24 March 2001 \|access\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=6 December 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206200516/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/world/david\-mctaggart\-a\-builder\-of\-greenpeace\-dies\-at\-69\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Wittner \|first1\=Lawrence S. \|title\=Nuclear Disarmament Activism in Asia and the Pacific, 1971\-1996 \|journal\=The Asia\-Pacific Journal \|date\=15 June 2009 \|volume\=7 \|issue\=25 \|url\=https://apjjf.org/\-Lawrence\-S.\-Wittner/3179/article.html \|access\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=22 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122114419/http://www.japanfocus.org/\-Lawrence\_S\_\-Wittner/3179 \|url\-status\=live }} In Australia, thousands of people joined protest marches in Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Sydney. Scientists issued statements demanding an end to the nuclear tests. In Fiji, anti\-nuclear activists formed an Against Testing on [Mururoa](/wiki/Mururoa "Mururoa") organization. In the [Basque Country](/wiki/Basque_Country_%28autonomous_community%29 "Basque Country (autonomous community)") (Spain and France), a strong anti\-nuclear movement emerged in 1973, which ultimately led to the abandonment of most of the planned nuclear power projects.Lutz Mez, [Mycle Schneider](/wiki/Mycle_Schneider "Mycle Schneider") and [Steve Thomas](/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_%28economist%29 "Stephen Thomas (economist)") (Eds.) (2009\). *International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power*, Multi\-Science Publishing Co. Ltd, p. 371\. On 14 July 1977, in [Bilbao](/wiki/Bilbao "Bilbao"), between 150,000 and 200,000 people protested against the [Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Lemoniz_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant"). This has been called the "biggest ever anti\-nuclear demonstration".Wolfgang Rudig (1990\). *Anti\-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy*, Longman, p. 138\. In France, there were mass protests in the early 1970s, organized at nearly every planned nuclear site in France. Between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations. In 1977 there was a massive demonstration at the [Superphénix](/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix "Superphénix") breeder reactor in Creys\-Malvillein which culminated in violence.Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak (1982\). *[The Atom Besieged: Antinuclear Movements in France and Germany](http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026264021Xchap1.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105857/http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026264021Xchap1\.pdf \|date\=4 June 2011 }}*, ASIN: B0011LXE0A, p. 3\. In West Germany, between February 1975 and April 1979, some 280,000 people were involved in seven demonstrations at nuclear sites. Several site occupations were also attempted. Following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, some 120,000 people attended a demonstration against nuclear power in [Bonn](/wiki/Bonn "Bonn"). In the Philippines, there were many [protests in the late 1970s and 1980s](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_Philippines "Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines") against the proposed [Bataan Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Bataan Nuclear Power Plant"), which was built but never operated{{cite book\|author1\=Yok\-shiu F. Lee\|author2\=Alvin Y. So\|title\=Asia's Environmental Movements: Comparative Perspectives\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Tj9m7HMa6\-wC\&pg\=PA160\|year\=1999\|publisher\=M.E. Sharpe\|isbn\=978\-1\-56324\-909\-9\|pages\=160–161\|access\-date\=11 November 2015\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Tj9m7HMa6\-wC\&pg\=PA160\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}} due to safety concerns and issues regarding corruption.{{Cite web\|last\=Oliveros\|first\=Benjie\|date\=2009\-01\-31\|title\=Revival of Bataan Nuclear Power Plant a Source of Corruption?\|url\=https://www.bulatlat.com/2009/01/31/revival\-of\-bataan\-nuclear\-power\-plant\-a\-source\-of\-corruption/\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-19\|website\=Bulatlat\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=19 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119023530/https://www.bulatlat.com/2009/01/31/revival\-of\-bataan\-nuclear\-power\-plant\-a\-source\-of\-corruption/\|url\-status\=live}} In 1981, Germany's largest anti\-nuclear power demonstration protested against the construction of the [Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Brokdorf_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant") west of Hamburg. Some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers.{{cite news \|last1\=Tagliabue \|first1\=John \|title\=WEST GERMANS CLASH AT SITE OF A\-PLANT \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/west\-germans\-clash\-at\-site\-of\-a\-plant.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=1 March 1981 \|access\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907192728/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/west\-germans\-clash\-at\-site\-of\-a\-plant.html \|url\-status\=live }}[Violence Mars West German Protest](https://web.archive.org/web/20090606210652/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/violence-mars-west-german-nuclear-protest-demonstrators-brokdorf-near-hamburg.html) *The New York Times*, 1 March 1981 p. 17 In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the revival of the [nuclear arms race](/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race "Nuclear arms race"), triggered a new wave of protests about nuclear weapons. Older organizations such as the [Federation of Atomic Scientists](/wiki/Federation_of_Atomic_Scientists "Federation of Atomic Scientists") revived, and newer organizations appeared, including the [Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign](/wiki/Nuclear_Weapons_Freeze_Campaign "Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign") and [Physicians for Social Responsibility](/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility "Physicians for Social Responsibility").Lawrence S. Wittner. {{cite web\|url\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/op\-eds/disarmament\-movement\-lessons\-yesteryear\|title\=Disarmament movement lessons from yesteryear\|date\=2009\-07\-27\|access\-date\=18 January 2010\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121209103702/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/op\-eds/disarmament\-movement\-lessons\-yesteryear\|archive\-date\=9 December 2012}} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, 27 July 2009\. In the UK, on 1 April 1983, about 70,000 people linked arms to form a 14\-mile\-long human chain between three nuclear weapons centres in Berkshire.Paul Brown, Shyama Perera and Martin Wainwright. [Protest by CND stretches 14 miles](https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1866956,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510220343/https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1866956,00\.html \|date\=10 May 2017 }} *The Guardian*, 2 April 1983\. On Palm Sunday 1982, 100,000 Australians participated in anti\-nuclear rallies in the nation's largest cities. Growing year by year, the rallies drew 350,000 participants in 1985\. On 29 October 1983, the {{ill\|Committee Cruise Missiles No\|nl\|Komitee Kruisraketten Nee}} organised a demonstration in The Hague, Netherlands which was attended by 550,000 people, and was the largest demonstration in the history of the Netherlands.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/zomergasten/lees/gasten/1988/sienie\-strikwerda.html \|title\=Sienie Strikwerda \|website\=VPRO Television \|year\=1988 \|access\-date\=28 February 2022 \|language\=nl \|archive\-date\=28 February 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228155648/https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/zomergasten/lees/gasten/1988/sienie\-strikwerda.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=https://nos.nl/artikel/522198\-sienie\-strikwerda\-91\-overleden \|title\=Sienie Strikwerda (91\) overleden \|website\=Nederlandse Omroep Stichting \|date\=25 June 2013 \|language\=nl \|access\-date\=28 February 2022 \|archive\-date\=28 February 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228155645/https://nos.nl/artikel/522198\-sienie\-strikwerda\-91\-overleden \|url\-status\=live }} In May 1986, following the [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster"), clashes between anti\-nuclear protesters and West German police were common. More than 400 people were injured in mid\-May at a nuclear\-waste reprocessing plant being built near Wackersdorf.John Greenwald. [Energy and Now, the Political Fallout](https://web.archive.org/web/20080228221114/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961509-2,00.html#ixzz0ceyKaRdI), *TIME*, 2 June 1986\. Also in May 1986, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program, and 50,000 marched in Milan.{{cite book\|author\=Marco Giugni\|title\=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\&pg\=PA55\|year\=2004\|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield\|isbn\=978\-0\-7425\-1827\-8\|page\=55\|access\-date\=11 November 2015\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045259/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\&pg\=PA55\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}} Hundreds of people walked from Los Angeles to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), in 1986 in what is referred to as the [Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament "Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament"). The march took nine months to traverse {{Convert\|3700\|mi}}, advancing approximately fifteen miles per day.[Hundreds of Marchers Hit Washington in Finale of Nationwide Peace March](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19861116&id=6NARAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ekDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,12809) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430190655/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1320\&dat\=19861116\&id\=6NARAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=5ekDAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4346,12809 \|date\=30 April 2016 }} *Gainesville Sun*, 16 November 1986\. The anti\-nuclear organisation "Nevada Semipalatinsk" was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti\-nuclear groups in the former [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). It attracted thousands of people to its protests and campaigns which eventually led to the closure of the [nuclear test site](/wiki/Nuclear_test_site "Nuclear test site") in north\-east [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"), in 1991\.{{cite web \| title \= Semipalatinsk: 60 years later (collection of articles) \| publisher \=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \| date \= September 2009 \| url \= http://thebulletin.org/web\-edition/special\-topics/semipalatinsk\-60\-years\-later \| access\-date \= 2009\-10\-01 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20091014204454/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/special\-topics/semipalatinsk\-60\-years\-later \| archive\-date \= 14 October 2009}}[World: Asia\-Pacific: Kazakh anti\-nuclear movement celebrates tenth anniversary](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/288008.stm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065400/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia\-pacific/288008\.stm \|date\=26 January 2016 }} *BBC News*, 28 February 1999\.Matthew Chance. [Inside the nuclear underworld: Deformity and fear](http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/08/30/btsc.chance.nukes/index.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331182649/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/08/30/btsc.chance.nukes/index.html \|date\=31 March 2009 }} *CNN.com*, 31 August 2007\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://peoplebuildingpeace.microhost.nl/thestories/print.php?id\=137\&typ\=theme\|title\=Protests Stop Devastating Nuclear Tests: The Nevada\-Semipalatinsk Anti\-Nuclear Movement in Kazakhstan\|access\-date\=16 January 2010\|archive\-date\=11 May 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014846/http://peoplebuildingpeace.microhost.nl/thestories/print.php?id\=137\&typ\=theme\|url\-status\=live}} The [World Uranium Hearing](/wiki/World_Uranium_Hearing "World Uranium Hearing") was held in [Salzburg, Austria](/wiki/Salzburg%2C_Austria "Salzburg, Austria") in September 1992\. Anti\-nuclear speakers from all continents, including indigenous speakers and scientists, testified to the health and environmental problems of [uranium mining](/wiki/Uranium_mining "Uranium mining") and processing, [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power "Nuclear power"), [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons "Nuclear weapons"), [nuclear tests](/wiki/Nuclear_tests "Nuclear tests"), and [radioactive waste disposal](/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management "High-level radioactive waste management"). People who spoke at the 1992 Hearing included [Thomas Banyacya](/wiki/Thomas_Banyacya "Thomas Banyacya"), [Katsumi Furitsu](/wiki/Katsumi_Furitsu "Katsumi Furitsu"), [Manuel Pino](/wiki/Manuel_Pino "Manuel Pino") and [Floyd Red Crow Westerman](/wiki/Floyd_Red_Crow_Westerman "Floyd Red Crow Westerman").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nuclear\-free.com/english/hearing.htm \|title\=World Uranium Hearing, a Look Back \|author\=Nuclear\-Free Future Award \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603131308/http://www.nuclear\-free.com/english/hearing.htm \|archive\-date\=3 June 2013 \|author\-link\=Nuclear\-Free Future Award }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nuclear\-free.com/english/salzburg.htm \|title\=The Declaration of Salzberg \|author\=Nuclear\-Free Future Award \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923230316/http://www.nuclear\-free.com/english/salzburg.htm \|archive\-date\=23 September 2012 }} ### Protests in the United States {{Main\|Anti\-nuclear protests in the United States}} [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear protest in 1979 following the Three Mile Island accident](/wiki/File:Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg "Anti-nuke rally in Harrisburg USA.jpg") There were many [anti\-nuclear protests in the United States](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States "Anti-nuclear protests in the United States") which captured national public attention during the 1970s and 1980s. These included the well\-known [Clamshell Alliance](/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance "Clamshell Alliance") protests at [Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant") and the [Abalone Alliance](/wiki/Abalone_Alliance "Abalone Alliance") protests at [Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant"), where thousands of protesters were arrested. Other large protests followed the 1979 [Three Mile Island accident](/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident "Three Mile Island accident").{{cite book\|last\=Giugni\|first\=Marco\|title\=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\&pg\=PA44\|year\=2004\|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield\|isbn\=978\-0\-7425\-1827\-8\|page\=44\|access\-date\=11 November 2015\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\&pg\=PA44\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}} A large [anti\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear "Anti-nuclear") demonstration was held in May 1979 in Washington, D.C., when 65,000 people including the Governor of California, attended a march and rally against [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power "Nuclear power").{{cite book\|last\=Giugni\|first\=Marco\|title\=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\&pg\=PA44\|year\=2004\|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield\|isbn\=978\-0\-7425\-1827\-8\|page\=45}} In New York City on 23 September 1979, almost 200,000 people attended a protest against nuclear power.{{cite news \|last1\=Herman \|first1\=Robin \|title\=Nearly 200,000 Rally to Protest Nuclear Energy \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/24/archives/nearly\-200000\-rally\-to\-protest\-nuclear\-energy\-gathering\-at\-the.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=24 September 1979 \|access\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=11 November 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111171126/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/24/archives/nearly\-200000\-rally\-to\-protest\-nuclear\-energy\-gathering\-at\-the.html \|url\-status\=live }} Anti\-nuclear power protests preceded the shutdown of the [Shoreham](/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant"), [Yankee Rowe](/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Plant"), [Millstone I](/wiki/Millstone_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Millstone Nuclear Power Plant"), [Rancho Seco](/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station "Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station"), [Maine Yankee](/wiki/Maine_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant"), and about a dozen other nuclear power plants.Williams, Estha. [Nuke Fight Nears Decisive Moment](http://www.valleyadvocate.com/article.cfm?aid=8218) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015825/http://www.valleyadvocate.com/article.cfm?aid\=8218 \|date\=29 November 2014 }} *Valley Advocate*, 28 August 2008\. On 12 June 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park") against [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons "Nuclear weapons") and for an end to the [cold war](/wiki/Cold_war "Cold war") [arms race](/wiki/Arms_race "Arms race"). It was the largest anti\-nuclear [protest](/wiki/Demonstration_%28people%29 "Demonstration (people)") and the largest political demonstration in American history.Jonathan Schell. ["The Spirit of June 12"](http://www.thenation.com/article/spirit-june-12) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512085225/http://www.thenation.com/article/spirit\-june\-12 \|date\=12 May 2019 }} *The Nation*, 2 July 2007\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.icanw.org/1982\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616175116/http://www.icanw.org/1982\|title\=1982 – a million people march in New York City\|archive\-date\=16 June 2010}} International Day of Nuclear Disarmament protests were held on 20 June 1983 at 50 sites across the United States.{{cite book\|author\=Harvey Klehr\|title\=Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8YSmiFins9sC\&pg\=PA150\|year\=1988\|publisher\=Transaction Publishers\|isbn\=978\-1\-4128\-2343\-2\|page\=150\|access\-date\=11 November 2015\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045754/https://books.google.com/books?id\=8YSmiFins9sC\&pg\=PA150\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}}[1,400 Anti\-nuclear protesters arrested](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35CC6CE191FBE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120093922/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=MH\&s\_site\=miami\&p\_multi\=MH\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0EB35CC6CE191FBE\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM \|date\=20 January 2019 }} *Miami Herald*, 21 June 1983\. In 1986, hundreds of people walked from [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), in the [Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament "Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament").[Hundreds of Marchers Hit Washington in Finale of Nationwaide Peace March](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19861116&id=6NARAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ekDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,12809) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430190655/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1320\&dat\=19861116\&id\=6NARAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=5ekDAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4346,12809 \|date\=30 April 2016 }} *Gainesville Sun*, 16 November 1986\. There were many [Nevada Desert Experience](/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience "Nevada Desert Experience") protests and peace camps at the [Nevada Test Site](/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site "Nevada Test Site") during the 1980s and 1990s.Robert Lindsey. [438 Protesters are Arrested at Nevada Nuclear Test Site](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/06/us/438-protesters-are-arrested-at-nevada-nuclear-test-site.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109191838/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/06/us/438\-protesters\-are\-arrested\-at\-nevada\-nuclear\-test\-site.html \|date\=9 January 2023 }} *The New York Times*, 6 February 1987\.[493 Arrested at Nevada Nuclear Test Site](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/20/us/493-arrested-at-nevada-nuclear-test-site.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506010026/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/20/us/493\-arrested\-at\-nevada\-nuclear\-test\-site.html \|date\=6 May 2020 }} *The New York Times*, 20 April 1992\. On 1 May 2005, 40,000 anti\-nuclear/anti\-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki").Lance Murdoch. [Pictures: New York MayDay anti\-nuke/war march](http://indymedia.us/en/2005/05/6861.shtml) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728132228/http://indymedia.us/en/2005/05/6861\.shtml \|date\=28 July 2011 }} *IndyMedia*, 2 May 2005\.[Anti\-Nuke Protests in New York](https://www.foxnews.com/story/anti-nuke-protests-in-new-york) *Fox News*, 2 May 2005\. This was the largest anti\-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades. In the 2000s there were protests about, and campaigns against, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States.[Protest against nuclear reactor](http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2008/10/protest-against-nuclear-recator.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617083955/http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2008/10/protest\-against\-nuclear\-recator.html \|date\=17 June 2010 }} *Chicago Tribune*, 16 October 2008\.[Southeast Climate Convergence occupies nuclear facility](http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2008/08/405999.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916201825/http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2008/08/405999\.html \|date\=16 September 2011 }} *Indymedia UK*, 8 August 2008\. In 2013, four aging, uncompetitive, reactors were permanently closed: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.thebulletin.org/nuclear\-aging\-not\-so\-graceful \|title\=Nuclear aging: Not so graceful \|author\=Mark Cooper \|date\=18 June 2013 \|work\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \|access\-date\=28 June 2014 \|archive\-date\=5 July 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705145151/http://www.thebulletin.org/nuclear\-aging\-not\-so\-graceful \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/business/energy\-environment/aging\-nuclear\-plants\-are\-closing\-but\-for\-economic\-reasons.html?ref\=matthewlwald \|title\=Nuclear Plants, Old and Uncompetitive, Are Closing Earlier Than Expected \|author\=Matthew Wald \|date\=14 June 2013 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=26 January 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126093314/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/business/energy\-environment/aging\-nuclear\-plants\-are\-closing\-but\-for\-economic\-reasons.html?ref\=matthewlwald \|url\-status\=live }} [Vermont Yankee](/wiki/Vermont_Yankee "Vermont Yankee"), in Vernon, is scheduled to close in 2014, following many protests. Protesters in New York State are seeking to close [Indian Point Energy Center](/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center "Indian Point Energy Center"), in Buchanan, 30 miles from New York City. ### Recent developments For many years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries, and the anti\-nuclear power movement seemed to have won its case. Some anti\-nuclear groups disbanded. In the 2000s (decade), however, following [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") activities by the nuclear industry,{{cite journal \|title\=The Campaign to Sell Nuclear \|author\=Diane Farseta \|date\=1 September 2008 \|volume\=64 \|issue\=4 \|journal\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \|pages\=38–56 \|doi\=10\.2968/064004009\|bibcode\=2008BuAtS..64d..38F }} [advances in nuclear reactor designs](/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_technology%23Advanced_reactors "Nuclear reactor technology#Advanced reactors"), and concerns about [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"), nuclear power issues came back into [energy policy](/wiki/Energy_policy "Energy policy") discussions in some countries. The [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster") subsequently undermined the nuclear power industry's proposed come back. 2004–2006 In January 2004, up to 15,000 anti\-nuclear protesters marched in Paris against a new generation of nuclear reactors, the European Pressurised Water Reactor (EPWR).[Thousands march in Paris anti\-nuclear protest](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/01/18/1027267.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107164619/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004\-01\-18/thousands\-march\-in\-paris\-anti\-nuclear\-protest/121430 \|date\=7 November 2020 }} ABC News, 18 January 2004\. On 1 May 2005, 40,000 anti\-nuclear/anti\-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"). This was the largest anti\-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades. In Britain, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the aging [Trident weapons system](/wiki/UK_Trident_programme "UK Trident programme") with a newer model. The largest protest had 100,000 participants and, according to polls, 59 per cent of the public opposed the move.[Lawrence S. Wittner](/wiki/Lawrence_S._Wittner "Lawrence S. Wittner"). [A rebirth of the anti\-nuclear weapons movement? Portents of an anti\-nuclear upsurge](http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/a-rebirth-the-anti-nuclear-weapons-movement) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619072842/http://thebulletin.org/web\-edition/roundtables/a\-rebirth\-the\-anti\-nuclear\-weapons\-movement \|date\=19 June 2010 }} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, 7 December 2007\. 2007–2009 [thumb\|right\|A scene from the 2007 Stop EPR ([European Pressurised Reactor](/wiki/European_Pressurised_Reactor%23Flamanville_3_%28second_unit%29 "European Pressurised Reactor#Flamanville 3 (second unit)")) protest in [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse "Toulouse"), France](/wiki/File:Anti-EPR_demonstration_in_Toulouse_0166_2007-03-17.jpg "Anti-EPR demonstration in Toulouse 0166 2007-03-17.jpg") [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in Northern Germany, on 8 November 2008](/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg "Grüne protests against nuclear energy.jpg") [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear march from London to Geneva, 2008](/wiki/File:Marche_antinucl%C3%A9aire_Angers.jpg "Marche antinucléaire Angers.jpg") [thumb\|Start of anti\-nuclear march from Geneva to Brussels, 2009](/wiki/File:Antinuclear_Walk_Geneva-Brussels_2009_Geneva.jpg "Antinuclear Walk Geneva-Brussels 2009 Geneva.jpg") On 17 March 2007 simultaneous protests, organised by *[Sortir du nucléaire](/wiki/Sortir_du_nucl%C3%A9aire_%28France%29 "Sortir du nucléaire (France)")*, were staged in five French towns to protest construction of [EPR](/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor "European Pressurized Reactor") plants; [Rennes](/wiki/Rennes "Rennes"), [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon "Lyon"), [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse "Toulouse"), [Lille](/wiki/Lille "Lille"), and [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg").{{cite news \|title\=French protests over EPR \|publisher\=Nuclear Engineering International \|date\=2007\-04\-03 \|url\=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode\=132\&storyCode\=2043436 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191242/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode\=132\&storyCode\=2043436 \|archive\-date\=27 September 2007}}{{cite news \|title\=France hit by anti\-nuclear protests \|work\=Evening Echo \|date\=2007\-04\-03 \|url\=http://www.eveningecho.ie/news/bstory.asp?j\=13919232\&p\=y39y9z78\&n\=13919320 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929005415/http://www.eveningecho.ie/news/bstory.asp?j\=13919232\&p\=y39y9z78\&n\=13919320 \|archive\-date\=29 September 2007}} In June 2007, 4,000 local residents, students and anti\-nuclear activists took to the streets in the city of Kudzus in Indonesia's Central Java, calling on the Government to abandon plans to build a nuclear power plant there.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/06/12/1949428\.htm \|title\=Thousands protest against Indonesian nuclear plant \|date\=12 June 2007 \|work\=ABC News \|access\-date\=2 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=18 February 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218214001/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/06/12/1949428\.htm \|url\-status\=live }} In February 2008, a group of concerned scientists and engineers called for the closure of the [Kazantzakis\-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Kazantzakis-Kariwa_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Kazantzakis-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant") in Japan.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=20601101\&sid\=andHPiVjEIUA\|title\=Japan Nuclear Plant Not Safe to Restart After Quake, Group Says\|date\=8 July 2023\|publisher\=Bloomberg News\|access\-date\=5 March 2017\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045755/https://www.bloomberg.com/politics?pid\=20601101\&sid\=andHPiVjEIUA\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/kkscientist24feb08\.html\|title\=Close Kazantzakis\-Kariwa Nuclear Plant\|author\=CNIC (Citizens' Nuclear Information Center)\|website\=cnic.jp\|access\-date\=30 April 2010\|archive\-date\=16 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616025918/http://www.cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/kkscientist24feb08\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} The [International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/International_Conference_on_Nuclear_Disarmament%2C_Oslo%2C_2008 "International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament, Oslo, 2008") took place in [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo "Oslo") in February 2008, and was organized by The Government of [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), the [Nuclear Threat Initiative](/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative "Nuclear Threat Initiative") and the [Hoover Institute](/wiki/Hoover_Institute "Hoover Institute"). The Conference was entitled *Achieving the Vision of a World Free of Nuclear Weapons* and had the purpose of building consensus between nuclear weapon states and non\-nuclear weapon states in relation to the [Nuclear Non\-proliferation Treaty](/wiki/Nuclear_Non-proliferation_Treaty "Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty").{{cite web\|url\=http://disarmament.nrpa.no/ \|title\=International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament \|date\=February 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104155217/http://disarmament.nrpa.no/ \|archive\-date\=4 January 2011 }} During a weekend in October 2008, some 15,000 people disrupted the transport of radioactive nuclear waste from France to a dump in Germany. This was one of the largest such protests in many years and, according to *[Der Spiel](/wiki/Der_Spiel "Der Spiel")*, it signals a revival of the [anti\-nuclear movement in Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany "Anti-nuclear movement in Germany").[The Renaissance of the Anti\-Nuclear Movement](http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523204210/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00\.html \|date\=23 May 2011 }} *Spiel Online*, 11/10/2008\.[Anti\-Nuclear Protest Reawakens: Nuclear Waste Reaches German Storage Site Amid Fierce Protests](http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130101235/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00\.html \|date\=30 January 2010 }} *Spiel Online*, 11/11/2008\.Simon Sturdiness. [Police break up German nuclear protest](http://news.theage.com.au/world/police-break-up-german-nuclear-protest-20081111-5lw7.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521030942/http://news.theage.com.au/world/police\-break\-up\-german\-nuclear\-protest\-20081111\-5lw7\.html \|date\=21 May 2011 }} *The Age*, 11 November 2008\. In 2009, the coalition of green parties in the European parliament, who are unanimous in their anti\-nuclear position, increased their presence in the parliament from 5\.5% to 7\.1% (52 seats).[Green boost in European elections may trigger nuclear fight](http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090609/full/news.2009.556.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720013436/http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090609/full/news.2009\.556\.html \|date\=20 July 2009 }}, *Nature*, 9 June 2009\. In October 2008 in the United Kingdom, more than 30 people were arrested during one of the largest anti\-nuclear protests at the [Atomic Weapons Establishment](/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment "Atomic Weapons Establishment") at Aldermaston for 10 years. The demonstration marked the start of the UN World Disarmament Week and involved about 400 people.[More than 30 arrests at Aldermaston anti\-nuclear protest](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/28/anti-nuclear-aldermaston-protest-disarmament) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702072941/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/28/anti\-nuclear\-aldermaston\-protest\-disarmament \|date\=2 July 2017 }} *The Guardian*, 28 October 2008\. In 2008 and 2009, there have been protests about, and criticism of, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2008/01/05/anti\-nuclear\-renaissance\-powerful\-partial\-and\-tentative\-victory\-over\-atomic\-energy\|title\=Anti\-Nuclear Renaissance: A Powerful but Partial and Tentative Victory Over Atomic Energy\|website\=Common Dreams\|access\-date\=17 December 2020\|archive\-date\=25 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125071742/https://www.commondreams.org/views/2008/01/05/anti\-nuclear\-renaissance\-powerful\-partial\-and\-tentative\-victory\-over\-atomic\-energy\|url\-status\=live}} There have also been some objections to license renewals for existing nuclear plants.Maryann Spoto. [Nuclear license renewal sparks protest](http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/1243915641194930.xml&coll=1) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175958/http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news\-14/1243915641194930\.xml\&coll\=1 \|date\=3 March 2016 }} *Star\-Ledger*, 2 June 2009\.[Anti\-nuclear protesters reach capitol](http://www.rutlandherald.com/article/BT/20100114/NEWS01/1140347/0/BENNETT) {{dead link\|date\=September 2018\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *Rutland Herald*, 14 January 2010\. A convoy of 350 farm tractors and 50,000 protesters took part in an anti\-nuclear rally in Berlin on 5 September 2009\. The marchers demanded that Germany close all nuclear plants by 2020 and close the Gorleben radioactive dump.Eric Kirschbaum. [Anti\-nuclear rally enlivens German campaign](https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE58426820090905) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907163439/http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE58426820090905 \|date\=7 September 2009 }} Reuters, 5 September 2009\.[50,000 join anti\-nuclear power march in Berlin](http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090905-21723.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911111328/http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090905\-21723\.html \|date\=11 September 2009 }} *The Local*, 5 September 2009\. Gorleben is the focus of the [anti\-nuclear movement in Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany "Anti-nuclear movement in Germany"), which has tried to derail train transports of waste and to destroy or block the approach roads to the site. Two above\-ground storage units house 3,500 containers of radioactive sludge and thousands of tonnes of spent fuel rods.Roger Boyes. [German nuclear programme threatened by old mine housing waste](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6997652.ece) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155007/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6997652\.ece \|date\=4 June 2011 }} *The Times*, 22 January 2010\. 2010 [thumb\|KETTENreAKTION! in Uetersen, Germany](/wiki/File:KETTENreAKTION_Uetersen_27.JPG "KETTENreAKTION Uetersen 27.JPG") On 21 April 2010, a dozen [environmental organizations](/wiki/Environmental_organization "Environmental organization") called on the [United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission](/wiki/United_States_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission "United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission") to investigate possible limitations in the [AP1000](/wiki/AP1000 "AP1000") reactor design. These groups appealed to three federal agencies to suspend the licensing process because they believed containment in the new design is weaker than existing reactors.{{cite news \|title\=Groups say new Vogyle Reactors need study \|work\=August Chronicle \|url\=http://m.chronicle.augusta.com/latest\-news/2010\-04\-21/groups\-say\-new\-vogtle\-reactors\-need\-study?v\=1271900068 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185219/http://m.chronicle.augusta.com/latest\-news/2010\-04\-21/groups\-say\-new\-vogtle\-reactors\-need\-study?v\=1271900068 \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-07 \|access\-date\=2010\-04\-24}} On 24 April 2010, about 120,000 people built a human chain (KETTENreAKTION!) between the nuclear plants at [Krümmel](/wiki/Kr%C3%BCmmel_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant") and [Brunsbüttel](/wiki/Brunsb%C3%BCttel_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant"). In this way they were demonstrating against the plans of the German government to extend the life of nuclear power reactors.{{cite web\|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE63N13Q20100424\|title\=German nuclear protesters form 75\-mile human chain\|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=2010\-04\-25\|access\-date\=2010\-04\-25 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427092449/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE63N13Q20100424\| archive\-date\= 27 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead}} In May 2010, some 25,000 people, including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors, marched for about two kilometers from downtown New York to the United Nations headquarters, calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons.[A\-bomb survivors join 25,000\-strong anti\-nuclear march through New York](http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/314/Default.aspx) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512133429/http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/314/Default.aspx \|date\=12 May 2013}} *Mainichi Daily News*, 4 May 2010\. In September 2010, German government policy shifted back toward nuclear energy, and this generated some new anti\-nuclear sentiment in Berlin and beyond.James Norman and Dave Sweeney. [Germany's 'hot autumn' of nuclear discontent](https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/germanys-hot-autumn-of-nuclear-discontent-20100914-15aag.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304193811/http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/germanys\-hot\-autumn\-of\-nuclear\-discontent\-20100914\-15aag.html \|date\=4 March 2013 }} *Sydney Morning Herald*, 14 September 2010\. On 18 September 2010, tens of thousands of Germans surrounded Chancellor [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel")'s office in an anti\-nuclear demonstration that organisers said was the biggest of its kind since the 1986 [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster").Dave Graham. [Thousands of Germans attend anti\-nuclear protest](https://archive.today/20100921073729/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/world/Thousands+Germans+attend+anti+nuclear+protest/3545178/story.html) *National Post*, 18 September 2010\. In October 2010, tens of thousands of people protested in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") against the nuclear power policy of Angela Merkel's coalition government. The action was the largest anti\-nuclear event in [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") for more than two decades.[Tens of thousands take part in Munich anti\-nuclear protest](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6097663,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014150204/http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,,6097663,00\.html \|date\=14 October 2010 }} *Deutsche Welle*, 9 October 2010\. In November 2010, there were violent protests against a train carrying reprocessed nuclear waste in Germany. Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in Dannenberg to signal their opposition to the cargo. Around 16,000 police were mobilised to deal with the protests.Rachael Brown. [Violent protests against nuclear waste train](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/11/08/3059949.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111090814/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/11/08/3059949\.htm \|date\=11 November 2010 }} ABC News, 8 November 2010\.[Atomic waste train back on move after anti\-nuclear blockade](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6194531,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108080415/http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,,6194531,00\.html \|date\=8 November 2010 }} *Deutsche Welle*, 5 November 2010\. In December 2010, some 10,000 people (mainly fishermen, farmers and their families) turned out to oppose the [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project "Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project") in the Maharashtra state of India, amid a heavy police presence.[Indians protest against nuclear plant](http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1432616/Indians-protest-against-nuclear-plant) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021073824/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1432616/Indians\-protest\-against\-nuclear\-plant \|date\=21 October 2012 }} (4 December 2010\) *World News Australia*. In December 2010, five anti\-nuclear weapons activists, including octogenarians and [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit "Jesuit") priests, were convicted of conspiracy and trespass in Tacoma, US. They cut fences at [Naval Base Kitsap](/wiki/Naval_Base_Kitsap "Naval Base Kitsap")\-Bangor in 2009 to protest submarine nuclear weapons, and reached an area near where [Trident nuclear](/wiki/Trident_nuclear "Trident nuclear") warheads are stored in bunkers. Members of the group could face up to 10 years in prison.{{cite news \|last1\=Valdes \|first1\=Manuel \|title\=Anti\-nuclear weapon protesters convicted in Tacoma \|url\=https://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/12/13/anti\_nuclear\_weapon\_protesters\_convicted\_in\_tacoma/ \|work\=Boston Globe \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=13 December 2010 \|access\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907191928/https://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/12/13/anti\_nuclear\_weapon\_protesters\_convicted\_in\_tacoma/ \|url\-status\=live }} 2011 [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear demonstration in [Munich, Germany](/wiki/Munich%2C_Germany "Munich, Germany"), March 2011](/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_Anti-Atomkraft-Demonstration_M%C3%A4rz_2011_003.JPG "München Anti-Atomkraft-Demonstration März 2011 003.JPG") [thumb\|Eight of the seventeen operating reactors in Germany were permanently shut down following the March 2011 [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima nuclear disaster")](/wiki/File:Atom-Moratorium.svg "Atom-Moratorium.svg") [thumb\|Buddhist monks of Nipponzan\-Myōhōji protest against nuclear power near the Diet of Japan in Tokyo on 5 April 2011\.](/wiki/File:Monksantinuclear.JPG "Monksantinuclear.JPG") [thumb\|[Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey](/wiki/Human_chain_against_nuclear_plant_in_Turkey "Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey") on 17 April 2011](/wiki/File:Mersin_anti_nuclear_4.jpg "Mersin anti nuclear 4.jpg") [thumb\|Castor demonstration in Dannenberg, Germany, November 2011](/wiki/File:Castor_2011_-_Demonstration_in_Dannenberg_%289%29.jpg "Castor 2011 - Demonstration in Dannenberg (9).jpg") In January 2011, five Japanese young people held a hunger strike for more than a week, outside the Prefectural Government offices in [Yamaguchi City](/wiki/Yamaguchi%2C_Yamaguchi "Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi"), to protest against the planned [Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Kaminoseki_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant") near the environmentally sensitive [Seto Inland Sea](/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea "Seto Inland Sea").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k\=716 \|title\=Five Japanese in Hunger Strike Against Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant \|date\=29 January 2011 \|access\-date\=1 February 2011 \|archive\-date\=31 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131165408/http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k\=716 \|url\-status\=live }} Following the [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster"), anti\-nuclear opposition intensified in Germany. On 12 March 2011, 60,000 Germans formed a 45\-km human chain from [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart "Stuttgart") to the [Neckarwestheim](/wiki/Neckarwestheim "Neckarwestheim") power plant.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-germany\-nuclear\-extension\-idUSTRE72D5WX20110314 \|title\=Germany suspends deal to extend nuclear plants' life \|last\=Stamp \|first\=David \|date\=14 March 2011 \|publisher\=\[\[Reuters]] \|access\-date\=15 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=26 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065401/http://www.reuters.com/article/us\-germany\-nuclear\-extension\-idUSTRE72D5WX20110314 \|url\-status\=live }} On 14 March 110,000 people protested in 450 other German towns, with opinion polls indicating 80% of Germans opposed the government's extension of nuclear power.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,,14912184,00\.html \|title\=Merkel shuts down seven nuclear reactors \|last\=Knight \|first\=Ben \|date\=15 March 2011 \|work\=\[\[Deutsche Welle]] \|access\-date\=15 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=15 May 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515215901/https://www.dw.com/en/merkel\-shuts\-down\-seven\-nuclear\-reactors/a\-14912184 \|url\-status\=live }} On 15 March 2011, Angela Merkel said that seven nuclear power plants which went online before 1980 would be closed and the time would be used to study speedier [renewable energy commercialization](/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization "Renewable energy commercialization").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/business/global/16euronuke.html \|title\=Germany Shuts 7 Plants as Europe Plans Safety Tests \|author\=James Kanter and Judy Dempsey \|date\=15 March 2011 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=18 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118104959/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/business/global/16euronuke.html \|url\-status\=live }} In March 2011, around 2,000 anti\-nuclear protesters demonstrated in Taiwan for an immediate halt to the construction of the island's fourth nuclear power plant. The protesters were also opposed to plans to extend the lifespan of three existing nuclear plants.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest\+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110320\-269104\.html \|title\=Over 2,000 rally against nuclear plants in Taiwan \|date\=20 March 2011 \|agency\=AFP \|access\-date\=24 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=24 February 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224193409/https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest\+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110320\-269104\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In March 2011, more than 200,000 people took part in anti\-nuclear protests in four large German cities, on the eve of state elections. Organisers called it the largest anti\-nuclear demonstration the country has seen.{{cite web \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/germany\-nuclear\-idUKLDE72P0FG20110326 \|title\=Anti\-nuclear Germans protest on eve of state vote \|date\=26 March 2011 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=1 September 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901022937/https://uk.reuters.com/article/germany\-nuclear\-idUKLDE72P0FG20110326 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/europe/28germany.html?\_r\=1 \|title\=Merkel Loses Key German State on Nuclear Fears \|author\=Judy Dempsey \|date\=27 March 2011 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 January 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129052319/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/europe/28germany.html?\_r\=1 \|url\-status\=live }} Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011\. About 7,000 people took part in anti\-nuclear protests in Bremen. About 3,000 people protested outside [RWE](/wiki/RWE "RWE")'s headquarters in Essen.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MBL8981\.htm \|title\=Thousands of Germans protest against nuclear power \|date\=2 April 2011 \|work\=Bloomberg Businessweek \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508123412/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MBL8981\.htm \|archive\-date\=8 May 2011}} Citing the Fukushima nuclear disaster, environmental activists at a U.N. meeting in April 2011 "urged bolder steps to tap [renewable energy](/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy") so the world doesn't have to choose between the dangers of nuclear power and the ravages of climate change".{{cite web \|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gA36EtO2y0Cuvw3w1X8O2TMPRYtw?docId\=695dc2e92bf04303a5322dbcd94e36a9 \|title\=Activists call for renewable energy at UN meeting \|date\=4 April 2011 \|agency\=Associated Press \|access\-date\=10 November 2016 \|archive\-date\=5 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405024756/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gA36EtO2y0Cuvw3w1X8O2TMPRYtw?docId\=695dc2e92bf04303a5322dbcd94e36a9 \|url\-status\=dead }} In mid\-April, 17,000 people protested at two demonstrations in Tokyo against nuclear power.{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2024}} In India, environmentalists, local farmers and fishermen have been protesting for months over the planned [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project "Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project") six\-reactor complex, 420 km south of Mumbai. If built, it would be one of the world's largest nuclear power complexes. Protests have escalated following Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster and during two days of violent rallies in April 2011, a local man was killed and dozens were injured.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/fisherman\-shot\-dead\-in\-indian\-nuke\-protest/story\-e6frg6so\-1226042424159 \|title\=Fisherman shot dead in Indian nuke protest \|author\=Amanda Hodge \|date\=21 April 2011 \|work\=The Australian \|access\-date\=21 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=15 May 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515132117/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/fisherman\-shot\-dead\-in\-indian\-nuke\-protest/story\-e6frg6so\-1226042424159 \|url\-status\=live }} In May 2011, some 20,000 people turned out for Switzerland's largest anti\-nuclear power demonstration in 25 years. Demonstrators marched peacefully near the [Beznau Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Beznau_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Beznau Nuclear Power Plant"), the oldest in Switzerland, which started operating 40 years ago.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9NCL8100\.htm \|title\=Biggest anti\-nuclear Swiss protests in 25 years \|date\=22 May 2011 \|work\=Bloomberg Businessweek \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026080657/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9NCL8100\.htm \|archive\-date\=26 October 2012}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss\_news/Anti\-nuclear\_protests\_attract\_20,000\.html?cid\=30291990 \|title\=Anti\-nuclear protests attract 20,000 \|date\=22 May 2011 \|work\=Swissinfo \|access\-date\=24 May 2011 \|archive\-date\=28 July 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728155903/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss\_news/Anti\-nuclear\_protests\_attract\_20,000\.html?cid\=30291990 \|url\-status\=live }} Days after the anti\-nuclear rally, Cabinet decided to ban the building of new nuclear power reactors. The country's five existing reactors would be allowed to continue operating, but "would not be replaced at the end of their life span". In May 2011, 5,000 people joined a carnival\-like anti\-nuclear protest in [Taipei City](/wiki/Taipei_City "Taipei City"). This was part of a nationwide "No Nuke Action" protest, urging the government to stop construction of a Fourth Nuclear Plant and pursue a more [sustainable energy](/wiki/Sustainable_energy "Sustainable energy") policy.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/01/2003502115 \|title\=Anti\-nuclear rally draws legions \|author\=Lee I\-Chia \|date\=1 May 2011 \|work\=Taipei Times \|access\-date\=14 July 2011 \|archive\-date\=3 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503152335/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/01/2003502115 \|url\-status\=live }} On [World Environment Day](/wiki/World_Environment_Day "World Environment Day") in June 2011, environmental groups demonstrated against Taiwan's nuclear power policy. The Taiwan Environmental Protection Union, together with 13 environmental groups and legislators, gathered in Taipei and protested against the nation's three operating nuclear power plants and the construction of a fourth plant.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/06/05/2003505021 \|title\=Conservationists protest against nuclear policies \|author\=Lee I\-Chia \|date\=5 June 2011 \|work\=Tapai Times \|access\-date\=5 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=27 June 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627140853/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/06/05/2003505021 \|url\-status\=live }} Three months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, thousands of anti\-nuclear protesters marched in Japan. Company workers, students, and parents with children rallied across Japan, "venting their anger at the government's handling of the crisis, carrying flags bearing the words 'No Nukes!' and 'No More Fukushima'."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/columns\-us\-japan\-nuclear\-protest\-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 \|title\=Japan anti\-nuclear protesters rally after quake \|author\=Antoni Slodkowski \|date\=15 June 2011 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=12 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512003222/https://www.reuters.com/article/columns\-us\-japan\-nuclear\-protest\-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 \|url\-status\=live }} In August 2011, about 2,500 people including farmers and fishermen marched in Tokyo. They are suffering heavy losses following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and called for prompt compensation from plant operator [TEPCO](/wiki/Tokyo_Electric_Power_Company "Tokyo Electric Power Company") and the government.{{cite web\|url\=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110813p2g00m0dm011000c.html \|title\=Fukushima farmers, fishermen protest over nuclear crisis \|date\=13 August 2011 \|work\=Mainichi Daily News \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902124656/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110813p2g00m0dm011000c.html \|archive\-date\=2 September 2011}} In September 2011, anti\-nuclear protesters, marching to the beat of drums, "took to the streets of Tokyo and other cities to mark six months since the March earthquake and tsunami and vent their anger at the government's handling of the nuclear crisis set off by meltdowns at the Fukushima power plant". Protesters called for a complete shutdown of Japanese nuclear power plants and demanded a shift in government policy toward alternative sources of energy. Among the protestors were four young men who started a 10\-day hunger strike to bring about change in Japan's nuclear policy.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-japan\-quake\-protests\-idUSTRE78A1AB20110911 \|title\=Japan anti\-nuclear protests mark 6 months since quake \|author\=Olivier Fabre \|date\=11 September 2011 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=16 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516122409/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-japan\-quake\-protests\-idUSTRE78A1AB20110911 \|url\-status\=live }} Tens of thousands of people marched in central Tokyo in September 2011, chanting "Sayonara nuclear power" and waving banners, to call on Japan's government to abandon atomic energy in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Author [Kenzaburō Ōe](/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce "Kenzaburō Ōe") and musician [Ryuichi Sakamoto](/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto "Ryuichi Sakamoto") were among the event's supporters.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011\-09\-19/japan\-anti\-nuclear\-protest/50461872/1 \|title\=Thousands march against nuclear power in Tokyo \|date\=September 2011 \|work\=USA Today \|access\-date\=24 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=17 March 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317191750/https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011\-09\-19/japan\-anti\-nuclear\-protest/50461872/1 \|url\-status\=live }} Since the March 2011 Japanese [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima nuclear disaster"), "populations around proposed Indian NPP sites have launched protests that are now finding resonance around the country, raising questions about atomic energy as a clean and safe alternative to fossil fuels". Assurances by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh that all safety measures will be implemented, have not been heeded, and there have thus been mass protests against the French\-backed 9900 MW [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project "Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project") in Maharashtra and the 2000 MW [Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Koodankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant") in Tamil Nadu. The state government of West Bengal state has also refused permission to a proposed 6000 MW facility where six Russian reactors were to be built. A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government's civil nuclear program at the apex Supreme Court. The PIL specifically asks for the "staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost\-benefit analyses are completed by independent agencies".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=3889\&Itemid\=614 \|title\=India's Rising Nuclear Safety Concerns \|author\=Siddharth Srivastava \|date\=27 October 2011 \|work\=Asia Sentinel \|access\-date\=29 October 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215238/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=3889\&Itemid\=614 \|archive\-date\=4 October 2013 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india\-nuclear\-energy\-expansion\-grassroots\-uprising\-jaitapur\-maharashtra\-tamil\-nadu\-west\-bengal\-fukushima \|title\=Prospects Dim for India's Nuclear Power Expansion as Grassroots Uprising Spreads \|author\=Ranjit Devraj \|date\=25 October 2011 \|work\=Inside Climate News \|access\-date\=29 October 2011 \|archive\-date\=3 April 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403023313/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india\-nuclear\-energy\-expansion\-grassroots\-uprising\-jaitapur\-maharashtra\-tamil\-nadu\-west\-bengal\-fukushima \|url\-status\=live }} Michael Banach, the current [Vatican](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See") representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency, told a conference in Vienna in September 2011 that the Japanese nuclear disaster created new concerns about the safety of nuclear plants globally. Auxiliary bishop of Osaka Michael Goro Matsuura said this serious nuclear power incident should be a lesson for Japan and other countries to abandon nuclear projects. He called on the worldwide Christian solidarity to provide wide support for this anti\-nuclear campaign. Statements from bishops' conferences in Korea and the Philippines called on their governments to abandon atomic power. [Nobel laureate](/wiki/Nobel_laureate "Nobel laureate") [Kenzaburō Ōe](/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce "Kenzaburō Ōe") has said Japan should decide quickly to abandon its nuclear reactors.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/kenzaburo\-oe\-nobel\-winner\-japan\-nuclear\_n\_950085\.html \|title\=Kenzaburo Oe, Nobel Winner Urges Japan To Abandon Nuclear Power \|author\=Mari Yamaguchi \|date\=6 September 2011 \|work\=HuffPost \|access\-date\=20 February 2020 \|archive\-date\=6 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306235137/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/kenzaburo\-oe\-nobel\-winner\-japan\-nuclear\_n\_950085\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In the UK, in October 2011, more than 200 protesters blockaded the [Hinkley Point C nuclear power station](/wiki/Hinkley_Point_C_nuclear_power_station "Hinkley Point C nuclear power station") site. Members of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to the site in protest at EDF Energy's plans to build two new reactors on the site.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/03/hinkley\-point\-protest\-nuclear\-power \|title\=Hinkley Point power station blockaded by anti\-nuclear protesters \|date\=3 October 2011 \|work\=The Guardian \|access\-date\=11 December 2016 \|archive\-date\=11 June 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611145052/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/03/hinkley\-point\-protest\-nuclear\-power \|url\-status\=live }} 2012 [thumb\|Protest at Neckarwestheim, Germany, 11 March 2012](/wiki/File:Neckarwestheim_Demonstration_Energiewende_jetzt_20120311_22.jpg "Neckarwestheim Demonstration Energiewende jetzt 20120311 22.jpg") In January 2012, 22 South Korean women's groups appealed for a nuclear free future, saying they believe nuclear weapons and power reactors "threaten our lives, the lives of our families and all living creatures". The women said they feel an enormous sense of crisis after the [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima nuclear disaster") in March 2011, which demonstrated the destructive power of radiation in the disruption of human lives, environmental pollution, and food contamination.{{cite web \|url\=http://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/01/18/we\-want\-a\-nuclear\-free\-world/ \|title\="We want a nuclear\-free peaceful world" say South Korea's women \|date\=13 January 2012 \|work\=Women News Network \|access\-date\=19 January 2012 \|archive\-date\=8 April 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408100331/https://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/01/18/we\-want\-a\-nuclear\-free\-world/ \|url\-status\=live }} Thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Yokohama, Japan, on 14–15 January 2012, to show their support for a nuclear power\-free world. The demonstration showed that organized opposition to nuclear power has gained momentum following the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The most immediate demand of the demonstrators was for the protection of rights, including basic human rights such as health care, for those affected by the Fukushima accident.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20120122a2\.html \|title\=Protesting nuclear power \|date\=22 January 2012 \|work\=The Japan Times \|access\-date\=25 January 2012 \|archive\-date\=25 January 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125131421/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20120122a2\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In January 2012, three hundred [anti\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear "Anti-nuclear") protestors marched against plans to build a new nuclear power station at Wylfa in the UK. The march was organised by Pobl Atal Wylfa B, Greenpeace and Cymdeithas yr Iaith, which are supporting a farmer who is in dispute with Horizon.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theonlinemail.co.uk/bangor\-and\-anglesey\-news/local\-bangor\-and\-anglesey\-news/2012/01/25/hundreds\-protest\-against\-nuclear\-power\-station\-plans\-66580\-30188845/ \|title\=Hundreds protest against nuclear power station plans \|author\=Elgan Hearn \|date\=25 January 2012 \|work\=Online Mail \|access\-date\=21 February 2012 \|archive\-date\=24 December 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045756/https://www.dailypost.co.uk/in\-your\-area/ \|url\-status\=live }} On the anniversary of the 11 March earthquake and tsunami, protesters across Japan called for the abolishment of nuclear power and nuclear reactors. In [Koriyama, Fukushima](/wiki/Koriyama%2C_Fukushima "Koriyama, Fukushima"), 16,000 people called for the end of nuclear power. In [Shizuoka Prefecture](/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture "Shizuoka Prefecture"), 1,100 people appealed for the scrapping of the [Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Hamaoka_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant"). In [Tsuruga, Fukui](/wiki/Tsuruga%2C_Fukui "Tsuruga, Fukui"), 1,200 people marched in the streets of the city of Tsuruga, the home of the [Monju fast\-breeder reactor prototype](/wiki/Monju_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Monju Nuclear Power Plant") and other nuclear reactors. In [Nagasaki](/wiki/Nagasaki "Nagasaki") and [Hiroshima](/wiki/Hiroshima "Hiroshima"), anti\-nuclear protesters and atomic\-bomb survivors marched together and demanded that Japan should end its nuclear dependency.The Mainichi Shimbun (12 March 2012\) [Antinuclear protests held across Japan on anniversary of disaster](http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120312p2g00m0dm069000c.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312172051/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120312p2g00m0dm069000c.html \|date\=12 March 2012}} Austrian Chancellor [Werner Faymann](/wiki/Werner_Faymann "Werner Faymann") expects anti\-nuclear petition drives to start in at least six European Union countries in 2012 in an effort to have the EU abandon nuclear power. Under the EU's Lisbon Treaty, petitions that attract at least one million signatures can seek legislative proposals from the European Commission, which would pave the way for anti\-nuclear activists to garner support.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/austria\-nuclear\-idUSL5E8EC1IN20120312 \|title\=Austria expects EU anti\-nuclear campaign this year \|date\=12 March 2012 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518220752/https://www.reuters.com/article/austria\-nuclear\-idUSL5E8EC1IN20120312 \|url\-status\=live }} In March 2012, about 2,000 people staged an anti\-nuclear protest in Taiwan's capital following the massive tsunami that hit Japan one year ago. The protesters rallied in Taipei to renew calls for a nuclear\-free island. They "want the government to scrap a plan to operate a newly constructed nuclear power plant – the fourth in densely populated Taiwan". Scores of aboriginal protesters "demanded the removal of 100,000 barrels of nuclear waste stored on their [Orchid Island](/wiki/Orchid_Island "Orchid Island")".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory\_776471\.html \|title\=About 2,000 Taiwanese stage anti\-nuclear protest \|date\=11 March 2011 \|work\=The Straits Times \|access\-date\=14 March 2012 \|archive\-date\=14 March 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314142722/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory\_776471\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In March 2012, hundreds of anti\-nuclear demonstrators converged on the Australian headquarters of global mining giants BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. The 500\-strong march through southern Melbourne called for an end to uranium mining in Australia, and included speeches and performances by representatives of the expatriate Japanese community as well as Australia's Indigenous communities, who are concerned about the effects of uranium mining near tribal lands. There were also events in Sydney.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east\-pacific/Australian\-Rallies\-Remember\-Fukushima\-Disaster\-142242575\.html \|title\=Australian Rallies Remember Fukushima Disaster \|author\=Phil Mercer \|date\=11 March 2012 \|publisher\=VOA News \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312194611/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east\-pacific/Australian\-Rallies\-Remember\-Fukushima\-Disaster\-142242575\.html \|archive\-date\=12 March 2012}} In March 2012, South Korean environmental groups held a rally in Seoul to oppose nuclear power. Over 5,000 people attended, and the turnout was one of the largest in recent memory for an anti\-nuclear rally. The demonstration demanded that President Lee Myung Bak abandon his policy of promoting nuclear power.{{cite web\|url\=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/international/news/20120311p2g00m0in018000c.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120719173708/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/international/news/20120311p2g00m0in018000c.html \|archive\-date\=19 July 2012 \|title\=Antinuclear rally held in Seoul on eve of Japan quake anniversary \|date\=11 March 2012 \|work\=Mainichi Daily}} In March 2012, police said they had arrested nearly 200 [anti\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear "Anti-nuclear") activists who were protesting the restart of work at the long\-stalled Indian Kudankulam nuclear power plant.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.france24\.com/en/20120320\-nearly\-200\-arrested\-india\-nuclear\-protest \|title\=Nearly 200 arrested in India nuclear protest \|date\=20 March 2012 \|publisher\=France24 \|access\-date\=24 March 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531034131/http://www.france24\.com/en/20120320\-nearly\-200\-arrested\-india\-nuclear\-protest \|archive\-date\=31 May 2012 }} In June 2012, tens of thousands of Japanese protesters participated in anti\-nuclear power rallies in Tokyo and Osaka, over the government's decision to restart the first idled reactors since the Fukushima disaster, at [Oi Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Oi_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Oi Nuclear Power Plant") in Fukui Prefecture.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120624a4\.html \|title\=Oi prompts domestic, U.S. antinuclear rallies \|date\=24 June 2012 \|work\=The Japan Times \|access\-date\=26 June 2012 \|archive\-date\=27 June 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627083844/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120624a4\.html \|url\-status\=live }} 2013 [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear protesters in Taipei](/wiki/File:Longmen_Nuclear_Power_Plant_from_VOA_%284%29.jpg "Longmen Nuclear Power Plant from VOA (4).jpg") {{update\|section\|date\=May 2013}} Thousands of protesters marched in Tokyo on 11 March 2013 calling on the government to reject nuclear power.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/japan\-protestjapan\-protest/thousands\-in\-japan\-anti\-nuclear\-protest\-two\-years\-after\-fukushima\-idUSL1N0C209D20130310\|title\=Thousands in Japan anti\-nuclear protest two years after Fukushima\|date\=10 March 2013\|publisher\=\[\[Reuters]]\|access\-date\=5 July 2021\|archive\-date\=19 May 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519103113/https://www.reuters.com/article/japan\-protestjapan\-protest/thousands\-in\-japan\-anti\-nuclear\-protest\-two\-years\-after\-fukushima\-idUSL1N0C209D20130310\|url\-status\=live}} In March 2013, 68,000 Taiwanese protested across major cities against nuclear power and the island's fourth nuclear plant, which is under construction. Taiwan's three existing nuclear plants are near the ocean, and prone to geological fractures, under the island.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-03\-11/taiwan\-anti\-nuclear\-protests\-may\-derail\-8\-9\-billion\-power\-plant.html \|title\=Taiwan Anti\-Nuclear Protests May Derail $8\.9 Billion Power Plant \|author\=Yu\-Huay Sun \|newspaper\=Bloomberg.com \|date\=11 March 2013 \|publisher\=Bloomberg News \|access\-date\=5 March 2017 \|archive\-date\=13 March 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313091824/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-03\-11/taiwan\-anti\-nuclear\-protests\-may\-derail\-8\-9\-billion\-power\-plant.html \|url\-status\=live }} In April 2013, thousands of Scottish campaigners, MSPs, and union leaders, rallied against nuclear weapons. The Scrap Trident Coalition wants to see an end to nuclear weapons, and says saved monies should be used for health, education and welfare initiatives. There was also a blockade of the [Faslane Naval Base](/wiki/Faslane_Naval_Base "Faslane Naval Base"), where Trident missiles are stored.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\-news/thousands\-anti\-nuclear\-protesters\-glasgow\-march\-1828754 \|title\=Thousands of anti\-nuclear protesters attend Glasgow march against Trident \|date\=13 April 2013 \|work\=Daily Record \|access\-date\=2 May 2013 \|archive\-date\=19 April 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419100510/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\-news/thousands\-anti\-nuclear\-protesters\-glasgow\-march\-1828754 \|url\-status\=live }} 2014 [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear protesters shot with water cannons in Taiwan](/wiki/File:Anti-nuclear_protesters_sprayed_by_water_cannons_in_Taipei%2C_Taiwan.jpg "Anti-nuclear protesters sprayed by water cannons in Taipei, Taiwan.jpg") In March 2014, around 130,000 Taiwanese marched for an anti\-nuclear protest around Taiwan. They demanded that the government remove nuclear power plants in Taiwan. The march came ahead of the 3rd anniversary of Fukushima disaster. Around 50,000 people marched in Taipei while another three separate events were held around other Taiwanese cities attended by around 30,000 people.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dw.de/anti\-nuclear\-protests\-in\-taiwan\-draw\-tens\-of\-thousands/a\-17483190\|title\=Anti\-nuclear protests in Taiwan draw tens of thousands\|author\=Deutsche Welle\|website\=DW.COM\|access\-date\=3 May 2014\|archive\-date\=3 May 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503095749/http://www.dw.de/anti\-nuclear\-protests\-in\-taiwan\-draw\-tens\-of\-thousands/a\-17483190\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/content/taiwan\-signals\-green\-light\-for\-nuclear\-power\-despite\-protests/1867797\.html\|title\=Taiwan Signals More Nuclear Power Despite Protests\|first\=Ralph\|last\=Jennings\|date\=10 March 2014\|access\-date\=3 May 2014\|archive\-date\=27 April 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427030228/http://www.voanews.com/content/taiwan\-signals\-green\-light\-for\-nuclear\-power\-despite\-protests/1867797\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Among the participants are the organizations from Green Citizen Action's Alliance, Homemakers United Foundation, Taiwan Association for Human Rights and Taiwan Environmental Protection Union.{{Cite web\|url\=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201403040006\|title\=Anti\-nuclear rallies to take place islandwide on March 8 \- Focus Taiwan\|website\=focustaiwan.tw\|date\=4 March 2014 \|access\-date\=17 December 2020\|archive\-date\=4 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204120712/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201403040006\|url\-status\=live}} Facing on\-going opposition and a host of delays, construction of the [Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Lungmen_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant") was halted in April 2014\.{{cite news \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/taiwan\-nuclear\-idUKL3N0NJ08C20140427 \|title\=Taiwan to halt construction of fourth nuclear power plant \|publisher\=Reuters \|date\=28 April 2014 \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=29 March 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329003619/https://uk.reuters.com/article/taiwan\-nuclear\-idUKL3N0NJ08C20140427 \|url\-status\=dead }} ### Casualties [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear demonstrations near [Gorleben](/wiki/Gorleben "Gorleben"), Lower Saxony, Germany, 8 May 1996](/wiki/File:Gorleben0001.JPG "Gorleben0001.JPG") Casualties during anti\-nuclear protests include: * On 9 December 1982, [Norman Mayer](/wiki/Norman_Mayer "Norman Mayer"), an American anti–nuclear weapons activist, was shot and killed by the [United States Park Police](/wiki/United_States_Park_Police "United States Park Police") after threatening to blow up the [Washington Monument](/wiki/Washington_Monument "Washington Monument"), [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), unless a national dialogue on the threat of nuclear weapons was seriously undertaken. * On 10 July 1985, the flagship of [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace"), [*Rainbow Warrior*](/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior "Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior"), was sunk by [France](/wiki/French_Navy "French Navy") in New Zealand waters, and a Greenpeace photographer was killed. The ship was involved in protests against [nuclear weapons testing](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing "Nuclear weapons testing") at [Mururoa Atoll](/wiki/Mururoa_Atoll "Mururoa Atoll"). The French Government initially denied any involvement with the sinking but eventually admitted its guilt in October 1985\. Two French agents pleaded guilty to charges of manslaughter, and the French Government paid $7 million in damages.Newtan, Samuel Upton (2007\). *Nuclear War 1 and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century*, AuthorHouse, p. 96\. * In 1990, two pylons holding high\-voltage power lines connecting the French and Italian grid were blown up by Italian [eco\-terrorists](/wiki/Eco-terrorism "Eco-terrorism"), and the attack is believed to have been directly in opposition against the Superphénix.WISE Paris. [The threat of nuclear terrorism:from analysis to precautionary measures](http://www.wise-paris.org/english/reports/conferences/011210Terrorisme.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194158/http://www.wise\-paris.org/english/reports/conferences/011210Terrorisme.pdf \|date\=16 October 2007 }}. 10 December 2001\. * In 2004, activist [Sébastien Briat](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Briat "Sébastien Briat"), who had tied himself to train tracks in front of a shipment of [reprocessed](/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing "Nuclear reprocessing") nuclear waste, was run over by the wheels of the train. The event happened in Avricourt, France, and the fuel (totaling 12 containers) was from a German plant, on its way to be reprocessed.Indymedia UK. [Activist Killed in Anti\-nuke Protest](http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/11/300681.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114035911/http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/11/300681\.html \|date\=14 January 2006 }}.
[ "Activities\n----------", "### Large protests", "[thumb\\|Protest in Bonn against the deployment of [Pershing II](/wiki/Pershing_II \"Pershing II\") missiles in Europe, 1981](/wiki/File:Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8611.jpg \"Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8611.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Demonstration against [French nuclear testing](/wiki/French_nuclear_testing \"French nuclear testing\") in 1995 in Paris](/wiki/File:StopEssaisManif.jpg \"StopEssaisManif.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Demonstration in [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\"), France, in the 1980s against nuclear tests](/wiki/File:Essais_nucleaires_manif.jpg \"Essais nucleaires manif.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|On 12 December 1982, 30,000 women held hands around the {{convert\\|6\\|mi\\|km}} perimeter of the base, in protest against the decision to site American [cruise missiles](/wiki/Cruise_missiles \"Cruise missiles\") there.](/wiki/File:Embracing_the_base%2C_Greenham_Common_December_1982_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759090.jpg \"Embracing the base, Greenham Common December 1982 - geograph.org.uk - 759090.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Anti\\-nuclear protests}}", "In 1971, the town of [Wyhl](/wiki/Wyhl \"Wyhl\"), in Germany, was a proposed site for a nuclear power station. In the years that followed, public opposition steadily mounted, and there were large protests. Television coverage of police dragging away farmers and their wives helped to turn nuclear power into a major issue. In 1975, an administrative court withdrew the construction licence for the plant.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Stephen C. Mills\\|author2\\=Roger Williams\\|title\\=Public Acceptance of New Technologies: An International Review\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SeMNAAAAQAAJ\\|year\\=1986\\|publisher\\=Croom Helm\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7099\\-4319\\-8\\|pages\\=375–376\\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SeMNAAAAQAAJ\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Robert Gottlieb\\|title\\=Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lR0n6oqMNPkC\\&pg\\=PP1\\|year\\=2005\\|publisher\\=Island Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59726\\-761\\-8\\|page\\=237\\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lR0n6oqMNPkC\\&pg\\=PP1\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00\\.html\\|title\\=Nuclear Power in Germany: A Chronology\\|author\\=Deutsche Welle\\|website\\=DW.COM\\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=24 January 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124115849/http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Wyhl experience encouraged the formation of citizen action groups near other planned nuclear sites.", "In 1972, the nuclear disarmament movement maintained a presence in the Pacific, largely in response to [French nuclear testing](/wiki/French_nuclear_testing \"French nuclear testing\") there. New Zealand activists sailed boats into the test zone, interrupting the testing program.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Lewis \\|first1\\=Paul \\|title\\=David McTaggart, a Builder of Greenpeace, Dies at 69 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/world/david\\-mctaggart\\-a\\-builder\\-of\\-greenpeace\\-dies\\-at\\-69\\.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=24 March 2001 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206200516/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/world/david\\-mctaggart\\-a\\-builder\\-of\\-greenpeace\\-dies\\-at\\-69\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wittner \\|first1\\=Lawrence S. \\|title\\=Nuclear Disarmament Activism in Asia and the Pacific, 1971\\-1996 \\|journal\\=The Asia\\-Pacific Journal \\|date\\=15 June 2009 \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=25 \\|url\\=https://apjjf.org/\\-Lawrence\\-S.\\-Wittner/3179/article.html \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122114419/http://www.japanfocus.org/\\-Lawrence\\_S\\_\\-Wittner/3179 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In Australia, thousands of people joined protest marches in Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Sydney. Scientists issued statements demanding an end to the nuclear tests. In Fiji, anti\\-nuclear activists formed an Against Testing on [Mururoa](/wiki/Mururoa \"Mururoa\") organization.", "In the [Basque Country](/wiki/Basque_Country_%28autonomous_community%29 \"Basque Country (autonomous community)\") (Spain and France), a strong anti\\-nuclear movement emerged in 1973, which ultimately led to the abandonment of most of the planned nuclear power projects.Lutz Mez, [Mycle Schneider](/wiki/Mycle_Schneider \"Mycle Schneider\") and [Steve Thomas](/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_%28economist%29 \"Stephen Thomas (economist)\") (Eds.) (2009\\). *International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power*, Multi\\-Science Publishing Co. Ltd, p. 371\\. On 14 July 1977, in [Bilbao](/wiki/Bilbao \"Bilbao\"), between 150,000 and 200,000 people protested against the [Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Lemoniz_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant\"). This has been called the \"biggest ever anti\\-nuclear demonstration\".Wolfgang Rudig (1990\\). *Anti\\-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy*, Longman, p. 138\\.", "In France, there were mass protests in the early 1970s, organized at nearly every planned nuclear site in France. Between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations. In 1977 there was a massive demonstration at the [Superphénix](/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix \"Superphénix\") breeder reactor in Creys\\-Malvillein which culminated in violence.Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak (1982\\). *[The Atom Besieged: Antinuclear Movements in France and Germany](http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026264021Xchap1.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105857/http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026264021Xchap1\\.pdf \\|date\\=4 June 2011 }}*, ASIN: B0011LXE0A, p. 3\\.", "In West Germany, between February 1975 and April 1979, some 280,000 people were involved in seven demonstrations at nuclear sites. Several site occupations were also attempted. Following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, some 120,000 people attended a demonstration against nuclear power in [Bonn](/wiki/Bonn \"Bonn\").", "In the Philippines, there were many [protests in the late 1970s and 1980s](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_Philippines \"Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines\") against the proposed [Bataan Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Bataan Nuclear Power Plant\"), which was built but never operated{{cite book\\|author1\\=Yok\\-shiu F. Lee\\|author2\\=Alvin Y. So\\|title\\=Asia's Environmental Movements: Comparative Perspectives\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Tj9m7HMa6\\-wC\\&pg\\=PA160\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=M.E. Sharpe\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-56324\\-909\\-9\\|pages\\=160–161\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Tj9m7HMa6\\-wC\\&pg\\=PA160\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}} due to safety concerns and issues regarding corruption.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Oliveros\\|first\\=Benjie\\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=Revival of Bataan Nuclear Power Plant a Source of Corruption?\\|url\\=https://www.bulatlat.com/2009/01/31/revival\\-of\\-bataan\\-nuclear\\-power\\-plant\\-a\\-source\\-of\\-corruption/\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=Bulatlat\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=19 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119023530/https://www.bulatlat.com/2009/01/31/revival\\-of\\-bataan\\-nuclear\\-power\\-plant\\-a\\-source\\-of\\-corruption/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 1981, Germany's largest anti\\-nuclear power demonstration protested against the construction of the [Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Brokdorf_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant\") west of Hamburg. Some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Tagliabue \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=WEST GERMANS CLASH AT SITE OF A\\-PLANT \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/west\\-germans\\-clash\\-at\\-site\\-of\\-a\\-plant.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=1 March 1981 \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907192728/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/west\\-germans\\-clash\\-at\\-site\\-of\\-a\\-plant.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[Violence Mars West German Protest](https://web.archive.org/web/20090606210652/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/violence-mars-west-german-nuclear-protest-demonstrators-brokdorf-near-hamburg.html) *The New York Times*, 1 March 1981 p. 17", "In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the revival of the [nuclear arms race](/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race \"Nuclear arms race\"), triggered a new wave of protests about nuclear weapons. Older organizations such as the [Federation of Atomic Scientists](/wiki/Federation_of_Atomic_Scientists \"Federation of Atomic Scientists\") revived, and newer organizations appeared, including the [Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign](/wiki/Nuclear_Weapons_Freeze_Campaign \"Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign\") and [Physicians for Social Responsibility](/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility \"Physicians for Social Responsibility\").Lawrence S. Wittner. {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/op\\-eds/disarmament\\-movement\\-lessons\\-yesteryear\\|title\\=Disarmament movement lessons from yesteryear\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-27\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121209103702/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/op\\-eds/disarmament\\-movement\\-lessons\\-yesteryear\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2012}} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, 27 July 2009\\. In the UK, on 1 April 1983, about 70,000 people linked arms to form a 14\\-mile\\-long human chain between three nuclear weapons centres in Berkshire.Paul Brown, Shyama Perera and Martin Wainwright. [Protest by CND stretches 14 miles](https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1866956,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510220343/https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1866956,00\\.html \\|date\\=10 May 2017 }} *The Guardian*, 2 April 1983\\.", "On Palm Sunday 1982, 100,000 Australians participated in anti\\-nuclear rallies in the nation's largest cities. Growing year by year, the rallies drew 350,000 participants in 1985\\. On 29 October 1983, the {{ill\\|Committee Cruise Missiles No\\|nl\\|Komitee Kruisraketten Nee}} organised a demonstration in The Hague, Netherlands which was attended by 550,000 people, and was the largest demonstration in the history of the Netherlands.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/zomergasten/lees/gasten/1988/sienie\\-strikwerda.html \\|title\\=Sienie Strikwerda \\|website\\=VPRO Television \\|year\\=1988 \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2022 \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228155648/https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/zomergasten/lees/gasten/1988/sienie\\-strikwerda.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://nos.nl/artikel/522198\\-sienie\\-strikwerda\\-91\\-overleden \\|title\\=Sienie Strikwerda (91\\) overleden \\|website\\=Nederlandse Omroep Stichting \\|date\\=25 June 2013 \\|language\\=nl \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228155645/https://nos.nl/artikel/522198\\-sienie\\-strikwerda\\-91\\-overleden \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In May 1986, following the [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\"), clashes between anti\\-nuclear protesters and West German police were common. More than 400 people were injured in mid\\-May at a nuclear\\-waste reprocessing plant being built near Wackersdorf.John Greenwald. [Energy and Now, the Political Fallout](https://web.archive.org/web/20080228221114/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961509-2,00.html#ixzz0ceyKaRdI), *TIME*, 2 June 1986\\. Also in May 1986, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program, and 50,000 marched in Milan.{{cite book\\|author\\=Marco Giugni\\|title\\=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\\&pg\\=PA55\\|year\\=2004\\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7425\\-1827\\-8\\|page\\=55\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045259/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\\&pg\\=PA55\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Hundreds of people walked from Los Angeles to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), in 1986 in what is referred to as the [Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament \"Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament\"). The march took nine months to traverse {{Convert\\|3700\\|mi}}, advancing approximately fifteen miles per day.[Hundreds of Marchers Hit Washington in Finale of Nationwide Peace March](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19861116&id=6NARAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ekDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,12809) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430190655/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1320\\&dat\\=19861116\\&id\\=6NARAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=5ekDAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4346,12809 \\|date\\=30 April 2016 }} *Gainesville Sun*, 16 November 1986\\.", "The anti\\-nuclear organisation \"Nevada Semipalatinsk\" was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti\\-nuclear groups in the former [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"). It attracted thousands of people to its protests and campaigns which eventually led to the closure of the [nuclear test site](/wiki/Nuclear_test_site \"Nuclear test site\") in north\\-east [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\"), in 1991\\.{{cite web \\| title \\= Semipalatinsk: 60 years later (collection of articles) \\| publisher \\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\| date \\= September 2009 \\| url \\= http://thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/special\\-topics/semipalatinsk\\-60\\-years\\-later \\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-10\\-01 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091014204454/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/special\\-topics/semipalatinsk\\-60\\-years\\-later \\| archive\\-date \\= 14 October 2009}}[World: Asia\\-Pacific: Kazakh anti\\-nuclear movement celebrates tenth anniversary](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/288008.stm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065400/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia\\-pacific/288008\\.stm \\|date\\=26 January 2016 }} *BBC News*, 28 February 1999\\.Matthew Chance. [Inside the nuclear underworld: Deformity and fear](http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/08/30/btsc.chance.nukes/index.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331182649/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/08/30/btsc.chance.nukes/index.html \\|date\\=31 March 2009 }} *CNN.com*, 31 August 2007\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://peoplebuildingpeace.microhost.nl/thestories/print.php?id\\=137\\&typ\\=theme\\|title\\=Protests Stop Devastating Nuclear Tests: The Nevada\\-Semipalatinsk Anti\\-Nuclear Movement in Kazakhstan\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014846/http://peoplebuildingpeace.microhost.nl/thestories/print.php?id\\=137\\&typ\\=theme\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The [World Uranium Hearing](/wiki/World_Uranium_Hearing \"World Uranium Hearing\") was held in [Salzburg, Austria](/wiki/Salzburg%2C_Austria \"Salzburg, Austria\") in September 1992\\. Anti\\-nuclear speakers from all continents, including indigenous speakers and scientists, testified to the health and environmental problems of [uranium mining](/wiki/Uranium_mining \"Uranium mining\") and processing, [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power \"Nuclear power\"), [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons \"Nuclear weapons\"), [nuclear tests](/wiki/Nuclear_tests \"Nuclear tests\"), and [radioactive waste disposal](/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management \"High-level radioactive waste management\"). People who spoke at the 1992 Hearing included [Thomas Banyacya](/wiki/Thomas_Banyacya \"Thomas Banyacya\"), [Katsumi Furitsu](/wiki/Katsumi_Furitsu \"Katsumi Furitsu\"), [Manuel Pino](/wiki/Manuel_Pino \"Manuel Pino\") and [Floyd Red Crow Westerman](/wiki/Floyd_Red_Crow_Westerman \"Floyd Red Crow Westerman\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nuclear\\-free.com/english/hearing.htm \\|title\\=World Uranium Hearing, a Look Back \\|author\\=Nuclear\\-Free Future Award \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603131308/http://www.nuclear\\-free.com/english/hearing.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2013 \\|author\\-link\\=Nuclear\\-Free Future Award }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nuclear\\-free.com/english/salzburg.htm \\|title\\=The Declaration of Salzberg \\|author\\=Nuclear\\-Free Future Award \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923230316/http://www.nuclear\\-free.com/english/salzburg.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2012 }}", "### Protests in the United States", "{{Main\\|Anti\\-nuclear protests in the United States}}\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear protest in 1979 following the Three Mile Island accident](/wiki/File:Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg \"Anti-nuke rally in Harrisburg USA.jpg\")", "There were many [anti\\-nuclear protests in the United States](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States \"Anti-nuclear protests in the United States\") which captured national public attention during the 1970s and 1980s. These included the well\\-known [Clamshell Alliance](/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance \"Clamshell Alliance\") protests at [Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant\") and the [Abalone Alliance](/wiki/Abalone_Alliance \"Abalone Alliance\") protests at [Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant\"), where thousands of protesters were arrested. Other large protests followed the 1979 [Three Mile Island accident](/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident \"Three Mile Island accident\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Giugni\\|first\\=Marco\\|title\\=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\\&pg\\=PA44\\|year\\=2004\\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7425\\-1827\\-8\\|page\\=44\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\\&pg\\=PA44\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "A large [anti\\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear \"Anti-nuclear\") demonstration was held in May 1979 in Washington, D.C., when 65,000 people including the Governor of California, attended a march and rally against [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power \"Nuclear power\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Giugni\\|first\\=Marco\\|title\\=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\\&pg\\=PA44\\|year\\=2004\\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7425\\-1827\\-8\\|page\\=45}} In New York City on 23 September 1979, almost 200,000 people attended a protest against nuclear power.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Herman \\|first1\\=Robin \\|title\\=Nearly 200,000 Rally to Protest Nuclear Energy \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/24/archives/nearly\\-200000\\-rally\\-to\\-protest\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-gathering\\-at\\-the.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=24 September 1979 \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111171126/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/24/archives/nearly\\-200000\\-rally\\-to\\-protest\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-gathering\\-at\\-the.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Anti\\-nuclear power protests preceded the shutdown of the [Shoreham](/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant\"), [Yankee Rowe](/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Plant\"), [Millstone I](/wiki/Millstone_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Millstone Nuclear Power Plant\"), [Rancho Seco](/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station \"Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station\"), [Maine Yankee](/wiki/Maine_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant\"), and about a dozen other nuclear power plants.Williams, Estha. [Nuke Fight Nears Decisive Moment](http://www.valleyadvocate.com/article.cfm?aid=8218) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015825/http://www.valleyadvocate.com/article.cfm?aid\\=8218 \\|date\\=29 November 2014 }} *Valley Advocate*, 28 August 2008\\.", "On 12 June 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\") against [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons \"Nuclear weapons\") and for an end to the [cold war](/wiki/Cold_war \"Cold war\") [arms race](/wiki/Arms_race \"Arms race\"). It was the largest anti\\-nuclear [protest](/wiki/Demonstration_%28people%29 \"Demonstration (people)\") and the largest political demonstration in American history.Jonathan Schell. [\"The Spirit of June 12\"](http://www.thenation.com/article/spirit-june-12) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512085225/http://www.thenation.com/article/spirit\\-june\\-12 \\|date\\=12 May 2019 }} *The Nation*, 2 July 2007\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.icanw.org/1982\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616175116/http://www.icanw.org/1982\\|title\\=1982 – a million people march in New York City\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2010}} International Day of Nuclear Disarmament protests were held on 20 June 1983 at 50 sites across the United States.{{cite book\\|author\\=Harvey Klehr\\|title\\=Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8YSmiFins9sC\\&pg\\=PA150\\|year\\=1988\\|publisher\\=Transaction Publishers\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4128\\-2343\\-2\\|page\\=150\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045754/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8YSmiFins9sC\\&pg\\=PA150\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}}[1,400 Anti\\-nuclear protesters arrested](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35CC6CE191FBE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120093922/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=MH\\&s\\_site\\=miami\\&p\\_multi\\=MH\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0EB35CC6CE191FBE\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM \\|date\\=20 January 2019 }} *Miami Herald*, 21 June 1983\\.\nIn 1986, hundreds of people walked from [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), in the [Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament \"Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament\").[Hundreds of Marchers Hit Washington in Finale of Nationwaide Peace March](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19861116&id=6NARAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ekDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,12809) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430190655/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1320\\&dat\\=19861116\\&id\\=6NARAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=5ekDAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4346,12809 \\|date\\=30 April 2016 }} *Gainesville Sun*, 16 November 1986\\. There were many [Nevada Desert Experience](/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience \"Nevada Desert Experience\") protests and peace camps at the [Nevada Test Site](/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site \"Nevada Test Site\") during the 1980s and 1990s.Robert Lindsey. [438 Protesters are Arrested at Nevada Nuclear Test Site](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/06/us/438-protesters-are-arrested-at-nevada-nuclear-test-site.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109191838/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/06/us/438\\-protesters\\-are\\-arrested\\-at\\-nevada\\-nuclear\\-test\\-site.html \\|date\\=9 January 2023 }} *The New York Times*, 6 February 1987\\.[493 Arrested at Nevada Nuclear Test Site](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/20/us/493-arrested-at-nevada-nuclear-test-site.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506010026/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/20/us/493\\-arrested\\-at\\-nevada\\-nuclear\\-test\\-site.html \\|date\\=6 May 2020 }} *The New York Times*, 20 April 1992\\.", "On 1 May 2005, 40,000 anti\\-nuclear/anti\\-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki \"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\").Lance Murdoch. [Pictures: New York MayDay anti\\-nuke/war march](http://indymedia.us/en/2005/05/6861.shtml) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728132228/http://indymedia.us/en/2005/05/6861\\.shtml \\|date\\=28 July 2011 }} *IndyMedia*, 2 May 2005\\.[Anti\\-Nuke Protests in New York](https://www.foxnews.com/story/anti-nuke-protests-in-new-york) *Fox News*, 2 May 2005\\. This was the largest anti\\-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades. In the 2000s there were protests about, and campaigns against, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States.[Protest against nuclear reactor](http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2008/10/protest-against-nuclear-recator.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617083955/http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2008/10/protest\\-against\\-nuclear\\-recator.html \\|date\\=17 June 2010 }} *Chicago Tribune*, 16 October 2008\\.[Southeast Climate Convergence occupies nuclear facility](http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2008/08/405999.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916201825/http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2008/08/405999\\.html \\|date\\=16 September 2011 }} *Indymedia UK*, 8 August 2008\\. In 2013, four aging, uncompetitive, reactors were permanently closed: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thebulletin.org/nuclear\\-aging\\-not\\-so\\-graceful \\|title\\=Nuclear aging: Not so graceful \\|author\\=Mark Cooper \\|date\\=18 June 2013 \\|work\\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 July 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705145151/http://www.thebulletin.org/nuclear\\-aging\\-not\\-so\\-graceful \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/business/energy\\-environment/aging\\-nuclear\\-plants\\-are\\-closing\\-but\\-for\\-economic\\-reasons.html?ref\\=matthewlwald \\|title\\=Nuclear Plants, Old and Uncompetitive, Are Closing Earlier Than Expected \\|author\\=Matthew Wald \\|date\\=14 June 2013 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126093314/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/business/energy\\-environment/aging\\-nuclear\\-plants\\-are\\-closing\\-but\\-for\\-economic\\-reasons.html?ref\\=matthewlwald \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Vermont Yankee](/wiki/Vermont_Yankee \"Vermont Yankee\"), in Vernon, is scheduled to close in 2014, following many protests. Protesters in New York State are seeking to close [Indian Point Energy Center](/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center \"Indian Point Energy Center\"), in Buchanan, 30 miles from New York City.", "### Recent developments", "For many years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries, and the anti\\-nuclear power movement seemed to have won its case. Some anti\\-nuclear groups disbanded. In the 2000s (decade), however, following [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations \"Public relations\") activities by the nuclear industry,{{cite journal \\|title\\=The Campaign to Sell Nuclear \\|author\\=Diane Farseta \\|date\\=1 September 2008 \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=4 \\|journal\\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\|pages\\=38–56 \\|doi\\=10\\.2968/064004009\\|bibcode\\=2008BuAtS..64d..38F }} [advances in nuclear reactor designs](/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_technology%23Advanced_reactors \"Nuclear reactor technology#Advanced reactors\"), and concerns about [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\"), nuclear power issues came back into [energy policy](/wiki/Energy_policy \"Energy policy\") discussions in some countries. The [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster\") subsequently undermined the nuclear power industry's proposed come back.", "2004–2006\nIn January 2004, up to 15,000 anti\\-nuclear protesters marched in Paris against a new generation of nuclear reactors, the European Pressurised Water Reactor (EPWR).[Thousands march in Paris anti\\-nuclear protest](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/01/18/1027267.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107164619/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004\\-01\\-18/thousands\\-march\\-in\\-paris\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protest/121430 \\|date\\=7 November 2020 }} ABC News, 18 January 2004\\.\nOn 1 May 2005, 40,000 anti\\-nuclear/anti\\-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki \"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\"). This was the largest anti\\-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades. In Britain, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the aging [Trident weapons system](/wiki/UK_Trident_programme \"UK Trident programme\") with a newer model. The largest protest had 100,000 participants and, according to polls, 59 per cent of the public opposed the move.[Lawrence S. Wittner](/wiki/Lawrence_S._Wittner \"Lawrence S. Wittner\"). [A rebirth of the anti\\-nuclear weapons movement? Portents of an anti\\-nuclear upsurge](http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/a-rebirth-the-anti-nuclear-weapons-movement) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619072842/http://thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/roundtables/a\\-rebirth\\-the\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-weapons\\-movement \\|date\\=19 June 2010 }} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, 7 December 2007\\.", "2007–2009\n[thumb\\|right\\|A scene from the 2007 Stop EPR ([European Pressurised Reactor](/wiki/European_Pressurised_Reactor%23Flamanville_3_%28second_unit%29 \"European Pressurised Reactor#Flamanville 3 (second unit)\")) protest in [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\"), France](/wiki/File:Anti-EPR_demonstration_in_Toulouse_0166_2007-03-17.jpg \"Anti-EPR demonstration in Toulouse 0166 2007-03-17.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in Northern Germany, on 8 November 2008](/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg \"Grüne protests against nuclear energy.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear march from London to Geneva, 2008](/wiki/File:Marche_antinucl%C3%A9aire_Angers.jpg \"Marche antinucléaire Angers.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Start of anti\\-nuclear march from Geneva to Brussels, 2009](/wiki/File:Antinuclear_Walk_Geneva-Brussels_2009_Geneva.jpg \"Antinuclear Walk Geneva-Brussels 2009 Geneva.jpg\")\nOn 17 March 2007 simultaneous protests, organised by *[Sortir du nucléaire](/wiki/Sortir_du_nucl%C3%A9aire_%28France%29 \"Sortir du nucléaire (France)\")*, were staged in five French towns to protest construction of [EPR](/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor \"European Pressurized Reactor\") plants; [Rennes](/wiki/Rennes \"Rennes\"), [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\"), [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\"), [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\"), and [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\").{{cite news \\|title\\=French protests over EPR \\|publisher\\=Nuclear Engineering International \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-03 \\|url\\=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode\\=132\\&storyCode\\=2043436 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191242/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode\\=132\\&storyCode\\=2043436 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007}}{{cite news \\|title\\=France hit by anti\\-nuclear protests \\|work\\=Evening Echo \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-03 \\|url\\=http://www.eveningecho.ie/news/bstory.asp?j\\=13919232\\&p\\=y39y9z78\\&n\\=13919320 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929005415/http://www.eveningecho.ie/news/bstory.asp?j\\=13919232\\&p\\=y39y9z78\\&n\\=13919320 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2007}}\nIn June 2007, 4,000 local residents, students and anti\\-nuclear activists took to the streets in the city of Kudzus in Indonesia's Central Java, calling on the Government to abandon plans to build a nuclear power plant there.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/06/12/1949428\\.htm \\|title\\=Thousands protest against Indonesian nuclear plant \\|date\\=12 June 2007 \\|work\\=ABC News \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218214001/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/06/12/1949428\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In February 2008, a group of concerned scientists and engineers called for the closure of the [Kazantzakis\\-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Kazantzakis-Kariwa_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Kazantzakis-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant\") in Japan.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=20601101\\&sid\\=andHPiVjEIUA\\|title\\=Japan Nuclear Plant Not Safe to Restart After Quake, Group Says\\|date\\=8 July 2023\\|publisher\\=Bloomberg News\\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045755/https://www.bloomberg.com/politics?pid\\=20601101\\&sid\\=andHPiVjEIUA\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/kkscientist24feb08\\.html\\|title\\=Close Kazantzakis\\-Kariwa Nuclear Plant\\|author\\=CNIC (Citizens' Nuclear Information Center)\\|website\\=cnic.jp\\|access\\-date\\=30 April 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616025918/http://www.cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/kkscientist24feb08\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The [International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/International_Conference_on_Nuclear_Disarmament%2C_Oslo%2C_2008 \"International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament, Oslo, 2008\") took place in [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo \"Oslo\") in February 2008, and was organized by The Government of [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), the [Nuclear Threat Initiative](/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative \"Nuclear Threat Initiative\") and the [Hoover Institute](/wiki/Hoover_Institute \"Hoover Institute\"). The Conference was entitled *Achieving the Vision of a World Free of Nuclear Weapons* and had the purpose of building consensus between nuclear weapon states and non\\-nuclear weapon states in relation to the [Nuclear Non\\-proliferation Treaty](/wiki/Nuclear_Non-proliferation_Treaty \"Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://disarmament.nrpa.no/ \\|title\\=International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament \\|date\\=February 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104155217/http://disarmament.nrpa.no/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2011 }}", "During a weekend in October 2008, some 15,000 people disrupted the transport of radioactive nuclear waste from France to a dump in Germany. This was one of the largest such protests in many years and, according to *[Der Spiel](/wiki/Der_Spiel \"Der Spiel\")*, it signals a revival of the [anti\\-nuclear movement in Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany \"Anti-nuclear movement in Germany\").[The Renaissance of the Anti\\-Nuclear Movement](http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523204210/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00\\.html \\|date\\=23 May 2011 }} *Spiel Online*, 11/10/2008\\.[Anti\\-Nuclear Protest Reawakens: Nuclear Waste Reaches German Storage Site Amid Fierce Protests](http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130101235/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00\\.html \\|date\\=30 January 2010 }} *Spiel Online*, 11/11/2008\\.Simon Sturdiness. [Police break up German nuclear protest](http://news.theage.com.au/world/police-break-up-german-nuclear-protest-20081111-5lw7.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521030942/http://news.theage.com.au/world/police\\-break\\-up\\-german\\-nuclear\\-protest\\-20081111\\-5lw7\\.html \\|date\\=21 May 2011 }} *The Age*, 11 November 2008\\. In 2009, the coalition of green parties in the European parliament, who are unanimous in their anti\\-nuclear position, increased their presence in the parliament from 5\\.5% to 7\\.1% (52 seats).[Green boost in European elections may trigger nuclear fight](http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090609/full/news.2009.556.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720013436/http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090609/full/news.2009\\.556\\.html \\|date\\=20 July 2009 }}, *Nature*, 9 June 2009\\.", "In October 2008 in the United Kingdom, more than 30 people were arrested during one of the largest anti\\-nuclear protests at the [Atomic Weapons Establishment](/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment \"Atomic Weapons Establishment\") at Aldermaston for 10 years. The demonstration marked the start of the UN World Disarmament Week and involved about 400 people.[More than 30 arrests at Aldermaston anti\\-nuclear protest](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/28/anti-nuclear-aldermaston-protest-disarmament) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702072941/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/28/anti\\-nuclear\\-aldermaston\\-protest\\-disarmament \\|date\\=2 July 2017 }} *The Guardian*, 28 October 2008\\.", "In 2008 and 2009, there have been protests about, and criticism of, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2008/01/05/anti\\-nuclear\\-renaissance\\-powerful\\-partial\\-and\\-tentative\\-victory\\-over\\-atomic\\-energy\\|title\\=Anti\\-Nuclear Renaissance: A Powerful but Partial and Tentative Victory Over Atomic Energy\\|website\\=Common Dreams\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125071742/https://www.commondreams.org/views/2008/01/05/anti\\-nuclear\\-renaissance\\-powerful\\-partial\\-and\\-tentative\\-victory\\-over\\-atomic\\-energy\\|url\\-status\\=live}} There have also been some objections to license renewals for existing nuclear plants.Maryann Spoto. [Nuclear license renewal sparks protest](http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/1243915641194930.xml&coll=1) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175958/http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news\\-14/1243915641194930\\.xml\\&coll\\=1 \\|date\\=3 March 2016 }} *Star\\-Ledger*, 2 June 2009\\.[Anti\\-nuclear protesters reach capitol](http://www.rutlandherald.com/article/BT/20100114/NEWS01/1140347/0/BENNETT) {{dead link\\|date\\=September 2018\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *Rutland Herald*, 14 January 2010\\.", "A convoy of 350 farm tractors and 50,000 protesters took part in an anti\\-nuclear rally in Berlin on 5 September 2009\\. The marchers demanded that Germany close all nuclear plants by 2020 and close the Gorleben radioactive dump.Eric Kirschbaum. [Anti\\-nuclear rally enlivens German campaign](https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE58426820090905) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907163439/http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE58426820090905 \\|date\\=7 September 2009 }} Reuters, 5 September 2009\\.[50,000 join anti\\-nuclear power march in Berlin](http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090905-21723.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911111328/http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090905\\-21723\\.html \\|date\\=11 September 2009 }} *The Local*, 5 September 2009\\. Gorleben is the focus of the [anti\\-nuclear movement in Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany \"Anti-nuclear movement in Germany\"), which has tried to derail train transports of waste and to destroy or block the approach roads to the site. Two above\\-ground storage units house 3,500 containers of radioactive sludge and thousands of tonnes of spent fuel rods.Roger Boyes. [German nuclear programme threatened by old mine housing waste](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6997652.ece) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155007/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6997652\\.ece \\|date\\=4 June 2011 }} *The Times*, 22 January 2010\\.", "2010\n[thumb\\|KETTENreAKTION! in Uetersen, Germany](/wiki/File:KETTENreAKTION_Uetersen_27.JPG \"KETTENreAKTION Uetersen 27.JPG\")\nOn 21 April 2010, a dozen [environmental organizations](/wiki/Environmental_organization \"Environmental organization\") called on the [United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission](/wiki/United_States_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission \"United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission\") to investigate possible limitations in the [AP1000](/wiki/AP1000 \"AP1000\") reactor design. These groups appealed to three federal agencies to suspend the licensing process because they believed containment in the new design is weaker than existing reactors.{{cite news \\|title\\=Groups say new Vogyle Reactors need study \\|work\\=August Chronicle \\|url\\=http://m.chronicle.augusta.com/latest\\-news/2010\\-04\\-21/groups\\-say\\-new\\-vogtle\\-reactors\\-need\\-study?v\\=1271900068 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185219/http://m.chronicle.augusta.com/latest\\-news/2010\\-04\\-21/groups\\-say\\-new\\-vogtle\\-reactors\\-need\\-study?v\\=1271900068 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-04\\-24}}\nOn 24 April 2010, about 120,000 people built a human chain (KETTENreAKTION!) between the nuclear plants at [Krümmel](/wiki/Kr%C3%BCmmel_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant\") and [Brunsbüttel](/wiki/Brunsb%C3%BCttel_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant\"). In this way they were demonstrating against the plans of the German government to extend the life of nuclear power reactors.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE63N13Q20100424\\|title\\=German nuclear protesters form 75\\-mile human chain\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=2010\\-04\\-25\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-04\\-25 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427092449/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE63N13Q20100424\\| archive\\-date\\= 27 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In May 2010, some 25,000 people, including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors, marched for about two kilometers from downtown New York to the United Nations headquarters, calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons.[A\\-bomb survivors join 25,000\\-strong anti\\-nuclear march through New York](http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/314/Default.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512133429/http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/314/Default.aspx \\|date\\=12 May 2013}} *Mainichi Daily News*, 4 May 2010\\. In September 2010, German government policy shifted back toward nuclear energy, and this generated some new anti\\-nuclear sentiment in Berlin and beyond.James Norman and Dave Sweeney. [Germany's 'hot autumn' of nuclear discontent](https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/germanys-hot-autumn-of-nuclear-discontent-20100914-15aag.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304193811/http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/germanys\\-hot\\-autumn\\-of\\-nuclear\\-discontent\\-20100914\\-15aag.html \\|date\\=4 March 2013 }} *Sydney Morning Herald*, 14 September 2010\\. On 18 September 2010, tens of thousands of Germans surrounded Chancellor [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel \"Angela Merkel\")'s office in an anti\\-nuclear demonstration that organisers said was the biggest of its kind since the 1986 [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\").Dave Graham. [Thousands of Germans attend anti\\-nuclear protest](https://archive.today/20100921073729/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/world/Thousands+Germans+attend+anti+nuclear+protest/3545178/story.html) *National Post*, 18 September 2010\\. In October 2010, tens of thousands of people protested in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") against the nuclear power policy of Angela Merkel's coalition government. The action was the largest anti\\-nuclear event in [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") for more than two decades.[Tens of thousands take part in Munich anti\\-nuclear protest](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6097663,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014150204/http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,,6097663,00\\.html \\|date\\=14 October 2010 }} *Deutsche Welle*, 9 October 2010\\. In November 2010, there were violent protests against a train carrying reprocessed nuclear waste in Germany. Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in Dannenberg to signal their opposition to the cargo. Around 16,000 police were mobilised to deal with the protests.Rachael Brown. [Violent protests against nuclear waste train](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/11/08/3059949.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111090814/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/11/08/3059949\\.htm \\|date\\=11 November 2010 }} ABC News, 8 November 2010\\.[Atomic waste train back on move after anti\\-nuclear blockade](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6194531,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108080415/http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,,6194531,00\\.html \\|date\\=8 November 2010 }} *Deutsche Welle*, 5 November 2010\\.", "In December 2010, some 10,000 people (mainly fishermen, farmers and their families) turned out to oppose the [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project \"Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project\") in the Maharashtra state of India, amid a heavy police presence.[Indians protest against nuclear plant](http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1432616/Indians-protest-against-nuclear-plant) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021073824/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1432616/Indians\\-protest\\-against\\-nuclear\\-plant \\|date\\=21 October 2012 }} (4 December 2010\\) *World News Australia*.", "In December 2010, five anti\\-nuclear weapons activists, including octogenarians and [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit \"Jesuit\") priests, were convicted of conspiracy and trespass in Tacoma, US. They cut fences at [Naval Base Kitsap](/wiki/Naval_Base_Kitsap \"Naval Base Kitsap\")\\-Bangor in 2009 to protest submarine nuclear weapons, and reached an area near where [Trident nuclear](/wiki/Trident_nuclear \"Trident nuclear\") warheads are stored in bunkers. Members of the group could face up to 10 years in prison.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Valdes \\|first1\\=Manuel \\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear weapon protesters convicted in Tacoma \\|url\\=https://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/12/13/anti\\_nuclear\\_weapon\\_protesters\\_convicted\\_in\\_tacoma/ \\|work\\=Boston Globe \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=13 December 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907191928/https://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/12/13/anti\\_nuclear\\_weapon\\_protesters\\_convicted\\_in\\_tacoma/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "2011\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear demonstration in [Munich, Germany](/wiki/Munich%2C_Germany \"Munich, Germany\"), March 2011](/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_Anti-Atomkraft-Demonstration_M%C3%A4rz_2011_003.JPG \"München Anti-Atomkraft-Demonstration März 2011 003.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Eight of the seventeen operating reactors in Germany were permanently shut down following the March 2011 [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima nuclear disaster\")](/wiki/File:Atom-Moratorium.svg \"Atom-Moratorium.svg\")\n[thumb\\|Buddhist monks of Nipponzan\\-Myōhōji protest against nuclear power near the Diet of Japan in Tokyo on 5 April 2011\\.](/wiki/File:Monksantinuclear.JPG \"Monksantinuclear.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|[Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey](/wiki/Human_chain_against_nuclear_plant_in_Turkey \"Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey\") on 17 April 2011](/wiki/File:Mersin_anti_nuclear_4.jpg \"Mersin anti nuclear 4.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Castor demonstration in Dannenberg, Germany, November 2011](/wiki/File:Castor_2011_-_Demonstration_in_Dannenberg_%289%29.jpg \"Castor 2011 - Demonstration in Dannenberg (9).jpg\")\nIn January 2011, five Japanese young people held a hunger strike for more than a week, outside the Prefectural Government offices in [Yamaguchi City](/wiki/Yamaguchi%2C_Yamaguchi \"Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi\"), to protest against the planned [Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Kaminoseki_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant\") near the environmentally sensitive [Seto Inland Sea](/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea \"Seto Inland Sea\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k\\=716 \\|title\\=Five Japanese in Hunger Strike Against Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant \\|date\\=29 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131165408/http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k\\=716 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Following the [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster\"), anti\\-nuclear opposition intensified in Germany. On 12 March 2011, 60,000 Germans formed a 45\\-km human chain from [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart \"Stuttgart\") to the [Neckarwestheim](/wiki/Neckarwestheim \"Neckarwestheim\") power plant.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-germany\\-nuclear\\-extension\\-idUSTRE72D5WX20110314 \\|title\\=Germany suspends deal to extend nuclear plants' life \\|last\\=Stamp \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=14 March 2011 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065401/http://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-germany\\-nuclear\\-extension\\-idUSTRE72D5WX20110314 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 14 March 110,000 people protested in 450 other German towns, with opinion polls indicating 80% of Germans opposed the government's extension of nuclear power.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,,14912184,00\\.html \\|title\\=Merkel shuts down seven nuclear reactors \\|last\\=Knight \\|first\\=Ben \\|date\\=15 March 2011 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Deutsche Welle]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515215901/https://www.dw.com/en/merkel\\-shuts\\-down\\-seven\\-nuclear\\-reactors/a\\-14912184 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 15 March 2011, Angela Merkel said that seven nuclear power plants which went online before 1980 would be closed and the time would be used to study speedier [renewable energy commercialization](/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization \"Renewable energy commercialization\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/business/global/16euronuke.html \\|title\\=Germany Shuts 7 Plants as Europe Plans Safety Tests \\|author\\=James Kanter and Judy Dempsey \\|date\\=15 March 2011 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118104959/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/business/global/16euronuke.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In March 2011, around 2,000 anti\\-nuclear protesters demonstrated in Taiwan for an immediate halt to the construction of the island's fourth nuclear power plant. The protesters were also opposed to plans to extend the lifespan of three existing nuclear plants.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest\\+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110320\\-269104\\.html \\|title\\=Over 2,000 rally against nuclear plants in Taiwan \\|date\\=20 March 2011 \\|agency\\=AFP \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224193409/https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest\\+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110320\\-269104\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In March 2011, more than 200,000 people took part in anti\\-nuclear protests in four large German cities, on the eve of state elections. Organisers called it the largest anti\\-nuclear demonstration the country has seen.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/germany\\-nuclear\\-idUKLDE72P0FG20110326 \\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear Germans protest on eve of state vote \\|date\\=26 March 2011 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 September 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901022937/https://uk.reuters.com/article/germany\\-nuclear\\-idUKLDE72P0FG20110326 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/europe/28germany.html?\\_r\\=1 \\|title\\=Merkel Loses Key German State on Nuclear Fears \\|author\\=Judy Dempsey \\|date\\=27 March 2011 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 January 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129052319/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/europe/28germany.html?\\_r\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011\\. About 7,000 people took part in anti\\-nuclear protests in Bremen. About 3,000 people protested outside [RWE](/wiki/RWE \"RWE\")'s headquarters in Essen.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MBL8981\\.htm \\|title\\=Thousands of Germans protest against nuclear power \\|date\\=2 April 2011 \\|work\\=Bloomberg Businessweek \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508123412/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MBL8981\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2011}}", "Citing the Fukushima nuclear disaster, environmental activists at a U.N. meeting in April 2011 \"urged bolder steps to tap [renewable energy](/wiki/Renewable_energy \"Renewable energy\") so the world doesn't have to choose between the dangers of nuclear power and the ravages of climate change\".{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gA36EtO2y0Cuvw3w1X8O2TMPRYtw?docId\\=695dc2e92bf04303a5322dbcd94e36a9 \\|title\\=Activists call for renewable energy at UN meeting \\|date\\=4 April 2011 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405024756/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gA36EtO2y0Cuvw3w1X8O2TMPRYtw?docId\\=695dc2e92bf04303a5322dbcd94e36a9 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In mid\\-April, 17,000 people protested at two demonstrations in Tokyo against nuclear power.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2024}}", "In India, environmentalists, local farmers and fishermen have been protesting for months over the planned [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project \"Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project\") six\\-reactor complex, 420 km south of Mumbai. If built, it would be one of the world's largest nuclear power complexes. Protests have escalated following Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster and during two days of violent rallies in April 2011, a local man was killed and dozens were injured.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/fisherman\\-shot\\-dead\\-in\\-indian\\-nuke\\-protest/story\\-e6frg6so\\-1226042424159 \\|title\\=Fisherman shot dead in Indian nuke protest \\|author\\=Amanda Hodge \\|date\\=21 April 2011 \\|work\\=The Australian \\|access\\-date\\=21 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515132117/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/fisherman\\-shot\\-dead\\-in\\-indian\\-nuke\\-protest/story\\-e6frg6so\\-1226042424159 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In May 2011, some 20,000 people turned out for Switzerland's largest anti\\-nuclear power demonstration in 25 years. Demonstrators marched peacefully near the [Beznau Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Beznau_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Beznau Nuclear Power Plant\"), the oldest in Switzerland, which started operating 40 years ago.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9NCL8100\\.htm \\|title\\=Biggest anti\\-nuclear Swiss protests in 25 years \\|date\\=22 May 2011 \\|work\\=Bloomberg Businessweek \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026080657/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9NCL8100\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2012}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss\\_news/Anti\\-nuclear\\_protests\\_attract\\_20,000\\.html?cid\\=30291990 \\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear protests attract 20,000 \\|date\\=22 May 2011 \\|work\\=Swissinfo \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728155903/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss\\_news/Anti\\-nuclear\\_protests\\_attract\\_20,000\\.html?cid\\=30291990 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Days after the anti\\-nuclear rally, Cabinet decided to ban the building of new nuclear power reactors. The country's five existing reactors would be allowed to continue operating, but \"would not be replaced at the end of their life span\".", "In May 2011, 5,000 people joined a carnival\\-like anti\\-nuclear protest in [Taipei City](/wiki/Taipei_City \"Taipei City\"). This was part of a nationwide \"No Nuke Action\" protest, urging the government to stop construction of a Fourth Nuclear Plant and pursue a more [sustainable energy](/wiki/Sustainable_energy \"Sustainable energy\") policy.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/01/2003502115 \\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear rally draws legions \\|author\\=Lee I\\-Chia \\|date\\=1 May 2011 \\|work\\=Taipei Times \\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503152335/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/01/2003502115 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On [World Environment Day](/wiki/World_Environment_Day \"World Environment Day\") in June 2011, environmental groups demonstrated against Taiwan's nuclear power policy. The Taiwan Environmental Protection Union, together with 13 environmental groups and legislators, gathered in Taipei and protested against the nation's three operating nuclear power plants and the construction of a fourth plant.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/06/05/2003505021 \\|title\\=Conservationists protest against nuclear policies \\|author\\=Lee I\\-Chia \\|date\\=5 June 2011 \\|work\\=Tapai Times \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627140853/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/06/05/2003505021 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Three months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, thousands of anti\\-nuclear protesters marched in Japan. Company workers, students, and parents with children rallied across Japan, \"venting their anger at the government's handling of the crisis, carrying flags bearing the words 'No Nukes!' and 'No More Fukushima'.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/columns\\-us\\-japan\\-nuclear\\-protest\\-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 \\|title\\=Japan anti\\-nuclear protesters rally after quake \\|author\\=Antoni Slodkowski \\|date\\=15 June 2011 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512003222/https://www.reuters.com/article/columns\\-us\\-japan\\-nuclear\\-protest\\-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In August 2011, about 2,500 people including farmers and fishermen marched in Tokyo. They are suffering heavy losses following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and called for prompt compensation from plant operator [TEPCO](/wiki/Tokyo_Electric_Power_Company \"Tokyo Electric Power Company\") and the government.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110813p2g00m0dm011000c.html \\|title\\=Fukushima farmers, fishermen protest over nuclear crisis \\|date\\=13 August 2011 \\|work\\=Mainichi Daily News \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902124656/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110813p2g00m0dm011000c.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2 September 2011}}", "In September 2011, anti\\-nuclear protesters, marching to the beat of drums, \"took to the streets of Tokyo and other cities to mark six months since the March earthquake and tsunami and vent their anger at the government's handling of the nuclear crisis set off by meltdowns at the Fukushima power plant\". Protesters called for a complete shutdown of Japanese nuclear power plants and demanded a shift in government policy toward alternative sources of energy. Among the protestors were four young men who started a 10\\-day hunger strike to bring about change in Japan's nuclear policy.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-japan\\-quake\\-protests\\-idUSTRE78A1AB20110911 \\|title\\=Japan anti\\-nuclear protests mark 6 months since quake \\|author\\=Olivier Fabre \\|date\\=11 September 2011 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516122409/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-japan\\-quake\\-protests\\-idUSTRE78A1AB20110911 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Tens of thousands of people marched in central Tokyo in September 2011, chanting \"Sayonara nuclear power\" and waving banners, to call on Japan's government to abandon atomic energy in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Author [Kenzaburō Ōe](/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce \"Kenzaburō Ōe\") and musician [Ryuichi Sakamoto](/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto \"Ryuichi Sakamoto\") were among the event's supporters.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011\\-09\\-19/japan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protest/50461872/1 \\|title\\=Thousands march against nuclear power in Tokyo \\|date\\=September 2011 \\|work\\=USA Today \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 March 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317191750/https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011\\-09\\-19/japan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protest/50461872/1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Since the March 2011 Japanese [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima nuclear disaster\"), \"populations around proposed Indian NPP sites have launched protests that are now finding resonance around the country, raising questions about atomic energy as a clean and safe alternative to fossil fuels\". Assurances by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh that all safety measures will be implemented, have not been heeded, and there have thus been mass protests against the French\\-backed 9900 MW [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project \"Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project\") in Maharashtra and the 2000 MW [Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Koodankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant\") in Tamil Nadu. The state government of West Bengal state has also refused permission to a proposed 6000 MW facility where six Russian reactors were to be built. A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government's civil nuclear program at the apex Supreme Court. The PIL specifically asks for the \"staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost\\-benefit analyses are completed by independent agencies\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=3889\\&Itemid\\=614 \\|title\\=India's Rising Nuclear Safety Concerns \\|author\\=Siddharth Srivastava \\|date\\=27 October 2011 \\|work\\=Asia Sentinel \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215238/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=3889\\&Itemid\\=614 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2013 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-expansion\\-grassroots\\-uprising\\-jaitapur\\-maharashtra\\-tamil\\-nadu\\-west\\-bengal\\-fukushima \\|title\\=Prospects Dim for India's Nuclear Power Expansion as Grassroots Uprising Spreads \\|author\\=Ranjit Devraj \\|date\\=25 October 2011 \\|work\\=Inside Climate News \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403023313/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-expansion\\-grassroots\\-uprising\\-jaitapur\\-maharashtra\\-tamil\\-nadu\\-west\\-bengal\\-fukushima \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Michael Banach, the current [Vatican](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\") representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency, told a conference in Vienna in September 2011 that the Japanese nuclear disaster created new concerns about the safety of nuclear plants globally. Auxiliary bishop of Osaka Michael Goro Matsuura said this serious nuclear power incident should be a lesson for Japan and other countries to abandon nuclear projects. He called on the worldwide Christian solidarity to provide wide support for this anti\\-nuclear campaign. Statements from bishops' conferences in Korea and the Philippines called on their governments to abandon atomic power. [Nobel laureate](/wiki/Nobel_laureate \"Nobel laureate\") [Kenzaburō Ōe](/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce \"Kenzaburō Ōe\") has said Japan should decide quickly to abandon its nuclear reactors.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/kenzaburo\\-oe\\-nobel\\-winner\\-japan\\-nuclear\\_n\\_950085\\.html \\|title\\=Kenzaburo Oe, Nobel Winner Urges Japan To Abandon Nuclear Power \\|author\\=Mari Yamaguchi \\|date\\=6 September 2011 \\|work\\=HuffPost \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306235137/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/kenzaburo\\-oe\\-nobel\\-winner\\-japan\\-nuclear\\_n\\_950085\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In the UK, in October 2011, more than 200 protesters blockaded the [Hinkley Point C nuclear power station](/wiki/Hinkley_Point_C_nuclear_power_station \"Hinkley Point C nuclear power station\") site. Members of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to the site in protest at EDF Energy's plans to build two new reactors on the site.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/03/hinkley\\-point\\-protest\\-nuclear\\-power \\|title\\=Hinkley Point power station blockaded by anti\\-nuclear protesters \\|date\\=3 October 2011 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611145052/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/03/hinkley\\-point\\-protest\\-nuclear\\-power \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "2012\n[thumb\\|Protest at Neckarwestheim, Germany, 11 March 2012](/wiki/File:Neckarwestheim_Demonstration_Energiewende_jetzt_20120311_22.jpg \"Neckarwestheim Demonstration Energiewende jetzt 20120311 22.jpg\")\nIn January 2012, 22 South Korean women's groups appealed for a nuclear free future, saying they believe nuclear weapons and power reactors \"threaten our lives, the lives of our families and all living creatures\". The women said they feel an enormous sense of crisis after the [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima nuclear disaster\") in March 2011, which demonstrated the destructive power of radiation in the disruption of human lives, environmental pollution, and food contamination.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/01/18/we\\-want\\-a\\-nuclear\\-free\\-world/ \\|title\\=\"We want a nuclear\\-free peaceful world\" say South Korea's women \\|date\\=13 January 2012 \\|work\\=Women News Network \\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408100331/https://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/01/18/we\\-want\\-a\\-nuclear\\-free\\-world/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Yokohama, Japan, on 14–15 January 2012, to show their support for a nuclear power\\-free world. The demonstration showed that organized opposition to nuclear power has gained momentum following the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The most immediate demand of the demonstrators was for the protection of rights, including basic human rights such as health care, for those affected by the Fukushima accident.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20120122a2\\.html \\|title\\=Protesting nuclear power \\|date\\=22 January 2012 \\|work\\=The Japan Times \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125131421/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20120122a2\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In January 2012, three hundred [anti\\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear \"Anti-nuclear\") protestors marched against plans to build a new nuclear power station at Wylfa in the UK. The march was organised by Pobl Atal Wylfa B, Greenpeace and Cymdeithas yr Iaith, which are supporting a farmer who is in dispute with Horizon.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theonlinemail.co.uk/bangor\\-and\\-anglesey\\-news/local\\-bangor\\-and\\-anglesey\\-news/2012/01/25/hundreds\\-protest\\-against\\-nuclear\\-power\\-station\\-plans\\-66580\\-30188845/ \\|title\\=Hundreds protest against nuclear power station plans \\|author\\=Elgan Hearn \\|date\\=25 January 2012 \\|work\\=Online Mail \\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045756/https://www.dailypost.co.uk/in\\-your\\-area/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On the anniversary of the 11 March earthquake and tsunami, protesters across Japan called for the abolishment of nuclear power and nuclear reactors. In [Koriyama, Fukushima](/wiki/Koriyama%2C_Fukushima \"Koriyama, Fukushima\"), 16,000 people called for the end of nuclear power. In [Shizuoka Prefecture](/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture \"Shizuoka Prefecture\"), 1,100 people appealed for the scrapping of the [Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Hamaoka_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant\"). In [Tsuruga, Fukui](/wiki/Tsuruga%2C_Fukui \"Tsuruga, Fukui\"), 1,200 people marched in the streets of the city of Tsuruga, the home of the [Monju fast\\-breeder reactor prototype](/wiki/Monju_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Monju Nuclear Power Plant\") and other nuclear reactors. In [Nagasaki](/wiki/Nagasaki \"Nagasaki\") and [Hiroshima](/wiki/Hiroshima \"Hiroshima\"), anti\\-nuclear protesters and atomic\\-bomb survivors marched together and demanded that Japan should end its nuclear dependency.The Mainichi Shimbun (12 March 2012\\) [Antinuclear protests held across Japan on anniversary of disaster](http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120312p2g00m0dm069000c.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312172051/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120312p2g00m0dm069000c.html \\|date\\=12 March 2012}}", "Austrian Chancellor [Werner Faymann](/wiki/Werner_Faymann \"Werner Faymann\") expects anti\\-nuclear petition drives to start in at least six European Union countries in 2012 in an effort to have the EU abandon nuclear power. Under the EU's Lisbon Treaty, petitions that attract at least one million signatures can seek legislative proposals from the European Commission, which would pave the way for anti\\-nuclear activists to garner support.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/austria\\-nuclear\\-idUSL5E8EC1IN20120312 \\|title\\=Austria expects EU anti\\-nuclear campaign this year \\|date\\=12 March 2012 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518220752/https://www.reuters.com/article/austria\\-nuclear\\-idUSL5E8EC1IN20120312 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In March 2012, about 2,000 people staged an anti\\-nuclear protest in Taiwan's capital following the massive tsunami that hit Japan one year ago. The protesters rallied in Taipei to renew calls for a nuclear\\-free island. They \"want the government to scrap a plan to operate a newly constructed nuclear power plant – the fourth in densely populated Taiwan\". Scores of aboriginal protesters \"demanded the removal of 100,000 barrels of nuclear waste stored on their [Orchid Island](/wiki/Orchid_Island \"Orchid Island\")\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory\\_776471\\.html \\|title\\=About 2,000 Taiwanese stage anti\\-nuclear protest \\|date\\=11 March 2011 \\|work\\=The Straits Times \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 March 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314142722/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory\\_776471\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In March 2012, hundreds of anti\\-nuclear demonstrators converged on the Australian headquarters of global mining giants BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. The 500\\-strong march through southern Melbourne called for an end to uranium mining in Australia, and included speeches and performances by representatives of the expatriate Japanese community as well as Australia's Indigenous communities, who are concerned about the effects of uranium mining near tribal lands. There were also events in Sydney.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east\\-pacific/Australian\\-Rallies\\-Remember\\-Fukushima\\-Disaster\\-142242575\\.html \\|title\\=Australian Rallies Remember Fukushima Disaster \\|author\\=Phil Mercer \\|date\\=11 March 2012 \\|publisher\\=VOA News \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312194611/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east\\-pacific/Australian\\-Rallies\\-Remember\\-Fukushima\\-Disaster\\-142242575\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2012}}", "In March 2012, South Korean environmental groups held a rally in Seoul to oppose nuclear power. Over 5,000 people attended, and the turnout was one of the largest in recent memory for an anti\\-nuclear rally. The demonstration demanded that President Lee Myung Bak abandon his policy of promoting nuclear power.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/international/news/20120311p2g00m0in018000c.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120719173708/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/international/news/20120311p2g00m0in018000c.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2012 \\|title\\=Antinuclear rally held in Seoul on eve of Japan quake anniversary \\|date\\=11 March 2012 \\|work\\=Mainichi Daily}}", "In March 2012, police said they had arrested nearly 200 [anti\\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear \"Anti-nuclear\") activists who were protesting the restart of work at the long\\-stalled Indian Kudankulam nuclear power plant.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.france24\\.com/en/20120320\\-nearly\\-200\\-arrested\\-india\\-nuclear\\-protest \\|title\\=Nearly 200 arrested in India nuclear protest \\|date\\=20 March 2012 \\|publisher\\=France24 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531034131/http://www.france24\\.com/en/20120320\\-nearly\\-200\\-arrested\\-india\\-nuclear\\-protest \\|archive\\-date\\=31 May 2012 }}", "In June 2012, tens of thousands of Japanese protesters participated in anti\\-nuclear power rallies in Tokyo and Osaka, over the government's decision to restart the first idled reactors since the Fukushima disaster, at [Oi Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Oi_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Oi Nuclear Power Plant\") in Fukui Prefecture.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120624a4\\.html \\|title\\=Oi prompts domestic, U.S. antinuclear rallies \\|date\\=24 June 2012 \\|work\\=The Japan Times \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627083844/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120624a4\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "2013\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear protesters in Taipei](/wiki/File:Longmen_Nuclear_Power_Plant_from_VOA_%284%29.jpg \"Longmen Nuclear Power Plant from VOA (4).jpg\")\n{{update\\|section\\|date\\=May 2013}}\nThousands of protesters marched in Tokyo on 11 March 2013 calling on the government to reject nuclear power.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/japan\\-protestjapan\\-protest/thousands\\-in\\-japan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protest\\-two\\-years\\-after\\-fukushima\\-idUSL1N0C209D20130310\\|title\\=Thousands in Japan anti\\-nuclear protest two years after Fukushima\\|date\\=10 March 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519103113/https://www.reuters.com/article/japan\\-protestjapan\\-protest/thousands\\-in\\-japan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protest\\-two\\-years\\-after\\-fukushima\\-idUSL1N0C209D20130310\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In March 2013, 68,000 Taiwanese protested across major cities against nuclear power and the island's fourth nuclear plant, which is under construction. Taiwan's three existing nuclear plants are near the ocean, and prone to geological fractures, under the island.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-03\\-11/taiwan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protests\\-may\\-derail\\-8\\-9\\-billion\\-power\\-plant.html \\|title\\=Taiwan Anti\\-Nuclear Protests May Derail $8\\.9 Billion Power Plant \\|author\\=Yu\\-Huay Sun \\|newspaper\\=Bloomberg.com \\|date\\=11 March 2013 \\|publisher\\=Bloomberg News \\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 March 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313091824/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-03\\-11/taiwan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protests\\-may\\-derail\\-8\\-9\\-billion\\-power\\-plant.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In April 2013, thousands of Scottish campaigners, MSPs, and union leaders, rallied against nuclear weapons. The Scrap Trident Coalition wants to see an end to nuclear weapons, and says saved monies should be used for health, education and welfare initiatives. There was also a blockade of the [Faslane Naval Base](/wiki/Faslane_Naval_Base \"Faslane Naval Base\"), where Trident missiles are stored.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\\-news/thousands\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protesters\\-glasgow\\-march\\-1828754 \\|title\\=Thousands of anti\\-nuclear protesters attend Glasgow march against Trident \\|date\\=13 April 2013 \\|work\\=Daily Record \\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419100510/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\\-news/thousands\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protesters\\-glasgow\\-march\\-1828754 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "2014\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear protesters shot with water cannons in Taiwan](/wiki/File:Anti-nuclear_protesters_sprayed_by_water_cannons_in_Taipei%2C_Taiwan.jpg \"Anti-nuclear protesters sprayed by water cannons in Taipei, Taiwan.jpg\")\nIn March 2014, around 130,000 Taiwanese marched for an anti\\-nuclear protest around Taiwan. They demanded that the government remove nuclear power plants in Taiwan. The march came ahead of the 3rd anniversary of Fukushima disaster. Around 50,000 people marched in Taipei while another three separate events were held around other Taiwanese cities attended by around 30,000 people.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dw.de/anti\\-nuclear\\-protests\\-in\\-taiwan\\-draw\\-tens\\-of\\-thousands/a\\-17483190\\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear protests in Taiwan draw tens of thousands\\|author\\=Deutsche Welle\\|website\\=DW.COM\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503095749/http://www.dw.de/anti\\-nuclear\\-protests\\-in\\-taiwan\\-draw\\-tens\\-of\\-thousands/a\\-17483190\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/content/taiwan\\-signals\\-green\\-light\\-for\\-nuclear\\-power\\-despite\\-protests/1867797\\.html\\|title\\=Taiwan Signals More Nuclear Power Despite Protests\\|first\\=Ralph\\|last\\=Jennings\\|date\\=10 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=27 April 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427030228/http://www.voanews.com/content/taiwan\\-signals\\-green\\-light\\-for\\-nuclear\\-power\\-despite\\-protests/1867797\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Among the participants are the organizations from Green Citizen Action's Alliance, Homemakers United Foundation, Taiwan Association for Human Rights and Taiwan Environmental Protection Union.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201403040006\\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear rallies to take place islandwide on March 8 \\- Focus Taiwan\\|website\\=focustaiwan.tw\\|date\\=4 March 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204120712/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201403040006\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Facing on\\-going opposition and a host of delays, construction of the [Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Lungmen_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant\") was halted in April 2014\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/taiwan\\-nuclear\\-idUKL3N0NJ08C20140427 \\|title\\=Taiwan to halt construction of fourth nuclear power plant \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|date\\=28 April 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329003619/https://uk.reuters.com/article/taiwan\\-nuclear\\-idUKL3N0NJ08C20140427 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### Casualties", "[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear demonstrations near [Gorleben](/wiki/Gorleben \"Gorleben\"), Lower Saxony, Germany, 8 May 1996](/wiki/File:Gorleben0001.JPG \"Gorleben0001.JPG\")\nCasualties during anti\\-nuclear protests include:", "* On 9 December 1982, [Norman Mayer](/wiki/Norman_Mayer \"Norman Mayer\"), an American anti–nuclear weapons activist, was shot and killed by the [United States Park Police](/wiki/United_States_Park_Police \"United States Park Police\") after threatening to blow up the [Washington Monument](/wiki/Washington_Monument \"Washington Monument\"), [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), unless a national dialogue on the threat of nuclear weapons was seriously undertaken.\n* On 10 July 1985, the flagship of [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace \"Greenpeace\"), [*Rainbow Warrior*](/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior \"Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior\"), was sunk by [France](/wiki/French_Navy \"French Navy\") in New Zealand waters, and a Greenpeace photographer was killed. The ship was involved in protests against [nuclear weapons testing](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing \"Nuclear weapons testing\") at [Mururoa Atoll](/wiki/Mururoa_Atoll \"Mururoa Atoll\"). The French Government initially denied any involvement with the sinking but eventually admitted its guilt in October 1985\\. Two French agents pleaded guilty to charges of manslaughter, and the French Government paid $7 million in damages.Newtan, Samuel Upton (2007\\). *Nuclear War 1 and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century*, AuthorHouse, p. 96\\.\n* In 1990, two pylons holding high\\-voltage power lines connecting the French and Italian grid were blown up by Italian [eco\\-terrorists](/wiki/Eco-terrorism \"Eco-terrorism\"), and the attack is believed to have been directly in opposition against the Superphénix.WISE Paris. [The threat of nuclear terrorism:from analysis to precautionary measures](http://www.wise-paris.org/english/reports/conferences/011210Terrorisme.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194158/http://www.wise\\-paris.org/english/reports/conferences/011210Terrorisme.pdf \\|date\\=16 October 2007 }}. 10 December 2001\\.\n* In 2004, activist [Sébastien Briat](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Briat \"Sébastien Briat\"), who had tied himself to train tracks in front of a shipment of [reprocessed](/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing \"Nuclear reprocessing\") nuclear waste, was run over by the wheels of the train. The event happened in Avricourt, France, and the fuel (totaling 12 containers) was from a German plant, on its way to be reprocessed.Indymedia UK. [Activist Killed in Anti\\-nuke Protest](http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/11/300681.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114035911/http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/11/300681\\.html \\|date\\=14 January 2006 }}." ]
### Large protests [thumb\|Protest in Bonn against the deployment of [Pershing II](/wiki/Pershing_II "Pershing II") missiles in Europe, 1981](/wiki/File:Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8611.jpg "Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8611.jpg") [thumb\|Demonstration against [French nuclear testing](/wiki/French_nuclear_testing "French nuclear testing") in 1995 in Paris](/wiki/File:StopEssaisManif.jpg "StopEssaisManif.jpg") [thumb\|Demonstration in [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon "Lyon"), France, in the 1980s against nuclear tests](/wiki/File:Essais_nucleaires_manif.jpg "Essais nucleaires manif.jpg") [thumb\|On 12 December 1982, 30,000 women held hands around the {{convert\|6\|mi\|km}} perimeter of the base, in protest against the decision to site American [cruise missiles](/wiki/Cruise_missiles "Cruise missiles") there.](/wiki/File:Embracing_the_base%2C_Greenham_Common_December_1982_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759090.jpg "Embracing the base, Greenham Common December 1982 - geograph.org.uk - 759090.jpg") {{Main\|Anti\-nuclear protests}} In 1971, the town of [Wyhl](/wiki/Wyhl "Wyhl"), in Germany, was a proposed site for a nuclear power station. In the years that followed, public opposition steadily mounted, and there were large protests. Television coverage of police dragging away farmers and their wives helped to turn nuclear power into a major issue. In 1975, an administrative court withdrew the construction licence for the plant.{{cite book\|author1\=Stephen C. Mills\|author2\=Roger Williams\|title\=Public Acceptance of New Technologies: An International Review\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SeMNAAAAQAAJ\|year\=1986\|publisher\=Croom Helm\|isbn\=978\-0\-7099\-4319\-8\|pages\=375–376\|access\-date\=17 March 2018\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\=SeMNAAAAQAAJ\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite book\|author\=Robert Gottlieb\|title\=Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lR0n6oqMNPkC\&pg\=PP1\|year\=2005\|publisher\=Island Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-59726\-761\-8\|page\=237\|access\-date\=17 March 2018\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\=lR0n6oqMNPkC\&pg\=PP1\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00\.html\|title\=Nuclear Power in Germany: A Chronology\|author\=Deutsche Welle\|website\=DW.COM\|access\-date\=19 February 2008\|archive\-date\=24 January 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124115849/http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The Wyhl experience encouraged the formation of citizen action groups near other planned nuclear sites. In 1972, the nuclear disarmament movement maintained a presence in the Pacific, largely in response to [French nuclear testing](/wiki/French_nuclear_testing "French nuclear testing") there. New Zealand activists sailed boats into the test zone, interrupting the testing program.{{cite news \|last1\=Lewis \|first1\=Paul \|title\=David McTaggart, a Builder of Greenpeace, Dies at 69 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/world/david\-mctaggart\-a\-builder\-of\-greenpeace\-dies\-at\-69\.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=24 March 2001 \|access\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=6 December 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206200516/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/world/david\-mctaggart\-a\-builder\-of\-greenpeace\-dies\-at\-69\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Wittner \|first1\=Lawrence S. \|title\=Nuclear Disarmament Activism in Asia and the Pacific, 1971\-1996 \|journal\=The Asia\-Pacific Journal \|date\=15 June 2009 \|volume\=7 \|issue\=25 \|url\=https://apjjf.org/\-Lawrence\-S.\-Wittner/3179/article.html \|access\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=22 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122114419/http://www.japanfocus.org/\-Lawrence\_S\_\-Wittner/3179 \|url\-status\=live }} In Australia, thousands of people joined protest marches in Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Sydney. Scientists issued statements demanding an end to the nuclear tests. In Fiji, anti\-nuclear activists formed an Against Testing on [Mururoa](/wiki/Mururoa "Mururoa") organization. In the [Basque Country](/wiki/Basque_Country_%28autonomous_community%29 "Basque Country (autonomous community)") (Spain and France), a strong anti\-nuclear movement emerged in 1973, which ultimately led to the abandonment of most of the planned nuclear power projects.Lutz Mez, [Mycle Schneider](/wiki/Mycle_Schneider "Mycle Schneider") and [Steve Thomas](/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_%28economist%29 "Stephen Thomas (economist)") (Eds.) (2009\). *International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power*, Multi\-Science Publishing Co. Ltd, p. 371\. On 14 July 1977, in [Bilbao](/wiki/Bilbao "Bilbao"), between 150,000 and 200,000 people protested against the [Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Lemoniz_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant"). This has been called the "biggest ever anti\-nuclear demonstration".Wolfgang Rudig (1990\). *Anti\-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy*, Longman, p. 138\. In France, there were mass protests in the early 1970s, organized at nearly every planned nuclear site in France. Between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations. In 1977 there was a massive demonstration at the [Superphénix](/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix "Superphénix") breeder reactor in Creys\-Malvillein which culminated in violence.Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak (1982\). *[The Atom Besieged: Antinuclear Movements in France and Germany](http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026264021Xchap1.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105857/http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026264021Xchap1\.pdf \|date\=4 June 2011 }}*, ASIN: B0011LXE0A, p. 3\. In West Germany, between February 1975 and April 1979, some 280,000 people were involved in seven demonstrations at nuclear sites. Several site occupations were also attempted. Following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, some 120,000 people attended a demonstration against nuclear power in [Bonn](/wiki/Bonn "Bonn"). In the Philippines, there were many [protests in the late 1970s and 1980s](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_Philippines "Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines") against the proposed [Bataan Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Bataan Nuclear Power Plant"), which was built but never operated{{cite book\|author1\=Yok\-shiu F. Lee\|author2\=Alvin Y. So\|title\=Asia's Environmental Movements: Comparative Perspectives\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Tj9m7HMa6\-wC\&pg\=PA160\|year\=1999\|publisher\=M.E. Sharpe\|isbn\=978\-1\-56324\-909\-9\|pages\=160–161\|access\-date\=11 November 2015\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Tj9m7HMa6\-wC\&pg\=PA160\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}} due to safety concerns and issues regarding corruption.{{Cite web\|last\=Oliveros\|first\=Benjie\|date\=2009\-01\-31\|title\=Revival of Bataan Nuclear Power Plant a Source of Corruption?\|url\=https://www.bulatlat.com/2009/01/31/revival\-of\-bataan\-nuclear\-power\-plant\-a\-source\-of\-corruption/\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-19\|website\=Bulatlat\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=19 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119023530/https://www.bulatlat.com/2009/01/31/revival\-of\-bataan\-nuclear\-power\-plant\-a\-source\-of\-corruption/\|url\-status\=live}} In 1981, Germany's largest anti\-nuclear power demonstration protested against the construction of the [Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Brokdorf_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant") west of Hamburg. Some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers.{{cite news \|last1\=Tagliabue \|first1\=John \|title\=WEST GERMANS CLASH AT SITE OF A\-PLANT \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/west\-germans\-clash\-at\-site\-of\-a\-plant.html \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=1 March 1981 \|access\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907192728/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/west\-germans\-clash\-at\-site\-of\-a\-plant.html \|url\-status\=live }}[Violence Mars West German Protest](https://web.archive.org/web/20090606210652/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/violence-mars-west-german-nuclear-protest-demonstrators-brokdorf-near-hamburg.html) *The New York Times*, 1 March 1981 p. 17 In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the revival of the [nuclear arms race](/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race "Nuclear arms race"), triggered a new wave of protests about nuclear weapons. Older organizations such as the [Federation of Atomic Scientists](/wiki/Federation_of_Atomic_Scientists "Federation of Atomic Scientists") revived, and newer organizations appeared, including the [Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign](/wiki/Nuclear_Weapons_Freeze_Campaign "Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign") and [Physicians for Social Responsibility](/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility "Physicians for Social Responsibility").Lawrence S. Wittner. {{cite web\|url\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/op\-eds/disarmament\-movement\-lessons\-yesteryear\|title\=Disarmament movement lessons from yesteryear\|date\=2009\-07\-27\|access\-date\=18 January 2010\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121209103702/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/op\-eds/disarmament\-movement\-lessons\-yesteryear\|archive\-date\=9 December 2012}} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, 27 July 2009\. In the UK, on 1 April 1983, about 70,000 people linked arms to form a 14\-mile\-long human chain between three nuclear weapons centres in Berkshire.Paul Brown, Shyama Perera and Martin Wainwright. [Protest by CND stretches 14 miles](https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1866956,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510220343/https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1866956,00\.html \|date\=10 May 2017 }} *The Guardian*, 2 April 1983\. On Palm Sunday 1982, 100,000 Australians participated in anti\-nuclear rallies in the nation's largest cities. Growing year by year, the rallies drew 350,000 participants in 1985\. On 29 October 1983, the {{ill\|Committee Cruise Missiles No\|nl\|Komitee Kruisraketten Nee}} organised a demonstration in The Hague, Netherlands which was attended by 550,000 people, and was the largest demonstration in the history of the Netherlands.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/zomergasten/lees/gasten/1988/sienie\-strikwerda.html \|title\=Sienie Strikwerda \|website\=VPRO Television \|year\=1988 \|access\-date\=28 February 2022 \|language\=nl \|archive\-date\=28 February 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228155648/https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/zomergasten/lees/gasten/1988/sienie\-strikwerda.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=https://nos.nl/artikel/522198\-sienie\-strikwerda\-91\-overleden \|title\=Sienie Strikwerda (91\) overleden \|website\=Nederlandse Omroep Stichting \|date\=25 June 2013 \|language\=nl \|access\-date\=28 February 2022 \|archive\-date\=28 February 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228155645/https://nos.nl/artikel/522198\-sienie\-strikwerda\-91\-overleden \|url\-status\=live }} In May 1986, following the [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster"), clashes between anti\-nuclear protesters and West German police were common. More than 400 people were injured in mid\-May at a nuclear\-waste reprocessing plant being built near Wackersdorf.John Greenwald. [Energy and Now, the Political Fallout](https://web.archive.org/web/20080228221114/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961509-2,00.html#ixzz0ceyKaRdI), *TIME*, 2 June 1986\. Also in May 1986, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program, and 50,000 marched in Milan.{{cite book\|author\=Marco Giugni\|title\=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\&pg\=PA55\|year\=2004\|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield\|isbn\=978\-0\-7425\-1827\-8\|page\=55\|access\-date\=11 November 2015\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045259/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\&pg\=PA55\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}} Hundreds of people walked from Los Angeles to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), in 1986 in what is referred to as the [Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament "Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament"). The march took nine months to traverse {{Convert\|3700\|mi}}, advancing approximately fifteen miles per day.[Hundreds of Marchers Hit Washington in Finale of Nationwide Peace March](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19861116&id=6NARAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ekDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,12809) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430190655/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1320\&dat\=19861116\&id\=6NARAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=5ekDAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4346,12809 \|date\=30 April 2016 }} *Gainesville Sun*, 16 November 1986\. The anti\-nuclear organisation "Nevada Semipalatinsk" was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti\-nuclear groups in the former [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). It attracted thousands of people to its protests and campaigns which eventually led to the closure of the [nuclear test site](/wiki/Nuclear_test_site "Nuclear test site") in north\-east [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"), in 1991\.{{cite web \| title \= Semipalatinsk: 60 years later (collection of articles) \| publisher \=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \| date \= September 2009 \| url \= http://thebulletin.org/web\-edition/special\-topics/semipalatinsk\-60\-years\-later \| access\-date \= 2009\-10\-01 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20091014204454/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/special\-topics/semipalatinsk\-60\-years\-later \| archive\-date \= 14 October 2009}}[World: Asia\-Pacific: Kazakh anti\-nuclear movement celebrates tenth anniversary](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/288008.stm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065400/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia\-pacific/288008\.stm \|date\=26 January 2016 }} *BBC News*, 28 February 1999\.Matthew Chance. [Inside the nuclear underworld: Deformity and fear](http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/08/30/btsc.chance.nukes/index.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331182649/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/08/30/btsc.chance.nukes/index.html \|date\=31 March 2009 }} *CNN.com*, 31 August 2007\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://peoplebuildingpeace.microhost.nl/thestories/print.php?id\=137\&typ\=theme\|title\=Protests Stop Devastating Nuclear Tests: The Nevada\-Semipalatinsk Anti\-Nuclear Movement in Kazakhstan\|access\-date\=16 January 2010\|archive\-date\=11 May 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014846/http://peoplebuildingpeace.microhost.nl/thestories/print.php?id\=137\&typ\=theme\|url\-status\=live}} The [World Uranium Hearing](/wiki/World_Uranium_Hearing "World Uranium Hearing") was held in [Salzburg, Austria](/wiki/Salzburg%2C_Austria "Salzburg, Austria") in September 1992\. Anti\-nuclear speakers from all continents, including indigenous speakers and scientists, testified to the health and environmental problems of [uranium mining](/wiki/Uranium_mining "Uranium mining") and processing, [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power "Nuclear power"), [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons "Nuclear weapons"), [nuclear tests](/wiki/Nuclear_tests "Nuclear tests"), and [radioactive waste disposal](/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management "High-level radioactive waste management"). People who spoke at the 1992 Hearing included [Thomas Banyacya](/wiki/Thomas_Banyacya "Thomas Banyacya"), [Katsumi Furitsu](/wiki/Katsumi_Furitsu "Katsumi Furitsu"), [Manuel Pino](/wiki/Manuel_Pino "Manuel Pino") and [Floyd Red Crow Westerman](/wiki/Floyd_Red_Crow_Westerman "Floyd Red Crow Westerman").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nuclear\-free.com/english/hearing.htm \|title\=World Uranium Hearing, a Look Back \|author\=Nuclear\-Free Future Award \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603131308/http://www.nuclear\-free.com/english/hearing.htm \|archive\-date\=3 June 2013 \|author\-link\=Nuclear\-Free Future Award }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nuclear\-free.com/english/salzburg.htm \|title\=The Declaration of Salzberg \|author\=Nuclear\-Free Future Award \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923230316/http://www.nuclear\-free.com/english/salzburg.htm \|archive\-date\=23 September 2012 }}
[ "### Large protests", "[thumb\\|Protest in Bonn against the deployment of [Pershing II](/wiki/Pershing_II \"Pershing II\") missiles in Europe, 1981](/wiki/File:Massale_vredesdemonstratie_in_Bonn_tegen_de_modernisering_van_kernwapens_in_West%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8611.jpg \"Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8611.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Demonstration against [French nuclear testing](/wiki/French_nuclear_testing \"French nuclear testing\") in 1995 in Paris](/wiki/File:StopEssaisManif.jpg \"StopEssaisManif.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Demonstration in [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\"), France, in the 1980s against nuclear tests](/wiki/File:Essais_nucleaires_manif.jpg \"Essais nucleaires manif.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|On 12 December 1982, 30,000 women held hands around the {{convert\\|6\\|mi\\|km}} perimeter of the base, in protest against the decision to site American [cruise missiles](/wiki/Cruise_missiles \"Cruise missiles\") there.](/wiki/File:Embracing_the_base%2C_Greenham_Common_December_1982_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759090.jpg \"Embracing the base, Greenham Common December 1982 - geograph.org.uk - 759090.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Anti\\-nuclear protests}}", "In 1971, the town of [Wyhl](/wiki/Wyhl \"Wyhl\"), in Germany, was a proposed site for a nuclear power station. In the years that followed, public opposition steadily mounted, and there were large protests. Television coverage of police dragging away farmers and their wives helped to turn nuclear power into a major issue. In 1975, an administrative court withdrew the construction licence for the plant.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Stephen C. Mills\\|author2\\=Roger Williams\\|title\\=Public Acceptance of New Technologies: An International Review\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SeMNAAAAQAAJ\\|year\\=1986\\|publisher\\=Croom Helm\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7099\\-4319\\-8\\|pages\\=375–376\\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SeMNAAAAQAAJ\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Robert Gottlieb\\|title\\=Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lR0n6oqMNPkC\\&pg\\=PP1\\|year\\=2005\\|publisher\\=Island Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59726\\-761\\-8\\|page\\=237\\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lR0n6oqMNPkC\\&pg\\=PP1\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00\\.html\\|title\\=Nuclear Power in Germany: A Chronology\\|author\\=Deutsche Welle\\|website\\=DW.COM\\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=24 January 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124115849/http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Wyhl experience encouraged the formation of citizen action groups near other planned nuclear sites.", "In 1972, the nuclear disarmament movement maintained a presence in the Pacific, largely in response to [French nuclear testing](/wiki/French_nuclear_testing \"French nuclear testing\") there. New Zealand activists sailed boats into the test zone, interrupting the testing program.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Lewis \\|first1\\=Paul \\|title\\=David McTaggart, a Builder of Greenpeace, Dies at 69 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/world/david\\-mctaggart\\-a\\-builder\\-of\\-greenpeace\\-dies\\-at\\-69\\.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=24 March 2001 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206200516/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/world/david\\-mctaggart\\-a\\-builder\\-of\\-greenpeace\\-dies\\-at\\-69\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wittner \\|first1\\=Lawrence S. \\|title\\=Nuclear Disarmament Activism in Asia and the Pacific, 1971\\-1996 \\|journal\\=The Asia\\-Pacific Journal \\|date\\=15 June 2009 \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=25 \\|url\\=https://apjjf.org/\\-Lawrence\\-S.\\-Wittner/3179/article.html \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122114419/http://www.japanfocus.org/\\-Lawrence\\_S\\_\\-Wittner/3179 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In Australia, thousands of people joined protest marches in Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Sydney. Scientists issued statements demanding an end to the nuclear tests. In Fiji, anti\\-nuclear activists formed an Against Testing on [Mururoa](/wiki/Mururoa \"Mururoa\") organization.", "In the [Basque Country](/wiki/Basque_Country_%28autonomous_community%29 \"Basque Country (autonomous community)\") (Spain and France), a strong anti\\-nuclear movement emerged in 1973, which ultimately led to the abandonment of most of the planned nuclear power projects.Lutz Mez, [Mycle Schneider](/wiki/Mycle_Schneider \"Mycle Schneider\") and [Steve Thomas](/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_%28economist%29 \"Stephen Thomas (economist)\") (Eds.) (2009\\). *International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power*, Multi\\-Science Publishing Co. Ltd, p. 371\\. On 14 July 1977, in [Bilbao](/wiki/Bilbao \"Bilbao\"), between 150,000 and 200,000 people protested against the [Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Lemoniz_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant\"). This has been called the \"biggest ever anti\\-nuclear demonstration\".Wolfgang Rudig (1990\\). *Anti\\-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy*, Longman, p. 138\\.", "In France, there were mass protests in the early 1970s, organized at nearly every planned nuclear site in France. Between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations. In 1977 there was a massive demonstration at the [Superphénix](/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix \"Superphénix\") breeder reactor in Creys\\-Malvillein which culminated in violence.Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak (1982\\). *[The Atom Besieged: Antinuclear Movements in France and Germany](http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026264021Xchap1.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105857/http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026264021Xchap1\\.pdf \\|date\\=4 June 2011 }}*, ASIN: B0011LXE0A, p. 3\\.", "In West Germany, between February 1975 and April 1979, some 280,000 people were involved in seven demonstrations at nuclear sites. Several site occupations were also attempted. Following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, some 120,000 people attended a demonstration against nuclear power in [Bonn](/wiki/Bonn \"Bonn\").", "In the Philippines, there were many [protests in the late 1970s and 1980s](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_Philippines \"Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines\") against the proposed [Bataan Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Bataan Nuclear Power Plant\"), which was built but never operated{{cite book\\|author1\\=Yok\\-shiu F. Lee\\|author2\\=Alvin Y. So\\|title\\=Asia's Environmental Movements: Comparative Perspectives\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Tj9m7HMa6\\-wC\\&pg\\=PA160\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=M.E. Sharpe\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-56324\\-909\\-9\\|pages\\=160–161\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045246/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Tj9m7HMa6\\-wC\\&pg\\=PA160\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}} due to safety concerns and issues regarding corruption.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Oliveros\\|first\\=Benjie\\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=Revival of Bataan Nuclear Power Plant a Source of Corruption?\\|url\\=https://www.bulatlat.com/2009/01/31/revival\\-of\\-bataan\\-nuclear\\-power\\-plant\\-a\\-source\\-of\\-corruption/\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=Bulatlat\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=19 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119023530/https://www.bulatlat.com/2009/01/31/revival\\-of\\-bataan\\-nuclear\\-power\\-plant\\-a\\-source\\-of\\-corruption/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 1981, Germany's largest anti\\-nuclear power demonstration protested against the construction of the [Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Brokdorf_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant\") west of Hamburg. Some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Tagliabue \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=WEST GERMANS CLASH AT SITE OF A\\-PLANT \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/west\\-germans\\-clash\\-at\\-site\\-of\\-a\\-plant.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=1 March 1981 \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907192728/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/west\\-germans\\-clash\\-at\\-site\\-of\\-a\\-plant.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[Violence Mars West German Protest](https://web.archive.org/web/20090606210652/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/01/world/violence-mars-west-german-nuclear-protest-demonstrators-brokdorf-near-hamburg.html) *The New York Times*, 1 March 1981 p. 17", "In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the revival of the [nuclear arms race](/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race \"Nuclear arms race\"), triggered a new wave of protests about nuclear weapons. Older organizations such as the [Federation of Atomic Scientists](/wiki/Federation_of_Atomic_Scientists \"Federation of Atomic Scientists\") revived, and newer organizations appeared, including the [Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign](/wiki/Nuclear_Weapons_Freeze_Campaign \"Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign\") and [Physicians for Social Responsibility](/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility \"Physicians for Social Responsibility\").Lawrence S. Wittner. {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/op\\-eds/disarmament\\-movement\\-lessons\\-yesteryear\\|title\\=Disarmament movement lessons from yesteryear\\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-27\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121209103702/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/op\\-eds/disarmament\\-movement\\-lessons\\-yesteryear\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2012}} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, 27 July 2009\\. In the UK, on 1 April 1983, about 70,000 people linked arms to form a 14\\-mile\\-long human chain between three nuclear weapons centres in Berkshire.Paul Brown, Shyama Perera and Martin Wainwright. [Protest by CND stretches 14 miles](https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1866956,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510220343/https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1866956,00\\.html \\|date\\=10 May 2017 }} *The Guardian*, 2 April 1983\\.", "On Palm Sunday 1982, 100,000 Australians participated in anti\\-nuclear rallies in the nation's largest cities. Growing year by year, the rallies drew 350,000 participants in 1985\\. On 29 October 1983, the {{ill\\|Committee Cruise Missiles No\\|nl\\|Komitee Kruisraketten Nee}} organised a demonstration in The Hague, Netherlands which was attended by 550,000 people, and was the largest demonstration in the history of the Netherlands.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/zomergasten/lees/gasten/1988/sienie\\-strikwerda.html \\|title\\=Sienie Strikwerda \\|website\\=VPRO Television \\|year\\=1988 \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2022 \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228155648/https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/zomergasten/lees/gasten/1988/sienie\\-strikwerda.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://nos.nl/artikel/522198\\-sienie\\-strikwerda\\-91\\-overleden \\|title\\=Sienie Strikwerda (91\\) overleden \\|website\\=Nederlandse Omroep Stichting \\|date\\=25 June 2013 \\|language\\=nl \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228155645/https://nos.nl/artikel/522198\\-sienie\\-strikwerda\\-91\\-overleden \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In May 1986, following the [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\"), clashes between anti\\-nuclear protesters and West German police were common. More than 400 people were injured in mid\\-May at a nuclear\\-waste reprocessing plant being built near Wackersdorf.John Greenwald. [Energy and Now, the Political Fallout](https://web.archive.org/web/20080228221114/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961509-2,00.html#ixzz0ceyKaRdI), *TIME*, 2 June 1986\\. Also in May 1986, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program, and 50,000 marched in Milan.{{cite book\\|author\\=Marco Giugni\\|title\\=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\\&pg\\=PA55\\|year\\=2004\\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7425\\-1827\\-8\\|page\\=55\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045259/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Kn6YhNtyVigC\\&pg\\=PA55\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Hundreds of people walked from Los Angeles to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), in 1986 in what is referred to as the [Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament \"Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament\"). The march took nine months to traverse {{Convert\\|3700\\|mi}}, advancing approximately fifteen miles per day.[Hundreds of Marchers Hit Washington in Finale of Nationwide Peace March](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19861116&id=6NARAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ekDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,12809) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430190655/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1320\\&dat\\=19861116\\&id\\=6NARAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=5ekDAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4346,12809 \\|date\\=30 April 2016 }} *Gainesville Sun*, 16 November 1986\\.", "The anti\\-nuclear organisation \"Nevada Semipalatinsk\" was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti\\-nuclear groups in the former [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"). It attracted thousands of people to its protests and campaigns which eventually led to the closure of the [nuclear test site](/wiki/Nuclear_test_site \"Nuclear test site\") in north\\-east [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\"), in 1991\\.{{cite web \\| title \\= Semipalatinsk: 60 years later (collection of articles) \\| publisher \\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\| date \\= September 2009 \\| url \\= http://thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/special\\-topics/semipalatinsk\\-60\\-years\\-later \\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-10\\-01 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20091014204454/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/special\\-topics/semipalatinsk\\-60\\-years\\-later \\| archive\\-date \\= 14 October 2009}}[World: Asia\\-Pacific: Kazakh anti\\-nuclear movement celebrates tenth anniversary](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/288008.stm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065400/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia\\-pacific/288008\\.stm \\|date\\=26 January 2016 }} *BBC News*, 28 February 1999\\.Matthew Chance. [Inside the nuclear underworld: Deformity and fear](http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/08/30/btsc.chance.nukes/index.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331182649/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/08/30/btsc.chance.nukes/index.html \\|date\\=31 March 2009 }} *CNN.com*, 31 August 2007\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://peoplebuildingpeace.microhost.nl/thestories/print.php?id\\=137\\&typ\\=theme\\|title\\=Protests Stop Devastating Nuclear Tests: The Nevada\\-Semipalatinsk Anti\\-Nuclear Movement in Kazakhstan\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014846/http://peoplebuildingpeace.microhost.nl/thestories/print.php?id\\=137\\&typ\\=theme\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The [World Uranium Hearing](/wiki/World_Uranium_Hearing \"World Uranium Hearing\") was held in [Salzburg, Austria](/wiki/Salzburg%2C_Austria \"Salzburg, Austria\") in September 1992\\. Anti\\-nuclear speakers from all continents, including indigenous speakers and scientists, testified to the health and environmental problems of [uranium mining](/wiki/Uranium_mining \"Uranium mining\") and processing, [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power \"Nuclear power\"), [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons \"Nuclear weapons\"), [nuclear tests](/wiki/Nuclear_tests \"Nuclear tests\"), and [radioactive waste disposal](/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management \"High-level radioactive waste management\"). People who spoke at the 1992 Hearing included [Thomas Banyacya](/wiki/Thomas_Banyacya \"Thomas Banyacya\"), [Katsumi Furitsu](/wiki/Katsumi_Furitsu \"Katsumi Furitsu\"), [Manuel Pino](/wiki/Manuel_Pino \"Manuel Pino\") and [Floyd Red Crow Westerman](/wiki/Floyd_Red_Crow_Westerman \"Floyd Red Crow Westerman\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nuclear\\-free.com/english/hearing.htm \\|title\\=World Uranium Hearing, a Look Back \\|author\\=Nuclear\\-Free Future Award \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603131308/http://www.nuclear\\-free.com/english/hearing.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2013 \\|author\\-link\\=Nuclear\\-Free Future Award }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nuclear\\-free.com/english/salzburg.htm \\|title\\=The Declaration of Salzberg \\|author\\=Nuclear\\-Free Future Award \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923230316/http://www.nuclear\\-free.com/english/salzburg.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2012 }}", "" ]
### Recent developments For many years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries, and the anti\-nuclear power movement seemed to have won its case. Some anti\-nuclear groups disbanded. In the 2000s (decade), however, following [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") activities by the nuclear industry,{{cite journal \|title\=The Campaign to Sell Nuclear \|author\=Diane Farseta \|date\=1 September 2008 \|volume\=64 \|issue\=4 \|journal\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \|pages\=38–56 \|doi\=10\.2968/064004009\|bibcode\=2008BuAtS..64d..38F }} [advances in nuclear reactor designs](/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_technology%23Advanced_reactors "Nuclear reactor technology#Advanced reactors"), and concerns about [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"), nuclear power issues came back into [energy policy](/wiki/Energy_policy "Energy policy") discussions in some countries. The [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster") subsequently undermined the nuclear power industry's proposed come back. 2004–2006 In January 2004, up to 15,000 anti\-nuclear protesters marched in Paris against a new generation of nuclear reactors, the European Pressurised Water Reactor (EPWR).[Thousands march in Paris anti\-nuclear protest](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/01/18/1027267.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107164619/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004\-01\-18/thousands\-march\-in\-paris\-anti\-nuclear\-protest/121430 \|date\=7 November 2020 }} ABC News, 18 January 2004\. On 1 May 2005, 40,000 anti\-nuclear/anti\-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"). This was the largest anti\-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades. In Britain, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the aging [Trident weapons system](/wiki/UK_Trident_programme "UK Trident programme") with a newer model. The largest protest had 100,000 participants and, according to polls, 59 per cent of the public opposed the move.[Lawrence S. Wittner](/wiki/Lawrence_S._Wittner "Lawrence S. Wittner"). [A rebirth of the anti\-nuclear weapons movement? Portents of an anti\-nuclear upsurge](http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/a-rebirth-the-anti-nuclear-weapons-movement) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619072842/http://thebulletin.org/web\-edition/roundtables/a\-rebirth\-the\-anti\-nuclear\-weapons\-movement \|date\=19 June 2010 }} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, 7 December 2007\. 2007–2009 [thumb\|right\|A scene from the 2007 Stop EPR ([European Pressurised Reactor](/wiki/European_Pressurised_Reactor%23Flamanville_3_%28second_unit%29 "European Pressurised Reactor#Flamanville 3 (second unit)")) protest in [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse "Toulouse"), France](/wiki/File:Anti-EPR_demonstration_in_Toulouse_0166_2007-03-17.jpg "Anti-EPR demonstration in Toulouse 0166 2007-03-17.jpg") [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in Northern Germany, on 8 November 2008](/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg "Grüne protests against nuclear energy.jpg") [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear march from London to Geneva, 2008](/wiki/File:Marche_antinucl%C3%A9aire_Angers.jpg "Marche antinucléaire Angers.jpg") [thumb\|Start of anti\-nuclear march from Geneva to Brussels, 2009](/wiki/File:Antinuclear_Walk_Geneva-Brussels_2009_Geneva.jpg "Antinuclear Walk Geneva-Brussels 2009 Geneva.jpg") On 17 March 2007 simultaneous protests, organised by *[Sortir du nucléaire](/wiki/Sortir_du_nucl%C3%A9aire_%28France%29 "Sortir du nucléaire (France)")*, were staged in five French towns to protest construction of [EPR](/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor "European Pressurized Reactor") plants; [Rennes](/wiki/Rennes "Rennes"), [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon "Lyon"), [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse "Toulouse"), [Lille](/wiki/Lille "Lille"), and [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg").{{cite news \|title\=French protests over EPR \|publisher\=Nuclear Engineering International \|date\=2007\-04\-03 \|url\=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode\=132\&storyCode\=2043436 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191242/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode\=132\&storyCode\=2043436 \|archive\-date\=27 September 2007}}{{cite news \|title\=France hit by anti\-nuclear protests \|work\=Evening Echo \|date\=2007\-04\-03 \|url\=http://www.eveningecho.ie/news/bstory.asp?j\=13919232\&p\=y39y9z78\&n\=13919320 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929005415/http://www.eveningecho.ie/news/bstory.asp?j\=13919232\&p\=y39y9z78\&n\=13919320 \|archive\-date\=29 September 2007}} In June 2007, 4,000 local residents, students and anti\-nuclear activists took to the streets in the city of Kudzus in Indonesia's Central Java, calling on the Government to abandon plans to build a nuclear power plant there.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/06/12/1949428\.htm \|title\=Thousands protest against Indonesian nuclear plant \|date\=12 June 2007 \|work\=ABC News \|access\-date\=2 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=18 February 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218214001/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/06/12/1949428\.htm \|url\-status\=live }} In February 2008, a group of concerned scientists and engineers called for the closure of the [Kazantzakis\-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Kazantzakis-Kariwa_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Kazantzakis-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant") in Japan.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=20601101\&sid\=andHPiVjEIUA\|title\=Japan Nuclear Plant Not Safe to Restart After Quake, Group Says\|date\=8 July 2023\|publisher\=Bloomberg News\|access\-date\=5 March 2017\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045755/https://www.bloomberg.com/politics?pid\=20601101\&sid\=andHPiVjEIUA\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/kkscientist24feb08\.html\|title\=Close Kazantzakis\-Kariwa Nuclear Plant\|author\=CNIC (Citizens' Nuclear Information Center)\|website\=cnic.jp\|access\-date\=30 April 2010\|archive\-date\=16 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616025918/http://www.cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/kkscientist24feb08\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} The [International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/International_Conference_on_Nuclear_Disarmament%2C_Oslo%2C_2008 "International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament, Oslo, 2008") took place in [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo "Oslo") in February 2008, and was organized by The Government of [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), the [Nuclear Threat Initiative](/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative "Nuclear Threat Initiative") and the [Hoover Institute](/wiki/Hoover_Institute "Hoover Institute"). The Conference was entitled *Achieving the Vision of a World Free of Nuclear Weapons* and had the purpose of building consensus between nuclear weapon states and non\-nuclear weapon states in relation to the [Nuclear Non\-proliferation Treaty](/wiki/Nuclear_Non-proliferation_Treaty "Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty").{{cite web\|url\=http://disarmament.nrpa.no/ \|title\=International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament \|date\=February 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104155217/http://disarmament.nrpa.no/ \|archive\-date\=4 January 2011 }} During a weekend in October 2008, some 15,000 people disrupted the transport of radioactive nuclear waste from France to a dump in Germany. This was one of the largest such protests in many years and, according to *[Der Spiel](/wiki/Der_Spiel "Der Spiel")*, it signals a revival of the [anti\-nuclear movement in Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany "Anti-nuclear movement in Germany").[The Renaissance of the Anti\-Nuclear Movement](http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523204210/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00\.html \|date\=23 May 2011 }} *Spiel Online*, 11/10/2008\.[Anti\-Nuclear Protest Reawakens: Nuclear Waste Reaches German Storage Site Amid Fierce Protests](http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130101235/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00\.html \|date\=30 January 2010 }} *Spiel Online*, 11/11/2008\.Simon Sturdiness. [Police break up German nuclear protest](http://news.theage.com.au/world/police-break-up-german-nuclear-protest-20081111-5lw7.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521030942/http://news.theage.com.au/world/police\-break\-up\-german\-nuclear\-protest\-20081111\-5lw7\.html \|date\=21 May 2011 }} *The Age*, 11 November 2008\. In 2009, the coalition of green parties in the European parliament, who are unanimous in their anti\-nuclear position, increased their presence in the parliament from 5\.5% to 7\.1% (52 seats).[Green boost in European elections may trigger nuclear fight](http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090609/full/news.2009.556.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720013436/http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090609/full/news.2009\.556\.html \|date\=20 July 2009 }}, *Nature*, 9 June 2009\. In October 2008 in the United Kingdom, more than 30 people were arrested during one of the largest anti\-nuclear protests at the [Atomic Weapons Establishment](/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment "Atomic Weapons Establishment") at Aldermaston for 10 years. The demonstration marked the start of the UN World Disarmament Week and involved about 400 people.[More than 30 arrests at Aldermaston anti\-nuclear protest](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/28/anti-nuclear-aldermaston-protest-disarmament) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702072941/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/28/anti\-nuclear\-aldermaston\-protest\-disarmament \|date\=2 July 2017 }} *The Guardian*, 28 October 2008\. In 2008 and 2009, there have been protests about, and criticism of, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2008/01/05/anti\-nuclear\-renaissance\-powerful\-partial\-and\-tentative\-victory\-over\-atomic\-energy\|title\=Anti\-Nuclear Renaissance: A Powerful but Partial and Tentative Victory Over Atomic Energy\|website\=Common Dreams\|access\-date\=17 December 2020\|archive\-date\=25 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125071742/https://www.commondreams.org/views/2008/01/05/anti\-nuclear\-renaissance\-powerful\-partial\-and\-tentative\-victory\-over\-atomic\-energy\|url\-status\=live}} There have also been some objections to license renewals for existing nuclear plants.Maryann Spoto. [Nuclear license renewal sparks protest](http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/1243915641194930.xml&coll=1) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175958/http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news\-14/1243915641194930\.xml\&coll\=1 \|date\=3 March 2016 }} *Star\-Ledger*, 2 June 2009\.[Anti\-nuclear protesters reach capitol](http://www.rutlandherald.com/article/BT/20100114/NEWS01/1140347/0/BENNETT) {{dead link\|date\=September 2018\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *Rutland Herald*, 14 January 2010\. A convoy of 350 farm tractors and 50,000 protesters took part in an anti\-nuclear rally in Berlin on 5 September 2009\. The marchers demanded that Germany close all nuclear plants by 2020 and close the Gorleben radioactive dump.Eric Kirschbaum. [Anti\-nuclear rally enlivens German campaign](https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE58426820090905) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907163439/http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE58426820090905 \|date\=7 September 2009 }} Reuters, 5 September 2009\.[50,000 join anti\-nuclear power march in Berlin](http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090905-21723.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911111328/http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090905\-21723\.html \|date\=11 September 2009 }} *The Local*, 5 September 2009\. Gorleben is the focus of the [anti\-nuclear movement in Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany "Anti-nuclear movement in Germany"), which has tried to derail train transports of waste and to destroy or block the approach roads to the site. Two above\-ground storage units house 3,500 containers of radioactive sludge and thousands of tonnes of spent fuel rods.Roger Boyes. [German nuclear programme threatened by old mine housing waste](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6997652.ece) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155007/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6997652\.ece \|date\=4 June 2011 }} *The Times*, 22 January 2010\. 2010 [thumb\|KETTENreAKTION! in Uetersen, Germany](/wiki/File:KETTENreAKTION_Uetersen_27.JPG "KETTENreAKTION Uetersen 27.JPG") On 21 April 2010, a dozen [environmental organizations](/wiki/Environmental_organization "Environmental organization") called on the [United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission](/wiki/United_States_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission "United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission") to investigate possible limitations in the [AP1000](/wiki/AP1000 "AP1000") reactor design. These groups appealed to three federal agencies to suspend the licensing process because they believed containment in the new design is weaker than existing reactors.{{cite news \|title\=Groups say new Vogyle Reactors need study \|work\=August Chronicle \|url\=http://m.chronicle.augusta.com/latest\-news/2010\-04\-21/groups\-say\-new\-vogtle\-reactors\-need\-study?v\=1271900068 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185219/http://m.chronicle.augusta.com/latest\-news/2010\-04\-21/groups\-say\-new\-vogtle\-reactors\-need\-study?v\=1271900068 \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-07 \|access\-date\=2010\-04\-24}} On 24 April 2010, about 120,000 people built a human chain (KETTENreAKTION!) between the nuclear plants at [Krümmel](/wiki/Kr%C3%BCmmel_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant") and [Brunsbüttel](/wiki/Brunsb%C3%BCttel_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant"). In this way they were demonstrating against the plans of the German government to extend the life of nuclear power reactors.{{cite web\|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE63N13Q20100424\|title\=German nuclear protesters form 75\-mile human chain\|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=2010\-04\-25\|access\-date\=2010\-04\-25 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427092449/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE63N13Q20100424\| archive\-date\= 27 April 2010 \|url\-status\=dead}} In May 2010, some 25,000 people, including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors, marched for about two kilometers from downtown New York to the United Nations headquarters, calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons.[A\-bomb survivors join 25,000\-strong anti\-nuclear march through New York](http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/314/Default.aspx) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512133429/http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/314/Default.aspx \|date\=12 May 2013}} *Mainichi Daily News*, 4 May 2010\. In September 2010, German government policy shifted back toward nuclear energy, and this generated some new anti\-nuclear sentiment in Berlin and beyond.James Norman and Dave Sweeney. [Germany's 'hot autumn' of nuclear discontent](https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/germanys-hot-autumn-of-nuclear-discontent-20100914-15aag.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304193811/http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/germanys\-hot\-autumn\-of\-nuclear\-discontent\-20100914\-15aag.html \|date\=4 March 2013 }} *Sydney Morning Herald*, 14 September 2010\. On 18 September 2010, tens of thousands of Germans surrounded Chancellor [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel")'s office in an anti\-nuclear demonstration that organisers said was the biggest of its kind since the 1986 [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster").Dave Graham. [Thousands of Germans attend anti\-nuclear protest](https://archive.today/20100921073729/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/world/Thousands+Germans+attend+anti+nuclear+protest/3545178/story.html) *National Post*, 18 September 2010\. In October 2010, tens of thousands of people protested in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") against the nuclear power policy of Angela Merkel's coalition government. The action was the largest anti\-nuclear event in [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") for more than two decades.[Tens of thousands take part in Munich anti\-nuclear protest](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6097663,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014150204/http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,,6097663,00\.html \|date\=14 October 2010 }} *Deutsche Welle*, 9 October 2010\. In November 2010, there were violent protests against a train carrying reprocessed nuclear waste in Germany. Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in Dannenberg to signal their opposition to the cargo. Around 16,000 police were mobilised to deal with the protests.Rachael Brown. [Violent protests against nuclear waste train](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/11/08/3059949.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111090814/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/11/08/3059949\.htm \|date\=11 November 2010 }} ABC News, 8 November 2010\.[Atomic waste train back on move after anti\-nuclear blockade](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6194531,00.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108080415/http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,,6194531,00\.html \|date\=8 November 2010 }} *Deutsche Welle*, 5 November 2010\. In December 2010, some 10,000 people (mainly fishermen, farmers and their families) turned out to oppose the [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project "Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project") in the Maharashtra state of India, amid a heavy police presence.[Indians protest against nuclear plant](http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1432616/Indians-protest-against-nuclear-plant) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021073824/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1432616/Indians\-protest\-against\-nuclear\-plant \|date\=21 October 2012 }} (4 December 2010\) *World News Australia*. In December 2010, five anti\-nuclear weapons activists, including octogenarians and [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit "Jesuit") priests, were convicted of conspiracy and trespass in Tacoma, US. They cut fences at [Naval Base Kitsap](/wiki/Naval_Base_Kitsap "Naval Base Kitsap")\-Bangor in 2009 to protest submarine nuclear weapons, and reached an area near where [Trident nuclear](/wiki/Trident_nuclear "Trident nuclear") warheads are stored in bunkers. Members of the group could face up to 10 years in prison.{{cite news \|last1\=Valdes \|first1\=Manuel \|title\=Anti\-nuclear weapon protesters convicted in Tacoma \|url\=https://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/12/13/anti\_nuclear\_weapon\_protesters\_convicted\_in\_tacoma/ \|work\=Boston Globe \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=13 December 2010 \|access\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=7 September 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907191928/https://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/12/13/anti\_nuclear\_weapon\_protesters\_convicted\_in\_tacoma/ \|url\-status\=live }} 2011 [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear demonstration in [Munich, Germany](/wiki/Munich%2C_Germany "Munich, Germany"), March 2011](/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_Anti-Atomkraft-Demonstration_M%C3%A4rz_2011_003.JPG "München Anti-Atomkraft-Demonstration März 2011 003.JPG") [thumb\|Eight of the seventeen operating reactors in Germany were permanently shut down following the March 2011 [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima nuclear disaster")](/wiki/File:Atom-Moratorium.svg "Atom-Moratorium.svg") [thumb\|Buddhist monks of Nipponzan\-Myōhōji protest against nuclear power near the Diet of Japan in Tokyo on 5 April 2011\.](/wiki/File:Monksantinuclear.JPG "Monksantinuclear.JPG") [thumb\|[Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey](/wiki/Human_chain_against_nuclear_plant_in_Turkey "Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey") on 17 April 2011](/wiki/File:Mersin_anti_nuclear_4.jpg "Mersin anti nuclear 4.jpg") [thumb\|Castor demonstration in Dannenberg, Germany, November 2011](/wiki/File:Castor_2011_-_Demonstration_in_Dannenberg_%289%29.jpg "Castor 2011 - Demonstration in Dannenberg (9).jpg") In January 2011, five Japanese young people held a hunger strike for more than a week, outside the Prefectural Government offices in [Yamaguchi City](/wiki/Yamaguchi%2C_Yamaguchi "Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi"), to protest against the planned [Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Kaminoseki_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant") near the environmentally sensitive [Seto Inland Sea](/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea "Seto Inland Sea").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k\=716 \|title\=Five Japanese in Hunger Strike Against Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant \|date\=29 January 2011 \|access\-date\=1 February 2011 \|archive\-date\=31 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131165408/http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k\=716 \|url\-status\=live }} Following the [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster"), anti\-nuclear opposition intensified in Germany. On 12 March 2011, 60,000 Germans formed a 45\-km human chain from [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart "Stuttgart") to the [Neckarwestheim](/wiki/Neckarwestheim "Neckarwestheim") power plant.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-germany\-nuclear\-extension\-idUSTRE72D5WX20110314 \|title\=Germany suspends deal to extend nuclear plants' life \|last\=Stamp \|first\=David \|date\=14 March 2011 \|publisher\=\[\[Reuters]] \|access\-date\=15 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=26 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065401/http://www.reuters.com/article/us\-germany\-nuclear\-extension\-idUSTRE72D5WX20110314 \|url\-status\=live }} On 14 March 110,000 people protested in 450 other German towns, with opinion polls indicating 80% of Germans opposed the government's extension of nuclear power.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,,14912184,00\.html \|title\=Merkel shuts down seven nuclear reactors \|last\=Knight \|first\=Ben \|date\=15 March 2011 \|work\=\[\[Deutsche Welle]] \|access\-date\=15 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=15 May 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515215901/https://www.dw.com/en/merkel\-shuts\-down\-seven\-nuclear\-reactors/a\-14912184 \|url\-status\=live }} On 15 March 2011, Angela Merkel said that seven nuclear power plants which went online before 1980 would be closed and the time would be used to study speedier [renewable energy commercialization](/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization "Renewable energy commercialization").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/business/global/16euronuke.html \|title\=Germany Shuts 7 Plants as Europe Plans Safety Tests \|author\=James Kanter and Judy Dempsey \|date\=15 March 2011 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=18 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118104959/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/business/global/16euronuke.html \|url\-status\=live }} In March 2011, around 2,000 anti\-nuclear protesters demonstrated in Taiwan for an immediate halt to the construction of the island's fourth nuclear power plant. The protesters were also opposed to plans to extend the lifespan of three existing nuclear plants.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest\+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110320\-269104\.html \|title\=Over 2,000 rally against nuclear plants in Taiwan \|date\=20 March 2011 \|agency\=AFP \|access\-date\=24 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=24 February 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224193409/https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest\+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110320\-269104\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In March 2011, more than 200,000 people took part in anti\-nuclear protests in four large German cities, on the eve of state elections. Organisers called it the largest anti\-nuclear demonstration the country has seen.{{cite web \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/germany\-nuclear\-idUKLDE72P0FG20110326 \|title\=Anti\-nuclear Germans protest on eve of state vote \|date\=26 March 2011 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=1 September 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901022937/https://uk.reuters.com/article/germany\-nuclear\-idUKLDE72P0FG20110326 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/europe/28germany.html?\_r\=1 \|title\=Merkel Loses Key German State on Nuclear Fears \|author\=Judy Dempsey \|date\=27 March 2011 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=5 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=29 January 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129052319/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/europe/28germany.html?\_r\=1 \|url\-status\=live }} Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011\. About 7,000 people took part in anti\-nuclear protests in Bremen. About 3,000 people protested outside [RWE](/wiki/RWE "RWE")'s headquarters in Essen.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MBL8981\.htm \|title\=Thousands of Germans protest against nuclear power \|date\=2 April 2011 \|work\=Bloomberg Businessweek \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508123412/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MBL8981\.htm \|archive\-date\=8 May 2011}} Citing the Fukushima nuclear disaster, environmental activists at a U.N. meeting in April 2011 "urged bolder steps to tap [renewable energy](/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy") so the world doesn't have to choose between the dangers of nuclear power and the ravages of climate change".{{cite web \|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gA36EtO2y0Cuvw3w1X8O2TMPRYtw?docId\=695dc2e92bf04303a5322dbcd94e36a9 \|title\=Activists call for renewable energy at UN meeting \|date\=4 April 2011 \|agency\=Associated Press \|access\-date\=10 November 2016 \|archive\-date\=5 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405024756/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gA36EtO2y0Cuvw3w1X8O2TMPRYtw?docId\=695dc2e92bf04303a5322dbcd94e36a9 \|url\-status\=dead }} In mid\-April, 17,000 people protested at two demonstrations in Tokyo against nuclear power.{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2024}} In India, environmentalists, local farmers and fishermen have been protesting for months over the planned [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project "Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project") six\-reactor complex, 420 km south of Mumbai. If built, it would be one of the world's largest nuclear power complexes. Protests have escalated following Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster and during two days of violent rallies in April 2011, a local man was killed and dozens were injured.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/fisherman\-shot\-dead\-in\-indian\-nuke\-protest/story\-e6frg6so\-1226042424159 \|title\=Fisherman shot dead in Indian nuke protest \|author\=Amanda Hodge \|date\=21 April 2011 \|work\=The Australian \|access\-date\=21 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=15 May 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515132117/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/fisherman\-shot\-dead\-in\-indian\-nuke\-protest/story\-e6frg6so\-1226042424159 \|url\-status\=live }} In May 2011, some 20,000 people turned out for Switzerland's largest anti\-nuclear power demonstration in 25 years. Demonstrators marched peacefully near the [Beznau Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Beznau_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Beznau Nuclear Power Plant"), the oldest in Switzerland, which started operating 40 years ago.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9NCL8100\.htm \|title\=Biggest anti\-nuclear Swiss protests in 25 years \|date\=22 May 2011 \|work\=Bloomberg Businessweek \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026080657/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9NCL8100\.htm \|archive\-date\=26 October 2012}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss\_news/Anti\-nuclear\_protests\_attract\_20,000\.html?cid\=30291990 \|title\=Anti\-nuclear protests attract 20,000 \|date\=22 May 2011 \|work\=Swissinfo \|access\-date\=24 May 2011 \|archive\-date\=28 July 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728155903/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss\_news/Anti\-nuclear\_protests\_attract\_20,000\.html?cid\=30291990 \|url\-status\=live }} Days after the anti\-nuclear rally, Cabinet decided to ban the building of new nuclear power reactors. The country's five existing reactors would be allowed to continue operating, but "would not be replaced at the end of their life span". In May 2011, 5,000 people joined a carnival\-like anti\-nuclear protest in [Taipei City](/wiki/Taipei_City "Taipei City"). This was part of a nationwide "No Nuke Action" protest, urging the government to stop construction of a Fourth Nuclear Plant and pursue a more [sustainable energy](/wiki/Sustainable_energy "Sustainable energy") policy.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/01/2003502115 \|title\=Anti\-nuclear rally draws legions \|author\=Lee I\-Chia \|date\=1 May 2011 \|work\=Taipei Times \|access\-date\=14 July 2011 \|archive\-date\=3 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503152335/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/01/2003502115 \|url\-status\=live }} On [World Environment Day](/wiki/World_Environment_Day "World Environment Day") in June 2011, environmental groups demonstrated against Taiwan's nuclear power policy. The Taiwan Environmental Protection Union, together with 13 environmental groups and legislators, gathered in Taipei and protested against the nation's three operating nuclear power plants and the construction of a fourth plant.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/06/05/2003505021 \|title\=Conservationists protest against nuclear policies \|author\=Lee I\-Chia \|date\=5 June 2011 \|work\=Tapai Times \|access\-date\=5 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=27 June 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627140853/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/06/05/2003505021 \|url\-status\=live }} Three months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, thousands of anti\-nuclear protesters marched in Japan. Company workers, students, and parents with children rallied across Japan, "venting their anger at the government's handling of the crisis, carrying flags bearing the words 'No Nukes!' and 'No More Fukushima'."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/columns\-us\-japan\-nuclear\-protest\-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 \|title\=Japan anti\-nuclear protesters rally after quake \|author\=Antoni Slodkowski \|date\=15 June 2011 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=12 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512003222/https://www.reuters.com/article/columns\-us\-japan\-nuclear\-protest\-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 \|url\-status\=live }} In August 2011, about 2,500 people including farmers and fishermen marched in Tokyo. They are suffering heavy losses following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and called for prompt compensation from plant operator [TEPCO](/wiki/Tokyo_Electric_Power_Company "Tokyo Electric Power Company") and the government.{{cite web\|url\=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110813p2g00m0dm011000c.html \|title\=Fukushima farmers, fishermen protest over nuclear crisis \|date\=13 August 2011 \|work\=Mainichi Daily News \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902124656/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110813p2g00m0dm011000c.html \|archive\-date\=2 September 2011}} In September 2011, anti\-nuclear protesters, marching to the beat of drums, "took to the streets of Tokyo and other cities to mark six months since the March earthquake and tsunami and vent their anger at the government's handling of the nuclear crisis set off by meltdowns at the Fukushima power plant". Protesters called for a complete shutdown of Japanese nuclear power plants and demanded a shift in government policy toward alternative sources of energy. Among the protestors were four young men who started a 10\-day hunger strike to bring about change in Japan's nuclear policy.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-japan\-quake\-protests\-idUSTRE78A1AB20110911 \|title\=Japan anti\-nuclear protests mark 6 months since quake \|author\=Olivier Fabre \|date\=11 September 2011 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=16 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516122409/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-japan\-quake\-protests\-idUSTRE78A1AB20110911 \|url\-status\=live }} Tens of thousands of people marched in central Tokyo in September 2011, chanting "Sayonara nuclear power" and waving banners, to call on Japan's government to abandon atomic energy in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Author [Kenzaburō Ōe](/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce "Kenzaburō Ōe") and musician [Ryuichi Sakamoto](/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto "Ryuichi Sakamoto") were among the event's supporters.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011\-09\-19/japan\-anti\-nuclear\-protest/50461872/1 \|title\=Thousands march against nuclear power in Tokyo \|date\=September 2011 \|work\=USA Today \|access\-date\=24 August 2017 \|archive\-date\=17 March 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317191750/https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011\-09\-19/japan\-anti\-nuclear\-protest/50461872/1 \|url\-status\=live }} Since the March 2011 Japanese [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima nuclear disaster"), "populations around proposed Indian NPP sites have launched protests that are now finding resonance around the country, raising questions about atomic energy as a clean and safe alternative to fossil fuels". Assurances by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh that all safety measures will be implemented, have not been heeded, and there have thus been mass protests against the French\-backed 9900 MW [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project "Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project") in Maharashtra and the 2000 MW [Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Koodankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant") in Tamil Nadu. The state government of West Bengal state has also refused permission to a proposed 6000 MW facility where six Russian reactors were to be built. A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government's civil nuclear program at the apex Supreme Court. The PIL specifically asks for the "staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost\-benefit analyses are completed by independent agencies".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=3889\&Itemid\=614 \|title\=India's Rising Nuclear Safety Concerns \|author\=Siddharth Srivastava \|date\=27 October 2011 \|work\=Asia Sentinel \|access\-date\=29 October 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215238/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=3889\&Itemid\=614 \|archive\-date\=4 October 2013 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india\-nuclear\-energy\-expansion\-grassroots\-uprising\-jaitapur\-maharashtra\-tamil\-nadu\-west\-bengal\-fukushima \|title\=Prospects Dim for India's Nuclear Power Expansion as Grassroots Uprising Spreads \|author\=Ranjit Devraj \|date\=25 October 2011 \|work\=Inside Climate News \|access\-date\=29 October 2011 \|archive\-date\=3 April 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403023313/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india\-nuclear\-energy\-expansion\-grassroots\-uprising\-jaitapur\-maharashtra\-tamil\-nadu\-west\-bengal\-fukushima \|url\-status\=live }} Michael Banach, the current [Vatican](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See") representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency, told a conference in Vienna in September 2011 that the Japanese nuclear disaster created new concerns about the safety of nuclear plants globally. Auxiliary bishop of Osaka Michael Goro Matsuura said this serious nuclear power incident should be a lesson for Japan and other countries to abandon nuclear projects. He called on the worldwide Christian solidarity to provide wide support for this anti\-nuclear campaign. Statements from bishops' conferences in Korea and the Philippines called on their governments to abandon atomic power. [Nobel laureate](/wiki/Nobel_laureate "Nobel laureate") [Kenzaburō Ōe](/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce "Kenzaburō Ōe") has said Japan should decide quickly to abandon its nuclear reactors.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/kenzaburo\-oe\-nobel\-winner\-japan\-nuclear\_n\_950085\.html \|title\=Kenzaburo Oe, Nobel Winner Urges Japan To Abandon Nuclear Power \|author\=Mari Yamaguchi \|date\=6 September 2011 \|work\=HuffPost \|access\-date\=20 February 2020 \|archive\-date\=6 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306235137/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/kenzaburo\-oe\-nobel\-winner\-japan\-nuclear\_n\_950085\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In the UK, in October 2011, more than 200 protesters blockaded the [Hinkley Point C nuclear power station](/wiki/Hinkley_Point_C_nuclear_power_station "Hinkley Point C nuclear power station") site. Members of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to the site in protest at EDF Energy's plans to build two new reactors on the site.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/03/hinkley\-point\-protest\-nuclear\-power \|title\=Hinkley Point power station blockaded by anti\-nuclear protesters \|date\=3 October 2011 \|work\=The Guardian \|access\-date\=11 December 2016 \|archive\-date\=11 June 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611145052/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/03/hinkley\-point\-protest\-nuclear\-power \|url\-status\=live }} 2012 [thumb\|Protest at Neckarwestheim, Germany, 11 March 2012](/wiki/File:Neckarwestheim_Demonstration_Energiewende_jetzt_20120311_22.jpg "Neckarwestheim Demonstration Energiewende jetzt 20120311 22.jpg") In January 2012, 22 South Korean women's groups appealed for a nuclear free future, saying they believe nuclear weapons and power reactors "threaten our lives, the lives of our families and all living creatures". The women said they feel an enormous sense of crisis after the [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima nuclear disaster") in March 2011, which demonstrated the destructive power of radiation in the disruption of human lives, environmental pollution, and food contamination.{{cite web \|url\=http://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/01/18/we\-want\-a\-nuclear\-free\-world/ \|title\="We want a nuclear\-free peaceful world" say South Korea's women \|date\=13 January 2012 \|work\=Women News Network \|access\-date\=19 January 2012 \|archive\-date\=8 April 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408100331/https://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/01/18/we\-want\-a\-nuclear\-free\-world/ \|url\-status\=live }} Thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Yokohama, Japan, on 14–15 January 2012, to show their support for a nuclear power\-free world. The demonstration showed that organized opposition to nuclear power has gained momentum following the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The most immediate demand of the demonstrators was for the protection of rights, including basic human rights such as health care, for those affected by the Fukushima accident.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20120122a2\.html \|title\=Protesting nuclear power \|date\=22 January 2012 \|work\=The Japan Times \|access\-date\=25 January 2012 \|archive\-date\=25 January 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125131421/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20120122a2\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In January 2012, three hundred [anti\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear "Anti-nuclear") protestors marched against plans to build a new nuclear power station at Wylfa in the UK. The march was organised by Pobl Atal Wylfa B, Greenpeace and Cymdeithas yr Iaith, which are supporting a farmer who is in dispute with Horizon.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theonlinemail.co.uk/bangor\-and\-anglesey\-news/local\-bangor\-and\-anglesey\-news/2012/01/25/hundreds\-protest\-against\-nuclear\-power\-station\-plans\-66580\-30188845/ \|title\=Hundreds protest against nuclear power station plans \|author\=Elgan Hearn \|date\=25 January 2012 \|work\=Online Mail \|access\-date\=21 February 2012 \|archive\-date\=24 December 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045756/https://www.dailypost.co.uk/in\-your\-area/ \|url\-status\=live }} On the anniversary of the 11 March earthquake and tsunami, protesters across Japan called for the abolishment of nuclear power and nuclear reactors. In [Koriyama, Fukushima](/wiki/Koriyama%2C_Fukushima "Koriyama, Fukushima"), 16,000 people called for the end of nuclear power. In [Shizuoka Prefecture](/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture "Shizuoka Prefecture"), 1,100 people appealed for the scrapping of the [Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Hamaoka_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant"). In [Tsuruga, Fukui](/wiki/Tsuruga%2C_Fukui "Tsuruga, Fukui"), 1,200 people marched in the streets of the city of Tsuruga, the home of the [Monju fast\-breeder reactor prototype](/wiki/Monju_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Monju Nuclear Power Plant") and other nuclear reactors. In [Nagasaki](/wiki/Nagasaki "Nagasaki") and [Hiroshima](/wiki/Hiroshima "Hiroshima"), anti\-nuclear protesters and atomic\-bomb survivors marched together and demanded that Japan should end its nuclear dependency.The Mainichi Shimbun (12 March 2012\) [Antinuclear protests held across Japan on anniversary of disaster](http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120312p2g00m0dm069000c.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312172051/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120312p2g00m0dm069000c.html \|date\=12 March 2012}} Austrian Chancellor [Werner Faymann](/wiki/Werner_Faymann "Werner Faymann") expects anti\-nuclear petition drives to start in at least six European Union countries in 2012 in an effort to have the EU abandon nuclear power. Under the EU's Lisbon Treaty, petitions that attract at least one million signatures can seek legislative proposals from the European Commission, which would pave the way for anti\-nuclear activists to garner support.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/austria\-nuclear\-idUSL5E8EC1IN20120312 \|title\=Austria expects EU anti\-nuclear campaign this year \|date\=12 March 2012 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518220752/https://www.reuters.com/article/austria\-nuclear\-idUSL5E8EC1IN20120312 \|url\-status\=live }} In March 2012, about 2,000 people staged an anti\-nuclear protest in Taiwan's capital following the massive tsunami that hit Japan one year ago. The protesters rallied in Taipei to renew calls for a nuclear\-free island. They "want the government to scrap a plan to operate a newly constructed nuclear power plant – the fourth in densely populated Taiwan". Scores of aboriginal protesters "demanded the removal of 100,000 barrels of nuclear waste stored on their [Orchid Island](/wiki/Orchid_Island "Orchid Island")".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory\_776471\.html \|title\=About 2,000 Taiwanese stage anti\-nuclear protest \|date\=11 March 2011 \|work\=The Straits Times \|access\-date\=14 March 2012 \|archive\-date\=14 March 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314142722/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory\_776471\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In March 2012, hundreds of anti\-nuclear demonstrators converged on the Australian headquarters of global mining giants BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. The 500\-strong march through southern Melbourne called for an end to uranium mining in Australia, and included speeches and performances by representatives of the expatriate Japanese community as well as Australia's Indigenous communities, who are concerned about the effects of uranium mining near tribal lands. There were also events in Sydney.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east\-pacific/Australian\-Rallies\-Remember\-Fukushima\-Disaster\-142242575\.html \|title\=Australian Rallies Remember Fukushima Disaster \|author\=Phil Mercer \|date\=11 March 2012 \|publisher\=VOA News \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312194611/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east\-pacific/Australian\-Rallies\-Remember\-Fukushima\-Disaster\-142242575\.html \|archive\-date\=12 March 2012}} In March 2012, South Korean environmental groups held a rally in Seoul to oppose nuclear power. Over 5,000 people attended, and the turnout was one of the largest in recent memory for an anti\-nuclear rally. The demonstration demanded that President Lee Myung Bak abandon his policy of promoting nuclear power.{{cite web\|url\=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/international/news/20120311p2g00m0in018000c.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120719173708/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/international/news/20120311p2g00m0in018000c.html \|archive\-date\=19 July 2012 \|title\=Antinuclear rally held in Seoul on eve of Japan quake anniversary \|date\=11 March 2012 \|work\=Mainichi Daily}} In March 2012, police said they had arrested nearly 200 [anti\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear "Anti-nuclear") activists who were protesting the restart of work at the long\-stalled Indian Kudankulam nuclear power plant.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.france24\.com/en/20120320\-nearly\-200\-arrested\-india\-nuclear\-protest \|title\=Nearly 200 arrested in India nuclear protest \|date\=20 March 2012 \|publisher\=France24 \|access\-date\=24 March 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531034131/http://www.france24\.com/en/20120320\-nearly\-200\-arrested\-india\-nuclear\-protest \|archive\-date\=31 May 2012 }} In June 2012, tens of thousands of Japanese protesters participated in anti\-nuclear power rallies in Tokyo and Osaka, over the government's decision to restart the first idled reactors since the Fukushima disaster, at [Oi Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Oi_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Oi Nuclear Power Plant") in Fukui Prefecture.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120624a4\.html \|title\=Oi prompts domestic, U.S. antinuclear rallies \|date\=24 June 2012 \|work\=The Japan Times \|access\-date\=26 June 2012 \|archive\-date\=27 June 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627083844/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120624a4\.html \|url\-status\=live }} 2013 [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear protesters in Taipei](/wiki/File:Longmen_Nuclear_Power_Plant_from_VOA_%284%29.jpg "Longmen Nuclear Power Plant from VOA (4).jpg") {{update\|section\|date\=May 2013}} Thousands of protesters marched in Tokyo on 11 March 2013 calling on the government to reject nuclear power.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/japan\-protestjapan\-protest/thousands\-in\-japan\-anti\-nuclear\-protest\-two\-years\-after\-fukushima\-idUSL1N0C209D20130310\|title\=Thousands in Japan anti\-nuclear protest two years after Fukushima\|date\=10 March 2013\|publisher\=\[\[Reuters]]\|access\-date\=5 July 2021\|archive\-date\=19 May 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519103113/https://www.reuters.com/article/japan\-protestjapan\-protest/thousands\-in\-japan\-anti\-nuclear\-protest\-two\-years\-after\-fukushima\-idUSL1N0C209D20130310\|url\-status\=live}} In March 2013, 68,000 Taiwanese protested across major cities against nuclear power and the island's fourth nuclear plant, which is under construction. Taiwan's three existing nuclear plants are near the ocean, and prone to geological fractures, under the island.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-03\-11/taiwan\-anti\-nuclear\-protests\-may\-derail\-8\-9\-billion\-power\-plant.html \|title\=Taiwan Anti\-Nuclear Protests May Derail $8\.9 Billion Power Plant \|author\=Yu\-Huay Sun \|newspaper\=Bloomberg.com \|date\=11 March 2013 \|publisher\=Bloomberg News \|access\-date\=5 March 2017 \|archive\-date\=13 March 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313091824/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-03\-11/taiwan\-anti\-nuclear\-protests\-may\-derail\-8\-9\-billion\-power\-plant.html \|url\-status\=live }} In April 2013, thousands of Scottish campaigners, MSPs, and union leaders, rallied against nuclear weapons. The Scrap Trident Coalition wants to see an end to nuclear weapons, and says saved monies should be used for health, education and welfare initiatives. There was also a blockade of the [Faslane Naval Base](/wiki/Faslane_Naval_Base "Faslane Naval Base"), where Trident missiles are stored.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\-news/thousands\-anti\-nuclear\-protesters\-glasgow\-march\-1828754 \|title\=Thousands of anti\-nuclear protesters attend Glasgow march against Trident \|date\=13 April 2013 \|work\=Daily Record \|access\-date\=2 May 2013 \|archive\-date\=19 April 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419100510/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\-news/thousands\-anti\-nuclear\-protesters\-glasgow\-march\-1828754 \|url\-status\=live }} 2014 [thumb\|Anti\-nuclear protesters shot with water cannons in Taiwan](/wiki/File:Anti-nuclear_protesters_sprayed_by_water_cannons_in_Taipei%2C_Taiwan.jpg "Anti-nuclear protesters sprayed by water cannons in Taipei, Taiwan.jpg") In March 2014, around 130,000 Taiwanese marched for an anti\-nuclear protest around Taiwan. They demanded that the government remove nuclear power plants in Taiwan. The march came ahead of the 3rd anniversary of Fukushima disaster. Around 50,000 people marched in Taipei while another three separate events were held around other Taiwanese cities attended by around 30,000 people.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dw.de/anti\-nuclear\-protests\-in\-taiwan\-draw\-tens\-of\-thousands/a\-17483190\|title\=Anti\-nuclear protests in Taiwan draw tens of thousands\|author\=Deutsche Welle\|website\=DW.COM\|access\-date\=3 May 2014\|archive\-date\=3 May 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503095749/http://www.dw.de/anti\-nuclear\-protests\-in\-taiwan\-draw\-tens\-of\-thousands/a\-17483190\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/content/taiwan\-signals\-green\-light\-for\-nuclear\-power\-despite\-protests/1867797\.html\|title\=Taiwan Signals More Nuclear Power Despite Protests\|first\=Ralph\|last\=Jennings\|date\=10 March 2014\|access\-date\=3 May 2014\|archive\-date\=27 April 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427030228/http://www.voanews.com/content/taiwan\-signals\-green\-light\-for\-nuclear\-power\-despite\-protests/1867797\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Among the participants are the organizations from Green Citizen Action's Alliance, Homemakers United Foundation, Taiwan Association for Human Rights and Taiwan Environmental Protection Union.{{Cite web\|url\=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201403040006\|title\=Anti\-nuclear rallies to take place islandwide on March 8 \- Focus Taiwan\|website\=focustaiwan.tw\|date\=4 March 2014 \|access\-date\=17 December 2020\|archive\-date\=4 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204120712/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201403040006\|url\-status\=live}} Facing on\-going opposition and a host of delays, construction of the [Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Lungmen_Nuclear_Power_Plant "Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant") was halted in April 2014\.{{cite news \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/taiwan\-nuclear\-idUKL3N0NJ08C20140427 \|title\=Taiwan to halt construction of fourth nuclear power plant \|publisher\=Reuters \|date\=28 April 2014 \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=29 March 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329003619/https://uk.reuters.com/article/taiwan\-nuclear\-idUKL3N0NJ08C20140427 \|url\-status\=dead }}
[ "### Recent developments", "For many years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries, and the anti\\-nuclear power movement seemed to have won its case. Some anti\\-nuclear groups disbanded. In the 2000s (decade), however, following [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations \"Public relations\") activities by the nuclear industry,{{cite journal \\|title\\=The Campaign to Sell Nuclear \\|author\\=Diane Farseta \\|date\\=1 September 2008 \\|volume\\=64 \\|issue\\=4 \\|journal\\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\|pages\\=38–56 \\|doi\\=10\\.2968/064004009\\|bibcode\\=2008BuAtS..64d..38F }} [advances in nuclear reactor designs](/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_technology%23Advanced_reactors \"Nuclear reactor technology#Advanced reactors\"), and concerns about [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\"), nuclear power issues came back into [energy policy](/wiki/Energy_policy \"Energy policy\") discussions in some countries. The [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster\") subsequently undermined the nuclear power industry's proposed come back.", "2004–2006\nIn January 2004, up to 15,000 anti\\-nuclear protesters marched in Paris against a new generation of nuclear reactors, the European Pressurised Water Reactor (EPWR).[Thousands march in Paris anti\\-nuclear protest](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/01/18/1027267.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107164619/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004\\-01\\-18/thousands\\-march\\-in\\-paris\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protest/121430 \\|date\\=7 November 2020 }} ABC News, 18 January 2004\\.\nOn 1 May 2005, 40,000 anti\\-nuclear/anti\\-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki \"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\"). This was the largest anti\\-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades. In Britain, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the aging [Trident weapons system](/wiki/UK_Trident_programme \"UK Trident programme\") with a newer model. The largest protest had 100,000 participants and, according to polls, 59 per cent of the public opposed the move.[Lawrence S. Wittner](/wiki/Lawrence_S._Wittner \"Lawrence S. Wittner\"). [A rebirth of the anti\\-nuclear weapons movement? Portents of an anti\\-nuclear upsurge](http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/a-rebirth-the-anti-nuclear-weapons-movement) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619072842/http://thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/roundtables/a\\-rebirth\\-the\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-weapons\\-movement \\|date\\=19 June 2010 }} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, 7 December 2007\\.", "2007–2009\n[thumb\\|right\\|A scene from the 2007 Stop EPR ([European Pressurised Reactor](/wiki/European_Pressurised_Reactor%23Flamanville_3_%28second_unit%29 \"European Pressurised Reactor#Flamanville 3 (second unit)\")) protest in [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\"), France](/wiki/File:Anti-EPR_demonstration_in_Toulouse_0166_2007-03-17.jpg \"Anti-EPR demonstration in Toulouse 0166 2007-03-17.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in Northern Germany, on 8 November 2008](/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg \"Grüne protests against nuclear energy.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear march from London to Geneva, 2008](/wiki/File:Marche_antinucl%C3%A9aire_Angers.jpg \"Marche antinucléaire Angers.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Start of anti\\-nuclear march from Geneva to Brussels, 2009](/wiki/File:Antinuclear_Walk_Geneva-Brussels_2009_Geneva.jpg \"Antinuclear Walk Geneva-Brussels 2009 Geneva.jpg\")\nOn 17 March 2007 simultaneous protests, organised by *[Sortir du nucléaire](/wiki/Sortir_du_nucl%C3%A9aire_%28France%29 \"Sortir du nucléaire (France)\")*, were staged in five French towns to protest construction of [EPR](/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor \"European Pressurized Reactor\") plants; [Rennes](/wiki/Rennes \"Rennes\"), [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\"), [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\"), [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\"), and [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\").{{cite news \\|title\\=French protests over EPR \\|publisher\\=Nuclear Engineering International \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-03 \\|url\\=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode\\=132\\&storyCode\\=2043436 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191242/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode\\=132\\&storyCode\\=2043436 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007}}{{cite news \\|title\\=France hit by anti\\-nuclear protests \\|work\\=Evening Echo \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-03 \\|url\\=http://www.eveningecho.ie/news/bstory.asp?j\\=13919232\\&p\\=y39y9z78\\&n\\=13919320 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929005415/http://www.eveningecho.ie/news/bstory.asp?j\\=13919232\\&p\\=y39y9z78\\&n\\=13919320 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2007}}\nIn June 2007, 4,000 local residents, students and anti\\-nuclear activists took to the streets in the city of Kudzus in Indonesia's Central Java, calling on the Government to abandon plans to build a nuclear power plant there.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/06/12/1949428\\.htm \\|title\\=Thousands protest against Indonesian nuclear plant \\|date\\=12 June 2007 \\|work\\=ABC News \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218214001/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/06/12/1949428\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In February 2008, a group of concerned scientists and engineers called for the closure of the [Kazantzakis\\-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Kazantzakis-Kariwa_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Kazantzakis-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant\") in Japan.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=20601101\\&sid\\=andHPiVjEIUA\\|title\\=Japan Nuclear Plant Not Safe to Restart After Quake, Group Says\\|date\\=8 July 2023\\|publisher\\=Bloomberg News\\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045755/https://www.bloomberg.com/politics?pid\\=20601101\\&sid\\=andHPiVjEIUA\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/kkscientist24feb08\\.html\\|title\\=Close Kazantzakis\\-Kariwa Nuclear Plant\\|author\\=CNIC (Citizens' Nuclear Information Center)\\|website\\=cnic.jp\\|access\\-date\\=30 April 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616025918/http://www.cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/earthquake/kkscientist24feb08\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The [International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/International_Conference_on_Nuclear_Disarmament%2C_Oslo%2C_2008 \"International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament, Oslo, 2008\") took place in [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo \"Oslo\") in February 2008, and was organized by The Government of [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), the [Nuclear Threat Initiative](/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative \"Nuclear Threat Initiative\") and the [Hoover Institute](/wiki/Hoover_Institute \"Hoover Institute\"). The Conference was entitled *Achieving the Vision of a World Free of Nuclear Weapons* and had the purpose of building consensus between nuclear weapon states and non\\-nuclear weapon states in relation to the [Nuclear Non\\-proliferation Treaty](/wiki/Nuclear_Non-proliferation_Treaty \"Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://disarmament.nrpa.no/ \\|title\\=International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament \\|date\\=February 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104155217/http://disarmament.nrpa.no/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2011 }}", "During a weekend in October 2008, some 15,000 people disrupted the transport of radioactive nuclear waste from France to a dump in Germany. This was one of the largest such protests in many years and, according to *[Der Spiel](/wiki/Der_Spiel \"Der Spiel\")*, it signals a revival of the [anti\\-nuclear movement in Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany \"Anti-nuclear movement in Germany\").[The Renaissance of the Anti\\-Nuclear Movement](http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523204210/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00\\.html \\|date\\=23 May 2011 }} *Spiel Online*, 11/10/2008\\.[Anti\\-Nuclear Protest Reawakens: Nuclear Waste Reaches German Storage Site Amid Fierce Protests](http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130101235/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00\\.html \\|date\\=30 January 2010 }} *Spiel Online*, 11/11/2008\\.Simon Sturdiness. [Police break up German nuclear protest](http://news.theage.com.au/world/police-break-up-german-nuclear-protest-20081111-5lw7.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521030942/http://news.theage.com.au/world/police\\-break\\-up\\-german\\-nuclear\\-protest\\-20081111\\-5lw7\\.html \\|date\\=21 May 2011 }} *The Age*, 11 November 2008\\. In 2009, the coalition of green parties in the European parliament, who are unanimous in their anti\\-nuclear position, increased their presence in the parliament from 5\\.5% to 7\\.1% (52 seats).[Green boost in European elections may trigger nuclear fight](http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090609/full/news.2009.556.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720013436/http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090609/full/news.2009\\.556\\.html \\|date\\=20 July 2009 }}, *Nature*, 9 June 2009\\.", "In October 2008 in the United Kingdom, more than 30 people were arrested during one of the largest anti\\-nuclear protests at the [Atomic Weapons Establishment](/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment \"Atomic Weapons Establishment\") at Aldermaston for 10 years. The demonstration marked the start of the UN World Disarmament Week and involved about 400 people.[More than 30 arrests at Aldermaston anti\\-nuclear protest](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/28/anti-nuclear-aldermaston-protest-disarmament) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702072941/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/28/anti\\-nuclear\\-aldermaston\\-protest\\-disarmament \\|date\\=2 July 2017 }} *The Guardian*, 28 October 2008\\.", "In 2008 and 2009, there have been protests about, and criticism of, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2008/01/05/anti\\-nuclear\\-renaissance\\-powerful\\-partial\\-and\\-tentative\\-victory\\-over\\-atomic\\-energy\\|title\\=Anti\\-Nuclear Renaissance: A Powerful but Partial and Tentative Victory Over Atomic Energy\\|website\\=Common Dreams\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125071742/https://www.commondreams.org/views/2008/01/05/anti\\-nuclear\\-renaissance\\-powerful\\-partial\\-and\\-tentative\\-victory\\-over\\-atomic\\-energy\\|url\\-status\\=live}} There have also been some objections to license renewals for existing nuclear plants.Maryann Spoto. [Nuclear license renewal sparks protest](http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/1243915641194930.xml&coll=1) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175958/http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news\\-14/1243915641194930\\.xml\\&coll\\=1 \\|date\\=3 March 2016 }} *Star\\-Ledger*, 2 June 2009\\.[Anti\\-nuclear protesters reach capitol](http://www.rutlandherald.com/article/BT/20100114/NEWS01/1140347/0/BENNETT) {{dead link\\|date\\=September 2018\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *Rutland Herald*, 14 January 2010\\.", "A convoy of 350 farm tractors and 50,000 protesters took part in an anti\\-nuclear rally in Berlin on 5 September 2009\\. The marchers demanded that Germany close all nuclear plants by 2020 and close the Gorleben radioactive dump.Eric Kirschbaum. [Anti\\-nuclear rally enlivens German campaign](https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE58426820090905) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907163439/http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE58426820090905 \\|date\\=7 September 2009 }} Reuters, 5 September 2009\\.[50,000 join anti\\-nuclear power march in Berlin](http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090905-21723.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911111328/http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090905\\-21723\\.html \\|date\\=11 September 2009 }} *The Local*, 5 September 2009\\. Gorleben is the focus of the [anti\\-nuclear movement in Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany \"Anti-nuclear movement in Germany\"), which has tried to derail train transports of waste and to destroy or block the approach roads to the site. Two above\\-ground storage units house 3,500 containers of radioactive sludge and thousands of tonnes of spent fuel rods.Roger Boyes. [German nuclear programme threatened by old mine housing waste](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6997652.ece) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155007/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6997652\\.ece \\|date\\=4 June 2011 }} *The Times*, 22 January 2010\\.", "2010\n[thumb\\|KETTENreAKTION! in Uetersen, Germany](/wiki/File:KETTENreAKTION_Uetersen_27.JPG \"KETTENreAKTION Uetersen 27.JPG\")\nOn 21 April 2010, a dozen [environmental organizations](/wiki/Environmental_organization \"Environmental organization\") called on the [United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission](/wiki/United_States_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission \"United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission\") to investigate possible limitations in the [AP1000](/wiki/AP1000 \"AP1000\") reactor design. These groups appealed to three federal agencies to suspend the licensing process because they believed containment in the new design is weaker than existing reactors.{{cite news \\|title\\=Groups say new Vogyle Reactors need study \\|work\\=August Chronicle \\|url\\=http://m.chronicle.augusta.com/latest\\-news/2010\\-04\\-21/groups\\-say\\-new\\-vogtle\\-reactors\\-need\\-study?v\\=1271900068 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185219/http://m.chronicle.augusta.com/latest\\-news/2010\\-04\\-21/groups\\-say\\-new\\-vogtle\\-reactors\\-need\\-study?v\\=1271900068 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-04\\-24}}\nOn 24 April 2010, about 120,000 people built a human chain (KETTENreAKTION!) between the nuclear plants at [Krümmel](/wiki/Kr%C3%BCmmel_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant\") and [Brunsbüttel](/wiki/Brunsb%C3%BCttel_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant\"). In this way they were demonstrating against the plans of the German government to extend the life of nuclear power reactors.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE63N13Q20100424\\|title\\=German nuclear protesters form 75\\-mile human chain\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=2010\\-04\\-25\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-04\\-25 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427092449/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE63N13Q20100424\\| archive\\-date\\= 27 April 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In May 2010, some 25,000 people, including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors, marched for about two kilometers from downtown New York to the United Nations headquarters, calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons.[A\\-bomb survivors join 25,000\\-strong anti\\-nuclear march through New York](http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/314/Default.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512133429/http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/314/Default.aspx \\|date\\=12 May 2013}} *Mainichi Daily News*, 4 May 2010\\. In September 2010, German government policy shifted back toward nuclear energy, and this generated some new anti\\-nuclear sentiment in Berlin and beyond.James Norman and Dave Sweeney. [Germany's 'hot autumn' of nuclear discontent](https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/germanys-hot-autumn-of-nuclear-discontent-20100914-15aag.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304193811/http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/germanys\\-hot\\-autumn\\-of\\-nuclear\\-discontent\\-20100914\\-15aag.html \\|date\\=4 March 2013 }} *Sydney Morning Herald*, 14 September 2010\\. On 18 September 2010, tens of thousands of Germans surrounded Chancellor [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel \"Angela Merkel\")'s office in an anti\\-nuclear demonstration that organisers said was the biggest of its kind since the 1986 [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\").Dave Graham. [Thousands of Germans attend anti\\-nuclear protest](https://archive.today/20100921073729/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/world/Thousands+Germans+attend+anti+nuclear+protest/3545178/story.html) *National Post*, 18 September 2010\\. In October 2010, tens of thousands of people protested in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") against the nuclear power policy of Angela Merkel's coalition government. The action was the largest anti\\-nuclear event in [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") for more than two decades.[Tens of thousands take part in Munich anti\\-nuclear protest](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6097663,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014150204/http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,,6097663,00\\.html \\|date\\=14 October 2010 }} *Deutsche Welle*, 9 October 2010\\. In November 2010, there were violent protests against a train carrying reprocessed nuclear waste in Germany. Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in Dannenberg to signal their opposition to the cargo. Around 16,000 police were mobilised to deal with the protests.Rachael Brown. [Violent protests against nuclear waste train](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/11/08/3059949.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111090814/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/11/08/3059949\\.htm \\|date\\=11 November 2010 }} ABC News, 8 November 2010\\.[Atomic waste train back on move after anti\\-nuclear blockade](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6194531,00.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108080415/http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,,6194531,00\\.html \\|date\\=8 November 2010 }} *Deutsche Welle*, 5 November 2010\\.", "In December 2010, some 10,000 people (mainly fishermen, farmers and their families) turned out to oppose the [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project \"Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project\") in the Maharashtra state of India, amid a heavy police presence.[Indians protest against nuclear plant](http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1432616/Indians-protest-against-nuclear-plant) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021073824/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1432616/Indians\\-protest\\-against\\-nuclear\\-plant \\|date\\=21 October 2012 }} (4 December 2010\\) *World News Australia*.", "In December 2010, five anti\\-nuclear weapons activists, including octogenarians and [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit \"Jesuit\") priests, were convicted of conspiracy and trespass in Tacoma, US. They cut fences at [Naval Base Kitsap](/wiki/Naval_Base_Kitsap \"Naval Base Kitsap\")\\-Bangor in 2009 to protest submarine nuclear weapons, and reached an area near where [Trident nuclear](/wiki/Trident_nuclear \"Trident nuclear\") warheads are stored in bunkers. Members of the group could face up to 10 years in prison.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Valdes \\|first1\\=Manuel \\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear weapon protesters convicted in Tacoma \\|url\\=https://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/12/13/anti\\_nuclear\\_weapon\\_protesters\\_convicted\\_in\\_tacoma/ \\|work\\=Boston Globe \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=13 December 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907191928/https://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/12/13/anti\\_nuclear\\_weapon\\_protesters\\_convicted\\_in\\_tacoma/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "2011\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear demonstration in [Munich, Germany](/wiki/Munich%2C_Germany \"Munich, Germany\"), March 2011](/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_Anti-Atomkraft-Demonstration_M%C3%A4rz_2011_003.JPG \"München Anti-Atomkraft-Demonstration März 2011 003.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Eight of the seventeen operating reactors in Germany were permanently shut down following the March 2011 [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima nuclear disaster\")](/wiki/File:Atom-Moratorium.svg \"Atom-Moratorium.svg\")\n[thumb\\|Buddhist monks of Nipponzan\\-Myōhōji protest against nuclear power near the Diet of Japan in Tokyo on 5 April 2011\\.](/wiki/File:Monksantinuclear.JPG \"Monksantinuclear.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|[Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey](/wiki/Human_chain_against_nuclear_plant_in_Turkey \"Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey\") on 17 April 2011](/wiki/File:Mersin_anti_nuclear_4.jpg \"Mersin anti nuclear 4.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Castor demonstration in Dannenberg, Germany, November 2011](/wiki/File:Castor_2011_-_Demonstration_in_Dannenberg_%289%29.jpg \"Castor 2011 - Demonstration in Dannenberg (9).jpg\")\nIn January 2011, five Japanese young people held a hunger strike for more than a week, outside the Prefectural Government offices in [Yamaguchi City](/wiki/Yamaguchi%2C_Yamaguchi \"Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi\"), to protest against the planned [Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Kaminoseki_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant\") near the environmentally sensitive [Seto Inland Sea](/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea \"Seto Inland Sea\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k\\=716 \\|title\\=Five Japanese in Hunger Strike Against Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant \\|date\\=29 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131165408/http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k\\=716 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Following the [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster\"), anti\\-nuclear opposition intensified in Germany. On 12 March 2011, 60,000 Germans formed a 45\\-km human chain from [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart \"Stuttgart\") to the [Neckarwestheim](/wiki/Neckarwestheim \"Neckarwestheim\") power plant.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-germany\\-nuclear\\-extension\\-idUSTRE72D5WX20110314 \\|title\\=Germany suspends deal to extend nuclear plants' life \\|last\\=Stamp \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=14 March 2011 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065401/http://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-germany\\-nuclear\\-extension\\-idUSTRE72D5WX20110314 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 14 March 110,000 people protested in 450 other German towns, with opinion polls indicating 80% of Germans opposed the government's extension of nuclear power.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,,14912184,00\\.html \\|title\\=Merkel shuts down seven nuclear reactors \\|last\\=Knight \\|first\\=Ben \\|date\\=15 March 2011 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Deutsche Welle]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515215901/https://www.dw.com/en/merkel\\-shuts\\-down\\-seven\\-nuclear\\-reactors/a\\-14912184 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 15 March 2011, Angela Merkel said that seven nuclear power plants which went online before 1980 would be closed and the time would be used to study speedier [renewable energy commercialization](/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization \"Renewable energy commercialization\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/business/global/16euronuke.html \\|title\\=Germany Shuts 7 Plants as Europe Plans Safety Tests \\|author\\=James Kanter and Judy Dempsey \\|date\\=15 March 2011 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118104959/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/business/global/16euronuke.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In March 2011, around 2,000 anti\\-nuclear protesters demonstrated in Taiwan for an immediate halt to the construction of the island's fourth nuclear power plant. The protesters were also opposed to plans to extend the lifespan of three existing nuclear plants.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest\\+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110320\\-269104\\.html \\|title\\=Over 2,000 rally against nuclear plants in Taiwan \\|date\\=20 March 2011 \\|agency\\=AFP \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224193409/https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest\\+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110320\\-269104\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In March 2011, more than 200,000 people took part in anti\\-nuclear protests in four large German cities, on the eve of state elections. Organisers called it the largest anti\\-nuclear demonstration the country has seen.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/germany\\-nuclear\\-idUKLDE72P0FG20110326 \\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear Germans protest on eve of state vote \\|date\\=26 March 2011 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 September 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901022937/https://uk.reuters.com/article/germany\\-nuclear\\-idUKLDE72P0FG20110326 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/europe/28germany.html?\\_r\\=1 \\|title\\=Merkel Loses Key German State on Nuclear Fears \\|author\\=Judy Dempsey \\|date\\=27 March 2011 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 January 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129052319/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/europe/28germany.html?\\_r\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011\\. About 7,000 people took part in anti\\-nuclear protests in Bremen. About 3,000 people protested outside [RWE](/wiki/RWE \"RWE\")'s headquarters in Essen.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MBL8981\\.htm \\|title\\=Thousands of Germans protest against nuclear power \\|date\\=2 April 2011 \\|work\\=Bloomberg Businessweek \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508123412/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MBL8981\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2011}}", "Citing the Fukushima nuclear disaster, environmental activists at a U.N. meeting in April 2011 \"urged bolder steps to tap [renewable energy](/wiki/Renewable_energy \"Renewable energy\") so the world doesn't have to choose between the dangers of nuclear power and the ravages of climate change\".{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gA36EtO2y0Cuvw3w1X8O2TMPRYtw?docId\\=695dc2e92bf04303a5322dbcd94e36a9 \\|title\\=Activists call for renewable energy at UN meeting \\|date\\=4 April 2011 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405024756/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gA36EtO2y0Cuvw3w1X8O2TMPRYtw?docId\\=695dc2e92bf04303a5322dbcd94e36a9 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In mid\\-April, 17,000 people protested at two demonstrations in Tokyo against nuclear power.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2024}}", "In India, environmentalists, local farmers and fishermen have been protesting for months over the planned [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project \"Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project\") six\\-reactor complex, 420 km south of Mumbai. If built, it would be one of the world's largest nuclear power complexes. Protests have escalated following Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster and during two days of violent rallies in April 2011, a local man was killed and dozens were injured.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/fisherman\\-shot\\-dead\\-in\\-indian\\-nuke\\-protest/story\\-e6frg6so\\-1226042424159 \\|title\\=Fisherman shot dead in Indian nuke protest \\|author\\=Amanda Hodge \\|date\\=21 April 2011 \\|work\\=The Australian \\|access\\-date\\=21 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515132117/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/fisherman\\-shot\\-dead\\-in\\-indian\\-nuke\\-protest/story\\-e6frg6so\\-1226042424159 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In May 2011, some 20,000 people turned out for Switzerland's largest anti\\-nuclear power demonstration in 25 years. Demonstrators marched peacefully near the [Beznau Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Beznau_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Beznau Nuclear Power Plant\"), the oldest in Switzerland, which started operating 40 years ago.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9NCL8100\\.htm \\|title\\=Biggest anti\\-nuclear Swiss protests in 25 years \\|date\\=22 May 2011 \\|work\\=Bloomberg Businessweek \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026080657/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9NCL8100\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2012}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss\\_news/Anti\\-nuclear\\_protests\\_attract\\_20,000\\.html?cid\\=30291990 \\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear protests attract 20,000 \\|date\\=22 May 2011 \\|work\\=Swissinfo \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728155903/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss\\_news/Anti\\-nuclear\\_protests\\_attract\\_20,000\\.html?cid\\=30291990 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Days after the anti\\-nuclear rally, Cabinet decided to ban the building of new nuclear power reactors. The country's five existing reactors would be allowed to continue operating, but \"would not be replaced at the end of their life span\".", "In May 2011, 5,000 people joined a carnival\\-like anti\\-nuclear protest in [Taipei City](/wiki/Taipei_City \"Taipei City\"). This was part of a nationwide \"No Nuke Action\" protest, urging the government to stop construction of a Fourth Nuclear Plant and pursue a more [sustainable energy](/wiki/Sustainable_energy \"Sustainable energy\") policy.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/01/2003502115 \\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear rally draws legions \\|author\\=Lee I\\-Chia \\|date\\=1 May 2011 \\|work\\=Taipei Times \\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503152335/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/01/2003502115 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On [World Environment Day](/wiki/World_Environment_Day \"World Environment Day\") in June 2011, environmental groups demonstrated against Taiwan's nuclear power policy. The Taiwan Environmental Protection Union, together with 13 environmental groups and legislators, gathered in Taipei and protested against the nation's three operating nuclear power plants and the construction of a fourth plant.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/06/05/2003505021 \\|title\\=Conservationists protest against nuclear policies \\|author\\=Lee I\\-Chia \\|date\\=5 June 2011 \\|work\\=Tapai Times \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627140853/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/06/05/2003505021 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Three months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, thousands of anti\\-nuclear protesters marched in Japan. Company workers, students, and parents with children rallied across Japan, \"venting their anger at the government's handling of the crisis, carrying flags bearing the words 'No Nukes!' and 'No More Fukushima'.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/columns\\-us\\-japan\\-nuclear\\-protest\\-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 \\|title\\=Japan anti\\-nuclear protesters rally after quake \\|author\\=Antoni Slodkowski \\|date\\=15 June 2011 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512003222/https://www.reuters.com/article/columns\\-us\\-japan\\-nuclear\\-protest\\-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In August 2011, about 2,500 people including farmers and fishermen marched in Tokyo. They are suffering heavy losses following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and called for prompt compensation from plant operator [TEPCO](/wiki/Tokyo_Electric_Power_Company \"Tokyo Electric Power Company\") and the government.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110813p2g00m0dm011000c.html \\|title\\=Fukushima farmers, fishermen protest over nuclear crisis \\|date\\=13 August 2011 \\|work\\=Mainichi Daily News \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902124656/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110813p2g00m0dm011000c.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2 September 2011}}", "In September 2011, anti\\-nuclear protesters, marching to the beat of drums, \"took to the streets of Tokyo and other cities to mark six months since the March earthquake and tsunami and vent their anger at the government's handling of the nuclear crisis set off by meltdowns at the Fukushima power plant\". Protesters called for a complete shutdown of Japanese nuclear power plants and demanded a shift in government policy toward alternative sources of energy. Among the protestors were four young men who started a 10\\-day hunger strike to bring about change in Japan's nuclear policy.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-japan\\-quake\\-protests\\-idUSTRE78A1AB20110911 \\|title\\=Japan anti\\-nuclear protests mark 6 months since quake \\|author\\=Olivier Fabre \\|date\\=11 September 2011 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516122409/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-japan\\-quake\\-protests\\-idUSTRE78A1AB20110911 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Tens of thousands of people marched in central Tokyo in September 2011, chanting \"Sayonara nuclear power\" and waving banners, to call on Japan's government to abandon atomic energy in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Author [Kenzaburō Ōe](/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce \"Kenzaburō Ōe\") and musician [Ryuichi Sakamoto](/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto \"Ryuichi Sakamoto\") were among the event's supporters.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011\\-09\\-19/japan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protest/50461872/1 \\|title\\=Thousands march against nuclear power in Tokyo \\|date\\=September 2011 \\|work\\=USA Today \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 March 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317191750/https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011\\-09\\-19/japan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protest/50461872/1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Since the March 2011 Japanese [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima nuclear disaster\"), \"populations around proposed Indian NPP sites have launched protests that are now finding resonance around the country, raising questions about atomic energy as a clean and safe alternative to fossil fuels\". Assurances by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh that all safety measures will be implemented, have not been heeded, and there have thus been mass protests against the French\\-backed 9900 MW [Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project](/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project \"Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project\") in Maharashtra and the 2000 MW [Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Koodankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant\") in Tamil Nadu. The state government of West Bengal state has also refused permission to a proposed 6000 MW facility where six Russian reactors were to be built. A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government's civil nuclear program at the apex Supreme Court. The PIL specifically asks for the \"staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost\\-benefit analyses are completed by independent agencies\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=3889\\&Itemid\\=614 \\|title\\=India's Rising Nuclear Safety Concerns \\|author\\=Siddharth Srivastava \\|date\\=27 October 2011 \\|work\\=Asia Sentinel \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215238/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=3889\\&Itemid\\=614 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2013 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-expansion\\-grassroots\\-uprising\\-jaitapur\\-maharashtra\\-tamil\\-nadu\\-west\\-bengal\\-fukushima \\|title\\=Prospects Dim for India's Nuclear Power Expansion as Grassroots Uprising Spreads \\|author\\=Ranjit Devraj \\|date\\=25 October 2011 \\|work\\=Inside Climate News \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403023313/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india\\-nuclear\\-energy\\-expansion\\-grassroots\\-uprising\\-jaitapur\\-maharashtra\\-tamil\\-nadu\\-west\\-bengal\\-fukushima \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Michael Banach, the current [Vatican](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\") representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency, told a conference in Vienna in September 2011 that the Japanese nuclear disaster created new concerns about the safety of nuclear plants globally. Auxiliary bishop of Osaka Michael Goro Matsuura said this serious nuclear power incident should be a lesson for Japan and other countries to abandon nuclear projects. He called on the worldwide Christian solidarity to provide wide support for this anti\\-nuclear campaign. Statements from bishops' conferences in Korea and the Philippines called on their governments to abandon atomic power. [Nobel laureate](/wiki/Nobel_laureate \"Nobel laureate\") [Kenzaburō Ōe](/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce \"Kenzaburō Ōe\") has said Japan should decide quickly to abandon its nuclear reactors.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/kenzaburo\\-oe\\-nobel\\-winner\\-japan\\-nuclear\\_n\\_950085\\.html \\|title\\=Kenzaburo Oe, Nobel Winner Urges Japan To Abandon Nuclear Power \\|author\\=Mari Yamaguchi \\|date\\=6 September 2011 \\|work\\=HuffPost \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306235137/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/kenzaburo\\-oe\\-nobel\\-winner\\-japan\\-nuclear\\_n\\_950085\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In the UK, in October 2011, more than 200 protesters blockaded the [Hinkley Point C nuclear power station](/wiki/Hinkley_Point_C_nuclear_power_station \"Hinkley Point C nuclear power station\") site. Members of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to the site in protest at EDF Energy's plans to build two new reactors on the site.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/03/hinkley\\-point\\-protest\\-nuclear\\-power \\|title\\=Hinkley Point power station blockaded by anti\\-nuclear protesters \\|date\\=3 October 2011 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611145052/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/03/hinkley\\-point\\-protest\\-nuclear\\-power \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "2012\n[thumb\\|Protest at Neckarwestheim, Germany, 11 March 2012](/wiki/File:Neckarwestheim_Demonstration_Energiewende_jetzt_20120311_22.jpg \"Neckarwestheim Demonstration Energiewende jetzt 20120311 22.jpg\")\nIn January 2012, 22 South Korean women's groups appealed for a nuclear free future, saying they believe nuclear weapons and power reactors \"threaten our lives, the lives of our families and all living creatures\". The women said they feel an enormous sense of crisis after the [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima nuclear disaster\") in March 2011, which demonstrated the destructive power of radiation in the disruption of human lives, environmental pollution, and food contamination.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/01/18/we\\-want\\-a\\-nuclear\\-free\\-world/ \\|title\\=\"We want a nuclear\\-free peaceful world\" say South Korea's women \\|date\\=13 January 2012 \\|work\\=Women News Network \\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408100331/https://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/01/18/we\\-want\\-a\\-nuclear\\-free\\-world/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Yokohama, Japan, on 14–15 January 2012, to show their support for a nuclear power\\-free world. The demonstration showed that organized opposition to nuclear power has gained momentum following the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The most immediate demand of the demonstrators was for the protection of rights, including basic human rights such as health care, for those affected by the Fukushima accident.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20120122a2\\.html \\|title\\=Protesting nuclear power \\|date\\=22 January 2012 \\|work\\=The Japan Times \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125131421/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20120122a2\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In January 2012, three hundred [anti\\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear \"Anti-nuclear\") protestors marched against plans to build a new nuclear power station at Wylfa in the UK. The march was organised by Pobl Atal Wylfa B, Greenpeace and Cymdeithas yr Iaith, which are supporting a farmer who is in dispute with Horizon.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theonlinemail.co.uk/bangor\\-and\\-anglesey\\-news/local\\-bangor\\-and\\-anglesey\\-news/2012/01/25/hundreds\\-protest\\-against\\-nuclear\\-power\\-station\\-plans\\-66580\\-30188845/ \\|title\\=Hundreds protest against nuclear power station plans \\|author\\=Elgan Hearn \\|date\\=25 January 2012 \\|work\\=Online Mail \\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045756/https://www.dailypost.co.uk/in\\-your\\-area/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On the anniversary of the 11 March earthquake and tsunami, protesters across Japan called for the abolishment of nuclear power and nuclear reactors. In [Koriyama, Fukushima](/wiki/Koriyama%2C_Fukushima \"Koriyama, Fukushima\"), 16,000 people called for the end of nuclear power. In [Shizuoka Prefecture](/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture \"Shizuoka Prefecture\"), 1,100 people appealed for the scrapping of the [Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Hamaoka_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant\"). In [Tsuruga, Fukui](/wiki/Tsuruga%2C_Fukui \"Tsuruga, Fukui\"), 1,200 people marched in the streets of the city of Tsuruga, the home of the [Monju fast\\-breeder reactor prototype](/wiki/Monju_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Monju Nuclear Power Plant\") and other nuclear reactors. In [Nagasaki](/wiki/Nagasaki \"Nagasaki\") and [Hiroshima](/wiki/Hiroshima \"Hiroshima\"), anti\\-nuclear protesters and atomic\\-bomb survivors marched together and demanded that Japan should end its nuclear dependency.The Mainichi Shimbun (12 March 2012\\) [Antinuclear protests held across Japan on anniversary of disaster](http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120312p2g00m0dm069000c.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312172051/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120312p2g00m0dm069000c.html \\|date\\=12 March 2012}}", "Austrian Chancellor [Werner Faymann](/wiki/Werner_Faymann \"Werner Faymann\") expects anti\\-nuclear petition drives to start in at least six European Union countries in 2012 in an effort to have the EU abandon nuclear power. Under the EU's Lisbon Treaty, petitions that attract at least one million signatures can seek legislative proposals from the European Commission, which would pave the way for anti\\-nuclear activists to garner support.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/austria\\-nuclear\\-idUSL5E8EC1IN20120312 \\|title\\=Austria expects EU anti\\-nuclear campaign this year \\|date\\=12 March 2012 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518220752/https://www.reuters.com/article/austria\\-nuclear\\-idUSL5E8EC1IN20120312 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In March 2012, about 2,000 people staged an anti\\-nuclear protest in Taiwan's capital following the massive tsunami that hit Japan one year ago. The protesters rallied in Taipei to renew calls for a nuclear\\-free island. They \"want the government to scrap a plan to operate a newly constructed nuclear power plant – the fourth in densely populated Taiwan\". Scores of aboriginal protesters \"demanded the removal of 100,000 barrels of nuclear waste stored on their [Orchid Island](/wiki/Orchid_Island \"Orchid Island\")\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory\\_776471\\.html \\|title\\=About 2,000 Taiwanese stage anti\\-nuclear protest \\|date\\=11 March 2011 \\|work\\=The Straits Times \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 March 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314142722/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory\\_776471\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In March 2012, hundreds of anti\\-nuclear demonstrators converged on the Australian headquarters of global mining giants BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. The 500\\-strong march through southern Melbourne called for an end to uranium mining in Australia, and included speeches and performances by representatives of the expatriate Japanese community as well as Australia's Indigenous communities, who are concerned about the effects of uranium mining near tribal lands. There were also events in Sydney.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east\\-pacific/Australian\\-Rallies\\-Remember\\-Fukushima\\-Disaster\\-142242575\\.html \\|title\\=Australian Rallies Remember Fukushima Disaster \\|author\\=Phil Mercer \\|date\\=11 March 2012 \\|publisher\\=VOA News \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312194611/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east\\-pacific/Australian\\-Rallies\\-Remember\\-Fukushima\\-Disaster\\-142242575\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2012}}", "In March 2012, South Korean environmental groups held a rally in Seoul to oppose nuclear power. Over 5,000 people attended, and the turnout was one of the largest in recent memory for an anti\\-nuclear rally. The demonstration demanded that President Lee Myung Bak abandon his policy of promoting nuclear power.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/international/news/20120311p2g00m0in018000c.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120719173708/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/international/news/20120311p2g00m0in018000c.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2012 \\|title\\=Antinuclear rally held in Seoul on eve of Japan quake anniversary \\|date\\=11 March 2012 \\|work\\=Mainichi Daily}}", "In March 2012, police said they had arrested nearly 200 [anti\\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear \"Anti-nuclear\") activists who were protesting the restart of work at the long\\-stalled Indian Kudankulam nuclear power plant.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.france24\\.com/en/20120320\\-nearly\\-200\\-arrested\\-india\\-nuclear\\-protest \\|title\\=Nearly 200 arrested in India nuclear protest \\|date\\=20 March 2012 \\|publisher\\=France24 \\|access\\-date\\=24 March 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531034131/http://www.france24\\.com/en/20120320\\-nearly\\-200\\-arrested\\-india\\-nuclear\\-protest \\|archive\\-date\\=31 May 2012 }}", "In June 2012, tens of thousands of Japanese protesters participated in anti\\-nuclear power rallies in Tokyo and Osaka, over the government's decision to restart the first idled reactors since the Fukushima disaster, at [Oi Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Oi_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Oi Nuclear Power Plant\") in Fukui Prefecture.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120624a4\\.html \\|title\\=Oi prompts domestic, U.S. antinuclear rallies \\|date\\=24 June 2012 \\|work\\=The Japan Times \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627083844/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120624a4\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "2013\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear protesters in Taipei](/wiki/File:Longmen_Nuclear_Power_Plant_from_VOA_%284%29.jpg \"Longmen Nuclear Power Plant from VOA (4).jpg\")\n{{update\\|section\\|date\\=May 2013}}\nThousands of protesters marched in Tokyo on 11 March 2013 calling on the government to reject nuclear power.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/japan\\-protestjapan\\-protest/thousands\\-in\\-japan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protest\\-two\\-years\\-after\\-fukushima\\-idUSL1N0C209D20130310\\|title\\=Thousands in Japan anti\\-nuclear protest two years after Fukushima\\|date\\=10 March 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519103113/https://www.reuters.com/article/japan\\-protestjapan\\-protest/thousands\\-in\\-japan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protest\\-two\\-years\\-after\\-fukushima\\-idUSL1N0C209D20130310\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In March 2013, 68,000 Taiwanese protested across major cities against nuclear power and the island's fourth nuclear plant, which is under construction. Taiwan's three existing nuclear plants are near the ocean, and prone to geological fractures, under the island.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-03\\-11/taiwan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protests\\-may\\-derail\\-8\\-9\\-billion\\-power\\-plant.html \\|title\\=Taiwan Anti\\-Nuclear Protests May Derail $8\\.9 Billion Power Plant \\|author\\=Yu\\-Huay Sun \\|newspaper\\=Bloomberg.com \\|date\\=11 March 2013 \\|publisher\\=Bloomberg News \\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 March 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313091824/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-03\\-11/taiwan\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protests\\-may\\-derail\\-8\\-9\\-billion\\-power\\-plant.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In April 2013, thousands of Scottish campaigners, MSPs, and union leaders, rallied against nuclear weapons. The Scrap Trident Coalition wants to see an end to nuclear weapons, and says saved monies should be used for health, education and welfare initiatives. There was also a blockade of the [Faslane Naval Base](/wiki/Faslane_Naval_Base \"Faslane Naval Base\"), where Trident missiles are stored.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\\-news/thousands\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protesters\\-glasgow\\-march\\-1828754 \\|title\\=Thousands of anti\\-nuclear protesters attend Glasgow march against Trident \\|date\\=13 April 2013 \\|work\\=Daily Record \\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419100510/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\\-news/thousands\\-anti\\-nuclear\\-protesters\\-glasgow\\-march\\-1828754 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "2014\n[thumb\\|Anti\\-nuclear protesters shot with water cannons in Taiwan](/wiki/File:Anti-nuclear_protesters_sprayed_by_water_cannons_in_Taipei%2C_Taiwan.jpg \"Anti-nuclear protesters sprayed by water cannons in Taipei, Taiwan.jpg\")\nIn March 2014, around 130,000 Taiwanese marched for an anti\\-nuclear protest around Taiwan. They demanded that the government remove nuclear power plants in Taiwan. The march came ahead of the 3rd anniversary of Fukushima disaster. Around 50,000 people marched in Taipei while another three separate events were held around other Taiwanese cities attended by around 30,000 people.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dw.de/anti\\-nuclear\\-protests\\-in\\-taiwan\\-draw\\-tens\\-of\\-thousands/a\\-17483190\\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear protests in Taiwan draw tens of thousands\\|author\\=Deutsche Welle\\|website\\=DW.COM\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503095749/http://www.dw.de/anti\\-nuclear\\-protests\\-in\\-taiwan\\-draw\\-tens\\-of\\-thousands/a\\-17483190\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/content/taiwan\\-signals\\-green\\-light\\-for\\-nuclear\\-power\\-despite\\-protests/1867797\\.html\\|title\\=Taiwan Signals More Nuclear Power Despite Protests\\|first\\=Ralph\\|last\\=Jennings\\|date\\=10 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=27 April 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427030228/http://www.voanews.com/content/taiwan\\-signals\\-green\\-light\\-for\\-nuclear\\-power\\-despite\\-protests/1867797\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Among the participants are the organizations from Green Citizen Action's Alliance, Homemakers United Foundation, Taiwan Association for Human Rights and Taiwan Environmental Protection Union.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201403040006\\|title\\=Anti\\-nuclear rallies to take place islandwide on March 8 \\- Focus Taiwan\\|website\\=focustaiwan.tw\\|date\\=4 March 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204120712/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201403040006\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Facing on\\-going opposition and a host of delays, construction of the [Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Lungmen_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant\") was halted in April 2014\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/taiwan\\-nuclear\\-idUKL3N0NJ08C20140427 \\|title\\=Taiwan to halt construction of fourth nuclear power plant \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|date\\=28 April 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329003619/https://uk.reuters.com/article/taiwan\\-nuclear\\-idUKL3N0NJ08C20140427 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "" ]
Impact ------ ### Impact on popular culture {{See also\|List of films about nuclear issues}} [thumbnail\|Montage of film stills from the [International Uranium Film Festival](/wiki/International_Uranium_Film_Festival "International Uranium Film Festival")](/wiki/File:International_Uranium_Film_Festival.jpg "International Uranium Film Festival.jpg") Beginning in the 1950s, anti\-nuclear ideas received coverage in the popular media with novels such as *[Fail\-Safe](/wiki/Fail-Safe_%28novel%29 "Fail-Safe (novel)")* and [feature films](/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues "List of films about nuclear issues") such as *[Godzilla (1954\)](/wiki/Godzilla_%281954%29 "Godzilla (1954)")*,*[Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb](/wiki/Dr._Strangelove_or:How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_the_Bomb "How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb")* (1964\), *[The China Syndrome](/wiki/The_China_Syndrome "The China Syndrome")* (1979\), *[Silkwood](/wiki/Silkwood "Silkwood")* (1983\), and *[The Rainbow Warrior](/wiki/The_Rainbow_Warrior_%28film%29 "The Rainbow Warrior (film)")* (1992\). *Dr. Strangelove* explored "what might happen within the Pentagon ... if some maniac Air Force general should suddenly order a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union". One reviewer called the movie "one of the cleverest and most incisive satiric thrusts at the awkwardness and folly of the military that has ever been on the screen".Bosley Crowther. [Movie Review: Dr. Strangelove (1964\)](https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=EE05E7DF173DE367BC4950DFB766838F679EDE) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901182352/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\=EE05E7DF173DE367BC4950DFB766838F679EDE \|date\=1 September 2013 }} *The New York Times*, 31 January 1964\. *The China Syndrome* has been described as a "gripping 1979 drama about the dangers of nuclear power" which had an extra impact when the real\-life accident at the [Three Mile Island nuclear plant](/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident "Three Mile Island accident") occurred several weeks after the film opened. [Jane Fonda](/wiki/Jane_Fonda "Jane Fonda") plays a TV reporter who witnesses a near\-[meltdown](/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown "Nuclear meltdown") (the "[China syndrome](/wiki/China_syndrome_%28nuclear_meltdown%29 "China syndrome (nuclear meltdown)")" of the title) at a local nuclear plant, which was averted by a quick\-thinking engineer, played by [Jack Lemmon](/wiki/Jack_Lemmon "Jack Lemmon"). The plot suggests that corporate greed and cost\-cutting "have led to potentially deadly faults in the plant's construction".[The China Syndrome (1979\)](https://web.archive.org/web/20071018155620/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/9338/The-China-Syndrome/overview) *The New York Times*. *Silkwood* was inspired by the true\-life story of [Karen Silkwood](/wiki/Karen_Silkwood "Karen Silkwood"), who died in a suspicious car accident while investigating alleged wrongdoing at the [Kerr\-McGee](/wiki/Kerr-McGee "Kerr-McGee") [plutonium](/wiki/Plutonium "Plutonium") plant where she worked. *[Dark Circle](/wiki/Dark_Circle_%28film%29 "Dark Circle (film)")* is a 1982 American documentary film that focuses on the connections between the [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons "Nuclear weapons") and the [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power "Nuclear power") industries, with a strong emphasis on the individual human and protracted U.S. environmental costs involved. A clear point made by the film is that while only two bombs were dropped on Japan, [many hundreds were exploded in the United States](/wiki/Nevada_National_Security_Site "Nevada National Security Site"). The film won the Grand Prize for documentary at the [Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival "Sundance Film Festival") and received a national [Emmy Award](/wiki/Emmy_Award "Emmy Award") for "Outstanding individual achievement in news and documentary."*[Dark Circle](https://www.pbs.org/pov/darkcircle/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811113037/http://www.pbs.org/pov/darkcircle/ \|date\=11 August 2019 }}*, DVD release date 27 March 2007, Directors: Judy Irving, Chris Beaver, Ruth Landy. {{ISBN\|0\-7670\-9304\-6}}. For the opening scenes and about half of its length, the film focuses on the [Rocky Flats Plant](/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant "Rocky Flats Plant") and [its plutonium contamination of the area's environment](/wiki/Radioactive_contamination_from_the_Rocky_Flats_Plant "Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant"). {{nihongo\|''\[\[Ashes to Honey]]''\|ミツバチの羽音と地球の回転\|Mitsubashi no haoto to chikyū no kaiten}}, (literally *"Humming of Bees and Rotation of the Earth"*) is a Japanese [documentary](/wiki/Documentary "Documentary") directed by [Hitomi Kamanaka](/wiki/Hitomi_Kamanaka "Hitomi Kamanaka") and released in 2010\.{{cite web\|title\=Mitsubashi no haoto to chikyū no kaiten\|url\=http://www.cinematoday.jp/movie/T0009697\|work\=Cinema Today\|access\-date\=1 December 2012\|language\=ja\|archive\-date\=22 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022062121/http://www.cinematoday.jp/movie/T0009697\|url\-status\=live}} It is the third in Kamanaka's trilogy of films on the problems of [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power "Nuclear power") and [radiation](/wiki/Nuclear_radiation "Nuclear radiation"), preceded by *Hibakusha at the End of the World* (also known as *Radiation: A Slow Death*) and *[Rokkasho Rhapsody](/wiki/Rokkasho_Rhapsody "Rokkasho Rhapsody")*.{{cite web\|title\=Mitsubashi no haoto to chikyū no kaiten Kawanaka Hitomi\|url\=http://eigageijutsu.com/article/186180130\.html\|work\=Eiga Geijutsu\|access\-date\=1 December 2012\|language\=ja\|archive\-date\=4 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204014927/http://eigageijutsu.com/article/186180130\.html\|url\-status\=live}} *[Nuclear Tipping Point](/wiki/Nuclear_Tipping_Point "Nuclear Tipping Point")* is a 2010 [documentary film](/wiki/Documentary_film "Documentary film") produced by the [Nuclear Threat Initiative](/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative "Nuclear Threat Initiative"). It features interviews with four American government officials who were in office during the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") period, but are now advocating for the elimination of [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon "Nuclear weapon"). They are: [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger"), [George Shultz](/wiki/George_Shultz "George Shultz"), [Sam Nunn](/wiki/Sam_Nunn "Sam Nunn"), and [William Perry](/wiki/William_J._Perry "William J. Perry").{{Cite news \|access\-date\=2010\-06\-10 \|url\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=123012569≻\=emaf \|title\=Documentary Advances Nuclear Free Movement \|newspaper\=NPR.org \|publisher\=NPR \|archive\-date\=5 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405161533/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=123012569≻\=emaf \|url\-status\=live }} [Musicians United for Safe Energy](/wiki/Musicians_United_for_Safe_Energy "Musicians United for Safe Energy") (MUSE) was a musical group founded in 1979 by [Jackson Browne](/wiki/Jackson_Browne "Jackson Browne"), [Graham Nash](/wiki/Graham_Nash "Graham Nash"), [Bonnie Raitt](/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt "Bonnie Raitt"), and [John Hall](/wiki/John_Hall_%28New_York%29 "John Hall (New York)"), following the [Three Mile Island nuclear accident](/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident "Three Mile Island accident"). The group organized a series of five *No Nukes* concerts held at [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden "Madison Square Garden") in New York City in September 1979\. On 23 September 1979, almost 200,000 people attended a large anti\-nuclear rally staged by MUSE on the then\-empty north end of the [Battery Park City](/wiki/Battery_Park_City "Battery Park City") [landfill](/wiki/Landfill "Landfill") in New York. The album *[No Nukes](/wiki/No_Nukes_%28album%29 "No Nukes (album)")*, and a film, also titled *[No Nukes](/wiki/No_Nukes_%28film%29 "No Nukes (film)")*, were both released in 1980 to document the performances. In 2007, Bonnie Raitt, Graham Nash, and Jackson Browne, as part of the [No Nukes group](/wiki/No_Nukes_group "No Nukes group"), recorded a [music video](/wiki/Music_video "Music video") of the [Buffalo Springfield](/wiki/Buffalo_Springfield "Buffalo Springfield") song "[For What It's Worth](/wiki/For_What_It%27s_Worth_%28Buffalo_Springfield_song%29 "For What It's Worth (Buffalo Springfield song)")".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nukefree.org/node/96\|title\="For What It's Worth," No Nukes Reunite After Thirty Years\|website\=www.nukefree.org\|access\-date\=11 December 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719202100/http://www.nukefree.org/node/96\|archive\-date\=19 July 2011}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nirs.org/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609064533/http://www.nirs.org/home.htm\|title\=Home · NIRS\|archive\-date\=9 June 2015\|website\=NIRS}} Filmmakers Taylor Dunne and Eric Stewart are working on a documentary called "Off country" that looks at the devastating effects of atomic bomb testing on the communities around the White Sands missile range in New Mexico, the Nevada Test Site and the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado. They were interviewed by Screen Comment's Sam Weisberg in 2017\.{{cite web \|last1\=Weisberg \|first1\=Sam \|title\=Documentary "Off Country" Lets Survivors and Opponents of Nuclear Testing Do the Talking \|date\=2 November 2017 \|url\=https://screencomment.com/2017/11/off\-country \|publisher\=Screen Comment \|access\-date\=2 November 2017 \|archive\-date\=31 March 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331193211/https://screencomment.com/2017/11/off\-country/ \|url\-status\=live }} ### Impact on policy [thumb\|U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2005](/wiki/File:US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg "US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg"){{See also\|Nuclear energy policy\|Nuclear power by country\|Nuclear free zone\|List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States\|Anti\-nuclear movement in Australia}} The *[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists](/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists")* is a nontechnical online magazine that has been published continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former [Manhattan Project](/wiki/Manhattan_Project "Manhattan Project") [physicists](/wiki/Physicist "Physicist") after the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"). The *Bulletin*{{'}}s primary aim is to inform the public about nuclear policy debates while advocating for the international control of nuclear weapons. One of the driving forces behind the creation of the *Bulletin* was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy at the dawn of the [atomic age](/wiki/Atomic_age "Atomic age"). In 1945 the public interest in atomic warfare and weaponry inspired contributors to the *Bulletin* to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers and destruction that atomic war could bring about.{{cite book \|last\=Boyer \|first\=Paul S. \|author\-link\=Paul Boyer (historian) \|title\=By the Bomb's Early Light \|publisher\=Pantheon \|year\=1985 \|isbn\=978\-0\-394\-52878\-6 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70 70] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70 }} In the 1950s, the *Bulletin* was involved in the formation of the [Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs](/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs "Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs"), annual conferences of scientists concerned about [nuclear proliferation](/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation "Nuclear proliferation"). Historian [Lawrence S. Wittner](/wiki/Lawrence_S._Wittner "Lawrence S. Wittner") has argued that anti\-nuclear sentiment and activism led directly to government policy shifts about nuclear weapons. Public opinion influenced policymakers by limiting their options and also by forcing them to follow certain policies over others. Wittner credits public pressure and anti\-nuclear activism with "Truman's decision to explore the [Baruch Plan](/wiki/Baruch_Plan "Baruch Plan"), Eisenhower's efforts towards a nuclear test ban and the 1958 testing moratorium, and Kennedy's signing of the [Partial Test Ban Treaty](/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty "Partial Test Ban Treaty")".Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. [Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement](http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=537775) In terms of nuclear power, *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* magazine, in the September 1975 issue, reported that "the anti\-nuclear coalition has been remarkably successful ... \[and] has certainly slowed the expansion of nuclear power." California has banned the approval of new nuclear reactors since the late 1970s because of concerns over [waste disposal](/wiki/High_level_radioactive_waste "High level radioactive waste"),Jim Doyle. [Nuclear power industry sees opening for revival](http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/03/08/MN3H16ANEN.DTL) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429204451/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi\-bin/article.cgi?f\=/c/a/2009/03/08/MN3H16ANEN.DTL \|date\=29 April 2011 }} *San Francisco Chronicle*, 9 March 2009\. and some other U.S. states {{Cite web \|last\=Temocin \|first\=Pinar \|date\=2022\-01\-21 \|title\=From Protest to Politics: The Effectiveness of Civil Society in shaping the Nuclear\-free Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand \|url\=https://commonslibrary.org/from\-protest\-to\-politics\-the\-effectiveness\-of\-civil\-society\-in\-shaping\-the\-nuclear\-free\-policy\-in\-aotearoa\-new\-zealand/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-03 \|website\=The Commons Social Change Library \|language\=en\-AU \|archive\-date\=9 February 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209102701/https://commonslibrary.org/from\-protest\-to\-politics\-the\-effectiveness\-of\-civil\-society\-in\-shaping\-the\-nuclear\-free\-policy\-in\-aotearoa\-new\-zealand/ \|url\-status\=live }} have a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants.[Minnesota House says no to new nuclear power plants](http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/44101672.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505213235/http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/44101672\.html \|date\=5 May 2009 }} *StarTribune.com*, 30 April 2009\. Between 1975 and 1980, a total of 63 nuclear units were canceled in the United States. Anti\-nuclear activities were among the reasons, but the primary motivations were the overestimation of future demand for electricity and steadily increasing capital costs, which made the economics of new plants unfavorable.{{cite book\|author\=Rebecca A. McNerney\|title\=Changing Structure of the Electric Power Industry: An Update\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=C5W8uxwMqdUC\&pg\=PA110\|year\=1998\|publisher\=DIANE Publishing\|isbn\=978\-0\-7881\-7363\-9\|page\=110}} The proliferation of nuclear weapons became a presidential priority issue for the [Carter Administration](/wiki/Carter_Administration "Carter Administration") in the late 1970s. To deal with proliferation problems, President Carter promoted stronger international control over nuclear technology, including nuclear reactor technology. Although a strong supporter of nuclear power generally, Carter turned against the breeder reactor because the [plutonium](/wiki/Plutonium "Plutonium") it produced could be diverted into nuclear weapons. For many years after the 1986 [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster") nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries. In recent years, intense public relations activities by the nuclear industry, increasing evidence of climate change and failures to address it, have brought nuclear power issues back to the forefront of policy discussion in the [nuclear renaissance](/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance "Nuclear renaissance") countries. But some countries are not prepared to expand nuclear power and are still divesting themselves of their nuclear legacy, through [nuclear power phase\-out](/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out "Nuclear power phase-out") legislation.[Research and Markets: International Perspectives on Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power](https://archive.today/20130201052835/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS101123+06-May-2009+BW20090506) *Reuters*, 6 May 2009\. Under the *[New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987](/wiki/New_Zealand_Nuclear_Free_Zone%2C_Disarmament%2C_and_Arms_Control_Act_1987 "New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987")*, all territorial sea and land of New Zealand is declared a [nuclear free zone](/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone "New Zealand's nuclear-free zone"). Nuclear\-powered and nuclear\-armed ships are prohibited from entering the country's territorial waters. Dumping of foreign radioactive waste and development of nuclear weapons in the country are outlawed. This followed a decades long campaign by peace activists which included the disruption of US warship visits.{{cite web\|url\=http://canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz/peace/nukefree.html\|title\=Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act\|website\=canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz\|access\-date\=21 May 2007\|archive\-date\=19 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019020901/http://canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz/peace/nukefree.html\|url\-status\=live}} Despite common misconception, this act does not make nuclear power plants illegal, nor does it make radioactive medical treatments produced in overseas reactors illegal.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.world\-nuclear.org/info/inf97\.html\|title\=Nuclear Energy Prospects in New Zealand\|publisher\=World Nuclear Association\|date\=April 2009\|access\-date\=2009\-12\-09\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100103024718/http://www.world\-nuclear.org/info/inf97\.html\| archive\-date\= 3 January 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} A 2008 survey shows that 19% of New Zealanders favour nuclear power as the best energy source, while 77% prefer [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power "Wind power") as the best energy source.{{cite web \|url\=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/413551/1690587 \|title\=Nuclear power backed by 19% \|date\=7 April 2008 \|work\=\[\[Television New Zealand]] \|access\-date\=16 September 2011 \|archive\-date\=20 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520013806/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/413551/1690587 \|url\-status\=live }} On 26 February 1990, FW de Klerk issued orders to terminate the country's nuclear weapons programme, which until then had been a state secret.{{cite journal \|last1\=Albright \|first1\=David \|title\=South Africa and the Affordable Bomb \|journal\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \|date\=July 1994 \|volume\=50 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=37–47 \|id\={{Gale\|A15587914}} \|doi\=10\.1080/00963402\.1994\.11456538 \|bibcode\=1994BuAtS..50d..37A }} South Africa becomes the first country in the world to voluntary give\-up its nuclear weapons programme. [thumb\|250px\|UN vote on adoption of the [Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons](/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons "Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons") on 7 July 2017 {{Leftlegend\|\#008cff\|Yes}} {{Leftlegend\|\#ff0000\|No}}{{Leftlegend\|\#c0c0c0\|Did not vote}}](/wiki/File:Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons.svg "Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.svg") Ireland, in 1999, had no plans to change its non\-nuclear stance and pursue nuclear power in the future.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1999/en/act/pub/0023/sec0018\.html\|title\=Electricity Regulation Act, 1999\|author\=eISB\|website\=www.irishstatutebook.ie\|access\-date\=25 November 2007\|archive\-date\=26 February 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226075621/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1999/en/act/pub/0023/sec0018\.html\|url\-status\=live}} In the United States, the [Navajo Nation](/wiki/Navajo_Nation "Navajo Nation") forbids uranium mining and processing in its land.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wise\-uranium.org/uregusa.html\#NAVCOUTLAWSU\|title\=Navajo Nation outlaws\|website\=www.wise\-uranium mining.org\|access\-date\=21 December 2007\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045804/http://www.wise\-uranium.org/uregusa2\.html\#NAVCOUTLAWSU\|url\-status\=live}} In the United States, a 2007 [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland "University of Maryland") survey showed that 73 per cent of the public surveyed favours the elimination of all nuclear weapons, 64 per cent support removing all nuclear weapons from high alert, and 59 per cent support reducing U.S. and Russian nuclear stockpiles to 400 weapons each. Given the unpopularity of nuclear weapons, U.S. politicians have been wary of supporting new nuclear programs. Republican\-dominated congresses "have defeated the [Bush administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush "Presidency of George W. Bush")'s plan to build so\-called 'bunker\-busters' and 'mini\-nukes'." The [Megatons to Megawatts Program](/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program "Megatons to Megawatts Program") converts weapons\-grade material from nuclear warheads into fuel for nuclear power plants.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/op\-eds/support\-of\-the\-megatons\-to\-megawatts\-program \|title\=In support of the Megatons to Megawatts program \|access\-date\=2012\-09\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708162741/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/op\-eds/support\-of\-the\-megatons\-to\-megawatts\-program \|archive\-date\=8 July 2011\|date\=2008\-10\-23 }} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists* Thirty\-one countries operate nuclear power plants.[Mycle Schneider](/wiki/Mycle_Schneider "Mycle Schneider"), [Steve Thomas](/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_%28economist%29 "Stephen Thomas (economist)"), Antony Froggatt, Doug Koplow (August 2009\). [The World Nuclear Industry Status Report](http://www.nirs.org/neconomics/weltstatusbericht0908.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517003713/http://www.nirs.org/neconomics/weltstatusbericht0908\.pdf \|date\=17 May 2011 }}, [German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety](/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Environment%2C_Nature_Conservation_and_Nuclear_Safety "Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety"), p. 6\. Nine nations possess nuclear weapons:{{cite journal \|id\={{ProQuest\|213964359}} \|last1\=Summy \|first1\=Ralph \|title\=Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement \|journal\=Social Alternatives \|volume\=28 \|issue\=3 \|year\=2009 \|pages\=64–65 }} > Today, some 26,000 nuclear weapons remain in the arsenals of the nine nuclear powers, with thousands on hair\-trigger alert. Although U.S., Russian, and British nuclear arsenals are shrinking in size, those in the four Asian nuclear nations—China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea—are growing, in large part because of tensions among them. This Asian arms race also has possibilities of bringing Japan into the nuclear club. [thumb\|right\|U.S. President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") with Russian President [Dmitry Medvedev](/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev "Dmitry Medvedev") after signing the [New START](/wiki/New_START "New START") treaty in Prague, 2010](/wiki/File:Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg "Obama and Medvedev sign Prague Treaty 2010.jpeg") During [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")'s successful U.S. presidential election campaign, he advocated the abolition of nuclear weapons. Since his election he has reiterated this goal in several major policy addresses. In 2010, the Obama administration [negotiated a new weapons accord with Russia](/wiki/New_START "New START") for a reduction of the maximum number of deployed nuclear weapons on each side from 2,200 to between 1,500 and 1,675—a reduction of some 30 per cent. In addition, President Obama has committed $15 billion over the next five years to improving the safety of the nuclear weapons stockpile.Jeremy Bernstein. [Nukes for Sale](http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/apr/20/nukes-sale/?pagination=false) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503062930/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/apr/20/nukes\-sale/?pagination\=false \|date\=3 May 2010 }} *The New York Review of Books*, 14 April 2010\. Following the [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster"), the Italian government put a one\-year moratorium on plans to revive nuclear power.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M504RG0\.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429131719/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M504RG0\.htm \|archive\-date\=29 April 2011 \|title\=Italy puts 1 year moratorium on nuclear \|date\=23 March 2011 \|work\=Businessweek }} On 11–12 June 2011, Italian voters passed a referendum to cancel plans for new reactors. Over 94% of the electorate voted in favor of the construction ban, with 55% of the eligible voters participating, making the vote binding.{{cite web\|url\=http://referendum.interno.it/referendum/refe110612/RFT0003\.htm \|title\=Italy Nuclear Referendum Results \|date\=13 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325171121/http://referendum.interno.it/referendum/refe110612/RFT0003\.htm \|archive\-date\=25 March 2012}} German Chancellor [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel")'s coalition announced on 30 May 2011, that Germany's 17 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022, in a policy reversal following Japan's [Fukushima I nuclear accidents](/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents "Fukushima I nuclear accidents") and anti\-nuclear protests within Germany. Seven of the German power stations were closed temporarily in March, and they will remain off\-line and be permanently decommissioned. An eighth was already off line, and will stay so.{{cite web \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us\-germany\-nuclear\-idUKTRE74Q2P120110530 \|title\=German government wants nuclear exit by 2022 at latest \|author\=Annika Breidthardt \|date\=30 May 2011 \|work\=Reuters \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=10 August 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810030353/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us\-germany\-nuclear\-idUKTRE74Q2P120110530 \|url\-status\=dead }} As of 2011, countries such as [Australia](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia "Anti-nuclear movement in Australia"), [Austria](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Austria "Anti-nuclear movement in Austria"), [Denmark](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Denmark "Nuclear energy in Denmark"), [Greece](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece "Nuclear energy in Greece"), [Ireland](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Ireland "Nuclear energy in Ireland"), [Italy](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Italy "Nuclear energy in Italy"), Latvia, Liechtenstein, [Luxembourg](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Luxembourg "Nuclear energy in Luxembourg"), [Malta](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Malta "Nuclear energy in Malta"), [Portugal](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Portugal "Nuclear energy in Portugal"), [Israel](/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Israel "Nuclear power in Israel"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Malaysia "Nuclear energy in Malaysia"), [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone "New Zealand's nuclear-free zone"), and [Norway](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Norway "Nuclear energy in Norway") remain opposed to nuclear power. [Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany "Anti-nuclear movement in Germany"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland "Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland") and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") are [phasing\-out nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out "Nuclear power phase-out"). ### Public opinion surveys on nuclear issues {{Main\|Public opinion on nuclear issues}} In 2005, the [International Atomic Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency "International Atomic Energy Agency") presented the results of a series of public opinion surveys in the *Global Public Opinion on Nuclear Issues* report. Majorities of respondents in 14 of the 18 countries surveyed believed that the risk of [terrorist acts involving radioactive materials](/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism "Nuclear terrorism") at nuclear facilities is high, because of insufficient protection. While majorities of citizens generally supported the continued use of existing nuclear power reactors, most people did not favor the building of new nuclear plants, and 25% of respondents felt that all nuclear power plants should be closed down. Stressing the [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") benefits of nuclear energy positively influences 10% of people to be more supportive of expanding the role of nuclear power in the world, but there is still a general reluctance to support the building of more nuclear power plants.[International Atomic Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency "International Atomic Energy Agency") (2005\). [Global Public Opinion on Nuclear Issues and the IAEA: Final Report from 18 Countries](http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/gponi_report2005.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409124139/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/gponi\_report2005\.pdf \|date\=9 April 2008 }} pp. 6–7\. There was little support across the world for building new nuclear reactors, a 2011 poll for the BBC indicated. The global research agency [GlobeScan](/wiki/GlobeScan "GlobeScan"), commissioned by BBC News, polled 23,231 people in 23 countries from July to September 2011, several months after the [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima nuclear disaster"). In countries with existing nuclear programmes, people are significantly more opposed than they were in 2005, with only the UK and US bucking the trend. Most believed that boosting energy efficiency and renewable energy can meet their needs.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science\-environment\-15864806 \|title\=Nuclear power 'gets little public support worldwide' \|author\=Richard Black \|date\=25 November 2011 \|work\=BBC News \|access\-date\=21 June 2018 \|archive\-date\=21 August 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821151058/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science\-environment\-15864806 \|url\-status\=live }} [Eurobarometer](/wiki/Eurobarometer "Eurobarometer") 2008 poll indicated 44% supporting and 45% opposing nuclear energy in the European Union. Majority (over 62%) also appreciated nuclear power as means to prevent [climate change](/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming").{{Cite web\|title\=World Nuclear Association \- World Nuclear News\|url\=https://www.world\-nuclear\-news.org/NP\_European\_support\_rises\_0407081\.html\|website\=www.world\-nuclear\-news.org\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=25 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125002821/https://www.world\-nuclear\-news.org/NP\_European\_support\_rises\_0407081\.html\|url\-status\=live}} Both Eurobarometer and subsequent [OECD](/wiki/OECD "OECD") poll (2010\) indicated a "clear correlation between knowledge and support", so respondents who were more aware of the greenhouse gas emissions from energy sector were more likely to support low\-emission nuclear power.{{Cite web\|title\=Public Attitudes to Nuclear Power\|url\=https://www.oecd\-nea.org/ndd/pubs/2010/6859\-public\-attitudes.pdf\|date\=2010\|website\=OECD NEA\|access\-date\=27 May 2020\|archive\-date\=27 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927171353/https://www.oecd\-nea.org/ndd/pubs/2010/6859\-public\-attitudes.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} A 2012 meta\-analysis also confirmed positive correlation between support for nuclear power and understanding of nuclear power operations, with a significant effect where people living closer to nuclear power plant showed higher levels of support in general.{{Citation\|last\=Bazile\|first\=F.\|title\=16 \- Social impacts and public perception of nuclear power\|date\=2012\-01\-01\|url\=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845699734500164\|work\=Infrastructure and Methodologies for the Justification of Nuclear Power Programmes\|pages\=549–566\|editor\-last\=Alonso\|editor\-first\=Agustín\|series\=Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy\|publisher\=Woodhead Publishing\|isbn\=978\-1\-84569\-973\-4\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27}} In the United States, support and opposition to nuclear power plants is split almost equally.{{Cite web\|title\=40 Years After Three Mile Island, Americans Split on Nuclear Power\|url\=https://news.gallup.com/poll/248048/years\-three\-mile\-island\-americans\-split\-nuclear\-power.aspx\|author\=RJ Reinhart\|date\=2019\-03\-27\|website\=Gallup\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|archive\-date\=8 May 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508210033/https://news.gallup.com/poll/248048/years\-three\-mile\-island\-americans\-split\-nuclear\-power.aspx\|url\-status\=live}}
[ "Impact\n------", "### Impact on popular culture", "{{See also\\|List of films about nuclear issues}}\n[thumbnail\\|Montage of film stills from the [International Uranium Film Festival](/wiki/International_Uranium_Film_Festival \"International Uranium Film Festival\")](/wiki/File:International_Uranium_Film_Festival.jpg \"International Uranium Film Festival.jpg\")", "Beginning in the 1950s, anti\\-nuclear ideas received coverage in the popular media with novels such as *[Fail\\-Safe](/wiki/Fail-Safe_%28novel%29 \"Fail-Safe (novel)\")* and [feature films](/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues \"List of films about nuclear issues\") such as *[Godzilla (1954\\)](/wiki/Godzilla_%281954%29 \"Godzilla (1954)\")*,*[Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb](/wiki/Dr._Strangelove_or:How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_the_Bomb \"How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb\")* (1964\\), *[The China Syndrome](/wiki/The_China_Syndrome \"The China Syndrome\")* (1979\\), *[Silkwood](/wiki/Silkwood \"Silkwood\")* (1983\\), and *[The Rainbow Warrior](/wiki/The_Rainbow_Warrior_%28film%29 \"The Rainbow Warrior (film)\")* (1992\\).", "*Dr. Strangelove* explored \"what might happen within the Pentagon ... if some maniac Air Force general should suddenly order a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union\". One reviewer called the movie \"one of the cleverest and most incisive satiric thrusts at the awkwardness and folly of the military that has ever been on the screen\".Bosley Crowther. [Movie Review: Dr. Strangelove (1964\\)](https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=EE05E7DF173DE367BC4950DFB766838F679EDE) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901182352/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\\=EE05E7DF173DE367BC4950DFB766838F679EDE \\|date\\=1 September 2013 }} *The New York Times*, 31 January 1964\\.", "*The China Syndrome* has been described as a \"gripping 1979 drama about the dangers of nuclear power\" which had an extra impact when the real\\-life accident at the [Three Mile Island nuclear plant](/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident \"Three Mile Island accident\") occurred several weeks after the film opened. [Jane Fonda](/wiki/Jane_Fonda \"Jane Fonda\") plays a TV reporter who witnesses a near\\-[meltdown](/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown \"Nuclear meltdown\") (the \"[China syndrome](/wiki/China_syndrome_%28nuclear_meltdown%29 \"China syndrome (nuclear meltdown)\")\" of the title) at a local nuclear plant, which was averted by a quick\\-thinking engineer, played by [Jack Lemmon](/wiki/Jack_Lemmon \"Jack Lemmon\"). The plot suggests that corporate greed and cost\\-cutting \"have led to potentially deadly faults in the plant's construction\".[The China Syndrome (1979\\)](https://web.archive.org/web/20071018155620/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/9338/The-China-Syndrome/overview) *The New York Times*.", "*Silkwood* was inspired by the true\\-life story of [Karen Silkwood](/wiki/Karen_Silkwood \"Karen Silkwood\"), who died in a suspicious car accident while investigating alleged wrongdoing at the [Kerr\\-McGee](/wiki/Kerr-McGee \"Kerr-McGee\") [plutonium](/wiki/Plutonium \"Plutonium\") plant where she worked.", "*[Dark Circle](/wiki/Dark_Circle_%28film%29 \"Dark Circle (film)\")* is a 1982 American documentary film that focuses on the connections between the [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons \"Nuclear weapons\") and the [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power \"Nuclear power\") industries, with a strong emphasis on the individual human and protracted U.S. environmental costs involved. A clear point made by the film is that while only two bombs were dropped on Japan, [many hundreds were exploded in the United States](/wiki/Nevada_National_Security_Site \"Nevada National Security Site\"). The film won the Grand Prize for documentary at the [Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival \"Sundance Film Festival\") and received a national [Emmy Award](/wiki/Emmy_Award \"Emmy Award\") for \"Outstanding individual achievement in news and documentary.\"*[Dark Circle](https://www.pbs.org/pov/darkcircle/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811113037/http://www.pbs.org/pov/darkcircle/ \\|date\\=11 August 2019 }}*, DVD release date 27 March 2007, Directors: Judy Irving, Chris Beaver, Ruth Landy. {{ISBN\\|0\\-7670\\-9304\\-6}}. For the opening scenes and about half of its length, the film focuses on the [Rocky Flats Plant](/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant \"Rocky Flats Plant\") and [its plutonium contamination of the area's environment](/wiki/Radioactive_contamination_from_the_Rocky_Flats_Plant \"Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant\").", "{{nihongo\\|''\\[\\[Ashes to Honey]]''\\|ミツバチの羽音と地球の回転\\|Mitsubashi no haoto to chikyū no kaiten}}, (literally *\"Humming of Bees and Rotation of the Earth\"*) is a Japanese [documentary](/wiki/Documentary \"Documentary\") directed by [Hitomi Kamanaka](/wiki/Hitomi_Kamanaka \"Hitomi Kamanaka\") and released in 2010\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Mitsubashi no haoto to chikyū no kaiten\\|url\\=http://www.cinematoday.jp/movie/T0009697\\|work\\=Cinema Today\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2012\\|language\\=ja\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022062121/http://www.cinematoday.jp/movie/T0009697\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It is the third in Kamanaka's trilogy of films on the problems of [nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power \"Nuclear power\") and [radiation](/wiki/Nuclear_radiation \"Nuclear radiation\"), preceded by *Hibakusha at the End of the World* (also known as *Radiation: A Slow Death*) and *[Rokkasho Rhapsody](/wiki/Rokkasho_Rhapsody \"Rokkasho Rhapsody\")*.{{cite web\\|title\\=Mitsubashi no haoto to chikyū no kaiten Kawanaka Hitomi\\|url\\=http://eigageijutsu.com/article/186180130\\.html\\|work\\=Eiga Geijutsu\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2012\\|language\\=ja\\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204014927/http://eigageijutsu.com/article/186180130\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "*[Nuclear Tipping Point](/wiki/Nuclear_Tipping_Point \"Nuclear Tipping Point\")* is a 2010 [documentary film](/wiki/Documentary_film \"Documentary film\") produced by the [Nuclear Threat Initiative](/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative \"Nuclear Threat Initiative\"). It features interviews with four American government officials who were in office during the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") period, but are now advocating for the elimination of [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon \"Nuclear weapon\"). They are: [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger \"Henry Kissinger\"), [George Shultz](/wiki/George_Shultz \"George Shultz\"), [Sam Nunn](/wiki/Sam_Nunn \"Sam Nunn\"), and [William Perry](/wiki/William_J._Perry \"William J. Perry\").{{Cite news \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-10 \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=123012569≻\\=emaf \\|title\\=Documentary Advances Nuclear Free Movement \\|newspaper\\=NPR.org \\|publisher\\=NPR \\|archive\\-date\\=5 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405161533/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=123012569≻\\=emaf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "[Musicians United for Safe Energy](/wiki/Musicians_United_for_Safe_Energy \"Musicians United for Safe Energy\") (MUSE) was a musical group founded in 1979 by [Jackson Browne](/wiki/Jackson_Browne \"Jackson Browne\"), [Graham Nash](/wiki/Graham_Nash \"Graham Nash\"), [Bonnie Raitt](/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt \"Bonnie Raitt\"), and [John Hall](/wiki/John_Hall_%28New_York%29 \"John Hall (New York)\"), following the [Three Mile Island nuclear accident](/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident \"Three Mile Island accident\"). The group organized a series of five *No Nukes* concerts held at [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden \"Madison Square Garden\") in New York City in September 1979\\. On 23 September 1979, almost 200,000 people attended a large anti\\-nuclear rally staged by MUSE on the then\\-empty north end of the [Battery Park City](/wiki/Battery_Park_City \"Battery Park City\") [landfill](/wiki/Landfill \"Landfill\") in New York. The album *[No Nukes](/wiki/No_Nukes_%28album%29 \"No Nukes (album)\")*, and a film, also titled *[No Nukes](/wiki/No_Nukes_%28film%29 \"No Nukes (film)\")*, were both released in 1980 to document the performances.", "In 2007, Bonnie Raitt, Graham Nash, and Jackson Browne, as part of the [No Nukes group](/wiki/No_Nukes_group \"No Nukes group\"), recorded a [music video](/wiki/Music_video \"Music video\") of the [Buffalo Springfield](/wiki/Buffalo_Springfield \"Buffalo Springfield\") song \"[For What It's Worth](/wiki/For_What_It%27s_Worth_%28Buffalo_Springfield_song%29 \"For What It's Worth (Buffalo Springfield song)\")\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nukefree.org/node/96\\|title\\=\"For What It's Worth,\" No Nukes Reunite After Thirty Years\\|website\\=www.nukefree.org\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719202100/http://www.nukefree.org/node/96\\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2011}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nirs.org/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609064533/http://www.nirs.org/home.htm\\|title\\=Home · NIRS\\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2015\\|website\\=NIRS}}", "Filmmakers Taylor Dunne and Eric Stewart are working on a documentary called \"Off country\" that looks at the devastating effects of atomic bomb testing on the communities around the White Sands missile range in New Mexico, the Nevada Test Site and the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado. They were interviewed by Screen Comment's Sam Weisberg in 2017\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Weisberg \\|first1\\=Sam \\|title\\=Documentary \"Off Country\" Lets Survivors and Opponents of Nuclear Testing Do the Talking \\|date\\=2 November 2017 \\|url\\=https://screencomment.com/2017/11/off\\-country \\|publisher\\=Screen Comment \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 March 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331193211/https://screencomment.com/2017/11/off\\-country/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Impact on policy", "[thumb\\|U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2005](/wiki/File:US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg \"US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg\"){{See also\\|Nuclear energy policy\\|Nuclear power by country\\|Nuclear free zone\\|List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States\\|Anti\\-nuclear movement in Australia}}", "The *[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists](/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists \"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists\")* is a nontechnical online magazine that has been published continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former [Manhattan Project](/wiki/Manhattan_Project \"Manhattan Project\") [physicists](/wiki/Physicist \"Physicist\") after the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki \"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\"). The *Bulletin*{{'}}s primary aim is to inform the public about nuclear policy debates while advocating for the international control of nuclear weapons. One of the driving forces behind the creation of the *Bulletin* was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy at the dawn of the [atomic age](/wiki/Atomic_age \"Atomic age\"). In 1945 the public interest in atomic warfare and weaponry inspired contributors to the *Bulletin* to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers and destruction that atomic war could bring about.{{cite book \\|last\\=Boyer \\|first\\=Paul S. \\|author\\-link\\=Paul Boyer (historian) \\|title\\=By the Bomb's Early Light \\|publisher\\=Pantheon \\|year\\=1985 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-394\\-52878\\-6 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70 70] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70 }} In the 1950s, the *Bulletin* was involved in the formation of the [Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs](/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs \"Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs\"), annual conferences of scientists concerned about [nuclear proliferation](/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation \"Nuclear proliferation\").", "Historian [Lawrence S. Wittner](/wiki/Lawrence_S._Wittner \"Lawrence S. Wittner\") has argued that anti\\-nuclear sentiment and activism led directly to government policy shifts about nuclear weapons. Public opinion influenced policymakers by limiting their options and also by forcing them to follow certain policies over others. Wittner credits public pressure and anti\\-nuclear activism with \"Truman's decision to explore the [Baruch Plan](/wiki/Baruch_Plan \"Baruch Plan\"), Eisenhower's efforts towards a nuclear test ban and the 1958 testing moratorium, and Kennedy's signing of the [Partial Test Ban Treaty](/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty \"Partial Test Ban Treaty\")\".Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. [Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement](http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=537775)", "In terms of nuclear power, *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")* magazine, in the September 1975 issue, reported that \"the anti\\-nuclear coalition has been remarkably successful ... \\[and] has certainly slowed the expansion of nuclear power.\" California has banned the approval of new nuclear reactors since the late 1970s because of concerns over [waste disposal](/wiki/High_level_radioactive_waste \"High level radioactive waste\"),Jim Doyle. [Nuclear power industry sees opening for revival](http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/03/08/MN3H16ANEN.DTL) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429204451/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi\\-bin/article.cgi?f\\=/c/a/2009/03/08/MN3H16ANEN.DTL \\|date\\=29 April 2011 }} *San Francisco Chronicle*, 9 March 2009\\. and some other U.S. states {{Cite web \\|last\\=Temocin \\|first\\=Pinar \\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-21 \\|title\\=From Protest to Politics: The Effectiveness of Civil Society in shaping the Nuclear\\-free Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand \\|url\\=https://commonslibrary.org/from\\-protest\\-to\\-politics\\-the\\-effectiveness\\-of\\-civil\\-society\\-in\\-shaping\\-the\\-nuclear\\-free\\-policy\\-in\\-aotearoa\\-new\\-zealand/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-03 \\|website\\=The Commons Social Change Library \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|archive\\-date\\=9 February 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209102701/https://commonslibrary.org/from\\-protest\\-to\\-politics\\-the\\-effectiveness\\-of\\-civil\\-society\\-in\\-shaping\\-the\\-nuclear\\-free\\-policy\\-in\\-aotearoa\\-new\\-zealand/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} have a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants.[Minnesota House says no to new nuclear power plants](http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/44101672.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505213235/http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/44101672\\.html \\|date\\=5 May 2009 }} *StarTribune.com*, 30 April 2009\\. Between 1975 and 1980, a total of 63 nuclear units were canceled in the United States. Anti\\-nuclear activities were among the reasons, but the primary motivations were the overestimation of future demand for electricity and steadily increasing capital costs, which made the economics of new plants unfavorable.{{cite book\\|author\\=Rebecca A. McNerney\\|title\\=Changing Structure of the Electric Power Industry: An Update\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=C5W8uxwMqdUC\\&pg\\=PA110\\|year\\=1998\\|publisher\\=DIANE Publishing\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7881\\-7363\\-9\\|page\\=110}}", "The proliferation of nuclear weapons became a presidential priority issue for the [Carter Administration](/wiki/Carter_Administration \"Carter Administration\") in the late 1970s. To deal with proliferation problems, President Carter promoted stronger international control over nuclear technology, including nuclear reactor technology. Although a strong supporter of nuclear power generally, Carter turned against the breeder reactor because the [plutonium](/wiki/Plutonium \"Plutonium\") it produced could be diverted into nuclear weapons.", "For many years after the 1986 [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\") nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries. In recent years, intense public relations activities by the nuclear industry, increasing evidence of climate change and failures to address it, have brought nuclear power issues back to the forefront of policy discussion in the [nuclear renaissance](/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance \"Nuclear renaissance\") countries. But some countries are not prepared to expand nuclear power and are still divesting themselves of their nuclear legacy, through [nuclear power phase\\-out](/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out \"Nuclear power phase-out\") legislation.[Research and Markets: International Perspectives on Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power](https://archive.today/20130201052835/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS101123+06-May-2009+BW20090506) *Reuters*, 6 May 2009\\.", "Under the *[New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987](/wiki/New_Zealand_Nuclear_Free_Zone%2C_Disarmament%2C_and_Arms_Control_Act_1987 \"New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987\")*, all territorial sea and land of New Zealand is declared a [nuclear free zone](/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone \"New Zealand's nuclear-free zone\"). Nuclear\\-powered and nuclear\\-armed ships are prohibited from entering the country's territorial waters. Dumping of foreign radioactive waste and development of nuclear weapons in the country are outlawed. This followed a decades long campaign by peace activists which included the disruption of US warship visits.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz/peace/nukefree.html\\|title\\=Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act\\|website\\=canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019020901/http://canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz/peace/nukefree.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Despite common misconception, this act does not make nuclear power plants illegal, nor does it make radioactive medical treatments produced in overseas reactors illegal.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.world\\-nuclear.org/info/inf97\\.html\\|title\\=Nuclear Energy Prospects in New Zealand\\|publisher\\=World Nuclear Association\\|date\\=April 2009\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-09\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100103024718/http://www.world\\-nuclear.org/info/inf97\\.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 January 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} A 2008 survey shows that 19% of New Zealanders favour nuclear power as the best energy source, while 77% prefer [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power \"Wind power\") as the best energy source.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/413551/1690587 \\|title\\=Nuclear power backed by 19% \\|date\\=7 April 2008 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Television New Zealand]] \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520013806/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/413551/1690587 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 26 February 1990, FW de Klerk issued orders to terminate the country's nuclear weapons programme, which until then had been a state secret.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Albright \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=South Africa and the Affordable Bomb \\|journal\\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\|date\\=July 1994 \\|volume\\=50 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=37–47 \\|id\\={{Gale\\|A15587914}} \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00963402\\.1994\\.11456538 \\|bibcode\\=1994BuAtS..50d..37A }} South Africa becomes the first country in the world to voluntary give\\-up its nuclear weapons programme.", "[thumb\\|250px\\|UN vote on adoption of the [Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons](/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons \"Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons\") on 7 July 2017 \n{{Leftlegend\\|\\#008cff\\|Yes}} {{Leftlegend\\|\\#ff0000\\|No}}{{Leftlegend\\|\\#c0c0c0\\|Did not vote}}](/wiki/File:Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons.svg \"Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.svg\")\nIreland, in 1999, had no plans to change its non\\-nuclear stance and pursue nuclear power in the future.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1999/en/act/pub/0023/sec0018\\.html\\|title\\=Electricity Regulation Act, 1999\\|author\\=eISB\\|website\\=www.irishstatutebook.ie\\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226075621/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1999/en/act/pub/0023/sec0018\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In the United States, the [Navajo Nation](/wiki/Navajo_Nation \"Navajo Nation\") forbids uranium mining and processing in its land.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wise\\-uranium.org/uregusa.html\\#NAVCOUTLAWSU\\|title\\=Navajo Nation outlaws\\|website\\=www.wise\\-uranium mining.org\\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045804/http://www.wise\\-uranium.org/uregusa2\\.html\\#NAVCOUTLAWSU\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In the United States, a 2007 [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland \"University of Maryland\") survey showed that 73 per cent of the public surveyed favours the elimination of all nuclear weapons, 64 per cent support removing all nuclear weapons from high alert, and 59 per cent support reducing U.S. and Russian nuclear stockpiles to 400 weapons each. Given the unpopularity of nuclear weapons, U.S. politicians have been wary of supporting new nuclear programs. Republican\\-dominated congresses \"have defeated the [Bush administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush \"Presidency of George W. Bush\")'s plan to build so\\-called 'bunker\\-busters' and 'mini\\-nukes'.\"", "The [Megatons to Megawatts Program](/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program \"Megatons to Megawatts Program\") converts weapons\\-grade material from nuclear warheads into fuel for nuclear power plants.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/op\\-eds/support\\-of\\-the\\-megatons\\-to\\-megawatts\\-program \\|title\\=In support of the Megatons to Megawatts program \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708162741/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/op\\-eds/support\\-of\\-the\\-megatons\\-to\\-megawatts\\-program \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2011\\|date\\=2008\\-10\\-23 }} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*", "Thirty\\-one countries operate nuclear power plants.[Mycle Schneider](/wiki/Mycle_Schneider \"Mycle Schneider\"), [Steve Thomas](/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_%28economist%29 \"Stephen Thomas (economist)\"), Antony Froggatt, Doug Koplow (August 2009\\). [The World Nuclear Industry Status Report](http://www.nirs.org/neconomics/weltstatusbericht0908.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517003713/http://www.nirs.org/neconomics/weltstatusbericht0908\\.pdf \\|date\\=17 May 2011 }}, [German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety](/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Environment%2C_Nature_Conservation_and_Nuclear_Safety \"Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety\"), p. 6\\. Nine nations possess nuclear weapons:{{cite journal \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|213964359}} \\|last1\\=Summy \\|first1\\=Ralph \\|title\\=Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement \\|journal\\=Social Alternatives \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=3 \\|year\\=2009 \\|pages\\=64–65 }}", "> Today, some 26,000 nuclear weapons remain in the arsenals of the nine nuclear powers, with thousands on hair\\-trigger alert. Although U.S., Russian, and British nuclear arsenals are shrinking in size, those in the four Asian nuclear nations—China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea—are growing, in large part because of tensions among them. This Asian arms race also has possibilities of bringing Japan into the nuclear club.", "", "[thumb\\|right\\|U.S. President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") with Russian President [Dmitry Medvedev](/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev \"Dmitry Medvedev\") after signing the [New START](/wiki/New_START \"New START\") treaty in Prague, 2010](/wiki/File:Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg \"Obama and Medvedev sign Prague Treaty 2010.jpeg\")\nDuring [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\")'s successful U.S. presidential election campaign, he advocated the abolition of nuclear weapons. Since his election he has reiterated this goal in several major policy addresses. In 2010, the Obama administration [negotiated a new weapons accord with Russia](/wiki/New_START \"New START\") for a reduction of the maximum number of deployed nuclear weapons on each side from 2,200 to between 1,500 and 1,675—a reduction of some 30 per cent. In addition, President Obama has committed $15 billion over the next five years to improving the safety of the nuclear weapons stockpile.Jeremy Bernstein. [Nukes for Sale](http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/apr/20/nukes-sale/?pagination=false) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503062930/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/apr/20/nukes\\-sale/?pagination\\=false \\|date\\=3 May 2010 }} *The New York Review of Books*, 14 April 2010\\.", "Following the [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster\"), the Italian government put a one\\-year moratorium on plans to revive nuclear power.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M504RG0\\.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429131719/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M504RG0\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2011 \\|title\\=Italy puts 1 year moratorium on nuclear \\|date\\=23 March 2011 \\|work\\=Businessweek }} On 11–12 June 2011, Italian voters passed a referendum to cancel plans for new reactors. Over 94% of the electorate voted in favor of the construction ban, with 55% of the eligible voters participating, making the vote binding.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://referendum.interno.it/referendum/refe110612/RFT0003\\.htm \\|title\\=Italy Nuclear Referendum Results \\|date\\=13 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325171121/http://referendum.interno.it/referendum/refe110612/RFT0003\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=25 March 2012}}", "German Chancellor [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel \"Angela Merkel\")'s coalition announced on 30 May 2011, that Germany's 17 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022, in a policy reversal following Japan's [Fukushima I nuclear accidents](/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents \"Fukushima I nuclear accidents\") and anti\\-nuclear protests within Germany. Seven of the German power stations were closed temporarily in March, and they will remain off\\-line and be permanently decommissioned. An eighth was already off line, and will stay so.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us\\-germany\\-nuclear\\-idUKTRE74Q2P120110530 \\|title\\=German government wants nuclear exit by 2022 at latest \\|author\\=Annika Breidthardt \\|date\\=30 May 2011 \\|work\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 August 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810030353/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us\\-germany\\-nuclear\\-idUKTRE74Q2P120110530 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "As of 2011, countries such as [Australia](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia \"Anti-nuclear movement in Australia\"), [Austria](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Austria \"Anti-nuclear movement in Austria\"), [Denmark](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Denmark \"Nuclear energy in Denmark\"), [Greece](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece \"Nuclear energy in Greece\"), [Ireland](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Ireland \"Nuclear energy in Ireland\"), [Italy](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Italy \"Nuclear energy in Italy\"), Latvia, Liechtenstein, [Luxembourg](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Luxembourg \"Nuclear energy in Luxembourg\"), [Malta](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Malta \"Nuclear energy in Malta\"), [Portugal](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Portugal \"Nuclear energy in Portugal\"), [Israel](/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Israel \"Nuclear power in Israel\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Malaysia \"Nuclear energy in Malaysia\"), [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone \"New Zealand's nuclear-free zone\"), and [Norway](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Norway \"Nuclear energy in Norway\") remain opposed to nuclear power. [Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany \"Anti-nuclear movement in Germany\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland \"Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland\") and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") are [phasing\\-out nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out \"Nuclear power phase-out\").", "### Public opinion surveys on nuclear issues", "{{Main\\|Public opinion on nuclear issues}}\nIn 2005, the [International Atomic Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency \"International Atomic Energy Agency\") presented the results of a series of public opinion surveys in the *Global Public Opinion on Nuclear Issues* report. Majorities of respondents in 14 of the 18 countries surveyed believed that the risk of [terrorist acts involving radioactive materials](/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism \"Nuclear terrorism\") at nuclear facilities is high, because of insufficient protection. While majorities of citizens generally supported the continued use of existing nuclear power reactors, most people did not favor the building of new nuclear plants, and 25% of respondents felt that all nuclear power plants should be closed down. Stressing the [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\") benefits of nuclear energy positively influences 10% of people to be more supportive of expanding the role of nuclear power in the world, but there is still a general reluctance to support the building of more nuclear power plants.[International Atomic Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency \"International Atomic Energy Agency\") (2005\\). [Global Public Opinion on Nuclear Issues and the IAEA: Final Report from 18 Countries](http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/gponi_report2005.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409124139/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/gponi\\_report2005\\.pdf \\|date\\=9 April 2008 }} pp. 6–7\\.", "There was little support across the world for building new nuclear reactors, a 2011 poll for the BBC indicated. The global research agency [GlobeScan](/wiki/GlobeScan \"GlobeScan\"), commissioned by BBC News, polled 23,231 people in 23 countries from July to September 2011, several months after the [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima nuclear disaster\"). In countries with existing nuclear programmes, people are significantly more opposed than they were in 2005, with only the UK and US bucking the trend. Most believed that boosting energy efficiency and renewable energy can meet their needs.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science\\-environment\\-15864806 \\|title\\=Nuclear power 'gets little public support worldwide' \\|author\\=Richard Black \\|date\\=25 November 2011 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 August 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821151058/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science\\-environment\\-15864806 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "[Eurobarometer](/wiki/Eurobarometer \"Eurobarometer\") 2008 poll indicated 44% supporting and 45% opposing nuclear energy in the European Union. Majority (over 62%) also appreciated nuclear power as means to prevent [climate change](/wiki/Global_warming \"Global warming\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=World Nuclear Association \\- World Nuclear News\\|url\\=https://www.world\\-nuclear\\-news.org/NP\\_European\\_support\\_rises\\_0407081\\.html\\|website\\=www.world\\-nuclear\\-news.org\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125002821/https://www.world\\-nuclear\\-news.org/NP\\_European\\_support\\_rises\\_0407081\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Both Eurobarometer and subsequent [OECD](/wiki/OECD \"OECD\") poll (2010\\) indicated a \"clear correlation between knowledge and support\", so respondents who were more aware of the greenhouse gas emissions from energy sector were more likely to support low\\-emission nuclear power.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Public Attitudes to Nuclear Power\\|url\\=https://www.oecd\\-nea.org/ndd/pubs/2010/6859\\-public\\-attitudes.pdf\\|date\\=2010\\|website\\=OECD NEA\\|access\\-date\\=27 May 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927171353/https://www.oecd\\-nea.org/ndd/pubs/2010/6859\\-public\\-attitudes.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A 2012 meta\\-analysis also confirmed positive correlation between support for nuclear power and understanding of nuclear power operations, with a significant effect where people living closer to nuclear power plant showed higher levels of support in general.{{Citation\\|last\\=Bazile\\|first\\=F.\\|title\\=16 \\- Social impacts and public perception of nuclear power\\|date\\=2012\\-01\\-01\\|url\\=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845699734500164\\|work\\=Infrastructure and Methodologies for the Justification of Nuclear Power Programmes\\|pages\\=549–566\\|editor\\-last\\=Alonso\\|editor\\-first\\=Agustín\\|series\\=Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy\\|publisher\\=Woodhead Publishing\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84569\\-973\\-4\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27}} In the United States, support and opposition to nuclear power plants is split almost equally.{{Cite web\\|title\\=40 Years After Three Mile Island, Americans Split on Nuclear Power\\|url\\=https://news.gallup.com/poll/248048/years\\-three\\-mile\\-island\\-americans\\-split\\-nuclear\\-power.aspx\\|author\\=RJ Reinhart\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-27\\|website\\=Gallup\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508210033/https://news.gallup.com/poll/248048/years\\-three\\-mile\\-island\\-americans\\-split\\-nuclear\\-power.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
### Impact on policy [thumb\|U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2005](/wiki/File:US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg "US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg"){{See also\|Nuclear energy policy\|Nuclear power by country\|Nuclear free zone\|List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States\|Anti\-nuclear movement in Australia}} The *[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists](/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists")* is a nontechnical online magazine that has been published continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former [Manhattan Project](/wiki/Manhattan_Project "Manhattan Project") [physicists](/wiki/Physicist "Physicist") after the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"). The *Bulletin*{{'}}s primary aim is to inform the public about nuclear policy debates while advocating for the international control of nuclear weapons. One of the driving forces behind the creation of the *Bulletin* was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy at the dawn of the [atomic age](/wiki/Atomic_age "Atomic age"). In 1945 the public interest in atomic warfare and weaponry inspired contributors to the *Bulletin* to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers and destruction that atomic war could bring about.{{cite book \|last\=Boyer \|first\=Paul S. \|author\-link\=Paul Boyer (historian) \|title\=By the Bomb's Early Light \|publisher\=Pantheon \|year\=1985 \|isbn\=978\-0\-394\-52878\-6 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70 70] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70 }} In the 1950s, the *Bulletin* was involved in the formation of the [Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs](/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs "Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs"), annual conferences of scientists concerned about [nuclear proliferation](/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation "Nuclear proliferation"). Historian [Lawrence S. Wittner](/wiki/Lawrence_S._Wittner "Lawrence S. Wittner") has argued that anti\-nuclear sentiment and activism led directly to government policy shifts about nuclear weapons. Public opinion influenced policymakers by limiting their options and also by forcing them to follow certain policies over others. Wittner credits public pressure and anti\-nuclear activism with "Truman's decision to explore the [Baruch Plan](/wiki/Baruch_Plan "Baruch Plan"), Eisenhower's efforts towards a nuclear test ban and the 1958 testing moratorium, and Kennedy's signing of the [Partial Test Ban Treaty](/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty "Partial Test Ban Treaty")".Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. [Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement](http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=537775) In terms of nuclear power, *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* magazine, in the September 1975 issue, reported that "the anti\-nuclear coalition has been remarkably successful ... \[and] has certainly slowed the expansion of nuclear power." California has banned the approval of new nuclear reactors since the late 1970s because of concerns over [waste disposal](/wiki/High_level_radioactive_waste "High level radioactive waste"),Jim Doyle. [Nuclear power industry sees opening for revival](http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/03/08/MN3H16ANEN.DTL) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429204451/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi\-bin/article.cgi?f\=/c/a/2009/03/08/MN3H16ANEN.DTL \|date\=29 April 2011 }} *San Francisco Chronicle*, 9 March 2009\. and some other U.S. states {{Cite web \|last\=Temocin \|first\=Pinar \|date\=2022\-01\-21 \|title\=From Protest to Politics: The Effectiveness of Civil Society in shaping the Nuclear\-free Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand \|url\=https://commonslibrary.org/from\-protest\-to\-politics\-the\-effectiveness\-of\-civil\-society\-in\-shaping\-the\-nuclear\-free\-policy\-in\-aotearoa\-new\-zealand/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-03 \|website\=The Commons Social Change Library \|language\=en\-AU \|archive\-date\=9 February 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209102701/https://commonslibrary.org/from\-protest\-to\-politics\-the\-effectiveness\-of\-civil\-society\-in\-shaping\-the\-nuclear\-free\-policy\-in\-aotearoa\-new\-zealand/ \|url\-status\=live }} have a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants.[Minnesota House says no to new nuclear power plants](http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/44101672.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505213235/http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/44101672\.html \|date\=5 May 2009 }} *StarTribune.com*, 30 April 2009\. Between 1975 and 1980, a total of 63 nuclear units were canceled in the United States. Anti\-nuclear activities were among the reasons, but the primary motivations were the overestimation of future demand for electricity and steadily increasing capital costs, which made the economics of new plants unfavorable.{{cite book\|author\=Rebecca A. McNerney\|title\=Changing Structure of the Electric Power Industry: An Update\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=C5W8uxwMqdUC\&pg\=PA110\|year\=1998\|publisher\=DIANE Publishing\|isbn\=978\-0\-7881\-7363\-9\|page\=110}} The proliferation of nuclear weapons became a presidential priority issue for the [Carter Administration](/wiki/Carter_Administration "Carter Administration") in the late 1970s. To deal with proliferation problems, President Carter promoted stronger international control over nuclear technology, including nuclear reactor technology. Although a strong supporter of nuclear power generally, Carter turned against the breeder reactor because the [plutonium](/wiki/Plutonium "Plutonium") it produced could be diverted into nuclear weapons. For many years after the 1986 [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster") nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries. In recent years, intense public relations activities by the nuclear industry, increasing evidence of climate change and failures to address it, have brought nuclear power issues back to the forefront of policy discussion in the [nuclear renaissance](/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance "Nuclear renaissance") countries. But some countries are not prepared to expand nuclear power and are still divesting themselves of their nuclear legacy, through [nuclear power phase\-out](/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out "Nuclear power phase-out") legislation.[Research and Markets: International Perspectives on Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power](https://archive.today/20130201052835/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS101123+06-May-2009+BW20090506) *Reuters*, 6 May 2009\. Under the *[New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987](/wiki/New_Zealand_Nuclear_Free_Zone%2C_Disarmament%2C_and_Arms_Control_Act_1987 "New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987")*, all territorial sea and land of New Zealand is declared a [nuclear free zone](/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone "New Zealand's nuclear-free zone"). Nuclear\-powered and nuclear\-armed ships are prohibited from entering the country's territorial waters. Dumping of foreign radioactive waste and development of nuclear weapons in the country are outlawed. This followed a decades long campaign by peace activists which included the disruption of US warship visits.{{cite web\|url\=http://canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz/peace/nukefree.html\|title\=Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act\|website\=canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz\|access\-date\=21 May 2007\|archive\-date\=19 October 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019020901/http://canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz/peace/nukefree.html\|url\-status\=live}} Despite common misconception, this act does not make nuclear power plants illegal, nor does it make radioactive medical treatments produced in overseas reactors illegal.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.world\-nuclear.org/info/inf97\.html\|title\=Nuclear Energy Prospects in New Zealand\|publisher\=World Nuclear Association\|date\=April 2009\|access\-date\=2009\-12\-09\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100103024718/http://www.world\-nuclear.org/info/inf97\.html\| archive\-date\= 3 January 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} A 2008 survey shows that 19% of New Zealanders favour nuclear power as the best energy source, while 77% prefer [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power "Wind power") as the best energy source.{{cite web \|url\=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/413551/1690587 \|title\=Nuclear power backed by 19% \|date\=7 April 2008 \|work\=\[\[Television New Zealand]] \|access\-date\=16 September 2011 \|archive\-date\=20 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520013806/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/413551/1690587 \|url\-status\=live }} On 26 February 1990, FW de Klerk issued orders to terminate the country's nuclear weapons programme, which until then had been a state secret.{{cite journal \|last1\=Albright \|first1\=David \|title\=South Africa and the Affordable Bomb \|journal\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \|date\=July 1994 \|volume\=50 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=37–47 \|id\={{Gale\|A15587914}} \|doi\=10\.1080/00963402\.1994\.11456538 \|bibcode\=1994BuAtS..50d..37A }} South Africa becomes the first country in the world to voluntary give\-up its nuclear weapons programme. [thumb\|250px\|UN vote on adoption of the [Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons](/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons "Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons") on 7 July 2017 {{Leftlegend\|\#008cff\|Yes}} {{Leftlegend\|\#ff0000\|No}}{{Leftlegend\|\#c0c0c0\|Did not vote}}](/wiki/File:Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons.svg "Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.svg") Ireland, in 1999, had no plans to change its non\-nuclear stance and pursue nuclear power in the future.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1999/en/act/pub/0023/sec0018\.html\|title\=Electricity Regulation Act, 1999\|author\=eISB\|website\=www.irishstatutebook.ie\|access\-date\=25 November 2007\|archive\-date\=26 February 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226075621/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1999/en/act/pub/0023/sec0018\.html\|url\-status\=live}} In the United States, the [Navajo Nation](/wiki/Navajo_Nation "Navajo Nation") forbids uranium mining and processing in its land.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wise\-uranium.org/uregusa.html\#NAVCOUTLAWSU\|title\=Navajo Nation outlaws\|website\=www.wise\-uranium mining.org\|access\-date\=21 December 2007\|archive\-date\=24 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045804/http://www.wise\-uranium.org/uregusa2\.html\#NAVCOUTLAWSU\|url\-status\=live}} In the United States, a 2007 [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland "University of Maryland") survey showed that 73 per cent of the public surveyed favours the elimination of all nuclear weapons, 64 per cent support removing all nuclear weapons from high alert, and 59 per cent support reducing U.S. and Russian nuclear stockpiles to 400 weapons each. Given the unpopularity of nuclear weapons, U.S. politicians have been wary of supporting new nuclear programs. Republican\-dominated congresses "have defeated the [Bush administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush "Presidency of George W. Bush")'s plan to build so\-called 'bunker\-busters' and 'mini\-nukes'." The [Megatons to Megawatts Program](/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program "Megatons to Megawatts Program") converts weapons\-grade material from nuclear warheads into fuel for nuclear power plants.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/op\-eds/support\-of\-the\-megatons\-to\-megawatts\-program \|title\=In support of the Megatons to Megawatts program \|access\-date\=2012\-09\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708162741/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\-edition/op\-eds/support\-of\-the\-megatons\-to\-megawatts\-program \|archive\-date\=8 July 2011\|date\=2008\-10\-23 }} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists* Thirty\-one countries operate nuclear power plants.[Mycle Schneider](/wiki/Mycle_Schneider "Mycle Schneider"), [Steve Thomas](/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_%28economist%29 "Stephen Thomas (economist)"), Antony Froggatt, Doug Koplow (August 2009\). [The World Nuclear Industry Status Report](http://www.nirs.org/neconomics/weltstatusbericht0908.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517003713/http://www.nirs.org/neconomics/weltstatusbericht0908\.pdf \|date\=17 May 2011 }}, [German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety](/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Environment%2C_Nature_Conservation_and_Nuclear_Safety "Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety"), p. 6\. Nine nations possess nuclear weapons:{{cite journal \|id\={{ProQuest\|213964359}} \|last1\=Summy \|first1\=Ralph \|title\=Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement \|journal\=Social Alternatives \|volume\=28 \|issue\=3 \|year\=2009 \|pages\=64–65 }} > Today, some 26,000 nuclear weapons remain in the arsenals of the nine nuclear powers, with thousands on hair\-trigger alert. Although U.S., Russian, and British nuclear arsenals are shrinking in size, those in the four Asian nuclear nations—China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea—are growing, in large part because of tensions among them. This Asian arms race also has possibilities of bringing Japan into the nuclear club. [thumb\|right\|U.S. President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") with Russian President [Dmitry Medvedev](/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev "Dmitry Medvedev") after signing the [New START](/wiki/New_START "New START") treaty in Prague, 2010](/wiki/File:Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg "Obama and Medvedev sign Prague Treaty 2010.jpeg") During [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")'s successful U.S. presidential election campaign, he advocated the abolition of nuclear weapons. Since his election he has reiterated this goal in several major policy addresses. In 2010, the Obama administration [negotiated a new weapons accord with Russia](/wiki/New_START "New START") for a reduction of the maximum number of deployed nuclear weapons on each side from 2,200 to between 1,500 and 1,675—a reduction of some 30 per cent. In addition, President Obama has committed $15 billion over the next five years to improving the safety of the nuclear weapons stockpile.Jeremy Bernstein. [Nukes for Sale](http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/apr/20/nukes-sale/?pagination=false) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503062930/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/apr/20/nukes\-sale/?pagination\=false \|date\=3 May 2010 }} *The New York Review of Books*, 14 April 2010\. Following the [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster"), the Italian government put a one\-year moratorium on plans to revive nuclear power.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M504RG0\.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429131719/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M504RG0\.htm \|archive\-date\=29 April 2011 \|title\=Italy puts 1 year moratorium on nuclear \|date\=23 March 2011 \|work\=Businessweek }} On 11–12 June 2011, Italian voters passed a referendum to cancel plans for new reactors. Over 94% of the electorate voted in favor of the construction ban, with 55% of the eligible voters participating, making the vote binding.{{cite web\|url\=http://referendum.interno.it/referendum/refe110612/RFT0003\.htm \|title\=Italy Nuclear Referendum Results \|date\=13 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325171121/http://referendum.interno.it/referendum/refe110612/RFT0003\.htm \|archive\-date\=25 March 2012}} German Chancellor [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel")'s coalition announced on 30 May 2011, that Germany's 17 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022, in a policy reversal following Japan's [Fukushima I nuclear accidents](/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents "Fukushima I nuclear accidents") and anti\-nuclear protests within Germany. Seven of the German power stations were closed temporarily in March, and they will remain off\-line and be permanently decommissioned. An eighth was already off line, and will stay so.{{cite web \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us\-germany\-nuclear\-idUKTRE74Q2P120110530 \|title\=German government wants nuclear exit by 2022 at latest \|author\=Annika Breidthardt \|date\=30 May 2011 \|work\=Reuters \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=10 August 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810030353/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us\-germany\-nuclear\-idUKTRE74Q2P120110530 \|url\-status\=dead }} As of 2011, countries such as [Australia](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia "Anti-nuclear movement in Australia"), [Austria](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Austria "Anti-nuclear movement in Austria"), [Denmark](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Denmark "Nuclear energy in Denmark"), [Greece](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece "Nuclear energy in Greece"), [Ireland](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Ireland "Nuclear energy in Ireland"), [Italy](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Italy "Nuclear energy in Italy"), Latvia, Liechtenstein, [Luxembourg](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Luxembourg "Nuclear energy in Luxembourg"), [Malta](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Malta "Nuclear energy in Malta"), [Portugal](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Portugal "Nuclear energy in Portugal"), [Israel](/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Israel "Nuclear power in Israel"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Malaysia "Nuclear energy in Malaysia"), [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone "New Zealand's nuclear-free zone"), and [Norway](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Norway "Nuclear energy in Norway") remain opposed to nuclear power. [Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany "Anti-nuclear movement in Germany"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland "Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland") and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") are [phasing\-out nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out "Nuclear power phase-out").
[ "### Impact on policy", "[thumb\\|U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2005](/wiki/File:US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg \"US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg\"){{See also\\|Nuclear energy policy\\|Nuclear power by country\\|Nuclear free zone\\|List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States\\|Anti\\-nuclear movement in Australia}}", "The *[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists](/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists \"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists\")* is a nontechnical online magazine that has been published continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former [Manhattan Project](/wiki/Manhattan_Project \"Manhattan Project\") [physicists](/wiki/Physicist \"Physicist\") after the [atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki](/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki \"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\"). The *Bulletin*{{'}}s primary aim is to inform the public about nuclear policy debates while advocating for the international control of nuclear weapons. One of the driving forces behind the creation of the *Bulletin* was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy at the dawn of the [atomic age](/wiki/Atomic_age \"Atomic age\"). In 1945 the public interest in atomic warfare and weaponry inspired contributors to the *Bulletin* to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers and destruction that atomic war could bring about.{{cite book \\|last\\=Boyer \\|first\\=Paul S. \\|author\\-link\\=Paul Boyer (historian) \\|title\\=By the Bomb's Early Light \\|publisher\\=Pantheon \\|year\\=1985 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-394\\-52878\\-6 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70 70] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70 }} In the 1950s, the *Bulletin* was involved in the formation of the [Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs](/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs \"Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs\"), annual conferences of scientists concerned about [nuclear proliferation](/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation \"Nuclear proliferation\").", "Historian [Lawrence S. Wittner](/wiki/Lawrence_S._Wittner \"Lawrence S. Wittner\") has argued that anti\\-nuclear sentiment and activism led directly to government policy shifts about nuclear weapons. Public opinion influenced policymakers by limiting their options and also by forcing them to follow certain policies over others. Wittner credits public pressure and anti\\-nuclear activism with \"Truman's decision to explore the [Baruch Plan](/wiki/Baruch_Plan \"Baruch Plan\"), Eisenhower's efforts towards a nuclear test ban and the 1958 testing moratorium, and Kennedy's signing of the [Partial Test Ban Treaty](/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty \"Partial Test Ban Treaty\")\".Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. [Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement](http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=537775)", "In terms of nuclear power, *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")* magazine, in the September 1975 issue, reported that \"the anti\\-nuclear coalition has been remarkably successful ... \\[and] has certainly slowed the expansion of nuclear power.\" California has banned the approval of new nuclear reactors since the late 1970s because of concerns over [waste disposal](/wiki/High_level_radioactive_waste \"High level radioactive waste\"),Jim Doyle. [Nuclear power industry sees opening for revival](http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/03/08/MN3H16ANEN.DTL) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429204451/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi\\-bin/article.cgi?f\\=/c/a/2009/03/08/MN3H16ANEN.DTL \\|date\\=29 April 2011 }} *San Francisco Chronicle*, 9 March 2009\\. and some other U.S. states {{Cite web \\|last\\=Temocin \\|first\\=Pinar \\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-21 \\|title\\=From Protest to Politics: The Effectiveness of Civil Society in shaping the Nuclear\\-free Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand \\|url\\=https://commonslibrary.org/from\\-protest\\-to\\-politics\\-the\\-effectiveness\\-of\\-civil\\-society\\-in\\-shaping\\-the\\-nuclear\\-free\\-policy\\-in\\-aotearoa\\-new\\-zealand/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-03 \\|website\\=The Commons Social Change Library \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|archive\\-date\\=9 February 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209102701/https://commonslibrary.org/from\\-protest\\-to\\-politics\\-the\\-effectiveness\\-of\\-civil\\-society\\-in\\-shaping\\-the\\-nuclear\\-free\\-policy\\-in\\-aotearoa\\-new\\-zealand/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} have a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants.[Minnesota House says no to new nuclear power plants](http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/44101672.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505213235/http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/44101672\\.html \\|date\\=5 May 2009 }} *StarTribune.com*, 30 April 2009\\. Between 1975 and 1980, a total of 63 nuclear units were canceled in the United States. Anti\\-nuclear activities were among the reasons, but the primary motivations were the overestimation of future demand for electricity and steadily increasing capital costs, which made the economics of new plants unfavorable.{{cite book\\|author\\=Rebecca A. McNerney\\|title\\=Changing Structure of the Electric Power Industry: An Update\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=C5W8uxwMqdUC\\&pg\\=PA110\\|year\\=1998\\|publisher\\=DIANE Publishing\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7881\\-7363\\-9\\|page\\=110}}", "The proliferation of nuclear weapons became a presidential priority issue for the [Carter Administration](/wiki/Carter_Administration \"Carter Administration\") in the late 1970s. To deal with proliferation problems, President Carter promoted stronger international control over nuclear technology, including nuclear reactor technology. Although a strong supporter of nuclear power generally, Carter turned against the breeder reactor because the [plutonium](/wiki/Plutonium \"Plutonium\") it produced could be diverted into nuclear weapons.", "For many years after the 1986 [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\") nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries. In recent years, intense public relations activities by the nuclear industry, increasing evidence of climate change and failures to address it, have brought nuclear power issues back to the forefront of policy discussion in the [nuclear renaissance](/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance \"Nuclear renaissance\") countries. But some countries are not prepared to expand nuclear power and are still divesting themselves of their nuclear legacy, through [nuclear power phase\\-out](/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out \"Nuclear power phase-out\") legislation.[Research and Markets: International Perspectives on Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power](https://archive.today/20130201052835/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS101123+06-May-2009+BW20090506) *Reuters*, 6 May 2009\\.", "Under the *[New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987](/wiki/New_Zealand_Nuclear_Free_Zone%2C_Disarmament%2C_and_Arms_Control_Act_1987 \"New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987\")*, all territorial sea and land of New Zealand is declared a [nuclear free zone](/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone \"New Zealand's nuclear-free zone\"). Nuclear\\-powered and nuclear\\-armed ships are prohibited from entering the country's territorial waters. Dumping of foreign radioactive waste and development of nuclear weapons in the country are outlawed. This followed a decades long campaign by peace activists which included the disruption of US warship visits.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz/peace/nukefree.html\\|title\\=Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act\\|website\\=canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019020901/http://canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz/peace/nukefree.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Despite common misconception, this act does not make nuclear power plants illegal, nor does it make radioactive medical treatments produced in overseas reactors illegal.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.world\\-nuclear.org/info/inf97\\.html\\|title\\=Nuclear Energy Prospects in New Zealand\\|publisher\\=World Nuclear Association\\|date\\=April 2009\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-09\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100103024718/http://www.world\\-nuclear.org/info/inf97\\.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 January 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} A 2008 survey shows that 19% of New Zealanders favour nuclear power as the best energy source, while 77% prefer [wind power](/wiki/Wind_power \"Wind power\") as the best energy source.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/413551/1690587 \\|title\\=Nuclear power backed by 19% \\|date\\=7 April 2008 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Television New Zealand]] \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520013806/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/413551/1690587 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 26 February 1990, FW de Klerk issued orders to terminate the country's nuclear weapons programme, which until then had been a state secret.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Albright \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=South Africa and the Affordable Bomb \\|journal\\=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \\|date\\=July 1994 \\|volume\\=50 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=37–47 \\|id\\={{Gale\\|A15587914}} \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00963402\\.1994\\.11456538 \\|bibcode\\=1994BuAtS..50d..37A }} South Africa becomes the first country in the world to voluntary give\\-up its nuclear weapons programme.", "[thumb\\|250px\\|UN vote on adoption of the [Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons](/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons \"Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons\") on 7 July 2017 \n{{Leftlegend\\|\\#008cff\\|Yes}} {{Leftlegend\\|\\#ff0000\\|No}}{{Leftlegend\\|\\#c0c0c0\\|Did not vote}}](/wiki/File:Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons.svg \"Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.svg\")\nIreland, in 1999, had no plans to change its non\\-nuclear stance and pursue nuclear power in the future.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1999/en/act/pub/0023/sec0018\\.html\\|title\\=Electricity Regulation Act, 1999\\|author\\=eISB\\|website\\=www.irishstatutebook.ie\\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226075621/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1999/en/act/pub/0023/sec0018\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In the United States, the [Navajo Nation](/wiki/Navajo_Nation \"Navajo Nation\") forbids uranium mining and processing in its land.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wise\\-uranium.org/uregusa.html\\#NAVCOUTLAWSU\\|title\\=Navajo Nation outlaws\\|website\\=www.wise\\-uranium mining.org\\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224045804/http://www.wise\\-uranium.org/uregusa2\\.html\\#NAVCOUTLAWSU\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In the United States, a 2007 [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland \"University of Maryland\") survey showed that 73 per cent of the public surveyed favours the elimination of all nuclear weapons, 64 per cent support removing all nuclear weapons from high alert, and 59 per cent support reducing U.S. and Russian nuclear stockpiles to 400 weapons each. Given the unpopularity of nuclear weapons, U.S. politicians have been wary of supporting new nuclear programs. Republican\\-dominated congresses \"have defeated the [Bush administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush \"Presidency of George W. Bush\")'s plan to build so\\-called 'bunker\\-busters' and 'mini\\-nukes'.\"", "The [Megatons to Megawatts Program](/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program \"Megatons to Megawatts Program\") converts weapons\\-grade material from nuclear warheads into fuel for nuclear power plants.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/op\\-eds/support\\-of\\-the\\-megatons\\-to\\-megawatts\\-program \\|title\\=In support of the Megatons to Megawatts program \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708162741/http://www.thebulletin.org/web\\-edition/op\\-eds/support\\-of\\-the\\-megatons\\-to\\-megawatts\\-program \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2011\\|date\\=2008\\-10\\-23 }} *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*", "Thirty\\-one countries operate nuclear power plants.[Mycle Schneider](/wiki/Mycle_Schneider \"Mycle Schneider\"), [Steve Thomas](/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_%28economist%29 \"Stephen Thomas (economist)\"), Antony Froggatt, Doug Koplow (August 2009\\). [The World Nuclear Industry Status Report](http://www.nirs.org/neconomics/weltstatusbericht0908.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517003713/http://www.nirs.org/neconomics/weltstatusbericht0908\\.pdf \\|date\\=17 May 2011 }}, [German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety](/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Environment%2C_Nature_Conservation_and_Nuclear_Safety \"Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety\"), p. 6\\. Nine nations possess nuclear weapons:{{cite journal \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|213964359}} \\|last1\\=Summy \\|first1\\=Ralph \\|title\\=Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement \\|journal\\=Social Alternatives \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=3 \\|year\\=2009 \\|pages\\=64–65 }}", "> Today, some 26,000 nuclear weapons remain in the arsenals of the nine nuclear powers, with thousands on hair\\-trigger alert. Although U.S., Russian, and British nuclear arsenals are shrinking in size, those in the four Asian nuclear nations—China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea—are growing, in large part because of tensions among them. This Asian arms race also has possibilities of bringing Japan into the nuclear club.", "", "[thumb\\|right\\|U.S. President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") with Russian President [Dmitry Medvedev](/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev \"Dmitry Medvedev\") after signing the [New START](/wiki/New_START \"New START\") treaty in Prague, 2010](/wiki/File:Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg \"Obama and Medvedev sign Prague Treaty 2010.jpeg\")\nDuring [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\")'s successful U.S. presidential election campaign, he advocated the abolition of nuclear weapons. Since his election he has reiterated this goal in several major policy addresses. In 2010, the Obama administration [negotiated a new weapons accord with Russia](/wiki/New_START \"New START\") for a reduction of the maximum number of deployed nuclear weapons on each side from 2,200 to between 1,500 and 1,675—a reduction of some 30 per cent. In addition, President Obama has committed $15 billion over the next five years to improving the safety of the nuclear weapons stockpile.Jeremy Bernstein. [Nukes for Sale](http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/apr/20/nukes-sale/?pagination=false) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503062930/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/apr/20/nukes\\-sale/?pagination\\=false \\|date\\=3 May 2010 }} *The New York Review of Books*, 14 April 2010\\.", "Following the [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster\"), the Italian government put a one\\-year moratorium on plans to revive nuclear power.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M504RG0\\.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429131719/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M504RG0\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2011 \\|title\\=Italy puts 1 year moratorium on nuclear \\|date\\=23 March 2011 \\|work\\=Businessweek }} On 11–12 June 2011, Italian voters passed a referendum to cancel plans for new reactors. Over 94% of the electorate voted in favor of the construction ban, with 55% of the eligible voters participating, making the vote binding.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://referendum.interno.it/referendum/refe110612/RFT0003\\.htm \\|title\\=Italy Nuclear Referendum Results \\|date\\=13 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325171121/http://referendum.interno.it/referendum/refe110612/RFT0003\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=25 March 2012}}", "German Chancellor [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel \"Angela Merkel\")'s coalition announced on 30 May 2011, that Germany's 17 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022, in a policy reversal following Japan's [Fukushima I nuclear accidents](/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents \"Fukushima I nuclear accidents\") and anti\\-nuclear protests within Germany. Seven of the German power stations were closed temporarily in March, and they will remain off\\-line and be permanently decommissioned. An eighth was already off line, and will stay so.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us\\-germany\\-nuclear\\-idUKTRE74Q2P120110530 \\|title\\=German government wants nuclear exit by 2022 at latest \\|author\\=Annika Breidthardt \\|date\\=30 May 2011 \\|work\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 August 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810030353/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us\\-germany\\-nuclear\\-idUKTRE74Q2P120110530 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "As of 2011, countries such as [Australia](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia \"Anti-nuclear movement in Australia\"), [Austria](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Austria \"Anti-nuclear movement in Austria\"), [Denmark](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Denmark \"Nuclear energy in Denmark\"), [Greece](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece \"Nuclear energy in Greece\"), [Ireland](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Ireland \"Nuclear energy in Ireland\"), [Italy](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Italy \"Nuclear energy in Italy\"), Latvia, Liechtenstein, [Luxembourg](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Luxembourg \"Nuclear energy in Luxembourg\"), [Malta](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Malta \"Nuclear energy in Malta\"), [Portugal](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Portugal \"Nuclear energy in Portugal\"), [Israel](/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Israel \"Nuclear power in Israel\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Malaysia \"Nuclear energy in Malaysia\"), [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone \"New Zealand's nuclear-free zone\"), and [Norway](/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Norway \"Nuclear energy in Norway\") remain opposed to nuclear power. [Germany](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany \"Anti-nuclear movement in Germany\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland \"Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland\") and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") are [phasing\\-out nuclear power](/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out \"Nuclear power phase-out\").", "" ]
Baseball career --------------- ### Arizona Diamondbacks Closser was selected by the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks") in the 5th round of the 1998 [MLB Draft](/wiki/MLB_Draft "MLB Draft") and played in their minor league system through 2001\. In 1999 he was named to the Short Season A All\-Star team and [Pioneer League](/wiki/Pioneer_Baseball_League "Pioneer Baseball League") All\-Star team while playing for the [South Bend Silver Hawks](/wiki/South_Bend_Silver_Hawks "South Bend Silver Hawks"). ### Colorado Rockies The Diamondbacks traded Closser and [Jack Cust](/wiki/Jack_Cust "Jack Cust") to the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies") on January 2, 2002, for [Mike Myers](/wiki/Mike_Myers_%28baseball%29 "Mike Myers (baseball)"). With the [Tulsa Drillers](/wiki/Tulsa_Drillers "Tulsa Drillers") in 2003, Closser hit .283 with 13 home runs and 54 RBI, earning a spot on the [Texas League](/wiki/Texas_League "Texas League") All\-Star team. Closser made his debut midway through the {{mlby\|2004}} season. Closser began the {{mlby\|2005}} season as the starting catcher for the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies"). The second half of the 2005 campaign, he lost his starting role to backup catcher [Danny Ardoin](/wiki/Danny_Ardoin "Danny Ardoin"). Closser was up and down from the minors to the majors in the {{mlby\|2006}} season with the Rockies. ### Milwaukee Brewers/Oakland Athletics He was claimed off waivers by the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers "Milwaukee Brewers") on October 13, 2006\. After just 17 games with the [Nashville Sounds](/wiki/Nashville_Sounds "Nashville Sounds") he was traded to the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics "Oakland Athletics") for [outfielder](/wiki/Outfielder "Outfielder") [Charles Thomas](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_%28baseball%29 "Charles Thomas (baseball)"). He appeared in 81 games with the [Sacramento River Cats](/wiki/Sacramento_River_Cats "Sacramento River Cats"), hitting .231 and then was selected ### Chicago Cubs/New York Yankees/San Diego Padres On April 10, {{mlby\|2008}}, Closser was released from the [Iowa Cubs](/wiki/Iowa_Cubs "Iowa Cubs"), the Triple\-A team for the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") and signed with [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees"), who assigned him to the [Scranton/Wilkes\-Barre Yankees](/wiki/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre_Yankees "Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees"), their Triple\-A affiliate. He was released by the Yankees on August 6 and signed with the [Portland Beavers](/wiki/Portland_Beavers "Portland Beavers"), the Triple\-A affiliate of the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres"). ### Los Angeles Dodgers In February {{Baseball year\|2009}}, Closser signed a minor league contract with the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers"). He started play for the [Chattanooga Lookouts](/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts "Chattanooga Lookouts"), the Dodgers Double\-A affiliate. On June 15, Closser was called up to the [Albuquerque Isotopes](/wiki/Albuquerque_Isotopes "Albuquerque Isotopes"), the Triple\-A affiliate. With the Isotopes, Closser batted .295 with 2 homers and 31 RBI while alternating time at [catcher](/wiki/Catcher "Catcher") and [first base](/wiki/First_base "First base"), sharing the catching duties with [A. J. Ellis](/wiki/A._J._Ellis "A. J. Ellis"). In 2010, he spent the entire season at Albuquerque, appearing in 92 games with a .268 batting average. In 2011, he appeared in 69 games for the Isotopes, hitting .297, with 10 home runs while splitting time between catcher and first base. On July 16, he was released by the Dodgers and became a free agent. He played with the [Edmonton Capitals](/wiki/Edmonton_Capitals "Edmonton Capitals") of the [North American Baseball League](/wiki/North_American_Baseball_League "North American Baseball League") in 2011\.
[ "Baseball career\n---------------", "### Arizona Diamondbacks", "Closser was selected by the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\") in the 5th round of the 1998 [MLB Draft](/wiki/MLB_Draft \"MLB Draft\") and played in their minor league system through 2001\\. In 1999 he was named to the Short Season A All\\-Star team and [Pioneer League](/wiki/Pioneer_Baseball_League \"Pioneer Baseball League\") All\\-Star team while playing for the [South Bend Silver Hawks](/wiki/South_Bend_Silver_Hawks \"South Bend Silver Hawks\").", "### Colorado Rockies", "The Diamondbacks traded Closser and [Jack Cust](/wiki/Jack_Cust \"Jack Cust\") to the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\") on January 2, 2002, for [Mike Myers](/wiki/Mike_Myers_%28baseball%29 \"Mike Myers (baseball)\"). With the [Tulsa Drillers](/wiki/Tulsa_Drillers \"Tulsa Drillers\") in 2003, Closser hit .283 with 13 home runs and 54 RBI, earning a spot on the [Texas League](/wiki/Texas_League \"Texas League\") All\\-Star team.", "Closser made his debut midway through the {{mlby\\|2004}} season. Closser began the {{mlby\\|2005}} season as the starting catcher for the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\"). The second half of the 2005 campaign, he lost his starting role to backup catcher [Danny Ardoin](/wiki/Danny_Ardoin \"Danny Ardoin\"). Closser was up and down from the minors to the majors in the {{mlby\\|2006}} season with the Rockies.", "### Milwaukee Brewers/Oakland Athletics", "He was claimed off waivers by the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\") on October 13, 2006\\. After just 17 games with the [Nashville Sounds](/wiki/Nashville_Sounds \"Nashville Sounds\") he was traded to the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\") for [outfielder](/wiki/Outfielder \"Outfielder\") [Charles Thomas](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_%28baseball%29 \"Charles Thomas (baseball)\"). He appeared in 81 games with the [Sacramento River Cats](/wiki/Sacramento_River_Cats \"Sacramento River Cats\"), hitting .231 and then was selected", "### Chicago Cubs/New York Yankees/San Diego Padres", "On April 10, {{mlby\\|2008}}, Closser was released from the [Iowa Cubs](/wiki/Iowa_Cubs \"Iowa Cubs\"), the Triple\\-A team for the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") and signed with [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\"), who assigned him to the [Scranton/Wilkes\\-Barre Yankees](/wiki/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre_Yankees \"Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees\"), their Triple\\-A affiliate. He was released by the Yankees on August 6 and signed with the [Portland Beavers](/wiki/Portland_Beavers \"Portland Beavers\"), the Triple\\-A affiliate of the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\").", "### Los Angeles Dodgers", "In February {{Baseball year\\|2009}}, Closser signed a minor league contract with the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\"). He started play for the [Chattanooga Lookouts](/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts \"Chattanooga Lookouts\"), the Dodgers Double\\-A affiliate. On June 15, Closser was called up to the [Albuquerque Isotopes](/wiki/Albuquerque_Isotopes \"Albuquerque Isotopes\"), the Triple\\-A affiliate. With the Isotopes, Closser batted .295 with 2 homers and 31 RBI while alternating time at [catcher](/wiki/Catcher \"Catcher\") and [first base](/wiki/First_base \"First base\"), sharing the catching duties with [A. J. Ellis](/wiki/A._J._Ellis \"A. J. Ellis\"). In 2010, he spent the entire season at Albuquerque, appearing in 92 games with a .268 batting average. In 2011, he appeared in 69 games for the Isotopes, hitting .297, with 10 home runs while splitting time between catcher and first base. On July 16, he was released by the Dodgers and became a free agent.", "He played with the [Edmonton Capitals](/wiki/Edmonton_Capitals \"Edmonton Capitals\") of the [North American Baseball League](/wiki/North_American_Baseball_League \"North American Baseball League\") in 2011\\.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{Historical populations \|title\= Historical populations \|type\= USA \|align\= left \|1910\|268 \|1920\|282 \|1930\|270 \|1940\|289 \|1950\|280 \|1960\|258 \|1970\|203 \|1980\|196 \|1990\|182 \|2000\|152 \|2010\|121 \|2020\|119 \|source\={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}}}\|footnote\=Source:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|title\=U.S. Census website\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-29}} and \[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\.pdf Iowa Data Center] }} ### 2020 census As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census "United States census") of 2020,{{cite web \|title\=2020 Census \|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade/2020/2020\-census\-main.html \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 119 people, 56 households, and 27 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 160\.1 inhabitants per square mile (61\.8/km2). There were 68 housing units at an average density of 91\.5 per square mile (35\.3/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") makeup of the city was 93\.3% [White](/wiki/White_Americans "White Americans"), 0\.0% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans"), 0\.0% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 0\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans"), 0\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans"), 3\.4% from other races and 3\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") persons of any race comprised 1\.7% of the population. Of the 56 households, 21\.4% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 10\.7% were cohabitating couples, 21\.4% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 28\.6% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 51\.8% of all households were non\-families. 39\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, 16\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 51\.5 years. 16\.8% of the residents were under the age of 20; 5\.0% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 19\.3% were from 25 and 44; 28\.6% were from 45 and 64; and 30\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54\.6% male and 45\.4% female. ### 2010 census At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census") there were 121 people in 62 households, including 33 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\|163\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 74 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|100\.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The [racial makup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232010_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census") of the city was 95\.9% White, 0\.8% African American, 0\.8% Asian, and 2\.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3\.3%.{{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-05\-11}} Of the 62 households 17\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.4% were married couples living together, 4\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46\.8% were non\-families. 37\.1% of households were one person and 9\.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 1\.95 and the average family size was 2\.61\. The median age was 50\.8 years. 15\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15\.8% were from 25 to 44; 43% were from 45 to 64; and 18\.2% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52\.9% male and 47\.1% female. ### 2000 census At the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census "2000 United States Census") there were 152 people in 71 households, including 42 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\|204\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 77 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|103\.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The [racial makup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census") of the city was 98\.68% White, 0\.66% from other races, and 0\.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0\.66%.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} Of the 71 households 23\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\.5% were married couples living together, 2\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40\.8% were non\-families. 36\.6% of households were one person and 16\.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.14 and the average family size was 2\.83\. The age distribution was 19\.7% under the age of 18, 7\.2% from 18 to 24, 27\.0% from 25 to 44, 27\.6% from 45 to 64, and 18\.4% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 120\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117\.9 males. The median household income was $25,750 and the median family income was $31,250\. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,397\. About 5\.9% of families and 10\.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 17\.6% of those sixty five or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{Historical populations\n\\|title\\= Historical populations\n\\|type\\= USA\n\\|align\\= left\n\\|1910\\|268\n\\|1920\\|282\n\\|1930\\|270\n\\|1940\\|289\n\\|1950\\|280\n\\|1960\\|258\n\\|1970\\|203\n\\|1980\\|196\n\\|1990\\|182\n\\|2000\\|152\n\\|2010\\|121\n\\|2020\\|119\n\\|source\\={{center\\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}}}\\|footnote\\=Source:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-29}} and \\[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\\.pdf Iowa Data Center]\n}}", "### 2020 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") of 2020,{{cite web \\|title\\=2020 Census \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade/2020/2020\\-census\\-main.html \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 119 people, 56 households, and 27 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 160\\.1 inhabitants per square mile (61\\.8/km2). There were 68 housing units at an average density of 91\\.5 per square mile (35\\.3/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") makeup of the city was 93\\.3% [White](/wiki/White_Americans \"White Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\"), 3\\.4% from other races and 3\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") persons of any race comprised 1\\.7% of the population.", "Of the 56 households, 21\\.4% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 10\\.7% were cohabitating couples, 21\\.4% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 28\\.6% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 51\\.8% of all households were non\\-families. 39\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, 16\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.", "The median age in the city was 51\\.5 years. 16\\.8% of the residents were under the age of 20; 5\\.0% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 19\\.3% were from 25 and 44; 28\\.6% were from 45 and 64; and 30\\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54\\.6% male and 45\\.4% female.", "### 2010 census", "At the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\") there were 121 people in 62 households, including 33 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|163\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 74 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|100\\.0\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The [racial makup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232010_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census\") of the city was 95\\.9% White, 0\\.8% African American, 0\\.8% Asian, and 2\\.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3\\.3%.{{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-05\\-11}}", "Of the 62 households 17\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.4% were married couples living together, 4\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46\\.8% were non\\-families. 37\\.1% of households were one person and 9\\.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 1\\.95 and the average family size was 2\\.61\\.", "The median age was 50\\.8 years. 15\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15\\.8% were from 25 to 44; 43% were from 45 to 64; and 18\\.2% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52\\.9% male and 47\\.1% female.", "### 2000 census", "At the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census \"2000 United States Census\") there were 152 people in 71 households, including 42 families, in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|204\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 77 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|103\\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The [racial makup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census\") of the city was 98\\.68% White, 0\\.66% from other races, and 0\\.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0\\.66%.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}}", "Of the 71 households 23\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\\.5% were married couples living together, 2\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40\\.8% were non\\-families. 36\\.6% of households were one person and 16\\.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.14 and the average family size was 2\\.83\\.", "The age distribution was 19\\.7% under the age of 18, 7\\.2% from 18 to 24, 27\\.0% from 25 to 44, 27\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 18\\.4% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 120\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117\\.9 males.", "The median household income was $25,750 and the median family income was $31,250\\. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,397\\. About 5\\.9% of families and 10\\.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 17\\.6% of those sixty five or over.", "" ]
History ------- ### Before the formation of FaCSIA Before the Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs existed, the 2003–2004 [federal budget](/wiki/Australian_federal_budget "Australian federal budget") included a $8\.6 million funding that allowed the department to support a 12\-year longitudinal study of Indigenous children.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Pratt, Angela\|author2\=Bennett, Scott\|date\=2004\|title\=The end of ATSIC and the future administration of Indigenous affairs. Information and research services.\|url\=http://www.gooriweb.org/history/8\.pdf\|journal\=Department of Parliamentary Services\|volume\=4\|via\=Information and research services, Department of Parliamentary Services}} The purpose of the study was to improve the quality of data on Indigenous children and their foundational years growing up. This was led by the senator at the time, the Hon. Amanda Vanstone \- [Minister for Family and Community Services](/wiki/Minister_for_Families_and_Social_Services "Minister for Families and Social Services"). In 2004, certain functions and operational activities within ATSIS\-ATSIC were transferred to the department in respect to community housing and infrastructure for Indigenous women.{{Cite book\|last\=Cassells, Vidayattama, Miranti, McNamara\|first\=R, Y, R, J\|title\=The impact of a sustained gender wage gap in the Australian economy: report to the office for women, department of families, community services, housing and Indigenous affairs.\|publisher\=NATSEM\|year\=2009\|location\=Canberra\|pages\=1–42\|language\=English}} From July 2004, [Aboriginal Hostels Limited](/wiki/Aboriginal_Hostels_Limited "Aboriginal Hostels Limited") was transferred under the portfolio of the Department of Family and Community Services. ### Forming the Department On 27 January 2006, the [Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination](/wiki/Office_of_Indigenous_Policy_Coordination "Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination") (OPIC) was absorbed by the Department of Families, Community Services, and Indigenous Affairs (FaCSIA) due to an announcement by the Prime Minister. Following this, an upheaval in the organisation of ministerial responsibilities saw Indigenous Affairs allocated to the department with a new cabinet minister, [Mal Brough](/wiki/Mal_Brough "Mal Brough"), to oversee.{{Cite web\|date\=2006\-07\-18\|title\=Australian Government Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs {{!}} Welcome to the Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs\|url\=http://www.facsia.gov.au/\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-17\|website\=\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718022301/http://www.facsia.gov.au/\|archive\-date\=18 July 2006}} Mal Brough's new policy and rhetoric was focused on the relocation of portfolio responsibilities that the Department of Families, Community Services, and Indigenous Affairs now is responsible for. In Mal Brough's first major speech as minister for the department in late April 2006 at the Social Innovations Dialogue conference, Brough was recorded to have focused strongly on family, and pushing for family values as the *“fundamental building block through which children are instilled with values and principles and prepared for the challenges of the future.”* (Sanders, p. 3, 2015\).{{Cite book\|last\=Sanders\|first\=W\|title\=In the name of failure: a generational revolution in Indigenous Affairs\|publisher\=UNSW Press\|year\=2015\|location\=Australia\|language\=English}} In May 2006, the [Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination](/wiki/Office_of_Indigenous_Policy_Coordination "Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination") (OIPC) official became a part of FaCSIA, aligning the department more with Indigenous Affairs. In March 2007, there were many criticisms directed towards the department for its failure to enact positive change for relevant stakeholders, particularly in the housing component of the department. Specifically, there were identified failures associated with the Community Housing and Infrastructure Program (CHIP), which ATSIC had passed onto the Commonwealth Department of Family and Community Services in 2004\. One such organisation to critique the department during this time was a review conducted by Price Waterhouse Coopers (PwC), which stated, *“the housing needs of Indigenous Australians in remote areas have not been well served and the interests and expectations of taxpayers have not been met.”* (Sanders, p. 5, 2015\).{{Cite book\|last\=Sanders\|first\=W\|title\=In the name of failure: a generational revolution in Indigenous Affairs\|publisher\=UNSW Press\|year\=2015\|location\=Australia\|language\=English}} ### The Community Housing and Infrastructure Program (CHIP) The CHIP project as concluded by many organisations such as PwC, was an ineffective government project administered by the department which led to, *“policy confusion, complex administration and poor outcomes and accountability of government funded housing, infrastructure and municipal services.”* (Price Waterhouse Coopers, p. 16, 2007\).{{Cite journal\|last\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\|date\=2007\|title\=Indigenous Housing: findings of the review of the community housing and infrastructure programme\|url\=https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05\_2012/livingsunburntcountry.pdf\|journal\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\|via\=Australian Government}} The PwC 2007 report even went to the extent of stating that the program should be abolished. Another perspective on the CHIP project which aligns with PwC's criticisms is Minister Brough's view on its ineffectiveness and clear failure to meet the needs of Indigenous housing and helping the relevant stakeholders involved. Minister Brough has stated, that CHIP, previously managed by ATSIC, *“has clearly failure to deliver and needs urgent reform… while billions of dollars have been invested in Indigenous housing, there is little to show for it*." (Sanders, p.6, 2015\).{{Cite book\|last\=Sanders\|first\=W\|title\=In the name of failure: a generational revolution in Indigenous Affairs\|publisher\=UNSW Press\|year\=2015\|location\=Australia\|language\=English}} The PwC 2007 report also recorded Minister Brough’s perspective*, “We’ve been chasing our tail and not seeing any significant progress in overcoming the Indigenous housing problem in remote Australia particularly. The review of CHIP...found current Indigenous housing arrangements flawed and unsustainable. It provides a sober analysis of the situation and radical way forward.”* (Sanders, p. 6, 2015\).{{Cite book\|last\=Sanders\|first\=W\|title\=In the name of failure: a generational revolution in Indigenous Affairs\|publisher\=UNSW Press\|year\=2015\|location\=Australia\|language\=English}} The result of the critic and the PwC report has led to the department adopting a new strategic framework which proposed to combine Indigenous community housing with public housing under one broad division for the department to oversee. This meant expanding public housing and aiding home ownership, particularly focusing on remote areas on community title land. Minister Brough responded to these changes positively, stating that the department's future directions are focused on exploring making positive changes in Indigenous housing.{{Cite journal\|last\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\|date\=2007\|title\=Indigenous Housing: findings of the review of the community housing and infrastructure programme\|url\=https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05\_2012/livingsunburntcountry.pdf\|journal\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\|via\=Australian Government}} This focus on Indigenous housing led to the development of numerous funding packages that aimed to incentivise home ownership in the Indigenous population. These incentives tied housing funding commitments to land tenure change and focused on Indigenous\-concentrated areas, which led to a degree of controversy. Specifically, in Alice Springs town camps which rejected the funding packages.  Other packages, like the Tiwi Islands near Darwin and Noel Pearson's home community in Cape York expanded extensively to include education, sport, welfare reform beyond housing and land ownership.{{Cite journal\|last\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\|date\=2007\|title\=Indigenous Housing: findings of the review of the community housing and infrastructure programme\|url\=https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05\_2012/livingsunburntcountry.pdf\|journal\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\|via\=Australian Government}} It was this focus on housing that led to the closure of the department and the creation of the [Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs](/wiki/Department_of_Families%2C_Housing%2C_Community_Services_and_Indigenous_Affairs "Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs"). The new department assumed most of the responsibilities of FaCSIA, but expanded its operational activities to include: * Housing policy co\-ordination, welfare housing and rent assistance * Indigenous policy co\-ordination and the promotion of reconciliation * Community development employment projects
[ "History\n-------", "### Before the formation of FaCSIA", "Before the Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs existed, the 2003–2004 [federal budget](/wiki/Australian_federal_budget \"Australian federal budget\") included a $8\\.6 million funding that allowed the department to support a 12\\-year longitudinal study of Indigenous children.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Pratt, Angela\\|author2\\=Bennett, Scott\\|date\\=2004\\|title\\=The end of ATSIC and the future administration of Indigenous affairs. Information and research services.\\|url\\=http://www.gooriweb.org/history/8\\.pdf\\|journal\\=Department of Parliamentary Services\\|volume\\=4\\|via\\=Information and research services, Department of Parliamentary Services}} The purpose of the study was to improve the quality of data on Indigenous children and their foundational years growing up. This was led by the senator at the time, the Hon. Amanda Vanstone \\- [Minister for Family and Community Services](/wiki/Minister_for_Families_and_Social_Services \"Minister for Families and Social Services\").", "In 2004, certain functions and operational activities within ATSIS\\-ATSIC were transferred to the department in respect to community housing and infrastructure for Indigenous women.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Cassells, Vidayattama, Miranti, McNamara\\|first\\=R, Y, R, J\\|title\\=The impact of a sustained gender wage gap in the Australian economy: report to the office for women, department of families, community services, housing and Indigenous affairs.\\|publisher\\=NATSEM\\|year\\=2009\\|location\\=Canberra\\|pages\\=1–42\\|language\\=English}} From July 2004, [Aboriginal Hostels Limited](/wiki/Aboriginal_Hostels_Limited \"Aboriginal Hostels Limited\") was transferred under the portfolio of the Department of Family and Community Services.", "### Forming the Department", "On 27 January 2006, the [Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination](/wiki/Office_of_Indigenous_Policy_Coordination \"Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination\") (OPIC) was absorbed by the Department of Families, Community Services, and Indigenous Affairs (FaCSIA) due to an announcement by the Prime Minister. Following this, an upheaval in the organisation of ministerial responsibilities saw Indigenous Affairs allocated to the department with a new cabinet minister, [Mal Brough](/wiki/Mal_Brough \"Mal Brough\"), to oversee.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2006\\-07\\-18\\|title\\=Australian Government Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs {{!}} Welcome to the Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs\\|url\\=http://www.facsia.gov.au/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-17\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718022301/http://www.facsia.gov.au/\\|archive\\-date\\=18 July 2006}}", "Mal Brough's new policy and rhetoric was focused on the relocation of portfolio responsibilities that the Department of Families, Community Services, and Indigenous Affairs now is responsible for. In Mal Brough's first major speech as minister for the department in late April 2006 at the Social Innovations Dialogue conference, Brough was recorded to have focused strongly on family, and pushing for family values as the *“fundamental building block through which children are instilled with values and principles and prepared for the challenges of the future.”* (Sanders, p. 3, 2015\\).{{Cite book\\|last\\=Sanders\\|first\\=W\\|title\\=In the name of failure: a generational revolution in Indigenous Affairs\\|publisher\\=UNSW Press\\|year\\=2015\\|location\\=Australia\\|language\\=English}}", "In May 2006, the [Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination](/wiki/Office_of_Indigenous_Policy_Coordination \"Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination\") (OIPC) official became a part of FaCSIA, aligning the department more with Indigenous Affairs.", "In March 2007, there were many criticisms directed towards the department for its failure to enact positive change for relevant stakeholders, particularly in the housing component of the department. Specifically, there were identified failures associated with the Community Housing and Infrastructure Program (CHIP), which ATSIC had passed onto the Commonwealth Department of Family and Community Services in 2004\\.", "One such organisation to critique the department during this time was a review conducted by Price Waterhouse Coopers (PwC), which stated, *“the housing needs of Indigenous Australians in remote areas have not been well served and the interests and expectations of taxpayers have not been met.”* (Sanders, p. 5, 2015\\).{{Cite book\\|last\\=Sanders\\|first\\=W\\|title\\=In the name of failure: a generational revolution in Indigenous Affairs\\|publisher\\=UNSW Press\\|year\\=2015\\|location\\=Australia\\|language\\=English}}", "### The Community Housing and Infrastructure Program (CHIP)", "The CHIP project as concluded by many organisations such as PwC, was an ineffective government project administered by the department which led to, *“policy confusion, complex administration and poor outcomes and accountability of government funded housing, infrastructure and municipal services.”* (Price Waterhouse Coopers, p. 16, 2007\\).{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\\|date\\=2007\\|title\\=Indigenous Housing: findings of the review of the community housing and infrastructure programme\\|url\\=https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05\\_2012/livingsunburntcountry.pdf\\|journal\\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\\|via\\=Australian Government}} The PwC 2007 report even went to the extent of stating that the program should be abolished.", "Another perspective on the CHIP project which aligns with PwC's criticisms is Minister Brough's view on its ineffectiveness and clear failure to meet the needs of Indigenous housing and helping the relevant stakeholders involved. Minister Brough has stated, that CHIP, previously managed by ATSIC, *“has clearly failure to deliver and needs urgent reform… while billions of dollars have been invested in Indigenous housing, there is little to show for it*.\" (Sanders, p.6, 2015\\).{{Cite book\\|last\\=Sanders\\|first\\=W\\|title\\=In the name of failure: a generational revolution in Indigenous Affairs\\|publisher\\=UNSW Press\\|year\\=2015\\|location\\=Australia\\|language\\=English}}", "The PwC 2007 report also recorded Minister Brough’s perspective*, “We’ve been chasing our tail and not seeing any significant progress in overcoming the Indigenous housing problem in remote Australia particularly. The review of CHIP...found current Indigenous housing arrangements flawed and unsustainable. It provides a sober analysis of the situation and radical way forward.”* (Sanders, p. 6, 2015\\).{{Cite book\\|last\\=Sanders\\|first\\=W\\|title\\=In the name of failure: a generational revolution in Indigenous Affairs\\|publisher\\=UNSW Press\\|year\\=2015\\|location\\=Australia\\|language\\=English}}", "The result of the critic and the PwC report has led to the department adopting a new strategic framework which proposed to combine Indigenous community housing with public housing under one broad division for the department to oversee. This meant expanding public housing and aiding home ownership, particularly focusing on remote areas on community title land. Minister Brough responded to these changes positively, stating that the department's future directions are focused on exploring making positive changes in Indigenous housing.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\\|date\\=2007\\|title\\=Indigenous Housing: findings of the review of the community housing and infrastructure programme\\|url\\=https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05\\_2012/livingsunburntcountry.pdf\\|journal\\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\\|via\\=Australian Government}}", "This focus on Indigenous housing led to the development of numerous funding packages that aimed to incentivise home ownership in the Indigenous population. These incentives tied housing funding commitments to land tenure change and focused on Indigenous\\-concentrated areas, which led to a degree of controversy. Specifically, in Alice Springs town camps which rejected the funding packages.  Other packages, like the Tiwi Islands near Darwin and Noel Pearson's home community in Cape York expanded extensively to include education, sport, welfare reform beyond housing and land ownership.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\\|date\\=2007\\|title\\=Indigenous Housing: findings of the review of the community housing and infrastructure programme\\|url\\=https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05\\_2012/livingsunburntcountry.pdf\\|journal\\=Price Waterhouse Coopers\\|via\\=Australian Government}}", "It was this focus on housing that led to the closure of the department and the creation of the [Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs](/wiki/Department_of_Families%2C_Housing%2C_Community_Services_and_Indigenous_Affairs \"Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs\"). The new department assumed most of the responsibilities of FaCSIA, but expanded its operational activities to include:", "* Housing policy co\\-ordination, welfare housing and rent assistance\n* Indigenous policy co\\-ordination and the promotion of reconciliation\n* Community development employment projects" ]
Structure --------- The department was an [Australian Public Service](/wiki/Australian_Public_Service "Australian Public Service") department, staffed by officials who were responsible to the Minister for Community Services and the Minister assisting the Prime Minister for Women's Issues. ### Ministers The Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous and the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Indigenous Affairs was the Hon [Mal Brough](/wiki/Mal_Brough "Mal Brough") MP. The Minister for Community Services was the Hon [John Cobb](/wiki/John_Cobb_%28Australian_politician%29 "John Cobb (Australian politician)") MP. The Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Women's Issues was the Hon [Julie Bishop](/wiki/Julie_Bishop "Julie Bishop") MP. ### Secretaries The Secretary of the Department was Jeff Harmer. The Associate Secretary, Wayne Gibbons, looked after the [Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination](/wiki/Office_of_Indigenous_Policy_Coordination "Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination") (OIPC). Deputy Secretary, Glenys Beauchamp, oversaw social policy, families, children, women and youth. Deputy Secretary, Stephen Hunter, oversaw housing and disability, communities, corporate support and, business and financial services. Deputy Secretary, Bernie Yates, oversaw program operations, Information Management and Technology, performance, policy, land and resources and leadership development. The following organisation structure was announced on 2 May 2006 and took into effect from Monday 8 May 2006\.
[ "Structure\n---------", "The department was an [Australian Public Service](/wiki/Australian_Public_Service \"Australian Public Service\") department, staffed by officials who were responsible to the Minister for Community Services and the Minister assisting the Prime Minister for Women's Issues.", "### Ministers", "The Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous and the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Indigenous Affairs was the Hon [Mal Brough](/wiki/Mal_Brough \"Mal Brough\") MP.", "The Minister for Community Services was the Hon [John Cobb](/wiki/John_Cobb_%28Australian_politician%29 \"John Cobb (Australian politician)\") MP.", "The Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Women's Issues was the Hon [Julie Bishop](/wiki/Julie_Bishop \"Julie Bishop\") MP.", "### Secretaries", "The Secretary of the Department was Jeff Harmer. The Associate Secretary, Wayne Gibbons, looked after the [Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination](/wiki/Office_of_Indigenous_Policy_Coordination \"Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination\") (OIPC). Deputy Secretary, Glenys Beauchamp, oversaw social policy, families, children, women and youth. Deputy Secretary, Stephen Hunter, oversaw housing and disability, communities, corporate support and, business and financial services. Deputy Secretary, Bernie Yates, oversaw program operations, Information Management and Technology, performance, policy, land and resources and leadership development.", "The following organisation structure was announced on 2 May 2006 and took into effect from Monday 8 May 2006\\.", "" ]
Life and career --------------- Lil' JJ was born in Little Rock, Arkansas. He won [BET](/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television "Black Entertainment Television")'s comedy talent search *Comin' to the Stage*. He became a cast member on Nickelodeon's *[All That](/wiki/All_That "All That")* in its 10th season. He guest starred on Nickelodeon's *[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide](/wiki/Ned%27s_Declassified_School_Survival_Guide "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide")*, made a cameo appearance in [Chris Brown](/wiki/Chris_Brown "Chris Brown")'s music video "[Yo (Excuse Me Miss)](/wiki/Yo_%28Excuse_Me_Miss%29 "Yo (Excuse Me Miss)")", in [Sean Kingston](/wiki/Sean_Kingston "Sean Kingston")'s music video "[Beautiful Girls](/wiki/Beautiful_Girls_%28Sean_Kingston_song%29 "Beautiful Girls (Sean Kingston song)")," [Nelly](/wiki/Nelly "Nelly")'s music video "[Stepped On My J'z](/wiki/Stepped_On_My_J%27z "Stepped On My J'z"), Hot Styles' video "[Lookin Boy](/wiki/Lookin_Boy "Lookin Boy")" and Young Gunz' video "Friday Night" . He also appeared with a rap verse on Small Change's music video for "Don't Be Shy".{{cn\|date\=August 2022}} He also played a supporting role in the film *[Crossover](/wiki/Crossover_%282006_film%29 "Crossover (2006 film)")* (2006\) as a character named "Up."{{cite web\|last\=JJ\|first\=Lil'\|title\=Almost Grown\|url\=http://www.codeblackentertainment.com/Products.aspx?productID\=66\|publisher\=Codeblack entertainment}}{{Cite news \|last\=Lee \|first\=Nathan \|date\=2006\-09\-01 \|title\=On the Detroit Streets, Friends Strive for More Than Baskets \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/01/movies/01cros.html \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-06 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} In 2005 and 2006, he appeared in the [Nickelodeon](/wiki/Nickelodeon "Nickelodeon") series *[Romeo!](/wiki/Romeo%21 "Romeo!")* as [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo_Miller "Romeo Miller")'s best friend, Jason Brooks, in seasons 2 and 3\. In 2007, he starred in the Nickelodeon series *[Just Jordan](/wiki/Just_Jordan "Just Jordan")* as Jordan Lewis. In 2008, he, [Lily Collins](/wiki/Lily_Collins "Lily Collins"), and [Pick Boy](/wiki/Jeff_Sutphen "Jeff Sutphen") appeared together on Nickelodeon for special events. Also, Lil' JJ has appeared in the ABC television series *[The Secret Life of the American Teenager](/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager "The Secret Life of the American Teenager")*. In 2008, he hosted the variety/sketch DVD *Almost Grown*.{{cite web\|last\=JJ\|first\=Lil'\|title\=Almost Grown\|url\=http://www.codeblackentertainment.com/Products.aspx?productID\=66\|work\=DVD\|publisher\=Code Black entertainment}} He appeared on the [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28American_TV_network%29 "TNT (American TV network)") show *[Men of a Certain Age](/wiki/Men_of_a_Certain_Age "Men of a Certain Age")* as DaShaun and on an episode of *[Chelsea Lately](/wiki/Chelsea_Lately "Chelsea Lately")*. He also appeared on the [TV One](/wiki/TV_One_%28American_TV_channel%29 "TV One (American TV channel)") sitcom *[The Rickey Smiley Show](/wiki/The_Rickey_Smiley_Show "The Rickey Smiley Show")* as Brandon. As of April 18, 2013, Lewis is a member of [Omega Psi Phi](/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi "Omega Psi Phi") at [Arkansas Baptist College](/wiki/Arkansas_Baptist_College "Arkansas Baptist College"). He returned to television and became a regular cast member of *[Wild 'n Out](/wiki/Wild_%27n_Out "Wild 'n Out")* since Season 12 on [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") and [VH1](/wiki/VH1 "VH1").
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "Lil' JJ was born in Little Rock, Arkansas. He won [BET](/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television \"Black Entertainment Television\")'s comedy talent search *Comin' to the Stage*.", "He became a cast member on Nickelodeon's *[All That](/wiki/All_That \"All That\")* in its 10th season. He guest starred on Nickelodeon's *[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide](/wiki/Ned%27s_Declassified_School_Survival_Guide \"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide\")*, made a cameo appearance in [Chris Brown](/wiki/Chris_Brown \"Chris Brown\")'s music video \"[Yo (Excuse Me Miss)](/wiki/Yo_%28Excuse_Me_Miss%29 \"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)\")\", in [Sean Kingston](/wiki/Sean_Kingston \"Sean Kingston\")'s music video \"[Beautiful Girls](/wiki/Beautiful_Girls_%28Sean_Kingston_song%29 \"Beautiful Girls (Sean Kingston song)\"),\" [Nelly](/wiki/Nelly \"Nelly\")'s music video \"[Stepped On My J'z](/wiki/Stepped_On_My_J%27z \"Stepped On My J'z\"), Hot Styles' video \"[Lookin Boy](/wiki/Lookin_Boy \"Lookin Boy\")\" and Young Gunz' video \"Friday Night\" . He also appeared with a rap verse on Small Change's music video for \"Don't Be Shy\".{{cn\\|date\\=August 2022}}", "He also played a supporting role in the film *[Crossover](/wiki/Crossover_%282006_film%29 \"Crossover (2006 film)\")* (2006\\) as a character named \"Up.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=JJ\\|first\\=Lil'\\|title\\=Almost Grown\\|url\\=http://www.codeblackentertainment.com/Products.aspx?productID\\=66\\|publisher\\=Codeblack entertainment}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Nathan \\|date\\=2006\\-09\\-01 \\|title\\=On the Detroit Streets, Friends Strive for More Than Baskets \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/01/movies/01cros.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-06 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}", "In 2005 and 2006, he appeared in the [Nickelodeon](/wiki/Nickelodeon \"Nickelodeon\") series *[Romeo!](/wiki/Romeo%21 \"Romeo!\")* as [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo_Miller \"Romeo Miller\")'s best friend, Jason Brooks, in seasons 2 and 3\\.", "In 2007, he starred in the Nickelodeon series *[Just Jordan](/wiki/Just_Jordan \"Just Jordan\")* as Jordan Lewis. In 2008, he, [Lily Collins](/wiki/Lily_Collins \"Lily Collins\"), and [Pick Boy](/wiki/Jeff_Sutphen \"Jeff Sutphen\") appeared together on Nickelodeon for special events. Also, Lil' JJ has appeared in the ABC television series *[The Secret Life of the American Teenager](/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager \"The Secret Life of the American Teenager\")*.", "In 2008, he hosted the variety/sketch DVD *Almost Grown*.{{cite web\\|last\\=JJ\\|first\\=Lil'\\|title\\=Almost Grown\\|url\\=http://www.codeblackentertainment.com/Products.aspx?productID\\=66\\|work\\=DVD\\|publisher\\=Code Black entertainment}}", "He appeared on the [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28American_TV_network%29 \"TNT (American TV network)\") show *[Men of a Certain Age](/wiki/Men_of_a_Certain_Age \"Men of a Certain Age\")* as DaShaun and on an episode of *[Chelsea Lately](/wiki/Chelsea_Lately \"Chelsea Lately\")*.", "He also appeared on the [TV One](/wiki/TV_One_%28American_TV_channel%29 \"TV One (American TV channel)\") sitcom *[The Rickey Smiley Show](/wiki/The_Rickey_Smiley_Show \"The Rickey Smiley Show\")* as Brandon.", "As of April 18, 2013, Lewis is a member of [Omega Psi Phi](/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi \"Omega Psi Phi\") at [Arkansas Baptist College](/wiki/Arkansas_Baptist_College \"Arkansas Baptist College\").", "He returned to television and became a regular cast member of *[Wild 'n Out](/wiki/Wild_%27n_Out \"Wild 'n Out\")* since Season 12 on [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") and [VH1](/wiki/VH1 \"VH1\").", "" ]
Neanderthal flute ----------------- The bone was discovered in a 1995 expedition led by Ivan Turk. When it was found, he proposed that it was either a musical artifact or a gnawed bone pierced with teeth, favouring the former. As described by Turk and his colleagues, the Neanderthal musical instrument from Divje babe I would be the oldest known musical instrument. He believes it is currently the strongest material evidence of Neanderthal musical behaviour. It is at least 10,000 years older than the earliest Aurignacian wind instruments discovered in the German caves [Hohle Fels](/wiki/Hohle_Fels "Hohle Fels"), [Geißenklösterle](/wiki/Geissenkl%C3%B6sterle "Geissenklösterle") and [Vogelherd](/wiki/Vogelherd_Cave "Vogelherd Cave").{{cite journal \| doi\=10\.1016/j.anthro.2018\.10\.001 \| title\=The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia): Arguments on the Material Evidence for Neanderthal Musical Behaviour \| year\=2018 \| last1\=Turk \| first1\=Matija \| last2\=Turk \| first2\=Ivan \| last3\=Dimkaroski \| first3\=Ljuben \| last4\=Blackwell \| first4\=Bonnie A.B. \| last5\=Horusitzky \| first5\=François Zoltán \| last6\=Otte \| first6\=Marcel \| last7\=Bastiani \| first7\=Giuliano \| last8\=Korat \| first8\=Lidija \| journal\=L'Anthropologie \| volume\=122 \| issue\=4 \| pages\=679–706 \| s2cid\=133682741 }}{{cite journal \| doi\=10\.3390/app10041226 \| doi\-access\=free \| title\=The Neanderthal Musical Instrument from Divje Babe I Cave (Slovenia): A Critical Review of the Discussion \| year\=2020 \| last1\=Turk \| first1\=Matija \| last2\=Turk \| first2\=Ivan \| last3\=Otte \| first3\=Marcel \| journal\=Applied Sciences \| volume\=10 \| issue\=4 \| page\=1226 }} The Neanderthal musical instrument is on display at the [National Museum of Slovenia](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Slovenia "National Museum of Slovenia") in Ljubljana. Whether the artifact is actually a flute created by Neanderthals was a subject of a long debate, and many believe the holes in the bone are not of artificial origin. Archeologist [Mitja Brodar](/wiki/Mitja_Brodar "Mitja Brodar"), who worked at the site before Turk, was very skeptical that the bone was of Neanderthal origin.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gore\-ljudje.net/novosti/39105/ \|title\="Piščalka" iz Divjih bab ni neandertalska \|language\=sl \|trans\-title\=The Divje Babe "Flute" is not Neanderthal \|first\=Mitja \|last\=Brodar \|date\=26 September 2008 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728124424/http://www.gore\-ljudje.net/novosti/39105/ \|archive\-date\=28 July 2011 }} Many others have suggested it could have been produced by animals biting or chewing the bone, and consider a carnivore origin more likely.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Holdermann \| first1 \= Claus\-Stephan \| last2 \= Serangeli \| first2 \= Jordi \| year \= 1999 \| title \= Die 'Neanderthalerflöte' von Divje\-Babe: Eine Revolution in der Musikgeschichte? \| journal \= Musica Instrumentalis: Zeitschrift für Organologie \| volume \= 2 \| pages \= 147–57 }}{{cite book \|last1\=Chase \|first1\=Philip G. \|first2\=April \|last2\=Nowell \|year\=2002 \|chapter\=Ist der Knochen eines Höhlenbären aus Divje Bebe, Slowenien, eine Flöte des Neandertalers? \|trans\-chapter\=Is a cave bear bone from Divje Babe, Slovenia, a Neanderthal flute? \|editor1\-first\=Ellen \|editor1\-last\=Hickmann \|editor2\-first\=Anne Draffkorn \|editor2\-last\=Kilmer \|editor3\-first\=Ricardo \|editor3\-last\=Eichmann \|title\=Studies in Music Archaeology III, Part I. The Archaeology of Sound: Origin and Organisation. Papers from the 2nd Symposium of the International Study Group on Music Archaeology at Monastery Michaelstein, 17\-23 September 2000 \|location\=Rahden \|publisher\=Leidorf \|pages\=69–81 \|isbn\=978\-3\-89646\-640\-2}}{{cite journal \|access\-date\=2015\-07\-12 \|url\=http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/4/140022 \|title\=Neanderthal bone flutes: simply products of Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens \|year\=2015 \|last1\=Diedrich \|first1\=Cajus G. \|journal\=Royal Society Open Science \|volume\=2 \|issue\=4 \|page\=140022 \|pmid\=26064624 \|pmc\=4448875 \|bibcode\=2015RSOS....240022D\|doi\=10\.1098/rsos.140022 }}{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1023/A:1023980201043 \|url\=http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/soressi/pdf/Derrico\-and\-al2003\_JWP.pdf \|year\=2003 \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-27 \|last1\=D'Errico \|first1\=Francesco \|journal\=Journal of World Prehistory \|volume\=17 \|pages\=1–70 \|title\=Archaeological Evidence for the Emergence of Language, Symbolism, and Music—An Alternative Multidisciplinary Perspective \|s2cid\=14442075 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004244/http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/soressi/pdf/Derrico\-and\-al2003\_JWP.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-09\-24 \|url\-status\=dead }} The National Museum of Slovenia maintains that evidence presented by Turk in 2005 had "finally refuted hypotheses that the bone was perforated because of a bear bite". The manufacture by Neanderthals "is reliably proven" and its significance in the understanding of their capabilities and the development of music and speech is secure. An experimental reconstruction by Ljuben Dimkaroski demonstrated that a plausible original shape of the bone can be used as a practical musical instrument (see [reconstruction](/wiki/%23Reconstruction "#Reconstruction") below). The dating of the bone, the presence of Neanderthals at the site, as well as the presence of carnivorous animals, are generally agreed upon. The primary dispute is whether it is more likely to be a Neanderthal made flute, or simply the product of a carnivore's chewing. Debate focuses on the following three questions: * [Were the holes produced by carnivore teeth?](/wiki/%23Carnivore "#Carnivore") * [Were the holes produced by tools?](/wiki/%23Neanderthal "#Neanderthal") * [Could the shape of the artifact occur from random chewing, or does it demonstrate musical function so well that it must have been designed?](/wiki/%23Design "#Design") ### Description [thumb\|Divje Babe flute \- holes](/wiki/File:PiscalDivjeBabe-numbers.jpg "PiscalDivjeBabe-numbers.jpg") [thumb\|Divje Babe flute](/wiki/File:Fl%C3%BBte_pal%C3%A9olithique_%28mus%C3%A9e_national_de_Slov%C3%A9nie%2C_Ljubljana%29_%289420310527%29.jpg "Flûte paléolithique (musée national de Slovénie, Ljubljana) (9420310527).jpg") [thumb\|Diagram](/wiki/File:Divje_Babe_Bone_Diagram.png "Divje Babe Bone Diagram.png") The artifact is an 11\.4 cm long left [diaphysis](/wiki/Diaphysis "Diaphysis") of [femur](/wiki/Femur "Femur") that belonged to a one to two year old [cave bear](/wiki/Cave_bear "Cave bear") cub. On the posterior side, there are two complete holes in the central diaphysis (2 and 3\). At both ends, the bone is broken, but there are two semicircular notches, one on each side of the two complete holes (1 and 4\). On the anterior side, there is a semicircular notch (5\) in the broken end. According to Turk, all the holes and notches are arranged in a line and have a similar morphology, except for the larger notch 4\.Turk, Ivan, Miran Pflaum, and Dean Pekarovič. 2005\. "Rezultati računalniške tomografije najstarejše domnevne piščali iz Divjih bab I (Slovenija): prispevek k teoriji luknjanja kosti", "Results of Computer Tomography of the Oldest Suspected Flute from Divje Babe I (Slovenia): Contribution to the Theory of Making Holes in Bones" (English \& Slovenian). *Arheološki vestnik: Acta archaeologica—Ljubljana : Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Sekcija za arheologijo* 56:9\-36\. (2005 version contains tomography slice photos \& analysis){{cite journal \| doi\=10\.1016/j.anthro.2006\.06\.002 \| title\=Résultats de l'analyse tomographique informatisée de la plus ancienne flûte découverte à Divje babé I (Slovénie) et sa position chronologique dans le contexte des changements paléoclimatiques et paléoenvironnementaux au cours du dernier glaciaire \| year\=2006 \| last1\=Turk \| first1\=Ivan \| last2\=Blackwell \| first2\=Bonnie A.B. \| last3\=Turk \| first3\=Janez \| last4\=Pflaum \| first4\=Miran \| journal\=L'Anthropologie \| volume\=110 \| issue\=3 \| pages\=293–317 }}{{cite journal \| doi\=10\.1111/j.1475\-4754\.2011\.00630\.x \| title\=Did Neanderthals Play Music? X\-Ray Computed Micro\-Tomography of the Divje Babe 'Flute' \| year\=2012 \| last1\=Tuniz \| first1\=C. \| last2\=Bernardini \| first2\=F. \| last3\=Turk \| first3\=I. \| last4\=Dimkaroski \| first4\=L. \| last5\=Mancini \| first5\=L. \| last6\=Dreossi \| first6\=D. \| journal\=Archaeometry \| volume\=54 \| issue\=3 \| pages\=581–590 }} Proximally and distally to hole 3, a portion of the cortical bone is [abraded](/wiki/Abrasion_%28mechanical%29 "Abrasion (mechanical)"). On this spot, a longitudinal fibrous [bone](/wiki/Bone "Bone") structure is exposed. Near the proximal edge of hole 3, there are two parallel micro\-scores on the abraded surface of the cortical bone. Inside the [medullary cavity](/wiki/Medullary_cavity "Medullary cavity") from which the spongy bone was removed, the cortical bone is broken off at the edge of notch/hole 1, 2, 3, and 5\. A funnel\-shaped fracture of the inner edge of these holes is a typical damage occurring during piercing the cortical bone. Notch 4 does not have a funnel\-shaped fracture inside the medullary cavity. On the posterior side of the bone, a V\-shaped fracture is present on the proximal end, reaching the nearest notch 1\. On either side of this fracture is a partial straight sharp edge, presumed to be a mouthpiece by Turk. A similar fracture is present on the anterior side of the distal end, reaching notch 5, which was presumed to be a thumb hole for the flute.{{cite journal\|doi\=10\.1086/300129\|title\=On the Suggested Bone Flute from Slovenia\|year\=2000\|first\=Marcel\|last\=Otte\|journal\=Current Anthropology\|volume\=41\|issue\=2\|pages\=271\-272}} ### Context and dating of the flute The Neanderthal flute was found in the [Mousterian](/wiki/Mousterian "Mousterian") level, which contained [lithic](/wiki/Lithic_analysis "Lithic analysis") artefacts and [hearths](/wiki/Hearth "Hearth"). The flute was cemented into the [phosphate](/wiki/Phosphate "Phosphate") [breccia](/wiki/Breccia "Breccia") in close proximity to the hearth.Turk, I., Kavur, B. 1997, *Review and description of Palaeolithic tools and hearths*. In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 119–149\.Turk, I., Dirjec, J., Turk, M. 2014, *Presentation of fireplaces and hearths with stress on hearthside activities in the central cave area.* In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 269–319\. The Mousterian level containing the flute was below an [Aurignacian](/wiki/Aurignacian "Aurignacian") level containing stone artefacts and osseous points of anatomically modern humans, separated by about 2m of sediment. Remains of and evidence for many types of large mammals are present at the site as well,Toškan, B. 2007, *Remains of large mammals from Divje babe I: Stratigraphy, taxonomy and biometry*. In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 1: Geology and Palaeontology*. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 13, Ljubljana, 221–278\. including many carnivores which could have interacted with the bone artifact. Based on the [radiocarbon dating](/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating "Radiocarbon dating") of the [charcoal](/wiki/Charcoal "Charcoal") found in the hearth, the age of the flute was initially estimated at 43,100 ± 700 years BP.Nelson, D.E. 1997, *Radiocarbon dating of bone and charcoal from Divje babe I cave*. In: Turk, I. (ed), *Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia*. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 51–64\. Later dating using [electron spin resonance](/wiki/Electron_spin_resonance_dating "Electron spin resonance dating") (ESR) has shown that the layer containing the flute was outside the accurate range of the radiocarbon method, and that the original dating of samples from this layer was incorrect. According to ESR dating, the age of the flute is now estimated at 50,000 to 60,000 years BP.Blackwell, B.A.B., Yu, E.S.K., Skinner, A.R., Turk, I., Blickstein, J.I.B., Turk, J., Yin, V.S.W., Lau, B. 2007, *ESR\-Dating at Divje babe I, Slovenia*. In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Divje babe I: Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia, Part 1: Geology and Palaeontology.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 13, Ljubljana, 123–157\.Blackwell, B.A.B., Yu, E.S.K., Skinner, A.R., Turk, I., Blickstein, J.I.B., Skaberne, D., Turk, J., Lau, B. 2009, *Dating and paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Late Pleistocene archaeological deposits at Divje Babe I, Slovenia.* In: Calbet, M. and Szmidt, C. (eds.), *The Mediterranean from 50 000 to 25 000 BP: Turning Points and New Directions*. Oxford, 179\-210\. ### Argument for carnivore origin {{anchor\|Carnivore}} Arguments have been made that the holes were most likely created by the teeth of an animal, chewing or gnawing on the bone, and that the resemblance to a flute is only coincidental. Other known [Upper Palaeolithic](/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic "Upper Palaeolithic") flutes made from the [limb](/wiki/Limb_%28anatomy%29 "Limb (anatomy)") bones of mammals show clear traces of artificial creation of holes which were carved or drilled with [stone tools](/wiki/Stone_tools "Stone tools"). In flutes made from thin, delicate [bird](/wiki/Bird "Bird") bones, the holes were made by grinding the bone cortex.Morley, I., 2013, The Prehistory of Music. Oxford. The edge of the holes on the Neanderthal flute differs from those on Upper Palaeolithic flutes and shows no conventional signs of human manufacture (i.e., cut marks). In addition, both ends of the Neanderthal flute show damage typical of gnawing by carnivores. * Francesco D'Errico (1998\) made an analysis of the artifact in comparison to cave\-bear bone accumulations where no hominid presence was known. After inspecting the artifact firsthand, D'Errico wrote that "the presence of two or possibly three perforations on the suggested flute cannot therefore be considered as evidence of human manufacture, as this is a common feature in the studied sample." Of one sample, D'Errico stated that a "femur of a young cave bear from the same site shows two holes very similar in size and shape to those on the supposed flute, recorded on the same face and in the same anatomical position."{{R\|dErrico2003\|p\=37}} * Nowell and Chase (1998\) published an analysis of the flute, stating "the specimen has very clearly been heavily gnawed by a carnivore", compared it to other well known specimens of similar bones, argued that notch 5 was likely created at the same time as hole 3 by the animal's opposing teeth, and that the heavy gnawing at both ends was evidence that the bone had not been cleared of marrow which would have been needed to play it as a flute. "This is a chewed bone, nothing about it is inconsistent with this as an explanation, and nothing about the bone is very surprising given that it was heavily chewed." * Gerd Albrecht et al. (1998\) conducted experiments with bones and stone tools and concluded that "at this time there are no confirmed arguments for flutes made from bear bones, including the find from Divje Babe."{{R\|Albrecht98\|p\=17\|q\=Es gibt zur Zeit keine hesicherten Argumente für Flöten aus Bärenknocken (miteingeschlossen der Fund aus Divje Babe)\|language\=German\|a\=q}} * Ian Morley (2006\) wrote, in a review of many prior publications, "it is most likely that the Divje babe I object as we see it today is the product of a number of stages (of) carnivore activity, and there is no need to invoke any hominin agency in the creation of the object."{{R\|Morley06\|p\=329}} * Cajus Diedrich (2015\) suggested the holes could be explained by scavenging from [spotted hyena](/wiki/Spotted_hyena "Spotted hyena"). Turk has published many articles rebutting the carnivore origin over the decades since the bone was found.Turk, I., Dirjec J., Turk, M. 2014, Flute (musical instrument) 19 years after its discovery. Critique of the taphonomic interpretation of the find. In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 235–268\.Turk, I., Turk, M., Toškan, B. 2016, *Could a cave hyena have made a musical instrument? A reply to Cajus G. Diedrich.* Arheološki vestnik 67, 401–407\. In 2001, Turk's group made metal dental casts of cave bear, wolf and hyena [dentition](/wiki/Dentition "Dentition"). The casts were used to pierce juvenile and adult fresh brown bear femurs.Turk, I., Dirjec, J., Bastiani, G., Pflaum, M., Lauko, T., Cimerman, F., Kosel, F., Grum, J., Cevc, P. 2001, *New analyses of the »flute« from Divje babe I (Slovenia).* Arheološki vestnik 52, 25–79\. Several arguments were made: * Only the canine teeth of a bear were a suitable match, but because of the oval cross\-section of a bear's tooth it would be awkward for the bear to have aligned this bone correctly to produce the holes in this orientation. * Holes pierced with canine teeth have smooth edges, whereas the edges of the holes on the Neanderthal flute are irregular and serrated. * It would be impossible for a carnivore to make two or more holes on the thickest and the rigid central part of the juvenile femur without breaking it. (Morley disputed this: "Turk et al. ... say that the diaphysis cracked in three out of eight experimental piercings. ... In summary, it would seem that the bone need not have shattered."{{R\|Morley06\|p\=324}}) Though he argues for Neanderthal origin of the artifact, Turk presumed that the V\-fracture at the proximal end is a typical carnivore damage that occurred after the flute was no longer in use. ### Argument for Neanderthal origin of the holes {{anchor\|Neanderthal}} Arguments have been made by Turk and colleagues that it is possible for this artifact to be produced with known Neanderthal tools. Pointed stone tools appropriate for piercing bone were found in several Mousterian levels at Divje babe I.Turk, M. 2014\. *Typology of stone artefacts.* In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic Site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 153–170\. In addition, several ad hoc bone punches were found in Mousterian levels.Turk, M., Košir, A. 2017, *Mousterian osseous artefacts? The case of Divje babe I, Slovenia.* Quaternary International 450, 103\-115\. * Turk believed that micro\-scores near hole 3 suggested the cut marks of [stone tools](/wiki/Stone_tool "Stone tool")., indicating artificial modification of the cortical bone before hole 3 was made, thinning the cortical bone where it is the thickest to facilitate perforation of the femur. * Turk found broken tips, fractures and macroscopic damage presented on some pointed stone tools. Turk and colleagues found experimentally that the same type of damage occurs if one hits the stone tool with a wooden [hammer](/wiki/Hammer "Hammer") when [chiselling](/wiki/Chisel "Chisel") and piercing bone.Bastiani, G., Dirjec, J., Turk, I. 2000, *Poskus ugotavljanja namembnosti kamenih artefaktov iz najdišča Divje babe I (Slovenija): Domneve o uporabi in obrabi nekaterih musterjenskih orodij. / Attempt to establish the purpose of stone artefacts from the Divje babe I site (Slovenia). Hypotheses on the use of and wear to some Mousterian tools (Summary)*. Arheološki vestnik 51, 13\-69\. * Using replicas of pointed stone tools, Giuliani Bastiani (1997\) pierced bones with a previously undescribed method: he used the pointed stone tool simultaneously as a chisel and a punch, and succeeded in making holes in the fresh femur similar to those on the flute (i.e., holes with irregular, serrated edge).Bastiani, G., Turk, I. 1997, *Results from the experimental manufacture of a bone flute with stone tools.* In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site in Slovenia.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 176–178\. The conclusion from this experiment was that the edge of the holes made in this way did not always show the characteristic cut marks left by a stone tool. However, the holes made by Bastiani did not have such pronounced funnel\-shaped fractures around the inner edge, as found on the holes of the flute. * Following Bastiani's experiment, archaeologist Francois Zoltán Horusitzky (2003\) used a pointed stone tool, first making a shallow pit in a fresh bone without piercing it, then inserted a bone punch into the pit and struck it with a wooden hammer to pierce the bone [cortex](/wiki/Cortex_%28anatomy%29 "Cortex (anatomy)"). The holes made with this technique have a pronounced funnel\-shaped fracture around the inner edge and showed no conventional tool marks.Horusitzky, F.Z. 2003, *Les flûtes paléolithiques: Divje Babe I, Istállóskő*, Lokve, etc. Point de vue des experts et des contestataires (Critique de l'appréciation archéologique du spécimen no. 652 de Divje Babe I, et arguments pour la défence des spécimens Pb 51/20 et Pb 606 de MNM de Budapest). Arheološki vestnik 54, 45–66\.Turk, I., Bastiani, G., Blackwell, B.A.B., Horusitzky, F.Z. 2003, *Putative Mousterian flute from Divje babe I (Slovenia): Pseudoartefact or true flute, or who made the holes?* Arheološki vestnik 54, 67–72\. * Turk published a 2005 analysis of the specimen based on [computed tomography](/wiki/Computed_tomography "Computed tomography"), in which he concluded that "the two partially preserved holes were formerly created before the damage ... or before the indisputable intervention of a carnivore." Iain Morley (2006\) was critical of Kunej and Turk's assessment, noting that despite the large number of bones discovered at the site, "only two \[showed] other possible cases of human action ... and the subject femur is the only one of 600 cave bear femurs to carry any such possible traces of human action."{{R\|Morley06\|p\=327}} He concluded that "the direct evidence for human agency is, at best, highly ambiguous, and there is a lack of evidence of other possible human workmanship on the bone."{{R\|Morley06\|p\=330}} ### Argument for a musical instrument {{anchor\|Design}} An additional argument for Neanderthal construction is that the artifact itself must be a flute, having the correct shape and proportions to be a musical instrument. Much of this argument hinges on whether the notches at the ends are evidence of 4 or 5 holes in the prior intact flute. * Turk (1997\) wrote in his book that the holes have similar diameters which would accommodate fingertips, and all are circular instead of oval. All are in the proper ratio of bore size to hole size found in most flutes, and the bone is the kind (femur) usually used for bone flutes. * Turk believed that there was evidence that marrow had been cleared from the bone at time of use, which would have been necessary to use it as a flute, though Nowell disputed this: + Turk et al. (1997\) wrote that "the marrow cavity is basically cleaned of spongiose. The colour of the marrow cavity does not differ from the colour of the external surface of the bone. So we may conclude that the marrow cavity was already open at the time ... Otherwise, it would be a darker colour than the surface of the bone, as we know from coloured marrow cavities of whole limb bones."{{R\|Turk97\|p\=160}} + April Nowell (1998\) stated in an interview that "at Turk's invitation, \[Nowell] and Chase went to Slovenia last year ... They came away even more skeptical that the bear bone had ever emitted music. For one thing, both ends had clearly been gnawed away by something, perhaps a wolf, seeking greasy marrow. The holes could have simply been perforated in the process by pointed canine or carnassial teeth, and their roundness could be due to natural damage after the bone was abandoned. The presence of marrow suggests that no one had bothered to hollow out the bone as if to create an end\-blown flute. Says Nowell, '\[Turk's] willing to give it the benefit of the doubt, whereas we're not.{{'"}}{{cite journal \|first\=Blake \|last\=Edgar \|title\=Could Neanderthals Carry a Tune? \|url\=http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/1998summer/stories/horizons.html \|journal\=California Wild \|publisher\=California Academy of Sciences \|volume\=51 \|issue\=3 \[Summer] \|year\=1998 \|access\-date\=2007\-01\-02 \|format\=subscription required \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312025921/http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/1998summer/stories/horizons.html \|archive\-date\=2007\-03\-12 \|url\-status\=dead }} * Bob Fink (1997\) claimed that the spacing of the holes were consistent with four notes of the diatonic scale, however the required length he proposed for the intact bone caused it to be rejected by other researchers (see [diatonic scale](/wiki/%23Diatonic_scale "#Diatonic scale") below). * Marcel Otte (2000\) wrote that "the instrument consists of not two perforations (as Chase and Nowell indicate) but five (like five fingers of a hand): four on one side, one on the opposite side. ... The fifth hole appears at the base of the opposite side, at the natural location of the thumb." * Ljuben Dimkaroski (2011\) created an experimental version of the flute with demonstrated musical capability, requiring only very conservative reconstruction of the existing artifact's shape (see [reconstruction](/wiki/%23Reconstruction "#Reconstruction") below). #### Diatonic scale [250px\|thumb\|right\|Illustration of the diatonic flute by Bob Fink](/wiki/File:Image-Divje04.jpg "Image-Divje04.jpg") Bob Fink (1997\) claimed that the bone's holes were "consistent with four notes of the [diatonic](/wiki/Diatonic "Diatonic") scale" (do, re, mi, fa) based on the spacing of those four holes.{{cite journal \|title\=Early Music \|year\=1997 \|journal\=Science \|volume\=276 \|issue\=5310 \|pages\=203–205 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.276\.5310\.203g\|s2cid\=220083771\|url\=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5310/203g\|access\-date\=7 March 2007\|archive\-date\=1 October 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001105644/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5310/203g\|url\-status\=dead}} He argued that this spacing of the holes on a modern diatonic flute are unique, and not arbitrarily spaced, and that with the correct total length of bone it would perfectly match this scale. After Kunej and Turk (2000\) argued that due to the age of the bear cub, it could not be as long as proposed{{R\|Turk00}}, Fink updated the argument on his personal website{{cite web \| author\=Fink, Bob \| year\=2003 \| title\=Who made Neanderthal Flute? Humans or carnivores? Summary of Turk's evidence \| url\=http://www.greenwych.ca/chewchip.htm \| access\-date\=March 1, 2003 \| archive\-date\=March 15, 2019 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315022556/http://www.greenwych.ca/chewchip.htm \| url\-status\=dead }} with a proposition that the bone may have been extended with another section of bone{{R\|Morley06\|p\=321}}. Nowell and Chase had been first to raise the counter\-argument that the juvenile bear bone was too short to play those four holes in tune to any diatonic series of tones and half\-tones, as proposed by Fink. Blake Edgar (1998\) wrote in California Wild: {{quote\|\[Nowell] along with archeologist Philip Chase, had serious doubts as soon as they saw photos of the bone on the Internet. ... The Divje Babe bone bears some resemblance to the dozens of younger, uncontested bone flutes from European \[\[Upper Paleolithic]] sites. But, says Nowell, these obvious flutes are longer, have more holes, and exhibit telltale tool marks left from their manufacture. No such marks occur on the bear bone. Fink proposed that the spacing of the flute's holes matches music's standard diatonic scale. ... Nowell and Chase teamed with a more musically inclined colleague to show that the bear bone would need to be twice its natural total length to conform to a diatonic scale.}} Ljuben Dimkaroski (2011\) created a reconstruction of the instrument based on his own research, which was able to play a diatonic scale, but in a very different way than proposed by Fink. See [reconstruction](/wiki/%23Reconstruction "#Reconstruction") below. #### Reconstruction [thumb\|Tidldibab, replica of the flute](/wiki/File:Tdbb-ant-post.png "Tdbb-ant-post.png") [thumb\|Ljuben Dimkaroski playing scales on Tidldibab, replica of the Divje Babe flute](/wiki/File:Dimkaroski-tdbb-scales.webm "Dimkaroski-tdbb-scales.webm") [thumb\|right\|Collection of Tidldibab instruments, wooden replicas of the Divje Babe flute, made by Ljuben Dimkaroski](/wiki/File:Dimkoaroski-Tidldibab-les.png "Dimkoaroski-Tidldibab-les.png") Ljuben Dimkaroski created a replica instrument based on the proposed intact form of the flute. This replica has demonstrated that it could indeed be used as a flute, and produce well known musical scales. Though this artifact had been previously studied by several musical researchers,Kunej, D., Turk, I. 2000, "New perspectives on the beginning of music: Archaeological and musicological analysis of a Middle Palaeolithic Bone »Flute«". In: Wallin, N.L., Merker, B., Brown, S. (eds.), *The Origins of Music*. Cambridge MA, London, 235–268\.Kunej, D. 1997, Acoustic findings on the basis of the reconstruction of a presumed bone flute. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 185\-197\. Omerzel–Terlep, M. 1996, Bone flutes. The beginning of the history of instrumental music in Slovenia, Europe and the world. Etnolog 6 (LVII), 292–294\.Omerzel–Terlep, M. 1997, A typology of bone whistles, pipes and flutes and presumed palaeolithic wind instruments in Slovenia. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia. Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 199–218\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.greenwych.ca/fl\-compl.htm \|title\=Access 9\. 1\. 2017 Fink, B. 1997, Neanderthal flute. Oldest musical instrument's 4 notes matches 4 of do, re, mi scale. Musicological analysis. \|access\-date\=2006\-01\-23 \|archive\-date\=2007\-01\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127050555/http://www.greenwych.ca/fl\-compl.htm \|url\-status\=dead }}Atema, J. 2004, Old bone flutes. Pan, Journal of the British Flute Society 23, 18–23\.Horusitzky, F.Z. 2014, Analyse acoustique de la flûte avec souffle proximal. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 223–233\. Ljuben Dimkaroski, a professional musician, undertook his own independent study in 2011\.Dimkaroski, L. 2014, Musical research into the flute. From suspected to contemporary musical instrument. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 215–222\.Dimkaroski, L. 2011, Musikinstrument der Neanderthaler. Zur Diskussion um die moustérienzaitliche Knochenflöte aus Divje babe I, Slowenien, aus technischer und musikologischer Sicht. Mittelungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 32, 45–54\. In collaboration with Matija Turk, Dimkarowski created over 100 experimental wooden and bone replicas of the flute.{{cite book \|first1\=Matija \|last1\=Turk \|first2\=Ljuben \|last2\=Dimkaroski \|chapter\=Neandertalska piščal iz Divjih bab I: stara in nova spoznanja \|trans\-chapter\=Neanderthal flute from Divje babe I: old and new findings \|editor1\-first\=Borut \|editor1\-last\=Toškan \|year\=2011 \|title\=Drobci ledenodobnega okolja. Zbornik ob življenjskem jubileju Ivana Turka \|trans\-title\=Fragments of Ice Age environments. Proceedings in Honour of Ivan Turk's Jubilee \|location\=Ljubljana \|publisher\=Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU \|pages\=251–65 \|isbn\=978\-961\-254\-257\-3 \|chapter\-url\=http://www.cox.si/tidldibab.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528181314/http://www.cox.si/tidldibab.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-28 }} Dimkaroski's replica oriented the instrument using the proximal end of the femur as a mouthpiece. On the anterior proximal part a straight sharpened edge is preserved, which Dimkaroski considered to be a remnant of the blowing edge of its [mouthpiece](/wiki/Mouthpiece_%28woodwind%29 "Mouthpiece (woodwind)"). With this orientation of the instrument, the role of hole 5 on the anterior side, becomes a [palm](/wiki/Hand "Hand") hole rather than a thumb hole as previously thought. In the reverse orientation, Dimkaroski found the location of this hole was too close to the mouthpiece and thus dysfunctional. The reconstructed instrument has three finger holes (holes 1–3\) on the posterior side and a palm hole (hole 5\) on the anterior side of the femur. Notch 4 is left as a notch, rather than reconstructing it as a hole. This forms an opening on the distal part with the function of a [bell](/wiki/Wind_instrument%23Bell "Wind instrument#Bell") or closure. With a finger of the right hand, the notch on the posterior distal side may be formed into an additional hole. The opening provides the possibility of playing on an open or closed bell, which additionally enriches the tonal range. The reconstructed flute has a capability of 3½ [octaves](/wiki/Octave "Octave"). Practiced performers have demonstrated its utility as a musical instrument.[RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra with Boštjan Gombač on Tidldibab, performing the "Baba" concerto by contemporary composer Žiga Stanič](https://365.rtvslo.si/arhiv/koncerti-kulturno-umetniski-program/174599663) According to Dimkaroski, the name "flute" is not appropriate for such an instrument, which could be considered a precursor of modern wind instruments. Since the instrument and the way it is played are not comparable to modern wind instruments, he named it TIDLDIBAB. The name is a composite word made up of the initials of the archaeologist who is credited with the discovery of the instrument (Turk Ivan), the musician and maker of its replicas (Dimkaroski Ljuben) and the name of its archaeological find spot (Divje Babe).
[ "Neanderthal flute\n-----------------", "The bone was discovered in a 1995 expedition led by Ivan Turk. When it was found, he proposed that it was either a musical artifact or a gnawed bone pierced with teeth, favouring the former.", "As described by Turk and his colleagues, the Neanderthal musical instrument from Divje babe I would be the oldest known musical instrument. He believes it is currently the strongest material evidence of Neanderthal musical behaviour. It is at least 10,000 years older than the earliest Aurignacian wind instruments discovered in the German caves [Hohle Fels](/wiki/Hohle_Fels \"Hohle Fels\"), [Geißenklösterle](/wiki/Geissenkl%C3%B6sterle \"Geissenklösterle\") and [Vogelherd](/wiki/Vogelherd_Cave \"Vogelherd Cave\").{{cite journal \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.anthro.2018\\.10\\.001 \\| title\\=The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia): Arguments on the Material Evidence for Neanderthal Musical Behaviour \\| year\\=2018 \\| last1\\=Turk \\| first1\\=Matija \\| last2\\=Turk \\| first2\\=Ivan \\| last3\\=Dimkaroski \\| first3\\=Ljuben \\| last4\\=Blackwell \\| first4\\=Bonnie A.B. \\| last5\\=Horusitzky \\| first5\\=François Zoltán \\| last6\\=Otte \\| first6\\=Marcel \\| last7\\=Bastiani \\| first7\\=Giuliano \\| last8\\=Korat \\| first8\\=Lidija \\| journal\\=L'Anthropologie \\| volume\\=122 \\| issue\\=4 \\| pages\\=679–706 \\| s2cid\\=133682741 }}{{cite journal \\| doi\\=10\\.3390/app10041226 \\| doi\\-access\\=free \\| title\\=The Neanderthal Musical Instrument from Divje Babe I Cave (Slovenia): A Critical Review of the Discussion \\| year\\=2020 \\| last1\\=Turk \\| first1\\=Matija \\| last2\\=Turk \\| first2\\=Ivan \\| last3\\=Otte \\| first3\\=Marcel \\| journal\\=Applied Sciences \\| volume\\=10 \\| issue\\=4 \\| page\\=1226 }} The Neanderthal musical instrument is on display at the [National Museum of Slovenia](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Slovenia \"National Museum of Slovenia\") in Ljubljana.", "Whether the artifact is actually a flute created by Neanderthals was a subject of a long debate, and many believe the holes in the bone are not of artificial origin. Archeologist [Mitja Brodar](/wiki/Mitja_Brodar \"Mitja Brodar\"), who worked at the site before Turk, was very skeptical that the bone was of Neanderthal origin.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gore\\-ljudje.net/novosti/39105/ \\|title\\=\"Piščalka\" iz Divjih bab ni neandertalska \\|language\\=sl \\|trans\\-title\\=The Divje Babe \"Flute\" is not Neanderthal \\|first\\=Mitja \\|last\\=Brodar \\|date\\=26 September 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728124424/http://www.gore\\-ljudje.net/novosti/39105/ \\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2011 }} Many others have suggested it could have been produced by animals biting or chewing the bone, and consider a carnivore origin more likely.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Holdermann \\| first1 \\= Claus\\-Stephan \\| last2 \\= Serangeli \\| first2 \\= Jordi \\| year \\= 1999 \\| title \\= Die 'Neanderthalerflöte' von Divje\\-Babe: Eine Revolution in der Musikgeschichte? \\| journal \\= Musica Instrumentalis: Zeitschrift für Organologie \\| volume \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 147–57 }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Chase \\|first1\\=Philip G. \\|first2\\=April \\|last2\\=Nowell \\|year\\=2002 \\|chapter\\=Ist der Knochen eines Höhlenbären aus Divje Bebe, Slowenien, eine Flöte des Neandertalers? \\|trans\\-chapter\\=Is a cave bear bone from Divje Babe, Slovenia, a Neanderthal flute? \\|editor1\\-first\\=Ellen \\|editor1\\-last\\=Hickmann \\|editor2\\-first\\=Anne Draffkorn \\|editor2\\-last\\=Kilmer \\|editor3\\-first\\=Ricardo \\|editor3\\-last\\=Eichmann \\|title\\=Studies in Music Archaeology III, Part I. The Archaeology of Sound: Origin and Organisation. Papers from the 2nd Symposium of the International Study Group on Music Archaeology at Monastery Michaelstein, 17\\-23 September 2000 \\|location\\=Rahden \\|publisher\\=Leidorf \\|pages\\=69–81 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-89646\\-640\\-2}}{{cite journal \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-12 \\|url\\=http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/4/140022 \\|title\\=Neanderthal bone flutes: simply products of Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens \\|year\\=2015 \\|last1\\=Diedrich \\|first1\\=Cajus G. \\|journal\\=Royal Society Open Science \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=4 \\|page\\=140022 \\|pmid\\=26064624 \\|pmc\\=4448875 \\|bibcode\\=2015RSOS....240022D\\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rsos.140022 }}{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1023/A:1023980201043 \\|url\\=http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/soressi/pdf/Derrico\\-and\\-al2003\\_JWP.pdf \\|year\\=2003 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-27 \\|last1\\=D'Errico \\|first1\\=Francesco \\|journal\\=Journal of World Prehistory \\|volume\\=17 \\|pages\\=1–70 \\|title\\=Archaeological Evidence for the Emergence of Language, Symbolism, and Music—An Alternative Multidisciplinary Perspective \\|s2cid\\=14442075 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004244/http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/soressi/pdf/Derrico\\-and\\-al2003\\_JWP.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-09\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The National Museum of Slovenia maintains that evidence presented by Turk in 2005 had \"finally refuted hypotheses that the bone was perforated because of a bear bite\". The manufacture by Neanderthals \"is reliably proven\" and its significance in the understanding of their capabilities and the development of music and speech is secure. An experimental reconstruction by Ljuben Dimkaroski demonstrated that a plausible original shape of the bone can be used as a practical musical instrument (see [reconstruction](/wiki/%23Reconstruction \"#Reconstruction\") below).", "The dating of the bone, the presence of Neanderthals at the site, as well as the presence of carnivorous animals, are generally agreed upon. The primary dispute is whether it is more likely to be a Neanderthal made flute, or simply the product of a carnivore's chewing. Debate focuses on the following three questions:\n* [Were the holes produced by carnivore teeth?](/wiki/%23Carnivore \"#Carnivore\")\n* [Were the holes produced by tools?](/wiki/%23Neanderthal \"#Neanderthal\")\n* [Could the shape of the artifact occur from random chewing, or does it demonstrate musical function so well that it must have been designed?](/wiki/%23Design \"#Design\")", "### Description", "[thumb\\|Divje Babe flute \\- holes](/wiki/File:PiscalDivjeBabe-numbers.jpg \"PiscalDivjeBabe-numbers.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Divje Babe flute](/wiki/File:Fl%C3%BBte_pal%C3%A9olithique_%28mus%C3%A9e_national_de_Slov%C3%A9nie%2C_Ljubljana%29_%289420310527%29.jpg \"Flûte paléolithique (musée national de Slovénie, Ljubljana) (9420310527).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Diagram](/wiki/File:Divje_Babe_Bone_Diagram.png \"Divje Babe Bone Diagram.png\")", "The artifact is an 11\\.4 cm long left [diaphysis](/wiki/Diaphysis \"Diaphysis\") of [femur](/wiki/Femur \"Femur\") that belonged to a one to two year old [cave bear](/wiki/Cave_bear \"Cave bear\") cub. On the posterior side, there are two complete holes in the central diaphysis (2 and 3\\). At both ends, the bone is broken, but there are two semicircular notches, one on each side of the two complete holes (1 and 4\\). On the anterior side, there is a semicircular notch (5\\) in the broken end.", "According to Turk, all the holes and notches are arranged in a line and have a similar morphology, except for the larger notch 4\\.Turk, Ivan, Miran Pflaum, and Dean Pekarovič. 2005\\. \"Rezultati računalniške tomografije najstarejše domnevne piščali iz Divjih bab I (Slovenija): prispevek k teoriji luknjanja kosti\", \"Results of Computer Tomography of the Oldest Suspected Flute from Divje Babe I (Slovenia): Contribution to the Theory of Making Holes in Bones\" (English \\& Slovenian). *Arheološki vestnik: Acta archaeologica—Ljubljana : Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Sekcija za arheologijo* 56:9\\-36\\. (2005 version contains tomography slice photos \\& analysis){{cite journal \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/j.anthro.2006\\.06\\.002 \\| title\\=Résultats de l'analyse tomographique informatisée de la plus ancienne flûte découverte à Divje babé I (Slovénie) et sa position chronologique dans le contexte des changements paléoclimatiques et paléoenvironnementaux au cours du dernier glaciaire \\| year\\=2006 \\| last1\\=Turk \\| first1\\=Ivan \\| last2\\=Blackwell \\| first2\\=Bonnie A.B. \\| last3\\=Turk \\| first3\\=Janez \\| last4\\=Pflaum \\| first4\\=Miran \\| journal\\=L'Anthropologie \\| volume\\=110 \\| issue\\=3 \\| pages\\=293–317 }}{{cite journal \\| doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1475\\-4754\\.2011\\.00630\\.x \\| title\\=Did Neanderthals Play Music? X\\-Ray Computed Micro\\-Tomography of the Divje Babe 'Flute' \\| year\\=2012 \\| last1\\=Tuniz \\| first1\\=C. \\| last2\\=Bernardini \\| first2\\=F. \\| last3\\=Turk \\| first3\\=I. \\| last4\\=Dimkaroski \\| first4\\=L. \\| last5\\=Mancini \\| first5\\=L. \\| last6\\=Dreossi \\| first6\\=D. \\| journal\\=Archaeometry \\| volume\\=54 \\| issue\\=3 \\| pages\\=581–590 }}", "Proximally and distally to hole 3, a portion of the cortical bone is [abraded](/wiki/Abrasion_%28mechanical%29 \"Abrasion (mechanical)\"). On this spot, a longitudinal fibrous [bone](/wiki/Bone \"Bone\") structure is exposed. Near the proximal edge of hole 3, there are two parallel micro\\-scores on the abraded surface of the cortical bone.", "Inside the [medullary cavity](/wiki/Medullary_cavity \"Medullary cavity\") from which the spongy bone was removed, the cortical bone is broken off at the edge of notch/hole 1, 2, 3, and 5\\. A funnel\\-shaped fracture of the inner edge of these holes is a typical damage occurring during piercing the cortical bone. Notch 4 does not have a funnel\\-shaped fracture inside the medullary cavity.", "On the posterior side of the bone, a V\\-shaped fracture is present on the proximal end, reaching the nearest notch 1\\. On either side of this fracture is a partial straight sharp edge, presumed to be a mouthpiece by Turk.", "A similar fracture is present on the anterior side of the distal end, reaching notch 5, which was presumed to be a thumb hole for the flute.{{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/300129\\|title\\=On the Suggested Bone Flute from Slovenia\\|year\\=2000\\|first\\=Marcel\\|last\\=Otte\\|journal\\=Current Anthropology\\|volume\\=41\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=271\\-272}}", "### Context and dating of the flute", "The Neanderthal flute was found in the [Mousterian](/wiki/Mousterian \"Mousterian\") level, which contained [lithic](/wiki/Lithic_analysis \"Lithic analysis\") artefacts and [hearths](/wiki/Hearth \"Hearth\"). The flute was cemented into the [phosphate](/wiki/Phosphate \"Phosphate\") [breccia](/wiki/Breccia \"Breccia\") in close proximity to the hearth.Turk, I., Kavur, B. 1997, *Review and description of Palaeolithic tools and hearths*. In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 119–149\\.Turk, I., Dirjec, J., Turk, M. 2014, *Presentation of fireplaces and hearths with stress on hearthside activities in the central cave area.* In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 269–319\\. The Mousterian level containing the flute was below an [Aurignacian](/wiki/Aurignacian \"Aurignacian\") level containing stone artefacts and osseous points of anatomically modern humans, separated by about 2m of sediment. Remains of and evidence for many types of large mammals are present at the site as well,Toškan, B. 2007, *Remains of large mammals from Divje babe I: Stratigraphy, taxonomy and biometry*. In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 1: Geology and Palaeontology*. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 13, Ljubljana, \n221–278\\. including many carnivores which could have interacted with the bone artifact.", "Based on the [radiocarbon dating](/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating \"Radiocarbon dating\") of the [charcoal](/wiki/Charcoal \"Charcoal\") found in the hearth, the age of the flute was initially estimated at 43,100 ± 700 years BP.Nelson, D.E. 1997, *Radiocarbon dating of bone and charcoal from Divje babe I cave*. In: Turk, I. (ed), *Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia*. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 51–64\\. Later dating using [electron spin resonance](/wiki/Electron_spin_resonance_dating \"Electron spin resonance dating\") (ESR) has shown that the layer containing the flute was outside the accurate range of the radiocarbon method, and that the original dating of samples from this layer was incorrect. According to ESR dating, the age of the flute is now estimated at 50,000 to 60,000 years BP.Blackwell, B.A.B., Yu, E.S.K., Skinner, A.R., Turk, I., Blickstein, J.I.B., Turk, J., Yin, V.S.W., Lau, B. 2007, *ESR\\-Dating at Divje babe I, Slovenia*. In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Divje babe I: Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia, Part 1: Geology and Palaeontology.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 13, Ljubljana, 123–157\\.Blackwell, B.A.B., Yu, E.S.K., Skinner, A.R., Turk, I., Blickstein, J.I.B., Skaberne, D., Turk, J., Lau, B. 2009, *Dating and paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Late Pleistocene archaeological deposits at Divje Babe I, Slovenia.* In: Calbet, M. and Szmidt, C. (eds.), *The Mediterranean from 50 000 to 25 000 BP: Turning Points and New Directions*. Oxford, 179\\-210\\.", "### Argument for carnivore origin {{anchor\\|Carnivore}}", "Arguments have been made that the holes were most likely created by the teeth of an animal, chewing or gnawing on the bone, and that the resemblance to a flute is only coincidental.", "Other known [Upper Palaeolithic](/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic \"Upper Palaeolithic\") flutes made from the [limb](/wiki/Limb_%28anatomy%29 \"Limb (anatomy)\") bones of mammals show clear traces of artificial creation of holes which were carved or drilled with [stone tools](/wiki/Stone_tools \"Stone tools\"). In flutes made from thin, delicate [bird](/wiki/Bird \"Bird\") bones, the holes were made by grinding the bone cortex.Morley, I., 2013, The Prehistory of Music. Oxford. The edge of the holes on the Neanderthal flute differs from those on Upper Palaeolithic flutes and shows no conventional signs of human manufacture (i.e., cut marks). In addition, both ends of the Neanderthal flute show damage typical of gnawing by carnivores.", "* Francesco D'Errico (1998\\) made an analysis of the artifact in comparison to cave\\-bear bone accumulations where no hominid presence was known. After inspecting the artifact firsthand, D'Errico wrote that \"the presence of two or possibly three perforations on the suggested flute cannot therefore be considered as evidence of human manufacture, as this is a common feature in the studied sample.\" Of one sample, D'Errico stated that a \"femur of a young cave bear from the same site shows two holes very similar in size and shape to those on the supposed flute, recorded on the same face and in the same anatomical position.\"{{R\\|dErrico2003\\|p\\=37}}\n* Nowell and Chase (1998\\) published an analysis of the flute, stating \"the specimen has very clearly been heavily gnawed by a carnivore\", compared it to other well known specimens of similar bones, argued that notch 5 was likely created at the same time as hole 3 by the animal's opposing teeth, and that the heavy gnawing at both ends was evidence that the bone had not been cleared of marrow which would have been needed to play it as a flute. \"This is a chewed bone, nothing about it is inconsistent with this as an explanation, and nothing about the bone is very surprising given that it was heavily chewed.\"\n* Gerd Albrecht et al. (1998\\) conducted experiments with bones and stone tools and concluded that \"at this time there are no confirmed arguments for flutes made from bear bones, including the find from Divje Babe.\"{{R\\|Albrecht98\\|p\\=17\\|q\\=Es gibt zur Zeit keine hesicherten Argumente für Flöten aus Bärenknocken (miteingeschlossen der Fund aus Divje Babe)\\|language\\=German\\|a\\=q}}\n* Ian Morley (2006\\) wrote, in a review of many prior publications, \"it is most likely that the Divje babe I object as we see it today is the product of a number of stages (of) carnivore activity, and there is no need to invoke any hominin agency in the creation of the object.\"{{R\\|Morley06\\|p\\=329}}\n* Cajus Diedrich (2015\\) suggested the holes could be explained by scavenging from [spotted hyena](/wiki/Spotted_hyena \"Spotted hyena\").", "Turk has published many articles rebutting the carnivore origin over the decades since the bone was found.Turk, I., Dirjec J., Turk, M. 2014, Flute (musical instrument) 19 years after its discovery. Critique of the taphonomic interpretation of the find. In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 235–268\\.Turk, I., Turk, M., Toškan, B. 2016, *Could a cave hyena have made a musical instrument? A reply to Cajus G. Diedrich.* Arheološki vestnik 67, 401–407\\. In 2001, Turk's group made metal dental casts of cave bear, wolf and hyena [dentition](/wiki/Dentition \"Dentition\"). The casts were used to pierce juvenile and adult fresh brown bear femurs.Turk, I., Dirjec, J., Bastiani, G., Pflaum, M., Lauko, T., Cimerman, F., Kosel, F., Grum, J., Cevc, P. 2001, *New analyses of the »flute« from Divje babe I (Slovenia).* Arheološki vestnik 52, 25–79\\. Several arguments were made:\n* Only the canine teeth of a bear were a suitable match, but because of the oval cross\\-section of a bear's tooth it would be awkward for the bear to have aligned this bone correctly to produce the holes in this orientation.\n* Holes pierced with canine teeth have smooth edges, whereas the edges of the holes on the Neanderthal flute are irregular and serrated.\n* It would be impossible for a carnivore to make two or more holes on the thickest and the rigid central part of the juvenile femur without breaking it. (Morley disputed this: \"Turk et al. ... say that the diaphysis cracked in three out of eight experimental piercings. ... In summary, it would seem that the bone need not have shattered.\"{{R\\|Morley06\\|p\\=324}})", "Though he argues for Neanderthal origin of the artifact, Turk presumed that the V\\-fracture at the proximal end is a typical carnivore damage that occurred after the flute was no longer in use.", "### Argument for Neanderthal origin of the holes {{anchor\\|Neanderthal}}", "Arguments have been made by Turk and colleagues that it is possible for this artifact to be produced with known Neanderthal tools.", "Pointed stone tools appropriate for piercing bone were found in several Mousterian levels at Divje babe I.Turk, M. 2014\\. *Typology of stone artefacts.* In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic Site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 153–170\\. In addition, several ad hoc bone punches were found in Mousterian levels.Turk, M., Košir, A. 2017, *Mousterian osseous artefacts? The case of Divje babe I, Slovenia.* Quaternary International 450, 103\\-115\\.", "* Turk believed that micro\\-scores near hole 3 suggested the cut marks of [stone tools](/wiki/Stone_tool \"Stone tool\")., indicating artificial modification of the cortical bone before hole 3 was made, thinning the cortical bone where it is the thickest to facilitate perforation of the femur.\n* Turk found broken tips, fractures and macroscopic damage presented on some pointed stone tools. Turk and colleagues found experimentally that the same type of damage occurs if one hits the stone tool with a wooden [hammer](/wiki/Hammer \"Hammer\") when [chiselling](/wiki/Chisel \"Chisel\") and piercing bone.Bastiani, G., Dirjec, J., Turk, I. 2000, *Poskus ugotavljanja namembnosti kamenih artefaktov iz najdišča Divje babe I (Slovenija): Domneve o uporabi in obrabi nekaterih musterjenskih orodij. / Attempt to establish the purpose of stone artefacts from the Divje babe I site (Slovenia). Hypotheses on the use of and wear to some Mousterian tools (Summary)*. Arheološki vestnik 51, 13\\-69\\.\n* Using replicas of pointed stone tools, Giuliani Bastiani (1997\\) pierced bones with a previously undescribed method: he used the pointed stone tool simultaneously as a chisel and a punch, and succeeded in making holes in the fresh femur similar to those on the flute (i.e., holes with irregular, serrated edge).Bastiani, G., Turk, I. 1997, *Results from the experimental manufacture of a bone flute with stone tools.* In: Turk, I. (ed.), *Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site in Slovenia.* Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 176–178\\. The conclusion from this experiment was that the edge of the holes made in this way did not always show the characteristic cut marks left by a stone tool. However, the holes made by Bastiani did not have such pronounced funnel\\-shaped fractures around the inner edge, as found on the holes of the flute.\n* Following Bastiani's experiment, archaeologist Francois Zoltán Horusitzky (2003\\) used a pointed stone tool, first making a shallow pit in a fresh bone without piercing it, then inserted a bone punch into the pit and struck it with a wooden hammer to pierce the bone [cortex](/wiki/Cortex_%28anatomy%29 \"Cortex (anatomy)\"). The holes made with this technique have a pronounced funnel\\-shaped fracture around the inner edge and showed no conventional tool marks.Horusitzky, F.Z. 2003, *Les flûtes paléolithiques: Divje Babe I, Istállóskő*, Lokve, etc. Point de vue des experts et des contestataires (Critique de l'appréciation archéologique du spécimen no. 652 de Divje Babe I, et arguments pour la défence des spécimens Pb 51/20 et Pb 606 de MNM de Budapest). Arheološki vestnik 54, 45–66\\.Turk, I., Bastiani, G., Blackwell, B.A.B., Horusitzky, F.Z. 2003, *Putative Mousterian flute from Divje babe I (Slovenia): Pseudoartefact or true flute, or who made the holes?* Arheološki vestnik 54, 67–72\\.\n* Turk published a 2005 analysis of the specimen based on [computed tomography](/wiki/Computed_tomography \"Computed tomography\"), in which he concluded that \"the two partially preserved holes were formerly created before the damage ... or before the indisputable intervention of a carnivore.\"", "Iain Morley (2006\\) was critical of Kunej and Turk's assessment, noting that despite the large number of bones discovered at the site, \"only two \\[showed] other possible cases of human action ... and the subject\nfemur is the only one of 600 cave bear femurs to carry any such possible traces of human action.\"{{R\\|Morley06\\|p\\=327}} He concluded that \"the direct evidence for human agency is, at best, highly\nambiguous, and there is a lack of evidence of other possible human workmanship on the bone.\"{{R\\|Morley06\\|p\\=330}}", "### Argument for a musical instrument {{anchor\\|Design}}", "An additional argument for Neanderthal construction is that the artifact itself must be a flute, having the correct shape and proportions to be a musical instrument. Much of this argument hinges on whether the notches at the ends are evidence of 4 or 5 holes in the prior intact flute.", "* Turk (1997\\) wrote in his book that the holes have similar diameters which would accommodate fingertips, and all are circular instead of oval. All are in the proper ratio of bore size to hole size found in most flutes, and the bone is the kind (femur) usually used for bone flutes.\n* Turk believed that there was evidence that marrow had been cleared from the bone at time of use, which would have been necessary to use it as a flute, though Nowell disputed this:\n\t+ Turk et al. (1997\\) wrote that \"the marrow cavity is basically cleaned of spongiose. The colour of the marrow cavity does not differ from the colour of the external surface of the bone. So we may conclude that the marrow cavity was already open at the time ... Otherwise, it would be a darker colour than the surface of the bone, as we know from coloured marrow cavities of whole limb bones.\"{{R\\|Turk97\\|p\\=160}}\n\t+ April Nowell (1998\\) stated in an interview that \"at Turk's invitation, \\[Nowell] and Chase went to Slovenia last year ... They came away even more skeptical that the bear bone had ever emitted music. For one thing, both ends had clearly been gnawed away by something, perhaps a wolf, seeking greasy marrow. The holes could have simply been perforated in the process by pointed canine or carnassial teeth, and their roundness could be due to natural damage after the bone was abandoned. The presence of marrow suggests that no one had bothered to hollow out the bone as if to create an end\\-blown flute. Says Nowell, '\\[Turk's] willing to give it the benefit of the doubt, whereas we're not.{{'\"}}{{cite journal \\|first\\=Blake \\|last\\=Edgar \\|title\\=Could Neanderthals Carry a Tune? \\|url\\=http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/1998summer/stories/horizons.html \\|journal\\=California Wild \\|publisher\\=California Academy of Sciences \\|volume\\=51 \\|issue\\=3 \\[Summer] \\|year\\=1998 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-01\\-02 \\|format\\=subscription required \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312025921/http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/1998summer/stories/horizons.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* Bob Fink (1997\\) claimed that the spacing of the holes were consistent with four notes of the diatonic scale, however the required length he proposed for the intact bone caused it to be rejected by other researchers (see [diatonic scale](/wiki/%23Diatonic_scale \"#Diatonic scale\") below).\n* Marcel Otte (2000\\) wrote that \"the instrument consists of not two perforations (as Chase and Nowell indicate) but five (like five fingers of a hand): four on one side, one on the opposite side. ... The fifth hole appears at the base of the opposite side, at the natural location of the thumb.\"\n* Ljuben Dimkaroski (2011\\) created an experimental version of the flute with demonstrated musical capability, requiring only very conservative reconstruction of the existing artifact's shape (see [reconstruction](/wiki/%23Reconstruction \"#Reconstruction\") below).", "#### Diatonic scale", "[250px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Illustration of the diatonic flute by Bob Fink](/wiki/File:Image-Divje04.jpg \"Image-Divje04.jpg\")\nBob Fink (1997\\) claimed that the bone's holes were \"consistent with four notes of the [diatonic](/wiki/Diatonic \"Diatonic\") scale\" (do, re, mi, fa) based on the spacing of those four holes.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Early Music \\|year\\=1997 \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=276 \\|issue\\=5310 \\|pages\\=203–205 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.276\\.5310\\.203g\\|s2cid\\=220083771\\|url\\=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5310/203g\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001105644/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5310/203g\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He argued that this spacing of the holes on a modern diatonic flute are unique, and not arbitrarily spaced, and that with the correct total length of bone it would perfectly match this scale. After Kunej and Turk (2000\\) argued that due to the age of the bear cub, it could not be as long as proposed{{R\\|Turk00}}, Fink updated the argument on his personal website{{cite web \\| author\\=Fink, Bob \\| year\\=2003 \\| title\\=Who made Neanderthal Flute? Humans or carnivores? Summary of Turk's evidence \\| url\\=http://www.greenwych.ca/chewchip.htm \\| access\\-date\\=March 1, 2003 \\| archive\\-date\\=March 15, 2019 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315022556/http://www.greenwych.ca/chewchip.htm \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} with a proposition that the bone may have been extended with another section of bone{{R\\|Morley06\\|p\\=321}}.", "Nowell and Chase had been first to raise the counter\\-argument that the juvenile bear bone was too short to play those four holes in tune to any diatonic series of tones and half\\-tones, as proposed by Fink. Blake Edgar (1998\\) wrote in California Wild:\n{{quote\\|\\[Nowell] along with archeologist Philip Chase, had serious doubts as soon as they saw photos of the bone on the Internet. ... The Divje Babe bone bears some resemblance to the dozens of younger, uncontested bone flutes from European \\[\\[Upper Paleolithic]] sites. But, says Nowell, these obvious flutes are longer, have more holes, and exhibit telltale tool marks left from their manufacture. No such marks occur on the bear bone. Fink proposed that the spacing of the flute's holes matches music's standard diatonic scale. ... Nowell and Chase teamed with a more musically inclined colleague to show that the bear bone would need to be twice its natural total length to conform to a diatonic scale.}}", "Ljuben Dimkaroski (2011\\) created a reconstruction of the instrument based on his own research, which was able to play a diatonic scale, but in a very different way than proposed by Fink. See [reconstruction](/wiki/%23Reconstruction \"#Reconstruction\") below.", "#### Reconstruction", "[thumb\\|Tidldibab, replica of the flute](/wiki/File:Tdbb-ant-post.png \"Tdbb-ant-post.png\")\n[thumb\\|Ljuben Dimkaroski playing scales on Tidldibab, replica of the Divje Babe flute](/wiki/File:Dimkaroski-tdbb-scales.webm \"Dimkaroski-tdbb-scales.webm\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Collection of Tidldibab instruments, wooden replicas of the Divje Babe flute, made by Ljuben Dimkaroski](/wiki/File:Dimkoaroski-Tidldibab-les.png \"Dimkoaroski-Tidldibab-les.png\")", "Ljuben Dimkaroski created a replica instrument based on the proposed intact form of the flute. This replica has demonstrated that it could indeed be used as a flute, and produce well known musical scales. Though this artifact had been previously studied by several musical researchers,Kunej, D., Turk, I. 2000, \"New perspectives on the beginning of music: Archaeological and musicological analysis of a Middle Palaeolithic Bone »Flute«\". In: Wallin, N.L., Merker, B., Brown, S. (eds.), *The Origins of Music*. Cambridge MA, London, 235–268\\.Kunej, D. 1997, Acoustic findings on the basis of the reconstruction of a presumed bone flute. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 185\\-197\\. Omerzel–Terlep, M. 1996, Bone flutes. The beginning of the history of instrumental music in Slovenia, Europe and the world. Etnolog 6 (LVII), 292–294\\.Omerzel–Terlep, M. 1997, A typology of bone whistles, pipes and flutes and presumed palaeolithic wind instruments in Slovenia. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia. Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 199–218\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.greenwych.ca/fl\\-compl.htm \\|title\\=Access 9\\. 1\\. 2017 Fink, B. 1997, Neanderthal flute. Oldest musical instrument's 4 notes matches 4 of do, re, mi scale. Musicological analysis. \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-01\\-23 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-01\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127050555/http://www.greenwych.ca/fl\\-compl.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}Atema, J. 2004, Old bone flutes. Pan, Journal of the British Flute Society 23, 18–23\\.Horusitzky, F.Z. 2014, Analyse acoustique de la flûte avec souffle proximal. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 223–233\\. Ljuben Dimkaroski, a professional musician, undertook his own independent study in 2011\\.Dimkaroski, L. 2014, Musical research into the flute. From suspected to contemporary musical instrument. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 215–222\\.Dimkaroski, L. 2011, Musikinstrument der Neanderthaler. Zur Diskussion um die moustérienzaitliche Knochenflöte aus Divje babe I, Slowenien, aus technischer und musikologischer Sicht. Mittelungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 32, 45–54\\. In collaboration with Matija Turk, Dimkarowski created over 100 experimental wooden and bone replicas of the flute.{{cite book \\|first1\\=Matija \\|last1\\=Turk \\|first2\\=Ljuben \\|last2\\=Dimkaroski \\|chapter\\=Neandertalska piščal iz Divjih bab I: stara in nova spoznanja \\|trans\\-chapter\\=Neanderthal flute from Divje babe I: old and new findings \\|editor1\\-first\\=Borut \\|editor1\\-last\\=Toškan \\|year\\=2011 \\|title\\=Drobci ledenodobnega okolja. Zbornik ob življenjskem jubileju Ivana Turka \\|trans\\-title\\=Fragments of Ice Age environments. Proceedings in Honour of Ivan Turk's Jubilee \\|location\\=Ljubljana \\|publisher\\=Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU \\|pages\\=251–65 \\|isbn\\=978\\-961\\-254\\-257\\-3 \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.cox.si/tidldibab.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528181314/http://www.cox.si/tidldibab.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-28 }}", "Dimkaroski's replica oriented the instrument using the proximal end of the femur as a mouthpiece. On the anterior proximal part a straight sharpened edge is preserved, which Dimkaroski considered to be a remnant of the blowing edge of its [mouthpiece](/wiki/Mouthpiece_%28woodwind%29 \"Mouthpiece (woodwind)\"). With this orientation of the instrument, the role of hole 5 on the anterior side, becomes a [palm](/wiki/Hand \"Hand\") hole rather than a thumb hole as previously thought. In the reverse orientation, Dimkaroski found the location of this hole was too close to the mouthpiece and thus dysfunctional.", "The reconstructed instrument has three finger holes (holes 1–3\\) on the posterior side and a palm hole (hole 5\\) on the anterior side of the femur. Notch 4 is left as a notch, rather than reconstructing it as a hole. This forms an opening on the distal part with the function of a [bell](/wiki/Wind_instrument%23Bell \"Wind instrument#Bell\") or closure. With a finger of the right hand, the notch on the posterior distal side may be formed into an additional hole. The opening provides the possibility of playing on an open or closed bell, which additionally enriches the tonal range.", "The reconstructed flute has a capability of 3½ [octaves](/wiki/Octave \"Octave\"). Practiced performers have demonstrated its utility as a musical instrument.[RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra with Boštjan Gombač on Tidldibab, performing the \"Baba\" concerto by contemporary composer Žiga Stanič](https://365.rtvslo.si/arhiv/koncerti-kulturno-umetniski-program/174599663)", "According to Dimkaroski, the name \"flute\" is not appropriate for such an instrument, which could be considered a precursor of modern wind instruments. Since the instrument and the way it is played are not comparable to modern wind instruments, he named it TIDLDIBAB. The name is a composite word made up of the initials of the archaeologist who is credited with the discovery of the instrument (Turk Ivan), the musician and maker of its replicas (Dimkaroski Ljuben) and the name of its archaeological find spot (Divje Babe).", "" ]
### Argument for a musical instrument {{anchor\|Design}} An additional argument for Neanderthal construction is that the artifact itself must be a flute, having the correct shape and proportions to be a musical instrument. Much of this argument hinges on whether the notches at the ends are evidence of 4 or 5 holes in the prior intact flute. * Turk (1997\) wrote in his book that the holes have similar diameters which would accommodate fingertips, and all are circular instead of oval. All are in the proper ratio of bore size to hole size found in most flutes, and the bone is the kind (femur) usually used for bone flutes. * Turk believed that there was evidence that marrow had been cleared from the bone at time of use, which would have been necessary to use it as a flute, though Nowell disputed this: + Turk et al. (1997\) wrote that "the marrow cavity is basically cleaned of spongiose. The colour of the marrow cavity does not differ from the colour of the external surface of the bone. So we may conclude that the marrow cavity was already open at the time ... Otherwise, it would be a darker colour than the surface of the bone, as we know from coloured marrow cavities of whole limb bones."{{R\|Turk97\|p\=160}} + April Nowell (1998\) stated in an interview that "at Turk's invitation, \[Nowell] and Chase went to Slovenia last year ... They came away even more skeptical that the bear bone had ever emitted music. For one thing, both ends had clearly been gnawed away by something, perhaps a wolf, seeking greasy marrow. The holes could have simply been perforated in the process by pointed canine or carnassial teeth, and their roundness could be due to natural damage after the bone was abandoned. The presence of marrow suggests that no one had bothered to hollow out the bone as if to create an end\-blown flute. Says Nowell, '\[Turk's] willing to give it the benefit of the doubt, whereas we're not.{{'"}}{{cite journal \|first\=Blake \|last\=Edgar \|title\=Could Neanderthals Carry a Tune? \|url\=http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/1998summer/stories/horizons.html \|journal\=California Wild \|publisher\=California Academy of Sciences \|volume\=51 \|issue\=3 \[Summer] \|year\=1998 \|access\-date\=2007\-01\-02 \|format\=subscription required \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312025921/http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/1998summer/stories/horizons.html \|archive\-date\=2007\-03\-12 \|url\-status\=dead }} * Bob Fink (1997\) claimed that the spacing of the holes were consistent with four notes of the diatonic scale, however the required length he proposed for the intact bone caused it to be rejected by other researchers (see [diatonic scale](/wiki/%23Diatonic_scale "#Diatonic scale") below). * Marcel Otte (2000\) wrote that "the instrument consists of not two perforations (as Chase and Nowell indicate) but five (like five fingers of a hand): four on one side, one on the opposite side. ... The fifth hole appears at the base of the opposite side, at the natural location of the thumb." * Ljuben Dimkaroski (2011\) created an experimental version of the flute with demonstrated musical capability, requiring only very conservative reconstruction of the existing artifact's shape (see [reconstruction](/wiki/%23Reconstruction "#Reconstruction") below). #### Diatonic scale [250px\|thumb\|right\|Illustration of the diatonic flute by Bob Fink](/wiki/File:Image-Divje04.jpg "Image-Divje04.jpg") Bob Fink (1997\) claimed that the bone's holes were "consistent with four notes of the [diatonic](/wiki/Diatonic "Diatonic") scale" (do, re, mi, fa) based on the spacing of those four holes.{{cite journal \|title\=Early Music \|year\=1997 \|journal\=Science \|volume\=276 \|issue\=5310 \|pages\=203–205 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.276\.5310\.203g\|s2cid\=220083771\|url\=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5310/203g\|access\-date\=7 March 2007\|archive\-date\=1 October 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001105644/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5310/203g\|url\-status\=dead}} He argued that this spacing of the holes on a modern diatonic flute are unique, and not arbitrarily spaced, and that with the correct total length of bone it would perfectly match this scale. After Kunej and Turk (2000\) argued that due to the age of the bear cub, it could not be as long as proposed{{R\|Turk00}}, Fink updated the argument on his personal website{{cite web \| author\=Fink, Bob \| year\=2003 \| title\=Who made Neanderthal Flute? Humans or carnivores? Summary of Turk's evidence \| url\=http://www.greenwych.ca/chewchip.htm \| access\-date\=March 1, 2003 \| archive\-date\=March 15, 2019 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315022556/http://www.greenwych.ca/chewchip.htm \| url\-status\=dead }} with a proposition that the bone may have been extended with another section of bone{{R\|Morley06\|p\=321}}. Nowell and Chase had been first to raise the counter\-argument that the juvenile bear bone was too short to play those four holes in tune to any diatonic series of tones and half\-tones, as proposed by Fink. Blake Edgar (1998\) wrote in California Wild: {{quote\|\[Nowell] along with archeologist Philip Chase, had serious doubts as soon as they saw photos of the bone on the Internet. ... The Divje Babe bone bears some resemblance to the dozens of younger, uncontested bone flutes from European \[\[Upper Paleolithic]] sites. But, says Nowell, these obvious flutes are longer, have more holes, and exhibit telltale tool marks left from their manufacture. No such marks occur on the bear bone. Fink proposed that the spacing of the flute's holes matches music's standard diatonic scale. ... Nowell and Chase teamed with a more musically inclined colleague to show that the bear bone would need to be twice its natural total length to conform to a diatonic scale.}} Ljuben Dimkaroski (2011\) created a reconstruction of the instrument based on his own research, which was able to play a diatonic scale, but in a very different way than proposed by Fink. See [reconstruction](/wiki/%23Reconstruction "#Reconstruction") below. #### Reconstruction [thumb\|Tidldibab, replica of the flute](/wiki/File:Tdbb-ant-post.png "Tdbb-ant-post.png") [thumb\|Ljuben Dimkaroski playing scales on Tidldibab, replica of the Divje Babe flute](/wiki/File:Dimkaroski-tdbb-scales.webm "Dimkaroski-tdbb-scales.webm") [thumb\|right\|Collection of Tidldibab instruments, wooden replicas of the Divje Babe flute, made by Ljuben Dimkaroski](/wiki/File:Dimkoaroski-Tidldibab-les.png "Dimkoaroski-Tidldibab-les.png") Ljuben Dimkaroski created a replica instrument based on the proposed intact form of the flute. This replica has demonstrated that it could indeed be used as a flute, and produce well known musical scales. Though this artifact had been previously studied by several musical researchers,Kunej, D., Turk, I. 2000, "New perspectives on the beginning of music: Archaeological and musicological analysis of a Middle Palaeolithic Bone »Flute«". In: Wallin, N.L., Merker, B., Brown, S. (eds.), *The Origins of Music*. Cambridge MA, London, 235–268\.Kunej, D. 1997, Acoustic findings on the basis of the reconstruction of a presumed bone flute. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 185\-197\. Omerzel–Terlep, M. 1996, Bone flutes. The beginning of the history of instrumental music in Slovenia, Europe and the world. Etnolog 6 (LVII), 292–294\.Omerzel–Terlep, M. 1997, A typology of bone whistles, pipes and flutes and presumed palaeolithic wind instruments in Slovenia. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia. Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 199–218\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.greenwych.ca/fl\-compl.htm \|title\=Access 9\. 1\. 2017 Fink, B. 1997, Neanderthal flute. Oldest musical instrument's 4 notes matches 4 of do, re, mi scale. Musicological analysis. \|access\-date\=2006\-01\-23 \|archive\-date\=2007\-01\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127050555/http://www.greenwych.ca/fl\-compl.htm \|url\-status\=dead }}Atema, J. 2004, Old bone flutes. Pan, Journal of the British Flute Society 23, 18–23\.Horusitzky, F.Z. 2014, Analyse acoustique de la flûte avec souffle proximal. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 223–233\. Ljuben Dimkaroski, a professional musician, undertook his own independent study in 2011\.Dimkaroski, L. 2014, Musical research into the flute. From suspected to contemporary musical instrument. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 215–222\.Dimkaroski, L. 2011, Musikinstrument der Neanderthaler. Zur Diskussion um die moustérienzaitliche Knochenflöte aus Divje babe I, Slowenien, aus technischer und musikologischer Sicht. Mittelungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 32, 45–54\. In collaboration with Matija Turk, Dimkarowski created over 100 experimental wooden and bone replicas of the flute.{{cite book \|first1\=Matija \|last1\=Turk \|first2\=Ljuben \|last2\=Dimkaroski \|chapter\=Neandertalska piščal iz Divjih bab I: stara in nova spoznanja \|trans\-chapter\=Neanderthal flute from Divje babe I: old and new findings \|editor1\-first\=Borut \|editor1\-last\=Toškan \|year\=2011 \|title\=Drobci ledenodobnega okolja. Zbornik ob življenjskem jubileju Ivana Turka \|trans\-title\=Fragments of Ice Age environments. Proceedings in Honour of Ivan Turk's Jubilee \|location\=Ljubljana \|publisher\=Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU \|pages\=251–65 \|isbn\=978\-961\-254\-257\-3 \|chapter\-url\=http://www.cox.si/tidldibab.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528181314/http://www.cox.si/tidldibab.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-28 }} Dimkaroski's replica oriented the instrument using the proximal end of the femur as a mouthpiece. On the anterior proximal part a straight sharpened edge is preserved, which Dimkaroski considered to be a remnant of the blowing edge of its [mouthpiece](/wiki/Mouthpiece_%28woodwind%29 "Mouthpiece (woodwind)"). With this orientation of the instrument, the role of hole 5 on the anterior side, becomes a [palm](/wiki/Hand "Hand") hole rather than a thumb hole as previously thought. In the reverse orientation, Dimkaroski found the location of this hole was too close to the mouthpiece and thus dysfunctional. The reconstructed instrument has three finger holes (holes 1–3\) on the posterior side and a palm hole (hole 5\) on the anterior side of the femur. Notch 4 is left as a notch, rather than reconstructing it as a hole. This forms an opening on the distal part with the function of a [bell](/wiki/Wind_instrument%23Bell "Wind instrument#Bell") or closure. With a finger of the right hand, the notch on the posterior distal side may be formed into an additional hole. The opening provides the possibility of playing on an open or closed bell, which additionally enriches the tonal range. The reconstructed flute has a capability of 3½ [octaves](/wiki/Octave "Octave"). Practiced performers have demonstrated its utility as a musical instrument.[RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra with Boštjan Gombač on Tidldibab, performing the "Baba" concerto by contemporary composer Žiga Stanič](https://365.rtvslo.si/arhiv/koncerti-kulturno-umetniski-program/174599663) According to Dimkaroski, the name "flute" is not appropriate for such an instrument, which could be considered a precursor of modern wind instruments. Since the instrument and the way it is played are not comparable to modern wind instruments, he named it TIDLDIBAB. The name is a composite word made up of the initials of the archaeologist who is credited with the discovery of the instrument (Turk Ivan), the musician and maker of its replicas (Dimkaroski Ljuben) and the name of its archaeological find spot (Divje Babe).
[ "### Argument for a musical instrument {{anchor\\|Design}}", "An additional argument for Neanderthal construction is that the artifact itself must be a flute, having the correct shape and proportions to be a musical instrument. Much of this argument hinges on whether the notches at the ends are evidence of 4 or 5 holes in the prior intact flute.", "* Turk (1997\\) wrote in his book that the holes have similar diameters which would accommodate fingertips, and all are circular instead of oval. All are in the proper ratio of bore size to hole size found in most flutes, and the bone is the kind (femur) usually used for bone flutes.\n* Turk believed that there was evidence that marrow had been cleared from the bone at time of use, which would have been necessary to use it as a flute, though Nowell disputed this:\n\t+ Turk et al. (1997\\) wrote that \"the marrow cavity is basically cleaned of spongiose. The colour of the marrow cavity does not differ from the colour of the external surface of the bone. So we may conclude that the marrow cavity was already open at the time ... Otherwise, it would be a darker colour than the surface of the bone, as we know from coloured marrow cavities of whole limb bones.\"{{R\\|Turk97\\|p\\=160}}\n\t+ April Nowell (1998\\) stated in an interview that \"at Turk's invitation, \\[Nowell] and Chase went to Slovenia last year ... They came away even more skeptical that the bear bone had ever emitted music. For one thing, both ends had clearly been gnawed away by something, perhaps a wolf, seeking greasy marrow. The holes could have simply been perforated in the process by pointed canine or carnassial teeth, and their roundness could be due to natural damage after the bone was abandoned. The presence of marrow suggests that no one had bothered to hollow out the bone as if to create an end\\-blown flute. Says Nowell, '\\[Turk's] willing to give it the benefit of the doubt, whereas we're not.{{'\"}}{{cite journal \\|first\\=Blake \\|last\\=Edgar \\|title\\=Could Neanderthals Carry a Tune? \\|url\\=http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/1998summer/stories/horizons.html \\|journal\\=California Wild \\|publisher\\=California Academy of Sciences \\|volume\\=51 \\|issue\\=3 \\[Summer] \\|year\\=1998 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-01\\-02 \\|format\\=subscription required \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312025921/http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/1998summer/stories/horizons.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n* Bob Fink (1997\\) claimed that the spacing of the holes were consistent with four notes of the diatonic scale, however the required length he proposed for the intact bone caused it to be rejected by other researchers (see [diatonic scale](/wiki/%23Diatonic_scale \"#Diatonic scale\") below).\n* Marcel Otte (2000\\) wrote that \"the instrument consists of not two perforations (as Chase and Nowell indicate) but five (like five fingers of a hand): four on one side, one on the opposite side. ... The fifth hole appears at the base of the opposite side, at the natural location of the thumb.\"\n* Ljuben Dimkaroski (2011\\) created an experimental version of the flute with demonstrated musical capability, requiring only very conservative reconstruction of the existing artifact's shape (see [reconstruction](/wiki/%23Reconstruction \"#Reconstruction\") below).", "#### Diatonic scale", "[250px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Illustration of the diatonic flute by Bob Fink](/wiki/File:Image-Divje04.jpg \"Image-Divje04.jpg\")\nBob Fink (1997\\) claimed that the bone's holes were \"consistent with four notes of the [diatonic](/wiki/Diatonic \"Diatonic\") scale\" (do, re, mi, fa) based on the spacing of those four holes.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Early Music \\|year\\=1997 \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=276 \\|issue\\=5310 \\|pages\\=203–205 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.276\\.5310\\.203g\\|s2cid\\=220083771\\|url\\=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5310/203g\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001105644/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5310/203g\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He argued that this spacing of the holes on a modern diatonic flute are unique, and not arbitrarily spaced, and that with the correct total length of bone it would perfectly match this scale. After Kunej and Turk (2000\\) argued that due to the age of the bear cub, it could not be as long as proposed{{R\\|Turk00}}, Fink updated the argument on his personal website{{cite web \\| author\\=Fink, Bob \\| year\\=2003 \\| title\\=Who made Neanderthal Flute? Humans or carnivores? Summary of Turk's evidence \\| url\\=http://www.greenwych.ca/chewchip.htm \\| access\\-date\\=March 1, 2003 \\| archive\\-date\\=March 15, 2019 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315022556/http://www.greenwych.ca/chewchip.htm \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} with a proposition that the bone may have been extended with another section of bone{{R\\|Morley06\\|p\\=321}}.", "Nowell and Chase had been first to raise the counter\\-argument that the juvenile bear bone was too short to play those four holes in tune to any diatonic series of tones and half\\-tones, as proposed by Fink. Blake Edgar (1998\\) wrote in California Wild:\n{{quote\\|\\[Nowell] along with archeologist Philip Chase, had serious doubts as soon as they saw photos of the bone on the Internet. ... The Divje Babe bone bears some resemblance to the dozens of younger, uncontested bone flutes from European \\[\\[Upper Paleolithic]] sites. But, says Nowell, these obvious flutes are longer, have more holes, and exhibit telltale tool marks left from their manufacture. No such marks occur on the bear bone. Fink proposed that the spacing of the flute's holes matches music's standard diatonic scale. ... Nowell and Chase teamed with a more musically inclined colleague to show that the bear bone would need to be twice its natural total length to conform to a diatonic scale.}}", "Ljuben Dimkaroski (2011\\) created a reconstruction of the instrument based on his own research, which was able to play a diatonic scale, but in a very different way than proposed by Fink. See [reconstruction](/wiki/%23Reconstruction \"#Reconstruction\") below.", "#### Reconstruction", "[thumb\\|Tidldibab, replica of the flute](/wiki/File:Tdbb-ant-post.png \"Tdbb-ant-post.png\")\n[thumb\\|Ljuben Dimkaroski playing scales on Tidldibab, replica of the Divje Babe flute](/wiki/File:Dimkaroski-tdbb-scales.webm \"Dimkaroski-tdbb-scales.webm\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Collection of Tidldibab instruments, wooden replicas of the Divje Babe flute, made by Ljuben Dimkaroski](/wiki/File:Dimkoaroski-Tidldibab-les.png \"Dimkoaroski-Tidldibab-les.png\")", "Ljuben Dimkaroski created a replica instrument based on the proposed intact form of the flute. This replica has demonstrated that it could indeed be used as a flute, and produce well known musical scales. Though this artifact had been previously studied by several musical researchers,Kunej, D., Turk, I. 2000, \"New perspectives on the beginning of music: Archaeological and musicological analysis of a Middle Palaeolithic Bone »Flute«\". In: Wallin, N.L., Merker, B., Brown, S. (eds.), *The Origins of Music*. Cambridge MA, London, 235–268\\.Kunej, D. 1997, Acoustic findings on the basis of the reconstruction of a presumed bone flute. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 185\\-197\\. Omerzel–Terlep, M. 1996, Bone flutes. The beginning of the history of instrumental music in Slovenia, Europe and the world. Etnolog 6 (LVII), 292–294\\.Omerzel–Terlep, M. 1997, A typology of bone whistles, pipes and flutes and presumed palaeolithic wind instruments in Slovenia. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia. Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 199–218\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.greenwych.ca/fl\\-compl.htm \\|title\\=Access 9\\. 1\\. 2017 Fink, B. 1997, Neanderthal flute. Oldest musical instrument's 4 notes matches 4 of do, re, mi scale. Musicological analysis. \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-01\\-23 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-01\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127050555/http://www.greenwych.ca/fl\\-compl.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}Atema, J. 2004, Old bone flutes. Pan, Journal of the British Flute Society 23, 18–23\\.Horusitzky, F.Z. 2014, Analyse acoustique de la flûte avec souffle proximal. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 223–233\\. Ljuben Dimkaroski, a professional musician, undertook his own independent study in 2011\\.Dimkaroski, L. 2014, Musical research into the flute. From suspected to contemporary musical instrument. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 215–222\\.Dimkaroski, L. 2011, Musikinstrument der Neanderthaler. Zur Diskussion um die moustérienzaitliche Knochenflöte aus Divje babe I, Slowenien, aus technischer und musikologischer Sicht. Mittelungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 32, 45–54\\. In collaboration with Matija Turk, Dimkarowski created over 100 experimental wooden and bone replicas of the flute.{{cite book \\|first1\\=Matija \\|last1\\=Turk \\|first2\\=Ljuben \\|last2\\=Dimkaroski \\|chapter\\=Neandertalska piščal iz Divjih bab I: stara in nova spoznanja \\|trans\\-chapter\\=Neanderthal flute from Divje babe I: old and new findings \\|editor1\\-first\\=Borut \\|editor1\\-last\\=Toškan \\|year\\=2011 \\|title\\=Drobci ledenodobnega okolja. Zbornik ob življenjskem jubileju Ivana Turka \\|trans\\-title\\=Fragments of Ice Age environments. Proceedings in Honour of Ivan Turk's Jubilee \\|location\\=Ljubljana \\|publisher\\=Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU \\|pages\\=251–65 \\|isbn\\=978\\-961\\-254\\-257\\-3 \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://www.cox.si/tidldibab.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528181314/http://www.cox.si/tidldibab.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-28 }}", "Dimkaroski's replica oriented the instrument using the proximal end of the femur as a mouthpiece. On the anterior proximal part a straight sharpened edge is preserved, which Dimkaroski considered to be a remnant of the blowing edge of its [mouthpiece](/wiki/Mouthpiece_%28woodwind%29 \"Mouthpiece (woodwind)\"). With this orientation of the instrument, the role of hole 5 on the anterior side, becomes a [palm](/wiki/Hand \"Hand\") hole rather than a thumb hole as previously thought. In the reverse orientation, Dimkaroski found the location of this hole was too close to the mouthpiece and thus dysfunctional.", "The reconstructed instrument has three finger holes (holes 1–3\\) on the posterior side and a palm hole (hole 5\\) on the anterior side of the femur. Notch 4 is left as a notch, rather than reconstructing it as a hole. This forms an opening on the distal part with the function of a [bell](/wiki/Wind_instrument%23Bell \"Wind instrument#Bell\") or closure. With a finger of the right hand, the notch on the posterior distal side may be formed into an additional hole. The opening provides the possibility of playing on an open or closed bell, which additionally enriches the tonal range.", "The reconstructed flute has a capability of 3½ [octaves](/wiki/Octave \"Octave\"). Practiced performers have demonstrated its utility as a musical instrument.[RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra with Boštjan Gombač on Tidldibab, performing the \"Baba\" concerto by contemporary composer Žiga Stanič](https://365.rtvslo.si/arhiv/koncerti-kulturno-umetniski-program/174599663)", "According to Dimkaroski, the name \"flute\" is not appropriate for such an instrument, which could be considered a precursor of modern wind instruments. Since the instrument and the way it is played are not comparable to modern wind instruments, he named it TIDLDIBAB. The name is a composite word made up of the initials of the archaeologist who is credited with the discovery of the instrument (Turk Ivan), the musician and maker of its replicas (Dimkaroski Ljuben) and the name of its archaeological find spot (Divje Babe).", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- Yuh started his pro career in 1982\. Yuh's pro debut came against Byung\-Boum Choi in [Chinju](/wiki/Chinju "Chinju"), on March 3\. Yuh won a 4 round decision. Yuh would go on to win his next six fights, all by decision in 4 rounds. Yuh's first fight beyond the minimum 4 round distance came against Hyo\-Young Park in July 82, winning a 6 round decision. In his 8th fight, Yuh faced Ki\-Chang Kim in an 8 round fight in [Daegu](/wiki/Daegu "Daegu"). Yuh won a unanimous decision to remain undefeated. Kim would go on to hold both the Korean National and [OPBF](/wiki/Oriental_and_Pacific_Boxing_Federation "Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation") [super flyweight](/wiki/Super_flyweight "Super flyweight") titles. Kim also earned a shot at the [IBF](/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation "International Boxing Federation") [super flyweight](/wiki/Super_flyweight "Super flyweight") title later in his career. Two fights later, Yuh decisioned Rae\-Ki Ahn over 8 rounds, Ahn would go on to hold the Korean National Flyweight Title and earn a title shot at the [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council "World Boxing Council") [flyweight](/wiki/Flyweight "Flyweight") title. Yuh next decisioned future Korean National [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight "Light flyweight") title holder Ha\-Shik Lim, then scored his first stoppage win with a second round KO over Little Baguio. Baguio was a 2\-time Philippine National [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight "Light flyweight") title holder. Yuh's 15th pro fight proved that he was a true contender. Yuh defeated future [IBF](/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation "International Boxing Federation") [flyweight](/wiki/Flyweight "Flyweight") [champion](/wiki/Champion "Champion") Bi Won Chung. Yuh defeated Chung via a 10 round decision. Yuh Myung\-woo won his first professional title in his 16th fight, capturing the vacant [OPBF](/wiki/Oriental_and_Pacific_Boxing_Federation "Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight "Light flyweight") title with a 3rd round Knockout of Edwin Inocencio. This fight took place on December 2, 1984 at the Munhwa Gymnasium in Seoul, South Korea. Inocencio was the reigning Philippine National [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight "Light flyweight") champion at the time. Yuh would defend the [OPBF](/wiki/Oriental_and_Pacific_Boxing_Federation "Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation") title once, a 3rd round KO of Tubagus Jaya, and score another non\-title victory before challenging for his first world title. On December 8, 1985, Yuh challenged reigning [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association "World Boxing Association") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight "Light flyweight") champion [Joey Olivo](/wiki/Joey_Olivo "Joey Olivo"). Yuh defeated the Mexican\-American champion by split decision over 15 rounds to capture his first World Title. Yuh won by scores of 146\-141, 143\-145 and 148\-142\. Yuh became the second Korean fighter to hold this title, Hwan Jin Kim had held it briefly in 1981\. Yuh's first title defense came against future [WBO](/wiki/World_Boxing_Organization "World Boxing Organization") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight "Light flyweight") champion [Jose De Jesus](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Jes%C3%BAs_%28boxer%29 "José de Jesús (boxer)"). Yuh won a hard fought 15 round unanimous decision by scores of 144\-141, 144\-143 and 146\-141\. These two would fight again two years later with Yuh once again taking a decision. Yuh scored 3 stoppage victories in his next four title defenses, including the only 1st round KO victory of his career, crushing Eduardo Tunon at 2:46 of the opening round. Future [IBF](/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation "International Boxing Federation") [flyweight](/wiki/Flyweight "Flyweight") champion Rodolfo Blanco would fall in 8 rounds in Yuh's 6th defense which took place at Sunin University at [Incheon](/wiki/Incheon "Incheon"), on September 9, 1987\. Yuh Myung\-woo's 7th title defense came against career trial horse Willy Salazar. Salazar never held a World title in his career, despite holding victories over former \& future champions. Salazar would hold the [NABF](/wiki/North_American_Boxing_Federation "North American Boxing Federation") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight "Light flyweight"), the Mexican National [flyweight](/wiki/Flyweight "Flyweight") and [super flyweight](/wiki/Super_flyweight "Super flyweight"), and the [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council "World Boxing Council") Continental Americas [super flyweight](/wiki/Super_flyweight "Super flyweight") titles during his career. Salazar also was responsible for handing 2\-time world champion [Danny Romero](/wiki/Danny_Romero_%28boxer%29 "Danny Romero (boxer)") his first loss of his career. Yuh's next four title defenses came against Jose De Jesus, a split decision over 12 rounds, and stoppage victories over Putt Ohyuthanakom, Udin Baharudin and Katsumi Komiyama. Yuh's 12th title defense came against Mario Alberto De Marco in June 1989\. Yuh won a unanimous decision over 12 rounds, by scores of 118\-113, 118\-115 and 119\-114\. Yuh feasted on Japanese challengers in his next two defenses, scoring an 11th round stoppage of Kenbun Taiho and a 7th round KO over future [OPBF](/wiki/Oriental_and_Pacific_Boxing_Federation "Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation") flyweight champion Hisashi Tokushima. On April 29, 1990, Yuh faced the toughest fighter of his career in his 15th title defense. Yuh defeated former [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association "World Boxing Association") [minimum weight](/wiki/Strawweight "Strawweight") champion [Leo Gamez](/wiki/Leo_Gamez "Leo Gamez") by split decision over 12 rounds. The scores were 116\-113, 117\-115 and 114\-116\. Gamez had entered this fight an undefeated fighter, with a record of 20\-0\. None of the judges were from South Korea. Due to the closeness of their first outing, Yuh and Gamez faced each other in a rematch held on November 11, 1990\. This time, Yuh won by unanimous decision, 116\-112, 117\-111 and 118\-112\. Gamez would go on to become one of 9 men in boxing history to have held world titles in four different weight classes. Gamez would go on to capture the [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association "World Boxing Association") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight "Light flyweight") title at a later date, and to win both the [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association "World Boxing Association") [flyweight](/wiki/Flyweight "Flyweight") \& the [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association "World Boxing Association") [super flyweight](/wiki/Super_flyweight "Super flyweight") titles. Yuh Myung\-woo's record 17th title defense came against Kajkong Danphuthai on April 28, 1991\. Yuh knocked out Danphuthai in the 10th round. On December 12, 1991, Yuh stepped into the ring as a heavy favorite to make his 18th successful defense against former [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council "World Boxing Council") [strawweight](/wiki/Strawweight "Strawweight") champion [Hiroki Ioka](/wiki/Hiroki_Ioka "Hiroki Ioka"). This fight was to be the first fight of Yuh's career held outside his native South Korea. At Prefectural Gymnasium in [Osaka, Japan](/wiki/Osaka%2C_Japan "Osaka, Japan"), Ioka scored a 12 round split decision victory over Yuh by scores of 113\-115, 117\-112 and 115\-113 to capture the [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association "World Boxing Association") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight "Light flyweight") title. All three judges for this fight, Harold Lederman, Oscar Perez and Phil Newman were from the United States. After losing his title, Yuh would spend almost a year outside of the ring awaiting a rematch. During this time Ioka would make 2 successful title defenses. On November 18, 1992, Yuh returned to Japan to the same arena where he had lost his title, to reclaim it with a 12 round majority decision over Hiroki Ioka. Yuh reclaimed his [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association "World Boxing Association") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight "Light flyweight") title by scores of 114\-114, 117\-112 and 119\-111\. Once again, all three judges were from neutral countries.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/11/18/Yuh\-regains\-WBA\-light\-flyweight\-title/8929722062800/\|title\=Yuh regains WBA light\-flyweight title\|publisher\=United Press International\|access\-date\=2023\-02\-25}} Yuh would make one more appearance in the ring before retiring as the most storied 108\-pound fighter ever. On July 25, 1993, Yuh decisioned Yuichi Hosono over 12 rounds to retain his title, the only title defense of his second reign.
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "Yuh started his pro career in 1982\\. Yuh's pro debut came against Byung\\-Boum Choi in [Chinju](/wiki/Chinju \"Chinju\"), on March 3\\. Yuh won a 4 round decision. Yuh would go on to win his next six fights, all by decision in 4 rounds. Yuh's first fight beyond the minimum 4 round distance came against Hyo\\-Young Park in July 82, winning a 6 round decision.", "In his 8th fight, Yuh faced Ki\\-Chang Kim in an 8 round fight in [Daegu](/wiki/Daegu \"Daegu\"). Yuh won a unanimous decision to remain undefeated. Kim would go on to hold both the Korean National and [OPBF](/wiki/Oriental_and_Pacific_Boxing_Federation \"Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation\") [super flyweight](/wiki/Super_flyweight \"Super flyweight\") titles. Kim also earned a shot at the [IBF](/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation \"International Boxing Federation\") [super flyweight](/wiki/Super_flyweight \"Super flyweight\") title later in his career.", "Two fights later, Yuh decisioned Rae\\-Ki Ahn over 8 rounds, Ahn would go on to hold the Korean National Flyweight Title and earn a title shot at the [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council \"World Boxing Council\") [flyweight](/wiki/Flyweight \"Flyweight\") title.", "Yuh next decisioned future Korean National [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\") title holder Ha\\-Shik Lim, then scored his first stoppage win with a second round KO over Little Baguio. Baguio was a 2\\-time Philippine National [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\") title holder.", "Yuh's 15th pro fight proved that he was a true contender. Yuh defeated future [IBF](/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation \"International Boxing Federation\") [flyweight](/wiki/Flyweight \"Flyweight\") [champion](/wiki/Champion \"Champion\") Bi Won Chung. Yuh defeated Chung via a 10 round decision.", "Yuh Myung\\-woo won his first professional title in his 16th fight, capturing the vacant [OPBF](/wiki/Oriental_and_Pacific_Boxing_Federation \"Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation\") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\") title with a 3rd round Knockout of Edwin Inocencio. This fight took place on December 2, 1984 at the Munhwa Gymnasium in Seoul, South Korea. Inocencio was the reigning Philippine National [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\") champion at the time.", "Yuh would defend the [OPBF](/wiki/Oriental_and_Pacific_Boxing_Federation \"Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation\") title once, a 3rd round KO of Tubagus Jaya, and score another non\\-title victory before challenging for his first world title.", "On December 8, 1985, Yuh challenged reigning [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association \"World Boxing Association\") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\") champion [Joey Olivo](/wiki/Joey_Olivo \"Joey Olivo\"). Yuh defeated the Mexican\\-American champion by split decision over 15 rounds to capture his first World Title. Yuh won by scores of 146\\-141, 143\\-145 and 148\\-142\\. Yuh became the second Korean fighter to hold this title, Hwan Jin Kim had held it briefly in 1981\\.", "Yuh's first title defense came against future [WBO](/wiki/World_Boxing_Organization \"World Boxing Organization\") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\") champion [Jose De Jesus](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Jes%C3%BAs_%28boxer%29 \"José de Jesús (boxer)\"). Yuh won a hard fought 15 round unanimous decision by scores of 144\\-141, 144\\-143 and 146\\-141\\. These two would fight again two years later with Yuh once again taking a decision.", "Yuh scored 3 stoppage victories in his next four title defenses, including the only 1st round KO victory of his career, crushing Eduardo Tunon at 2:46 of the opening round.", "Future [IBF](/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation \"International Boxing Federation\") [flyweight](/wiki/Flyweight \"Flyweight\") champion Rodolfo Blanco would fall in 8 rounds in Yuh's 6th defense which took place at Sunin University at [Incheon](/wiki/Incheon \"Incheon\"), on September 9, 1987\\.", "Yuh Myung\\-woo's 7th title defense came against career trial horse Willy Salazar. Salazar never held a World title in his career, despite holding victories over former \\& future champions. Salazar would hold the [NABF](/wiki/North_American_Boxing_Federation \"North American Boxing Federation\") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\"), the Mexican National [flyweight](/wiki/Flyweight \"Flyweight\") and [super flyweight](/wiki/Super_flyweight \"Super flyweight\"), and the [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council \"World Boxing Council\") Continental Americas [super flyweight](/wiki/Super_flyweight \"Super flyweight\") titles during his career. Salazar also was responsible for handing 2\\-time world champion [Danny Romero](/wiki/Danny_Romero_%28boxer%29 \"Danny Romero (boxer)\") his first loss of his career.", "Yuh's next four title defenses came against Jose De Jesus, a split decision over 12 rounds, and stoppage victories over Putt Ohyuthanakom, Udin Baharudin and Katsumi Komiyama.", "Yuh's 12th title defense came against Mario Alberto De Marco in June 1989\\. Yuh won a unanimous decision over 12 rounds, by scores of 118\\-113, 118\\-115 and 119\\-114\\. Yuh feasted on Japanese challengers in his next two defenses, scoring an 11th round stoppage of Kenbun Taiho and a 7th round KO over future [OPBF](/wiki/Oriental_and_Pacific_Boxing_Federation \"Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation\") flyweight champion Hisashi Tokushima.", "On April 29, 1990, Yuh faced the toughest fighter of his career in his 15th title defense. Yuh defeated former [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association \"World Boxing Association\") [minimum weight](/wiki/Strawweight \"Strawweight\") champion [Leo Gamez](/wiki/Leo_Gamez \"Leo Gamez\") by split decision over 12 rounds. The scores were 116\\-113, 117\\-115 and 114\\-116\\. Gamez had entered this fight an undefeated fighter, with a record of 20\\-0\\. None of the judges were from South Korea.", "Due to the closeness of their first outing, Yuh and Gamez faced each other in a rematch held on November 11, 1990\\. This time, Yuh won by unanimous decision, 116\\-112, 117\\-111 and 118\\-112\\. Gamez would go on to become one of 9 men in boxing history to have held world titles in four different weight classes. Gamez would go on to capture the [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association \"World Boxing Association\") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\") title at a later date, and to win both the [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association \"World Boxing Association\") [flyweight](/wiki/Flyweight \"Flyweight\") \\& the [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association \"World Boxing Association\") [super flyweight](/wiki/Super_flyweight \"Super flyweight\") titles.", "Yuh Myung\\-woo's record 17th title defense came against Kajkong Danphuthai on April 28, 1991\\. Yuh knocked out Danphuthai in the 10th round.", "On December 12, 1991, Yuh stepped into the ring as a heavy favorite to make his 18th successful defense against former [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council \"World Boxing Council\") [strawweight](/wiki/Strawweight \"Strawweight\") champion [Hiroki Ioka](/wiki/Hiroki_Ioka \"Hiroki Ioka\"). This fight was to be the first fight of Yuh's career held outside his native South Korea. At Prefectural Gymnasium in [Osaka, Japan](/wiki/Osaka%2C_Japan \"Osaka, Japan\"), Ioka scored a 12 round split decision victory over Yuh by scores of 113\\-115, 117\\-112 and 115\\-113 to capture the [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association \"World Boxing Association\") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\") title. All three judges for this fight, Harold Lederman, Oscar Perez and Phil Newman were from the United States.", "After losing his title, Yuh would spend almost a year outside of the ring awaiting a rematch. During this time Ioka would make 2 successful title defenses.", "On November 18, 1992, Yuh returned to Japan to the same arena where he had lost his title, to reclaim it with a 12 round majority decision over Hiroki Ioka. Yuh reclaimed his [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association \"World Boxing Association\") [light flyweight](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\") title by scores of 114\\-114, 117\\-112 and 119\\-111\\. Once again, all three judges were from neutral countries.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/11/18/Yuh\\-regains\\-WBA\\-light\\-flyweight\\-title/8929722062800/\\|title\\=Yuh regains WBA light\\-flyweight title\\|publisher\\=United Press International\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-25}}", "Yuh would make one more appearance in the ring before retiring as the most storied 108\\-pound fighter ever. On July 25, 1993, Yuh decisioned Yuichi Hosono over 12 rounds to retain his title, the only title defense of his second reign.", "" ]
History ------- ### Numidian, then Roman city *Mactaris* was inhabited as early as the 8th millennium BC, as evidenced by the [fossilized](/wiki/Fossil "Fossil") snails' presence. The city was probably founded by [Libyan](/wiki/Ancient_Libya "Ancient Libya") populations, as indicated by the toponym *MKTRM*, translated into [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") as *Mactaris*. In the [3rd](/wiki/3rd_century_BC "3rd century BC") and [2nd](/wiki/2nd_century_BC "2nd century BC") centuries BC, it was a relevant Numidian city that formed a privileged alliance with Carthage under the reign of King [Massinissa](/wiki/Masinissa "Masinissa") ([202](/wiki/202_BC "202 BC")–[148 BC](/wiki/148_BC "148 BC")). The city benefited from the development of Carthage before receiving large numbers of refugees when Carthage fell in [146 BC](/wiki/146_BC "146 BC"). Massinissa finally took the city in [149 BC](/wiki/149_BC "149 BC").{{Cite book \|last1\=Lancel \|first1\=Serge \|title\=Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique \|last2\=Charles\-Picard \|first2\=Gilbert \|date\=1992 \|publisher\=Brepols \|isbn\=2503500331 \|publication\-place\=Turnhout \|pages\=270 \|language\=fr \|chapter\=Maktar}} The Neo\-Punic period saw a definite development: stelae from the 1st century found at Bab El Aïn testify to the presence of a [tophet](/wiki/Tophet_%28sanctuaries%29 "Tophet (sanctuaries)"); the main deity at that time was [Baal Hammon](/wiki/Baal_Hammon "Baal Hammon"). [thumb\|Archaeological site map.](/wiki/File:Maktar_plan_ruines.jpg "Maktar plan ruines.jpg") *Mactaris* underwent a late but real Romanization: In [46 BC](/wiki/46_BC "46 BC"), it obtained the status of a free city, but maintained three [shophets](/wiki/Shophet "Shophet") in its local institutions until the beginning of the [2nd century](/wiki/2nd_century "2nd century"), perhaps due to Numidian influence; [triumvirs](/wiki/Triumvirate "Triumvirate") replaced these magistrates in the same century. Some families became Roman citizens under [Emperor](/wiki/Roman_emperor "Roman emperor") [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan"), and some attained [equestrian rank](/wiki/Equites "Equites") as early as the reign of [Commodus](/wiki/Commodus "Commodus"). Promoted as a [colony](/wiki/Colonia_%28Roman%29 "Colonia (Roman)") under the name of *Colonia Aelia Aurelia Mactaris* between [176](/wiki/176 "176") and [180](/wiki/180 "180"), the city benefited from the [Roman peace](/wiki/Pax_Romana "Pax Romana") from the end of the 1st century and enjoyed a certain prosperity.{{Harvsp\|Slim\|Fauqué\|2001\|p\=105}}. At the end of the 2nd century, during the reign of Emperor [Marcus Aurelius](/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius "Marcus Aurelius"), the city reached its peak, as evidenced by the numerous monuments that were built as the city spread over an area of more than ten hectares. In the [3rd century](/wiki/3rd_century "3rd century"), the city became the [seat](/wiki/Episcopal_see "Episcopal see") of a Christian bishopric and underwent the [Donatist schism](/wiki/Donatism "Donatism") in the 5th century. At that time, the city had two cathedrals.{{Harvsp\|Collectif\|2006\|p\=301}}. An [epitaph](/wiki/Epitaph "Epitaph") known as the 'Harvester of Mactar,' preserved at the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre "Louvre") and dating back to the years [260](/wiki/260 "260")–[270](/wiki/270 "270"),Translation (in French) and photograph of the inscription in {{Harvsp\|Slim\|Fauqué\|2001\|p\=144}}. recounts the career of a farm [laborer](/wiki/Laborer "Laborer") who, after 23 years of work, obtained the minimum [cens](/wiki/Cens_%28Tax%29 "Cens (Tax)") required to access the Senate of his city.{{Harvsp\|Slim\|Fauqué\|2001\|p\=143}}. According to [Gilbert Charles\-Picard](/wiki/Gilbert_Charles-Picard "Gilbert Charles-Picard"),{{Harvsp\|Slim\|Fauqué\|2001\|p\=147}}. this ascent testifies to the "municipal decentralization that contributes to fighting against the concentration of political power and wealth." The city was integrated into the province of [Byzacena](/wiki/Byzacena "Byzacena") during the reorganization of the empire by [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian "Diocletian"). The decline of the city started with the [Vandal](/wiki/Vandals "Vandals") [invasions](/wiki/Migration_Period "Migration Period") from [439](/wiki/439 "439") onwards. During [Justinian](/wiki/Justinian_I "Justinian I")'s reign, forts were constructed in existing buildings, including the 'Great Baths.'{{Harvsp\|Slim\|Fauqué\|2001\|p\=228}}. The decline was final in the 11th century, with the arrival of the [Hilalian](/wiki/Banu_Hilal "Banu Hilal") tribes. ### Succession of excavations The site has been known to travelers since the early 19th century, and excavations began in [1893](/wiki/1893 "1893"), when the temple of [Hathor](/wiki/Hathor "Hathor") Miskar was excavated. Excavations at the site began in [1944](/wiki/1944 "1944") under the direction of [Gilbert Charles\-Picard](/wiki/Gilbert_Charles-Picard "Gilbert Charles-Picard"). The two [forums](/wiki/Forum_%28Roman%29 "Forum (Roman)") were excavated from [1947](/wiki/1947 "1947") to [1956](/wiki/1956 "1956"). From [1946](/wiki/1946 "1946") to [1955](/wiki/1955 "1955"), it was the turn of the *Schola Juvenes* to be cleared. After a brief hiatus, excavations resumed in [1960](/wiki/1960 "1960") following independence.{{Cite book \|last\=Rachet \|first\=Guy \|author\-link\=Guy Rachet \|title\=Dictionnaire de l'archéologie \|date\=1994 \|publisher\=Robert Laffont \|isbn\=978\-2221079041 \|publication\-place\=Paris \|pages\=566 \|language\=fr}} The site remains incompletely excavated due to its large surface area, and certain elements such as the Neo\-Punic mausoleum, the Temple of [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo "Apollo"), the Bab El Aïn arch, and the Julii mausoleum have been placed outside the archaeological park.
[ "History\n-------", "### Numidian, then Roman city", "*Mactaris* was inhabited as early as the 8th millennium BC, as evidenced by the [fossilized](/wiki/Fossil \"Fossil\") snails' presence. The city was probably founded by [Libyan](/wiki/Ancient_Libya \"Ancient Libya\") populations, as indicated by the toponym *MKTRM*, translated into [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") as *Mactaris*. In the [3rd](/wiki/3rd_century_BC \"3rd century BC\") and [2nd](/wiki/2nd_century_BC \"2nd century BC\") centuries BC, it was a relevant Numidian city that formed a privileged alliance with Carthage under the reign of King [Massinissa](/wiki/Masinissa \"Masinissa\") ([202](/wiki/202_BC \"202 BC\")–[148 BC](/wiki/148_BC \"148 BC\")). The city benefited from the development of Carthage before receiving large numbers of refugees when Carthage fell in [146 BC](/wiki/146_BC \"146 BC\"). Massinissa finally took the city in [149 BC](/wiki/149_BC \"149 BC\").{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Lancel \\|first1\\=Serge \\|title\\=Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique \\|last2\\=Charles\\-Picard \\|first2\\=Gilbert \\|date\\=1992 \\|publisher\\=Brepols \\|isbn\\=2503500331 \\|publication\\-place\\=Turnhout \\|pages\\=270 \\|language\\=fr \\|chapter\\=Maktar}}", "The Neo\\-Punic period saw a definite development: stelae from the 1st century found at Bab El Aïn testify to the presence of a [tophet](/wiki/Tophet_%28sanctuaries%29 \"Tophet (sanctuaries)\"); the main deity at that time was [Baal Hammon](/wiki/Baal_Hammon \"Baal Hammon\").\n[thumb\\|Archaeological site map.](/wiki/File:Maktar_plan_ruines.jpg \"Maktar plan ruines.jpg\")\n*Mactaris* underwent a late but real Romanization: In [46 BC](/wiki/46_BC \"46 BC\"), it obtained the status of a free city, but maintained three [shophets](/wiki/Shophet \"Shophet\") in its local institutions until the beginning of the [2nd century](/wiki/2nd_century \"2nd century\"), perhaps due to Numidian influence; [triumvirs](/wiki/Triumvirate \"Triumvirate\") replaced these magistrates in the same century. Some families became Roman citizens under [Emperor](/wiki/Roman_emperor \"Roman emperor\") [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\"), and some attained [equestrian rank](/wiki/Equites \"Equites\") as early as the reign of [Commodus](/wiki/Commodus \"Commodus\").", "Promoted as a [colony](/wiki/Colonia_%28Roman%29 \"Colonia (Roman)\") under the name of *Colonia Aelia Aurelia Mactaris* between [176](/wiki/176 \"176\") and [180](/wiki/180 \"180\"), the city benefited from the [Roman peace](/wiki/Pax_Romana \"Pax Romana\") from the end of the 1st century and enjoyed a certain prosperity.{{Harvsp\\|Slim\\|Fauqué\\|2001\\|p\\=105}}. At the end of the 2nd century, during the reign of Emperor [Marcus Aurelius](/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius \"Marcus Aurelius\"), the city reached its peak, as evidenced by the numerous monuments that were built as the city spread over an area of more than ten hectares.", "In the [3rd century](/wiki/3rd_century \"3rd century\"), the city became the [seat](/wiki/Episcopal_see \"Episcopal see\") of a Christian bishopric and underwent the [Donatist schism](/wiki/Donatism \"Donatism\") in the 5th century. At that time, the city had two cathedrals.{{Harvsp\\|Collectif\\|2006\\|p\\=301}}. An [epitaph](/wiki/Epitaph \"Epitaph\") known as the 'Harvester of Mactar,' preserved at the [Louvre](/wiki/Louvre \"Louvre\") and dating back to the years [260](/wiki/260 \"260\")–[270](/wiki/270 \"270\"),Translation (in French) and photograph of the inscription in {{Harvsp\\|Slim\\|Fauqué\\|2001\\|p\\=144}}. recounts the career of a farm [laborer](/wiki/Laborer \"Laborer\") who, after 23 years of work, obtained the minimum [cens](/wiki/Cens_%28Tax%29 \"Cens (Tax)\") required to access the Senate of his city.{{Harvsp\\|Slim\\|Fauqué\\|2001\\|p\\=143}}. According to [Gilbert Charles\\-Picard](/wiki/Gilbert_Charles-Picard \"Gilbert Charles-Picard\"),{{Harvsp\\|Slim\\|Fauqué\\|2001\\|p\\=147}}. this ascent testifies to the \"municipal decentralization that contributes to fighting against the concentration of political power and wealth.\" The city was integrated into the province of [Byzacena](/wiki/Byzacena \"Byzacena\") during the reorganization of the empire by [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian \"Diocletian\").", "The decline of the city started with the [Vandal](/wiki/Vandals \"Vandals\") [invasions](/wiki/Migration_Period \"Migration Period\") from [439](/wiki/439 \"439\") onwards. During [Justinian](/wiki/Justinian_I \"Justinian I\")'s reign, forts were constructed in existing buildings, including the 'Great Baths.'{{Harvsp\\|Slim\\|Fauqué\\|2001\\|p\\=228}}. The decline was final in the 11th century, with the arrival of the [Hilalian](/wiki/Banu_Hilal \"Banu Hilal\") tribes.", "### Succession of excavations", "The site has been known to travelers since the early 19th century, and excavations began in [1893](/wiki/1893 \"1893\"), when the temple of [Hathor](/wiki/Hathor \"Hathor\") Miskar was excavated. Excavations at the site began in [1944](/wiki/1944 \"1944\") under the direction of [Gilbert Charles\\-Picard](/wiki/Gilbert_Charles-Picard \"Gilbert Charles-Picard\"). The two [forums](/wiki/Forum_%28Roman%29 \"Forum (Roman)\") were excavated from [1947](/wiki/1947 \"1947\") to [1956](/wiki/1956 \"1956\"). From [1946](/wiki/1946 \"1946\") to [1955](/wiki/1955 \"1955\"), it was the turn of the *Schola Juvenes* to be cleared.", "After a brief hiatus, excavations resumed in [1960](/wiki/1960 \"1960\") following independence.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Rachet \\|first\\=Guy \\|author\\-link\\=Guy Rachet \\|title\\=Dictionnaire de l'archéologie \\|date\\=1994 \\|publisher\\=Robert Laffont \\|isbn\\=978\\-2221079041 \\|publication\\-place\\=Paris \\|pages\\=566 \\|language\\=fr}}", "The site remains incompletely excavated due to its large surface area, and certain elements such as the Neo\\-Punic mausoleum, the Temple of [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo \"Apollo\"), the Bab El Aïn arch, and the Julii mausoleum have been placed outside the archaeological park.", "" ]
Buildings --------- ### Pre\-roman buildings [thumb\|Makthar megaliths.](/wiki/File:Makthar_m%C3%A9galithes.jpg "Makthar mégalithes.jpg") The site features a remarkable collection of [megaliths](/wiki/Megalith "Megalith") that have been excavated. Comprising large slabs, the ensemble includes a space dedicated to worshipping the deceased during [ashes](/wiki/Ash "Ash")\-laying ceremonies. The megaliths functioned as collective burial sites.{{Harvsp\|Slim\|Fauqué\|2001\|p\=89}}. Excavations of an intact burial chamber, conducted by Mansour Ghaki, unearthed a large number of [ceramics](/wiki/Ceramic "Ceramic") of various origins, both local and imported. This material has been dated from the early [3rd century BC](/wiki/3rd_century_BC "3rd century BC") to the end of the 1st century. On January 17, 2012, the Tunisian government nominated the complex for inclusion on [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO")'s [World Heritage List](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site "World Heritage Site") as part of the royal mausoleums of Numidia, Mauritania, and pre\-Islamic funerary monuments.{{cite web \|access\-date\=27 April 2018 \|language\=fr \|title\=Les mausolées royaux de Numidie, de la Maurétanie et les monuments funéraires pré\-islamiques \|url\=http://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/5684/ \|website\=whc.unesco.org}} Moreover, the site includes a Punic pyramidal [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum "Mausoleum"), similar to the [mausoleum of Atban](/wiki/Libyco-Punic_Mausoleum_of_Dougga "Libyco-Punic Mausoleum of Dougga") at [Dougga](/wiki/Dougga "Dougga"). Archaeologists have also discovered a Numidian\-era public square that likely served as the town's religious center due to the presence of temples. Among these temples was one dedicated to [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus "Augustus") and [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome").{{Harvsp\|Slim\|Fauqué\|2001\|p\=161}}. The temple of Hathor Miskar is well\-known for the extensive excavations carried out there, despite the inadequate preservation of the remains. At the core of the sanctuary, archaeologists found an [altar](/wiki/Altar "Altar") dating back to approximately [100 BCE](/wiki/100_BC "100 BC"). ### Civil buildings [thumb\|210x210px\|*Schola Juvenes*.](/wiki/File:Makthar_schola_juvenes.jpg "Makthar schola juvenes.jpg") The *Schola Juvenes* is a well\-preserved building from the [Severan period](/wiki/Severan_dynasty "Severan dynasty"). It was excavated by [Gilbert Charles\-Picard](/wiki/Gilbert_Charles-Picard "Gilbert Charles-Picard") and interpreted as the meeting place of the city's juvenile college due to an inscription.{{Harvsp\|Gros\|1996\|p\=383}}. The building was financed by Julius Piso and constructed on the site of a [Flavian](/wiki/Flavian_dynasty "Flavian dynasty") sanctuary dedicated to [Mars](/wiki/Mars_%28mythology%29 "Mars (mythology)"). It was later rebuilt during the reign of [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian "Diocletian").{{Harvsp\|Le Bohec\|2005\|p\=129}}. Although the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") did not generally support freedom of association, it did allow certain forms of association, known as 'colleges', as long as they did not disrupt public order and were justified on religious grounds (such as [piety](/wiki/Piety "Piety") and funeral solidarity) or in the [public interest](/wiki/Public_interest "Public interest") (such as the [firemen](/wiki/Firefighter "Firefighter")'s college). The second category comprises juvenile colleges, consisting of young men who perform public order functions in the city, such as night patrols. However, their primary function is to provide a social setting for the urban elite, although rural dwellers and the less wealthy could also join. In [238](/wiki/238 "238"), at [El Djem](/wiki/El_Djem "El Djem"), it was the juvenile college that led the revolt that brought [Gordian I](/wiki/Gordian_I "Gordian I") to power. Therefore, the historical significance of this monument can be understood by reconstructing the architectural framework of these important associations. The remains include a courtyard with [porticoes](/wiki/Portico "Portico"), rooms for worship to the north, sanitary facilities to the east, and a meeting room to the west. The layout follows the Hellenistic tradition of the quadrangular palestra with [peristyle](/wiki/Peristyle "Peristyle").{{Harvsp\|Gros\|1996\|p\=384}}. [thumb\|Arch of Trajan.](/wiki/File:Makthar_arc_Trajan.jpg "Makthar arc Trajan.jpg") Near the building are the remains of a trough building, whose purpose is uncertain. It may have been used to collect taxes in kind or [annona](/wiki/Cura_annonae "Cura annonae"). The [forum](/wiki/Forum_%28Roman%29 "Forum (Roman)") is located at the intersection of the [decumanus](/wiki/Decumanus "Decumanus") and [cardo](/wiki/Cardo "Cardo"), symbolizing the center of the Roman city. The 1,500 m2 square is remarkably well\-preserved and surrounded by a portico. The square is enclosed by an arch, which remains one of the highlights of the site. The single\-bay [triumphal arch](/wiki/Triumphal_arch "Triumphal arch"), built in honor of Emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") in [116](/wiki/AD_116 "AD 116"), has been preserved and integrated into the [Byzantine\-era](/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa "Exarchate of Africa") fortifications, with an adjoining tower. The building commemorates the change in the city's status and the founding of a new district.{{Harvsp\|Gros\|1996\|p\=78}}. Another significant gate, Bab El Aïn, is located outside the archaeological park. In [1969](/wiki/1969 "1969"), archaeologists discovered numerous Neo\-Punic [stelae](/wiki/Stele "Stele") in its masonry, some of which are on display in the site [museum](/wiki/Makthar_Museum "Makthar Museum"). ### Leisure buildings The site showcases the remains of significant [thermal baths](/wiki/Thermae "Thermae") built between the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries.{{Harvsp\|Thébert\|2003\|p\=146}}. Among them are the 'Grand South Thermal Baths,' which are considered one of the most important in [Roman Africa](/wiki/Roman_Africans "Roman Africans"). The walls of these baths are preserved to a height of over twelve meters and feature a beautiful [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic "Mosaic") adorned with a [labyrinth](/wiki/Labyrinth "Labyrinth"). Additionally, there are the 'Capitol Thermal Baths.' [thumb\|183x183px\|Arcades of 'Grand South Thermal Baths.'](/wiki/File:Grands_thermes%2C_site_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Makthar.jpg "Grands thermes, site archéologique de Makthar.jpg") The main thermal baths of Makthar, inaugurated in [199](/wiki/199 "199"),{{Harvsp\|Thébert\|2003\|p\=144}}. do not seem to have had a [palaestra](/wiki/Palaestra "Palaestra").{{Harvsp\|Gros\|1996\|p\=409}}. [Yvon Thébert](/wiki/Yvon_Th%C3%A9bert "Yvon Thébert"), however, considers that the palaestras were integrated into the construction with a symmetrical plan, the total area of which is approximately 4,400 m2, with 225 m2 for the sole [frigidarium](/wiki/Frigidarium "Frigidarium") from the Severan period, which occupies the center of the complex with the adjoining [natatio](/wiki/Swimming "Swimming") pool and flanked by two [apodyteria](/wiki/Apodyterium "Apodyterium").{{Harvsp\|Gros\|1996\|p\=410\-411}}. In the 4th or early 5th century, the facilities are reduced: the complex is transformed into a fortress in the Byzantine period and equipped with a large masonry wall. The Western Baths, also known as the 'Capitol Baths,' were converted into a church either in the 4th century, according to [Alexandre Lézine](/wiki/Alexandre_L%C3%A9zine "Alexandre Lézine"), or in the 5th century, according to [Gilbert Charles\-Picard](/wiki/Gilbert_Charles-Picard "Gilbert Charles-Picard"). [Noël Duval](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Duval "Noël Duval"), however, suggests that the latest possible date for the change in function of the building is the 6th century. The building's surface area is not fully understood, although Yvon Thébert classifies it among medium\-sized baths. To the east, the construction had arcades, of which elements of its northern part remain. An [amphitheater](/wiki/Amphitheatre "Amphitheatre"), which has also been preserved at the entrance to the site, has undergone extensive restoration. The *[cavea](/wiki/Cavea "Cavea")* structure is of a mixed type, with differences between the north and south: the northern part is built up, while the southern part takes advantage of the relief of the hill.{{Harvsp\|Slim\|Fauqué\|2001\|p\=177}}. A unique system of cages for cattle access to the [arena](/wiki/Bullring "Bullring") was also discovered.{{Harvsp\|Slim\|Fauqué\|2001\|p\=177\-178}}. ### Religious buildings [thumb\|Basilica of Hildeguns.](/wiki/File:Makthar_basilique_proche_arc_Trajan.jpg "Makthar basilique proche arc Trajan.jpg") The Capitol site has been poorly preserved, but excavations have revealed a [dedication](/wiki/Dedication_%28publishing%29 "Dedication (publishing)") linking the emperor to the [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28god%29 "Jupiter (god)")\-[Junon](/wiki/Juno_%28mythology%29 "Juno (mythology)")\-[Minerve](/wiki/Minerva "Minerva") [triad](/wiki/Capitoline_Triad "Capitoline Triad").{{Harvsp\|Gros\|1996\|p\=227}}. Additionally, a temple to [Bacchus](/wiki/Dionysus "Dionysus") was discovered. It is believed that a temple of [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo "Apollo") replaced the sanctuary of [Eshmoun](/wiki/Eshmun "Eshmun"), and this same process likely led to the creation of the temple of [Liber Pater](/wiki/Liber "Liber"), which is the *[interpretatio romana](/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca "Interpretatio graeca")* of the Punic god [Shadrafa](/wiki/Shadrafa "Shadrafa"). The site contains several [basilicas](/wiki/Basilica "Basilica"), including the 'Rutilius Basilica' located just behind the [museum](/wiki/Makthar_Museum "Makthar Museum"). This particular construction has been studied extensively since its identification in the 19th century, most recently by Noël Duval.{{Cite journal \|last\=Duval \|first\=Noël \|date\=1985 \|title\=Une hypothèse sur la basilique de Rutilius à Mactar et le temple qui l'a précédée \|journal\=Revue des études augustiniennes \|language\=fr \|volume\=31 \|pages\=20–45 \|doi\=10\.1484/J.REA.5\.104508 \|issn\=1768\-9260}} It is believed that the building, which was constructed on the site of a sanctuary dedicated to [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn_%28mythology%29 "Saturn (mythology)"), served as the city's cathedral. The archaeological site includes a [Vandal](/wiki/Vandals "Vandals")\-era basilica called '[Hildeguns](/wiki/Hildeguns_%28vandal%29 "Hildeguns (vandal)")' with three [naves](/wiki/Nave "Nave") and [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") tombs. The surviving remains of buildings from this period are rare, which adds value to the site.
[ "Buildings\n---------", "### Pre\\-roman buildings", "[thumb\\|Makthar megaliths.](/wiki/File:Makthar_m%C3%A9galithes.jpg \"Makthar mégalithes.jpg\")\nThe site features a remarkable collection of [megaliths](/wiki/Megalith \"Megalith\") that have been excavated. Comprising large slabs, the ensemble includes a space dedicated to worshipping the deceased during [ashes](/wiki/Ash \"Ash\")\\-laying ceremonies. The megaliths functioned as collective burial sites.{{Harvsp\\|Slim\\|Fauqué\\|2001\\|p\\=89}}. Excavations of an intact burial chamber, conducted by Mansour Ghaki, unearthed a large number of [ceramics](/wiki/Ceramic \"Ceramic\") of various origins, both local and imported. This material has been dated from the early [3rd century BC](/wiki/3rd_century_BC \"3rd century BC\") to the end of the 1st century. On January 17, 2012, the Tunisian government nominated the complex for inclusion on [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\")'s [World Heritage List](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site \"World Heritage Site\") as part of the royal mausoleums of Numidia, Mauritania, and pre\\-Islamic funerary monuments.{{cite web \\|access\\-date\\=27 April 2018 \\|language\\=fr \\|title\\=Les mausolées royaux de Numidie, de la Maurétanie et les monuments funéraires pré\\-islamiques \\|url\\=http://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/5684/ \\|website\\=whc.unesco.org}}", "Moreover, the site includes a Punic pyramidal [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum \"Mausoleum\"), similar to the [mausoleum of Atban](/wiki/Libyco-Punic_Mausoleum_of_Dougga \"Libyco-Punic Mausoleum of Dougga\") at [Dougga](/wiki/Dougga \"Dougga\"). Archaeologists have also discovered a Numidian\\-era public square that likely served as the town's religious center due to the presence of temples. Among these temples was one dedicated to [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus \"Augustus\") and [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\").{{Harvsp\\|Slim\\|Fauqué\\|2001\\|p\\=161}}.", "The temple of Hathor Miskar is well\\-known for the extensive excavations carried out there, despite the inadequate preservation of the remains. At the core of the sanctuary, archaeologists found an [altar](/wiki/Altar \"Altar\") dating back to approximately [100 BCE](/wiki/100_BC \"100 BC\").", "### Civil buildings", "[thumb\\|210x210px\\|*Schola Juvenes*.](/wiki/File:Makthar_schola_juvenes.jpg \"Makthar schola juvenes.jpg\")\nThe *Schola Juvenes* is a well\\-preserved building from the [Severan period](/wiki/Severan_dynasty \"Severan dynasty\"). It was excavated by [Gilbert Charles\\-Picard](/wiki/Gilbert_Charles-Picard \"Gilbert Charles-Picard\") and interpreted as the meeting place of the city's juvenile college due to an inscription.{{Harvsp\\|Gros\\|1996\\|p\\=383}}. The building was financed by Julius Piso and constructed on the site of a [Flavian](/wiki/Flavian_dynasty \"Flavian dynasty\") sanctuary dedicated to [Mars](/wiki/Mars_%28mythology%29 \"Mars (mythology)\"). It was later rebuilt during the reign of [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian \"Diocletian\").{{Harvsp\\|Le Bohec\\|2005\\|p\\=129}}.", "Although the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") did not generally support freedom of association, it did allow certain forms of association, known as 'colleges', as long as they did not disrupt public order and were justified on religious grounds (such as [piety](/wiki/Piety \"Piety\") and funeral solidarity) or in the [public interest](/wiki/Public_interest \"Public interest\") (such as the [firemen](/wiki/Firefighter \"Firefighter\")'s college). The second category comprises juvenile colleges, consisting of young men who perform public order functions in the city, such as night patrols. However, their primary function is to provide a social setting for the urban elite, although rural dwellers and the less wealthy could also join. In [238](/wiki/238 \"238\"), at [El Djem](/wiki/El_Djem \"El Djem\"), it was the juvenile college that led the revolt that brought [Gordian I](/wiki/Gordian_I \"Gordian I\") to power.", "Therefore, the historical significance of this monument can be understood by reconstructing the architectural framework of these important associations. The remains include a courtyard with [porticoes](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\"), rooms for worship to the north, sanitary facilities to the east, and a meeting room to the west. The layout follows the Hellenistic tradition of the quadrangular palestra with [peristyle](/wiki/Peristyle \"Peristyle\").{{Harvsp\\|Gros\\|1996\\|p\\=384}}.\n[thumb\\|Arch of Trajan.](/wiki/File:Makthar_arc_Trajan.jpg \"Makthar arc Trajan.jpg\")\nNear the building are the remains of a trough building, whose purpose is uncertain. It may have been used to collect taxes in kind or [annona](/wiki/Cura_annonae \"Cura annonae\").", "The [forum](/wiki/Forum_%28Roman%29 \"Forum (Roman)\") is located at the intersection of the [decumanus](/wiki/Decumanus \"Decumanus\") and [cardo](/wiki/Cardo \"Cardo\"), symbolizing the center of the Roman city. The 1,500 m2 square is remarkably well\\-preserved and surrounded by a portico. The square is enclosed by an arch, which remains one of the highlights of the site.", "The single\\-bay [triumphal arch](/wiki/Triumphal_arch \"Triumphal arch\"), built in honor of Emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") in [116](/wiki/AD_116 \"AD 116\"), has been preserved and integrated into the [Byzantine\\-era](/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa \"Exarchate of Africa\") fortifications, with an adjoining tower. The building commemorates the change in the city's status and the founding of a new district.{{Harvsp\\|Gros\\|1996\\|p\\=78}}.", "Another significant gate, Bab El Aïn, is located outside the archaeological park. In [1969](/wiki/1969 \"1969\"), archaeologists discovered numerous Neo\\-Punic [stelae](/wiki/Stele \"Stele\") in its masonry, some of which are on display in the site [museum](/wiki/Makthar_Museum \"Makthar Museum\").", "### Leisure buildings", "The site showcases the remains of significant [thermal baths](/wiki/Thermae \"Thermae\") built between the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries.{{Harvsp\\|Thébert\\|2003\\|p\\=146}}. Among them are the 'Grand South Thermal Baths,' which are considered one of the most important in [Roman Africa](/wiki/Roman_Africans \"Roman Africans\"). The walls of these baths are preserved to a height of over twelve meters and feature a beautiful [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic \"Mosaic\") adorned with a [labyrinth](/wiki/Labyrinth \"Labyrinth\"). Additionally, there are the 'Capitol Thermal Baths.'\n[thumb\\|183x183px\\|Arcades of 'Grand South Thermal Baths.'](/wiki/File:Grands_thermes%2C_site_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Makthar.jpg \"Grands thermes, site archéologique de Makthar.jpg\")\nThe main thermal baths of Makthar, inaugurated in [199](/wiki/199 \"199\"),{{Harvsp\\|Thébert\\|2003\\|p\\=144}}. do not seem to have had a [palaestra](/wiki/Palaestra \"Palaestra\").{{Harvsp\\|Gros\\|1996\\|p\\=409}}. [Yvon Thébert](/wiki/Yvon_Th%C3%A9bert \"Yvon Thébert\"), however, considers that the palaestras were integrated into the construction with a symmetrical plan, the total area of which is approximately 4,400 m2, with 225 m2 for the sole [frigidarium](/wiki/Frigidarium \"Frigidarium\") from the Severan period, which occupies the center of the complex with the adjoining [natatio](/wiki/Swimming \"Swimming\") pool and flanked by two [apodyteria](/wiki/Apodyterium \"Apodyterium\").{{Harvsp\\|Gros\\|1996\\|p\\=410\\-411}}. In the 4th or early 5th century, the facilities are reduced: the complex is transformed into a fortress in the Byzantine period and equipped with a large masonry wall.", "The Western Baths, also known as the 'Capitol Baths,' were converted into a church either in the 4th century, according to [Alexandre Lézine](/wiki/Alexandre_L%C3%A9zine \"Alexandre Lézine\"), or in the 5th century, according to [Gilbert Charles\\-Picard](/wiki/Gilbert_Charles-Picard \"Gilbert Charles-Picard\"). [Noël Duval](/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Duval \"Noël Duval\"), however, suggests that the latest possible date for the change in function of the building is the 6th century. The building's surface area is not fully understood, although Yvon Thébert classifies it among medium\\-sized baths. To the east, the construction had arcades, of which elements of its northern part remain.", "An [amphitheater](/wiki/Amphitheatre \"Amphitheatre\"), which has also been preserved at the entrance to the site, has undergone extensive restoration. The *[cavea](/wiki/Cavea \"Cavea\")* structure is of a mixed type, with differences between the north and south: the northern part is built up, while the southern part takes advantage of the relief of the hill.{{Harvsp\\|Slim\\|Fauqué\\|2001\\|p\\=177}}. A unique system of cages for cattle access to the [arena](/wiki/Bullring \"Bullring\") was also discovered.{{Harvsp\\|Slim\\|Fauqué\\|2001\\|p\\=177\\-178}}.", "### Religious buildings", "[thumb\\|Basilica of Hildeguns.](/wiki/File:Makthar_basilique_proche_arc_Trajan.jpg \"Makthar basilique proche arc Trajan.jpg\")\nThe Capitol site has been poorly preserved, but excavations have revealed a [dedication](/wiki/Dedication_%28publishing%29 \"Dedication (publishing)\") linking the emperor to the [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28god%29 \"Jupiter (god)\")\\-[Junon](/wiki/Juno_%28mythology%29 \"Juno (mythology)\")\\-[Minerve](/wiki/Minerva \"Minerva\") [triad](/wiki/Capitoline_Triad \"Capitoline Triad\").{{Harvsp\\|Gros\\|1996\\|p\\=227}}. Additionally, a temple to [Bacchus](/wiki/Dionysus \"Dionysus\") was discovered. It is believed that a temple of [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo \"Apollo\") replaced the sanctuary of [Eshmoun](/wiki/Eshmun \"Eshmun\"), and this same process likely led to the creation of the temple of [Liber Pater](/wiki/Liber \"Liber\"), which is the *[interpretatio romana](/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca \"Interpretatio graeca\")* of the Punic god [Shadrafa](/wiki/Shadrafa \"Shadrafa\").", "The site contains several [basilicas](/wiki/Basilica \"Basilica\"), including the 'Rutilius Basilica' located just behind the [museum](/wiki/Makthar_Museum \"Makthar Museum\"). This particular construction has been studied extensively since its identification in the 19th century, most recently by Noël Duval.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Duval \\|first\\=Noël \\|date\\=1985 \\|title\\=Une hypothèse sur la basilique de Rutilius à Mactar et le temple qui l'a précédée \\|journal\\=Revue des études augustiniennes \\|language\\=fr \\|volume\\=31 \\|pages\\=20–45 \\|doi\\=10\\.1484/J.REA.5\\.104508 \\|issn\\=1768\\-9260}} It is believed that the building, which was constructed on the site of a sanctuary dedicated to [Saturn](/wiki/Saturn_%28mythology%29 \"Saturn (mythology)\"), served as the city's cathedral.", "The archaeological site includes a [Vandal](/wiki/Vandals \"Vandals\")\\-era basilica called '[Hildeguns](/wiki/Hildeguns_%28vandal%29 \"Hildeguns (vandal)\")' with three [naves](/wiki/Nave \"Nave\") and [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") tombs. The surviving remains of buildings from this period are rare, which adds value to the site.", "" ]
### Civil buildings [thumb\|210x210px\|*Schola Juvenes*.](/wiki/File:Makthar_schola_juvenes.jpg "Makthar schola juvenes.jpg") The *Schola Juvenes* is a well\-preserved building from the [Severan period](/wiki/Severan_dynasty "Severan dynasty"). It was excavated by [Gilbert Charles\-Picard](/wiki/Gilbert_Charles-Picard "Gilbert Charles-Picard") and interpreted as the meeting place of the city's juvenile college due to an inscription.{{Harvsp\|Gros\|1996\|p\=383}}. The building was financed by Julius Piso and constructed on the site of a [Flavian](/wiki/Flavian_dynasty "Flavian dynasty") sanctuary dedicated to [Mars](/wiki/Mars_%28mythology%29 "Mars (mythology)"). It was later rebuilt during the reign of [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian "Diocletian").{{Harvsp\|Le Bohec\|2005\|p\=129}}. Although the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") did not generally support freedom of association, it did allow certain forms of association, known as 'colleges', as long as they did not disrupt public order and were justified on religious grounds (such as [piety](/wiki/Piety "Piety") and funeral solidarity) or in the [public interest](/wiki/Public_interest "Public interest") (such as the [firemen](/wiki/Firefighter "Firefighter")'s college). The second category comprises juvenile colleges, consisting of young men who perform public order functions in the city, such as night patrols. However, their primary function is to provide a social setting for the urban elite, although rural dwellers and the less wealthy could also join. In [238](/wiki/238 "238"), at [El Djem](/wiki/El_Djem "El Djem"), it was the juvenile college that led the revolt that brought [Gordian I](/wiki/Gordian_I "Gordian I") to power. Therefore, the historical significance of this monument can be understood by reconstructing the architectural framework of these important associations. The remains include a courtyard with [porticoes](/wiki/Portico "Portico"), rooms for worship to the north, sanitary facilities to the east, and a meeting room to the west. The layout follows the Hellenistic tradition of the quadrangular palestra with [peristyle](/wiki/Peristyle "Peristyle").{{Harvsp\|Gros\|1996\|p\=384}}. [thumb\|Arch of Trajan.](/wiki/File:Makthar_arc_Trajan.jpg "Makthar arc Trajan.jpg") Near the building are the remains of a trough building, whose purpose is uncertain. It may have been used to collect taxes in kind or [annona](/wiki/Cura_annonae "Cura annonae"). The [forum](/wiki/Forum_%28Roman%29 "Forum (Roman)") is located at the intersection of the [decumanus](/wiki/Decumanus "Decumanus") and [cardo](/wiki/Cardo "Cardo"), symbolizing the center of the Roman city. The 1,500 m2 square is remarkably well\-preserved and surrounded by a portico. The square is enclosed by an arch, which remains one of the highlights of the site. The single\-bay [triumphal arch](/wiki/Triumphal_arch "Triumphal arch"), built in honor of Emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan "Trajan") in [116](/wiki/AD_116 "AD 116"), has been preserved and integrated into the [Byzantine\-era](/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa "Exarchate of Africa") fortifications, with an adjoining tower. The building commemorates the change in the city's status and the founding of a new district.{{Harvsp\|Gros\|1996\|p\=78}}. Another significant gate, Bab El Aïn, is located outside the archaeological park. In [1969](/wiki/1969 "1969"), archaeologists discovered numerous Neo\-Punic [stelae](/wiki/Stele "Stele") in its masonry, some of which are on display in the site [museum](/wiki/Makthar_Museum "Makthar Museum").
[ "### Civil buildings", "[thumb\\|210x210px\\|*Schola Juvenes*.](/wiki/File:Makthar_schola_juvenes.jpg \"Makthar schola juvenes.jpg\")\nThe *Schola Juvenes* is a well\\-preserved building from the [Severan period](/wiki/Severan_dynasty \"Severan dynasty\"). It was excavated by [Gilbert Charles\\-Picard](/wiki/Gilbert_Charles-Picard \"Gilbert Charles-Picard\") and interpreted as the meeting place of the city's juvenile college due to an inscription.{{Harvsp\\|Gros\\|1996\\|p\\=383}}. The building was financed by Julius Piso and constructed on the site of a [Flavian](/wiki/Flavian_dynasty \"Flavian dynasty\") sanctuary dedicated to [Mars](/wiki/Mars_%28mythology%29 \"Mars (mythology)\"). It was later rebuilt during the reign of [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian \"Diocletian\").{{Harvsp\\|Le Bohec\\|2005\\|p\\=129}}.", "Although the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") did not generally support freedom of association, it did allow certain forms of association, known as 'colleges', as long as they did not disrupt public order and were justified on religious grounds (such as [piety](/wiki/Piety \"Piety\") and funeral solidarity) or in the [public interest](/wiki/Public_interest \"Public interest\") (such as the [firemen](/wiki/Firefighter \"Firefighter\")'s college). The second category comprises juvenile colleges, consisting of young men who perform public order functions in the city, such as night patrols. However, their primary function is to provide a social setting for the urban elite, although rural dwellers and the less wealthy could also join. In [238](/wiki/238 \"238\"), at [El Djem](/wiki/El_Djem \"El Djem\"), it was the juvenile college that led the revolt that brought [Gordian I](/wiki/Gordian_I \"Gordian I\") to power.", "Therefore, the historical significance of this monument can be understood by reconstructing the architectural framework of these important associations. The remains include a courtyard with [porticoes](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\"), rooms for worship to the north, sanitary facilities to the east, and a meeting room to the west. The layout follows the Hellenistic tradition of the quadrangular palestra with [peristyle](/wiki/Peristyle \"Peristyle\").{{Harvsp\\|Gros\\|1996\\|p\\=384}}.\n[thumb\\|Arch of Trajan.](/wiki/File:Makthar_arc_Trajan.jpg \"Makthar arc Trajan.jpg\")\nNear the building are the remains of a trough building, whose purpose is uncertain. It may have been used to collect taxes in kind or [annona](/wiki/Cura_annonae \"Cura annonae\").", "The [forum](/wiki/Forum_%28Roman%29 \"Forum (Roman)\") is located at the intersection of the [decumanus](/wiki/Decumanus \"Decumanus\") and [cardo](/wiki/Cardo \"Cardo\"), symbolizing the center of the Roman city. The 1,500 m2 square is remarkably well\\-preserved and surrounded by a portico. The square is enclosed by an arch, which remains one of the highlights of the site.", "The single\\-bay [triumphal arch](/wiki/Triumphal_arch \"Triumphal arch\"), built in honor of Emperor [Trajan](/wiki/Trajan \"Trajan\") in [116](/wiki/AD_116 \"AD 116\"), has been preserved and integrated into the [Byzantine\\-era](/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa \"Exarchate of Africa\") fortifications, with an adjoining tower. The building commemorates the change in the city's status and the founding of a new district.{{Harvsp\\|Gros\\|1996\\|p\\=78}}.", "Another significant gate, Bab El Aïn, is located outside the archaeological park. In [1969](/wiki/1969 \"1969\"), archaeologists discovered numerous Neo\\-Punic [stelae](/wiki/Stele \"Stele\") in its masonry, some of which are on display in the site [museum](/wiki/Makthar_Museum \"Makthar Museum\").", "" ]
Early history ------------- In the early days of Adelaide, races were held in this area, the [East Park Lands](/wiki/East_Park_Lands "East Park Lands"), opposite the Britannia Hotel,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article207122185 \|title\=The Adelaide Races \|newspaper\=\[\[The Adelaide Times]] \|volume\=VII \|issue\=1058 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=29 December 1853 \|access\-date\=28 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} (eponym of the [Britannia Roundabout](/wiki/Britannia_Roundabout "Britannia Roundabout")), the course redefined from time to time.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article207122065 \|title\=Racing \|newspaper\=\[\[Adelaide Times]] \|volume\=VII \|issue\=1050 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=20 December 1853 \|access\-date\=28 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} These were no doubt very fine horses, but gentlemen's hacks not [thoroughbreds](/wiki/Thoroughbred "Thoroughbred"),{{efn\|\[\[W. S. Whitington]] imported the first thoroughbred horse, Actæon, into South Australia in 1840\. The Gleeson brothers, with Abdallah, were not far behind.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article73842148 \|title\=Advertising \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|location\=South Australia \|date\=8 May 1841 \|access\-date\=1 September 2023 \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}}} and ridden by their owners, not professional jockeys. A Turf Club was formed in August 1838, conducting two\-day meetings in January 1839{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article71685002 \|title\=The Southern Australian. \|newspaper\=\[\[The Southern Australian]] \|location\=South Australia \|date\=5 January 1839 \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} and January 1840,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article71618919 \|title\=The Races \|newspaper\=\[\[The Southern Australian]] \|volume\=III \|issue\=84 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=9 January 1840 \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 \|page\=4 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} then folded. It was re\-formed in 1848, adopting [Newmarket Rules](/wiki/Newmarket_Rules "Newmarket Rules") to obviate the kind of disputes which sank its predecessor, and [vice\-regal](/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia "Governor of South Australia") patronage to ensure access to the racecourse.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article195937100 \|title\=Local News \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Gazette and Mining Journal]] \|volume\=IV \|issue\=194 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=10 February 1849 \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} In the ensuing years, racing activity centred on "private matches" between horses, such as that between Mercury and Coronet,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article38448774 \|title\=Sporting Intelligence \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XV \|issue\=1560 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=23 September 1851 \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} often attracting great public interest and consequent wagers. Three\-day "summer meetings" were held in January 1850{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article38449323 \|title\=The Adelaide Races \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XIV \|issue\=1007 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=2 January 1850 \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} on a new track{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article71625382 \|title\=Sporting Intelligence \|newspaper\=\[\[The South Australian]] \|volume\=XIII \|issue\=1111 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=1 January 1850 \|access\-date\=28 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} in November 1850,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article38439734 \|title\=Sporting Intelligence \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XIV \|issue\=1269 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=6 November 1850 \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} November 1851,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article207070335 \|title\=The Races \|newspaper\=\[\[Adelaide Times]] \|volume\=VI \|issue\=605 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=5 November 1851 \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} December 1852,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article38460032 \|title\=Adelaide Races \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XVI \|issue\=1962 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=29 December 1852 \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} and December 1853\.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article207120922 \|title\=Advertising \|newspaper\=\[\[Adelaide Times]] \|volume\=VII \|issue\=983 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=1 October 1853 \|accessdate\=20 August 2023 \|page\=4 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} Similar "autumn meetings" were held in May 1854{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article48552761 \|title\=Adelaide Races—1854\. \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XVIII \|issue\=2384 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=10 May 1854 \|access\-date\=21 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} and April 1855{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article207023344 \|title\=Adelaide Races—The Entries \|newspaper\=\[\[Adelaide Times]] \|volume\=X \|issue\=1452 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=4 April 1855 \|access\-date\=21 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} The [South Australian Jockey Club](/wiki/South_Australian_Jockey_Club "South Australian Jockey Club") was formed in January 1856, and conducted the autumn meetings in April 1856,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article49748271 \|title\=Adelaide Races, 1856\. \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XX \|issue\=2977 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=17 April 1856 \|access\-date\=21 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} April 1857,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article207174535 \|title\=Adelaide Races. \|newspaper\=\[\[Adelaide Times]] \|volume\=XI \|issue\=2084 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=18 April 1857 \|access\-date\=21 August 2023 \|page\=2 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} April 1858,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article49776249 \|title\=Adelaide Races, 1858\. \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XXII \|issue\=3595 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=15 April 1858 \|access\-date\=21 August 2023 \|page\=2 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} April 1859,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article96494454 \|title\=The Adelaide Races, 1859 \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Weekly Chronicle]] \|volume\=1 \|issue\=42 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=30 April 1859 \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|page\=5 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} April 1860,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article49893196 \|title\=Adelaide Races \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XXIV \|issue\=4217 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=20 April 1860 \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} April 1861,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article50018061 \|title\=Adelaide Races \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XXV \|issue\=4528 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=22 April 1861 \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} and April 1862{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article31809894 \|title\=South Australian Jockey Club \|newspaper\=\[\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \|volume\=IV \|issue\=1175 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=26 April 1862 \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|page\=7 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} ### Competition from Thebarton {{OSM Location map \| coord \= {{coord\|\-34\.9240 \| 138\.5940}} \| zoom \= 12 \| width \= 300 \| height \= 200 \| shape1\=n\-circle \| shape\-color1\=red \| shape\-outline1\=white \| mark\-coord1 \= {{coord\|\-34\.9310 \| 138\.6200}} \| mark\-title1 \= Adelaide racecourse \| mark\-coord2 \= {{coord\|\-34\.9270 \| 138\.5650}} \| mark\-title2 \= Thebarton racecourse \| caption \= Adelaide's first racecourses \| auto\-caption\=1 }} The Adelaide suburb of [Thebarton](/wiki/Thebarton "Thebarton") was a popular area for equestrian events, and numerous hurdle{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article207118664 \|title\=Adelaide Grand Steeple Chase \|newspaper\=\[\[Adelaide Times]] \|volume\=II \|issue\=242 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=4 September 1850 \|access\-date\=28 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} and other races were held there in the 1850s and earlier, in the streets and through properties of sympathetic landowners.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article158093258 \|title\=Thebarton Races \|newspaper\=\[\[The Adelaide Observer]] \|volume\=XI \|issue\=508 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=19 March 1853 \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 \|page\=5 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} A course was laid out on land held by [E. M. Bagot](/wiki/E._M._Bagot "E. M. Bagot") and [Gabriel Bennett](/wiki/Gabriel_Bennett "Gabriel Bennett") of Bagot \& Bennett, stock agents{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article106516117 \|title\=Fifty Years of Racing (19\) \|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Herald (Adelaide)]] \|volume\=9 \|issue\=2594 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=13 July 1918 \|access\-date\=30 July 2023 \|page\=7 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} — Section 48, bounded by the thoroughfares now known as [Henley Beach Road](/wiki/Henley_Beach_Road "Henley Beach Road"), [South Road](/wiki/South_Road "South Road"), Darebin Street and Bagot Avenue. Non\-club meetings were held in January 1859,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article788382 \|title\=Races at Thebarton \|newspaper\=\[\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \|volume\=I \|issue\=174 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=29 January 1859 \|access\-date\=27 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} January 1860,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article1200919 \|title\=The Advertiser. \|newspaper\=\[\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \|volume\=II \|issue\=465 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=7 January 1860 \|access\-date\=27 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} and April 1861\.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article50018203 \|title\=Races at Thebarton \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XXV \|issue\=4529 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=23 April 1861 \|access\-date\=27 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} The Jockey Club re\-formed in 1861, and adopted the Thebarton track, dubbed the "Butchers' course" or "South Road course" and, determined to control all horse racing in the State, recovered their grandstand from the Adelaide Course.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article881078 \|title\=South Australian Jockey Club Summer Meeting \|newspaper\=\[\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \|volume\=IV \|issue\=1067 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=18 December 1861 \|access\-date\=18 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} They held their first summer meeting there on 1–2 January 1862,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article90253206 \|title\=South Australian Jockey Club Races — Summer Meeting, 1862\. \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Weekly Chronicle]] \|volume\=IV \|issue\=180 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=4 January 1862 \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 \|page\=7 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} and in April 1863 the first three\-day SAJC autumn races. Other events were the 1863 St Patrick's Day races and the Grand Annual Steeplechase in September 1866\. A pony race which was to have been held at the Adelaide course was transferred to Thebarton, the organisers blaming condition of the track for the decision.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article90260441 \|title\=Advertising \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Weekly Chronicle]] \|volume\=VI \|issue\=282 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=19 December 1863 \|access\-date\=18 August 2023 \|page\=1 (Supplement) \|via\=National Library of Australia}} The first six [Adelaide Cups](/wiki/Adelaide_Cup "Adelaide Cup") (1864–1869\) were held there. The race\-going public, at first enthusiastic, became disillusioned with the new course — it was hot and dusty, and not so conveniently situated to North Adelaide and the eastern suburbs, so many pleasure\-seekers found alternative distractions. The Jockey Club collapsed under weight of its debts{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article31991220 \|title\=The Late South Australian Jockey Club \|newspaper\=\[\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \|volume\=XII \|issue\=3355 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=17 July 1869 \|accessdate\=26 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} and the lease was terminated in 1869\.{{cite book\|author\=Pauline Payne \|title\=Thebarton, Old and New \|date\=17 April 1996 \|publisher\=Thebarton City Council \|isbn\=0646301578}} ### Becomes "Old Adelaide Course" Racing continued at the East Park Lands despite pressure from Thebarton. In 1864 [P. B. Coglin](/wiki/P._B._Coglin "P. B. Coglin") took a 14\-year lease on the Adelaide course.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article39809581 \|title\=Leasing of the Adelaide Racecourse \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XXXIX \|issue\=8655 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=12 August 1874 \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} In December 1865 the Old Adelaide Course Racing Club (later Adelaide Racing Club) was formed by a breakaway group from the SAJC,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article197035561 \|title\=South Australia \|newspaper\=\[\[The Leader (Melbourne)]] \|volume\=XIV \|issue\=520 \|location\=Victoria, Australia \|date\=16 December 1865 \|access\-date\=30 August 2023 \|page\=11 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} sparking a rivalry, at times bordering on vitriolic antagonism, that lasted a hundred years. The 1869 autumn races were held at the East Park Lands, now dubbed the "Old Adelaide Course"{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article41399238 \|title\=Sporting \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XXXIII \|issue\=7002 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=19 April 1869 \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} The 1870 New Year's races were organised by [Gabriel Bennett](/wiki/Gabriel_Bennett "Gabriel Bennett"), who revived regular race meetings there in May 1871\. ### Competition from Morphettville Some races had been conducted in the Glenelg region in the 1850s, at the rear of John Bernie's Morphett Arms Hotel.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article38448625 \|title\=Sporting Intelligence \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XV \|issue\=1387 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=27 March 1851 \|access\-date\=1 September 2023 \|page\=3 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} After five or six years of existence in name only, the [SAJC](/wiki/South_Australian_Jockey_Club "South Australian Jockey Club") re\-formed in 1873, and acquired its own ground at [Morphettville](/wiki/Morphettville "Morphettville") (dubbed the "Elder Course" for their benefactor, [Thomas Elder](/wiki/Thomas_Elder "Thomas Elder"), or "[Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay_soil "Bay of Biscay soil") course" for its unstable soil) and held their first meeting there on 3 January 1876\.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article31963998 \|title\=South Australian Jockey Club \|newspaper\=\[\[The Advertiser (Adelaide)\|The South Australian Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1858–1889\)]] \|location\=Adelaide, SA \|date\=4 January 1876 \|access\-date\=2 January 2014 \|page\=6 \|publisher\=National Library of Australia}} The April 1878 three\-day autumn meeting was held at the Elder Course, Morphettville,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article42989701 \|title\=The Races \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Register]] \|volume\=XLIII \|issue\=9814 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=29 April 1878 \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|page\=5 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} and the Adelaide Cup of 1879 was held there on the Tuesday after Easter. ### The "Old Course" revived [thumb\|Jack McGowan riding Jack Spratt at Victoria Park in 1896\.](/wiki/File:Jack_McGowan_1896_Victoria_Park_on_Jack_Spratt.jpg "Jack McGowan 1896 Victoria Park on Jack Spratt.jpg") In 1879 a 21 year lease on the course was awarded by the City Council to Bennett, [William Blackler](/wiki/William_Blackler "William Blackler"), [Seth Ferry](/wiki/Seth_Ferry "Seth Ferry") and Dr [Robert Peel](/wiki/Robert_Peel_%28doctor%29 "Robert Peel (doctor)"), who launched the [Adelaide Racing Club](/wiki/Adelaide_Racing_Club "Adelaide Racing Club"), which was formally founded on 14 October 1879, adopting [Victorian Racing Club](/wiki/Victorian_Racing_Club "Victorian Racing Club") rules; the committee to consist of the four lessees plus three elected members: George Church, Henry Hughes, and [W. F. Stock](/wiki/W._F._Stock "W. F. Stock").{{cite news \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article207656292 \|title\=Adelaide Racing Club \|newspaper\=\[\[The Express and Telegraph]] \|volume\=XVI \|issue\=4,726 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=15 October 1879 \|access\-date\=27 June 2017 \|page\=3 \|via\=Trove}} In late 1879 the law prohibiting [totalizators](/wiki/Totalizator "Totalizator") on South Australian racecourses was disallowed,{{cite news \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article160089034 \|title\=Totalizator Repeal Act \|newspaper\=\[\[Adelaide Observer]] \|volume\=XL \|issue\=2194 \|date\=20 October 1883 \|access\-date\=20 August 2017 \|page\=17 \|via\=Trove}} and Ferry purchased a £300 "box tote", which he leased to the Club. It proved profitable for the Club when Mata, banned elsewhere, won the 1881 Birthday Cup.{{cite news \|url\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article106517498 \|title\=Fifty Years of Racing (XX) \|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Herald (Adelaide)\|The Daily Herald]] \|volume\=9 \|issue\=2600 \|location\=Adelaide \|date\=20 July 1918 \|access\-date\=2 September 2023 \|page\=7 \|via\=Trove}}{{efn\|This was one of several occasions when SAJC vindictiveness against the rival club backfired — they had been advised by VJC that Mata, a popular Tasmanian mare, had been banned from racing, but did not pass the information on until her entry had been accepted. Huge crowds watched her win the Cup, and AJC was able to convince VRC they had done nothing wrong and suffered no penalty.}} Led by Ferry and Blackler, the Club spent so much on the ground,{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article160131800 \|title\=Turf Gossip \|newspaper\=\[\[Adelaide Observer]] \|volume\=XXXVII \|issue\=2012 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=24 April 1880 \|access\-date\=2 September 2023 \|page\=13 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} prizemoney and infrastructure (far more was spent on the grandstand than was required by the Council's covenant) that within a year two lessees dropped out, leaving just Ferry and Blackler, who brought in his son W. A. Blackler as a third shareholder. Several committee members also dropped out, necessitating fresh elections to restore the quorum.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article91290758 \|title\=The Adelaide Racing Club \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Weekly Chronicle]] \|volume\=XXIV \|issue\=1,233 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=8 April 1882 \|access\-date\=2 September 2023 \|page\=14 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} In time however, the lease proved a [cash cow](/wiki/Cash_cow "Cash cow") for the lessees, for which the City Council was roundly criticised by the Adelaide press.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article92720185 \|title\=The Adelaide Course and the Bookmakers \|newspaper\=\[\[South Australian Weekly Chronicle]] \|volume\=XXV \|issue\=1,292 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=26 May 1883 \|access\-date\=1 September 2023 \|page\=15 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} His good fortune did not last, as in 1883 Parliament passed the [Totalizator Repeal Act](/wiki/Totalizator_Repeal_Act "Totalizator Repeal Act"), making its use illegal and race\-going less attractive. Then came the drought of 1884–1886, and a consequent recession, which disproportionately affected the ARC, causing a rift between Ferry, who was prepared to wait for better times, and Blackler, who was keen to surrender the lease. The Council wanted to extend Halifax Street through to Fullarton Road, cutting the course in two, and would have compensated them financially. Ferry had his way, and for a few years persevered with low\-key meetings with modest prizemoney and consequently small fields, dominated by Ferry's own stable. Iconic races such as the Grand National Hurdle and the Adelaide Grand National were run on the track and won by South Australia's leading cross\-country jockey Jack McGowan of [Brooklyn Park](/wiki/Brooklyn_Park%2C_South_Australia "Brooklyn Park, South Australia"){{cite news \|url\=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77926230 \|title\=Penola Hotel Licensee Well Known Sportsman \|newspaper\=\[\[The Border Watch]] \|location\=\[\[Mount Gambier, South Australia]] \|date\=11 June 1938 \|page\=3 \|access\-date\=3 January 2021 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} in the late 1800s. The "Old Course" was renamed "Victoria Park" by [mayor](/wiki/List_of_mayors_and_lord_mayors_of_Adelaide "List of mayors and lord mayors of Adelaide") [Tucker](/wiki/Charles_Tucker_%28mayor%29 "Charles Tucker (mayor)") on 4 August 1897\.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article209095946 \|title\=The Turf \|newspaper\=\[\[The Express and Telegraph]] \|volume\=XXXIV \|issue\=10,130 \|location\=South Australia \|date\=5 August 1897 \|access\-date\=2 September 2023 \|page\=4 \|via\=National Library of Australia}}
[ "Early history\n-------------", "In the early days of Adelaide, races were held in this area, the [East Park Lands](/wiki/East_Park_Lands \"East Park Lands\"), opposite the Britannia Hotel,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article207122185 \\|title\\=The Adelaide Races \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Adelaide Times]] \\|volume\\=VII \\|issue\\=1058 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=29 December 1853 \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} (eponym of the [Britannia Roundabout](/wiki/Britannia_Roundabout \"Britannia Roundabout\")), the course redefined from time to time.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article207122065 \\|title\\=Racing \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Adelaide Times]] \\|volume\\=VII \\|issue\\=1050 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=20 December 1853 \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nThese were no doubt very fine horses, but gentlemen's hacks not [thoroughbreds](/wiki/Thoroughbred \"Thoroughbred\"),{{efn\\|\\[\\[W. S. Whitington]] imported the first thoroughbred horse, Actæon, into South Australia in 1840\\. The Gleeson brothers, with Abdallah, were not far behind.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article73842148 \\|title\\=Advertising \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=8 May 1841 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2023 \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}}} and ridden by their owners, not professional jockeys.", "A Turf Club was formed in August 1838, conducting two\\-day meetings in January 1839{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article71685002 \\|title\\=The Southern Australian. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Southern Australian]] \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=5 January 1839 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} and January 1840,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article71618919 \\|title\\=The Races \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Southern Australian]] \\|volume\\=III \\|issue\\=84 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=9 January 1840 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=4 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} then folded. It was re\\-formed in 1848, adopting [Newmarket Rules](/wiki/Newmarket_Rules \"Newmarket Rules\") to obviate the kind of disputes which sank its predecessor, and [vice\\-regal](/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia \"Governor of South Australia\") patronage to ensure access to the racecourse.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article195937100 \\|title\\=Local News \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Gazette and Mining Journal]] \\|volume\\=IV \\|issue\\=194 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=10 February 1849 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nIn the ensuing years, racing activity centred on \"private matches\" between horses, such as that between Mercury and Coronet,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article38448774 \\|title\\=Sporting Intelligence \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XV \\|issue\\=1560 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=23 September 1851 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} often attracting great public interest and consequent wagers.\nThree\\-day \"summer meetings\" were held in January 1850{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article38449323 \\|title\\=The Adelaide Races \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XIV \\|issue\\=1007 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=2 January 1850 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} on a new track{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article71625382 \\|title\\=Sporting Intelligence \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The South Australian]] \\|volume\\=XIII \\|issue\\=1111 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=1 January 1850 \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nin November 1850,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article38439734 \\|title\\=Sporting Intelligence \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XIV \\|issue\\=1269 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=6 November 1850 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nNovember 1851,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article207070335 \\|title\\=The Races \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Adelaide Times]] \\|volume\\=VI \\|issue\\=605 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=5 November 1851 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nDecember 1852,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article38460032 \\|title\\=Adelaide Races \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XVI \\|issue\\=1962 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=29 December 1852 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nand December 1853\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article207120922 \\|title\\=Advertising \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Adelaide Times]] \\|volume\\=VII \\|issue\\=983 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=1 October 1853 \\|accessdate\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=4 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nSimilar \"autumn meetings\" were held in May 1854{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article48552761 \\|title\\=Adelaide Races—1854\\. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XVIII \\|issue\\=2384 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=10 May 1854 \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nand April 1855{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article207023344 \\|title\\=Adelaide Races—The Entries \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Adelaide Times]] \\|volume\\=X \\|issue\\=1452 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=4 April 1855 \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}", "The [South Australian Jockey Club](/wiki/South_Australian_Jockey_Club \"South Australian Jockey Club\") was formed in January 1856, and conducted the autumn meetings in April 1856,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article49748271 \\|title\\=Adelaide Races, 1856\\. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XX \\|issue\\=2977 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=17 April 1856 \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nApril 1857,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article207174535 \\|title\\=Adelaide Races. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Adelaide Times]] \\|volume\\=XI \\|issue\\=2084 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=18 April 1857 \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2023 \\|page\\=2 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nApril 1858,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article49776249 \\|title\\=Adelaide Races, 1858\\. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XXII \\|issue\\=3595 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=15 April 1858 \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2023 \\|page\\=2 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nApril 1859,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article96494454 \\|title\\=The Adelaide Races, 1859 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Weekly Chronicle]] \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=42 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=30 April 1859 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|page\\=5 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nApril 1860,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article49893196 \\|title\\=Adelaide Races \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XXIV \\|issue\\=4217 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=20 April 1860 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nApril 1861,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article50018061 \\|title\\=Adelaide Races \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XXV \\|issue\\=4528 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=22 April 1861 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nand April 1862{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article31809894 \\|title\\=South Australian Jockey Club \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \\|volume\\=IV \\|issue\\=1175 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=26 April 1862 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|page\\=7 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}", "### Competition from Thebarton", "{{OSM Location map\n\\| coord \\= {{coord\\|\\-34\\.9240 \\| 138\\.5940}} \n\\| zoom \\= 12 \n\\| width \\= 300\n\\| height \\= 200\n\\| shape1\\=n\\-circle\n\\| shape\\-color1\\=red\n\\| shape\\-outline1\\=white\n\\| mark\\-coord1 \\= {{coord\\|\\-34\\.9310 \\| 138\\.6200}}\n\\| mark\\-title1 \\= Adelaide racecourse\n\\| mark\\-coord2 \\= {{coord\\|\\-34\\.9270 \\| 138\\.5650}}\n\\| mark\\-title2 \\= Thebarton racecourse\n\\| caption \\= Adelaide's first racecourses\n\\| auto\\-caption\\=1\n}}\nThe Adelaide suburb of [Thebarton](/wiki/Thebarton \"Thebarton\") was a popular area for equestrian events, and numerous hurdle{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article207118664 \\|title\\=Adelaide Grand Steeple Chase \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Adelaide Times]] \\|volume\\=II \\|issue\\=242 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=4 September 1850 \\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} and other races were held there in the 1850s and earlier, in the streets and through properties of sympathetic landowners.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article158093258 \\|title\\=Thebarton Races \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Adelaide Observer]] \\|volume\\=XI \\|issue\\=508 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=19 March 1853 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=5 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nA course was laid out on land held by [E. M. Bagot](/wiki/E._M._Bagot \"E. M. Bagot\") and [Gabriel Bennett](/wiki/Gabriel_Bennett \"Gabriel Bennett\") of Bagot \\& Bennett, stock agents{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article106516117 \\|title\\=Fifty Years of Racing (19\\) \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Herald (Adelaide)]] \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=2594 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=13 July 1918 \\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2023 \\|page\\=7 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} — Section 48, bounded by the thoroughfares now known as [Henley Beach Road](/wiki/Henley_Beach_Road \"Henley Beach Road\"), [South Road](/wiki/South_Road \"South Road\"), Darebin Street and Bagot Avenue. Non\\-club meetings were held in January 1859,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article788382 \\|title\\=Races at Thebarton \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \\|volume\\=I \\|issue\\=174 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=29 January 1859 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} January 1860,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article1200919 \\|title\\=The Advertiser. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \\|volume\\=II \\|issue\\=465 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=7 January 1860 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} and April 1861\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article50018203 \\|title\\=Races at Thebarton \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XXV \\|issue\\=4529 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=23 April 1861 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}", "The Jockey Club re\\-formed in 1861, and adopted the Thebarton track, dubbed the \"Butchers' course\" or \"South Road course\" and, determined to control all horse racing in the State, recovered their grandstand from the Adelaide Course.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article881078 \\|title\\=South Australian Jockey Club Summer Meeting \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \\|volume\\=IV \\|issue\\=1067 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=18 December 1861 \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} \nThey held their first summer meeting there on 1–2 January 1862,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article90253206 \\|title\\=South Australian Jockey Club Races — Summer Meeting, 1862\\. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Weekly Chronicle]] \\|volume\\=IV \\|issue\\=180 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=4 January 1862 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 \\|page\\=7 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} and in April 1863 the first three\\-day SAJC autumn races.\nOther events were the 1863 St Patrick's Day races and the Grand Annual Steeplechase in September 1866\\.\nA pony race which was to have been held at the Adelaide course was transferred to Thebarton, the organisers blaming condition of the track for the decision.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article90260441 \\|title\\=Advertising \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Weekly Chronicle]] \\|volume\\=VI \\|issue\\=282 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=19 December 1863 \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2023 \\|page\\=1 (Supplement) \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nThe first six [Adelaide Cups](/wiki/Adelaide_Cup \"Adelaide Cup\") (1864–1869\\) were held there.", "The race\\-going public, at first enthusiastic, became disillusioned with the new course — it was hot and dusty, and not so conveniently situated to North Adelaide and the eastern suburbs, so many pleasure\\-seekers found alternative distractions.\nThe Jockey Club collapsed under weight of its debts{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article31991220 \\|title\\=The Late South Australian Jockey Club \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The South Australian Advertiser]] \\|volume\\=XII \\|issue\\=3355 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=17 July 1869 \\|accessdate\\=26 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} and the lease was terminated in 1869\\.{{cite book\\|author\\=Pauline Payne \\|title\\=Thebarton, Old and New \\|date\\=17 April 1996 \\|publisher\\=Thebarton City Council \\|isbn\\=0646301578}}", "### Becomes \"Old Adelaide Course\"", "Racing continued at the East Park Lands despite pressure from Thebarton.\nIn 1864 [P. B. Coglin](/wiki/P._B._Coglin \"P. B. Coglin\") took a 14\\-year lease on the Adelaide course.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article39809581 \\|title\\=Leasing of the Adelaide Racecourse \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XXXIX \\|issue\\=8655 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=12 August 1874 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nIn December 1865 the Old Adelaide Course Racing Club (later Adelaide Racing Club) was formed by a breakaway group from the SAJC,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article197035561 \\|title\\=South Australia \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Leader (Melbourne)]] \\|volume\\=XIV \\|issue\\=520 \\|location\\=Victoria, Australia \\|date\\=16 December 1865 \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2023 \\|page\\=11 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} sparking a rivalry, at times bordering on vitriolic antagonism, that lasted a hundred years.", "The 1869 autumn races were held at the East Park Lands, now dubbed the \"Old Adelaide Course\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article41399238 \\|title\\=Sporting \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XXXIII \\|issue\\=7002 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=19 April 1869 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}", "The 1870 New Year's races were organised by [Gabriel Bennett](/wiki/Gabriel_Bennett \"Gabriel Bennett\"), who revived regular race meetings there in May 1871\\.", "### Competition from Morphettville", "Some races had been conducted in the Glenelg region in the 1850s, at the rear of John Bernie's Morphett Arms Hotel.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article38448625 \\|title\\=Sporting Intelligence \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XV \\|issue\\=1387 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=27 March 1851 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2023 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}", "After five or six years of existence in name only, the [SAJC](/wiki/South_Australian_Jockey_Club \"South Australian Jockey Club\") re\\-formed in 1873, and acquired its own ground at [Morphettville](/wiki/Morphettville \"Morphettville\") (dubbed the \"Elder Course\" for their benefactor, [Thomas Elder](/wiki/Thomas_Elder \"Thomas Elder\"), or \"[Bay of Biscay](/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay_soil \"Bay of Biscay soil\") course\" for its unstable soil) and held their first meeting there on 3 January 1876\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article31963998 \\|title\\=South Australian Jockey Club \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Advertiser (Adelaide)\\|The South Australian Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1858–1889\\)]] \\|location\\=Adelaide, SA \\|date\\=4 January 1876 \\|access\\-date\\=2 January 2014 \\|page\\=6 \\|publisher\\=National Library of Australia}}", "The April 1878 three\\-day autumn meeting was held at the Elder Course, Morphettville,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article42989701 \\|title\\=The Races \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Register]] \\|volume\\=XLIII \\|issue\\=9814 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=29 April 1878 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|page\\=5 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} and the Adelaide Cup of 1879 was held there on the Tuesday after Easter.", "### The \"Old Course\" revived", "[thumb\\|Jack McGowan riding Jack Spratt at Victoria Park in 1896\\.](/wiki/File:Jack_McGowan_1896_Victoria_Park_on_Jack_Spratt.jpg \"Jack McGowan 1896 Victoria Park on Jack Spratt.jpg\")\nIn 1879 a 21 year lease on the course was awarded by the City Council to Bennett, [William Blackler](/wiki/William_Blackler \"William Blackler\"), [Seth Ferry](/wiki/Seth_Ferry \"Seth Ferry\") and Dr [Robert Peel](/wiki/Robert_Peel_%28doctor%29 \"Robert Peel (doctor)\"), who launched the [Adelaide Racing Club](/wiki/Adelaide_Racing_Club \"Adelaide Racing Club\"), which was formally founded on 14 October 1879, adopting [Victorian Racing Club](/wiki/Victorian_Racing_Club \"Victorian Racing Club\") rules; the committee to consist of the four lessees plus three elected members: George Church, Henry Hughes, and [W. F. Stock](/wiki/W._F._Stock \"W. F. Stock\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article207656292 \\|title\\=Adelaide Racing Club \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Express and Telegraph]] \\|volume\\=XVI \\|issue\\=4,726 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=15 October 1879 \\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2017 \\|page\\=3 \\|via\\=Trove}}", "In late 1879 the law prohibiting [totalizators](/wiki/Totalizator \"Totalizator\") on South Australian racecourses was disallowed,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article160089034 \\|title\\=Totalizator Repeal Act \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Adelaide Observer]] \\|volume\\=XL \\|issue\\=2194 \\|date\\=20 October 1883 \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2017 \\|page\\=17 \\|via\\=Trove}} and Ferry purchased a £300 \"box tote\", which he leased to the Club. It proved profitable for the Club when Mata, banned elsewhere, won the 1881 Birthday Cup.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article106517498 \\|title\\=Fifty Years of Racing (XX) \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Herald (Adelaide)\\|The Daily Herald]] \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=2600 \\|location\\=Adelaide \\|date\\=20 July 1918 \\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2023 \\|page\\=7 \\|via\\=Trove}}{{efn\\|This was one of several occasions when SAJC vindictiveness against the rival club backfired — they had been advised by VJC that Mata, a popular Tasmanian mare, had been banned from racing, but did not pass the information on until her entry had been accepted. Huge crowds watched her win the Cup, and AJC was able to convince VRC they had done nothing wrong and suffered no penalty.}}", "Led by Ferry and Blackler, the Club spent so much on the ground,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article160131800 \\|title\\=Turf Gossip \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Adelaide Observer]] \\|volume\\=XXXVII \\|issue\\=2012 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=24 April 1880 \\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2023 \\|page\\=13 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} prizemoney and infrastructure (far more was spent on the grandstand than was required by the Council's covenant) that within a year two lessees dropped out, leaving just Ferry and Blackler, who brought in his son W. A. Blackler as a third shareholder. Several committee members also dropped out, necessitating fresh elections to restore the quorum.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article91290758 \\|title\\=The Adelaide Racing Club \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Weekly Chronicle]] \\|volume\\=XXIV \\|issue\\=1,233 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=8 April 1882 \\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2023 \\|page\\=14 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} In time however, the lease proved a [cash cow](/wiki/Cash_cow \"Cash cow\") for the lessees, for which the City Council was roundly criticised by the Adelaide press.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article92720185 \\|title\\=The Adelaide Course and the Bookmakers \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South Australian Weekly Chronicle]] \\|volume\\=XXV \\|issue\\=1,292 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=26 May 1883 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2023 \\|page\\=15 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}\nHis good fortune did not last, as in 1883 Parliament passed the [Totalizator Repeal Act](/wiki/Totalizator_Repeal_Act \"Totalizator Repeal Act\"), making its use illegal and race\\-going less attractive. Then came the drought of 1884–1886, and a consequent recession, which disproportionately affected the ARC, causing a rift between Ferry, who was prepared to wait for better times, and Blackler, who was keen to surrender the lease. The Council wanted to extend Halifax Street through to Fullarton Road, cutting the course in two, and would have compensated them financially. Ferry had his way, and for a few years persevered with low\\-key meetings with modest prizemoney and consequently small fields, dominated by Ferry's own stable.", "", "", "Iconic races such as the Grand National Hurdle and the Adelaide Grand National were run on the track and won by South Australia's leading cross\\-country jockey Jack McGowan of [Brooklyn Park](/wiki/Brooklyn_Park%2C_South_Australia \"Brooklyn Park, South Australia\"){{cite news \\|url\\=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77926230 \\|title\\=Penola Hotel Licensee Well Known Sportsman \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Border Watch]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Mount Gambier, South Australia]] \\|date\\=11 June 1938 \\|page\\=3 \\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2021 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} in the late 1800s.", "The \"Old Course\" was renamed \"Victoria Park\" by [mayor](/wiki/List_of_mayors_and_lord_mayors_of_Adelaide \"List of mayors and lord mayors of Adelaide\") [Tucker](/wiki/Charles_Tucker_%28mayor%29 \"Charles Tucker (mayor)\") on 4 August 1897\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article209095946 \\|title\\=The Turf \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Express and Telegraph]] \\|volume\\=XXXIV \\|issue\\=10,130 \\|location\\=South Australia \\|date\\=5 August 1897 \\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2023 \\|page\\=4 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}}", "" ]
The early years: 1892–1901 -------------------------- ### Introduction of football at Maryland Informally, football and [baseball](/wiki/Baseball "Baseball") games had been played at the Maryland Agricultural College as early as the time of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). In 1890, an unofficial school team composed mostly of Maryland Agricultural students saw action against local high schools [Laurel](/wiki/Old_Laurel_High_School "Old Laurel High School") and [Sandy Spring](/wiki/Sandy_Spring%2C_Maryland "Sandy Spring, Maryland").{{verify source\|reason\=Laurel had first high school in PG County, in 1899\|date\=June 2015}} It was not officially sanctioned by the college, but was allowed to use the school's name. In 1891, the same team played three games against [Gallaudet](/wiki/Gallaudet_University%23Football "Gallaudet University#Football"), [Hyattsville](/wiki/Hyattsville%2C_Maryland "Hyattsville, Maryland"), and Sandy Spring. The victory over Sandy Spring prompted the MAC faculty to officially recognize the team.David Ungrady, *[Tales from the Maryland Terrapins](https://books.google.com/books?id=kty1Jvi1j0IC)*, 2003, pp. 3–4, Sports Publishing LLC. [thumb\|left\|The first official Maryland Agricultural College football team in 1892](/wiki/File:1892_Maryland_Agricultural_football_team.jpg "1892 Maryland Agricultural football team.jpg") In 1892, the first official Maryland Agricultural football team, known as the "Aggies" or "Farmers",Rick Snider, [Ill will lingers at Navy, Maryland; Rivalry to restart in Crab Bowl](http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/aug/29/20050829-122511-3724r/), *The Washington Times*, page 1, 29 August 2005\. was formed by quarterback [William Skinner](/wiki/Will_Skinner_%28coach%29 "Will Skinner (coach)"), who also served concurrently as the head coach. They went scoreless in that inaugural season with losses to [St. John's College](/wiki/St._John%27s_College_%28Annapolis/Santa_Fe%29 "St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)"), [Johns Hopkins](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays "Johns Hopkins Blue Jays"), and [Episcopal High School](/wiki/Episcopal_High_School_%28Alexandria%2C_VA%29 "Episcopal High School (Alexandria, VA)"). In the game against Episcopal, halfback Pearse "Shorty" Prough gained the only positive yardage for the team—after first running in the wrong direction for 30 yards, before changing course for a net gain of 35 yards. Episcopal's school newspaper, the *Monthly Chronicle*, stated that the play "showed an unaccreditable ignorance of football."Ungrady, p. 5\. The following season, in 1893, showed significant improvement. Maryland won all six of its games, including ones against [Baltimore City College](/wiki/Baltimore_City_College_football "Baltimore City College football"), St. John's, and [Western Maryland](/wiki/McDaniel_College "McDaniel College"). The St. John's match was controversial, however. After the game, St. John's players wrote in the *[Baltimore American](/wiki/Baltimore_American "Baltimore American")* that "a decision by which the M.A.C. were allowed to score the only touchdown made by the quarterback after a run of 90 yards, with no one in pursuit, appeared a very doubtful one." At the end of the season, Maryland Agricultural was awarded both the [District of Columbia](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") and the state collegiate championships. The awarding of the Maryland state championship, however, was protested by St. John's, which claimed that it was the deserving team. ### Formation of the MIFA [thumb\|right\|William W. Skinner, Maryland's first quarterback and head coach, played an integral role in the formation of the MIFA.](/wiki/File:William_W_Skinner.jpg "William W Skinner.jpg") In 1894, former coach and quarterback William Skinner helped lead the formation of the [Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association](/wiki/Maryland_Intercollegiate_Football_Association "Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association") (MIFA) in order to improve the process of naming the state champions. Other teams involved included Baltimore City College, Gallaudet, Johns Hopkins, [Washington College](/wiki/Washington_College "Washington College"), and Western Maryland.Ungrady, p. 6\.[Conference Champions – Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association](http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/conference_champs/champions.php?conid=99) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213160734/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/conference\_champs/champions.php?conid\=99 \|date\=2010\-02\-13 }}, College Football Data Warehouse, retrieved 16 December 2008\.Ted Patterson and Edwin H. Remsberg, [Football in Baltimore: History and Memorabilia](https://books.google.com/books?id=cZeye8iTWyMC), p. 39, 2000\. The game against St. John's once again aroused controversy, and the MAC accused their opponent of hiring [ringers](/wiki/wikt:Ringer "Ringer") from [Lehigh](/wiki/Lehigh_Mountain_Hawks "Lehigh Mountain Hawks"). When Johns Hopkins canceled their game, Maryland arranged to play [Georgetown](/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas_football "Georgetown Hoyas football") instead. The Maryland team called the game with a 6–4 lead as darkness fell. However, the referee, Georgetown halfback Mike Mahoney, ruled it a forfeiture and awarded the win to Georgetown. Today, Maryland and Georgetown both count the game as a Maryland Agricultural win in their records.{{cite web\|url\=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m\-footbl/auto\_pdf/08guide\-11\.pdf \|title\=Year\-by\-Year Results \|work\=2008 Maryland Terrapins Football Media Guide \|publisher\=University of Maryland \|year\=2008 \|access\-date\=9 December 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320005925/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m\-footbl/auto\_pdf/08guide\-11\.pdf \|archive\-date\=20 March 2009 }}[Georgetown Football Records](http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/gu/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/06FBMG_Records.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523102841/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/gu/sports/m\-footbl/auto\_pdf/06FBMG\_Records.pdf \|date\=May 23, 2011 }}, *2008 Football Media Guide*, Georgetown University, 2008, accessed 15 December 2008\. ### A brief hiatus In 1895, Maryland Agricultural, a [land\-grant school](/wiki/Land-grant_university "Land-grant university") with a military curriculum requirement, had a new commandant of cadets take office. Lieutenant Clough Overton, who opposed football at the university, cut funding for equipment and instituted strict rules limiting practice time. Instead of accepting this serious disadvantage against their opponents, the players declined to field a football team for the season.Ungrady, p. 7\. The following season, there was a renewal of football at Maryland. Fullback [Grenville Lewis](/wiki/Grenville_Lewis "Grenville Lewis") was elected as team captain and head coach. He instituted a strict physical training regimen involving [calisthenics](/wiki/Calisthenics "Calisthenics") and long\-distance running, and banned smoking, drinking, and eating [pie](/wiki/Pie "Pie") during the football season. This was unpopular with the team, but Lewis was embraced by the students and faculty. In the game to decide the state championship, Maryland Agricultural faced [Maryland\-Baltimore](/wiki/University_of_Maryland%2C_Baltimore "University of Maryland, Baltimore"). Late in the scoreless game, the Aggies pushed to their opponents' two\-yard line. With darkness approaching and Maryland Agricultural having difficulty scoring, the referee called the game. It became clear that Maryland\-Baltimore had sneaked three extra players onto the field, but the referee refused to award the Aggies the win. Two days later, the Maryland–Baltimore players voted to forfeit the game, and with it the championship, to Maryland Agricultural.Ungrady, p. 8–9\. In 1897, Maryland faced Johns Hopkins for the first time since the Aggies' inaugural season. Hopkins beat Maryland handily, 30–6, and the Aggies went on to lose their next three games to finish the year with a 2–4 mark. The 1898 season saw the Aggies finish 2–5–1 and in 1899, the team canceled the remainder of its season after accumulating a 1–4 record.Ungrady, p. 9\. Maryland saw a marginal improvement to 3–4–1 in 1900, but then fell to a 1–7 season in 1901\.
[ "The early years: 1892–1901\n--------------------------", "### Introduction of football at Maryland", "Informally, football and [baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\") games had been played at the Maryland Agricultural College as early as the time of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"). In 1890, an unofficial school team composed mostly of Maryland Agricultural students saw action against local high schools [Laurel](/wiki/Old_Laurel_High_School \"Old Laurel High School\") and [Sandy Spring](/wiki/Sandy_Spring%2C_Maryland \"Sandy Spring, Maryland\").{{verify source\\|reason\\=Laurel had first high school in PG County, in 1899\\|date\\=June 2015}} It was not officially sanctioned by the college, but was allowed to use the school's name. In 1891, the same team played three games against [Gallaudet](/wiki/Gallaudet_University%23Football \"Gallaudet University#Football\"), [Hyattsville](/wiki/Hyattsville%2C_Maryland \"Hyattsville, Maryland\"), and Sandy Spring. The victory over Sandy Spring prompted the MAC faculty to officially recognize the team.David Ungrady, *[Tales from the Maryland Terrapins](https://books.google.com/books?id=kty1Jvi1j0IC)*, 2003, pp. 3–4, Sports Publishing LLC.", "[thumb\\|left\\|The first official Maryland Agricultural College football team in 1892](/wiki/File:1892_Maryland_Agricultural_football_team.jpg \"1892 Maryland Agricultural football team.jpg\")\nIn 1892, the first official Maryland Agricultural football team, known as the \"Aggies\" or \"Farmers\",Rick Snider, [Ill will lingers at Navy, Maryland; Rivalry to restart in Crab Bowl](http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/aug/29/20050829-122511-3724r/), *The Washington Times*, page 1, 29 August 2005\\. was formed by quarterback [William Skinner](/wiki/Will_Skinner_%28coach%29 \"Will Skinner (coach)\"), who also served concurrently as the head coach. They went scoreless in that inaugural season with losses to [St. John's College](/wiki/St._John%27s_College_%28Annapolis/Santa_Fe%29 \"St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)\"), [Johns Hopkins](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays \"Johns Hopkins Blue Jays\"), and [Episcopal High School](/wiki/Episcopal_High_School_%28Alexandria%2C_VA%29 \"Episcopal High School (Alexandria, VA)\"). In the game against Episcopal, halfback Pearse \"Shorty\" Prough gained the only positive yardage for the team—after first running in the wrong direction for 30 yards, before changing course for a net gain of 35 yards. Episcopal's school newspaper, the *Monthly Chronicle*, stated that the play \"showed an unaccreditable ignorance of football.\"Ungrady, p. 5\\.", "The following season, in 1893, showed significant improvement. Maryland won all six of its games, including ones against [Baltimore City College](/wiki/Baltimore_City_College_football \"Baltimore City College football\"), St. John's, and [Western Maryland](/wiki/McDaniel_College \"McDaniel College\"). The St. John's match was controversial, however. After the game, St. John's players wrote in the *[Baltimore American](/wiki/Baltimore_American \"Baltimore American\")* that \"a decision by which the M.A.C. were allowed to score the only touchdown made by the quarterback after a run of 90 yards, with no one in pursuit, appeared a very doubtful one.\" At the end of the season, Maryland Agricultural was awarded both the [District of Columbia](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") and the state collegiate championships. The awarding of the Maryland state championship, however, was protested by St. John's, which claimed that it was the deserving team.", "### Formation of the MIFA", "[thumb\\|right\\|William W. Skinner, Maryland's first quarterback and head coach, played an integral role in the formation of the MIFA.](/wiki/File:William_W_Skinner.jpg \"William W Skinner.jpg\")\nIn 1894, former coach and quarterback William Skinner helped lead the formation of the [Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association](/wiki/Maryland_Intercollegiate_Football_Association \"Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association\") (MIFA) in order to improve the process of naming the state champions. Other teams involved included Baltimore City College, Gallaudet, Johns Hopkins, [Washington College](/wiki/Washington_College \"Washington College\"), and Western Maryland.Ungrady, p. 6\\.[Conference Champions – Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association](http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/conference_champs/champions.php?conid=99) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213160734/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/conference\\_champs/champions.php?conid\\=99 \\|date\\=2010\\-02\\-13 }}, College Football Data Warehouse, retrieved 16 December 2008\\.Ted Patterson and Edwin H. Remsberg, [Football in Baltimore: History and Memorabilia](https://books.google.com/books?id=cZeye8iTWyMC), p. 39, 2000\\. The game against St. John's once again aroused controversy, and the MAC accused their opponent of hiring [ringers](/wiki/wikt:Ringer \"Ringer\") from [Lehigh](/wiki/Lehigh_Mountain_Hawks \"Lehigh Mountain Hawks\"). When Johns Hopkins canceled their game, Maryland arranged to play [Georgetown](/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas_football \"Georgetown Hoyas football\") instead. The Maryland team called the game with a 6–4 lead as darkness fell. However, the referee, Georgetown halfback Mike Mahoney, ruled it a forfeiture and awarded the win to Georgetown. Today, Maryland and Georgetown both count the game as a Maryland Agricultural win in their records.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m\\-footbl/auto\\_pdf/08guide\\-11\\.pdf \\|title\\=Year\\-by\\-Year Results \\|work\\=2008 Maryland Terrapins Football Media Guide \\|publisher\\=University of Maryland \\|year\\=2008 \\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320005925/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m\\-footbl/auto\\_pdf/08guide\\-11\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2009 }}[Georgetown Football Records](http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/gu/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/06FBMG_Records.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523102841/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/gu/sports/m\\-footbl/auto\\_pdf/06FBMG\\_Records.pdf \\|date\\=May 23, 2011 }}, *2008 Football Media Guide*, Georgetown University, 2008, accessed 15 December 2008\\.", "### A brief hiatus", "In 1895, Maryland Agricultural, a [land\\-grant school](/wiki/Land-grant_university \"Land-grant university\") with a military curriculum requirement, had a new commandant of cadets take office. Lieutenant Clough Overton, who opposed football at the university, cut funding for equipment and instituted strict rules limiting practice time. Instead of accepting this serious disadvantage against their opponents, the players declined to field a football team for the season.Ungrady, p. 7\\.", "The following season, there was a renewal of football at Maryland. Fullback [Grenville Lewis](/wiki/Grenville_Lewis \"Grenville Lewis\") was elected as team captain and head coach. He instituted a strict physical training regimen involving [calisthenics](/wiki/Calisthenics \"Calisthenics\") and long\\-distance running, and banned smoking, drinking, and eating [pie](/wiki/Pie \"Pie\") during the football season. This was unpopular with the team, but Lewis was embraced by the students and faculty. In the game to decide the state championship, Maryland Agricultural faced [Maryland\\-Baltimore](/wiki/University_of_Maryland%2C_Baltimore \"University of Maryland, Baltimore\"). Late in the scoreless game, the Aggies pushed to their opponents' two\\-yard line. With darkness approaching and Maryland Agricultural having difficulty scoring, the referee called the game. It became clear that Maryland\\-Baltimore had sneaked three extra players onto the field, but the referee refused to award the Aggies the win. Two days later, the Maryland–Baltimore players voted to forfeit the game, and with it the championship, to Maryland Agricultural.Ungrady, p. 8–9\\.", "In 1897, Maryland faced Johns Hopkins for the first time since the Aggies' inaugural season. Hopkins beat Maryland handily, 30–6, and the Aggies went on to lose their next three games to finish the year with a 2–4 mark. The 1898 season saw the Aggies finish 2–5–1 and in 1899, the team canceled the remainder of its season after accumulating a 1–4 record.Ungrady, p. 9\\. Maryland saw a marginal improvement to 3–4–1 in 1900, but then fell to a 1–7 season in 1901\\.", "" ]
The Curley Byrd era: 1911–1934 ------------------------------ {{See also\|Curley Byrd}} In 1911, [Charley Donnelly](/wiki/Charley_Donnelly "Charley Donnelly") was the head coach for the first seven games, before stepping down with a 2–4–1 record. Due to injuries, Maryland did not have enough players to field a [practice squad](/wiki/Scout_team "Scout team") and turned to local high schools for scrimmages. Curley Byrd was serving as the football coach at one of these high schools and agreed to take the head coaching job at Maryland, his [alma mater](/wiki/Alma_mater "Alma mater"). Byrd held that position for 24 years, making him the longest\-serving football coach in school history. During this time, he developed a unique offensive scheme called the "Byrd system", which combined elements of the [single\-wing](/wiki/Single_wing_formation "Single wing formation") and [double\-wing formations](/wiki/Double-wing_formation "Double-wing formation").[Old Liners Need New Backfield This Season](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=paMLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LVUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3749,1827637&dq=roy-mackert+|+charles-mackert+|+charles-l-mackert), *[The Evening Independent](/wiki/The_Evening_Independent "The Evening Independent")*, August 30, 1935\. He also coached the [basketball](/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball "Maryland Terrapins men's basketball") and baseball teams from 1913 to 1923\.Ungrady, p. 15–18\. ### Founding of the University of Maryland [thumb\|right\|The Great Fire of 1912 devastated the Maryland campus.](/wiki/Image:1912Fire.jpeg "1912Fire.jpeg") The campus was devastated by a fire in 1912, which deepened the school's grave financial difficulties.[The Great Fire, Maryland Agricultural College, 1912](http://www.lib.umd.edu/univarchives/fire/index.html), University of Maryland Library Archives, University of Maryland Library, accessed 15 December 2008\. In 1916, the state government took full control of the school and renamed it Maryland State College.[University of Maryland Timeline](http://www.urhome.umd.edu/timeline/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628141020/http://www.urhome.umd.edu/timeline/ \|date\=2010\-06\-28 }}, University of Maryland, accessed 14 December 2008\. Byrd became the assistant athletic director in 1918 and assisted in the consolidation with the professional colleges in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland "Baltimore, Maryland"), which resulted in the creation of the University of Maryland.Ungrady, p. 16\. During this time, the team was referred as 'The Old Liners', most likely in reference to the state nickname.["Maryland Terrapins History"](http://www.collegefootballhistory.com/maryland/history.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529033907/http://www.collegefootballhistory.com/maryland/history.htm \|date\=2010\-05\-29 }}, College Football History, accessed 16 January 2008\. During his tenure, Byrd greatly increased fan and faculty interest and financial support for football at Maryland. Prior to 1912, the team lacked any facilities and its one field left much to be desired. In 1915, Byrd requested funds for [the school's first stadium](/wiki/Old_Byrd_Stadium "Old Byrd Stadium") and associated facilities.Ungrady, p. 24\. [thumb\|left\|300px\|The 1914 state championship\-winning Maryland Agricultural football team.](/wiki/Image:1914MACfootball.JPG "1914MACfootball.JPG") In 1913, Maryland Agricultural compiled a 6–3 record. The team shut\-out four Maryland state universities: Johns Hopkins (26–0\), Western Maryland (46–0\), St. John's (13–0\), and Washington College (20–0\). For the feat, Maryland Agricultural won the state championship. In 1914, the MAC tallied a 5–3 record. In intrastate play, the Farmers recorded wins over Johns Hopkins, St. John's, and Washington College, and a loss to Western Maryland. Once again, the team secured the state championship.*Reveille*, Maryland Agricultural College Yearbook, Class of 1915, p. 172\. The following year, Maryland met Johns Hopkins at [Homewood Field](/wiki/Homewood_Field "Homewood Field") on [Thanksgiving Day](/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving "American football on Thanksgiving"), which drew the venue's all\-time record crowd of 13,000 spectators. Hopkins won a hard\-fought defensive struggle, 3–0, and the two teams met on the occasion all but two subsequent years through 1934, the final game of [the series](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins-Maryland_rivalry "Johns Hopkins-Maryland rivalry").Patterson, p. 41\. [Jack Faber](/wiki/Jack_Faber "Jack Faber"), who played for Byrd at the time, said that Maryland scheduled games against "four or five schools every year we had no right beating."Ungrady, p. 21\. Maryland achieved a winning record each season during Byrd's first decade of coaching, from 1911 to 1920\. In that period, the team also accumulated a 7–2–1 record against arch\-rival Johns Hopkins.Patterson, p. 5\. The following decade, the team played an increasingly difficult and farther afield schedule. During the 1920s Maryland recorded wins against some of the period's powerhouses: [Yale](/wiki/Yale_University%23Athletics "Yale University#Athletics"), [Rutgers](/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football "Rutgers Scarlet Knights football"), [Princeton](/wiki/Princeton_University%23Athletics "Princeton University#Athletics"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania%23Athletics "University of Pennsylvania#Athletics"), [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse_Orange "Syracuse Orange"), [Cornell](/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red"), and [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football "North Carolina Tar Heels football").Ungrady, p. 23\. ### Conferences reshuffle For the 1920 season, Maryland played in the [South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/South_Atlantic_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association "South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association") (SAIAA).[Conference Affiliations](http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/acc/maryland/index.php) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121195828/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div\_ia/acc/maryland/index.php \|date\=2009\-01\-21 }}, Maryland Historical Data, College Football Data Warehouse, retrieved 16 December 2008\.[Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the National Collegiate Athletic Association](https://books.google.com/books?id=EjYKAAAAIAAJ&q=%22South+Atlantic+Intercollegiate%22) (Google Books), National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1921\. Meanwhile, members of the [Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association "Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association") (SIAA) were locked in a heated debate over whether first\-year students should be eligible to play football. The larger schools, in general, were against the practice, and eventually the disagreement resulted in a schism within the SIAA. Eight teams from the SIAA split to form the [Southern Conference](/wiki/Southern_Conference "Southern Conference"): [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football "Alabama Crimson Tide football"), [Auburn](/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football "Auburn Tigers football"), [Clemson](/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_football "Clemson Tigers football"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football "Georgia Bulldogs football"), [Georgia Tech](/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellowjackets_football "Georgia Tech Yellowjackets football"), [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football "Kentucky Wildcats football"), [Mississippi State](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football "Mississippi State Bulldogs football"), and [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football "Tennessee Volunteers football"). They were joined by six non\-SIAA members: North Carolina, [North Carolina State](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Wolfpack_football "North Carolina State Wolfpack football"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_football "Virginia Cavaliers football"), [Virginia Tech](/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football "Virginia Tech Hokies football"), [Washington \& Lee](/wiki/Washington_%26_Lee "Washington & Lee"), and Maryland.Roger Saylor, [Southern Intercollegiate Conference 1921–1932](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/CFHSN/CFHSNv06/CFHSNv06n4c.pdf), LA84 Foundation, accessed 15 December 2008\. Maryland would remain within the Southern Conference for the next three decades. [thumb\|300px\|right\|In 1931, Maryland sees action against [in\-state rival](/wiki/Crab_Bowl_Classic "Crab Bowl Classic") Navy at [Griffith Stadium](/wiki/Griffith_Stadium "Griffith Stadium") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.")In](/wiki/Image:1931_USNA_UMD_pass.JPG "1931 USNA UMD pass.JPG") 1923, [the eponymous stadium](/wiki/Old_Byrd_Stadium "Old Byrd Stadium"), for which Byrd had petitioned funding, was completed at a cost of $60,000 with a maximum capacity of 10,000\. That season was also one of Byrd's most successful. He hired former Maryland quarterback and future long\-time basketball coach, [Burton Shipley](/wiki/Burton_Shipley "Burton Shipley"), as an assistant coach. The team shutout five of its opponents and held Johns Hopkins and [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Cardinals_football "Catholic Cardinals football") to just six points apiece, for an overall record of 7–2–1\. The only losses came at Yale and against Virginia Tech. Maryland led Yale, 14–12, at halftime, but a referee ruled incomplete a [drop kick](/wiki/Drop_kick%23American_and_Canadian_%28gridiron%29_football "Drop kick#American and Canadian (gridiron) football") that Byrd claimed was good by a "country mile". Yale won the game, 16–14\. Mainly for his performance against Yale and Penn, end [Bill "Zeke" Supplee](/wiki/Bill_Supplee "Bill Supplee") was named an [All\-American](/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team "College Football All-America Team") by the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). He was the first Maryland player honored as such.Ungrady, p. 26\. In 1928, Maryland finished with a 6–3–1 record, but tallied wins over "three of \[its] ancient rivals": Johns Hopkins, Yale, and Virginia.*Reveille*, University of Maryland Yearbook, Class of 1929, p. 187\. That season, [Gerald "Snitz" Snyder](/wiki/Gerald_Snyder "Gerald Snyder") became the second Old Liner to be named an All\-American, when the Associated Press selected him to their second\-team.[All\-Time Honors](http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/191-196.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523103025/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m\-footbl/auto\_pdf/191\-196\.pdf \|date\=May 23, 2011 }} (PDF), *2001 Maryland Terrapins Football Media Guide*, CBS Sports, retrieved 8 December 2008\. In 1933, Byrd spearheaded the adoption of the [diamondback terrapin](/wiki/Diamondback_terrapin "Diamondback terrapin") as the official school mascot. He had already renamed the student newspaper *[The Diamondback](/wiki/The_Diamondback "The Diamondback")* in 1921, and the football team was referred to as the "Terrapins", in addition to the older nicknames, as early as 1928\.*Reveille*, University of Maryland Yearbook, Class of 1928, p. 182\. At some point, newspapers shortened the nickname to the "Terps" in order to abridge headlines.
[ "The Curley Byrd era: 1911–1934\n------------------------------", "{{See also\\|Curley Byrd}}", "In 1911, [Charley Donnelly](/wiki/Charley_Donnelly \"Charley Donnelly\") was the head coach for the first seven games, before stepping down with a 2–4–1 record. Due to injuries, Maryland did not have enough players to field a [practice squad](/wiki/Scout_team \"Scout team\") and turned to local high schools for scrimmages. Curley Byrd was serving as the football coach at one of these high schools and agreed to take the head coaching job at Maryland, his [alma mater](/wiki/Alma_mater \"Alma mater\"). Byrd held that position for 24 years, making him the longest\\-serving football coach in school history. During this time, he developed a unique offensive scheme called the \"Byrd system\", which combined elements of the [single\\-wing](/wiki/Single_wing_formation \"Single wing formation\") and [double\\-wing formations](/wiki/Double-wing_formation \"Double-wing formation\").[Old Liners Need New Backfield This Season](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=paMLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LVUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3749,1827637&dq=roy-mackert+|+charles-mackert+|+charles-l-mackert), *[The Evening Independent](/wiki/The_Evening_Independent \"The Evening Independent\")*, August 30, 1935\\. He also coached the [basketball](/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball \"Maryland Terrapins men's basketball\") and baseball teams from 1913 to 1923\\.Ungrady, p. 15–18\\.", "### Founding of the University of Maryland", "[thumb\\|right\\|The Great Fire of 1912 devastated the Maryland campus.](/wiki/Image:1912Fire.jpeg \"1912Fire.jpeg\")\nThe campus was devastated by a fire in 1912, which deepened the school's grave financial difficulties.[The Great Fire, Maryland Agricultural College, 1912](http://www.lib.umd.edu/univarchives/fire/index.html), University of Maryland Library Archives, University of Maryland Library, accessed 15 December 2008\\. In 1916, the state government took full control of the school and renamed it Maryland State College.[University of Maryland Timeline](http://www.urhome.umd.edu/timeline/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628141020/http://www.urhome.umd.edu/timeline/ \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-28 }}, University of Maryland, accessed 14 December 2008\\. Byrd became the assistant athletic director in 1918 and assisted in the consolidation with the professional colleges in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland \"Baltimore, Maryland\"), which resulted in the creation of the University of Maryland.Ungrady, p. 16\\. During this time, the team was referred as 'The Old Liners', most likely in reference to the state nickname.[\"Maryland Terrapins History\"](http://www.collegefootballhistory.com/maryland/history.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529033907/http://www.collegefootballhistory.com/maryland/history.htm \\|date\\=2010\\-05\\-29 }}, College Football History, accessed 16 January 2008\\.", "During his tenure, Byrd greatly increased fan and faculty interest and financial support for football at Maryland. Prior to 1912, the team lacked any facilities and its one field left much to be desired. In 1915, Byrd requested funds for [the school's first stadium](/wiki/Old_Byrd_Stadium \"Old Byrd Stadium\") and associated facilities.Ungrady, p. 24\\.", "[thumb\\|left\\|300px\\|The 1914 state championship\\-winning Maryland Agricultural football team.](/wiki/Image:1914MACfootball.JPG \"1914MACfootball.JPG\")\nIn 1913, Maryland Agricultural compiled a 6–3 record. The team shut\\-out four Maryland state universities: Johns Hopkins (26–0\\), Western Maryland (46–0\\), St. John's (13–0\\), and Washington College (20–0\\). For the feat, Maryland Agricultural won the state championship. In 1914, the MAC tallied a 5–3 record. In intrastate play, the Farmers recorded wins over Johns Hopkins, St. John's, and Washington College, and a loss to Western Maryland. Once again, the team secured the state championship.*Reveille*, Maryland Agricultural College Yearbook, Class of 1915, p. 172\\. The following year, Maryland met Johns Hopkins at [Homewood Field](/wiki/Homewood_Field \"Homewood Field\") on [Thanksgiving Day](/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving \"American football on Thanksgiving\"), which drew the venue's all\\-time record crowd of 13,000 spectators. Hopkins won a hard\\-fought defensive struggle, 3–0, and the two teams met on the occasion all but two subsequent years through 1934, the final game of [the series](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins-Maryland_rivalry \"Johns Hopkins-Maryland rivalry\").Patterson, p. 41\\.", "[Jack Faber](/wiki/Jack_Faber \"Jack Faber\"), who played for Byrd at the time, said that Maryland scheduled games against \"four or five schools every year we had no right beating.\"Ungrady, p. 21\\. Maryland achieved a winning record each season during Byrd's first decade of coaching, from 1911 to 1920\\. In that period, the team also accumulated a 7–2–1 record against arch\\-rival Johns Hopkins.Patterson, p. 5\\. The following decade, the team played an increasingly difficult and farther afield schedule. During the 1920s Maryland recorded wins against some of the period's powerhouses: [Yale](/wiki/Yale_University%23Athletics \"Yale University#Athletics\"), [Rutgers](/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football \"Rutgers Scarlet Knights football\"), [Princeton](/wiki/Princeton_University%23Athletics \"Princeton University#Athletics\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania%23Athletics \"University of Pennsylvania#Athletics\"), [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse_Orange \"Syracuse Orange\"), [Cornell](/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red \"Cornell Big Red\"), and [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football \"North Carolina Tar Heels football\").Ungrady, p. 23\\.", "### Conferences reshuffle", "For the 1920 season, Maryland played in the [South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/South_Atlantic_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") (SAIAA).[Conference Affiliations](http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/acc/maryland/index.php) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121195828/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div\\_ia/acc/maryland/index.php \\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-21 }}, Maryland Historical Data, College Football Data Warehouse, retrieved 16 December 2008\\.[Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the National Collegiate Athletic Association](https://books.google.com/books?id=EjYKAAAAIAAJ&q=%22South+Atlantic+Intercollegiate%22) (Google Books), National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1921\\. Meanwhile, members of the [Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") (SIAA) were locked in a heated debate over whether first\\-year students should be eligible to play football. The larger schools, in general, were against the practice, and eventually the disagreement resulted in a schism within the SIAA. Eight teams from the SIAA split to form the [Southern Conference](/wiki/Southern_Conference \"Southern Conference\"): [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football \"Alabama Crimson Tide football\"), [Auburn](/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football \"Auburn Tigers football\"), [Clemson](/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_football \"Clemson Tigers football\"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football \"Georgia Bulldogs football\"), [Georgia Tech](/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellowjackets_football \"Georgia Tech Yellowjackets football\"), [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football \"Kentucky Wildcats football\"), [Mississippi State](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football \"Mississippi State Bulldogs football\"), and [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football \"Tennessee Volunteers football\"). They were joined by six non\\-SIAA members: North Carolina, [North Carolina State](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Wolfpack_football \"North Carolina State Wolfpack football\"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_football \"Virginia Cavaliers football\"), [Virginia Tech](/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football \"Virginia Tech Hokies football\"), [Washington \\& Lee](/wiki/Washington_%26_Lee \"Washington & Lee\"), and Maryland.Roger Saylor, [Southern Intercollegiate Conference 1921–1932](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/CFHSN/CFHSNv06/CFHSNv06n4c.pdf), LA84 Foundation, accessed 15 December 2008\\. Maryland would remain within the Southern Conference for the next three decades.", "[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|In 1931, Maryland sees action against [in\\-state rival](/wiki/Crab_Bowl_Classic \"Crab Bowl Classic\") Navy at [Griffith Stadium](/wiki/Griffith_Stadium \"Griffith Stadium\") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")In](/wiki/Image:1931_USNA_UMD_pass.JPG \"1931 USNA UMD pass.JPG\") 1923, [the eponymous stadium](/wiki/Old_Byrd_Stadium \"Old Byrd Stadium\"), for which Byrd had petitioned funding, was completed at a cost of $60,000 with a maximum capacity of 10,000\\. That season was also one of Byrd's most successful. He hired former Maryland quarterback and future long\\-time basketball coach, [Burton Shipley](/wiki/Burton_Shipley \"Burton Shipley\"), as an assistant coach. The team shutout five of its opponents and held Johns Hopkins and [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Cardinals_football \"Catholic Cardinals football\") to just six points apiece, for an overall record of 7–2–1\\. The only losses came at Yale and against Virginia Tech. Maryland led Yale, 14–12, at halftime, but a referee ruled incomplete a [drop kick](/wiki/Drop_kick%23American_and_Canadian_%28gridiron%29_football \"Drop kick#American and Canadian (gridiron) football\") that Byrd claimed was good by a \"country mile\". Yale won the game, 16–14\\. Mainly for his performance against Yale and Penn, end [Bill \"Zeke\" Supplee](/wiki/Bill_Supplee \"Bill Supplee\") was named an [All\\-American](/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team \"College Football All-America Team\") by the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). He was the first Maryland player honored as such.Ungrady, p. 26\\.", "In 1928, Maryland finished with a 6–3–1 record, but tallied wins over \"three of \\[its] ancient rivals\": Johns Hopkins, Yale, and Virginia.*Reveille*, University of Maryland Yearbook, Class of 1929, p. 187\\. That season, [Gerald \"Snitz\" Snyder](/wiki/Gerald_Snyder \"Gerald Snyder\") became the second Old Liner to be named an All\\-American, when the Associated Press selected him to their second\\-team.[All\\-Time Honors](http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/191-196.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523103025/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m\\-footbl/auto\\_pdf/191\\-196\\.pdf \\|date\\=May 23, 2011 }} (PDF), *2001 Maryland Terrapins Football Media Guide*, CBS Sports, retrieved 8 December 2008\\.", "In 1933, Byrd spearheaded the adoption of the [diamondback terrapin](/wiki/Diamondback_terrapin \"Diamondback terrapin\") as the official school mascot. He had already renamed the student newspaper *[The Diamondback](/wiki/The_Diamondback \"The Diamondback\")* in 1921, and the football team was referred to as the \"Terrapins\", in addition to the older nicknames, as early as 1928\\.*Reveille*, University of Maryland Yearbook, Class of 1928, p. 182\\. At some point, newspapers shortened the nickname to the \"Terps\" in order to abridge headlines.", "" ]
Big\-name coaches: 1935–1946 ---------------------------- When Byrd became the [university president](/wiki/President_of_the_University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Park "President of the University of Maryland, College Park") in 1935,[University of Maryland – Former President Harry Clifton "Curley" Byrd](http://www.president.umd.edu/pastpres/byrd/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720140628/http://www.president.umd.edu/pastpres/byrd/ \|date\=July 20, 2009 }}, Past Presidents, University of Maryland, accessed 15 December 2008\. [Jack Faber](/wiki/Jack_Faber "Jack Faber") replaced him as head coach and accumulated a 7–2–2 record. The following year, [Frank Dobson](/wiki/Frank_Dobson_%28American_football%29 "Frank Dobson (American football)"), former Georgia Tech assistant coach under [John Heisman](/wiki/John_Heisman "John Heisman"), assumed the head coaching position. After a 6–5 first season, Dobson led the Terrapins to an 8–2 record in 1937\. The highlight of the season was a 13–0 shutout of 17th\-ranked Syracuse. In the [homecoming](/wiki/Homecoming "Homecoming") game, Charlie Weidinger completed a pass to William Bryant for a 13–7 go\-ahead over [Florida](/wiki/Florida_Gators_football "Florida Gators football"). The Terrapins' two losses came against Penn and [Penn State](/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football "Penn State Nittany Lions football"), the latter being the second game [in a rivalry](/wiki/Maryland%E2%80%93Penn_State_rivalry "Maryland–Penn State rivalry") that would bedevil Maryland throughout its entire duration. At the end of the season, Maryland was declared the Southern Conference [champions](/wiki/List_of_Southern_Conference_football_champions "List of Southern Conference football champions"), the team's first major conference title.[Year\-By\-Year Results](http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/07guide-11.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026140910/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m\-footbl/auto\_pdf/07guide\-11\.pdf \|date\=October 26, 2018 }}, *2007 Terrapin Football Record Book*, University of Maryland, 2007\. The following two years, 1938 and 1939, saw Dobson's teams accumulate 2–7 records, and he was replaced by Jack Faber. However, Faber did not have much more success, going 2–6–1 in 1940 and 3–5–1 in 1941\. ### Shaughnessy's T\-formation In 1942, [Clark Shaughnessy](/wiki/Clark_Shaughnessy "Clark Shaughnessy") was hired as head coach. Shaughnessy [had achieved fame](/wiki/1940_Stanford_Indians_football_team "1940 Stanford Indians football team") at [Stanford](/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football "Stanford Cardinal football"), where he installed his quarterback\-centric version of the [T\-formation](/wiki/T-formation "T-formation") as his primary offensive scheme. In response, [Glenn "Pop" Warner](/wiki/Glenn_Scobey_Warner "Glenn Scobey Warner") had said, "If Stanford wins a single game with that crazy formation, you can throw all the football I ever knew in the Pacific Ocean." Stanford, which had gone 1–7–1 the previous season, went undefeated in Shaughnessy's first year and earned the number\-two ranking in the final [AP Poll](/wiki/AP_Poll "AP Poll"). Shaughnessy was named 1940 College Coach of the Year for the turnaround performance.{{College Football HoF\|id\=1664\|name\=Clark Shaughnessy\|access\-date\=15 December 2008}} Under Shaughnessy, the Terps went 7–2, with one of the losses a 0–42 shutout at [Duke](/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_football "Duke Blue Devils football"), which in five seasons had won the Southern Conference three times and been ranked in the AP top\-20 four times.[Records](http://www.goduke.com/fls/4200/media-guides/football/2008-09/fb-2008-24-pp-196-205-records.pdf) (PDF), *2008 Duke Football Media Guide*, p. 201, 2008, accessed 15 December 2008\. After one season, Shaughnessy left Maryland for [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_football "Pittsburgh Panthers football"). [thumb\|right\|Paul "Bear" Bryant began his long and distinguished coaching career at Maryland.](/wiki/File:Bear_Bryant_1945.jpg "Bear Bryant 1945.jpg") For 1943 and 1944, [Clarence Spears](/wiki/Clarence_Spears "Clarence Spears") was the Maryland head coach. Like Shaughnessy, Spears had taken an underachieving team and turned them around. In 1925, he took over [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football "Minnesota Golden Gophers football"), which had posted a 3–3–2 record the prior season, and led them to a share of the 1927 [Big Ten](/wiki/Big_Ten "Big Ten") championship.[Year\-By\-Year Records](http://www.gophersports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=39277&SPID=3280&DB_OEM_ID=8400&ATCLID=1362477){{dead link\|date\=June 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, Gophersports.com, University of Minnesota Athletics Official Website, accessed 15 December 2008\. However, at Maryland, when Spears accumulated a record of 5–12–1 after two seasons, he too was replaced. ### Bryant's brief stint In 1945, [Paul "Bear" Bryant](/wiki/Bear_Bryant "Bear Bryant"), who would later go on to achieve legendary status among football coaches, was named the head coach at Maryland. During his first year as a college head coach, Bryant led Maryland to a respectable 6–2–1 record, including a last\-second win over [out\-of\-state rival](/wiki/Maryland%E2%80%93Virginia_rivalry "Maryland–Virginia rivalry") Virginia. However, he resigned after just one season, when university president Curley Byrd reinstated a player that Bryant had suspended.B.J. Phillips and Peter Ainslie, [Football's Supercoach](https://web.archive.org/web/20110704023924/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952802-4,00.html), *Time*, p. 4, 29 September 1980, accessed 15 December 2008\. In 1946, Clark Shaughnessy returned from Pittsburgh to Maryland for one more season. That year, the Terrapins recorded a 3–6 season including losses to North Carolina, South Carolina, [Michigan State](/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_football "Michigan State Spartans football"), and N.C. State. After that, Shaughnessy went on to coach the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League")'s [Los Angeles Rams](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams "Los Angeles Rams") in 1948 and 1949\.
[ "Big\\-name coaches: 1935–1946\n----------------------------", "When Byrd became the [university president](/wiki/President_of_the_University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Park \"President of the University of Maryland, College Park\") in 1935,[University of Maryland – Former President Harry Clifton \"Curley\" Byrd](http://www.president.umd.edu/pastpres/byrd/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720140628/http://www.president.umd.edu/pastpres/byrd/ \\|date\\=July 20, 2009 }}, Past Presidents, University of Maryland, accessed 15 December 2008\\. [Jack Faber](/wiki/Jack_Faber \"Jack Faber\") replaced him as head coach and accumulated a 7–2–2 record. The following year, [Frank Dobson](/wiki/Frank_Dobson_%28American_football%29 \"Frank Dobson (American football)\"), former Georgia Tech assistant coach under [John Heisman](/wiki/John_Heisman \"John Heisman\"), assumed the head coaching position. After a 6–5 first season, Dobson led the Terrapins to an 8–2 record in 1937\\. The highlight of the season was a 13–0 shutout of 17th\\-ranked Syracuse. In the [homecoming](/wiki/Homecoming \"Homecoming\") game, Charlie Weidinger completed a pass to William Bryant for a 13–7 go\\-ahead over [Florida](/wiki/Florida_Gators_football \"Florida Gators football\"). The Terrapins' two losses came against Penn and [Penn State](/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football \"Penn State Nittany Lions football\"), the latter being the second game [in a rivalry](/wiki/Maryland%E2%80%93Penn_State_rivalry \"Maryland–Penn State rivalry\") that would bedevil Maryland throughout its entire duration. At the end of the season, Maryland was declared the Southern Conference [champions](/wiki/List_of_Southern_Conference_football_champions \"List of Southern Conference football champions\"), the team's first major conference title.[Year\\-By\\-Year Results](http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/07guide-11.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026140910/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/md/sports/m\\-footbl/auto\\_pdf/07guide\\-11\\.pdf \\|date\\=October 26, 2018 }}, *2007 Terrapin Football Record Book*, University of Maryland, 2007\\.", "The following two years, 1938 and 1939, saw Dobson's teams accumulate 2–7 records, and he was replaced by Jack Faber. However, Faber did not have much more success, going 2–6–1 in 1940 and 3–5–1 in 1941\\.", "### Shaughnessy's T\\-formation", "In 1942, [Clark Shaughnessy](/wiki/Clark_Shaughnessy \"Clark Shaughnessy\") was hired as head coach. Shaughnessy [had achieved fame](/wiki/1940_Stanford_Indians_football_team \"1940 Stanford Indians football team\") at [Stanford](/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football \"Stanford Cardinal football\"), where he installed his quarterback\\-centric version of the [T\\-formation](/wiki/T-formation \"T-formation\") as his primary offensive scheme. In response, [Glenn \"Pop\" Warner](/wiki/Glenn_Scobey_Warner \"Glenn Scobey Warner\") had said, \"If Stanford wins a single game with that crazy formation, you can throw all the football I ever knew in the Pacific Ocean.\" Stanford, which had gone 1–7–1 the previous season, went undefeated in Shaughnessy's first year and earned the number\\-two ranking in the final [AP Poll](/wiki/AP_Poll \"AP Poll\"). Shaughnessy was named 1940 College Coach of the Year for the turnaround performance.{{College Football HoF\\|id\\=1664\\|name\\=Clark Shaughnessy\\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2008}} Under Shaughnessy, the Terps went 7–2, with one of the losses a 0–42 shutout at [Duke](/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_football \"Duke Blue Devils football\"), which in five seasons had won the Southern Conference three times and been ranked in the AP top\\-20 four times.[Records](http://www.goduke.com/fls/4200/media-guides/football/2008-09/fb-2008-24-pp-196-205-records.pdf) (PDF), *2008 Duke Football Media Guide*, p. 201, 2008, accessed 15 December 2008\\. After one season, Shaughnessy left Maryland for [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_football \"Pittsburgh Panthers football\").", "[thumb\\|right\\|Paul \"Bear\" Bryant began his long and distinguished coaching career at Maryland.](/wiki/File:Bear_Bryant_1945.jpg \"Bear Bryant 1945.jpg\")\nFor 1943 and 1944, [Clarence Spears](/wiki/Clarence_Spears \"Clarence Spears\") was the Maryland head coach. Like Shaughnessy, Spears had taken an underachieving team and turned them around. In 1925, he took over [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football \"Minnesota Golden Gophers football\"), which had posted a 3–3–2 record the prior season, and led them to a share of the 1927 [Big Ten](/wiki/Big_Ten \"Big Ten\") championship.[Year\\-By\\-Year Records](http://www.gophersports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=39277&SPID=3280&DB_OEM_ID=8400&ATCLID=1362477){{dead link\\|date\\=June 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, Gophersports.com, University of Minnesota Athletics Official Website, accessed 15 December 2008\\. However, at Maryland, when Spears accumulated a record of 5–12–1 after two seasons, he too was replaced.", "### Bryant's brief stint", "In 1945, [Paul \"Bear\" Bryant](/wiki/Bear_Bryant \"Bear Bryant\"), who would later go on to achieve legendary status among football coaches, was named the head coach at Maryland. During his first year as a college head coach, Bryant led Maryland to a respectable 6–2–1 record, including a last\\-second win over [out\\-of\\-state rival](/wiki/Maryland%E2%80%93Virginia_rivalry \"Maryland–Virginia rivalry\") Virginia. However, he resigned after just one season, when university president Curley Byrd reinstated a player that Bryant had suspended.B.J. Phillips and Peter Ainslie, [Football's Supercoach](https://web.archive.org/web/20110704023924/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952802-4,00.html), *Time*, p. 4, 29 September 1980, accessed 15 December 2008\\.", "In 1946, Clark Shaughnessy returned from Pittsburgh to Maryland for one more season. That year, the Terrapins recorded a 3–6 season including losses to North Carolina, South Carolina, [Michigan State](/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_football \"Michigan State Spartans football\"), and N.C. State. After that, Shaughnessy went on to coach the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\")'s [Los Angeles Rams](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams \"Los Angeles Rams\") in 1948 and 1949\\.", "" ]
Biography --------- The Circle Jerks were formed in [Southern California](/wiki/Southern_California "Southern California") in 1979, and originally comprised [Keith Morris](/wiki/Keith_Morris "Keith Morris") on vocals, [Greg Hetson](/wiki/Greg_Hetson "Greg Hetson") on guitar, Roger Rogerson on bass and [Lucky Lehrer](/wiki/Lucky_Lehrer "Lucky Lehrer") on drums. Their debut album, *[Group Sex](/wiki/Group_Sex_%28album%29 "Group Sex (album)")* was released in 1980 on the [Frontier Records](/wiki/Frontier_Records "Frontier Records") label; its 14 songs totaled out at 15 minutes. It featured two songs that Morris had written while in [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 "Black Flag (band)") (Black Flag claimed the songs were "theirs") and one song Hetson wrote for his previous band, [Redd Kross](/wiki/Redd_Kross "Redd Kross"). That same year, the group was one of several California punk bands to be immortalized in the [Penelope Spheeris](/wiki/Penelope_Spheeris "Penelope Spheeris") documentary *[The Decline of Western Civilization](/wiki/The_Decline_of_Western_Civilization "The Decline of Western Civilization")*; live versions of five songs from *Group Sex* appear on the movie's soundtrack. In 1981, the group signed with [IRS Records](/wiki/IRS_Records "IRS Records") subsidiary [Faulty Products](/wiki/Faulty_Products "Faulty Products") and recorded their second release, *[Wild in the Streets](/wiki/Wild_in_the_Streets_%28Circle_Jerks_album%29 "Wild in the Streets (Circle Jerks album)")*, the title track of which is a cover version of a [Garland Jeffreys](/wiki/Garland_Jeffreys "Garland Jeffreys") tune. Faulty Products ceased operations several months after the release of the album, forcing Circle Jerks to find their third record deal in as many years. They signed a management deal with [War](/wiki/War_%28U.S._band%29 "War (U.S. band)") producer/manager [Jerry Goldstein](/wiki/Jerry_Goldstein_%28record_producer%2C_musician%29 "Jerry Goldstein (record producer, musician)")'s Far Out Productions, and recorded their third album, *[Golden Shower of Hits](/wiki/Golden_Shower_of_Hits "Golden Shower of Hits")*, in 1983, the album was released on Goldstein's LAX label. One of the songs from the album, "Coup d'État", was used in the soundtrack of [Alex Cox](/wiki/Alex_Cox "Alex Cox")'s early film *[Repo Man](/wiki/Repo_Man_%281984_film%29 "Repo Man (1984 film)")*, and the band makes an appearance playing an acoustic/lounge version of "When The Shit Hits The Fan". Not long after *Repo Man* had concluded its first\-run release schedule, the Circle Jerks experienced its first lineup change, with Rogerson and Lehrer replaced by Earl Liberty and [Chuck Biscuits](/wiki/Chuck_Biscuits "Chuck Biscuits"), respectively. In 1984, Liberty and Biscuits left the Circle Jerks and the band hired [Zander Schloss](/wiki/Zander_Schloss "Zander Schloss") and Keith Clark as Liberty and Biscuits' replacements. The new lineup recorded two more albums before the Circle Jerks split up for the first time in 1990, when Hetson left to tour and record albums with [Bad Religion](/wiki/Bad_Religion "Bad Religion"). A long period of inactivity ended in 1994, when the Circle Jerks reunited and signed a major label deal with [Mercury Records](/wiki/Mercury_Records "Mercury Records"), a move that had a few business complications: Hetson was still with Bad Religion, who had signed a long\-term contract with [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records "Atlantic Records"), while Schloss had been part of a band contracted to [Interscope](/wiki/Interscope_Records "Interscope Records"). After ironing out these difficulties, the band recorded *[Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities](/wiki/Oddities%2C_Abnormalities_and_Curiosities "Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities")*, released in the summer of 1995, but broke up once again. Reasons for this breakup were essentially the same as they were in 1990\. The Circle Jerks reunited once again in 2001, with a new lineup of Morris on vocals, Hetson on guitar, Schloss on bass and Kevin Fitzgerald on drums, but lapsed into inactivity in 2010\. According to Hetson, the Circle Jerks may never release a new studio album in the near future,{{cite web \| last \= \| first \= \| url \= http://www.europunk.net/interviews.php?id\=219 \| title \= Interview With Bad Religion \| work \= Europunk \| publisher \= Marnix \| accessdate \= February 15, 2009 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080503211441/http://www.europunk.net/interviews.php?id\=219 \| archive\-date \= May 3, 2008 \| url\-status \= dead }} despite the fact that they released one new song "I'm Gonna Live" on their Myspace in 2007\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "The Circle Jerks were formed in [Southern California](/wiki/Southern_California \"Southern California\") in 1979, and originally comprised [Keith Morris](/wiki/Keith_Morris \"Keith Morris\") on vocals, [Greg Hetson](/wiki/Greg_Hetson \"Greg Hetson\") on guitar, Roger Rogerson on bass and [Lucky Lehrer](/wiki/Lucky_Lehrer \"Lucky Lehrer\") on drums. Their debut album, *[Group Sex](/wiki/Group_Sex_%28album%29 \"Group Sex (album)\")* was released in 1980 on the [Frontier Records](/wiki/Frontier_Records \"Frontier Records\") label; its 14 songs totaled out at 15 minutes. It featured two songs that Morris had written while in [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 \"Black Flag (band)\") (Black Flag claimed the songs were \"theirs\") and one song Hetson wrote for his previous band, [Redd Kross](/wiki/Redd_Kross \"Redd Kross\"). That same year, the group was one of several California punk bands to be immortalized in the [Penelope Spheeris](/wiki/Penelope_Spheeris \"Penelope Spheeris\") documentary *[The Decline of Western Civilization](/wiki/The_Decline_of_Western_Civilization \"The Decline of Western Civilization\")*; live versions of five songs from *Group Sex* appear on the movie's soundtrack.", "In 1981, the group signed with [IRS Records](/wiki/IRS_Records \"IRS Records\") subsidiary [Faulty Products](/wiki/Faulty_Products \"Faulty Products\") and recorded their second release, *[Wild in the Streets](/wiki/Wild_in_the_Streets_%28Circle_Jerks_album%29 \"Wild in the Streets (Circle Jerks album)\")*, the title track of which is a cover version of a [Garland Jeffreys](/wiki/Garland_Jeffreys \"Garland Jeffreys\") tune. Faulty Products ceased operations several months after the release of the album, forcing Circle Jerks to find their third record deal in as many years. They signed a management deal with [War](/wiki/War_%28U.S._band%29 \"War (U.S. band)\") producer/manager [Jerry Goldstein](/wiki/Jerry_Goldstein_%28record_producer%2C_musician%29 \"Jerry Goldstein (record producer, musician)\")'s Far Out Productions, and recorded their third album, *[Golden Shower of Hits](/wiki/Golden_Shower_of_Hits \"Golden Shower of Hits\")*, in 1983, the album was released on Goldstein's LAX label. One of the songs from the album, \"Coup d'État\", was used in the soundtrack of [Alex Cox](/wiki/Alex_Cox \"Alex Cox\")'s early film *[Repo Man](/wiki/Repo_Man_%281984_film%29 \"Repo Man (1984 film)\")*, and the band makes an appearance playing an acoustic/lounge version of \"When The Shit Hits The Fan\". Not long after *Repo Man* had concluded its first\\-run release schedule, the Circle Jerks experienced its first lineup change, with Rogerson and Lehrer replaced by Earl Liberty and [Chuck Biscuits](/wiki/Chuck_Biscuits \"Chuck Biscuits\"), respectively.", "In 1984, Liberty and Biscuits left the Circle Jerks and the band hired [Zander Schloss](/wiki/Zander_Schloss \"Zander Schloss\") and Keith Clark as Liberty and Biscuits' replacements. The new lineup recorded two more albums before the Circle Jerks split up for the first time in 1990, when Hetson left to tour and record albums with [Bad Religion](/wiki/Bad_Religion \"Bad Religion\").", "A long period of inactivity ended in 1994, when the Circle Jerks reunited and signed a major label deal with [Mercury Records](/wiki/Mercury_Records \"Mercury Records\"), a move that had a few business complications: Hetson was still with Bad Religion, who had signed a long\\-term contract with [Atlantic Records](/wiki/Atlantic_Records \"Atlantic Records\"), while Schloss had been part of a band contracted to [Interscope](/wiki/Interscope_Records \"Interscope Records\"). After ironing out these difficulties, the band recorded *[Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities](/wiki/Oddities%2C_Abnormalities_and_Curiosities \"Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities\")*, released in the summer of 1995, but broke up once again. Reasons for this breakup were essentially the same as they were in 1990\\.", "The Circle Jerks reunited once again in 2001, with a new lineup of Morris on vocals, Hetson on guitar, Schloss on bass and Kevin Fitzgerald on drums, but lapsed into inactivity in 2010\\. According to Hetson, the Circle Jerks may never release a new studio album in the near future,{{cite web \\| last \\= \\| first \\= \\| url \\= http://www.europunk.net/interviews.php?id\\=219 \\| title \\= Interview With Bad Religion \\| work \\= Europunk \\| publisher \\= Marnix \\| accessdate \\= February 15, 2009 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080503211441/http://www.europunk.net/interviews.php?id\\=219 \\| archive\\-date \\= May 3, 2008 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} despite the fact that they released one new song \"I'm Gonna Live\" on their Myspace in 2007\\.", "" ]
Merchandise ----------- Merchandise for the programme was, and is, very minimal. The merchandise listed are the only items that have been discovered. ### UK VHS and DVD releases On 13 July 1987, after the episodes were shown on TV, the BBC released one video of the show. | VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Bertha \- The Flying Bear*(BBCV 4075\) | 13 July 1987 | {{hlist\|"A Mouse in the Works"\|"T.O.M. Gets Lost"\|"The Flying Bear"\|"The Burglars"}} | At some point in 1985, Bertha was featured on a Marks and Spencer (St. Michael) exclusive VHS release called *Cartoon Favourites* along with *[The Family\-Ness](/wiki/The_Family-Ness "The Family-Ness")*, *[Ivor the Engine](/wiki/Ivor_the_Engine "Ivor the Engine")*, *[Bagpuss](/wiki/Bagpuss "Bagpuss")* and *[Pigeon Street](/wiki/Pigeon_Street "Pigeon Street")*. The "Mouse in the Works" episode of *Bertha* is on this release. On 27 November 1989 one episode of Bertha was on the VHS release which was exclusive to [W.H. Smith](/wiki/WHSmith "WHSmith") *Postman Pat and Friends* alongside *[Postman Pat](/wiki/Postman_Pat "Postman Pat")* and *[Charlie Chalk](/wiki/Charlie_Chalk "Charlie Chalk")*. | VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Postman Pat and Friends*(WHS 4301\) | 27 November 1989 | *Postman Pat* \- "Pat Goes Sledging",*Charlie Chalk* \- "Arnold's Night Out",*Bertha* \- "The Flying Bear" | On 11 November 1991, one episode of *Bertha* was featured on the BBC VHS release *Postman Pat and Company* alongside *[Postman Pat](/wiki/Postman_Pat "Postman Pat")* and *[Charlie Chalk](/wiki/Charlie_Chalk "Charlie Chalk")*. | VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Postman Pat and Company*(BBCV 4709\) | 11 November 1991 | *Postman Pat* \- "Pat's Foggy Day",*Charlie Chalk* \- "Edward Keeps Fit",*Postman Pat* \- "Letters on Ice",*Bertha* \- "The Burglars" | Hallmark and Carlton Home Entertainment released the first four episodes on a single video in 1994\. | VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Bertha*(3007340123\) | 6 June 1994 | {{hlist\|"The Great Painting Job"\|"The Windmills"\|"A Mouse in the Works"\|"The Best Machine Competition"}} | In 2004 Entertainment Rights released a DVD of the show containing three of the same episodes as the Hallmark/Carlton Release, replacing "The Best Machine Competition" with "More Speed, Less Work" (albeit mistitled "The Best Machine competition"). | DVD title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Bertha and the Best Machine Competition* | 13 July 2004 | "The Great Painting Job", "The Windmills", "A Mouse in the Works", "More Speed, Less Work" | In 2011, Classic Media released a DVD entitled *Fun with Friends: Volume One* containing one episode of *Bertha*. | DVD title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Fun with Friends: Volume One* | 27 June 2011 | *Postman Pat* \- "Ice Cream Machine", *Bertha* \- "The Flying Bear", *Ethelbert the Tiger* \- "Ethelbert and the Camel", *Friendly Monsters* \- "A Monster Holiday", *Fun Song Factory* \- "Happy", *Little Red Tractor* \- "Circles in the Corn", *Merlin the Magical Puppy* \- "Merlin and the Summer Fair", *Postman Pat* \- "Postman Pat at the Seaside", *Preston Pig* \- "Snout Scouts" | ### Australian DVD releases While there are no known Australian VHS releases of the programme, two DVDs of the entire series have been released by Reel Entertainment. The DVD cover claimed that the show was made by "the makers of *[Postman Pat](/wiki/Postman_Pat "Postman Pat")* and *[Thomas and Friends](/wiki/Thomas_and_Friends "Thomas and Friends")*." However, this is only true for *Charlie Chalk* (since the slogan was used on all the Woodland Animations DVDs in Australia), because [Jocelyn Stevenson](/wiki/Jocelyn_Stevenson "Jocelyn Stevenson") (writer of *Charlie Chalk*) became the executive producer on *Thomas and Friends* from the seventh series (2003\) until the tenth series (2006\). ### Photobooks In 1985, to accompany the programme, some photobooks were released with altered titles to fit the style of the books. These were very similar to the *Postman Pat* photobooks, where the front cover would be an original illustration and all pictures within the book were images from the TV programme. * *Bertha and the Great Painting Job (The Great Painting Job)* * *Bertha and the Windmills (The Windmills)* * *Bertha and the Mouse in the Works (A Mouse in the works)* * *Bertha and the Best Machine Competition (The Best Machine Competition)* * *Bertha and the Lost TOM (T.O.M. Gets Lost)* * *Bertha and the Flying Bear (The Flying Bear)* ### Vinyl record In 1986, after broadcast ended, the BBC's record label released a 12" vinyl record containing songs from the TV series. {{Track listing \| collapsed \= \| headline \= Side 1 \| extra\_column \= Vocals \| all\_writing \= Bryan Daly \| all\_lyrics \= \| all\_music \= \| title1 \= Bertha \| extra1 \= Guy Fletcher \| length1 \= \| title2 \= Mrs. Tupp \| extra2 \= Stefanie De Sykes \| length2 \= \| title3 \= Packing and Stacking \| extra3 \= Guy Fletcher, Eva Burden \| length3 \= \| title4 \= The Flying Bear \| note4 \= \*) (instrumental \| extra4 \= \| length4 \= \| title5 \= Mr. Duncan \| note5 \= \* \| extra5 \= Bryan Daly \| length5 \= \| title6 \= Turning Wheels \| note6 \= \*) (instrumental \| extra6 \= \| length6 \= }} {{Track listing \| collapsed \= \| headline \= Side 2 \| extra\_column \= Vocals \| all\_writing \= \| all\_lyrics \= \| all\_music \= \| title1 \= T.O.M. the Robot \| extra1 \= Guy Fletcher \| length1 \= \| title2 \= Isn't it Nice? \| note2 \= \* \| extra2 \= Stefanie De Sykes \| length2 \= \| title3 \= Mr. Willmake \| note3 \= \* \| extra3 \= Guy Fletcher, Stefanie De Sykes \| length3 \= \| title4 \= Tracy's Robot Song \| extra4 \= Stefanie De Sykes \| length4 \= \| title5 \= Spottiswood March \| note5 \= (\*) (instrumental) \| extra5 \= \| length5 \= \| title6 \= Roy the Apprentice \| extra6 \= Guy Fletcher \| length6 \= }} Tracks marked with an asterisk (\*) did not feature in the TV series. However, it is possible that the song "Mr. Duncan" was to feature in the episode "More Speed, Less Work" but was not included due to it making the episode too long. The same is the case with "Mr. Willmake" possibly featuring in the episode "Bertha's Birthday Party". The album also had a cassette release with the reference number of ZCR 585\. ### Board game In 1987, Falcon released a board game using illustrations similar to those seen on the front covers of the photobooks. The game itself does not differ much from the Monopoly series of board games. If a player lands on T.O.M., they are allowed to ask Bertha to make an item for them. ### Advent calendar In 1985, an Advent calendar using the same profile image as the vinyl record was released. ### Annuals From 1985 to 1988, *Bertha* featured in a total of four annuals: * *Bertha* annual 1985 * *Bertha* annual 1986 * *Buttons* (based on Children's BBC) annual 1987 (along with *Postman Pat*, *King Rollo*, *Towser*, *Henry's Cat* and *Jimbo and the Jet Set*) * *Buttons* annual 1988 (along with *Postman Pat*, *Charlie Chalk*, *Henry's Cat*, *Towser*, *King Rollo* and *Spot*)
[ "Merchandise\n-----------", "Merchandise for the programme was, and is, very minimal. The merchandise listed are the only items that have been discovered.", "### UK VHS and DVD releases", "On 13 July 1987, after the episodes were shown on TV, the BBC released one video of the show.", "", "| VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Bertha \\- The Flying Bear*(BBCV 4075\\) | 13 July 1987 | {{hlist\\|\"A Mouse in the Works\"\\|\"T.O.M. Gets Lost\"\\|\"The Flying Bear\"\\|\"The Burglars\"}} |", "At some point in 1985, Bertha was featured on a Marks and Spencer (St. Michael) exclusive VHS release called *Cartoon Favourites* along with *[The Family\\-Ness](/wiki/The_Family-Ness \"The Family-Ness\")*, *[Ivor the Engine](/wiki/Ivor_the_Engine \"Ivor the Engine\")*, *[Bagpuss](/wiki/Bagpuss \"Bagpuss\")* and *[Pigeon Street](/wiki/Pigeon_Street \"Pigeon Street\")*. The \"Mouse in the Works\" episode of *Bertha* is on this release.", "On 27 November 1989 one episode of Bertha was on the VHS release which was exclusive to [W.H. Smith](/wiki/WHSmith \"WHSmith\") *Postman Pat and Friends* alongside *[Postman Pat](/wiki/Postman_Pat \"Postman Pat\")* and *[Charlie Chalk](/wiki/Charlie_Chalk \"Charlie Chalk\")*.", "", "| VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Postman Pat and Friends*(WHS 4301\\) | 27 November 1989 | *Postman Pat* \\- \"Pat Goes Sledging\",*Charlie Chalk* \\- \"Arnold's Night Out\",*Bertha* \\- \"The Flying Bear\" |", "On 11 November 1991, one episode of *Bertha* was featured on the BBC VHS release *Postman Pat and Company* alongside *[Postman Pat](/wiki/Postman_Pat \"Postman Pat\")* and *[Charlie Chalk](/wiki/Charlie_Chalk \"Charlie Chalk\")*.", "", "| VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Postman Pat and Company*(BBCV 4709\\) | 11 November 1991 | *Postman Pat* \\- \"Pat's Foggy Day\",*Charlie Chalk* \\- \"Edward Keeps Fit\",*Postman Pat* \\- \"Letters on Ice\",*Bertha* \\- \"The Burglars\" |", "Hallmark and Carlton Home Entertainment released the first four episodes on a single video in 1994\\.", "", "| VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Bertha*(3007340123\\) | 6 June 1994 | {{hlist\\|\"The Great Painting Job\"\\|\"The Windmills\"\\|\"A Mouse in the Works\"\\|\"The Best Machine Competition\"}} |", "In 2004 Entertainment Rights released a DVD of the show containing three of the same episodes as the Hallmark/Carlton Release, replacing \"The Best Machine Competition\" with \"More Speed, Less Work\" (albeit mistitled \"The Best Machine competition\").", "", "| DVD title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Bertha and the Best Machine Competition* | 13 July 2004 | \"The Great Painting Job\", \"The Windmills\", \"A Mouse in the Works\", \"More Speed, Less Work\" |", "In 2011, Classic Media released a DVD entitled *Fun with Friends: Volume One* containing one episode of *Bertha*.", "", "| DVD title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Fun with Friends: Volume One* | 27 June 2011 | *Postman Pat* \\- \"Ice Cream Machine\", *Bertha* \\- \"The Flying Bear\", *Ethelbert the Tiger* \\- \"Ethelbert and the Camel\", *Friendly Monsters* \\- \"A Monster Holiday\", *Fun Song Factory* \\- \"Happy\", *Little Red Tractor* \\- \"Circles in the Corn\", *Merlin the Magical Puppy* \\- \"Merlin and the Summer Fair\", *Postman Pat* \\- \"Postman Pat at the Seaside\", *Preston Pig* \\- \"Snout Scouts\" |", "### Australian DVD releases", "While there are no known Australian VHS releases of the programme, two DVDs of the entire series have been released by Reel Entertainment. The DVD cover claimed that the show was made by \"the makers of *[Postman Pat](/wiki/Postman_Pat \"Postman Pat\")* and *[Thomas and Friends](/wiki/Thomas_and_Friends \"Thomas and Friends\")*.\" However, this is only true for *Charlie Chalk* (since the slogan was used on all the Woodland Animations DVDs in Australia), because [Jocelyn Stevenson](/wiki/Jocelyn_Stevenson \"Jocelyn Stevenson\") (writer of *Charlie Chalk*) became the executive producer on *Thomas and Friends* from the seventh series (2003\\) until the tenth series (2006\\).", "### Photobooks", "In 1985, to accompany the programme, some photobooks were released with altered titles to fit the style of the books. These were very similar to the *Postman Pat* photobooks, where the front cover would be an original illustration and all pictures within the book were images from the TV programme.\n* *Bertha and the Great Painting Job (The Great Painting Job)*\n* *Bertha and the Windmills (The Windmills)*\n* *Bertha and the Mouse in the Works (A Mouse in the works)*\n* *Bertha and the Best Machine Competition (The Best Machine Competition)*\n* *Bertha and the Lost TOM (T.O.M. Gets Lost)*\n* *Bertha and the Flying Bear (The Flying Bear)*", "### Vinyl record", "In 1986, after broadcast ended, the BBC's record label released a 12\" vinyl record containing songs from the TV series.", "{{Track listing\n\\| collapsed \\=\n\\| headline \\= Side 1\n\\| extra\\_column \\= Vocals", "\\| all\\_writing \\= Bryan Daly\n\\| all\\_lyrics \\=\n\\| all\\_music \\=", "\\| title1 \\= Bertha\n\\| extra1 \\= Guy Fletcher\n\\| length1 \\=", "\\| title2 \\= Mrs. Tupp\n\\| extra2 \\= Stefanie De Sykes\n\\| length2 \\=", "\\| title3 \\= Packing and Stacking\n\\| extra3 \\= Guy Fletcher, Eva Burden\n\\| length3 \\=", "\\| title4 \\= The Flying Bear\n\\| note4 \\= \\*) (instrumental\n\\| extra4 \\=\n\\| length4 \\=", "\\| title5 \\= Mr. Duncan\n\\| note5 \\= \\*\n\\| extra5 \\= Bryan Daly\n\\| length5 \\=", "\\| title6 \\= Turning Wheels\n\\| note6 \\= \\*) (instrumental\n\\| extra6 \\=\n\\| length6 \\=\n}}", "{{Track listing\n\\| collapsed \\=\n\\| headline \\= Side 2\n\\| extra\\_column \\= Vocals", "\\| all\\_writing \\=\n\\| all\\_lyrics \\=\n\\| all\\_music \\=", "\\| title1 \\= T.O.M. the Robot\n\\| extra1 \\= Guy Fletcher\n\\| length1 \\=", "\\| title2 \\= Isn't it Nice?\n\\| note2 \\= \\*\n\\| extra2 \\= Stefanie De Sykes\n\\| length2 \\=", "\\| title3 \\= Mr. Willmake\n\\| note3 \\= \\*\n\\| extra3 \\= Guy Fletcher, Stefanie De Sykes\n\\| length3 \\=", "\\| title4 \\= Tracy's Robot Song\n\\| extra4 \\= Stefanie De Sykes\n\\| length4 \\=", "\\| title5 \\= Spottiswood March\n\\| note5 \\= (\\*) (instrumental)\n\\| extra5 \\=\n\\| length5 \\=", "\\| title6 \\= Roy the Apprentice\n\\| extra6 \\= Guy Fletcher\n\\| length6 \\=\n}}", "Tracks marked with an asterisk (\\*) did not feature in the TV series. However, it is possible that the song \"Mr. Duncan\" was to feature in the episode \"More Speed, Less Work\" but was not included due to it making the episode too long. The same is the case with \"Mr. Willmake\" possibly featuring in the episode \"Bertha's Birthday Party\".", "The album also had a cassette release with the reference number of ZCR 585\\.", "### Board game", "In 1987, Falcon released a board game using illustrations similar to those seen on the front covers of the photobooks. The game itself does not differ much from the Monopoly series of board games. If a player lands on T.O.M., they are allowed to ask Bertha to make an item for them.", "### Advent calendar", "In 1985, an Advent calendar using the same profile image as the vinyl record was released.", "### Annuals", "From 1985 to 1988, *Bertha* featured in a total of four annuals:\n* *Bertha* annual 1985\n* *Bertha* annual 1986\n* *Buttons* (based on Children's BBC) annual 1987 (along with *Postman Pat*, *King Rollo*, *Towser*, *Henry's Cat* and *Jimbo and the Jet Set*)\n* *Buttons* annual 1988 (along with *Postman Pat*, *Charlie Chalk*, *Henry's Cat*, *Towser*, *King Rollo* and *Spot*)", "" ]
### UK VHS and DVD releases On 13 July 1987, after the episodes were shown on TV, the BBC released one video of the show. | VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Bertha \- The Flying Bear*(BBCV 4075\) | 13 July 1987 | {{hlist\|"A Mouse in the Works"\|"T.O.M. Gets Lost"\|"The Flying Bear"\|"The Burglars"}} | At some point in 1985, Bertha was featured on a Marks and Spencer (St. Michael) exclusive VHS release called *Cartoon Favourites* along with *[The Family\-Ness](/wiki/The_Family-Ness "The Family-Ness")*, *[Ivor the Engine](/wiki/Ivor_the_Engine "Ivor the Engine")*, *[Bagpuss](/wiki/Bagpuss "Bagpuss")* and *[Pigeon Street](/wiki/Pigeon_Street "Pigeon Street")*. The "Mouse in the Works" episode of *Bertha* is on this release. On 27 November 1989 one episode of Bertha was on the VHS release which was exclusive to [W.H. Smith](/wiki/WHSmith "WHSmith") *Postman Pat and Friends* alongside *[Postman Pat](/wiki/Postman_Pat "Postman Pat")* and *[Charlie Chalk](/wiki/Charlie_Chalk "Charlie Chalk")*. | VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Postman Pat and Friends*(WHS 4301\) | 27 November 1989 | *Postman Pat* \- "Pat Goes Sledging",*Charlie Chalk* \- "Arnold's Night Out",*Bertha* \- "The Flying Bear" | On 11 November 1991, one episode of *Bertha* was featured on the BBC VHS release *Postman Pat and Company* alongside *[Postman Pat](/wiki/Postman_Pat "Postman Pat")* and *[Charlie Chalk](/wiki/Charlie_Chalk "Charlie Chalk")*. | VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Postman Pat and Company*(BBCV 4709\) | 11 November 1991 | *Postman Pat* \- "Pat's Foggy Day",*Charlie Chalk* \- "Edward Keeps Fit",*Postman Pat* \- "Letters on Ice",*Bertha* \- "The Burglars" | Hallmark and Carlton Home Entertainment released the first four episodes on a single video in 1994\. | VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Bertha*(3007340123\) | 6 June 1994 | {{hlist\|"The Great Painting Job"\|"The Windmills"\|"A Mouse in the Works"\|"The Best Machine Competition"}} | In 2004 Entertainment Rights released a DVD of the show containing three of the same episodes as the Hallmark/Carlton Release, replacing "The Best Machine Competition" with "More Speed, Less Work" (albeit mistitled "The Best Machine competition"). | DVD title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Bertha and the Best Machine Competition* | 13 July 2004 | "The Great Painting Job", "The Windmills", "A Mouse in the Works", "More Speed, Less Work" | In 2011, Classic Media released a DVD entitled *Fun with Friends: Volume One* containing one episode of *Bertha*. | DVD title | Year of release | Episodes | | --- | --- | --- | | *Fun with Friends: Volume One* | 27 June 2011 | *Postman Pat* \- "Ice Cream Machine", *Bertha* \- "The Flying Bear", *Ethelbert the Tiger* \- "Ethelbert and the Camel", *Friendly Monsters* \- "A Monster Holiday", *Fun Song Factory* \- "Happy", *Little Red Tractor* \- "Circles in the Corn", *Merlin the Magical Puppy* \- "Merlin and the Summer Fair", *Postman Pat* \- "Postman Pat at the Seaside", *Preston Pig* \- "Snout Scouts" |
[ "### UK VHS and DVD releases", "On 13 July 1987, after the episodes were shown on TV, the BBC released one video of the show.", "", "| VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Bertha \\- The Flying Bear*(BBCV 4075\\) | 13 July 1987 | {{hlist\\|\"A Mouse in the Works\"\\|\"T.O.M. Gets Lost\"\\|\"The Flying Bear\"\\|\"The Burglars\"}} |", "At some point in 1985, Bertha was featured on a Marks and Spencer (St. Michael) exclusive VHS release called *Cartoon Favourites* along with *[The Family\\-Ness](/wiki/The_Family-Ness \"The Family-Ness\")*, *[Ivor the Engine](/wiki/Ivor_the_Engine \"Ivor the Engine\")*, *[Bagpuss](/wiki/Bagpuss \"Bagpuss\")* and *[Pigeon Street](/wiki/Pigeon_Street \"Pigeon Street\")*. The \"Mouse in the Works\" episode of *Bertha* is on this release.", "On 27 November 1989 one episode of Bertha was on the VHS release which was exclusive to [W.H. Smith](/wiki/WHSmith \"WHSmith\") *Postman Pat and Friends* alongside *[Postman Pat](/wiki/Postman_Pat \"Postman Pat\")* and *[Charlie Chalk](/wiki/Charlie_Chalk \"Charlie Chalk\")*.", "", "| VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Postman Pat and Friends*(WHS 4301\\) | 27 November 1989 | *Postman Pat* \\- \"Pat Goes Sledging\",*Charlie Chalk* \\- \"Arnold's Night Out\",*Bertha* \\- \"The Flying Bear\" |", "On 11 November 1991, one episode of *Bertha* was featured on the BBC VHS release *Postman Pat and Company* alongside *[Postman Pat](/wiki/Postman_Pat \"Postman Pat\")* and *[Charlie Chalk](/wiki/Charlie_Chalk \"Charlie Chalk\")*.", "", "| VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Postman Pat and Company*(BBCV 4709\\) | 11 November 1991 | *Postman Pat* \\- \"Pat's Foggy Day\",*Charlie Chalk* \\- \"Edward Keeps Fit\",*Postman Pat* \\- \"Letters on Ice\",*Bertha* \\- \"The Burglars\" |", "Hallmark and Carlton Home Entertainment released the first four episodes on a single video in 1994\\.", "", "| VHS video title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Bertha*(3007340123\\) | 6 June 1994 | {{hlist\\|\"The Great Painting Job\"\\|\"The Windmills\"\\|\"A Mouse in the Works\"\\|\"The Best Machine Competition\"}} |", "In 2004 Entertainment Rights released a DVD of the show containing three of the same episodes as the Hallmark/Carlton Release, replacing \"The Best Machine Competition\" with \"More Speed, Less Work\" (albeit mistitled \"The Best Machine competition\").", "", "| DVD title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Bertha and the Best Machine Competition* | 13 July 2004 | \"The Great Painting Job\", \"The Windmills\", \"A Mouse in the Works\", \"More Speed, Less Work\" |", "In 2011, Classic Media released a DVD entitled *Fun with Friends: Volume One* containing one episode of *Bertha*.", "", "| DVD title | Year of release | Episodes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Fun with Friends: Volume One* | 27 June 2011 | *Postman Pat* \\- \"Ice Cream Machine\", *Bertha* \\- \"The Flying Bear\", *Ethelbert the Tiger* \\- \"Ethelbert and the Camel\", *Friendly Monsters* \\- \"A Monster Holiday\", *Fun Song Factory* \\- \"Happy\", *Little Red Tractor* \\- \"Circles in the Corn\", *Merlin the Magical Puppy* \\- \"Merlin and the Summer Fair\", *Postman Pat* \\- \"Postman Pat at the Seaside\", *Preston Pig* \\- \"Snout Scouts\" |", "" ]
Plot ---- **Intro** While viewing old [catacombs](/wiki/Catacomb "Catacomb") in the English countryside, five strangers stumble into a room with a mysterious Crypt Keeper ([Ralph Richardson](/wiki/Ralph_Richardson "Ralph Richardson")), who details how each of them will die. **...And All Through the House** * Taken from *[The Vault of Horror](/wiki/The_Vault_of_Horror_%28comics%29 "The Vault of Horror (comics)")* \#35 (February–March 1954\). The beautiful and glamorous Joanne Clayton kills her much older husband Richard on [Christmas Eve](/wiki/Christmas_Eve "Christmas Eve") to collect his insurance. She prepares to hide his body, but is interrupted by a radio announcement of a homicidal maniac lurking in the night. She sees the killer (who is dressed in a [Santa Claus](/wiki/Santa_Claus "Santa Claus") costume) outside her home, but cannot call the police without exposing her own crime. She locks up the doors and windows, before dragging her husband’s body and plummeting it down the basement. After cleaning up the murder scene, Joanne attempts to phone the police (with the intention of making them believe the maniac killed her husband). However, her young daughter Carol — believing the maniac to be Santa — unlocks the door and lets him into the house, whereupon he strangles Joanne to death by the fire. **Reflection of Death** * Taken from *[Tales from the Crypt](/wiki/Tales_from_the_Crypt_%28comics%29 "Tales from the Crypt (comics)")* \#23 (April–May 1951\). Carl Maitland abandons his family to be with his secretary, Susan Blake. After they drive off together, they are involved in a car accident. He wakes up, having been thrown clear of the wrecked and burned car, and attempts to hitchhike home, but everyone he meets reacts with horror upon seeing him. Arriving at his house, he sees his wife with another man. He knocks on the door, but she screams and slams the door. He then goes to see Susan, only to find that she is blind from the accident. She says that Carl died two years ago in the crash. Glancing at a reflective tabletop, he sees he has the face of a rotting corpse and screams in horror. Carl then wakes up and finds out that it was a dream, but the moment he does, the crash occurs as previously seen. **Poetic Justice** * Taken from *[The Haunt of Fear](/wiki/The_Haunt_of_Fear "The Haunt of Fear")* \#12 (March–April 1952\). James Elliot lives with his father Edward across from the home of elderly [dustman](/wiki/Dustman "Dustman") Arthur Edward Grimsdyke, who owns a number of dogs and entertains children in his house. While both the Elliots are snobs who resent Grimsdyke as a blight on their neighbourhood, James strongly detests the old man enough to conduct a [smear campaign](/wiki/Smear_campaign "Smear campaign") against him: first having his beloved dogs taken by animal control (although one of them returns to him), then persuading a member of the council to have him removed from his job, and later exploiting parents' paranoid fears about [child molestation](/wiki/Child_molestation "Child molestation"). Unbeknownst to James, Grimsdyke dabbles in the occult and holds a seance by himself to confer with his late wife. On Valentine's Day, James sends Grimsdyke a number of [poison\-pen](/wiki/Poison_pen_letter "Poison pen letter") Valentines, supposedly from the neighbours, driving the old man to suicide. Exactly one year later, Grimsdyke rises from the grave and takes revenge on James. The next morning, Edward finds his son, bloodied and dead, with a note that reads, "HAPPY VALENTINE'S DAY..YOU WERE MEAN AND CRUEL..RIGHT FROM THE START..NOW YOU REALLY HAVE NO.." The final word is revealed by James' still\-beating heart inside the folded end of the paper, horrifying Edward. **Wish You Were Here** * Taken from *The Haunt of Fear* \#22 (November–December 1953\). A variation on [W. W. Jacobs](/wiki/W._W._Jacobs "W. W. Jacobs")'s short story "[The Monkey's Paw](/wiki/The_Monkey%27s_Paw "The Monkey's Paw")". Ineffective, ruthless businessman Ralph Jason is close to financial ruin. His wife Enid notices, for the first time, the inscription on a Chinese [figurine](/wiki/Figurine "Figurine") in the couple's collection, which grants three wishes to the owner. Enid decides to wish for a fortune and, surprisingly, the wish comes true, but Ralph is killed, seemingly in a car crash, on the way to his lawyer's office to collect the money. The lawyer, Charles Gregory, then advises Enid she will inherit a fortune from her deceased husband's life insurance plan; however, when he learns of the manner of the wish granted that she made, he warns her not to wish Ralph back since he remembered the consequences of a similar story in which a mother wished her dead son back, only to be horrified by his gruesome appearance and forced to use the last wish to send him back to the grave. Against Gregory's explicit advice, Enid uses her second wish to bring him back to the way he was just before the accident, but he is returned in his coffin, still dead, as his death was due to a heart attack immediately before the crash and caused by fright upon seeing the figure of "death" following him on a motorcycle. Once more, Gregory warns Enid not to make a final wish and just let Ralph rest in peace. As Gregory goes outside to get some fresh air, she uses her final wish to bring Ralph back to life and to live forever. When Gregory comes back inside, he discovers too late that Enid again went against his warning. Gregory points out to her that Ralph was embalmed and he is suffering from the effects of the embalming liquid. Enid tries to kill Ralph to end his pain but, because she wished for him to live forever, he cannot be killed. As a result, she has now trapped him in eternal agony and thus making her regret those last two wishes. **Blind Alleys** * Taken from *Tales from the Crypt* \#46 (February–March 1955\). Major William Rogers becomes the new director of a home for the blind, and exploits his position to live in luxury with his [German Shepherd](/wiki/German_Shepherd "German Shepherd") Shane, while his drastic financial cuts to food and heating reduce the residents' quality of life. Rogers gets his comeuppance after he ignores the pleas of resident George Carter to both make the living conditions more bearable and later to get medical treatment for fellow resident Greenwood, who then dies from [hypothermia](/wiki/Hypothermia "Hypothermia"). Carter leads a revolt to subdue the staff before locking Rogers and Shane in separate rooms in the basement, and they then construct a small maze of narrow corridors between the two rooms. After going over two days without food, Rogers is released and forced to find his way through the maze for his freedom, getting past one corridor lined with razor blades once Carter turns the lights on; but Rogers finds his last obstacle to be a ravenous Shane who does not seem to recognise him. He flees back towards the razors, only for Carter to turn the lights off. Rogers is heard screaming as the hungry dog catches up with him and kills him. **Finale** After completing the final tale, the Crypt Keeper reveals that he was not warning them of what would happen, but telling them what has already happened: they have all "died without repentance". There is one clue to this twist in that Joan Collins' character is wearing the brooch her husband had given her for Christmas just before she killed him. The door to [Hell](/wiki/Hell "Hell") opens and Joanne, Carl, James, Ralph, and Major Rogers all enter (Ralph enters first and is seen falling down into a fiery abyss). "And now, who's next?" asks the Crypt Keeper, turning to face the camera as he says "Perhaps...YOU?" The scene pulls away as the entrance to the Crypt Keeper's lair is in flames.
[ "Plot\n----", "**Intro**", "While viewing old [catacombs](/wiki/Catacomb \"Catacomb\") in the English countryside, five strangers stumble into a room with a mysterious Crypt Keeper ([Ralph Richardson](/wiki/Ralph_Richardson \"Ralph Richardson\")), who details how each of them will die.", "**...And All Through the House**\n* Taken from *[The Vault of Horror](/wiki/The_Vault_of_Horror_%28comics%29 \"The Vault of Horror (comics)\")* \\#35 (February–March 1954\\).", "The beautiful and glamorous Joanne Clayton kills her much older husband Richard on [Christmas Eve](/wiki/Christmas_Eve \"Christmas Eve\") to collect his insurance. She prepares to hide his body, but is interrupted by a radio announcement of a homicidal maniac lurking in the night. She sees the killer (who is dressed in a [Santa Claus](/wiki/Santa_Claus \"Santa Claus\") costume) outside her home, but cannot call the police without exposing her own crime. She locks up the doors and windows, before dragging her husband’s body and plummeting it down the basement.", "After cleaning up the murder scene, Joanne attempts to phone the police (with the intention of making them believe the maniac killed her husband). However, her young daughter Carol — believing the maniac to be Santa — unlocks the door and lets him into the house, whereupon he strangles Joanne to death by the fire.", "**Reflection of Death**\n* Taken from *[Tales from the Crypt](/wiki/Tales_from_the_Crypt_%28comics%29 \"Tales from the Crypt (comics)\")* \\#23 (April–May 1951\\).", "Carl Maitland abandons his family to be with his secretary, Susan Blake. After they drive off together, they are involved in a car accident. He wakes up, having been thrown clear of the wrecked and burned car, and attempts to hitchhike home, but everyone he meets reacts with horror upon seeing him.", "Arriving at his house, he sees his wife with another man. He knocks on the door, but she screams and slams the door. He then goes to see Susan, only to find that she is blind from the accident. She says that Carl died two years ago in the crash. Glancing at a reflective tabletop, he sees he has the face of a rotting corpse and screams in horror. Carl then wakes up and finds out that it was a dream, but the moment he does, the crash occurs as previously seen.", "**Poetic Justice**\n* Taken from *[The Haunt of Fear](/wiki/The_Haunt_of_Fear \"The Haunt of Fear\")* \\#12 (March–April 1952\\).", "James Elliot lives with his father Edward across from the home of elderly [dustman](/wiki/Dustman \"Dustman\") Arthur Edward Grimsdyke, who owns a number of dogs and entertains children in his house. While both the Elliots are snobs who resent Grimsdyke as a blight on their neighbourhood, James strongly detests the old man enough to conduct a [smear campaign](/wiki/Smear_campaign \"Smear campaign\") against him: first having his beloved dogs taken by animal control (although one of them returns to him), then persuading a member of the council to have him removed from his job, and later exploiting parents' paranoid fears about [child molestation](/wiki/Child_molestation \"Child molestation\"). Unbeknownst to James, Grimsdyke dabbles in the occult and holds a seance by himself to confer with his late wife.", "On Valentine's Day, James sends Grimsdyke a number of [poison\\-pen](/wiki/Poison_pen_letter \"Poison pen letter\") Valentines, supposedly from the neighbours, driving the old man to suicide. Exactly one year later, Grimsdyke rises from the grave and takes revenge on James. The next morning, Edward finds his son, bloodied and dead, with a note that reads, \"HAPPY VALENTINE'S DAY..YOU WERE MEAN AND CRUEL..RIGHT FROM THE START..NOW YOU REALLY HAVE NO..\" The final word is revealed by James' still\\-beating heart inside the folded end of the paper, horrifying Edward.", "**Wish You Were Here**\n* Taken from *The Haunt of Fear* \\#22 (November–December 1953\\). A variation on [W. W. Jacobs](/wiki/W._W._Jacobs \"W. W. Jacobs\")'s short story \"[The Monkey's Paw](/wiki/The_Monkey%27s_Paw \"The Monkey's Paw\")\".", "Ineffective, ruthless businessman Ralph Jason is close to financial ruin. His wife Enid notices, for the first time, the inscription on a Chinese [figurine](/wiki/Figurine \"Figurine\") in the couple's collection, which grants three wishes to the owner. Enid decides to wish for a fortune and, surprisingly, the wish comes true, but Ralph is killed, seemingly in a car crash, on the way to his lawyer's office to collect the money. The lawyer, Charles Gregory, then advises Enid she will inherit a fortune from her deceased husband's life insurance plan; however, when he learns of the manner of the wish granted that she made, he warns her not to wish Ralph back since he remembered the consequences of a similar story in which a mother wished her dead son back, only to be horrified by his gruesome appearance and forced to use the last wish to send him back to the grave. Against Gregory's explicit advice, Enid uses her second wish to bring him back to the way he was just before the accident, but he is returned in his coffin, still dead, as his death was due to a heart attack immediately before the crash and caused by fright upon seeing the figure of \"death\" following him on a motorcycle.", "Once more, Gregory warns Enid not to make a final wish and just let Ralph rest in peace. As Gregory goes outside to get some fresh air, she uses her final wish to bring Ralph back to life and to live forever. When Gregory comes back inside, he discovers too late that Enid again went against his warning. Gregory points out to her that Ralph was embalmed and he is suffering from the effects of the embalming liquid. Enid tries to kill Ralph to end his pain but, because she wished for him to live forever, he cannot be killed. As a result, she has now trapped him in eternal agony and thus making her regret those last two wishes.", "**Blind Alleys**\n* Taken from *Tales from the Crypt* \\#46 (February–March 1955\\).", "Major William Rogers becomes the new director of a home for the blind, and exploits his position to live in luxury with his [German Shepherd](/wiki/German_Shepherd \"German Shepherd\") Shane, while his drastic financial cuts to food and heating reduce the residents' quality of life. Rogers gets his comeuppance after he ignores the pleas of resident George Carter to both make the living conditions more bearable and later to get medical treatment for fellow resident Greenwood, who then dies from [hypothermia](/wiki/Hypothermia \"Hypothermia\"). Carter leads a revolt to subdue the staff before locking Rogers and Shane in separate rooms in the basement, and they then construct a small maze of narrow corridors between the two rooms. After going over two days without food, Rogers is released and forced to find his way through the maze for his freedom, getting past one corridor lined with razor blades once Carter turns the lights on; but Rogers finds his last obstacle to be a ravenous Shane who does not seem to recognise him. He flees back towards the razors, only for Carter to turn the lights off. Rogers is heard screaming as the hungry dog catches up with him and kills him.", "**Finale**", "After completing the final tale, the Crypt Keeper reveals that he was not warning them of what would happen, but telling them what has already happened: they have all \"died without repentance\". There is one clue to this twist in that Joan Collins' character is wearing the brooch her husband had given her for Christmas just before she killed him. The door to [Hell](/wiki/Hell \"Hell\") opens and Joanne, Carl, James, Ralph, and Major Rogers all enter (Ralph enters first and is seen falling down into a fiery abyss). \"And now, who's next?\" asks the Crypt Keeper, turning to face the camera as he says \"Perhaps...YOU?\" The scene pulls away as the entrance to the Crypt Keeper's lair is in flames.", "" ]
Plot ---- The story revolves around three roommates, journalist Tashi Lhatoo, photographer Nitin Berry and cartoonist Arup Rather, leading an unkempt and debt\-ridden life in a shady apartment in [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi "Delhi"). Tashi's ditzy fiancée, Sonia, is an air hostess who agrees to deliver a package for Vladimir Dragunsky to Somayajulu, without realizing its contents or that Somayajulu is a [gangster](/wiki/Gangster "Gangster"). Sonia asks Tashi to deliver the package. Tashi, in turn, asks Nitin to do so which he reluctantly agrees. Meanwhile, Nitin has a street food snack and he photographs his landlord Manish with a prostitute. Nitin starts suffering from diarrhea on the way as a result of the dirty street food which he ate and is unable to deliver the package. He sends an envelope with the photographs to his landlord to blackmail him. Nitin hands Sonia's package to Arup for delivery to Somayajulu, along with a package containing his [stool sample](/wiki/Stool_sample "Stool sample") for delivery to Nitin's doctor. Arup mixes up the two bags. Somayajulu, furious, tortures Vladimir to find his package. Tashi is in bed with Sonia when his colleague Menaka calls him on the pretext of work. When he reaches the place, he realizes that it is just a party, and Menaka called him just to have fun. Menaka's ex\-husband Rajeev sees them together and punches Tashi in the eye in a fit of jealousy. Tashi retaliates and knocks Rajeev out. As Tashi and Menaka leave, they are chased by a furious Rajeev and his friends who shoot at them. The duo barely manages to escape. Vladimir informs Somayajulu that the mix\-up must have been caused by Sonia, as she didn't know what she was carrying in the package. Somayajulu calls Sonia, informs her about the mix\-up, and asks her to give him the address of the person who had delivered the package. When Tashi arrives in his apartment, he walks into Somayajulu, who has Arup standing on a stool with a noose around his neck. On hard interrogation, Somayajulu discovers the mix\-up and realizes that the package must be with Nitin's doctor. Nitin gets the package from his doctor's office, wherein Somayajulu finds his thirty diamonds hidden inside. Upon recovering his booty, he orders his henchmen to kill the three roommates. One of them is about to shoot Tashi when another kicks the stool on which Arup was standing to hang him. Luckily for the roommates, the ceiling of the apartment collapses since it can't take Arup's weight. The cave\-in knocks out Somayajulu and his men, leaving one with broken arms. Tashi, Arup, and Nitin escape with the diamonds and spend the night at Menaka's place. The next day they sell the diamonds to a local jeweller. As the roommates prepare to get out of town with the money, they get a call from Somayajulu, who has kidnapped Sonia. He threatens to kill her if they don't return the diamonds. The trio tries to buy back the diamonds from the jeweller, who demands double the sale amount. Without the money, Tashi comes up with a plan. Nitin, Arup, Tashi, and Menaka disguise themselves in [burqas](/wiki/Burqa "Burqa") and rob the jeweller, leaving him the bag of money. They flee in Tashi's car with the police on their tail and go to the hotel where Somayajulu is holding Sonia. As they are about to make the exchange with Somayajulu, the police arrive at the hotel room, where there is a shootout between the police and Somayajulu's gang. Nitin, Arup, Tashi, Sonia, and Vladimir, who had hit the floor during the gunfight, are left as the only survivors. Menaka, who by now realises that she likes Tashi, is upset to learn about his engagement and walks away from him. Tashi breaks off his engagement to Sonia. Later, it is revealed that Nitin did not return the cash to the jewellery store owner and had kept most of the money for himself (whereupon he abandons blackmailing the landlord). The film ends when Menaka comes to the roommates' apartment to return Tashi's car's hubcap lost while escaping from Rajeev. Tashi jumps into her car through the open window and kisses her passionately. Producer\-actor [Aamir Khan](/wiki/Aamir_Khan "Aamir Khan") is seen dancing in a song and dance performance as the credits start rolling.
[ "Plot\n----", "The story revolves around three roommates, journalist Tashi Lhatoo, photographer Nitin Berry and cartoonist Arup Rather, leading an unkempt and debt\\-ridden life in a shady apartment in [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\"). Tashi's ditzy fiancée, Sonia, is an air hostess who agrees to deliver a package for Vladimir Dragunsky to Somayajulu, without realizing its contents or that Somayajulu is a [gangster](/wiki/Gangster \"Gangster\"). Sonia asks Tashi to deliver the package. Tashi, in turn, asks Nitin to do so which he reluctantly agrees. Meanwhile, Nitin has a street food snack and he photographs his landlord Manish with a prostitute. Nitin starts suffering from diarrhea on the way as a result of the dirty street food which he ate and is unable to deliver the package. He sends an envelope with the photographs to his landlord to blackmail him. Nitin hands Sonia's package to Arup for delivery to Somayajulu, along with a package containing his [stool sample](/wiki/Stool_sample \"Stool sample\") for delivery to Nitin's doctor. Arup mixes up the two bags. Somayajulu, furious, tortures Vladimir to find his package.", "Tashi is in bed with Sonia when his colleague Menaka calls him on the pretext of work. When he reaches the place, he realizes that it is just a party, and Menaka called him just to have fun. Menaka's ex\\-husband Rajeev sees them together and punches Tashi in the eye in a fit of jealousy. Tashi retaliates and knocks Rajeev out. As Tashi and Menaka leave, they are chased by a furious Rajeev and his friends who shoot at them. The duo barely manages to escape.", "Vladimir informs Somayajulu that the mix\\-up must have been caused by Sonia, as she didn't know what she was carrying in the package. Somayajulu calls Sonia, informs her about the mix\\-up, and asks her to give him the address of the person who had delivered the package. When Tashi arrives in his apartment, he walks into Somayajulu, who has Arup standing on a stool with a noose around his neck. On hard interrogation, Somayajulu discovers the mix\\-up and realizes that the package must be with Nitin's doctor.", "Nitin gets the package from his doctor's office, wherein Somayajulu finds his thirty diamonds hidden inside. Upon recovering his booty, he orders his henchmen to kill the three roommates. One of them is about to shoot Tashi when another kicks the stool on which Arup was standing to hang him. Luckily for the roommates, the ceiling of the apartment collapses since it can't take Arup's weight. The cave\\-in knocks out Somayajulu and his men, leaving one with broken arms. Tashi, Arup, and Nitin escape with the diamonds and spend the night at Menaka's place. The next day they sell the diamonds to a local jeweller.", "As the roommates prepare to get out of town with the money, they get a call from Somayajulu, who has kidnapped Sonia. He threatens to kill her if they don't return the diamonds. The trio tries to buy back the diamonds from the jeweller, who demands double the sale amount.", "Without the money, Tashi comes up with a plan. Nitin, Arup, Tashi, and Menaka disguise themselves in [burqas](/wiki/Burqa \"Burqa\") and rob the jeweller, leaving him the bag of money. They flee in Tashi's car with the police on their tail and go to the hotel where Somayajulu is holding Sonia. As they are about to make the exchange with Somayajulu, the police arrive at the hotel room, where there is a shootout between the police and Somayajulu's gang.", "Nitin, Arup, Tashi, Sonia, and Vladimir, who had hit the floor during the gunfight, are left as the only survivors. Menaka, who by now realises that she likes Tashi, is upset to learn about his engagement and walks away from him. Tashi breaks off his engagement to Sonia. Later, it is revealed that Nitin did not return the cash to the jewellery store owner and had kept most of the money for himself (whereupon he abandons blackmailing the landlord). The film ends when Menaka comes to the roommates' apartment to return Tashi's car's hubcap lost while escaping from Rajeev. Tashi jumps into her car through the open window and kisses her passionately.", "Producer\\-actor [Aamir Khan](/wiki/Aamir_Khan \"Aamir Khan\") is seen dancing in a song and dance performance as the credits start rolling.", "" ]
History ------- Odin consisted of Managing Director Paul McKenna; programmers Steve Wetherill, Robbie Tinman, Marc Dawson (now Wilding), Keith Robinson, George Barnes, Tommy Laningan, Derrick Rowson, and Stefan Walker; artists Paul Salmon, Stuart Fotheringham, and Colin Grunes; and musician Keith Tinman. Bernie Duggs and musician [Fred Gray](/wiki/Fred_Gray_%28composer%29 "Fred Gray (composer)") are also credited.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id\=0002412\|title\=Hypaball \- World of Spectrum\|website\=www.worldofspectrum.org\|accessdate\=15 December 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekpub.cgi?regexp\=%5EFred\+Gray$\&loadpics\=1\|title\=Fred Gray \- World of Spectrum\|website\=www.worldofspectrum.org\|accessdate\=15 December 2017}} Fotheringham and Dawson had previously worked for [Software Projects](/wiki/Software_Projects "Software Projects").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/retro\-gamer/20200709/283364769336700 \|title\=I feel a special attachment to Matthew Smith. All the trouble he got into kind of boiled down to me Chris Cannon \|via\=PressReader \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-14}} Some other staff members had previously worked for [Imagine Software](/wiki/Imagine_Software "Imagine Software").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.crashonline.org.uk/20/odin.htm \|title \= CRASH 20 \- Odin}} Prior to the release of their debut title, *[Nodes of Yesod](/wiki/Nodes_of_Yesod "Nodes of Yesod")*, in 1985, Odin had previously released a number of games under the name [Thor](/wiki/Thor "Thor").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/33088/Odin\-Computer\-Graphics/\|title \= Odin Computer Graphics \- Company \- Computing History}} Although they developed a couple of in\-house titles as Thor, they mainly acquired the publishing rights to homegrown titles from anonymous bedroom programmers. These early titles were mostly regarded as critical disappointments but not commercial failures. When Thor decided to switch to in\-house development, Paul McKenna (managing director \& owner) thought it appropriate to form a new company, hence Odin Computer Graphics was born. *Nodes of Yesod* became an instant critical and commercial success, prompting [Telecomsoft](/wiki/Telecomsoft "Telecomsoft") (the software division of [British Telecom](/wiki/British_Telecom "British Telecom")) to offer them a six\-figure contract to develop ten games within a 12\-month period. While Odin's later games (including *[Robin of the Wood](/wiki/Robin_of_the_Wood "Robin of the Wood")* and *[Heartland](/wiki/Heartland_%28computer_game%29 "Heartland (computer game)")*) were very well received, some later titles failed to live up to expected BT standards. During this period, the warehouse area attached to the Odin studio was used by Telecomsoft as a distribution warehouse and to store thousands of copies of games on their Firebird, Rainbird and Beyond labels. Just prior to the Telecom deal Odin had secured a major contract with [Capcom](/wiki/Capcom "Capcom"). They were to develop *Robin Hood* for coin\-operated arcade machines and Capcom's *[Gun.Smoke](/wiki/Gun.Smoke "Gun.Smoke")* for the home computer format. Unfortunately the contracts arrived a day late. Paul McKenna still has the original contracts from Capcom in his possession{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2011}}. Odin made a very deliberate attempt to ensure they were mistaken for [Ultimate Play the Game](/wiki/Ultimate_Play_the_Game "Ultimate Play the Game"), one of the most critically acclaimed game developers of the 1980s.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/industry/publishers/odin\_interviews.htm\| title \= Odin Interview\| accessdate \= 2007\-01\-15 }} As well as establishing a very similar name (Odin Computer Graphics vs. Ashby Computer Graphics), many of their games were heavily inspired by Ultimate's output (Odin's *Nodes of Yesod* certainly owes a considerable debt to Ultimate's *[Underwurlde](/wiki/Underwurlde "Underwurlde")*). The advertisements for Odin's games, which won many acclaimed awards such as [Golden Joystick Awards](/wiki/Golden_Joystick_Awards "Golden Joystick Awards") for best advertising in 1985 and 1986, were reminiscent of 1980s popular print retailer [Athena](/wiki/Athena_%28retailer%29 "Athena (retailer)") and also bore some resemblance to the highly stylised, airbrushed artwork that graced the adverts for Ultimate's games. In 1987, Odin finally closed their doors, mainly due to an inability to expand the size of their teams while maintaining the quality that had put the company on the map in the first place. Although they delivered more than all the necessary titles to fulfill their contract, Telecomsoft deemed several of them to be not worthy of release. By this time many of Odin's core programmers and artists had already jumped ship. Several ex\-Odin staff initially joined [Denton Designs](/wiki/Denton_Designs "Denton Designs"), another Liverpool\-based games developer, before going their separate ways. In 2005, Paul McKenna reformed Odin Computer Graphics Ltd, to develop and produce new titles and convert *Nodes of Yesod*, *Arc of Yesod*, *Heartland* and *Robin of the Wood* on the Mobile Phone formats. In 2010, Odin Computer Graphics, Ltd., in conjunction with Uztek Games, Inc., released Nodes Of Yesod for the [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone "IPhone"). A web browser version built with [Adobe Flash](/wiki/Adobe_Flash "Adobe Flash") was also released in the same year.
[ "History\n-------", "Odin consisted of Managing Director Paul McKenna; programmers Steve Wetherill, Robbie Tinman, Marc Dawson (now Wilding), Keith Robinson, George Barnes, Tommy Laningan, Derrick Rowson, and Stefan Walker; artists Paul Salmon, Stuart Fotheringham, and Colin Grunes; and musician Keith Tinman. Bernie Duggs and musician [Fred Gray](/wiki/Fred_Gray_%28composer%29 \"Fred Gray (composer)\") are also credited.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id\\=0002412\\|title\\=Hypaball \\- World of Spectrum\\|website\\=www.worldofspectrum.org\\|accessdate\\=15 December 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekpub.cgi?regexp\\=%5EFred\\+Gray$\\&loadpics\\=1\\|title\\=Fred Gray \\- World of Spectrum\\|website\\=www.worldofspectrum.org\\|accessdate\\=15 December 2017}} Fotheringham and Dawson had previously worked for [Software Projects](/wiki/Software_Projects \"Software Projects\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/retro\\-gamer/20200709/283364769336700 \\|title\\=I feel a special attachment to Matthew Smith. All the trouble he got into kind of boiled down to me Chris Cannon \\|via\\=PressReader \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-14}} Some other staff members had previously worked for [Imagine Software](/wiki/Imagine_Software \"Imagine Software\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.crashonline.org.uk/20/odin.htm \\|title \\= CRASH 20 \\- Odin}}", "Prior to the release of their debut title, *[Nodes of Yesod](/wiki/Nodes_of_Yesod \"Nodes of Yesod\")*, in 1985, Odin had previously released a number of games under the name [Thor](/wiki/Thor \"Thor\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/33088/Odin\\-Computer\\-Graphics/\\|title \\= Odin Computer Graphics \\- Company \\- Computing History}} Although they developed a couple of in\\-house titles as Thor, they mainly acquired the publishing rights to homegrown titles from anonymous bedroom programmers. These early titles were mostly regarded as critical disappointments but not commercial failures. When Thor decided to switch to in\\-house development, Paul McKenna (managing director \\& owner) thought it appropriate to form a new company, hence Odin Computer Graphics was born.", "*Nodes of Yesod* became an instant critical and commercial success, prompting [Telecomsoft](/wiki/Telecomsoft \"Telecomsoft\") (the software division of [British Telecom](/wiki/British_Telecom \"British Telecom\")) to offer them a six\\-figure contract to develop ten games within a 12\\-month period. While Odin's later games (including *[Robin of the Wood](/wiki/Robin_of_the_Wood \"Robin of the Wood\")* and *[Heartland](/wiki/Heartland_%28computer_game%29 \"Heartland (computer game)\")*) were very well received, some later titles failed to live up to expected BT standards. During this period, the warehouse area attached to the Odin studio was used by Telecomsoft as a distribution warehouse and to store thousands of copies of games on their Firebird, Rainbird and Beyond labels.", "Just prior to the Telecom deal Odin had secured a major contract with [Capcom](/wiki/Capcom \"Capcom\"). They were to develop *Robin Hood* for coin\\-operated arcade machines and Capcom's *[Gun.Smoke](/wiki/Gun.Smoke \"Gun.Smoke\")* for the home computer format. Unfortunately the contracts arrived a day late. Paul McKenna still has the original contracts from Capcom in his possession{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2011}}.", "Odin made a very deliberate attempt to ensure they were mistaken for [Ultimate Play the Game](/wiki/Ultimate_Play_the_Game \"Ultimate Play the Game\"), one of the most critically acclaimed game developers of the 1980s.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/industry/publishers/odin\\_interviews.htm\\| title \\= Odin Interview\\| accessdate \\= 2007\\-01\\-15 }} As well as establishing a very similar name (Odin Computer Graphics vs. Ashby Computer Graphics), many of their games were heavily inspired by Ultimate's output (Odin's *Nodes of Yesod* certainly owes a considerable debt to Ultimate's *[Underwurlde](/wiki/Underwurlde \"Underwurlde\")*). The advertisements for Odin's games, which won many acclaimed awards such as [Golden Joystick Awards](/wiki/Golden_Joystick_Awards \"Golden Joystick Awards\") for best advertising in 1985 and 1986, were reminiscent of 1980s popular print retailer [Athena](/wiki/Athena_%28retailer%29 \"Athena (retailer)\") and also bore some resemblance to the highly stylised, airbrushed artwork that graced the adverts for Ultimate's games.", "In 1987, Odin finally closed their doors, mainly due to an inability to expand the size of their teams while maintaining the quality that had put the company on the map in the first place. Although they delivered more than all the necessary titles to fulfill their contract, Telecomsoft deemed several of them to be not worthy of release. By this time many of Odin's core programmers and artists had already jumped ship. Several ex\\-Odin staff initially joined [Denton Designs](/wiki/Denton_Designs \"Denton Designs\"), another Liverpool\\-based games developer, before going their separate ways.", "In 2005, Paul McKenna reformed Odin Computer Graphics Ltd, to develop and produce new titles and convert *Nodes of Yesod*, *Arc of Yesod*, *Heartland* and *Robin of the Wood* on the Mobile Phone formats.", "In 2010, Odin Computer Graphics, Ltd., in conjunction with Uztek Games, Inc., released Nodes Of Yesod for the [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone \"IPhone\"). A web browser version built with [Adobe Flash](/wiki/Adobe_Flash \"Adobe Flash\") was also released in the same year.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Junior career Horgmo spent much of his junior career under the stewardship of former Grand Prix rider [Kenneth Gundersen](/wiki/Kenneth_Gundersen "Kenneth Gundersen"). He claimed his first national title in 2013 in the 85 class and in addition competed in the [European Motocross Championship](/wiki/European_Motocross_Championship "European Motocross Championship").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.redbull.com/no\-no/Kevin\-Horgmo\-satser\-alt\|title\=Satser alt på motocross\|work\=Matias Fosso Kristiansen\|publisher\=Red Bull.com\|date\=27 September 2017\|accessdate\=18 September 2023}} In 2014, he made his debut in the [FIM Motocross Junior World Championship](/wiki/FIM_Motocross_Junior_World_Championship "FIM Motocross Junior World Championship") in the 85cc class, picking up three points. Horgmo moved into the EMX125 class of the [European Motocross Championship](/wiki/European_Motocross_Championship "European Motocross Championship") in 2015\. After scoring points sporadically throughout the season, Horgmo was able to secure his first top\-ten race finish at the last round of the season, with seventh in race two. In the same season he was able to win the 125 national championships of both Norway and Sweden. In 2016, Horgmo began to move himself up the ranks of the EMX125 championship as the season progressed, including scoring a second position in race two in Great Britain. He picked up an injury at the following round which saw him end the season on the side\-lines.{{cite news\|url\=https://gatedrop.com/interview\-kevin\-horgmo/\|title\=Interview: Kevin Horgmo\|work\=Andy McKinstry\|publisher\=gatedrop.com\|date\=19 July 2016\|accessdate\=18 September 2023}} 2017 would be Horgmo's last season on a 125 and saw him ride for the CreyMert Racing KTM team. This would be a standout season for Horgmo, where he picked up three overall podiums in the EMX125 class of the [2017 European Motocross Championship](/wiki/2017_European_Motocross_Championship "2017 European Motocross Championship"), which included his first overall win at the French round.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.mxgp.com/news/boisrame\-and\-horgmo\-take\-emx\-wins\-france\|title\=Boisrame and Horgmo take EMX wins in France\|work\=Youthstream\|publisher\=mxgp.com\|date\=29 May 2017\|accessdate\=18 September 2023}} In addition to this, Horgmo was able to be one of the leading competitors in that years FIM Junior World Championship, where a second place in race two was enough for him to take home the bronze medal. After these performances, he was called up to ride for Norway at the [2017 Motocross des Nations](/wiki/2017_Motocross_des_Nations "2017 Motocross des Nations"), where the country was unable to qualify for the main races. ### 250 career Horgmo extended his contract with the CreyMert KTM team for 2018 and 2019 seasons.{{cite news\|url\=https://gatedrop.com/horgmo\-signs\-creymert\-ktm\-contract\-extension/\|title\=Horgmo signs CreyMert KTM contract extension!\|publisher\=gatedrop.com\|date\=3 July 2017\|accessdate\=18 September 2023}} The [2018 European Motocross Championship](/wiki/2018_European_Motocross_Championship "2018 European Motocross Championship") would be his first in the EMX250 class. After two\-second place moto finishes throughout the season, Horgmo ended the campaign by finishing second overall at the final round at [Assen](/wiki/TT_Circuit_Assen "TT Circuit Assen"), behind [Jett Lawrence](/wiki/Jett_Lawrence "Jett Lawrence"). Tenth in the final standings was coupled with him becoming Norwegian Champion in the MX2 class. In the [2019 European Motocross Championship](/wiki/2019_European_Motocross_Championship "2019 European Motocross Championship"), Horgmo had a strong start in EMX250, with two top\-three race finishes in the first two rounds. He then missed the next three rounds due to a broken jaw sustained in a Dutch Masters of Motocross event.{{cite news\|url\=https://gatedrop.com/horgmo\-signs\-creymert\-ktm\-contract\-extension/\|title\=Broken jaw for Horgmo\|publisher\=gatedrop.com\|date\=1 June 2019\|accessdate\=18 September 2023}} Once he recovered, he made his debut in the MX2 class of the [2019 FIM Motocross World Championship](/wiki/2019_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship "2019 FIM Motocross World Championship") in Czech Republic, scoring a tenth place in the second race. He then returned to the EMX250 class in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), finishing second overall before choosing to miss the last round to make his second MX2 world championship start in Sweden. Horgmo rode one final Grand Prix in 2019, in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), riding this time for the Marchetti Racing KTM team. Following this, he made his second appearance for his country at the [2019 Motocross des Nations](/wiki/2019_Motocross_des_Nations "2019 Motocross des Nations"). The Norwegian team had one of their best performances on record, finishing twelfth overall, with Horgmo finishing fourth best MX2 rider in the main races. After guesting with them at the end of 2019, Horgmo signed for Marchetti Racing KTM for his full\-time MX2 World Championship debut in [2020](/wiki/2020_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship "2020 FIM Motocross World Championship").{{cite news\|url\=https://livemotocross.com/kevin\-horgmo\-signed\-with\-marchetti\-racing\-ktm\-for\-2020/\|title\=KEVIN HORGMO SIGNED WITH MARCHETTI RACING KTM FOR 2020\|publisher\=livemotocross.com\|date\=29 August 2019\|accessdate\=18 September 2023}} It proved to be a tough season for Horgmo, where he struggled to adapt to the team and picked up three top\-ten races finishes on the way to eighthteenth in the final standings. After splitting with the Marchetti team, he took up the option to drop back into the EMX250 class of the European Championship for [2021 European Motocross Championship](/wiki/2021_European_Motocross_Championship "2021 European Motocross Championship").{{cite news\|url\=https://gatedrop.com/confirmed\-kevin\-horgmo\-secures\-emx250\-ride\-for\-2021/\|title\=Confirmed: Kevin Horgmo secures EMX250 ride for 2021\|publisher\=gatedrop.com\|date\=11 December 2020\|accessdate\=18 September 2023}} This would prove to be Horgmo's most successful European Championship season, with him battling eventual champion [Nicholas Lapucci](/wiki/Nicholas_Lapucci "Nicholas Lapucci") from the first round. Six overall podiums, three race wins and two overall wins were achieved along the way finishing in the runner\-up spot. In addition, he made three wildcard appearances in the MX2 class of the [2021 FIM Motocross World Championship](/wiki/2021_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship "2021 FIM Motocross World Championship"), with a best race finish of twelfth. After such a strong season, Horgmo signed for the F\&H Kawasaki team for a full\-time return to the MX2 class in the [2022 FIM Motocross World Championship](/wiki/2022_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship "2022 FIM Motocross World Championship").{{cite news\|url\=https://mxvice.com/new\-contract\-kevin\-horgmo/\|title\=New Contract: Kevin Horgmo\|work\=Lewis Phillips\|publisher\=mxvice.com\|date\=26 November 2021\|accessdate\=18 September 2023}} He carried his good form into the new World Championship season, finishing consistently in the top\-ten across the first three rounds, before getting his first race top\-three in the second race at the Portuguese round. Two rounds later he secured his first overall podium by finishing second overall in [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia "Latvia").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.fhracingteam.nl/2022/04/26/kevin\-horgmo\-takes\-maiden\-podium\-in\-the\-grand\-prix\-mx2\-in\-latvia/\|title\=Kevin Horgmo takes maiden podium in the Grand Prix MX2 in Latvia\|publisher\=F\&H Racing Team\|date\=26 April 2022\|accessdate\=18 September 2023}} After finishing fourth in the final standings, Horgmo made his fourth appearance for Norway at the [2022 Motocross des Nations](/wiki/2022_Motocross_des_Nations "2022 Motocross des Nations"), helping his country finish thirteenth. 2023 would be Horgmo's last season in the MX2 World Championship due to the under\-23 rule. He started the season strongly with a second place in race two in [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina"). Despite consistently finishing in the top\-ten he struggled to push up as high as he had in the previous season until the Swedish round where he was able to take the qualifying race win. Two rounds later, in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), he was able to take his first World Championship race win and secure his second ever overall podium. After a final championship placing of seventh, Horgmo made his fourth appearance for Norway at the [Motocross des Nations](/wiki/2023_Motocross_des_Nations "2023 Motocross des Nations"). ### 450 career Horgmo signed for the Team Ship to Cycle Honda Motoblouz SR squad to make his MXGP class debut in the [2024 FIM Motocross World Championship](/wiki/2024_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship "2024 FIM Motocross World Championship").{{cite news\|url\=https://mxvice.com/kevin\-horgmo\-and\-valentin\-guillod\-confirmed\-for\-sr\-honda\-in\-2024/\|title\=Kevin Horgmo and Valentin Guillod confirmed for SR Honda in 2024\|work\=Edward Stratmann\|publisher\=mxvice.com\|date\=26 September 2023\|accessdate\=13 February 2024}} In the competitive MXGP class, Horgmo consistently finished in the top\-ten throughout the season, battling with factory riders and achieving a best overall result of sixth at the first Indonesian round. Despite not racing at the final round due to an illness, Horgmo finished eighth in the final standings, one place ahead of his teammate [Valentin Guillod](/wiki/Valentin_Guillod "Valentin Guillod"). Alongside MXGP he raced the [2024 French Elite Motocross Championship](/wiki/2024_French_Elite_Motocross_Championship "2024 French Elite Motocross Championship"), finishing fourth in the final Elite\-MX1 standings and taking a single race win. At the end of the season, Horgmo represented Norway at the [2024 Motocross des Nations](/wiki/2024_Motocross_des_Nations "2024 Motocross des Nations"), where the team finished seventeenth.
[ "Career\n------", "### Junior career", "Horgmo spent much of his junior career under the stewardship of former Grand Prix rider [Kenneth Gundersen](/wiki/Kenneth_Gundersen \"Kenneth Gundersen\"). He claimed his first national title in 2013 in the 85 class and in addition competed in the [European Motocross Championship](/wiki/European_Motocross_Championship \"European Motocross Championship\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.redbull.com/no\\-no/Kevin\\-Horgmo\\-satser\\-alt\\|title\\=Satser alt på motocross\\|work\\=Matias Fosso Kristiansen\\|publisher\\=Red Bull.com\\|date\\=27 September 2017\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2023}} In 2014, he made his debut in the [FIM Motocross Junior World Championship](/wiki/FIM_Motocross_Junior_World_Championship \"FIM Motocross Junior World Championship\") in the 85cc class, picking up three points.", "Horgmo moved into the EMX125 class of the [European Motocross Championship](/wiki/European_Motocross_Championship \"European Motocross Championship\") in 2015\\. After scoring points sporadically throughout the season, Horgmo was able to secure his first top\\-ten race finish at the last round of the season, with seventh in race two. In the same season he was able to win the 125 national championships of both Norway and Sweden. In 2016, Horgmo began to move himself up the ranks of the EMX125 championship as the season progressed, including scoring a second position in race two in Great Britain. He picked up an injury at the following round which saw him end the season on the side\\-lines.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://gatedrop.com/interview\\-kevin\\-horgmo/\\|title\\=Interview: Kevin Horgmo\\|work\\=Andy McKinstry\\|publisher\\=gatedrop.com\\|date\\=19 July 2016\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2023}}", "2017 would be Horgmo's last season on a 125 and saw him ride for the CreyMert Racing KTM team. This would be a standout season for Horgmo, where he picked up three overall podiums in the EMX125 class of the [2017 European Motocross Championship](/wiki/2017_European_Motocross_Championship \"2017 European Motocross Championship\"), which included his first overall win at the French round.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.mxgp.com/news/boisrame\\-and\\-horgmo\\-take\\-emx\\-wins\\-france\\|title\\=Boisrame and Horgmo take EMX wins in France\\|work\\=Youthstream\\|publisher\\=mxgp.com\\|date\\=29 May 2017\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2023}} In addition to this, Horgmo was able to be one of the leading competitors in that years FIM Junior World Championship, where a second place in race two was enough for him to take home the bronze medal. After these performances, he was called up to ride for Norway at the [2017 Motocross des Nations](/wiki/2017_Motocross_des_Nations \"2017 Motocross des Nations\"), where the country was unable to qualify for the main races.", "### 250 career", "Horgmo extended his contract with the CreyMert KTM team for 2018 and 2019 seasons.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://gatedrop.com/horgmo\\-signs\\-creymert\\-ktm\\-contract\\-extension/\\|title\\=Horgmo signs CreyMert KTM contract extension!\\|publisher\\=gatedrop.com\\|date\\=3 July 2017\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2023}} The [2018 European Motocross Championship](/wiki/2018_European_Motocross_Championship \"2018 European Motocross Championship\") would be his first in the EMX250 class. After two\\-second place moto finishes throughout the season, Horgmo ended the campaign by finishing second overall at the final round at [Assen](/wiki/TT_Circuit_Assen \"TT Circuit Assen\"), behind [Jett Lawrence](/wiki/Jett_Lawrence \"Jett Lawrence\"). Tenth in the final standings was coupled with him becoming Norwegian Champion in the MX2 class.", "In the [2019 European Motocross Championship](/wiki/2019_European_Motocross_Championship \"2019 European Motocross Championship\"), Horgmo had a strong start in EMX250, with two top\\-three race finishes in the first two rounds. He then missed the next three rounds due to a broken jaw sustained in a Dutch Masters of Motocross event.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://gatedrop.com/horgmo\\-signs\\-creymert\\-ktm\\-contract\\-extension/\\|title\\=Broken jaw for Horgmo\\|publisher\\=gatedrop.com\\|date\\=1 June 2019\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2023}} Once he recovered, he made his debut in the MX2 class of the [2019 FIM Motocross World Championship](/wiki/2019_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship \"2019 FIM Motocross World Championship\") in Czech Republic, scoring a tenth place in the second race. He then returned to the EMX250 class in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), finishing second overall before choosing to miss the last round to make his second MX2 world championship start in Sweden. Horgmo rode one final Grand Prix in 2019, in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), riding this time for the Marchetti Racing KTM team. Following this, he made his second appearance for his country at the [2019 Motocross des Nations](/wiki/2019_Motocross_des_Nations \"2019 Motocross des Nations\"). The Norwegian team had one of their best performances on record, finishing twelfth overall, with Horgmo finishing fourth best MX2 rider in the main races.", "After guesting with them at the end of 2019, Horgmo signed for Marchetti Racing KTM for his full\\-time MX2 World Championship debut in [2020](/wiki/2020_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship \"2020 FIM Motocross World Championship\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://livemotocross.com/kevin\\-horgmo\\-signed\\-with\\-marchetti\\-racing\\-ktm\\-for\\-2020/\\|title\\=KEVIN HORGMO SIGNED WITH MARCHETTI RACING KTM FOR 2020\\|publisher\\=livemotocross.com\\|date\\=29 August 2019\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2023}} It proved to be a tough season for Horgmo, where he struggled to adapt to the team and picked up three top\\-ten races finishes on the way to eighthteenth in the final standings. After splitting with the Marchetti team, he took up the option to drop back into the EMX250 class of the European Championship for [2021 European Motocross Championship](/wiki/2021_European_Motocross_Championship \"2021 European Motocross Championship\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://gatedrop.com/confirmed\\-kevin\\-horgmo\\-secures\\-emx250\\-ride\\-for\\-2021/\\|title\\=Confirmed: Kevin Horgmo secures EMX250 ride for 2021\\|publisher\\=gatedrop.com\\|date\\=11 December 2020\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2023}} This would prove to be Horgmo's most successful European Championship season, with him battling eventual champion [Nicholas Lapucci](/wiki/Nicholas_Lapucci \"Nicholas Lapucci\") from the first round. Six overall podiums, three race wins and two overall wins were achieved along the way finishing in the runner\\-up spot. In addition, he made three wildcard appearances in the MX2 class of the [2021 FIM Motocross World Championship](/wiki/2021_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship \"2021 FIM Motocross World Championship\"), with a best race finish of twelfth.", "After such a strong season, Horgmo signed for the F\\&H Kawasaki team for a full\\-time return to the MX2 class in the [2022 FIM Motocross World Championship](/wiki/2022_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship \"2022 FIM Motocross World Championship\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://mxvice.com/new\\-contract\\-kevin\\-horgmo/\\|title\\=New Contract: Kevin Horgmo\\|work\\=Lewis Phillips\\|publisher\\=mxvice.com\\|date\\=26 November 2021\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2023}} He carried his good form into the new World Championship season, finishing consistently in the top\\-ten across the first three rounds, before getting his first race top\\-three in the second race at the Portuguese round. Two rounds later he secured his first overall podium by finishing second overall in [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia \"Latvia\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.fhracingteam.nl/2022/04/26/kevin\\-horgmo\\-takes\\-maiden\\-podium\\-in\\-the\\-grand\\-prix\\-mx2\\-in\\-latvia/\\|title\\=Kevin Horgmo takes maiden podium in the Grand Prix MX2 in Latvia\\|publisher\\=F\\&H Racing Team\\|date\\=26 April 2022\\|accessdate\\=18 September 2023}} After finishing fourth in the final standings, Horgmo made his fourth appearance for Norway at the [2022 Motocross des Nations](/wiki/2022_Motocross_des_Nations \"2022 Motocross des Nations\"), helping his country finish thirteenth. 2023 would be Horgmo's last season in the MX2 World Championship due to the under\\-23 rule. He started the season strongly with a second place in race two in [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\"). Despite consistently finishing in the top\\-ten he struggled to push up as high as he had in the previous season until the Swedish round where he was able to take the qualifying race win. Two rounds later, in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), he was able to take his first World Championship race win and secure his second ever overall podium. After a final championship placing of seventh, Horgmo made his fourth appearance for Norway at the [Motocross des Nations](/wiki/2023_Motocross_des_Nations \"2023 Motocross des Nations\").", "### 450 career", "Horgmo signed for the Team Ship to Cycle Honda Motoblouz SR squad to make his MXGP class debut in the [2024 FIM Motocross World Championship](/wiki/2024_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship \"2024 FIM Motocross World Championship\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://mxvice.com/kevin\\-horgmo\\-and\\-valentin\\-guillod\\-confirmed\\-for\\-sr\\-honda\\-in\\-2024/\\|title\\=Kevin Horgmo and Valentin Guillod confirmed for SR Honda in 2024\\|work\\=Edward Stratmann\\|publisher\\=mxvice.com\\|date\\=26 September 2023\\|accessdate\\=13 February 2024}} In the competitive MXGP class, Horgmo consistently finished in the top\\-ten throughout the season, battling with factory riders and achieving a best overall result of sixth at the first Indonesian round. Despite not racing at the final round due to an illness, Horgmo finished eighth in the final standings, one place ahead of his teammate [Valentin Guillod](/wiki/Valentin_Guillod \"Valentin Guillod\"). Alongside MXGP he raced the [2024 French Elite Motocross Championship](/wiki/2024_French_Elite_Motocross_Championship \"2024 French Elite Motocross Championship\"), finishing fourth in the final Elite\\-MX1 standings and taking a single race win. At the end of the season, Horgmo represented Norway at the [2024 Motocross des Nations](/wiki/2024_Motocross_des_Nations \"2024 Motocross des Nations\"), where the team finished seventeenth.", "" ]
Company history --------------- ### Arthur C. Nielsen and the invention of "Market Share" [Arthur C. Nielsen](/wiki/Arthur_C._Nielsen "Arthur C. Nielsen") founded the [AC Nielsen Company](/wiki/AC_Nielsen_Company "AC Nielsen Company") in August 1923{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chicagonow.com/and\-the\-ordinary\-people\-said/2013/08/nielsen\-company\-90\-years\-celebration\-reception\-in\-chicago\-wednesday\-auhust\-21/ \|title\=Nielsen Company 90 Years Celebration Reception In Chicago Wednesday August 21 \- And The Ordinary People Said \|work\=\[\[ChicagoNow]] \|date\=August 20, 2013 \|access\-date\=April 12, 2016}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.lasplash.com/publish/Entertainment/cat\_index\_chicago\_events/nielsen\-celebrates\-chicago\-roots\-with\-90th\-anniversary\-party.php \|title\=Nielsen Celebrates Chicago Roots with 90th Anniversary Party \- Splash Magazines \- Los Angeles \|work\=Lasplash \|date\=August 20, 2013 \|access\-date\=April 12, 2016}} with the idea of selling engineering performance surveys. It was the first company to offer [market research](/wiki/Market_research "Market research").Gillespie, Mary. "Nielsen makes viewers count by watching them watch TV." *Chicago Sun\-Times*, April 9, 1989 The company expanded its business in 1932 by creating a retail index that tracked the flow of food and drug purchases. This was the first retail measurement of its kind and for the first time allowed a company to determine its "share" of the market—the origination of the concept of "[market share](/wiki/Market_share "Market share")" Arthur C. Nielsen is credited with coining this business term. ### Radio and television In 1936, Arthur C. Nielsen acquired the Audimeter, which measured which [radio stations](/wiki/Radio_station "Radio station") a radio had been tuned to during the day. After tinkering with the device for a few years, the company created a national radio rating service in 1942\.Basler, Barbara. "A.C. Nielsen, Who Devised System That Rates TV Programs, Dead." *The New York Times*, June 4, 1980 The company collected information on which stations radios were tuned to in one thousand homes. Then, this survey data was sold to manufacturers who were interested in the popularity of programs and demographic information about listeners for advertising purposes. This was the birth of [audience measurement](/wiki/Audience_measurement "Audience measurement") that would become the most well\-known part of Nielsen's business when applied to television. Today, these are commonly referred to as "[Nielsen ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings "Nielsen ratings")". The company began measuring television audiences in 1950, at a time when the medium was just getting off the ground. Just as with radio, a sampling of homes across the U.S. was used to develop ratings. This information was collected on a device that was attached to a television that recorded what was being watched. In 1953, the company began sending out diaries to a smaller sample of homes ("Nielsen families") within the survey to have them record what they had watched. This data was put together with information from the devices. This combination of data allowed the company to statistically estimate the number of Americans watching TV and the demographic breakdown of viewers. This became an important tool for advertisers and networks. In the 1980s, the company launched a new measurement device known as the "[people meter](/wiki/People_meter "People meter")". The device resembles a remote control with buttons for each individual family member and extras for guests. Viewers push a button to signify when they are in the room and push it again when they leave, even if the TV is still on. This form of measurement was intended to provide a more accurate picture of who was watching and when.Kaplan, Peter W. "Nielsen to Try New Audience\-Survey Device." *The New York Times*, October 16, 1985 In July 2008,{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/08/business/media/08adco.html?\_r\=1\&oref\=slogin\|title\=Whichever Screen, People Are Watching \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=July 8, 2008 \|access\-date\=November 30, 2015\|last1\=Stelter \|first1\=Brian }} Nielsen released the first in a series of quarterly reports, detailing video and TV usage across the 'three screens' – Television, Internet and Mobile devices. The A2/M2 Three Screen Report also includes trends in timeshifted viewing behavior and its relationship to online video viewing, a demographic breakdown of mobile video viewers and DVR penetration. On September 30, 2016,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2016/nielsen\-launches\-digital\-content\-ratings.html \|title\=Nielsen Launches Digital Content Ratings \|publisher\=Nielsen.com \|date\=September 27, 2016 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen made its Digital Content Ratings available in full syndication for clients. On September 9, 2016,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2016/nielsen\-to\-deliver\-all\-electronic\-measurement\-to\-local\-tv\-market\-retire\-tv\-paper\-diaries.html \|title\=Nielsen to Deliver All\-Electronic Measurement to Local TV Markets in 2017 and Retire Paper TV Diaries in 140 Local Markets \|publisher\=Nielsen.com \|date\=September 14, 2016 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen announced that it would retire its paper TV diaries by mid\-2017 and provide all electronic measurement in its local television ratings. ### Private equity Nielsen was acquired by the [Dun \& Bradstreet Company](/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet "Dun & Bradstreet") in 1984\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dnb.com/us/about/company\_story/dnbhistory.html \|title\=Learn about the company history of D\&B and where we are today at DNB.com \|access\-date\=July 29, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705214315/http://www.dnb.com/us/about/company\_story/dnbhistory.html \|archive\-date\=July 5, 2008 }} In 1996, D\&B divided the company into two separate companies: [Nielsen Media Research](/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research "Nielsen Media Research"), which was responsible for TV ratings, and [AC Nielsen](/wiki/AC_Nielsen "AC Nielsen"), which was responsible for consumer shopping trends and box\-office data.{{Cite news \|last\=Deogun \|first\=Nikhil \|date\=2000\-12\-18 \|title\=VNU Could Pay up to $2\.6 Billion For Purchase of ACNielsen Corp. \- WSJ \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB9771033889366218 \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-22 \|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \|language\=en\-US}} In 1999, Nielsen Media Research was acquired by the Dutch publishing company [VNU](/wiki/Verenigde_Nederlandse_Uitgeverijen "Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen") (Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen).Pope, Kyle. "VNU to Buy Nielsen Media for $2\.5 Billion — Accord to Help Dutch Firm Speed Up Its Transition To Information Concern." *The Wall Street Journal*, August 17, 1999 VNU later acquired AC Nielsen and recombined the two businesses in 2001\. In between, VNU sold off its newspaper properties to [Wegener](/wiki/Wegener_%28company%29 "Wegener (company)") and its consumer magazines to [Sanoma](/wiki/Sanoma "Sanoma"). The company's publishing arm also owned several publications including *[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter "The Hollywood Reporter")* and *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")* magazine. VNU combined the Nielsen properties with other research and data collection units including BASES, Claritas, HCI and Spectra. VNU also acquired companies that added to its measurement capabilities. ### Becoming a public company Nielsen was a private company from 2006 through 2011\. On January 25, 2011, the company listed itself on the New York Stock Exchange and issued an initial public offering (IPO) that raised $1\.8 billion in the largest private equity\-backed U.S. IPO since 2006\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011\-01\-25/nielsen\-s\-ipo\-may\-give\-kkr\-carlyle\-thomas\-h\-lee\-29\-profit.html \|work\=Bloomberg \|author\-first\=Lee \|author\-last\=Spears \|title\=Nielsen Holdings, Demand Media Shares Gain After IPOs \|date\=January 26, 2011}} ### Mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and divestitures #### 2004 Nielsen began a joint venture called AGB Nielsen Media Research with [WPP Group](/wiki/WPP_Group "WPP Group")'s AGB Group, a European competitor which provides similar services.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109171896937283875 \|title\=WPP and VNU Form TV\-Ratings Joint Venture \|date\=August 6, 2004 \|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]}} #### 2006 VNU acquired a majority stake in Buzzmetrics, a company which measures consumer\-generated media online. Under the new ownership, Nielsen bought the remaining shares of the company in 2007\.{{cite web\|title \= Nielsen to Acquire Remaining Shares of BuzzMetrics\|url \= https://www.clickz.com/nielsen\-to\-acquire\-remaining\-shares\-of\-buzzmetrics/81420/ \|first \= Zachary \|last \= Rodgers\|work \= ClickZ\|date \= 1 May 2007}} In the same year, Nielsen acquired Telephia, which measures mobile media,[Dickson, Glen and Eggerton, John. "Nielsen Closes on Telephia Deal"](http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6467650.html). *Broadcasting \& Cable* August 10, 2007 and Bilesim Medya, a Turkish advertising intelligence firm.{{cite book \|title\= Plunkett's Advertising and Branding Industry Almanac 2008: Advertising and Branding Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends and Leading Companies \|author\-last\=Plunket \|author\-first\=Jack W. \|date\=2008 \|publisher\= Plunkett Research, Ltd. \|isbn\=978\-1\-59392\-109\-5}} VNU was acquired by a group of six private equity firms: the American [Kohlberg Kravis Roberts](/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts "Kohlberg Kravis Roberts"), [Thomas H. Lee Partners](/wiki/Thomas_H._Lee_Partners "Thomas H. Lee Partners"), [Blackstone Group](/wiki/Blackstone_Group "Blackstone Group"), [Carlyle Group](/wiki/Carlyle_Group "Carlyle Group") and [Hellman \& Friedman](/wiki/Hellman_%26_Friedman "Hellman & Friedman"), and Dutch equity firm [AlpInvest Partners](/wiki/AlpInvest_Partners "AlpInvest Partners")Singer, Jason and Berman, Dennis K. "VNU Gets Board Approval for Sale To Group of Private\-Equity Firms." *The Wall Street Journal*, March 8, 2006 for £5bn. In the same year, the group hired David L. Calhoun, formerly of [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric"), as CEO. He renamed VNU as The Nielsen Company in 2007\. VNU sold its business publications division for €320m (£210m) to venture capital group [3i](/wiki/3i "3i"), which then sold the UK division (VNU Business Publications Ltd) to [Incisive Media](/wiki/Incisive_Media "Incisive Media").[Incisive to buy VNU Business Publications](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2803926/Incisive-to-buy-VNU-Business-Publications.html), *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*, February 6, 2007 #### 2007 In June, Nielsen acquired Telephia, a provider of syndicated consumer research to the telecom and mobile media markets.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/business/media/28adco.html \|title\=Nielsen Adds to Cellphone Tracking \|date\=June 28, 2007 \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|last\=Story \|first\=Louise \|url\-access\=limited \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022112832/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/business/media/28adco.html \|archive\-date\= Oct 22, 2023 }} #### 2008 Nielsen acquired IAG Research which measures viewer engagement with TV commercials.Elliott, Stuart. ["Nielsen's Latest Purchase is Audience Research Firm"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E7D81F3AF93BA35757C0A96E9C8B63&scp=1&sq=nielsen%27s+latest+purchase&st=nyt). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, April 8, 2008 The same year, Nielsen made a strategic investment in [NeuroFocus](/wiki/NeuroFocus "NeuroFocus"), a California firm applying neuroscience brainwave techniques for consumer research. The firm was later fully acquired by Nielsen in 2011Holmes, Gary (February 7, 2008\). ["Nielsen Makes Strategic Investment in NeuroFocus, an Innovative Leader in Neuromarketing Research"](http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.55dc65b4a7d5adff3f65936147a062a0/?vgnextoid=09d160772bfe7110VgnVCM100000ac0a260aRCRD). Nielsen Media Research In 2009 and 2010, Nielsen sold its business magazines; its well\-known entertainment properties went to the new company [e5 Global Media](/wiki/E5_Global_Media "E5 Global Media"). #### 2009 Nielsen acquired The Cambridge Group, a [management consulting](/wiki/Management_consulting "Management consulting") firm headquartered in Chicago. The firm researches latent and emerging consumer demand. #### 2010 In June, Nielsen paired with [McKinsey \& Company](/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company "McKinsey & Company") to create the social media consulting company [NM Incite](/wiki/NM_Incite "NM Incite").{{cite web\|url \= https://www.clickz.com/nielsen\-pairs\-with\-mckinsey\-for\-social\-media\-consulting/55436/ \|title \= Nielsen Pairs With McKinsey for Social Media Consulting \|first \= Kate\|last \= Kaye\|date \= 14 June 2010\|work \= ClickZ}}[Zach Hofer\-Shall "Nielsen Joins Forces With McKinsey For Social Intelligence Consulting"](http://blogs.forrester.com/zach_hofer_shall/10-06-14-nielsen_joins_forces_mckinsey_social_intelligence_consulting) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617225648/http://blogs.forrester.com/zach\_hofer\_shall/10\-06\-14\-nielsen\_joins\_forces\_mckinsey\_social\_intelligence\_consulting \|date\=June 17, 2010 }} "Forrester Blogs" June 14, 2010 NM Incite had operations in 13 global markets, including: US, UK, [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), Spain, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, India, Brazil, Canada and Korea.[http://www.nmincite.com/?page\_id\=311](http://www.nmincite.com/?page_id=311) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818203219/http://www.nmincite.com/?page\_id\=311\|date\=August 18, 2010}} #### 2011 In August, Nielsen acquired Marketing Analytics, Inc.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2014}} #### 2012 In February, Nielsen launched [The Demand Institute](/wiki/The_Demand_Institute "The Demand Institute") in collaboration with [The Conference Board](/wiki/The_Conference_Board "The Conference Board"). The Demand Institute is a non\-profit, non\-advocacy organization. In July, Nielsen acquired the advertising tech company Vizu. The acquisition was made so that Nielsen can better analyze the effectiveness of online advertisement.Ha, Anthony. July 2, 2012\. ["Nielsen Acquires Vizu To Measure Online Ad Effectiveness"](https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/02/nielsen-acquires-vizu/) In November, Nielsen acquired SocialGuide, a provider of social TV measurement, analytics and audience engagement solutions.[Nielsen, NM Incite Acquire Socialguide](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2012/nielsen-nm-incite-acquire-socialguide.html) November 12, 2012 On December 17, 2012, Nielsen disclosed that it would acquire [Arbitron](/wiki/Arbitron "Arbitron"), a company primarily involved in [radio](/wiki/Radio "Radio") audience measurement, for $1\.3 billion. The successful acquisition was completed on September 30, 2013\.{{cite web \|title\=NIELSEN ACQUIRES ARBITRON \|url\=http://ir.nielsen.com/investor\-relations/shareholder\-information/press\-releases/Press\-Release\-Details/2013/Nielsen\-Acquires\-Arbitron/default.aspx \|publisher\=Nielsen \|access\-date\=September 30, 2013}} #### 2013 On June 17, 2013, Nielsen announced that Onex Corp (TSX: OCX) had completed the acquisition of Nielsen Expositions for $950 million in cash consideration. Nielsen Expositions operated tradeshows in the United States. The company was renamed Emerald Expositions Inc. after the transaction. #### 2014 On February 3, 2014, Nielsen announced the acquisition of Harris Interactive, Inc. (NASDAQ:HPOL). This allowed Nielsen to take ownership of *[The Harris Poll](/wiki/The_Harris_Poll "The Harris Poll")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2014/harris\-interactive\-joins\-nielsen.html \|title\=Harris Interactive Joins Nielsen \|website\=Nielsen.com \|access\-date\=November 30, 2015}} Later on February 26, 2014, Nielsen acquired Nexium, a retail in\-store execution and sales analytics company.[Nielsen Bolsters Shopper Marketing Credentials With Acquisition Of Nexium](http://www.nielsen.com/uk/en/press-room/2014/Nielsen-bolsters-shopper-marketing-credentials-with-acquisition-of-Nexium0.html) February 26, 2014 On September 18, 2014 Nielsen announced the acquisition of Indicus Analytics Pvt Ltd. On October 8, 2014, Nielsen acquired Affinnova, an international media and marketing research firm. The Affinnova team joins Nielsen's legacy BASES team to form Nielsen's Innovation Practice area.{{cite web \|title\=Nielsen Acquires Affinnova \|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2014/nielsen\-acquires\-affinnova.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107010133/http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2014/nielsen\-acquires\-affinnova.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-11\-07 \|access\-date\=May 27, 2015 \|publisher\=The Nielsen Company}} #### 2015 On January 22, 2015, Nielsen acquired Brandbank, specialized in the process of digitally collecting, managing and distributing FMCG product and brand image content for retail syndication across in\-store, print promotional and e\-commerce platforms.[Nielsen Acquires Brandbank](http://www.nielsen.com/uk/en/press-room/2015/nielsen-brandbank.html) January 22, 2015 On March 4, 2015, Nielsen announced the acquisition of Exelate, a provider of data and technology to facilitate the buying and selling of advertising across programmatic platforms.{{cite web \|title\=Nielsen Acquires Exelate \|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2015/nielsen\-acquires\-exelate.html \|publisher\=The Nielsen Company \|access\-date\=August 4, 2015}} On May 27, 2015, Nielsen acquired Innerscope Research, which specialized in [consumer neuroscience](/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience "Consumer neuroscience") using [biometrics](/wiki/Biometrics "Biometrics"), eye tracking and facial coding. Nielsen renamed its combined offering as Nielsen Consumer Neuroscience, and named Carl Marci as Chief Neuroscientist.{{cite web \|title\=Nielsen Doubles Down On Neuro \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerdooley/2015/06/03/nielsen\-doubles\-down\-on\-neuro/ \|access\-date\=September 30, 2015 \|author\-first\=Roger \|author\-last\=Dooley\|website\=\[\[Forbes]] }} #### 2016 On March 3, 2016, Nielsen acquired Pointlogic, in marketing decision support systems.[Nielsen Acquires Pointlogic](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2016/nielsen-acquires-pointlogic.html) March 3, 2016 On March 10, 2016, Nielsen acquired Mumbai\-based mobile usage measurer Informate Mobile Intelligence for an undisclosed amount.[Nielsen buys Mumbai\-based mobile usage measurer Informate Mobile Intelligence](http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/51341340.cms) March 10, 2016 On June 21, 2016, Nielsen acquired Repucom, a sports measurement, evaluation and intelligence company based in [Stamford, Connecticut](/wiki/Stamford%2C_Connecticut "Stamford, Connecticut").[Nielsen Completes Acquisition Of Repucom](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2016/nielsen-completes-acquisition-of-repucom.html) June 21, 2016 On December 20, 2016,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2016/nielsen\-acquires\-gracenote.html \|title\=Nielsen Acquires Gracenote \|publisher\=Nielsen.com \|date\=December 20, 2016 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen announced its agreement with Tribune Media Company to purchase [Gracenote](/wiki/Gracenote "Gracenote"), a provider of media and entertainment metadata. #### 2017 On January 5, 2017,{{cite web \|url\=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/carlyle\-group\-completes\-acquisition\-claritas\-120000181\.html \|title\=The Carlyle Group Completes Acquisition of Claritas from Nielsen \|access\-date\=February 6, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031654/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/carlyle\-group\-completes\-acquisition\-claritas\-120000181\.html \|archive\-date\=February 7, 2017 }} [The Carlyle Group](/wiki/The_Carlyle_Group "The Carlyle Group") acquired Claritas from Nielsen. On January 20, 2017,{{Cite web \|last\=Milliot \|first\=Jim \|date\=2017\-01\-20 \|title\=NPD Buys Nielsen's Book Services \|url\=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\-topic/industry\-news/industry\-deals/article/72549\-npd\-buys\-nielsen\-s\-book\-services.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-30 \|website\=\[\[Publishers Weekly]] \|language\=en}} [The NPD Group](/wiki/Circana "Circana") acquired the US assets of [Nielsen BookScan](/wiki/BookScan "BookScan"). On January 23, 2017,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/stagwell\-media\-llc\-to\-relaunch\-harris\-brand\-including\-the\-harris\-poll\-300394902\.html \|title\=Stagwell Media LLC To Relaunch Harris Brand, Including The Harris Poll \|publisher\=Prnewswire.com \|date\=March 16, 2017 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} the Stagwell Group announced that it acquired Nielsen's Harris brand and the Harris Poll through its Stagwell Media LLC. On February 1, 2017,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2017/nielsen\-completes\-acquisition\-of\-gracenote\|title\=Nielsen Completes Acquisition of Gracenote\|website\=www.nielsen.com}} Nielsen completed its acquisition of Gracenote. On February 23, 2017, Nielsen acquired Rhiza, Inc., a Pittsburgh\-based media and consumer analytics software firm. #### 2019 In December 2019, Nielsen music data business was sold to [Valence Media](/wiki/MRC_%28company%29 "MRC (company)") (then parent company of *Billboard*, another former Nielsen business). The transaction includes [Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems](/wiki/Broadcast_Data_Systems "Broadcast Data Systems"), Music 360, and [Nielsen SoundScan](/wiki/Luminate_%28company%29 "Luminate (company)").{{Cite news \|last\=Steele \|first\=Anne \|date\=December 18, 2019 \|title\=Billboard Parent Buys Nielsen Music \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/billboard\-parent\-buys\-nielsen\-music\-11576670400 \|access\-date\=July 22, 2020 \|work\=Wall Street Journal \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=0099\-9660}}{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-12\-18 \|title\=Nielsen Sells Music Division To Billboard Magazine Owner. \|url\=https://www.insideradio.com/free/nielsen\-sells\-music\-division\-to\-billboard\-magazine\-owner/article\_44b7bdcc\-21d5\-11ea\-9bc9\-13a66c394630\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-30 \|website\=Insideradio.com \|language\=en}} #### 2021 On March 5, 2021, Nielsen Holdings announced the completion of sale of Global Connect business (the former AC Nielsen) to private equity firm Advent International. On July 8, 2021, Nielsen acquired TVTY, a TV attribution provider and ad monitoring company based in Paris, France, for an undisclosed amount.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-releases/2021/nielsen\-strengthens\-market\-leading\-position\-in\-tv\-attribution\-and\-ad\-intelligence\-with\-acquisition\-of\-tvty/ \|title\=Nielsen strengthens market leading position in TV attribution and ad intelligence with acquisition of TVTY \|publisher\=nielsen.com \|date\=July 8, 2021 }} ### Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen [thumb\|Logo](/wiki/File:VNU_logo.svg "VNU logo.svg") **{{lang\|nl\|Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen}}** (**VNU**, literally "United Dutch Publishers", founded 1964\) was a [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language") [publishing](/wiki/Publishing "Publishing") company with products including European [consumer](/wiki/Consumer "Consumer") magazines, [Dutch](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") regional newspapers, business publications in the European and North American markets, and educational publications. In 1997, VNU acquired the directory publishing business of ITT Sheraton (ITT World Directories) for $2\.1 billion; the business was renamed VNU World Directories.{{citation\|title \= International Directory of Company Histories\| volume\=27\|publisher \= St. James Press\|year\= 1999\|url \= http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\-histories/VNU\-NV\-Company\-History.html\| work \= www.fundinguniverse.com}} VNU acquired Nielsen Media Research, part of the former AC Nielsen Company, in 1999\.Pope, Kyle. “VNU to Buy Nielsen Media for $2\.5 Billion — Accord to Help Dutch Firm Speed Up Its Transition To Information Concern.” *The Wall Street Journal*, August 17, 1999 It was the owner of the [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") business magazine *[Figyelő](/wiki/Figyel%C5%91 "Figyelő")* in the 1990s.{{cite journal\|author1\=Rita M. Csapo\-Sweet\|author2\=Ildiko Kaposi\|title\=Mass Media in Post\-Communist Hungary\|journal\=International Communications Bulletin\|date\=Spring 1999\|volume\=34\|issue\=1–2\|url\=http://userpages.umbc.edu/\~hasegawa/aejmc\-icd/spring99/mediainhungary.html\|access\-date\=27 December 2014}} In 2000, VNU acquired [Miller Freeman, Inc.](/wiki/Miller_Freeman%2C_Inc. "Miller Freeman, Inc.") from [United News \& Media](/wiki/United_News_%26_Media "United News & Media") for a reported price of $650 million.Staff (31 July 2000\) '"VNU Acquires Miller Freeman From United News \& Media" *Business Publisher* 15(1\): p.1; VNU merged much of the purchased Miller Freeman assets into VNU Expositions. VNU subsequently divested themselves of a few former Miller Freeman assets.Staff (31 January 2002\) "New company acquires titles from CMP Media: UP Media Group acquires PCB Group from CMP Media" *Business Publisher* 16(12\): p. 1\-2; VNU announced a heavy restructuring of its technology news portal, VNUNet, in February 2001\. Ten employees were laid off due to the plan.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/feb/23/newmedia.internet \| title\=VNUNet.com cuts staff in restructure \| author\=Vickers, Amy \| date\=February 23, 2001 \| work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \| access\-date\=July 22, 2019 }} The company disposed of its entire magazine publishing arm later in 2001 to [Sanoma](/wiki/Sanoma "Sanoma") for €1\.25 million, and sold its newspaper properties to [Wegener](/wiki/Wegener_%28company%29 "Wegener (company)"). Focusing instead on market research and data collection, it acquired AC Nielsen in 2001, recombining the two halves of the former Nielsen business, and added other research and data collection units including BASES, Claritas, HCI and Spectra. In 2006, the company was acquired by a consortium of six investors for €28\.75 per share, a sum of €7\.5 billion.{{citation\|url \= http://rtl.nl/components/financien/rtlz/2006/weken\_2006/10/08\-vnu\-geschiedenis.xml\| title\=Historie van de Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgevers\|publisher \= \[\[RTL Nederland]]\| work \= rtl.nl\|access\-date \= 29 September 2011\| language\= nl}} In the same year, the group hired [David L. Calhoun](/wiki/David_L._Calhoun "David L. Calhoun"), formerly of [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric"), as CEO.[Siklos, Richard. “Made to Measure”](https://money.cnn.com/2008/02/18/news/newsmakers/siklos_calhoun.fortune/index.htm), *Fortune Magazine*, CNN Money, February 20, 2008\. Retrieved September 29, 2011\. In 2004, [VNU World Directories](/wiki/Truvo "Truvo") was sold to [Apax Partners](/wiki/Apax_Partners "Apax Partners") and [Cinven](/wiki/Cinven "Cinven").[Apax and Cinven set to win £1\.4bn fight for VNU arm](http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e16dea34-127c-11d9-863e-00000e2511c8.html#axzz2ghjWdTZD) VNU sold its business publications division in 2006 for €320m (£210m) to venture capital group [3i](/wiki/3i "3i"), which then sold the UK division (VNU Business Publications Ltd) to [Incisive Media](/wiki/Incisive_Media "Incisive Media"). The company was renamed **The Nielsen Company** in 2007\.{{citation\|url\=http://hk.nielsen.com/news/20070122\.shtml\| title \= VNU Changing Name to The Nielsen Company\| date \= 22 January 2007\| work \= hk.nielsen.com}}
[ "Company history\n---------------", "### Arthur C. Nielsen and the invention of \"Market Share\"", "[Arthur C. Nielsen](/wiki/Arthur_C._Nielsen \"Arthur C. Nielsen\") founded the [AC Nielsen Company](/wiki/AC_Nielsen_Company \"AC Nielsen Company\") in August 1923{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chicagonow.com/and\\-the\\-ordinary\\-people\\-said/2013/08/nielsen\\-company\\-90\\-years\\-celebration\\-reception\\-in\\-chicago\\-wednesday\\-auhust\\-21/ \\|title\\=Nielsen Company 90 Years Celebration Reception In Chicago Wednesday August 21 \\- And The Ordinary People Said \\|work\\=\\[\\[ChicagoNow]] \\|date\\=August 20, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2016}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lasplash.com/publish/Entertainment/cat\\_index\\_chicago\\_events/nielsen\\-celebrates\\-chicago\\-roots\\-with\\-90th\\-anniversary\\-party.php \\|title\\=Nielsen Celebrates Chicago Roots with 90th Anniversary Party \\- Splash Magazines \\- Los Angeles \\|work\\=Lasplash \\|date\\=August 20, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2016}} with the idea of selling engineering performance surveys. It was the first company to offer [market research](/wiki/Market_research \"Market research\").Gillespie, Mary. \"Nielsen makes viewers count by watching them watch TV.\" *Chicago Sun\\-Times*, April 9, 1989 The company expanded its business in 1932 by creating a retail index that tracked the flow of food and drug purchases. This was the first retail measurement of its kind and for the first time allowed a company to determine its \"share\" of the market—the origination of the concept of \"[market share](/wiki/Market_share \"Market share\")\" Arthur C. Nielsen is credited with coining this business term.", "### Radio and television", "In 1936, Arthur C. Nielsen acquired the Audimeter, which measured which [radio stations](/wiki/Radio_station \"Radio station\") a radio had been tuned to during the day. After tinkering with the device for a few years, the company created a national radio rating service in 1942\\.Basler, Barbara. \"A.C. Nielsen, Who Devised System That Rates TV Programs, Dead.\" *The New York Times*, June 4, 1980 The company collected information on which stations radios were tuned to in one thousand homes. Then, this survey data was sold to manufacturers who were interested in the popularity of programs and demographic information about listeners for advertising purposes. This was the birth of [audience measurement](/wiki/Audience_measurement \"Audience measurement\") that would become the most well\\-known part of Nielsen's business when applied to television. Today, these are commonly referred to as \"[Nielsen ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings \"Nielsen ratings\")\".", "The company began measuring television audiences in 1950, at a time when the medium was just getting off the ground. Just as with radio, a sampling of homes across the U.S. was used to develop ratings. This information was collected on a device that was attached to a television that recorded what was being watched. In 1953, the company began sending out diaries to a smaller sample of homes (\"Nielsen families\") within the survey to have them record what they had watched. This data was put together with information from the devices. This combination of data allowed the company to statistically estimate the number of Americans watching TV and the demographic breakdown of viewers. This became an important tool for advertisers and networks.", "In the 1980s, the company launched a new measurement device known as the \"[people meter](/wiki/People_meter \"People meter\")\". The device resembles a remote control with buttons for each individual family member and extras for guests. Viewers push a button to signify when they are in the room and push it again when they leave, even if the TV is still on. This form of measurement was intended to provide a more accurate picture of who was watching and when.Kaplan, Peter W. \"Nielsen to Try New Audience\\-Survey Device.\" *The New York Times*, October 16, 1985", "In July 2008,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/08/business/media/08adco.html?\\_r\\=1\\&oref\\=slogin\\|title\\=Whichever Screen, People Are Watching \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=July 8, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2015\\|last1\\=Stelter \\|first1\\=Brian }} Nielsen released the first in a series of quarterly reports, detailing video and TV usage across the 'three screens' – Television, Internet and Mobile devices. The A2/M2 Three Screen Report also includes trends in timeshifted viewing behavior and its relationship to online video viewing, a demographic breakdown of mobile video viewers and DVR penetration.", "On September 30, 2016,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2016/nielsen\\-launches\\-digital\\-content\\-ratings.html \\|title\\=Nielsen Launches Digital Content Ratings \\|publisher\\=Nielsen.com \\|date\\=September 27, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen made its Digital Content Ratings available in full syndication for clients.", "On September 9, 2016,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2016/nielsen\\-to\\-deliver\\-all\\-electronic\\-measurement\\-to\\-local\\-tv\\-market\\-retire\\-tv\\-paper\\-diaries.html \\|title\\=Nielsen to Deliver All\\-Electronic Measurement to Local TV Markets in 2017 and Retire Paper TV Diaries in 140 Local Markets \\|publisher\\=Nielsen.com \\|date\\=September 14, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen announced that it would retire its paper TV diaries by mid\\-2017 and provide all electronic measurement in its local television ratings.", "### Private equity", "Nielsen was acquired by the [Dun \\& Bradstreet Company](/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet \"Dun & Bradstreet\") in 1984\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dnb.com/us/about/company\\_story/dnbhistory.html \\|title\\=Learn about the company history of D\\&B and where we are today at DNB.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705214315/http://www.dnb.com/us/about/company\\_story/dnbhistory.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 5, 2008 }} In 1996, D\\&B divided the company into two separate companies: [Nielsen Media Research](/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research \"Nielsen Media Research\"), which was responsible for TV ratings, and [AC Nielsen](/wiki/AC_Nielsen \"AC Nielsen\"), which was responsible for consumer shopping trends and box\\-office data.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Deogun \\|first\\=Nikhil \\|date\\=2000\\-12\\-18 \\|title\\=VNU Could Pay up to $2\\.6 Billion For Purchase of ACNielsen Corp. \\- WSJ \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB9771033889366218 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-22 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In 1999, Nielsen Media Research was acquired by the Dutch publishing company [VNU](/wiki/Verenigde_Nederlandse_Uitgeverijen \"Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen\") (Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen).Pope, Kyle. \"VNU to Buy Nielsen Media for $2\\.5 Billion — Accord to Help Dutch Firm Speed Up Its Transition To Information Concern.\" *The Wall Street Journal*, August 17, 1999 VNU later acquired AC Nielsen and recombined the two businesses in 2001\\. In between, VNU sold off its newspaper properties to [Wegener](/wiki/Wegener_%28company%29 \"Wegener (company)\") and its consumer magazines to [Sanoma](/wiki/Sanoma \"Sanoma\"). The company's publishing arm also owned several publications including *[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter \"The Hollywood Reporter\")* and *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* magazine. VNU combined the Nielsen properties with other research and data collection units including BASES, Claritas, HCI and Spectra. VNU also acquired companies that added to its measurement capabilities.", "### Becoming a public company", "Nielsen was a private company from 2006 through 2011\\. On January 25, 2011, the company listed itself on the New York Stock Exchange and issued an initial public offering (IPO) that raised $1\\.8 billion in the largest private equity\\-backed U.S. IPO since 2006\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011\\-01\\-25/nielsen\\-s\\-ipo\\-may\\-give\\-kkr\\-carlyle\\-thomas\\-h\\-lee\\-29\\-profit.html \\|work\\=Bloomberg \\|author\\-first\\=Lee \\|author\\-last\\=Spears \\|title\\=Nielsen Holdings, Demand Media Shares Gain After IPOs \\|date\\=January 26, 2011}}", "### Mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and divestitures", "#### 2004", "Nielsen began a joint venture called AGB Nielsen Media Research with [WPP Group](/wiki/WPP_Group \"WPP Group\")'s AGB Group, a European competitor which provides similar services.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109171896937283875 \\|title\\=WPP and VNU Form TV\\-Ratings Joint Venture \\|date\\=August 6, 2004 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]}}", "#### 2006", "VNU acquired a majority stake in Buzzmetrics, a company which measures consumer\\-generated media online. Under the new ownership, Nielsen bought the remaining shares of the company in 2007\\.{{cite web\\|title \\= Nielsen to Acquire Remaining Shares of BuzzMetrics\\|url \\= https://www.clickz.com/nielsen\\-to\\-acquire\\-remaining\\-shares\\-of\\-buzzmetrics/81420/ \\|first \\= Zachary \\|last \\= Rodgers\\|work \\= ClickZ\\|date \\= 1 May 2007}} In the same year, Nielsen acquired Telephia, which measures mobile media,[Dickson, Glen and Eggerton, John. \"Nielsen Closes on Telephia Deal\"](http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6467650.html). *Broadcasting \\& Cable* August 10, 2007 and Bilesim Medya, a Turkish advertising intelligence firm.{{cite book \\|title\\= Plunkett's Advertising and Branding Industry Almanac 2008: Advertising and Branding Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends and Leading Companies \\|author\\-last\\=Plunket \\|author\\-first\\=Jack W. \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\= Plunkett Research, Ltd. \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59392\\-109\\-5}} VNU was acquired by a group of six private equity firms: the American [Kohlberg Kravis Roberts](/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts \"Kohlberg Kravis Roberts\"), [Thomas H. Lee Partners](/wiki/Thomas_H._Lee_Partners \"Thomas H. Lee Partners\"), [Blackstone Group](/wiki/Blackstone_Group \"Blackstone Group\"), [Carlyle Group](/wiki/Carlyle_Group \"Carlyle Group\") and [Hellman \\& Friedman](/wiki/Hellman_%26_Friedman \"Hellman & Friedman\"), and Dutch equity firm [AlpInvest Partners](/wiki/AlpInvest_Partners \"AlpInvest Partners\")Singer, Jason and Berman, Dennis K. \"VNU Gets Board Approval for Sale To Group of Private\\-Equity Firms.\" *The Wall Street Journal*, March 8, 2006 for £5bn. In the same year, the group hired David L. Calhoun, formerly of [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\"), as CEO. He renamed VNU as The Nielsen Company in 2007\\. VNU sold its business publications division for €320m (£210m) to venture capital group [3i](/wiki/3i \"3i\"), which then sold the UK division (VNU Business Publications Ltd) to [Incisive Media](/wiki/Incisive_Media \"Incisive Media\").[Incisive to buy VNU Business Publications](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2803926/Incisive-to-buy-VNU-Business-Publications.html), *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")*, February 6, 2007", "#### 2007", "In June, Nielsen acquired Telephia, a provider of syndicated consumer research to the telecom and mobile media markets.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/business/media/28adco.html \\|title\\=Nielsen Adds to Cellphone Tracking \\|date\\=June 28, 2007 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|last\\=Story \\|first\\=Louise \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022112832/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/business/media/28adco.html \\|archive\\-date\\= Oct 22, 2023 }}", "#### 2008", "Nielsen acquired IAG Research which measures viewer engagement with TV commercials.Elliott, Stuart. [\"Nielsen's Latest Purchase is Audience Research Firm\"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E7D81F3AF93BA35757C0A96E9C8B63&scp=1&sq=nielsen%27s+latest+purchase&st=nyt). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, April 8, 2008 The same year, Nielsen made a strategic investment in [NeuroFocus](/wiki/NeuroFocus \"NeuroFocus\"), a California firm applying neuroscience brainwave techniques for consumer research. The firm was later fully acquired by Nielsen in 2011Holmes, Gary (February 7, 2008\\). [\"Nielsen Makes Strategic Investment in NeuroFocus, an Innovative Leader in Neuromarketing Research\"](http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.55dc65b4a7d5adff3f65936147a062a0/?vgnextoid=09d160772bfe7110VgnVCM100000ac0a260aRCRD). Nielsen Media Research In 2009 and 2010, Nielsen sold its business magazines; its well\\-known entertainment properties went to the new company [e5 Global Media](/wiki/E5_Global_Media \"E5 Global Media\").", "#### 2009", "Nielsen acquired The Cambridge Group, a [management consulting](/wiki/Management_consulting \"Management consulting\") firm headquartered in Chicago. The firm researches latent and emerging consumer demand.", "#### 2010", "In June, Nielsen paired with [McKinsey \\& Company](/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company \"McKinsey & Company\") to create the social media consulting company [NM Incite](/wiki/NM_Incite \"NM Incite\").{{cite web\\|url \\= https://www.clickz.com/nielsen\\-pairs\\-with\\-mckinsey\\-for\\-social\\-media\\-consulting/55436/ \\|title \\= Nielsen Pairs With McKinsey for Social Media Consulting \\|first \\= Kate\\|last \\= Kaye\\|date \\= 14 June 2010\\|work \\= ClickZ}}[Zach Hofer\\-Shall \"Nielsen Joins Forces With McKinsey For Social Intelligence Consulting\"](http://blogs.forrester.com/zach_hofer_shall/10-06-14-nielsen_joins_forces_mckinsey_social_intelligence_consulting) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617225648/http://blogs.forrester.com/zach\\_hofer\\_shall/10\\-06\\-14\\-nielsen\\_joins\\_forces\\_mckinsey\\_social\\_intelligence\\_consulting \\|date\\=June 17, 2010 }} \"Forrester Blogs\" June 14, 2010 NM Incite had operations in 13 global markets, including: US, UK, [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), Spain, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, India, Brazil, Canada and Korea.[http://www.nmincite.com/?page\\_id\\=311](http://www.nmincite.com/?page_id=311) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818203219/http://www.nmincite.com/?page\\_id\\=311\\|date\\=August 18, 2010}}", "#### 2011", "In August, Nielsen acquired Marketing Analytics, Inc.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2014}}", "#### 2012", "In February, Nielsen launched [The Demand Institute](/wiki/The_Demand_Institute \"The Demand Institute\") in collaboration with [The Conference Board](/wiki/The_Conference_Board \"The Conference Board\"). The Demand Institute is a non\\-profit, non\\-advocacy organization. In July, Nielsen acquired the advertising tech company Vizu. The acquisition was made so that Nielsen can better analyze the effectiveness of online advertisement.Ha, Anthony. July 2, 2012\\. [\"Nielsen Acquires Vizu To Measure Online Ad Effectiveness\"](https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/02/nielsen-acquires-vizu/) In November, Nielsen acquired SocialGuide, a provider of social TV measurement, analytics and audience engagement solutions.[Nielsen, NM Incite Acquire Socialguide](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2012/nielsen-nm-incite-acquire-socialguide.html) November 12, 2012 On December 17, 2012, Nielsen disclosed that it would acquire [Arbitron](/wiki/Arbitron \"Arbitron\"), a company primarily involved in [radio](/wiki/Radio \"Radio\") audience measurement, for $1\\.3 billion. The successful acquisition was completed on September 30, 2013\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=NIELSEN ACQUIRES ARBITRON \\|url\\=http://ir.nielsen.com/investor\\-relations/shareholder\\-information/press\\-releases/Press\\-Release\\-Details/2013/Nielsen\\-Acquires\\-Arbitron/default.aspx \\|publisher\\=Nielsen \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2013}}", "#### 2013", "On June 17, 2013, Nielsen announced that Onex Corp (TSX: OCX) had completed the acquisition of Nielsen Expositions for $950 million in cash consideration. Nielsen Expositions operated tradeshows in the United States. The company was renamed Emerald Expositions Inc. after the transaction.", "#### 2014", "On February 3, 2014, Nielsen announced the acquisition of Harris Interactive, Inc. (NASDAQ:HPOL). This allowed Nielsen to take ownership of *[The Harris Poll](/wiki/The_Harris_Poll \"The Harris Poll\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2014/harris\\-interactive\\-joins\\-nielsen.html \\|title\\=Harris Interactive Joins Nielsen \\|website\\=Nielsen.com \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2015}} Later on February 26, 2014, Nielsen acquired Nexium, a retail in\\-store execution and sales analytics company.[Nielsen Bolsters Shopper Marketing Credentials With Acquisition Of Nexium](http://www.nielsen.com/uk/en/press-room/2014/Nielsen-bolsters-shopper-marketing-credentials-with-acquisition-of-Nexium0.html) February 26, 2014 On September 18, 2014 Nielsen announced the acquisition of Indicus Analytics Pvt Ltd. On October 8, 2014, Nielsen acquired Affinnova, an international media and marketing research firm. The Affinnova team joins Nielsen's legacy BASES team to form Nielsen's Innovation Practice area.{{cite web \\|title\\=Nielsen Acquires Affinnova \\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2014/nielsen\\-acquires\\-affinnova.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107010133/http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2014/nielsen\\-acquires\\-affinnova.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=May 27, 2015 \\|publisher\\=The Nielsen Company}}", "#### 2015", "On January 22, 2015, Nielsen acquired Brandbank, specialized in the process of digitally collecting, managing and distributing FMCG product and brand image content for retail syndication across in\\-store, print promotional and e\\-commerce platforms.[Nielsen Acquires Brandbank](http://www.nielsen.com/uk/en/press-room/2015/nielsen-brandbank.html) January 22, 2015 On March 4, 2015, Nielsen announced the acquisition of Exelate, a provider of data and technology to facilitate the buying and selling of advertising across programmatic platforms.{{cite web \\|title\\=Nielsen Acquires Exelate \\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2015/nielsen\\-acquires\\-exelate.html \\|publisher\\=The Nielsen Company \\|access\\-date\\=August 4, 2015}} On May 27, 2015, Nielsen acquired Innerscope Research, which specialized in [consumer neuroscience](/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience \"Consumer neuroscience\") using [biometrics](/wiki/Biometrics \"Biometrics\"), eye tracking and facial coding. Nielsen renamed its combined offering as Nielsen Consumer Neuroscience, and named Carl Marci as Chief Neuroscientist.{{cite web \\|title\\=Nielsen Doubles Down On Neuro \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerdooley/2015/06/03/nielsen\\-doubles\\-down\\-on\\-neuro/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2015 \\|author\\-first\\=Roger \\|author\\-last\\=Dooley\\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]] }}", "#### 2016", "On March 3, 2016, Nielsen acquired Pointlogic, in marketing decision support systems.[Nielsen Acquires Pointlogic](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2016/nielsen-acquires-pointlogic.html) March 3, 2016 On March 10, 2016, Nielsen acquired Mumbai\\-based mobile usage measurer Informate Mobile Intelligence for an undisclosed amount.[Nielsen buys Mumbai\\-based mobile usage measurer Informate Mobile Intelligence](http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/51341340.cms) March 10, 2016 On June 21, 2016, Nielsen acquired Repucom, a sports measurement, evaluation and intelligence company based in [Stamford, Connecticut](/wiki/Stamford%2C_Connecticut \"Stamford, Connecticut\").[Nielsen Completes Acquisition Of Repucom](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2016/nielsen-completes-acquisition-of-repucom.html) June 21, 2016 On December 20, 2016,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2016/nielsen\\-acquires\\-gracenote.html \\|title\\=Nielsen Acquires Gracenote \\|publisher\\=Nielsen.com \\|date\\=December 20, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen announced its agreement with Tribune Media Company to purchase [Gracenote](/wiki/Gracenote \"Gracenote\"), a provider of media and entertainment metadata.", "#### 2017", "On January 5, 2017,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/carlyle\\-group\\-completes\\-acquisition\\-claritas\\-120000181\\.html \\|title\\=The Carlyle Group Completes Acquisition of Claritas from Nielsen \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031654/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/carlyle\\-group\\-completes\\-acquisition\\-claritas\\-120000181\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 7, 2017 }} [The Carlyle Group](/wiki/The_Carlyle_Group \"The Carlyle Group\") acquired Claritas from Nielsen. On January 20, 2017,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Milliot \\|first\\=Jim \\|date\\=2017\\-01\\-20 \\|title\\=NPD Buys Nielsen's Book Services \\|url\\=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\\-topic/industry\\-news/industry\\-deals/article/72549\\-npd\\-buys\\-nielsen\\-s\\-book\\-services.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-30 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Publishers Weekly]] \\|language\\=en}} [The NPD Group](/wiki/Circana \"Circana\") acquired the US assets of [Nielsen BookScan](/wiki/BookScan \"BookScan\"). On January 23, 2017,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/stagwell\\-media\\-llc\\-to\\-relaunch\\-harris\\-brand\\-including\\-the\\-harris\\-poll\\-300394902\\.html \\|title\\=Stagwell Media LLC To Relaunch Harris Brand, Including The Harris Poll \\|publisher\\=Prnewswire.com \\|date\\=March 16, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} the Stagwell Group announced that it acquired Nielsen's Harris brand and the Harris Poll through its Stagwell Media LLC. On February 1, 2017,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2017/nielsen\\-completes\\-acquisition\\-of\\-gracenote\\|title\\=Nielsen Completes Acquisition of Gracenote\\|website\\=www.nielsen.com}} Nielsen completed its acquisition of Gracenote. On February 23, 2017, Nielsen acquired Rhiza, Inc., a Pittsburgh\\-based media and consumer analytics software firm.", "#### 2019", "In December 2019, Nielsen music data business was sold to [Valence Media](/wiki/MRC_%28company%29 \"MRC (company)\") (then parent company of *Billboard*, another former Nielsen business). The transaction includes [Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems](/wiki/Broadcast_Data_Systems \"Broadcast Data Systems\"), Music 360, and [Nielsen SoundScan](/wiki/Luminate_%28company%29 \"Luminate (company)\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Steele \\|first\\=Anne \\|date\\=December 18, 2019 \\|title\\=Billboard Parent Buys Nielsen Music \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/billboard\\-parent\\-buys\\-nielsen\\-music\\-11576670400 \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2020 \\|work\\=Wall Street Journal \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=0099\\-9660}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-18 \\|title\\=Nielsen Sells Music Division To Billboard Magazine Owner. \\|url\\=https://www.insideradio.com/free/nielsen\\-sells\\-music\\-division\\-to\\-billboard\\-magazine\\-owner/article\\_44b7bdcc\\-21d5\\-11ea\\-9bc9\\-13a66c394630\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-30 \\|website\\=Insideradio.com \\|language\\=en}}", "#### 2021", "On March 5, 2021, Nielsen Holdings announced the completion of sale of Global Connect business (the former AC Nielsen) to private equity firm Advent International.", "On July 8, 2021, Nielsen acquired TVTY, a TV attribution provider and ad monitoring company based in Paris, France, for an undisclosed amount.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-releases/2021/nielsen\\-strengthens\\-market\\-leading\\-position\\-in\\-tv\\-attribution\\-and\\-ad\\-intelligence\\-with\\-acquisition\\-of\\-tvty/ \\|title\\=Nielsen strengthens market leading position in TV attribution and ad intelligence with acquisition of TVTY \\|publisher\\=nielsen.com \\|date\\=July 8, 2021 }}", "### Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen", "[thumb\\|Logo](/wiki/File:VNU_logo.svg \"VNU logo.svg\")\n**{{lang\\|nl\\|Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen}}** (**VNU**, literally \"United Dutch Publishers\", founded 1964\\) was a [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\") [publishing](/wiki/Publishing \"Publishing\") company with products including European [consumer](/wiki/Consumer \"Consumer\") magazines, [Dutch](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") regional newspapers, business publications in the European and North American markets, and educational publications.", "In 1997, VNU acquired the directory publishing business of ITT Sheraton (ITT World Directories) for $2\\.1 billion; the business was renamed VNU World Directories.{{citation\\|title \\= International Directory of Company Histories\\| volume\\=27\\|publisher \\= St. James Press\\|year\\= 1999\\|url \\= http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\\-histories/VNU\\-NV\\-Company\\-History.html\\| work \\= www.fundinguniverse.com}}", "VNU acquired Nielsen Media Research, part of the former AC Nielsen Company, in 1999\\.Pope, Kyle. “VNU to Buy Nielsen Media for $2\\.5 Billion — Accord to Help Dutch Firm Speed Up Its Transition To Information Concern.” *The Wall Street Journal*, August 17, 1999 It was the owner of the [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\") business magazine *[Figyelő](/wiki/Figyel%C5%91 \"Figyelő\")* in the 1990s.{{cite journal\\|author1\\=Rita M. Csapo\\-Sweet\\|author2\\=Ildiko Kaposi\\|title\\=Mass Media in Post\\-Communist Hungary\\|journal\\=International Communications Bulletin\\|date\\=Spring 1999\\|volume\\=34\\|issue\\=1–2\\|url\\=http://userpages.umbc.edu/\\~hasegawa/aejmc\\-icd/spring99/mediainhungary.html\\|access\\-date\\=27 December 2014}}", "In 2000, VNU acquired [Miller Freeman, Inc.](/wiki/Miller_Freeman%2C_Inc. \"Miller Freeman, Inc.\") from [United News \\& Media](/wiki/United_News_%26_Media \"United News & Media\") for a reported price of $650 million.Staff (31 July 2000\\) '\"VNU Acquires Miller Freeman From United News \\& Media\" *Business Publisher* 15(1\\): p.1; VNU merged much of the purchased Miller Freeman assets into VNU Expositions. VNU subsequently divested themselves of a few former Miller Freeman assets.Staff (31 January 2002\\) \"New company acquires titles from CMP Media: UP Media Group acquires PCB Group from CMP Media\" *Business Publisher* 16(12\\): p. 1\\-2;", "VNU announced a heavy restructuring of its technology news portal, VNUNet, in February 2001\\. Ten employees were laid off due to the plan.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/feb/23/newmedia.internet \\| title\\=VNUNet.com cuts staff in restructure \\| author\\=Vickers, Amy \\| date\\=February 23, 2001 \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\| access\\-date\\=July 22, 2019 }} The company disposed of its entire magazine publishing arm later in 2001 to [Sanoma](/wiki/Sanoma \"Sanoma\") for €1\\.25 million, and sold its newspaper properties to [Wegener](/wiki/Wegener_%28company%29 \"Wegener (company)\"). Focusing instead on market research and data collection, it acquired AC Nielsen in 2001, recombining the two halves of the former Nielsen business, and added other research and data collection units including BASES, Claritas, HCI and Spectra. In 2006, the company was acquired by a consortium of six investors for €28\\.75 per share, a sum of €7\\.5 billion.{{citation\\|url \\= http://rtl.nl/components/financien/rtlz/2006/weken\\_2006/10/08\\-vnu\\-geschiedenis.xml\\| title\\=Historie van de Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgevers\\|publisher \\= \\[\\[RTL Nederland]]\\| work \\= rtl.nl\\|access\\-date \\= 29 September 2011\\| language\\= nl}} In the same year, the group hired [David L. Calhoun](/wiki/David_L._Calhoun \"David L. Calhoun\"), formerly of [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\"), as CEO.[Siklos, Richard. “Made to Measure”](https://money.cnn.com/2008/02/18/news/newsmakers/siklos_calhoun.fortune/index.htm), *Fortune Magazine*, CNN Money, February 20, 2008\\. Retrieved September 29, 2011\\.", "In 2004, [VNU World Directories](/wiki/Truvo \"Truvo\") was sold to [Apax Partners](/wiki/Apax_Partners \"Apax Partners\") and [Cinven](/wiki/Cinven \"Cinven\").[Apax and Cinven set to win £1\\.4bn fight for VNU arm](http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e16dea34-127c-11d9-863e-00000e2511c8.html#axzz2ghjWdTZD) VNU sold its business publications division in 2006 for €320m (£210m) to venture capital group [3i](/wiki/3i \"3i\"), which then sold the UK division (VNU Business Publications Ltd) to [Incisive Media](/wiki/Incisive_Media \"Incisive Media\").", "The company was renamed **The Nielsen Company** in 2007\\.{{citation\\|url\\=http://hk.nielsen.com/news/20070122\\.shtml\\| title \\= VNU Changing Name to The Nielsen Company\\| date \\= 22 January 2007\\| work \\= hk.nielsen.com}}", "" ]
### Radio and television In 1936, Arthur C. Nielsen acquired the Audimeter, which measured which [radio stations](/wiki/Radio_station "Radio station") a radio had been tuned to during the day. After tinkering with the device for a few years, the company created a national radio rating service in 1942\.Basler, Barbara. "A.C. Nielsen, Who Devised System That Rates TV Programs, Dead." *The New York Times*, June 4, 1980 The company collected information on which stations radios were tuned to in one thousand homes. Then, this survey data was sold to manufacturers who were interested in the popularity of programs and demographic information about listeners for advertising purposes. This was the birth of [audience measurement](/wiki/Audience_measurement "Audience measurement") that would become the most well\-known part of Nielsen's business when applied to television. Today, these are commonly referred to as "[Nielsen ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings "Nielsen ratings")". The company began measuring television audiences in 1950, at a time when the medium was just getting off the ground. Just as with radio, a sampling of homes across the U.S. was used to develop ratings. This information was collected on a device that was attached to a television that recorded what was being watched. In 1953, the company began sending out diaries to a smaller sample of homes ("Nielsen families") within the survey to have them record what they had watched. This data was put together with information from the devices. This combination of data allowed the company to statistically estimate the number of Americans watching TV and the demographic breakdown of viewers. This became an important tool for advertisers and networks. In the 1980s, the company launched a new measurement device known as the "[people meter](/wiki/People_meter "People meter")". The device resembles a remote control with buttons for each individual family member and extras for guests. Viewers push a button to signify when they are in the room and push it again when they leave, even if the TV is still on. This form of measurement was intended to provide a more accurate picture of who was watching and when.Kaplan, Peter W. "Nielsen to Try New Audience\-Survey Device." *The New York Times*, October 16, 1985 In July 2008,{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/08/business/media/08adco.html?\_r\=1\&oref\=slogin\|title\=Whichever Screen, People Are Watching \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=July 8, 2008 \|access\-date\=November 30, 2015\|last1\=Stelter \|first1\=Brian }} Nielsen released the first in a series of quarterly reports, detailing video and TV usage across the 'three screens' – Television, Internet and Mobile devices. The A2/M2 Three Screen Report also includes trends in timeshifted viewing behavior and its relationship to online video viewing, a demographic breakdown of mobile video viewers and DVR penetration. On September 30, 2016,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2016/nielsen\-launches\-digital\-content\-ratings.html \|title\=Nielsen Launches Digital Content Ratings \|publisher\=Nielsen.com \|date\=September 27, 2016 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen made its Digital Content Ratings available in full syndication for clients. On September 9, 2016,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2016/nielsen\-to\-deliver\-all\-electronic\-measurement\-to\-local\-tv\-market\-retire\-tv\-paper\-diaries.html \|title\=Nielsen to Deliver All\-Electronic Measurement to Local TV Markets in 2017 and Retire Paper TV Diaries in 140 Local Markets \|publisher\=Nielsen.com \|date\=September 14, 2016 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen announced that it would retire its paper TV diaries by mid\-2017 and provide all electronic measurement in its local television ratings.
[ "### Radio and television", "In 1936, Arthur C. Nielsen acquired the Audimeter, which measured which [radio stations](/wiki/Radio_station \"Radio station\") a radio had been tuned to during the day. After tinkering with the device for a few years, the company created a national radio rating service in 1942\\.Basler, Barbara. \"A.C. Nielsen, Who Devised System That Rates TV Programs, Dead.\" *The New York Times*, June 4, 1980 The company collected information on which stations radios were tuned to in one thousand homes. Then, this survey data was sold to manufacturers who were interested in the popularity of programs and demographic information about listeners for advertising purposes. This was the birth of [audience measurement](/wiki/Audience_measurement \"Audience measurement\") that would become the most well\\-known part of Nielsen's business when applied to television. Today, these are commonly referred to as \"[Nielsen ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings \"Nielsen ratings\")\".", "The company began measuring television audiences in 1950, at a time when the medium was just getting off the ground. Just as with radio, a sampling of homes across the U.S. was used to develop ratings. This information was collected on a device that was attached to a television that recorded what was being watched. In 1953, the company began sending out diaries to a smaller sample of homes (\"Nielsen families\") within the survey to have them record what they had watched. This data was put together with information from the devices. This combination of data allowed the company to statistically estimate the number of Americans watching TV and the demographic breakdown of viewers. This became an important tool for advertisers and networks.", "In the 1980s, the company launched a new measurement device known as the \"[people meter](/wiki/People_meter \"People meter\")\". The device resembles a remote control with buttons for each individual family member and extras for guests. Viewers push a button to signify when they are in the room and push it again when they leave, even if the TV is still on. This form of measurement was intended to provide a more accurate picture of who was watching and when.Kaplan, Peter W. \"Nielsen to Try New Audience\\-Survey Device.\" *The New York Times*, October 16, 1985", "In July 2008,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/08/business/media/08adco.html?\\_r\\=1\\&oref\\=slogin\\|title\\=Whichever Screen, People Are Watching \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=July 8, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2015\\|last1\\=Stelter \\|first1\\=Brian }} Nielsen released the first in a series of quarterly reports, detailing video and TV usage across the 'three screens' – Television, Internet and Mobile devices. The A2/M2 Three Screen Report also includes trends in timeshifted viewing behavior and its relationship to online video viewing, a demographic breakdown of mobile video viewers and DVR penetration.", "On September 30, 2016,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2016/nielsen\\-launches\\-digital\\-content\\-ratings.html \\|title\\=Nielsen Launches Digital Content Ratings \\|publisher\\=Nielsen.com \\|date\\=September 27, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen made its Digital Content Ratings available in full syndication for clients.", "On September 9, 2016,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2016/nielsen\\-to\\-deliver\\-all\\-electronic\\-measurement\\-to\\-local\\-tv\\-market\\-retire\\-tv\\-paper\\-diaries.html \\|title\\=Nielsen to Deliver All\\-Electronic Measurement to Local TV Markets in 2017 and Retire Paper TV Diaries in 140 Local Markets \\|publisher\\=Nielsen.com \\|date\\=September 14, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen announced that it would retire its paper TV diaries by mid\\-2017 and provide all electronic measurement in its local television ratings.", "" ]
### Mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and divestitures #### 2004 Nielsen began a joint venture called AGB Nielsen Media Research with [WPP Group](/wiki/WPP_Group "WPP Group")'s AGB Group, a European competitor which provides similar services.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109171896937283875 \|title\=WPP and VNU Form TV\-Ratings Joint Venture \|date\=August 6, 2004 \|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]}} #### 2006 VNU acquired a majority stake in Buzzmetrics, a company which measures consumer\-generated media online. Under the new ownership, Nielsen bought the remaining shares of the company in 2007\.{{cite web\|title \= Nielsen to Acquire Remaining Shares of BuzzMetrics\|url \= https://www.clickz.com/nielsen\-to\-acquire\-remaining\-shares\-of\-buzzmetrics/81420/ \|first \= Zachary \|last \= Rodgers\|work \= ClickZ\|date \= 1 May 2007}} In the same year, Nielsen acquired Telephia, which measures mobile media,[Dickson, Glen and Eggerton, John. "Nielsen Closes on Telephia Deal"](http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6467650.html). *Broadcasting \& Cable* August 10, 2007 and Bilesim Medya, a Turkish advertising intelligence firm.{{cite book \|title\= Plunkett's Advertising and Branding Industry Almanac 2008: Advertising and Branding Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends and Leading Companies \|author\-last\=Plunket \|author\-first\=Jack W. \|date\=2008 \|publisher\= Plunkett Research, Ltd. \|isbn\=978\-1\-59392\-109\-5}} VNU was acquired by a group of six private equity firms: the American [Kohlberg Kravis Roberts](/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts "Kohlberg Kravis Roberts"), [Thomas H. Lee Partners](/wiki/Thomas_H._Lee_Partners "Thomas H. Lee Partners"), [Blackstone Group](/wiki/Blackstone_Group "Blackstone Group"), [Carlyle Group](/wiki/Carlyle_Group "Carlyle Group") and [Hellman \& Friedman](/wiki/Hellman_%26_Friedman "Hellman & Friedman"), and Dutch equity firm [AlpInvest Partners](/wiki/AlpInvest_Partners "AlpInvest Partners")Singer, Jason and Berman, Dennis K. "VNU Gets Board Approval for Sale To Group of Private\-Equity Firms." *The Wall Street Journal*, March 8, 2006 for £5bn. In the same year, the group hired David L. Calhoun, formerly of [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric"), as CEO. He renamed VNU as The Nielsen Company in 2007\. VNU sold its business publications division for €320m (£210m) to venture capital group [3i](/wiki/3i "3i"), which then sold the UK division (VNU Business Publications Ltd) to [Incisive Media](/wiki/Incisive_Media "Incisive Media").[Incisive to buy VNU Business Publications](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2803926/Incisive-to-buy-VNU-Business-Publications.html), *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*, February 6, 2007 #### 2007 In June, Nielsen acquired Telephia, a provider of syndicated consumer research to the telecom and mobile media markets.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/business/media/28adco.html \|title\=Nielsen Adds to Cellphone Tracking \|date\=June 28, 2007 \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|last\=Story \|first\=Louise \|url\-access\=limited \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022112832/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/business/media/28adco.html \|archive\-date\= Oct 22, 2023 }} #### 2008 Nielsen acquired IAG Research which measures viewer engagement with TV commercials.Elliott, Stuart. ["Nielsen's Latest Purchase is Audience Research Firm"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E7D81F3AF93BA35757C0A96E9C8B63&scp=1&sq=nielsen%27s+latest+purchase&st=nyt). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, April 8, 2008 The same year, Nielsen made a strategic investment in [NeuroFocus](/wiki/NeuroFocus "NeuroFocus"), a California firm applying neuroscience brainwave techniques for consumer research. The firm was later fully acquired by Nielsen in 2011Holmes, Gary (February 7, 2008\). ["Nielsen Makes Strategic Investment in NeuroFocus, an Innovative Leader in Neuromarketing Research"](http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.55dc65b4a7d5adff3f65936147a062a0/?vgnextoid=09d160772bfe7110VgnVCM100000ac0a260aRCRD). Nielsen Media Research In 2009 and 2010, Nielsen sold its business magazines; its well\-known entertainment properties went to the new company [e5 Global Media](/wiki/E5_Global_Media "E5 Global Media"). #### 2009 Nielsen acquired The Cambridge Group, a [management consulting](/wiki/Management_consulting "Management consulting") firm headquartered in Chicago. The firm researches latent and emerging consumer demand. #### 2010 In June, Nielsen paired with [McKinsey \& Company](/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company "McKinsey & Company") to create the social media consulting company [NM Incite](/wiki/NM_Incite "NM Incite").{{cite web\|url \= https://www.clickz.com/nielsen\-pairs\-with\-mckinsey\-for\-social\-media\-consulting/55436/ \|title \= Nielsen Pairs With McKinsey for Social Media Consulting \|first \= Kate\|last \= Kaye\|date \= 14 June 2010\|work \= ClickZ}}[Zach Hofer\-Shall "Nielsen Joins Forces With McKinsey For Social Intelligence Consulting"](http://blogs.forrester.com/zach_hofer_shall/10-06-14-nielsen_joins_forces_mckinsey_social_intelligence_consulting) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617225648/http://blogs.forrester.com/zach\_hofer\_shall/10\-06\-14\-nielsen\_joins\_forces\_mckinsey\_social\_intelligence\_consulting \|date\=June 17, 2010 }} "Forrester Blogs" June 14, 2010 NM Incite had operations in 13 global markets, including: US, UK, [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), Spain, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, India, Brazil, Canada and Korea.[http://www.nmincite.com/?page\_id\=311](http://www.nmincite.com/?page_id=311) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818203219/http://www.nmincite.com/?page\_id\=311\|date\=August 18, 2010}} #### 2011 In August, Nielsen acquired Marketing Analytics, Inc.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2014}} #### 2012 In February, Nielsen launched [The Demand Institute](/wiki/The_Demand_Institute "The Demand Institute") in collaboration with [The Conference Board](/wiki/The_Conference_Board "The Conference Board"). The Demand Institute is a non\-profit, non\-advocacy organization. In July, Nielsen acquired the advertising tech company Vizu. The acquisition was made so that Nielsen can better analyze the effectiveness of online advertisement.Ha, Anthony. July 2, 2012\. ["Nielsen Acquires Vizu To Measure Online Ad Effectiveness"](https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/02/nielsen-acquires-vizu/) In November, Nielsen acquired SocialGuide, a provider of social TV measurement, analytics and audience engagement solutions.[Nielsen, NM Incite Acquire Socialguide](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2012/nielsen-nm-incite-acquire-socialguide.html) November 12, 2012 On December 17, 2012, Nielsen disclosed that it would acquire [Arbitron](/wiki/Arbitron "Arbitron"), a company primarily involved in [radio](/wiki/Radio "Radio") audience measurement, for $1\.3 billion. The successful acquisition was completed on September 30, 2013\.{{cite web \|title\=NIELSEN ACQUIRES ARBITRON \|url\=http://ir.nielsen.com/investor\-relations/shareholder\-information/press\-releases/Press\-Release\-Details/2013/Nielsen\-Acquires\-Arbitron/default.aspx \|publisher\=Nielsen \|access\-date\=September 30, 2013}} #### 2013 On June 17, 2013, Nielsen announced that Onex Corp (TSX: OCX) had completed the acquisition of Nielsen Expositions for $950 million in cash consideration. Nielsen Expositions operated tradeshows in the United States. The company was renamed Emerald Expositions Inc. after the transaction. #### 2014 On February 3, 2014, Nielsen announced the acquisition of Harris Interactive, Inc. (NASDAQ:HPOL). This allowed Nielsen to take ownership of *[The Harris Poll](/wiki/The_Harris_Poll "The Harris Poll")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2014/harris\-interactive\-joins\-nielsen.html \|title\=Harris Interactive Joins Nielsen \|website\=Nielsen.com \|access\-date\=November 30, 2015}} Later on February 26, 2014, Nielsen acquired Nexium, a retail in\-store execution and sales analytics company.[Nielsen Bolsters Shopper Marketing Credentials With Acquisition Of Nexium](http://www.nielsen.com/uk/en/press-room/2014/Nielsen-bolsters-shopper-marketing-credentials-with-acquisition-of-Nexium0.html) February 26, 2014 On September 18, 2014 Nielsen announced the acquisition of Indicus Analytics Pvt Ltd. On October 8, 2014, Nielsen acquired Affinnova, an international media and marketing research firm. The Affinnova team joins Nielsen's legacy BASES team to form Nielsen's Innovation Practice area.{{cite web \|title\=Nielsen Acquires Affinnova \|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2014/nielsen\-acquires\-affinnova.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107010133/http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2014/nielsen\-acquires\-affinnova.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-11\-07 \|access\-date\=May 27, 2015 \|publisher\=The Nielsen Company}} #### 2015 On January 22, 2015, Nielsen acquired Brandbank, specialized in the process of digitally collecting, managing and distributing FMCG product and brand image content for retail syndication across in\-store, print promotional and e\-commerce platforms.[Nielsen Acquires Brandbank](http://www.nielsen.com/uk/en/press-room/2015/nielsen-brandbank.html) January 22, 2015 On March 4, 2015, Nielsen announced the acquisition of Exelate, a provider of data and technology to facilitate the buying and selling of advertising across programmatic platforms.{{cite web \|title\=Nielsen Acquires Exelate \|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2015/nielsen\-acquires\-exelate.html \|publisher\=The Nielsen Company \|access\-date\=August 4, 2015}} On May 27, 2015, Nielsen acquired Innerscope Research, which specialized in [consumer neuroscience](/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience "Consumer neuroscience") using [biometrics](/wiki/Biometrics "Biometrics"), eye tracking and facial coding. Nielsen renamed its combined offering as Nielsen Consumer Neuroscience, and named Carl Marci as Chief Neuroscientist.{{cite web \|title\=Nielsen Doubles Down On Neuro \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerdooley/2015/06/03/nielsen\-doubles\-down\-on\-neuro/ \|access\-date\=September 30, 2015 \|author\-first\=Roger \|author\-last\=Dooley\|website\=\[\[Forbes]] }} #### 2016 On March 3, 2016, Nielsen acquired Pointlogic, in marketing decision support systems.[Nielsen Acquires Pointlogic](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2016/nielsen-acquires-pointlogic.html) March 3, 2016 On March 10, 2016, Nielsen acquired Mumbai\-based mobile usage measurer Informate Mobile Intelligence for an undisclosed amount.[Nielsen buys Mumbai\-based mobile usage measurer Informate Mobile Intelligence](http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/51341340.cms) March 10, 2016 On June 21, 2016, Nielsen acquired Repucom, a sports measurement, evaluation and intelligence company based in [Stamford, Connecticut](/wiki/Stamford%2C_Connecticut "Stamford, Connecticut").[Nielsen Completes Acquisition Of Repucom](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2016/nielsen-completes-acquisition-of-repucom.html) June 21, 2016 On December 20, 2016,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2016/nielsen\-acquires\-gracenote.html \|title\=Nielsen Acquires Gracenote \|publisher\=Nielsen.com \|date\=December 20, 2016 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen announced its agreement with Tribune Media Company to purchase [Gracenote](/wiki/Gracenote "Gracenote"), a provider of media and entertainment metadata. #### 2017 On January 5, 2017,{{cite web \|url\=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/carlyle\-group\-completes\-acquisition\-claritas\-120000181\.html \|title\=The Carlyle Group Completes Acquisition of Claritas from Nielsen \|access\-date\=February 6, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031654/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/carlyle\-group\-completes\-acquisition\-claritas\-120000181\.html \|archive\-date\=February 7, 2017 }} [The Carlyle Group](/wiki/The_Carlyle_Group "The Carlyle Group") acquired Claritas from Nielsen. On January 20, 2017,{{Cite web \|last\=Milliot \|first\=Jim \|date\=2017\-01\-20 \|title\=NPD Buys Nielsen's Book Services \|url\=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\-topic/industry\-news/industry\-deals/article/72549\-npd\-buys\-nielsen\-s\-book\-services.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-30 \|website\=\[\[Publishers Weekly]] \|language\=en}} [The NPD Group](/wiki/Circana "Circana") acquired the US assets of [Nielsen BookScan](/wiki/BookScan "BookScan"). On January 23, 2017,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/stagwell\-media\-llc\-to\-relaunch\-harris\-brand\-including\-the\-harris\-poll\-300394902\.html \|title\=Stagwell Media LLC To Relaunch Harris Brand, Including The Harris Poll \|publisher\=Prnewswire.com \|date\=March 16, 2017 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2017}} the Stagwell Group announced that it acquired Nielsen's Harris brand and the Harris Poll through its Stagwell Media LLC. On February 1, 2017,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-room/2017/nielsen\-completes\-acquisition\-of\-gracenote\|title\=Nielsen Completes Acquisition of Gracenote\|website\=www.nielsen.com}} Nielsen completed its acquisition of Gracenote. On February 23, 2017, Nielsen acquired Rhiza, Inc., a Pittsburgh\-based media and consumer analytics software firm. #### 2019 In December 2019, Nielsen music data business was sold to [Valence Media](/wiki/MRC_%28company%29 "MRC (company)") (then parent company of *Billboard*, another former Nielsen business). The transaction includes [Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems](/wiki/Broadcast_Data_Systems "Broadcast Data Systems"), Music 360, and [Nielsen SoundScan](/wiki/Luminate_%28company%29 "Luminate (company)").{{Cite news \|last\=Steele \|first\=Anne \|date\=December 18, 2019 \|title\=Billboard Parent Buys Nielsen Music \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/billboard\-parent\-buys\-nielsen\-music\-11576670400 \|access\-date\=July 22, 2020 \|work\=Wall Street Journal \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=0099\-9660}}{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-12\-18 \|title\=Nielsen Sells Music Division To Billboard Magazine Owner. \|url\=https://www.insideradio.com/free/nielsen\-sells\-music\-division\-to\-billboard\-magazine\-owner/article\_44b7bdcc\-21d5\-11ea\-9bc9\-13a66c394630\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-30 \|website\=Insideradio.com \|language\=en}} #### 2021 On March 5, 2021, Nielsen Holdings announced the completion of sale of Global Connect business (the former AC Nielsen) to private equity firm Advent International. On July 8, 2021, Nielsen acquired TVTY, a TV attribution provider and ad monitoring company based in Paris, France, for an undisclosed amount.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\-releases/2021/nielsen\-strengthens\-market\-leading\-position\-in\-tv\-attribution\-and\-ad\-intelligence\-with\-acquisition\-of\-tvty/ \|title\=Nielsen strengthens market leading position in TV attribution and ad intelligence with acquisition of TVTY \|publisher\=nielsen.com \|date\=July 8, 2021 }}
[ "### Mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and divestitures", "#### 2004", "Nielsen began a joint venture called AGB Nielsen Media Research with [WPP Group](/wiki/WPP_Group \"WPP Group\")'s AGB Group, a European competitor which provides similar services.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109171896937283875 \\|title\\=WPP and VNU Form TV\\-Ratings Joint Venture \\|date\\=August 6, 2004 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]}}", "#### 2006", "VNU acquired a majority stake in Buzzmetrics, a company which measures consumer\\-generated media online. Under the new ownership, Nielsen bought the remaining shares of the company in 2007\\.{{cite web\\|title \\= Nielsen to Acquire Remaining Shares of BuzzMetrics\\|url \\= https://www.clickz.com/nielsen\\-to\\-acquire\\-remaining\\-shares\\-of\\-buzzmetrics/81420/ \\|first \\= Zachary \\|last \\= Rodgers\\|work \\= ClickZ\\|date \\= 1 May 2007}} In the same year, Nielsen acquired Telephia, which measures mobile media,[Dickson, Glen and Eggerton, John. \"Nielsen Closes on Telephia Deal\"](http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6467650.html). *Broadcasting \\& Cable* August 10, 2007 and Bilesim Medya, a Turkish advertising intelligence firm.{{cite book \\|title\\= Plunkett's Advertising and Branding Industry Almanac 2008: Advertising and Branding Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends and Leading Companies \\|author\\-last\\=Plunket \\|author\\-first\\=Jack W. \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\= Plunkett Research, Ltd. \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59392\\-109\\-5}} VNU was acquired by a group of six private equity firms: the American [Kohlberg Kravis Roberts](/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts \"Kohlberg Kravis Roberts\"), [Thomas H. Lee Partners](/wiki/Thomas_H._Lee_Partners \"Thomas H. Lee Partners\"), [Blackstone Group](/wiki/Blackstone_Group \"Blackstone Group\"), [Carlyle Group](/wiki/Carlyle_Group \"Carlyle Group\") and [Hellman \\& Friedman](/wiki/Hellman_%26_Friedman \"Hellman & Friedman\"), and Dutch equity firm [AlpInvest Partners](/wiki/AlpInvest_Partners \"AlpInvest Partners\")Singer, Jason and Berman, Dennis K. \"VNU Gets Board Approval for Sale To Group of Private\\-Equity Firms.\" *The Wall Street Journal*, March 8, 2006 for £5bn. In the same year, the group hired David L. Calhoun, formerly of [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\"), as CEO. He renamed VNU as The Nielsen Company in 2007\\. VNU sold its business publications division for €320m (£210m) to venture capital group [3i](/wiki/3i \"3i\"), which then sold the UK division (VNU Business Publications Ltd) to [Incisive Media](/wiki/Incisive_Media \"Incisive Media\").[Incisive to buy VNU Business Publications](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2803926/Incisive-to-buy-VNU-Business-Publications.html), *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")*, February 6, 2007", "#### 2007", "In June, Nielsen acquired Telephia, a provider of syndicated consumer research to the telecom and mobile media markets.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/business/media/28adco.html \\|title\\=Nielsen Adds to Cellphone Tracking \\|date\\=June 28, 2007 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|last\\=Story \\|first\\=Louise \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022112832/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/business/media/28adco.html \\|archive\\-date\\= Oct 22, 2023 }}", "#### 2008", "Nielsen acquired IAG Research which measures viewer engagement with TV commercials.Elliott, Stuart. [\"Nielsen's Latest Purchase is Audience Research Firm\"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E7D81F3AF93BA35757C0A96E9C8B63&scp=1&sq=nielsen%27s+latest+purchase&st=nyt). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, April 8, 2008 The same year, Nielsen made a strategic investment in [NeuroFocus](/wiki/NeuroFocus \"NeuroFocus\"), a California firm applying neuroscience brainwave techniques for consumer research. The firm was later fully acquired by Nielsen in 2011Holmes, Gary (February 7, 2008\\). [\"Nielsen Makes Strategic Investment in NeuroFocus, an Innovative Leader in Neuromarketing Research\"](http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.55dc65b4a7d5adff3f65936147a062a0/?vgnextoid=09d160772bfe7110VgnVCM100000ac0a260aRCRD). Nielsen Media Research In 2009 and 2010, Nielsen sold its business magazines; its well\\-known entertainment properties went to the new company [e5 Global Media](/wiki/E5_Global_Media \"E5 Global Media\").", "#### 2009", "Nielsen acquired The Cambridge Group, a [management consulting](/wiki/Management_consulting \"Management consulting\") firm headquartered in Chicago. The firm researches latent and emerging consumer demand.", "#### 2010", "In June, Nielsen paired with [McKinsey \\& Company](/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company \"McKinsey & Company\") to create the social media consulting company [NM Incite](/wiki/NM_Incite \"NM Incite\").{{cite web\\|url \\= https://www.clickz.com/nielsen\\-pairs\\-with\\-mckinsey\\-for\\-social\\-media\\-consulting/55436/ \\|title \\= Nielsen Pairs With McKinsey for Social Media Consulting \\|first \\= Kate\\|last \\= Kaye\\|date \\= 14 June 2010\\|work \\= ClickZ}}[Zach Hofer\\-Shall \"Nielsen Joins Forces With McKinsey For Social Intelligence Consulting\"](http://blogs.forrester.com/zach_hofer_shall/10-06-14-nielsen_joins_forces_mckinsey_social_intelligence_consulting) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617225648/http://blogs.forrester.com/zach\\_hofer\\_shall/10\\-06\\-14\\-nielsen\\_joins\\_forces\\_mckinsey\\_social\\_intelligence\\_consulting \\|date\\=June 17, 2010 }} \"Forrester Blogs\" June 14, 2010 NM Incite had operations in 13 global markets, including: US, UK, [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), Spain, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, India, Brazil, Canada and Korea.[http://www.nmincite.com/?page\\_id\\=311](http://www.nmincite.com/?page_id=311) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818203219/http://www.nmincite.com/?page\\_id\\=311\\|date\\=August 18, 2010}}", "#### 2011", "In August, Nielsen acquired Marketing Analytics, Inc.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2014}}", "#### 2012", "In February, Nielsen launched [The Demand Institute](/wiki/The_Demand_Institute \"The Demand Institute\") in collaboration with [The Conference Board](/wiki/The_Conference_Board \"The Conference Board\"). The Demand Institute is a non\\-profit, non\\-advocacy organization. In July, Nielsen acquired the advertising tech company Vizu. The acquisition was made so that Nielsen can better analyze the effectiveness of online advertisement.Ha, Anthony. July 2, 2012\\. [\"Nielsen Acquires Vizu To Measure Online Ad Effectiveness\"](https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/02/nielsen-acquires-vizu/) In November, Nielsen acquired SocialGuide, a provider of social TV measurement, analytics and audience engagement solutions.[Nielsen, NM Incite Acquire Socialguide](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2012/nielsen-nm-incite-acquire-socialguide.html) November 12, 2012 On December 17, 2012, Nielsen disclosed that it would acquire [Arbitron](/wiki/Arbitron \"Arbitron\"), a company primarily involved in [radio](/wiki/Radio \"Radio\") audience measurement, for $1\\.3 billion. The successful acquisition was completed on September 30, 2013\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=NIELSEN ACQUIRES ARBITRON \\|url\\=http://ir.nielsen.com/investor\\-relations/shareholder\\-information/press\\-releases/Press\\-Release\\-Details/2013/Nielsen\\-Acquires\\-Arbitron/default.aspx \\|publisher\\=Nielsen \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2013}}", "#### 2013", "On June 17, 2013, Nielsen announced that Onex Corp (TSX: OCX) had completed the acquisition of Nielsen Expositions for $950 million in cash consideration. Nielsen Expositions operated tradeshows in the United States. The company was renamed Emerald Expositions Inc. after the transaction.", "#### 2014", "On February 3, 2014, Nielsen announced the acquisition of Harris Interactive, Inc. (NASDAQ:HPOL). This allowed Nielsen to take ownership of *[The Harris Poll](/wiki/The_Harris_Poll \"The Harris Poll\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2014/harris\\-interactive\\-joins\\-nielsen.html \\|title\\=Harris Interactive Joins Nielsen \\|website\\=Nielsen.com \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2015}} Later on February 26, 2014, Nielsen acquired Nexium, a retail in\\-store execution and sales analytics company.[Nielsen Bolsters Shopper Marketing Credentials With Acquisition Of Nexium](http://www.nielsen.com/uk/en/press-room/2014/Nielsen-bolsters-shopper-marketing-credentials-with-acquisition-of-Nexium0.html) February 26, 2014 On September 18, 2014 Nielsen announced the acquisition of Indicus Analytics Pvt Ltd. On October 8, 2014, Nielsen acquired Affinnova, an international media and marketing research firm. The Affinnova team joins Nielsen's legacy BASES team to form Nielsen's Innovation Practice area.{{cite web \\|title\\=Nielsen Acquires Affinnova \\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2014/nielsen\\-acquires\\-affinnova.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107010133/http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2014/nielsen\\-acquires\\-affinnova.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=May 27, 2015 \\|publisher\\=The Nielsen Company}}", "#### 2015", "On January 22, 2015, Nielsen acquired Brandbank, specialized in the process of digitally collecting, managing and distributing FMCG product and brand image content for retail syndication across in\\-store, print promotional and e\\-commerce platforms.[Nielsen Acquires Brandbank](http://www.nielsen.com/uk/en/press-room/2015/nielsen-brandbank.html) January 22, 2015 On March 4, 2015, Nielsen announced the acquisition of Exelate, a provider of data and technology to facilitate the buying and selling of advertising across programmatic platforms.{{cite web \\|title\\=Nielsen Acquires Exelate \\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2015/nielsen\\-acquires\\-exelate.html \\|publisher\\=The Nielsen Company \\|access\\-date\\=August 4, 2015}} On May 27, 2015, Nielsen acquired Innerscope Research, which specialized in [consumer neuroscience](/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience \"Consumer neuroscience\") using [biometrics](/wiki/Biometrics \"Biometrics\"), eye tracking and facial coding. Nielsen renamed its combined offering as Nielsen Consumer Neuroscience, and named Carl Marci as Chief Neuroscientist.{{cite web \\|title\\=Nielsen Doubles Down On Neuro \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerdooley/2015/06/03/nielsen\\-doubles\\-down\\-on\\-neuro/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2015 \\|author\\-first\\=Roger \\|author\\-last\\=Dooley\\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]] }}", "#### 2016", "On March 3, 2016, Nielsen acquired Pointlogic, in marketing decision support systems.[Nielsen Acquires Pointlogic](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2016/nielsen-acquires-pointlogic.html) March 3, 2016 On March 10, 2016, Nielsen acquired Mumbai\\-based mobile usage measurer Informate Mobile Intelligence for an undisclosed amount.[Nielsen buys Mumbai\\-based mobile usage measurer Informate Mobile Intelligence](http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/51341340.cms) March 10, 2016 On June 21, 2016, Nielsen acquired Repucom, a sports measurement, evaluation and intelligence company based in [Stamford, Connecticut](/wiki/Stamford%2C_Connecticut \"Stamford, Connecticut\").[Nielsen Completes Acquisition Of Repucom](http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2016/nielsen-completes-acquisition-of-repucom.html) June 21, 2016 On December 20, 2016,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2016/nielsen\\-acquires\\-gracenote.html \\|title\\=Nielsen Acquires Gracenote \\|publisher\\=Nielsen.com \\|date\\=December 20, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} Nielsen announced its agreement with Tribune Media Company to purchase [Gracenote](/wiki/Gracenote \"Gracenote\"), a provider of media and entertainment metadata.", "#### 2017", "On January 5, 2017,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/carlyle\\-group\\-completes\\-acquisition\\-claritas\\-120000181\\.html \\|title\\=The Carlyle Group Completes Acquisition of Claritas from Nielsen \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031654/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/carlyle\\-group\\-completes\\-acquisition\\-claritas\\-120000181\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 7, 2017 }} [The Carlyle Group](/wiki/The_Carlyle_Group \"The Carlyle Group\") acquired Claritas from Nielsen. On January 20, 2017,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Milliot \\|first\\=Jim \\|date\\=2017\\-01\\-20 \\|title\\=NPD Buys Nielsen's Book Services \\|url\\=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\\-topic/industry\\-news/industry\\-deals/article/72549\\-npd\\-buys\\-nielsen\\-s\\-book\\-services.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-30 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Publishers Weekly]] \\|language\\=en}} [The NPD Group](/wiki/Circana \"Circana\") acquired the US assets of [Nielsen BookScan](/wiki/BookScan \"BookScan\"). On January 23, 2017,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/stagwell\\-media\\-llc\\-to\\-relaunch\\-harris\\-brand\\-including\\-the\\-harris\\-poll\\-300394902\\.html \\|title\\=Stagwell Media LLC To Relaunch Harris Brand, Including The Harris Poll \\|publisher\\=Prnewswire.com \\|date\\=March 16, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2017}} the Stagwell Group announced that it acquired Nielsen's Harris brand and the Harris Poll through its Stagwell Media LLC. On February 1, 2017,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-room/2017/nielsen\\-completes\\-acquisition\\-of\\-gracenote\\|title\\=Nielsen Completes Acquisition of Gracenote\\|website\\=www.nielsen.com}} Nielsen completed its acquisition of Gracenote. On February 23, 2017, Nielsen acquired Rhiza, Inc., a Pittsburgh\\-based media and consumer analytics software firm.", "#### 2019", "In December 2019, Nielsen music data business was sold to [Valence Media](/wiki/MRC_%28company%29 \"MRC (company)\") (then parent company of *Billboard*, another former Nielsen business). The transaction includes [Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems](/wiki/Broadcast_Data_Systems \"Broadcast Data Systems\"), Music 360, and [Nielsen SoundScan](/wiki/Luminate_%28company%29 \"Luminate (company)\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Steele \\|first\\=Anne \\|date\\=December 18, 2019 \\|title\\=Billboard Parent Buys Nielsen Music \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/billboard\\-parent\\-buys\\-nielsen\\-music\\-11576670400 \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2020 \\|work\\=Wall Street Journal \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=0099\\-9660}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-18 \\|title\\=Nielsen Sells Music Division To Billboard Magazine Owner. \\|url\\=https://www.insideradio.com/free/nielsen\\-sells\\-music\\-division\\-to\\-billboard\\-magazine\\-owner/article\\_44b7bdcc\\-21d5\\-11ea\\-9bc9\\-13a66c394630\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-30 \\|website\\=Insideradio.com \\|language\\=en}}", "#### 2021", "On March 5, 2021, Nielsen Holdings announced the completion of sale of Global Connect business (the former AC Nielsen) to private equity firm Advent International.", "On July 8, 2021, Nielsen acquired TVTY, a TV attribution provider and ad monitoring company based in Paris, France, for an undisclosed amount.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press\\-releases/2021/nielsen\\-strengthens\\-market\\-leading\\-position\\-in\\-tv\\-attribution\\-and\\-ad\\-intelligence\\-with\\-acquisition\\-of\\-tvty/ \\|title\\=Nielsen strengthens market leading position in TV attribution and ad intelligence with acquisition of TVTY \\|publisher\\=nielsen.com \\|date\\=July 8, 2021 }}", "" ]
Biography --------- Toma Cantacuzino was born in about 1670 at [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest"). His father was Matei Cantacuzino and mother was Bălașa Drugănescu. His both parents died when he was young and was raised by his uncle, [Şerban Cantacuzino](/wiki/%C8%98erban_Cantacuzino "Șerban Cantacuzino"). Brâncoveanu's Italian secretary, [Anton Maria del Chiaro](/wiki/Anton_Maria_Del_Chiaro "Anton Maria Del Chiaro"), described Toma as a brave man with a vast culture and a good connoisseur of the Latin and Italian languages. In 1693, he was made second [logofat](/wiki/Logothete "Logothete") and then, 1704, promoted to [grand postelnic](/wiki/Postelnic "Postelnic"). In 1706, he was made grand back which made the entire light cavalry of the ruler under his command.{{Cite web \|title\=Toma Cantacuzino, marele spătar al lui Constantin Brâncoveanu care a ajuns general în cavaleria imperială rusă \|url\=https://historia.ro/sectiune/portret/toma\-cantacuzino\-marele\-spatar\-al\-lui\-constantin\-567677\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-14 \|website\=historia.ro \|language\=ro}} In 1707, [Constantin Brâncoveanu](/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu "Constantin Brâncoveanu") appointed him back, after he had dismissed him from the position of [stolnic](/wiki/Stolnic "Stolnic") in 1704\. In April 1711, the [Treaty of Lutsk](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lutsk "Treaty of Lutsk") was signed secretly between [Dimitrie Cantemir](/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir "Dimitrie Cantemir") and [Peter the Great](/wiki/Peter_the_Great "Peter the Great"), following which the [Principality of Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia") sided with Russia in the anti\-Ottoman struggle. Constantin Brâncoveanu hesitated to side with him. Toma Cantacuzino, who commanded the cavalry of [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia"), openly sided with the Russians on June 11 despite Brâncoveanu's orders. This betrayal contributed to the execution of [Constantin Brâncoveanu](/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu "Constantin Brâncoveanu") and his four children.{{Cite web \|last\=Ion \|first\=Monica \|date\=2023\-08\-16 \|title\=DOCUMENTAR: Sfinţii Martiri Brâncoveni – păstrătorii credinţei cu preţul jertfei supreme {{!}} Agenția de presă Rador \|url\=https://www.rador.ro/2023/08/16/documentar\-sfintii\-martiri\-brancoveni\-pastratorii\-credintei\-cu\-pretul\-jertfei\-supreme\-7/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-14 \|language\=ro\-RO}}{{Cite web \|last\=Olteanu \|first\=Florian \|date\=2023\-10\-22 \|title\=Păuna Greceanu, asasina morală a Brâncovenilor \|url\=https://evz.ro/pauna\-greceanu\-asasina\-morala\-a\-brancovenilor.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-14 \|website\=Evenimentul Zilei \|language\=Romanian}}{{Cite book \|last\=Florescu \|first\=Radu R. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xIuVEAAAQBAJ\&dq\=toma\+cantacuzino\&pg\=PT136 \|title\=Essays on Romanian History \|date\=2022\-08\-01 \|publisher\=Histria Books \|isbn\=978\-1\-59211\-253\-1 \|language\=en}} Tsar named him Major General and was ordered to capture the fortress of Brăila. After the conquest of Braila, on July 25, 1711, Toma returned to his home in [Filipeștii de Pădure](/wiki/Filipe%C8%99tii_de_P%C4%83dure "Filipeștii de Pădure"), where he received the news of the conclusion of peace between the Sultan and the Tsar. In 1712, he went to the Russian Empire where the tsar granted him the title of count and appointed him a major general in the Russian imperial cavalry. He received the command of the troops that supervised the construction of a canal that was supposed to connect the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea "Baltic Sea") and [Sea of Azov](/wiki/Sea_of_Azov "Sea of Azov"). Due to the very cold northern climate, he died on 22 December 1721\. He is buried in the family crypt of his cousin, Constantin Brâncoveanu, in the church of the Saint Nicholas Monastery in Moscow.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Toma Cantacuzino was born in about 1670 at [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest \"Bucharest\"). His father was Matei Cantacuzino and mother was Bălașa Drugănescu. His both parents died when he was young and was raised by his uncle, [Şerban Cantacuzino](/wiki/%C8%98erban_Cantacuzino \"Șerban Cantacuzino\"). Brâncoveanu's Italian secretary, [Anton Maria del Chiaro](/wiki/Anton_Maria_Del_Chiaro \"Anton Maria Del Chiaro\"), described Toma as a brave man with a vast culture and a good connoisseur of the Latin and Italian languages.", "In 1693, he was made second [logofat](/wiki/Logothete \"Logothete\") and then, 1704, promoted to [grand postelnic](/wiki/Postelnic \"Postelnic\"). In 1706, he was made grand back which made the entire light cavalry of the ruler under his command.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Toma Cantacuzino, marele spătar al lui Constantin Brâncoveanu care a ajuns general în cavaleria imperială rusă \\|url\\=https://historia.ro/sectiune/portret/toma\\-cantacuzino\\-marele\\-spatar\\-al\\-lui\\-constantin\\-567677\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-14 \\|website\\=historia.ro \\|language\\=ro}}", "In 1707, [Constantin Brâncoveanu](/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu \"Constantin Brâncoveanu\") appointed him back, after he had dismissed him from the position of [stolnic](/wiki/Stolnic \"Stolnic\") in 1704\\.", "In April 1711, the [Treaty of Lutsk](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lutsk \"Treaty of Lutsk\") was signed secretly between [Dimitrie Cantemir](/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir \"Dimitrie Cantemir\") and [Peter the Great](/wiki/Peter_the_Great \"Peter the Great\"), following which the [Principality of Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia \"Moldavia\") sided with Russia in the anti\\-Ottoman struggle. Constantin Brâncoveanu hesitated to side with him. Toma Cantacuzino, who commanded the cavalry of [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia \"Wallachia\"), openly sided with the Russians on June 11 despite Brâncoveanu's orders. This betrayal contributed to the execution of [Constantin Brâncoveanu](/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu \"Constantin Brâncoveanu\") and his four children.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ion \\|first\\=Monica \\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-16 \\|title\\=DOCUMENTAR: Sfinţii Martiri Brâncoveni – păstrătorii credinţei cu preţul jertfei supreme {{!}} Agenția de presă Rador \\|url\\=https://www.rador.ro/2023/08/16/documentar\\-sfintii\\-martiri\\-brancoveni\\-pastratorii\\-credintei\\-cu\\-pretul\\-jertfei\\-supreme\\-7/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-14 \\|language\\=ro\\-RO}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Olteanu \\|first\\=Florian \\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-22 \\|title\\=Păuna Greceanu, asasina morală a Brâncovenilor \\|url\\=https://evz.ro/pauna\\-greceanu\\-asasina\\-morala\\-a\\-brancovenilor.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-14 \\|website\\=Evenimentul Zilei \\|language\\=Romanian}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Florescu \\|first\\=Radu R. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xIuVEAAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=toma\\+cantacuzino\\&pg\\=PT136 \\|title\\=Essays on Romanian History \\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-01 \\|publisher\\=Histria Books \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59211\\-253\\-1 \\|language\\=en}}", "Tsar named him Major General and was ordered to capture the fortress of Brăila. After the conquest of Braila, on July 25, 1711, Toma returned to his home in [Filipeștii de Pădure](/wiki/Filipe%C8%99tii_de_P%C4%83dure \"Filipeștii de Pădure\"), where he received the news of the conclusion of peace between the Sultan and the Tsar. In 1712, he went to the Russian Empire where the tsar granted him the title of count and appointed him a major general in the Russian imperial cavalry.", "He received the command of the troops that supervised the construction of a canal that was supposed to connect the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea \"Baltic Sea\") and [Sea of Azov](/wiki/Sea_of_Azov \"Sea of Azov\"). Due to the very cold northern climate, he died on 22 December 1721\\.", "He is buried in the family crypt of his cousin, Constantin Brâncoveanu, in the church of the Saint Nicholas Monastery in Moscow.", "" ]
Background ---------- ### American plans and moves [thumb\|upright\|U.S. forces during the siege of Detroit were commanded by Brig. Gen. [William Hull](/wiki/William_Hull "William Hull"), an aging veteran of the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War").](/wiki/File:William_Hull.jpg "William Hull.jpg") Tension was increasing between the United Kingdom and the United States in the early months of 1812\. [Michigan Territory](/wiki/Michigan_Territory "Michigan Territory") Governor [William Hull](/wiki/William_Hull "William Hull") urged President [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison") and Secretary of War [William Eustis](/wiki/William_Eustis "William Eustis") to form an army which would secure the [Northwest Territory](/wiki/Northwest_Territory "Northwest Territory") against Indians who were being incited by British agents and fur trading companies to take up arms against the United States. It was urgently necessary to reinforce the outpost of [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit"), which had a population of 800 and a garrison of 120 soldiers.Elting, p. 24 It was also suggested that this army might invade the western districts of [Upper Canada](/wiki/Upper_Canada "Upper Canada"), where support might be expected from the many recent immigrants from the United States who had been attracted by generous land grants.Elting, p. 25 Madison and Eustis concurred with this plan and offered command of the army to Hull, an aging veteran of the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War"). He was reluctant to take the appointment, but no other officer was available with his prestige and experience. He accepted after repeated pleas from Madison and was commissioned as a brigadier general in the United States Army.Elting, pp. 24–25 His army consisted of three regiments of Ohio militia under Colonels [Lewis Cass](/wiki/Lewis_Cass "Lewis Cass"), [Duncan McArthur](/wiki/Duncan_McArthur "Duncan McArthur"), and [James Findlay](/wiki/James_Findlay_%28American_Congressman%29 "James Findlay (American Congressman)"). Hull took command of them at [Dayton, Ohio](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio "Dayton, Ohio") on 25 May but found that they were badly equipped and ill\-disciplined, and no arrangements had been made to supply them on the march. He made hasty efforts to remedy the deficiencies in equipment. The army marched north from [Urbana, Ohio](/wiki/Urbana%2C_Ohio "Urbana, Ohio"), on 10 June, joined by the [4th U.S. Infantry](/wiki/4th_U.S._Infantry "4th U.S. Infantry") under Lieutenant Colonel [James Miller](/wiki/James_Miller_%28general%29 "James Miller (general)"). Hull ignored an earlier route established by [Anthony Wayne](/wiki/Anthony_Wayne "Anthony Wayne") and created a new route to Detroit across the [Great Black Swamp](/wiki/Great_Black_Swamp "Great Black Swamp") area of northwest Ohio.Elting, pp. 24–26 He received a letter from Eustis on 26 June that was dated 18 June, warning him that war was imminent and urging that he should make for Detroit "with all possible expedition",Elting, p. 26 so he hastened his march. His draft horses were worn out by the arduous march, so he put his entrenching tools, medical supplies, officers' baggage, despatches, some sick men and the army's band aboard the packet vessel *Cayahoga* at the foot of the [Maumee River](/wiki/Maumee_River "Maumee River"), to be transported across [Lake Erie](/wiki/Lake_Erie "Lake Erie"). Eustis had sent his first letter of 18 June by special messenger. Congress had passed the declaration of war later that day, but Eustis sent a letter with this vital information only by ordinary mail.Elting, p. 27 On 28 June, the postmaster at [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland"), Ohio hired an express rider to rush the letter to Hull but even this arrived only on 2 July. The [British ambassador](/wiki/Augustus_Foster "Augustus Foster") in Washington had sent the news urgently to Britain and Canada, and the military commanders in Canada had, in turn, hastened to inform all their outposts of the state of war. On 2 July, the unsuspecting *Cayahoga* was captured by {{HMS\|General Hunter\|\|2}}, a Canadian\-manned armed brig of the [Provincial Marine](/wiki/Provincial_Marine "Provincial Marine"), under the command of Lieutenant [Frédérick Rolette](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rick_Rolette "Frédérick Rolette"), near the British post at [Amherstburg, Ontario](/wiki/Amherstburg%2C_Ontario "Amherstburg, Ontario") at the foot of the [Detroit River](/wiki/Detroit_River "Detroit River"). Hull reached Detroit on 5 July, where he was reinforced by detachments of Michigan militia, including the 140 men of the Michigan Legionary Corps, which Hull had established in 1805\. The American army was short of supplies, especially food, as Detroit provided only soap and whiskey. Nevertheless, Eustis urged Hull to attack Amherstburg. The fort there was defended by 300 British regulars, mainly from the [41st Regiment of Foot](/wiki/41st_Regiment_of_Foot "41st Regiment of Foot"), 400 Indians, and some, principally Essex, militia.{{harvp\|Elting\|1995\|p\=28}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.warof1812\.ca/fortambg.htm \|title\=Fort Amherstburg in the War of 1812 \|first\=Bob \|last\=Garcia \|website\=The War of 1812 \|publisher\=Access Heritage}} The post's commander was Colonel St. George, who was later superseded by Colonel [Henry Procter](/wiki/Henry_Procter_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Henry Procter (British Army officer)") of the 41st. Hull was not enthusiastic and wrote to Eustis that "the British command the water and the savages."Hitsman, p. 70 Nevertheless, his army crossed into Canada on 12 July. He issued several proclamations which were intended to induce Canadians to join or support his army while some of his mounted troops raided up the [Thames River](/wiki/Thames_River_%28Ontario%29 "Thames River (Ontario)") as far as Moraviantown. These moves discouraged many of the militia from opposing his invasion, but few of the inhabitants of the region actively aided him, even those who had recently moved from the United States.Hitsman, p. 67 There were several indecisive skirmishes with British outposts along the [Canard River](/wiki/Battle_of_River_Canard "Battle of River Canard"). Hull decided that he could not attack the British fort without artillery, which could not be brought forward because the carriages had decayed and needed repair, and fell back.Hitsman, pp. 71–72 Several of his officers disagreed with this retreat and secretly discussed removing him from command. Hull had been quarreling with his militia colonels since taking over the army, and he felt that he did not have their support in the field or in their [councils of war](/wiki/Council_of_war "Council of war"). ### British moves [thumb\|Plan of Detroit and its fort, 1792](/wiki/File:4756_detroit_1020.jpg "4756 detroit 1020.jpg") On 17 July, a mixed force of British regulars, Canadian fur traders, and Indians captured the important trading post of [Mackinac Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island_%281812%29 "Battle of Mackinac Island (1812)") on [Lake Huron](/wiki/Lake_Huron "Lake Huron") from its small American garrison who were not aware that war had been declared. Many of the Indians who had taken part in the attack either remained at Mackinac or returned to their homes, but 100 or more [Sioux](/wiki/Sioux "Sioux"), [Menominee](/wiki/Menominee "Menominee"), and [Winnebago](/wiki/Ho-Chunk "Ho-Chunk") warriors began moving south from Mackinac to join those already at Amherstburg, while the news induced the previously neutral [Wyandots](/wiki/Wyandot_people "Wyandot people") living near Detroit to become increasingly hostile to the Americans. Hull learned of the capture of Mackinac on 3 August, when the paroled American garrison reached Detroit by schooner.Hitsman, p. 75 He feared that this had "opened the northern hive of Indians"[C. P. Stacey](/wiki/Charles_Perry_Stacey "Charles Perry Stacey"), *The Defence of Upper Canada, 1812*, in Zaslow (ed), p. 18 and so abandoned all the Canadian territory that he held. Hull's supply lines ran for {{convert\|60\|mi\|km}} along the Detroit River and the shore of Lake Erie, which was dominated by the British armed vessels, making them vulnerable to British and Indian raiders. A raiding party under [Tecumseh](/wiki/Tecumseh "Tecumseh") ambushed and routed an American detachment under Major van Horne on 4 August at the [Battle of Brownstown](/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown "Battle of Brownstown"), capturing more of Hull's despatches. Hull sent a larger party under James Miller to clear his lines of communication and escort a supply convoy of 300 head of cattle and 70 pack horses loaded with flour, which was waiting at [Frenchtown, Michigan](/wiki/Frenchtown%2C_Michigan "Frenchtown, Michigan") under Major [Henry Brush](/wiki/Henry_Brush "Henry Brush").Elting, p. 30 Miller forced a British and Indian force under Major [Adam Muir](/wiki/Adam_Muir_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Adam Muir (British Army officer)") of the 41st Regiment to retreat some distance at the [Battle of Maguaga](/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga "Battle of Maguaga") on 9 August, but the British re\-formed their line and he declined to resume the attack. Miller was ill and his losses in the engagement were heavier than those of the enemy, and he lost confidence and remained encamped near the battlefield until Hull ordered him to return to Detroit. [thumb\|left\|upright\|Major General [Isaac Brock](/wiki/Isaac_Brock "Isaac Brock") met with [Shawnee](/wiki/Shawnee "Shawnee") chief [Tecumseh](/wiki/Tecumseh "Tecumseh") in [Amherstburg, Ontario](/wiki/Amherstburg%2C_Ontario "Amherstburg, Ontario") and quickly established a rapport, ensuring that he would cooperate with his movements.](/wiki/File:The_story_of_Isaac_Brock%2C_hero%2C_defender_and_saviour_of_upper_Canada%2C_1812_%281908%29_%2814763177825%29.jpg "The story of Isaac Brock, hero, defender and saviour of upper Canada, 1812 (1908) (14763177825).jpg") Meanwhile, British Major General [Isaac Brock](/wiki/Isaac_Brock "Isaac Brock") was in [York](/wiki/York%2C_Upper_Canada "York, Upper Canada"), the provincial capital, dealing with the unwilling [Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada "Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada") and mobilizing the province's militia. He had only a single regiment of regulars and some small detachments of veterans and artillery to support the militia, but he was aware that there was no immediate threat from the disorganized and badly supplied American forces on the [Niagara River](/wiki/Niagara_River "Niagara River"), or from the lethargic American commander in chief, Major General [Henry Dearborn](/wiki/Henry_Dearborn "Henry Dearborn") at [Albany, New York](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York "Albany, New York"). Hull's army alone was occupying or threatening Canadian territory. Late in July, Brock learned of the capture of Mackinac. He was also informed by Lieutenant General [George Prevost](/wiki/George_Prevost "George Prevost"), the [Governor General of Canada](/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada "Governor General of Canada"), that an additional regiment was being dispatched to Upper Canada, although as piecemeal detachments. Brock dispatched 50 of his small force of regulars and 250 volunteers from the militia westward from York to reinforce Amherstburg. On 5 August, he [prorogued](/wiki/Prorogation "Prorogation") the assembly and set out himself after them. He and his force sailed from [Port Dover, Ontario](/wiki/Port_Dover%2C_Ontario "Port Dover, Ontario") in batteaux and open boats. They reached Amherstburg on 13 August,C. P. Stacey, *The Defence of Upper Canada, 1812*, in Zaslow (ed), p. 17 at the same time as 200 additional Indian warriors who joined Tecumseh (100 "Western Indians" from Mackinac and 100 Wyandots). At Amherstburg, Brock learned from Hull's captured despatches that the morale was low in Hull's army, that they feared the numbers of Indians which might be facing them, and that they were short of supplies. Brock also established a rapport with Tecumseh, ensuring that the Indians would cooperate with his moves. Brock and Tecumseh met shortly after Brock arrived at Amherstburg, and legend has it that Tecumseh turned to his warriors and said, "Here is a man!" Brock wrote shortly afterwards, "a more sagacious and a more gallant Warrior does not I believe exist."Hitsman, p. 78 Brock determined on an immediate attack on Detroit, against the advice of most of his subordinates. The British had already played on Hull's fear of the Indians by arranging for a misleading letter to fall into American hands. The letter asked that no more Indians be allowed to proceed from Fort Mackinac, as there were already 5,000 at Amherstburg and supplies were running short. Brock sent Hull a demand for surrender, stating: > The force at my disposal authorizes me to require of you the immediate surrender of Fort Detroit. It is far from my intention to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware, that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops, will be beyond control the moment the contest commences.Tupper (1847\), p. 246 According to Brock's later report, his force included 600 warriors and 1300 soldiers (including those left to garrison Amherstburg and Sandwich), and two warships.{{cite book \|last\=Hannings \|first\=Bud \|year\=2012 \|title\=The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=G46OgJcYeN0C\&q\=Brock\+fort\+detroit\+troops\+and\+Indians\+numbering\&pg\=PA50 \|publisher\=McFarland Publishing \|page\=50 \|isbn\=978\-0786463855 }} Brock carried out several bluffs to deceive the Americans into believing that there were more Indians and troops than there actually were. Major Thomas Evans at [Fort George](/wiki/Fort_George%2C_Ontario "Fort George, Ontario") suggested that Brock give his militia the cast\-off uniforms of the 41st Regiment to make Hull believe that most of the British force were regulars.Cruikshank, p. 186 The troops were told to light individual fires instead of one fire per unit, thereby creating the illusion of a much larger army. They marched to take up positions in plain sight of the Americans then quickly ducked behind entrenchments, and marched back out of sight to repeat the maneuver. The same trick was carried out during meals, where the line would dump their beans into a hidden pot, then return out of view to rejoin the end of the line.
[ "Background\n----------", "### American plans and moves", "[thumb\\|upright\\|U.S. forces during the siege of Detroit were commanded by Brig. Gen. [William Hull](/wiki/William_Hull \"William Hull\"), an aging veteran of the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\").](/wiki/File:William_Hull.jpg \"William Hull.jpg\")", "Tension was increasing between the United Kingdom and the United States in the early months of 1812\\. [Michigan Territory](/wiki/Michigan_Territory \"Michigan Territory\") Governor [William Hull](/wiki/William_Hull \"William Hull\") urged President [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison \"James Madison\") and Secretary of War [William Eustis](/wiki/William_Eustis \"William Eustis\") to form an army which would secure the [Northwest Territory](/wiki/Northwest_Territory \"Northwest Territory\") against Indians who were being incited by British agents and fur trading companies to take up arms against the United States. It was urgently necessary to reinforce the outpost of [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\"), which had a population of 800 and a garrison of 120 soldiers.Elting, p. 24 It was also suggested that this army might invade the western districts of [Upper Canada](/wiki/Upper_Canada \"Upper Canada\"), where support might be expected from the many recent immigrants from the United States who had been attracted by generous land grants.Elting, p. 25", "Madison and Eustis concurred with this plan and offered command of the army to Hull, an aging veteran of the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"). He was reluctant to take the appointment, but no other officer was available with his prestige and experience. He accepted after repeated pleas from Madison and was commissioned as a brigadier general in the United States Army.Elting, pp. 24–25 His army consisted of three regiments of Ohio militia under Colonels [Lewis Cass](/wiki/Lewis_Cass \"Lewis Cass\"), [Duncan McArthur](/wiki/Duncan_McArthur \"Duncan McArthur\"), and [James Findlay](/wiki/James_Findlay_%28American_Congressman%29 \"James Findlay (American Congressman)\"). Hull took command of them at [Dayton, Ohio](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio \"Dayton, Ohio\") on 25 May but found that they were badly equipped and ill\\-disciplined, and no arrangements had been made to supply them on the march. He made hasty efforts to remedy the deficiencies in equipment.", "The army marched north from [Urbana, Ohio](/wiki/Urbana%2C_Ohio \"Urbana, Ohio\"), on 10 June, joined by the [4th U.S. Infantry](/wiki/4th_U.S._Infantry \"4th U.S. Infantry\") under Lieutenant Colonel [James Miller](/wiki/James_Miller_%28general%29 \"James Miller (general)\"). Hull ignored an earlier route established by [Anthony Wayne](/wiki/Anthony_Wayne \"Anthony Wayne\") and created a new route to Detroit across the [Great Black Swamp](/wiki/Great_Black_Swamp \"Great Black Swamp\") area of northwest Ohio.Elting, pp. 24–26 He received a letter from Eustis on 26 June that was dated 18 June, warning him that war was imminent and urging that he should make for Detroit \"with all possible expedition\",Elting, p. 26 so he hastened his march. His draft horses were worn out by the arduous march, so he put his entrenching tools, medical supplies, officers' baggage, despatches, some sick men and the army's band aboard the packet vessel *Cayahoga* at the foot of the [Maumee River](/wiki/Maumee_River \"Maumee River\"), to be transported across [Lake Erie](/wiki/Lake_Erie \"Lake Erie\").", "Eustis had sent his first letter of 18 June by special messenger. Congress had passed the declaration of war later that day, but Eustis sent a letter with this vital information only by ordinary mail.Elting, p. 27 On 28 June, the postmaster at [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland \"Cleveland\"), Ohio hired an express rider to rush the letter to Hull but even this arrived only on 2 July. The [British ambassador](/wiki/Augustus_Foster \"Augustus Foster\") in Washington had sent the news urgently to Britain and Canada, and the military commanders in Canada had, in turn, hastened to inform all their outposts of the state of war. On 2 July, the unsuspecting *Cayahoga* was captured by {{HMS\\|General Hunter\\|\\|2}}, a Canadian\\-manned armed brig of the [Provincial Marine](/wiki/Provincial_Marine \"Provincial Marine\"), under the command of Lieutenant [Frédérick Rolette](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rick_Rolette \"Frédérick Rolette\"), near the British post at [Amherstburg, Ontario](/wiki/Amherstburg%2C_Ontario \"Amherstburg, Ontario\") at the foot of the [Detroit River](/wiki/Detroit_River \"Detroit River\").", "Hull reached Detroit on 5 July, where he was reinforced by detachments of Michigan militia, including the 140 men of the Michigan Legionary Corps, which Hull had established in 1805\\. The American army was short of supplies, especially food, as Detroit provided only soap and whiskey. Nevertheless, Eustis urged Hull to attack Amherstburg. The fort there was defended by 300 British regulars, mainly from the [41st Regiment of Foot](/wiki/41st_Regiment_of_Foot \"41st Regiment of Foot\"), 400 Indians, and some, principally Essex, militia.{{harvp\\|Elting\\|1995\\|p\\=28}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.warof1812\\.ca/fortambg.htm \\|title\\=Fort Amherstburg in the War of 1812 \\|first\\=Bob \\|last\\=Garcia \\|website\\=The War of 1812 \\|publisher\\=Access Heritage}} The post's commander was Colonel St. George, who was later superseded by Colonel [Henry Procter](/wiki/Henry_Procter_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Henry Procter (British Army officer)\") of the 41st. Hull was not enthusiastic and wrote to Eustis that \"the British command the water and the savages.\"Hitsman, p. 70 Nevertheless, his army crossed into Canada on 12 July. He issued several proclamations which were intended to induce Canadians to join or support his army while some of his mounted troops raided up the [Thames River](/wiki/Thames_River_%28Ontario%29 \"Thames River (Ontario)\") as far as Moraviantown. These moves discouraged many of the militia from opposing his invasion, but few of the inhabitants of the region actively aided him, even those who had recently moved from the United States.Hitsman, p. 67", "There were several indecisive skirmishes with British outposts along the [Canard River](/wiki/Battle_of_River_Canard \"Battle of River Canard\"). Hull decided that he could not attack the British fort without artillery, which could not be brought forward because the carriages had decayed and needed repair, and fell back.Hitsman, pp. 71–72 Several of his officers disagreed with this retreat and secretly discussed removing him from command. Hull had been quarreling with his militia colonels since taking over the army, and he felt that he did not have their support in the field or in their [councils of war](/wiki/Council_of_war \"Council of war\").", "### British moves", "[thumb\\|Plan of Detroit and its fort, 1792](/wiki/File:4756_detroit_1020.jpg \"4756 detroit 1020.jpg\")", "On 17 July, a mixed force of British regulars, Canadian fur traders, and Indians captured the important trading post of [Mackinac Island](/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island_%281812%29 \"Battle of Mackinac Island (1812)\") on [Lake Huron](/wiki/Lake_Huron \"Lake Huron\") from its small American garrison who were not aware that war had been declared. Many of the Indians who had taken part in the attack either remained at Mackinac or returned to their homes, but 100 or more [Sioux](/wiki/Sioux \"Sioux\"), [Menominee](/wiki/Menominee \"Menominee\"), and [Winnebago](/wiki/Ho-Chunk \"Ho-Chunk\") warriors began moving south from Mackinac to join those already at Amherstburg, while the news induced the previously neutral [Wyandots](/wiki/Wyandot_people \"Wyandot people\") living near Detroit to become increasingly hostile to the Americans. Hull learned of the capture of Mackinac on 3 August, when the paroled American garrison reached Detroit by schooner.Hitsman, p. 75 He feared that this had \"opened the northern hive of Indians\"[C. P. Stacey](/wiki/Charles_Perry_Stacey \"Charles Perry Stacey\"), *The Defence of Upper Canada, 1812*, in Zaslow (ed), p. 18 and so abandoned all the Canadian territory that he held.", "Hull's supply lines ran for {{convert\\|60\\|mi\\|km}} along the Detroit River and the shore of Lake Erie, which was dominated by the British armed vessels, making them vulnerable to British and Indian raiders. A raiding party under [Tecumseh](/wiki/Tecumseh \"Tecumseh\") ambushed and routed an American detachment under Major van Horne on 4 August at the [Battle of Brownstown](/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown \"Battle of Brownstown\"), capturing more of Hull's despatches. Hull sent a larger party under James Miller to clear his lines of communication and escort a supply convoy of 300 head of cattle and 70 pack horses loaded with flour, which was waiting at [Frenchtown, Michigan](/wiki/Frenchtown%2C_Michigan \"Frenchtown, Michigan\") under Major [Henry Brush](/wiki/Henry_Brush \"Henry Brush\").Elting, p. 30 Miller forced a British and Indian force under Major [Adam Muir](/wiki/Adam_Muir_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Adam Muir (British Army officer)\") of the 41st Regiment to retreat some distance at the [Battle of Maguaga](/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga \"Battle of Maguaga\") on 9 August, but the British re\\-formed their line and he declined to resume the attack. Miller was ill and his losses in the engagement were heavier than those of the enemy, and he lost confidence and remained encamped near the battlefield until Hull ordered him to return to Detroit.", "[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Major General [Isaac Brock](/wiki/Isaac_Brock \"Isaac Brock\") met with [Shawnee](/wiki/Shawnee \"Shawnee\") chief [Tecumseh](/wiki/Tecumseh \"Tecumseh\") in [Amherstburg, Ontario](/wiki/Amherstburg%2C_Ontario \"Amherstburg, Ontario\") and quickly established a rapport, ensuring that he would cooperate with his movements.](/wiki/File:The_story_of_Isaac_Brock%2C_hero%2C_defender_and_saviour_of_upper_Canada%2C_1812_%281908%29_%2814763177825%29.jpg \"The story of Isaac Brock, hero, defender and saviour of upper Canada, 1812 (1908) (14763177825).jpg\")", "Meanwhile, British Major General [Isaac Brock](/wiki/Isaac_Brock \"Isaac Brock\") was in [York](/wiki/York%2C_Upper_Canada \"York, Upper Canada\"), the provincial capital, dealing with the unwilling [Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada \"Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada\") and mobilizing the province's militia. He had only a single regiment of regulars and some small detachments of veterans and artillery to support the militia, but he was aware that there was no immediate threat from the disorganized and badly supplied American forces on the [Niagara River](/wiki/Niagara_River \"Niagara River\"), or from the lethargic American commander in chief, Major General [Henry Dearborn](/wiki/Henry_Dearborn \"Henry Dearborn\") at [Albany, New York](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York \"Albany, New York\"). Hull's army alone was occupying or threatening Canadian territory. Late in July, Brock learned of the capture of Mackinac. He was also informed by Lieutenant General [George Prevost](/wiki/George_Prevost \"George Prevost\"), the [Governor General of Canada](/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada \"Governor General of Canada\"), that an additional regiment was being dispatched to Upper Canada, although as piecemeal detachments. Brock dispatched 50 of his small force of regulars and 250 volunteers from the militia westward from York to reinforce Amherstburg. On 5 August, he [prorogued](/wiki/Prorogation \"Prorogation\") the assembly and set out himself after them. He and his force sailed from [Port Dover, Ontario](/wiki/Port_Dover%2C_Ontario \"Port Dover, Ontario\") in batteaux and open boats. They reached Amherstburg on 13 August,C. P. Stacey, *The Defence of Upper Canada, 1812*, in Zaslow (ed), p. 17 at the same time as 200 additional Indian warriors who joined Tecumseh (100 \"Western Indians\" from Mackinac and 100 Wyandots).", "At Amherstburg, Brock learned from Hull's captured despatches that the morale was low in Hull's army, that they feared the numbers of Indians which might be facing them, and that they were short of supplies. Brock also established a rapport with Tecumseh, ensuring that the Indians would cooperate with his moves. Brock and Tecumseh met shortly after Brock arrived at Amherstburg, and legend has it that Tecumseh turned to his warriors and said, \"Here is a man!\" Brock wrote shortly afterwards, \"a more sagacious and a more gallant Warrior does not I believe exist.\"Hitsman, p. 78", "Brock determined on an immediate attack on Detroit, against the advice of most of his subordinates. The British had already played on Hull's fear of the Indians by arranging for a misleading letter to fall into American hands. The letter asked that no more Indians be allowed to proceed from Fort Mackinac, as there were already 5,000 at Amherstburg and supplies were running short. Brock sent Hull a demand for surrender, stating:", "", "> The force at my disposal authorizes me to require of you the immediate surrender of Fort Detroit. It is far from my intention to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware, that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops, will be beyond control the moment the contest commences.Tupper (1847\\), p. 246", "According to Brock's later report, his force included 600 warriors and 1300 soldiers (including those left to garrison Amherstburg and Sandwich), and two warships.{{cite book \\|last\\=Hannings \\|first\\=Bud \\|year\\=2012 \\|title\\=The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=G46OgJcYeN0C\\&q\\=Brock\\+fort\\+detroit\\+troops\\+and\\+Indians\\+numbering\\&pg\\=PA50 \\|publisher\\=McFarland Publishing \\|page\\=50 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0786463855 }} Brock carried out several bluffs to deceive the Americans into believing that there were more Indians and troops than there actually were. Major Thomas Evans at [Fort George](/wiki/Fort_George%2C_Ontario \"Fort George, Ontario\") suggested that Brock give his militia the cast\\-off uniforms of the 41st Regiment to make Hull believe that most of the British force were regulars.Cruikshank, p. 186 The troops were told to light individual fires instead of one fire per unit, thereby creating the illusion of a much larger army. They marched to take up positions in plain sight of the Americans then quickly ducked behind entrenchments, and marched back out of sight to repeat the maneuver. The same trick was carried out during meals, where the line would dump their beans into a hidden pot, then return out of view to rejoin the end of the line.", "" ]
History ------- Herne Hill was originally named the London County Grounds,{{Cite web \|title\=The Herne Hill Velodrome \- fighting for survival, The Velodrome cycle stadium, Herne Hill Stadium, Burbage Road, London SE24, England \|url\=http://www.urban75\.org/london/velodrome1\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|website\=www.urban75\.org}} the track of the London County Cycling and Athletic Club.The Bicycle, 22 April 1942, p12 It became popularly known as Herne Hill track or velodrome after its position just off Burbage Road, in [Herne Hill](/wiki/Herne_Hill "Herne Hill"), part of the [London Borough of Southwark](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark "London Borough of Southwark"). The velodrome was founded by [George Hillier](/wiki/George_Lacy_Hillier "George Lacy Hillier"), an amateur racer, in 1891\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rapha.cc/herne\-hill\-velodrome \|title\=Herne Hill Velodrome \| Rapha \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-26 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112223339/http://www.rapha.cc/herne\-hill\-velodrome \|archive\-date\=12 November 2010 }} Before then the leading venue had been at nearby [Crystal Palace](/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace "The Crystal Palace"). Crystal Palace, however, had no banking and a poor surface and supporters favoured a track which opened north of the Thames in [Paddington](/wiki/Paddington "Paddington"), in 1888\. Hillier had been a leading light at Crystal Palace and tried to persuade the owners, the Crystal Palace Company, to win back the supporters and racers by redesigning the track. The company declined and Hillier looked for a new site south of the Thames. He found an area off Burbage Road in Herne Hill and leased it from Dulwich College Trustees. Work on the new track was undertaken by W. and J. Peacock, a building company sympathetic to cycling. It started in September 1890 and finished, ahead of schedule, in March 1891\. The first race, open only to members of the Herne Hill club, was on 16 April 1891\. The first open meeting was on 23 May that same year. The circuit was designed with 5 ft bankings which were later raised. The original surface was red shale, which needed repeated rolling. It was replaced in 1893 by wooden slats, which led to fast racing but frequent crashes after rain. Concrete was laid instead in 1896\. Many records were beaten on the track, which reached a peak of popularity with the Cuca Cup 24\-hour races at the end of the 19th century. ### Good Friday meetings From 1903 it was the venue for the [Good Friday](/wiki/Good_Friday "Good Friday") meeting{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2010/sep/21/herne\-hill\-1948\-london\-olympics\|title\=Herne Hill revival would be perfect legacy of the 1948 Austerity Games \| Richard Williams\|website\=\[\[TheGuardian.com]] \|date\=20 September 2010}} organised by the Southern Counties Cycle Union. World champions have performed at Good Friday meetings, which during the 1920s and 1930s attracted attendances of 10,000\.\[broken link] {{cite web \|url\=http://www.britishcycling.org.uk/features/2003/april\-may\-june/06\_hernehill\_p2\.shtml \|title\=British Cycling \|access\-date\=2007\-02\-28 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205223/http://www.britishcycling.org.uk/features/2003/april\-may\-june/06\_hernehill\_p2\.shtml \|archive\-date\=27 September 2007 }} British Cycling website feature on Herne Hill National and world records have been established there – Norwood Paragon's [Frank Southall](/wiki/Frank_Southall "Frank Southall") was a notable record\-breaker in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1936 the tandem pairing from [Addiscombe C.C.](/wiki/Addiscombe "Addiscombe") \- [Ernie Mills](/wiki/Ernest_Mills "Ernest Mills") and [Bill Paul](/wiki/Bill_Paul_%28cyclist%29 "Bill Paul (cyclist)") set a world best of 30 miles 793 yards, unpaced in one hour, although no tandem figures were recognised by the governing body at that time.[The Golden Book of Cycling \- Mills \& Paul, 1937](http://www.thepedalclub.org/archives/goldenbook/k-o/Mills&Paul.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104011/http://www.thepedalclub.org/archives/goldenbook/k\-o/Mills%26Paul.html \|date\=28 July 2011 }} The deterioration of the velodrome and poor weather resulting in the cancellation of the 2010 meeting led to the promoters relocating the event to [Manchester Velodrome](/wiki/Manchester_Velodrome "Manchester Velodrome") for 2011\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest\-news/2011\-good\-friday\-international\-moves\-to\-manchester\-57466 \|title\=2011 Good Friday International moves to Manchester \|last1\=Bingham \|first1\=Keith\|date\=15 September 2010 \|website\=\[\[Cycling Weekly]]\|access\-date\=21 March 2014}} Subsequently, the promoters announced that the meeting would be moved to [London Velopark](/wiki/London_Velopark "London Velopark") from 2014\. Despite this plans for a new Good Friday meeting at Herne Hill were released, focusing on inter\-schools racing, disability cycling, women\-only groups, under\-eights and over\-40s. ### War and the Olympics The [National Cyclists Union](/wiki/National_Cyclists_Union "National Cyclists Union") leased Herne Hill for 21 years from 25 March 1942\.The Bicycle, UK, 5 April 1944, p3 It had been damaged during the war when the site was used for a gun battery. Weeds grew waist\-high through cracks in the surface and along the track's edges by 1942\.The Bicycle, 23 September 1942, p15 A. P. Chamberlin, secretary of the NCU, said: "The crevices between the concrete slabs of the track are covered with all kinds of growth, and I found it impossible to uproot small trees that were growing. In the back straight a luxurious grape vine has assumed interesting proportions."The Bicycle, UK, 30 September 1942, p15 Work started that year to restore it to make it ready by 1943\. The organising committee of the 1948 [Olympic Games](/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") chose it as "the only suitable" track.The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (1948\), published by the organising committee, London, p43 It said "considerable work would have to be carried out to bring the arena, both from a competition and a spectator point of view, up to the required standard for Olympic events." The track was repaired, permanent stands were built \- the only permanent construction work carried out by the Games organisersThe Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (1948\), published by the organising committee, London, p44 \- and the approach roads and turnstiles were improved and extended. A temporary stand was built in the back straight for journalists, who had 12 telephone boxes to report to the world. A small scoreboard was also put up,The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (1948\), published by the organising committee, London, p53 which the crowd "fully appreciated."The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (1948\), published by the organising committee, London, p317 The cycling press said it was disappointed that the Games opened at Herne Hill without ceremony: > What a strange nation we British are! The greatest cycling festival of this century—the XIVth Olympiad—might well have been an ordinary track promotion on the opening day at Herne Hill. Greatest oversight was the omission of any form of opening ceremony. The sparse crowd of 3,000 which gathered to watch the two\-hour morning racing session received a lukewarm greeting over the loudspeakers and were then immediately given the draw of the 1,000m sprint.*The Bicycle*, UK, 11 August 1948, p. 14 The racing was reported as good but the organisation poor: > The worst organisation of the entire XIVth Olympiad cycling events resulted in the deciding third heat of the tandem final being held at nine o'clock. It was so dark when the two tandem pairs lined up for the final run that the Italians, in their blue racing vests, were invisible against the background of spectators. To put two tandems on the track under such conditions was a disgrace.*The Bicycle*, UK, 18 August 1948, p. 6 The light was so poor that the photo\-finish camera did not work and judges told photographers not to use flash for fear of harming both their and the racers' night vision. ### Professional circus The National Cyclists' Union opened what became known as a professional circus there in May 1952, under the track's manager, John Dennis.The Bicycle, UK, 16 January 1952, p12 The plan was to bring crowds to the track, making it profitable, and to establish professional racing in Britain. Among those who took professional licenses was a prominent road rider, [Dave Bedwell](/wiki/Dave_Bedwell "Dave Bedwell") ### Survival The track held meetings featuring star internationals such as [Jacques Anquetil](/wiki/Jacques_Anquetil "Jacques Anquetil"), [Fausto Coppi](/wiki/Fausto_Coppi "Fausto Coppi"), [Reg Harris](/wiki/Reg_Harris "Reg Harris") and [Tom Simpson](/wiki/Tom_Simpson "Tom Simpson") during the 1950s and 1960s. The future of the track then became less certain. A campaign was fought to retain it during the early 2000s following a dispute between the landlord, [Dulwich Estate](/wiki/Dulwich_Estate "Dulwich Estate"), and the leaseholder, Southwark Council. A feature, said the journalist [Richard Williams](/wiki/Richard_Williams_%28journalist%29 "Richard Williams (journalist)"), was "a lease long enough to make it worthwhile to undertake the necessary refurbishment of the grandstand, which is closed for safety reasons, and the 450‑metre track itself." Bill Wright of [British Cycling](/wiki/British_Cycling "British Cycling"), formed by the merger of the National Cyclists Union with the [British League of Racing Cyclists](/wiki/British_League_of_Racing_Cyclists "British League of Racing Cyclists") in the 1950s, said: "The problem is that the venue is underfunded and deteriorating, and desperately in need of refurbishment but cannot get the investment it needs unless landlords Dulwich Estate renew their lease, something Dulwich Estate is reluctant to do. The estate, which also owns the land of some of the area’s prestigious public schools such as [Dulwich College](/wiki/Dulwich_College "Dulwich College") and [Alleyn's School](/wiki/Alleyn%27s_School "Alleyn's School"), is legally required to get the best return on its investment for benefactors. However, it also has a commitment to community upkeep."{{Cite web \|title\=From Hackney to Herne Hill: campaign to save south London's Olympic velodrome – Eastlondonlines \|url\=http://www.eastlondonlines.co.uk/2010/09/from\-hackney\-to\-herne\-hill\-campaign\-to\-save\-olympic\-velodrome/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|website\=www.eastlondonlines.co.uk}} A supporter of the campaign was Olympic gold medallist [Bradley Wiggins](/wiki/Bradley_Wiggins "Bradley Wiggins"), who started racing at Herne Hill when he was 12\.{{Cite web \|date\=2007\-04\-07 \|title\=Cycling: Future's bright, the future's Britain \|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/apr/08/cycling.news \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|website\=the Guardian \|language\=en}} The campaign has also attracted support from British racing cyclists [Victoria Pendleton](/wiki/Victoria_Pendleton "Victoria Pendleton") and [Ben Swift](/wiki/Ben_Swift "Ben Swift"), as well as local residents [Jo Brand](/wiki/Jo_Brand "Jo Brand") and [James Nesbitt](/wiki/James_Nesbitt "James Nesbitt").{{cite press release \|author\= \|title\=Herne Hill Velodrome is latest winner of Big Society Award \|url\=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/herne\-hill\-velodrome\-is\-latest\-winner\-of\-big\-society\-award \|location\=London \|publisher\=\[\[British Prime Minister's Office]]\|date\=2013\-08\-12 \|access\-date\=2014\-03\-22}}
[ "History\n-------", "Herne Hill was originally named the London County Grounds,{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Herne Hill Velodrome \\- fighting for survival, The Velodrome cycle stadium, Herne Hill Stadium, Burbage Road, London SE24, England \\|url\\=http://www.urban75\\.org/london/velodrome1\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|website\\=www.urban75\\.org}} the track of the London County Cycling and Athletic Club.The Bicycle, 22 April 1942, p12 It became popularly known as Herne Hill track or velodrome after its position just off Burbage Road, in [Herne Hill](/wiki/Herne_Hill \"Herne Hill\"), part of the [London Borough of Southwark](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark \"London Borough of Southwark\").", "The velodrome was founded by [George Hillier](/wiki/George_Lacy_Hillier \"George Lacy Hillier\"), an amateur racer, in 1891\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rapha.cc/herne\\-hill\\-velodrome \\|title\\=Herne Hill Velodrome \\| Rapha \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-26 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112223339/http://www.rapha.cc/herne\\-hill\\-velodrome \\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2010 }} Before then the leading venue had been at nearby [Crystal Palace](/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace \"The Crystal Palace\"). Crystal Palace, however, had no banking and a poor surface and supporters favoured a track which opened north of the Thames in [Paddington](/wiki/Paddington \"Paddington\"), in 1888\\. Hillier had been a leading light at Crystal Palace and tried to persuade the owners, the Crystal Palace Company, to win back the supporters and racers by redesigning the track. The company declined and Hillier looked for a new site south of the Thames. He found an area off Burbage Road in Herne Hill and leased it from Dulwich College Trustees.", "Work on the new track was undertaken by W. and J. Peacock, a building company sympathetic to cycling. It started in September 1890 and finished, ahead of schedule, in March 1891\\. The first race, open only to members of the Herne Hill club, was on 16 April 1891\\. The first open meeting was on 23 May that same year.", "The circuit was designed with 5 ft bankings which were later raised. The original surface was red shale, which needed repeated rolling. It was replaced in 1893 by wooden slats, which led to fast racing but frequent crashes after rain. Concrete was laid instead in 1896\\.", "Many records were beaten on the track, which reached a peak of popularity with the Cuca Cup 24\\-hour races at the end of the 19th century.", "### Good Friday meetings", "From 1903 it was the venue for the [Good Friday](/wiki/Good_Friday \"Good Friday\") meeting{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2010/sep/21/herne\\-hill\\-1948\\-london\\-olympics\\|title\\=Herne Hill revival would be perfect legacy of the 1948 Austerity Games \\| Richard Williams\\|website\\=\\[\\[TheGuardian.com]] \\|date\\=20 September 2010}} organised by the Southern Counties Cycle Union. World champions have performed at Good Friday meetings, which during the 1920s and 1930s attracted attendances of 10,000\\.\\[broken link] {{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.britishcycling.org.uk/features/2003/april\\-may\\-june/06\\_hernehill\\_p2\\.shtml \\|title\\=British Cycling \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-28 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205223/http://www.britishcycling.org.uk/features/2003/april\\-may\\-june/06\\_hernehill\\_p2\\.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007 }} British Cycling website feature on Herne Hill National and world records have been established there – Norwood Paragon's [Frank Southall](/wiki/Frank_Southall \"Frank Southall\") was a notable record\\-breaker in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1936 the tandem pairing from [Addiscombe C.C.](/wiki/Addiscombe \"Addiscombe\") \\- [Ernie Mills](/wiki/Ernest_Mills \"Ernest Mills\") and [Bill Paul](/wiki/Bill_Paul_%28cyclist%29 \"Bill Paul (cyclist)\") set a world best of 30 miles 793 yards, unpaced in one hour, although no tandem figures were recognised by the governing body at that time.[The Golden Book of Cycling \\- Mills \\& Paul, 1937](http://www.thepedalclub.org/archives/goldenbook/k-o/Mills&Paul.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104011/http://www.thepedalclub.org/archives/goldenbook/k\\-o/Mills%26Paul.html \\|date\\=28 July 2011 }}", "The deterioration of the velodrome and poor weather resulting in the cancellation of the 2010 meeting led to the promoters relocating the event to [Manchester Velodrome](/wiki/Manchester_Velodrome \"Manchester Velodrome\") for 2011\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest\\-news/2011\\-good\\-friday\\-international\\-moves\\-to\\-manchester\\-57466 \\|title\\=2011 Good Friday International moves to Manchester \\|last1\\=Bingham \\|first1\\=Keith\\|date\\=15 September 2010 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Cycling Weekly]]\\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2014}} Subsequently, the promoters announced that the meeting would be moved to [London Velopark](/wiki/London_Velopark \"London Velopark\") from 2014\\. Despite this plans for a new Good Friday meeting at Herne Hill were released, focusing on inter\\-schools racing, disability cycling, women\\-only groups, under\\-eights and over\\-40s.", "### War and the Olympics", "The [National Cyclists Union](/wiki/National_Cyclists_Union \"National Cyclists Union\") leased Herne Hill for 21 years from 25 March 1942\\.The Bicycle, UK, 5 April 1944, p3 It had been damaged during the war when the site was used for a gun battery. Weeds grew waist\\-high through cracks in the surface and along the track's edges by 1942\\.The Bicycle, 23 September 1942, p15 A. P. Chamberlin, secretary of the NCU, said: \"The crevices between the concrete slabs of the track are covered with all kinds of growth, and I found it impossible to uproot small trees that were growing. In the back straight a luxurious grape vine has assumed interesting proportions.\"The Bicycle, UK, 30 September 1942, p15 Work started that year to restore it to make it ready by 1943\\.", "The organising committee of the 1948 [Olympic Games](/wiki/Olympic_Games \"Olympic Games\") chose it as \"the only suitable\" track.The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (1948\\), published by the organising committee, London, p43 It said \"considerable work would have to be carried out to bring the arena, both from a competition and a spectator point of view, up to the required standard for Olympic events.\" The track was repaired, permanent stands were built \\- the only permanent construction work carried out by the Games organisersThe Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (1948\\), published by the organising committee, London, p44 \\- and the approach roads and turnstiles were improved and extended. A temporary stand was built in the back straight for journalists, who had 12 telephone boxes to report to the world. A small scoreboard was also put up,The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (1948\\), published by the organising committee, London, p53 which the crowd \"fully appreciated.\"The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (1948\\), published by the organising committee, London, p317", "The cycling press said it was disappointed that the Games opened at Herne Hill without ceremony:", "", "> What a strange nation we British are! The greatest cycling festival of this century—the XIVth Olympiad—might well have been an ordinary track promotion on the opening day at Herne Hill. Greatest oversight was the omission of any form of opening ceremony. The sparse crowd of 3,000 which gathered to watch the two\\-hour morning racing session received a lukewarm greeting over the loudspeakers and were then immediately given the draw of the 1,000m sprint.*The Bicycle*, UK, 11 August 1948, p. 14", "The racing was reported as good but the organisation poor:", "", "> The worst organisation of the entire XIVth Olympiad cycling events resulted in the deciding third heat of the tandem final being held at nine o'clock. It was so dark when the two tandem pairs lined up for the final run that the Italians, in their blue racing vests, were invisible against the background of spectators. To put two tandems on the track under such conditions was a disgrace.*The Bicycle*, UK, 18 August 1948, p. 6", "The light was so poor that the photo\\-finish camera did not work and judges told photographers not to use flash for fear of harming both their and the racers' night vision.", "### Professional circus", "The National Cyclists' Union opened what became known as a professional circus there in May 1952, under the track's manager, John Dennis.The Bicycle, UK, 16 January 1952, p12 The plan was to bring crowds to the track, making it profitable, and to establish professional racing in Britain. Among those who took professional licenses was a prominent road rider, [Dave Bedwell](/wiki/Dave_Bedwell \"Dave Bedwell\")", "### Survival", "The track held meetings featuring star internationals such as [Jacques Anquetil](/wiki/Jacques_Anquetil \"Jacques Anquetil\"), [Fausto Coppi](/wiki/Fausto_Coppi \"Fausto Coppi\"), [Reg Harris](/wiki/Reg_Harris \"Reg Harris\") and [Tom Simpson](/wiki/Tom_Simpson \"Tom Simpson\") during the 1950s and 1960s. The future of the track then became less certain. A campaign was fought to retain it during the early 2000s following a dispute between the landlord, [Dulwich Estate](/wiki/Dulwich_Estate \"Dulwich Estate\"), and the leaseholder, Southwark Council. A feature, said the journalist [Richard Williams](/wiki/Richard_Williams_%28journalist%29 \"Richard Williams (journalist)\"), was \"a lease long enough to make it worthwhile to undertake the necessary refurbishment of the grandstand, which is closed for safety reasons, and the 450‑metre track itself.\" Bill Wright of [British Cycling](/wiki/British_Cycling \"British Cycling\"), formed by the merger of the National Cyclists Union with the [British League of Racing Cyclists](/wiki/British_League_of_Racing_Cyclists \"British League of Racing Cyclists\") in the 1950s, said: \"The problem is that the venue is underfunded and deteriorating, and desperately in need of refurbishment but cannot get the investment it needs unless landlords Dulwich Estate renew their lease, something Dulwich Estate is reluctant to do. The estate, which also owns the land of some of the area’s prestigious public schools such as [Dulwich College](/wiki/Dulwich_College \"Dulwich College\") and [Alleyn's School](/wiki/Alleyn%27s_School \"Alleyn's School\"), is legally required to get the best return on its investment for benefactors. However, it also has a commitment to community upkeep.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=From Hackney to Herne Hill: campaign to save south London's Olympic velodrome – Eastlondonlines \\|url\\=http://www.eastlondonlines.co.uk/2010/09/from\\-hackney\\-to\\-herne\\-hill\\-campaign\\-to\\-save\\-olympic\\-velodrome/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|website\\=www.eastlondonlines.co.uk}} A supporter of the campaign was Olympic gold medallist [Bradley Wiggins](/wiki/Bradley_Wiggins \"Bradley Wiggins\"), who started racing at Herne Hill when he was 12\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-07 \\|title\\=Cycling: Future's bright, the future's Britain \\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/apr/08/cycling.news \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|website\\=the Guardian \\|language\\=en}} The campaign has also attracted support from British racing cyclists [Victoria Pendleton](/wiki/Victoria_Pendleton \"Victoria Pendleton\") and [Ben Swift](/wiki/Ben_Swift \"Ben Swift\"), as well as local residents [Jo Brand](/wiki/Jo_Brand \"Jo Brand\") and [James Nesbitt](/wiki/James_Nesbitt \"James Nesbitt\").{{cite press release \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Herne Hill Velodrome is latest winner of Big Society Award \\|url\\=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/herne\\-hill\\-velodrome\\-is\\-latest\\-winner\\-of\\-big\\-society\\-award \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[British Prime Minister's Office]]\\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-12 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-22}}", "" ]