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Club career ----------- ### West Ham United Slater joined [West Ham](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") as an apprentice in 1986 and after a tough first year, he became a star of the youth team. He made his first appearance for West Ham, still an apprentice, when he came on as substitute for [Ray Stewart](/wiki/Ray_Stewart_%28Scottish_footballer%29 "Ray Stewart (Scottish footballer)") in the Division One home game against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. "Derby County F.C.") in October 1987\. He was offered a professional contract in April 1988 just after his seventeenth birthday and made a second appearance in the 1987–88 season when he came on as substitute in the home game against [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. "Coventry City F.C.") in the same month. He made his first start for West Ham against [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. "Southampton F.C.") in August 1988, when a clash of heads with [Russell Osman](/wiki/Russell_Osman "Russell Osman") led to him being taken off in the first minute. He recovered to win the Man of the Match award in his next two games, against [Charlton](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C.") and [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C."), and scored his first goal for the club in a F.A. Cup 5th round tie against Charlton in February 1989\. Playing in Division Two in 1989–90, he scored nine goals in 50 league and cup appearances as West Ham reached the semi\-final of the League Cup, and made three substitute appearances for the England Under 21 team in 1990\. Manager [Billy Bonds](/wiki/Billy_Bonds "Billy Bonds") switched him to the left wing towards the end of the 1989–90 season where he excelled to the extent that after a 5–0 home defeat of [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. "Sheffield United F.C.") in March 1990, the Sheffield United defender, [Chris Wilder](/wiki/Chris_Wilder "Chris Wilder"), shook Slater's hand, saying, "That's the closest I've been to you all evening." A similar performance came against [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C.") in the sixth\-round of the FA Cup in March 1991, when he also scored West Ham's second goal from 20 yards, as West Ham won 2–1 to reach the semi\-finals. West Ham returned to Division One in 1991–92 but, troubled by an Achilles injury, Slater failed to score a goal in 51 appearances. He turned down the offer of a new contract and left the club in August 1992 for [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. "Celtic F.C."). ### Celtic Former West Ham teammate, [Liam Brady](/wiki/Liam_Brady "Liam Brady"), then manager of Celtic, took Slater to Glasgow in a £1\.5 million deal in August 1992\. Slater made his debut in the same month, coming on as a substitute in a 1–1 away draw against [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. "Rangers F.C."), but did not make an impression at Celtic and thirteen months later he returned south to [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. "Ipswich Town F.C."), having scored three goals in 43 appearances. ### Ipswich Town He joined Ipswich Town in a £750,000 deal in September 1993, where he linked up again with his former manager at West Ham, [John Lyall](/wiki/John_Lyall "John Lyall"), in the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League"). He stayed at Ipswich for three seasons scoring four goals in 84 appearances before leaving on a free transfer. ### Later career After a short spell on trial at [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C."), Slater joined [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C."). Injuries limited him to only 35 league appearances for the Watford in almost three years and he eventually moved to Australia, joining [NSL](/wiki/National_Soccer_League "National Soccer League") club, [Carlton S.C.](/wiki/Carlton_S.C. "Carlton S.C."), in August 1999\. Slater returned to England a year later to join [Football Conference](/wiki/Football_Conference "Football Conference") club [Forest Green Rovers](/wiki/Forest_Green_Rovers "Forest Green Rovers") in October 2000, for whom he made 24 league and cup appearances in the 2000–01 season and played in the [FA Trophy](/wiki/FA_Trophy "FA Trophy") final at [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park "Villa Park") in May 2001, when Rovers were beaten 1–0 by [Canvey Island](/wiki/Canvey_Island_F.C. "Canvey Island F.C.").{{cite news \\|title \=Canvey stun Forest to lift Trophy \\|publisher \= BBC Sport \\|date \= 13 May 2001 \\|url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1328114\.stm \\|accessdate \= 26 August 2007 }} He was unable to agree a new contract with Rovers and followed manager Frank Gregan to [League of Wales](/wiki/League_of_Wales "League of Wales") side [Aberystwyth Town](/wiki/Aberystwyth_Town_F.C. "Aberystwyth Town F.C.") in July 2001\.{{cite news \\|title \=Aber sign experienced midfielder \\|publisher \= BBC Sport \\|date \= 17 July 2001 \\|url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/wales/1443585\.stm \\|accessdate \= 25 August 2007 }} Poor results in the first months of the 2001–02 season saw Frank Gregan depart and Slater follow him to [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_Football_League "Southern Football League") club, [Weston\-super\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare_A.F.C. "Weston-super-Mare A.F.C."), in December 2001,{{cite news \\|title \=Gregan begins recruiting \\|publisher \= Non\-League Daily \\|date \= 10 December 2001 \\|url\=http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?newsmode\=FULL\&nid\=1674 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200856/http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?newsmode\=FULL\&nid\=1674 \\|url\-status\=usurped \\|archive\-date\=27 September 2007 \\|accessdate \= 25 August 2007 }} where he stayed for the next three years, helping Weston\-super\-Mare to promotion to the [Southern League Premier Division](/wiki/Southern_Football_League_Premier_Division "Southern Football League Premier Division") in 2003\. He played his final game for Weston\-super\-Mare in a 1–1 draw, in which he scored, at [Bishop Stortford](/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford_F.C. "Bishop's Stortford F.C.") in October 2004\.{{cite web \\| title \=Player Details: Season 2004–2005 Stuart Slater \\| publisher \=SoccerFactsUK \\|url\=http://www.soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2004/player\_details.php?playerid\=7145 \\| accessdate \= 26 August 2007 }} In January 2009, Slater joined [Wivenhoe Town](/wiki/Wivenhoe_Town_F.C. "Wivenhoe Town F.C."), managed by his former [West Ham](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") teammate, [Julian Dicks](/wiki/Julian_Dicks "Julian Dicks"),{{cite news \\| title \= Dicks signs former Hammers' team\-mate \\| url \= http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?\&newsmode\=FULL\&nid\=54988 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121004104829/http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?\&newsmode\=FULL\&nid\=54988 \\| url\-status \= usurped \\| archive\-date \= 4 October 2012 \\| publisher \= NonLeagueDaily.com \\| date \= 21 January 2009 \\| accessdate \= 22 January 2009}} but never made an appearance for the team.	[ "Club career\n-----------", "### West Ham United", "Slater joined [West Ham](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") as an apprentice in 1986 and after a tough first year, he became a star of the youth team. He made his first appearance for West Ham, still an apprentice, when he came on as substitute for [Ray Stewart](/wiki/Ray_Stewart_%28Scottish_footballer%29 \"Ray Stewart (Scottish footballer)\") in the Division One home game against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. \"Derby County F.C.\") in October 1987\\. He was offered a professional contract in April 1988 just after his seventeenth birthday and made a second appearance in the 1987–88 season when he came on as substitute in the home game against [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. \"Coventry City F.C.\") in the same month.", "He made his first start for West Ham against [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. \"Southampton F.C.\") in August 1988, when a clash of heads with [Russell Osman](/wiki/Russell_Osman \"Russell Osman\") led to him being taken off in the first minute. He recovered to win the Man of the Match award in his next two games, against [Charlton](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\") and [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\"), and scored his first goal for the club in a F.A. Cup 5th round tie against Charlton in February 1989\\. Playing in Division Two in 1989–90, he scored nine goals in 50 league and cup appearances as West Ham reached the semi\\-final of the League Cup, and made three substitute appearances for the England Under 21 team in 1990\\.", "Manager [Billy Bonds](/wiki/Billy_Bonds \"Billy Bonds\") switched him to the left wing towards the end of the 1989–90 season where he excelled to the extent that after a 5–0 home defeat of [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. \"Sheffield United F.C.\") in March 1990, the Sheffield United defender, [Chris Wilder](/wiki/Chris_Wilder \"Chris Wilder\"), shook Slater's hand, saying, \"That's the closest I've been to you all evening.\" A similar performance came against [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\") in the sixth\\-round of the FA Cup in March 1991, when he also scored West Ham's second goal from 20 yards, as West Ham won 2–1 to reach the semi\\-finals. West Ham returned to Division One in 1991–92 but, troubled by an Achilles injury, Slater failed to score a goal in 51 appearances. He turned down the offer of a new contract and left the club in August 1992 for [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. \"Celtic F.C.\").", "### Celtic", "Former West Ham teammate, [Liam Brady](/wiki/Liam_Brady \"Liam Brady\"), then manager of Celtic, took Slater to Glasgow in a £1\\.5 million deal in August 1992\\. Slater made his debut in the same month, coming on as a substitute in a 1–1 away draw against [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. \"Rangers F.C.\"), but did not make an impression at Celtic and thirteen months later he returned south to [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. \"Ipswich Town F.C.\"), having scored three goals in 43 appearances.", "### Ipswich Town", "He joined Ipswich Town in a £750,000 deal in September 1993, where he linked up again with his former manager at West Ham, [John Lyall](/wiki/John_Lyall \"John Lyall\"), in the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\"). He stayed at Ipswich for three seasons scoring four goals in 84 appearances before leaving on a free transfer.", "### Later career", "After a short spell on trial at [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\"), Slater joined [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\"). Injuries limited him to only 35 league appearances for the Watford in almost three years and he eventually moved to Australia, joining [NSL](/wiki/National_Soccer_League \"National Soccer League\") club, [Carlton S.C.](/wiki/Carlton_S.C. \"Carlton S.C.\"), in August 1999\\.", "Slater returned to England a year later to join [Football Conference](/wiki/Football_Conference \"Football Conference\") club [Forest Green Rovers](/wiki/Forest_Green_Rovers \"Forest Green Rovers\") in October 2000, for whom he made 24 league and cup appearances in the 2000–01 season and played in the [FA Trophy](/wiki/FA_Trophy \"FA Trophy\") final at [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park \"Villa Park\") in May 2001, when Rovers were beaten 1–0 by [Canvey Island](/wiki/Canvey_Island_F.C. \"Canvey Island F.C.\").{{cite news \\\|title \\=Canvey stun Forest to lift Trophy \\\|publisher \\= BBC Sport \\\|date \\= 13 May 2001 \\\|url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1328114\\.stm \\\|accessdate \\= 26 August 2007 }}", "He was unable to agree a new contract with Rovers and followed manager Frank Gregan to [League of Wales](/wiki/League_of_Wales \"League of Wales\") side [Aberystwyth Town](/wiki/Aberystwyth_Town_F.C. \"Aberystwyth Town F.C.\") in July 2001\\.{{cite news \\\|title \\=Aber sign experienced midfielder \\\|publisher \\= BBC Sport \\\|date \\= 17 July 2001 \\\|url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/wales/1443585\\.stm \\\|accessdate \\= 25 August 2007 }} Poor results in the first months of the 2001–02 season saw Frank Gregan depart and Slater follow him to [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_Football_League \"Southern Football League\") club, [Weston\\-super\\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare_A.F.C. \"Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.\"), in December 2001,{{cite news \\\|title \\=Gregan begins recruiting \\\|publisher \\= Non\\-League Daily \\\|date \\= 10 December 2001 \\\|url\\=http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?newsmode\\=FULL\\&nid\\=1674 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200856/http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?newsmode\\=FULL\\&nid\\=1674 \\\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007 \\\|accessdate \\= 25 August 2007 }} where he stayed for the next three years, helping Weston\\-super\\-Mare to promotion to the [Southern League Premier Division](/wiki/Southern_Football_League_Premier_Division \"Southern Football League Premier Division\") in 2003\\.", "He played his final game for Weston\\-super\\-Mare in a 1–1 draw, in which he scored, at [Bishop Stortford](/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford_F.C. \"Bishop's Stortford F.C.\") in October 2004\\.{{cite web \\\| title \\=Player Details: Season 2004–2005 Stuart Slater \\\| publisher \\=SoccerFactsUK \\\|url\\=http://www.soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2004/player\\_details.php?playerid\\=7145 \\\| accessdate \\= 26 August 2007 }} In January 2009, Slater joined [Wivenhoe Town](/wiki/Wivenhoe_Town_F.C. \"Wivenhoe Town F.C.\"), managed by his former [West Ham](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") teammate, [Julian Dicks](/wiki/Julian_Dicks \"Julian Dicks\"),{{cite news \\\| title \\= Dicks signs former Hammers' team\\-mate \\\| url \\= http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?\\&newsmode\\=FULL\\&nid\\=54988 \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121004104829/http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?\\&newsmode\\=FULL\\&nid\\=54988 \\\| url\\-status \\= usurped \\\| archive\\-date \\= 4 October 2012 \\\| publisher \\= NonLeagueDaily.com \\\| date \\= 21 January 2009 \\\| accessdate \\= 22 January 2009}} but never made an appearance for the team.", "" ]
History ------- Karancsalja is a settlement of the [Árpádian age](/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty "Árpád dynasty") in the valley of the Dobroda stream. It was named after the 729\-metre\-high (2392 ft) [Karancs](/wiki/Karancs "Karancs") peak, which is situated a few kilometres northeast of the village, on the border of Slovakia and Hungary, is also called "[Palóc](/wiki/Pal%C3%B3c "Palóc") Olympus". [left\\|thumb\\|258x258px\\|Margaret Chapel](/wiki/File:Szent_Margit-k%C3%A1polna_%28Karancsalja%29.jpg "Szent Margit-kápolna (Karancsalja).jpg") The village already existed in the [Árpádian period](/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty "Árpád dynasty"). According to legend, in 1241 King [Béla IV](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary "Béla IV of Hungary") found refuge there one night when he had to flee after bloody [battle of Mohi](/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi "Battle of Mohi") against the [Tatars](/wiki/Tat%C3%A1rj%C3%A1r%C3%A1s_%28disambiguation%29 "Tatárjárás (disambiguation)"). Tradition holds that the King's daughter, [St. Margaret](/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary_%28saint%29 "Margaret of Hungary (saint)"), built the Margaret Chapel on the summit of Karancs to commemorate this famous event. The history of the village during the [Turkish occupation](/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary "Ottoman Hungary") and in the late [medieval period](/wiki/History_of_Hungary%23Medieval_Hungary "History of Hungary#Medieval Hungary") is rather unexamined. In 1548 it was owned by Ferenc Bebek. In 1715, the census recorded 8, and in 1720, 14 Hungarian households. In 1770 László Jankovich, at the beginning of the 19th century Antal Jankovics, and in the early 1900s Géza Balla were the most important landowners of the village. The [mansion](/wiki/Mansion "Mansion") in the village was built by Miklós Jankovich at the beginning of the 19th century, but was rebuilt by its new owner in 1909 and demolished in the [1950s](/wiki/History_of_Hungary%23Stalinist_era_%281949%E2%80%931956%29 "History of Hungary#Stalinist era (1949–1956)"). In 1873 a large [cholera](/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics "Cholera outbreaks and pandemics") epidemic devastated the settlement. The [coal mines](/wiki/Coal_mining "Coal mining") on the outskirts of Karancsalja were of great importance to the life of the population, providing a livelihood for many people in the 19th and 20th centuries. At the end of 1944, the Karancslejtős mine at Etes, a few kilometres from the village, was the scene of a tragic event when seven of the miners who refused to work, to get better conditions, were shot dead. {{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.karancsalja.hu/telepulesunk/ismerteto\\|title\=Official website of the village Karancsalja\\|website\=www.karancsalja.hu\\|access\-date\=22 April 2020}}	[ "History\n-------", "Karancsalja is a settlement of the [Árpádian age](/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty \"Árpád dynasty\") in the valley of the Dobroda stream.", "It was named after the 729\\-metre\\-high (2392 ft) [Karancs](/wiki/Karancs \"Karancs\") peak, which is situated a few kilometres northeast of the village, on the border of Slovakia and Hungary, is also called \"[Palóc](/wiki/Pal%C3%B3c \"Palóc\") Olympus\".\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|258x258px\\\|Margaret Chapel](/wiki/File:Szent_Margit-k%C3%A1polna_%28Karancsalja%29.jpg \"Szent Margit-kápolna (Karancsalja).jpg\")\nThe village already existed in the [Árpádian period](/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty \"Árpád dynasty\"). According to legend, in 1241 King [Béla IV](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary \"Béla IV of Hungary\") found refuge there one night when he had to flee after bloody [battle of Mohi](/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi \"Battle of Mohi\") against the [Tatars](/wiki/Tat%C3%A1rj%C3%A1r%C3%A1s_%28disambiguation%29 \"Tatárjárás (disambiguation)\"). Tradition holds that the King's daughter, [St. Margaret](/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary_%28saint%29 \"Margaret of Hungary (saint)\"), built the Margaret Chapel on the summit of Karancs to commemorate this famous event.", "The history of the village during the [Turkish occupation](/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary \"Ottoman Hungary\") and in the late [medieval period](/wiki/History_of_Hungary%23Medieval_Hungary \"History of Hungary#Medieval Hungary\") is rather unexamined.", "In 1548 it was owned by Ferenc Bebek.", "In 1715, the census recorded 8, and in 1720, 14 Hungarian households.", "In 1770 László Jankovich, at the beginning of the 19th century Antal Jankovics, and in the early 1900s Géza Balla were the most important landowners of the village.", "The [mansion](/wiki/Mansion \"Mansion\") in the village was built by Miklós Jankovich at the beginning of the 19th century, but was rebuilt by its new owner in 1909 and demolished in the [1950s](/wiki/History_of_Hungary%23Stalinist_era_%281949%E2%80%931956%29 \"History of Hungary#Stalinist era (1949–1956)\").", "In 1873 a large [cholera](/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics \"Cholera outbreaks and pandemics\") epidemic devastated the settlement.", "The [coal mines](/wiki/Coal_mining \"Coal mining\") on the outskirts of Karancsalja were of great importance to the life of the population, providing a livelihood for many people in the 19th and 20th centuries. At the end of 1944, the Karancslejtős mine at Etes, a few kilometres from the village, was the scene of a tragic event when seven of the miners who refused to work, to get better conditions, were shot dead. {{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.karancsalja.hu/telepulesunk/ismerteto\\\|title\\=Official website of the village Karancsalja\\\|website\\=www.karancsalja.hu\\\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2020}}", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Arizona Diamondbacks Castillo was originally signed as an undrafted [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent") in 2002 by the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks"). He first played in Arizona's [farm system](/wiki/Farm_team "Farm team") in 2004, mostly in the rookie\-level [Pioneer League](/wiki/Pioneer_League_%28baseball%29 "Pioneer League (baseball)"), while also appearing in six [Triple\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 "Triple-A (baseball)") games. He spent 2005 playing in [Single–A](/wiki/Class_A_%28baseball%29 "Class A (baseball)") and spent 2006 in [High–A](/wiki/Class_A-Advanced "Class A-Advanced"), [Double\-A](/wiki/Double-A_%28baseball%29 "Double-A (baseball)"), and Triple\-A. In 2007, he played for the Double\-A [Mobile BayBears](/wiki/Mobile_BayBears "Mobile BayBears") where he had a .302 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") in 109 games. In 2008, Castillo was named the 14th\-best prospect in the Diamondbacks organization,{{cite book\\|author\=Baseball America\\|title\=Baseball America Prospect Handbook 2009\\|publisher\=Baseball America Inc.\\|location\=Durham, North Carolina\\|year\=2009\\|pages\=15}} and played 104 games in Triple\-A for the [Tucson Sidewinders](/wiki/Tucson_Sidewinders "Tucson Sidewinders") of the [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League "Pacific Coast League"), batting .254 with six home runs and 47 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in "Run batted in"). ### Cincinnati Reds On August 14, 2008, Castillo was sent to the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds") as a part of the [Adam Dunn](/wiki/Adam_Dunn "Adam Dunn") trade, which took place August 11\. On September 1, he was called up and made his MLB debut the following day against the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates "Pittsburgh Pirates"), flying out to left in his one at\-bat as a [pinch hitter](/wiki/Pinch_hitter "Pinch hitter"). His first hit was on September 3, a single to right field off [T. J. Beam](/wiki/T._J._Beam "T. J. Beam") of the Pirates, also as a pinch hitter. Castillo played in 18 MLB games in 2008, with 9 hits in 32 at\-bats for a .281 average. He began the 2009 season with the [Triple\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 "Triple-A (baseball)") [Louisville Bats](/wiki/Louisville_Bats "Louisville Bats") after failing to earn a spot on the Reds' roster.[Reds Send Bailey to the Minors](https://web.archive.org/web/20090408081309/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/baseball/mlb/04/05/reds.bailey.ap/index.html) SI.com, April 5, 2009 On June 20, he was called up to the Reds and appeared in four games with two hits in three at\-bats. He played in a total of 22 games with the Reds over the two seasons, with 11 hits in 35 at\-bats for a .314 average.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/Pcastw001\.htm \\|title\=Wilkin Castillo \\|website\=\[\[Retrosheet]] \\|accessdate\=June 23, 2019}} ### Atlanta Braves On November 30, 2010, Castillo signed a minor league contract, that included an invitation to [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training"), with the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves").{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33153664/braves\_signings/ \\|title\=Braves signings \\|first\=David \\|last\=O'Brien \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution]] \\|page\=C3 \\|date\=November 30, 2010 \\|accessdate\=June 23, 2019 \\|via\=newspapers.com}} He spent the 2011 season with the Triple\-A [Gwinnett Braves](/wiki/Gwinnett_Braves "Gwinnett Braves"), recording a [slash line](/wiki/Slash_line "Slash line") of .262/.285/.366 with five HR and 37 RBI in 80 games.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=castil001wil \\|title\=Wilkin Castillo Minor, Winter, Fall, Mexican \& Independent Statistics \& History \\|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]] \\|accessdate\=June 23, 2019}} ### Colorado Rockies On December 16, 2011, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies") and played in Triple\-A for the [Colorado Springs Sky Sox](/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Sky_Sox "Colorado Springs Sky Sox"), slashing .253/.273/.365 with four HR and 34 RBI in 74 games. ### Vaqueros Laguna On November 21, 2012, Castillo signed a minor league deal with the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers").{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2012/11/minor\-moves\-athletics\-nationals\-dodgers.html \\|title\=Minor Moves: Athletics, Nationals, Dodgers \\|work\=MLB Trade Rumors \\|first\=Mike \\|last\=Axisa \\|date\=November 21, 2012}} The Dodgers released him at the end of spring training. On May 24, 2013, Castillo was signed to the [Mexican League](/wiki/Mexican_League "Mexican League") [Triple\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 "Triple-A (baseball)") [Vaqueros Laguna](/wiki/Vaqueros_Laguna "Vaqueros Laguna") team. In 51 games he hit .378/.419/.562 with six home runs and 28 RBI. ### Toros de Tijuana On April 1, 2014, Castillo was traded to the [Toros de Tijuana](/wiki/Toros_de_Tijuana "Toros de Tijuana"). He was released on April 12\. In eight games he hit .182/.206/.273 with no home runs and three RBI. ### Broncos de Reynosa On May 28, 2014, Castillo signed with the [Broncos de Reynosa](/wiki/Broncos_de_Reynosa "Broncos de Reynosa") of the [Mexican League](/wiki/Mexican_League "Mexican League"). He was released on July 1\.{{citation needed\\|date\=May 2018}} In 25 games he hit .215/.284/.333 with two home runs and eight RBI. ### Pittsburgh Pirates On January 30, 2015, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates "Pittsburgh Pirates") organization.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2015/01/minor\-moves\-wall\-castillo\-volstad\-burgos\-flores.html\\|title\=Minor Moves: Wall, Castillo, Volstad, Burgos, Flores\\|last\=Todd\\|first\=Jeff\\|work\=mlbtraderumors.com\\|date\=January 30, 2015\\|accessdate\=January 31, 2015}} In 21 games for the Triple–A [Indianapolis Indians](/wiki/Indianapolis_Indians "Indianapolis Indians"), he hit .250/.380/.300 with two RBI and one stolen base. Castillo elected free agency on November 6\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.milb.com/milb/stats/stats.jsp?sid\=milb\&t\=l\_trn\&lid\=117\\|title\=International League Transactions\\|page\=November 2015\\|work\=milb.com\\|accessdate\=November 6, 2015}} ### Toronto Blue Jays On February 26, 2016, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays") organization. In 51 games split between the Double–A [New Hampshire Fisher Cats](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Fisher_Cats "New Hampshire Fisher Cats") and Triple–A [Buffalo Bisons](/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons "Buffalo Bisons"), he batted a combined .229/.271/.312 with one home run, 12 RBI, and two stolen bases. Castillo elected free agency following the season on November 7\.{{Cite web\\|title\=Minor League Free Agents 2016\\|url\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\-league\-free\-agents\-2016/\\|access\-date\=August 3, 2024\\|website\=baseballamerica.com\\|language\=en}} ### New York Yankees On January 7, 2017, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees").{{Cite news\\|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees\-wilkin\-castillo\-inks\-minor\-league\-deal\-with\-yankees/\\|title\=Yankees' Wilkin Castillo: Inks minor league deal with Yankees\\|newspaper\=CBSSports.com\\|access\-date\=2017\-01\-07}} He played in 59 games split between the Double–A [Trenton Thunder](/wiki/Trenton_Thunder "Trenton Thunder") and Triple–A [Scranton/Wilkes\-Barre RailRiders](/wiki/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre_RailRiders "Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders"), accumulating a .196/.243/.286 batting line with three home runs and 13 RBI. Castillo elected free agency following the season on November 6\.{{Cite web\\|title\=Minor League Free Agents 2017\\|url\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\-league\-free\-agents\-2017/?amphtml\\|access\-date\=April 28, 2024\\|website\=baseballamerica.com\\|language\=en}} ### Long Island Ducks On March 27, 2018, Castillo signed with the [Long Island Ducks](/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks "Long Island Ducks") of the independent [Atlantic League of Professional Baseball](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball "Atlantic League of Professional Baseball").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.liducks.com/news/current/?article\_id\=1675\\|title\=Ducks Ink Pair of Former Big Leaguers\\|work\=Long Island Ducks\\|accessdate\=March 27, 2018}} In 20 games he hit .314/.400/.486 with two home runs and 12 RBI. ### New York Yankees (second stint) On May 24, 2018, Castillo's contract was purchased by the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") organization.{{cite web\\|url\=http://liducks.com/news/current/?article\_id\=1722\\|title\=Wilkin Castillo's Contract Purchased by Yankees\\|work\=Long Island Ducks\\|date\=May 24, 2018\\|accessdate\=May 24, 2018}} In 41 games for the Triple–A [Scranton/Wilkes\-Barre Rail Riders](/wiki/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre_Rail_Riders "Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Rail Riders"), he hit .250/.277/.353 with two home runs and 13 RBI. Castillo elected free agency following the season on November 2\.{{Cite web\\|title\=Minor League Free Agents 2018\\|url\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\-league\-free\-agents\-2018/\\|access\-date\=April 30, 2024\\|website\=baseballamerica.com\\|language\=en}} ### Miami Marlins On February 28, 2019, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins "Miami Marlins"). He opened the 2019 season with the [New Orleans Baby Cakes](/wiki/New_Orleans_Baby_Cakes "New Orleans Baby Cakes"). His contract was selected by the Marlins on June 21\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/marlins\-wilkin\-castillo\-contract\-selected\-by\-marlins/\\|title\=Marlins' Wilkin Castillo: Contract selected by Marlins\\|author\=RotoWire Staff\\|work\=CBS Sports\\|date\=June 21, 2019\\|accessdate\=June 21, 2019}} The next day, in his first MLB game in 10 years and two days, Castillo hit a go\-ahead two\-run double in a Marlins 5–3 win over the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies").{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/wilkin\-castillo\-first\-major\-league\-game\-in\-10\-years \\|title\=Catcher gets his first hit, RBI in 3,654 days \\|first\=Paul \\|last\=Casella \\|website\=\[\[MLB.com]] \\|date\=June 22, 2019 \\|accessdate\=June 23, 2019}} On September 3, Castillo was [designated for assignment](/wiki/Designated_for_assignment "Designated for assignment"). He elected free agency on October 14, 2019\. On July 31, 2020, Castillo re\-signed with the Marlins organization on a minor league contract. He did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").{{Cite web\\|title\=2020 Minor League Baseball season cancelled\\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/2020\-minor\-league\-baseball\-season\-canceled\\|access\-date\=July 13, 2023\\|website\=mlb.com\\|language\=en}} Castillo was released by the Marlins on August 18\.	[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Arizona Diamondbacks", "Castillo was originally signed as an undrafted [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\") in 2002 by the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\"). He first played in Arizona's [farm system](/wiki/Farm_team \"Farm team\") in 2004, mostly in the rookie\\-level [Pioneer League](/wiki/Pioneer_League_%28baseball%29 \"Pioneer League (baseball)\"), while also appearing in six [Triple\\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 \"Triple-A (baseball)\") games. He spent 2005 playing in [Single–A](/wiki/Class_A_%28baseball%29 \"Class A (baseball)\") and spent 2006 in [High–A](/wiki/Class_A-Advanced \"Class A-Advanced\"), [Double\\-A](/wiki/Double-A_%28baseball%29 \"Double-A (baseball)\"), and Triple\\-A. In 2007, he played for the Double\\-A [Mobile BayBears](/wiki/Mobile_BayBears \"Mobile BayBears\") where he had a .302 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") in 109 games. In 2008, Castillo was named the 14th\\-best prospect in the Diamondbacks organization,{{cite book\\\|author\\=Baseball America\\\|title\\=Baseball America Prospect Handbook 2009\\\|publisher\\=Baseball America Inc.\\\|location\\=Durham, North Carolina\\\|year\\=2009\\\|pages\\=15}} and played 104 games in Triple\\-A for the [Tucson Sidewinders](/wiki/Tucson_Sidewinders \"Tucson Sidewinders\") of the [Pacific Coast League](/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League \"Pacific Coast League\"), batting .254 with six home runs and 47 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in \"Run batted in\").", "### Cincinnati Reds", "On August 14, 2008, Castillo was sent to the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\") as a part of the [Adam Dunn](/wiki/Adam_Dunn \"Adam Dunn\") trade, which took place August 11\\. On September 1, he was called up and made his MLB debut the following day against the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\"), flying out to left in his one at\\-bat as a [pinch hitter](/wiki/Pinch_hitter \"Pinch hitter\"). His first hit was on September 3, a single to right field off [T. J. Beam](/wiki/T._J._Beam \"T. J. Beam\") of the Pirates, also as a pinch hitter. Castillo played in 18 MLB games in 2008, with 9 hits in 32 at\\-bats for a .281 average. He began the 2009 season with the [Triple\\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 \"Triple-A (baseball)\") [Louisville Bats](/wiki/Louisville_Bats \"Louisville Bats\") after failing to earn a spot on the Reds' roster.[Reds Send Bailey to the Minors](https://web.archive.org/web/20090408081309/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/baseball/mlb/04/05/reds.bailey.ap/index.html) SI.com, April 5, 2009 On June 20, he was called up to the Reds and appeared in four games with two hits in three at\\-bats. He played in a total of 22 games with the Reds over the two seasons, with 11 hits in 35 at\\-bats for a .314 average.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/Pcastw001\\.htm \\\|title\\=Wilkin Castillo \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Retrosheet]] \\\|accessdate\\=June 23, 2019}}", "### Atlanta Braves", "On November 30, 2010, Castillo signed a minor league contract, that included an invitation to [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\"), with the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\").{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33153664/braves\\_signings/ \\\|title\\=Braves signings \\\|first\\=David \\\|last\\=O'Brien \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution]] \\\|page\\=C3 \\\|date\\=November 30, 2010 \\\|accessdate\\=June 23, 2019 \\\|via\\=newspapers.com}} He spent the 2011 season with the Triple\\-A [Gwinnett Braves](/wiki/Gwinnett_Braves \"Gwinnett Braves\"), recording a [slash line](/wiki/Slash_line \"Slash line\") of .262/.285/.366 with five HR and 37 RBI in 80 games.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=castil001wil \\\|title\\=Wilkin Castillo Minor, Winter, Fall, Mexican \\& Independent Statistics \\& History \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]] \\\|accessdate\\=June 23, 2019}}", "### Colorado Rockies", "On December 16, 2011, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\") and played in Triple\\-A for the [Colorado Springs Sky Sox](/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Sky_Sox \"Colorado Springs Sky Sox\"), slashing .253/.273/.365 with four HR and 34 RBI in 74 games.", "### Vaqueros Laguna", "On November 21, 2012, Castillo signed a minor league deal with the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2012/11/minor\\-moves\\-athletics\\-nationals\\-dodgers.html \\\|title\\=Minor Moves: Athletics, Nationals, Dodgers \\\|work\\=MLB Trade Rumors \\\|first\\=Mike \\\|last\\=Axisa \\\|date\\=November 21, 2012}} The Dodgers released him at the end of spring training.", "On May 24, 2013, Castillo was signed to the [Mexican League](/wiki/Mexican_League \"Mexican League\") [Triple\\-A](/wiki/Triple-A_%28baseball%29 \"Triple-A (baseball)\") [Vaqueros Laguna](/wiki/Vaqueros_Laguna \"Vaqueros Laguna\") team. In 51 games he hit .378/.419/.562 with six home runs and 28 RBI.", "### Toros de Tijuana", "On April 1, 2014, Castillo was traded to the [Toros de Tijuana](/wiki/Toros_de_Tijuana \"Toros de Tijuana\"). He was released on April 12\\. In eight games he hit .182/.206/.273 with no home runs and three RBI.", "### Broncos de Reynosa", "On May 28, 2014, Castillo signed with the [Broncos de Reynosa](/wiki/Broncos_de_Reynosa \"Broncos de Reynosa\") of the [Mexican League](/wiki/Mexican_League \"Mexican League\"). He was released on July 1\\.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2018}} In 25 games he hit .215/.284/.333 with two home runs and eight RBI.", "### Pittsburgh Pirates", "On January 30, 2015, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\") organization.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2015/01/minor\\-moves\\-wall\\-castillo\\-volstad\\-burgos\\-flores.html\\\|title\\=Minor Moves: Wall, Castillo, Volstad, Burgos, Flores\\\|last\\=Todd\\\|first\\=Jeff\\\|work\\=mlbtraderumors.com\\\|date\\=January 30, 2015\\\|accessdate\\=January 31, 2015}} In 21 games for the Triple–A [Indianapolis Indians](/wiki/Indianapolis_Indians \"Indianapolis Indians\"), he hit .250/.380/.300 with two RBI and one stolen base. Castillo elected free agency on November 6\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/milb/stats/stats.jsp?sid\\=milb\\&t\\=l\\_trn\\&lid\\=117\\\|title\\=International League Transactions\\\|page\\=November 2015\\\|work\\=milb.com\\\|accessdate\\=November 6, 2015}}", "### Toronto Blue Jays", "On February 26, 2016, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\") organization. In 51 games split between the Double–A [New Hampshire Fisher Cats](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Fisher_Cats \"New Hampshire Fisher Cats\") and Triple–A [Buffalo Bisons](/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons \"Buffalo Bisons\"), he batted a combined .229/.271/.312 with one home run, 12 RBI, and two stolen bases. Castillo elected free agency following the season on November 7\\.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Minor League Free Agents 2016\\\|url\\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\\-league\\-free\\-agents\\-2016/\\\|access\\-date\\=August 3, 2024\\\|website\\=baseballamerica.com\\\|language\\=en}}", "### New York Yankees", "On January 7, 2017, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\").{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees\\-wilkin\\-castillo\\-inks\\-minor\\-league\\-deal\\-with\\-yankees/\\\|title\\=Yankees' Wilkin Castillo: Inks minor league deal with Yankees\\\|newspaper\\=CBSSports.com\\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-07}} He played in 59 games split between the Double–A [Trenton Thunder](/wiki/Trenton_Thunder \"Trenton Thunder\") and Triple–A [Scranton/Wilkes\\-Barre RailRiders](/wiki/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre_RailRiders \"Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders\"), accumulating a .196/.243/.286 batting line with three home runs and 13 RBI. Castillo elected free agency following the season on November 6\\.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Minor League Free Agents 2017\\\|url\\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\\-league\\-free\\-agents\\-2017/?amphtml\\\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2024\\\|website\\=baseballamerica.com\\\|language\\=en}}", "### Long Island Ducks", "On March 27, 2018, Castillo signed with the [Long Island Ducks](/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks \"Long Island Ducks\") of the independent [Atlantic League of Professional Baseball](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball \"Atlantic League of Professional Baseball\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.liducks.com/news/current/?article\\_id\\=1675\\\|title\\=Ducks Ink Pair of Former Big Leaguers\\\|work\\=Long Island Ducks\\\|accessdate\\=March 27, 2018}} In 20 games he hit .314/.400/.486 with two home runs and 12 RBI.", "### New York Yankees (second stint)", "On May 24, 2018, Castillo's contract was purchased by the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") organization.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://liducks.com/news/current/?article\\_id\\=1722\\\|title\\=Wilkin Castillo's Contract Purchased by Yankees\\\|work\\=Long Island Ducks\\\|date\\=May 24, 2018\\\|accessdate\\=May 24, 2018}} In 41 games for the Triple–A [Scranton/Wilkes\\-Barre Rail Riders](/wiki/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre_Rail_Riders \"Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Rail Riders\"), he hit .250/.277/.353 with two home runs and 13 RBI. Castillo elected free agency following the season on November 2\\.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Minor League Free Agents 2018\\\|url\\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\\-league\\-free\\-agents\\-2018/\\\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2024\\\|website\\=baseballamerica.com\\\|language\\=en}}", "### Miami Marlins", "On February 28, 2019, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins \"Miami Marlins\"). He opened the 2019 season with the [New Orleans Baby Cakes](/wiki/New_Orleans_Baby_Cakes \"New Orleans Baby Cakes\"). His contract was selected by the Marlins on June 21\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/marlins\\-wilkin\\-castillo\\-contract\\-selected\\-by\\-marlins/\\\|title\\=Marlins' Wilkin Castillo: Contract selected by Marlins\\\|author\\=RotoWire Staff\\\|work\\=CBS Sports\\\|date\\=June 21, 2019\\\|accessdate\\=June 21, 2019}} The next day, in his first MLB game in 10 years and two days, Castillo hit a go\\-ahead two\\-run double in a Marlins 5–3 win over the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\").{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/wilkin\\-castillo\\-first\\-major\\-league\\-game\\-in\\-10\\-years \\\|title\\=Catcher gets his first hit, RBI in 3,654 days \\\|first\\=Paul \\\|last\\=Casella \\\|website\\=\\[\\[MLB.com]] \\\|date\\=June 22, 2019 \\\|accessdate\\=June 23, 2019}} On September 3, Castillo was [designated for assignment](/wiki/Designated_for_assignment \"Designated for assignment\"). He elected free agency on October 14, 2019\\.", "On July 31, 2020, Castillo re\\-signed with the Marlins organization on a minor league contract. He did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").{{Cite web\\\|title\\=2020 Minor League Baseball season cancelled\\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/2020\\-minor\\-league\\-baseball\\-season\\-canceled\\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2023\\\|website\\=mlb.com\\\|language\\=en}} Castillo was released by the Marlins on August 18\\.", "" ]
Usage ----- ### Angola #### Cape gauge [thumb\\|Ex CGR 6th Class No. 218, CFB No. 22, at Benguela on 12 August 1972](/wiki/File:CFB_Class_6_22.jpg "CFB Class 6 22.jpg") In 1907, five 6th Class locomotives of the [Cape Government Railways](/wiki/Cape_Government_Railways "Cape Government Railways") were sold to the {{RailGauge\\|3ft6in\\|allk\=on}} [Benguela Railway](/wiki/Benguela_railway "Benguela railway") (CFB). These included one of the [Dübs](/wiki/D%C3%BCbs_and_Company "Dübs and Company")\-built [locomotives of 1897](/wiki/South_African_Class_6A_4-6-0 "South African Class 6A 4-6-0") and two each of the [Neilson and Company](/wiki/Neilson_and_Company "Neilson and Company") and [Neilson, Reid and Company](/wiki/Neilson_and_Company%23Turn_of_the_20th_century "Neilson and Company#Turn of the 20th century")\-built [locomotives of 1897 and 1898](/wiki/South_African_Class_6B_4-6-0 "South African Class 6B 4-6-0"). (Also see [South Africa \- Cape gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23South_Africa "4-6-0#South Africa")) In the mid\-1930s, in order to ease maintenance, modifications were made to the running boards and brake gear of the CFB locomotives. The former involved mounting the running boards higher, thereby getting rid of the driving wheel fairings. This gave the locomotives a much more American rather than British appearance.[Class 6B \- Information supplied by Peter Bagshawe](/wiki/South_African_Class_6B_4-6-0%23Content_of_email_received_from_Peter_Bagshawe_on_9_Jul_2011 "South African Class 6B 4-6-0#Content of email received from Peter Bagshawe on 9 Jul 2011")British Overseas Railways Historical Trust, Journal No. 8 \& 9 #### Narrow gauge In April 1951, three [Class NG9](/wiki/South_African_Class_NG9_4-6-0 "South African Class NG9 4-6-0") locomotives were purchased from the South African Railways for the [Caminhos de Ferro de Moçâmedes](/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes_Railway "Moçâmedes Railway") (CFM). They were placed in service on the Ramal da Chibía, a {{RailGauge\\|600mm\\|lk\=on}} gauge branch line across {{convert\\|116\\|km\\|mi\\|0\\|abbr\=off}} from [Sá da Bandeira](/wiki/Lubango "Lubango") to [Chiange](/wiki/Chiange "Chiange"). The locomotives were observed dumped at the Sá da Bandeira shops by 1969 and the branch line itself was closed in 1970\.[Class NG9 \- Information supplied by Peter Bagshawe](/wiki/South_African_Class_NG9_4-6-0%23Content_of_email_received_from_Peter_Bagshawe_on_26_August_2011 "South African Class NG9 4-6-0#Content of email received from Peter Bagshawe on 26 August 2011") (Also see [South Africa \- Narrow gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23South_Africa "4-6-0#South Africa")) ### Bechuanaland In 1897, three [Class 6](/wiki/South_African_Class_6B_4-6-0 "South African Class 6B 4-6-0") {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotives were ordered by the Cape Government Railways (CGR) from [Neilson and Company](/wiki/Neilson_and_Company "Neilson and Company") for use on the new [Vryburg](/wiki/Vryburg "Vryburg") to [Bulawayo](/wiki/Bulawayo "Bulawayo") line of the fledgling Bechuanaland Railway Company (BR). The line through [Bechuanaland Protectorate](/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate "Bechuanaland Protectorate") was still under construction and was operated by the CGR on behalf of the BR at the time. The locomotives were eventually returned to the CGR.{{Pattison\-Seventh\\|page\=7–8}} ### Canada Around 1912, the [Algoma Eastern Railway](/wiki/Algoma_Eastern_Railway "Algoma Eastern Railway") in [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"), Canada, acquired [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works") \#20272, a 4\-6\-0, which had been built in 1902\. The locomotive was scrapped in 1927\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.magma.ca/\~morcomp/roster.html \\|website\=The Unofficial Web Site of the Algoma Eastern Railway \\|title\=The Algoma Eastern Railway Alltime Roster \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402140447/http://www.magma.ca/\~morcomp/roster.html \\|archive\-date\=2 April 2012 \\|first\=Dale \\|last\=Wilson \\|access\-date\=20 December 2019}} Besides several of the country's smaller railroads, Canada's two largest railroads, the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway") and [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway "Canadian Pacific Railway") also rostered examples of 4\-6\-0s, some of which have been preserved. Among the more modern examples for both railroads were the Canadian National H\-6 and the Canadian Pacific D10\. ### Denmark [thumb\\|DSB R (I) 935, Borsig 1912](/wiki/File:DSB_R935_1912.jpg "DSB R935 1912.jpg") In 1912, DSB or Danish state railways (Danske statsbaner) would receive the first 2 of 30 R class steam locomotives. 2 versions of the class would be built. * R (I): 20 of this type would be built. They had a 2\-cylinder layout. * R (II): 10 of this type would be built. They had a 3\-cylinder layout. After WWII, DSB would end up with 3 [Prussian P8 class](/wiki/Prussian_P_8 "Prussian P 8") 4\-6\-0 steam locomotives. They would eventually take ownership of them, classifying them as the T class. ### Finland The [Finnish State Railways](/wiki/VR_Group "VR Group") (Suomen Valtion Rautatiet or SVR, later the Valtionrautatiet or VR) operated the Classes Hk1, Hk2, Hk3, Hk5, [Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 "VR Class Hv1"), Hv2, Hv3, Hv4, Hr2 and Hr3 locomotives with a {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement. The Class Hk1, numbers 232 to 241, was built by [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works") in 1898\. The ten Baldwin locomotives were originally designated H1 class. Numbers 291 to 300 and 322 to 333 were built by the [Richmond Locomotive Works](/wiki/Richmond_Locomotive_Works "Richmond Locomotive Works") in 1900 and 1901\. The 22 Richmond locomotives were originally designated H2 class and were nicknamed Big\-Wheel Kaanari. One of them, No. 293, the locomotive that brought [Lenin](/wiki/Lenin "Lenin") from exile in August–September 1917 prior to the Russian Revolution, was presented by [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland") to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") on 13 June 1957 and is preserved at the [Finland Station](/wiki/Finland_Station "Finland Station") in St. Petersburg, Russia. Another 100 of these locomotives were manufactured in Finland from 1903 to 1916, numbered in the range from 437 to 574 and initially designated H3 to H8 classes. The Class Hk5 was numbered from 439 to 515\. One, No. 497, is preserved at [Haapamäki](/wiki/Haapam%C3%A4ki "Haapamäki"). [thumb\\|left\\|Finnish [Class Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 "VR Class Hv1") {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}, built by [Tampella](/wiki/Tampella "Tampella") in 1915](/wiki/File:Finnish460.jpg "Finnish460.jpg") The [Class Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 "VR Class Hv1") was built from 1915 by [Tampella](/wiki/Tampella "Tampella") and [Lokomo](/wiki/Lokomo "Lokomo"). They were nicknamed Heikki and were numbered 545 to 578 and 648 to 655\. The class remained in service until 1967\. One, No. 555 named Princess, is preserved at the [Finnish Railway Museum](/wiki/Finnish_Railway_Museum "Finnish Railway Museum"). [thumb\\|right\\|Class Hv2 No. 583 at Helsinki Central station in 1960](/wiki/File:Hv2_Helsinki_1960.jpg "Hv2 Helsinki 1960.jpg") The Class Hv2 was built by [Berliner Maschinenbau](/wiki/Berliner_Maschinenbau "Berliner Maschinenbau") and Lokomo in the years between 1919 and 1926\. They were numbered 579 to 593, 671 to 684 and 777 to 780\. One, No. 680, is preserved at Haapamäki. The Class Hv3 was built by Berliner, Tampella and Lokomo in the years from 1921 to 1941\. They were numbered 638 to 647, 781 to 785 and 991 to 999\. Three Class Hv3 locomotives were preserved, No. 781 at [Kerava](/wiki/Kerava "Kerava"), No. 995 at [Suolahti](/wiki/Suolahti "Suolahti") and No. 998 at Haapamäki. The Class Hv4 was built by Tampella and Lokomo in the years from 1912 to 1933 and were numbered 516 to 529, 742 to 751 and 757 to 760\. Two, numbers 742 and 751, are preserved at Haapamäki. The [Swedish State Railways](/wiki/Swedish_State_Railways "Swedish State Railways") (Statens Järnvägar or SJ) sold its Class Ta and Tb locomotives to Finland in 1942\. At the time, they were not in traffic in Sweden and, since they were purchased by Finland, they were not considered as war assistance. The Class Ta was designated Class Hr2 in Finland while the Class Tb was designated Class Hr3\. * The Class Hr2 was numbered from 1900 to 1906 and had been built by [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") builders [NOHAB](/wiki/NOHAB "NOHAB") (Nydqvist \& Holm AB) and [Motala Verkstad](/wiki/Motala_Verkstad "Motala Verkstad") in the years from 1901 to 1905\. They were withdrawn from service in Finland between 1950 and 1953\. * The Class Hr3 was numbered from 1907 to 1919 and had been built in Sweden by NOHAB, Motala, the Vagn \& Maskinfabriks AB in [Falun](/wiki/Falun "Falun") and Nya AB Atlas in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") in the years from 1906 to 1908\. The Class Hr3 was withdrawn from service in Finland between 1952 and 1953\. ### France [thumb\\|Baldwin Class 10\-12\-D {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}T No. 778 at the [Leighton Buzzard Light Railway](/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard_Light_Railway "Leighton Buzzard Light Railway")](/wiki/File:Baldwin_Inaugural_run.jpg "Baldwin Inaugural run.jpg") Two 4\-6\-0 tank locomotive types saw service in France. The [Réseau Breton tank locomotives](/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Breton_4-6-0_tank_locomotives "Réseau Breton 4-6-0 tank locomotives") were a class of {{RailGauge\\|1000mm\\|al\=on\\|allk\=on}} locomotives of which five were built in 1904 for the [Réseau Breton](/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Breton "Réseau Breton") railway by [Société Franco\-Belge](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Franco-Belge "Société Franco-Belge") at its [Raismes](/wiki/Raismes "Raismes") factory.{{cite journal \\|year\=2010 \\|title\=Réseau Breton 230T \\|journal\=Continental Modeller \\|publisher\=Peco Publications \\|issue\=September 2010 \\|pages\=560–564 }} A further seven locomotives were built by [Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Alsacienne_de_Constructions_M%C3%A9caniques "Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques") (SACM) at its [Belfort](/wiki/Belfort "Belfort") plant in France in 1909\. The [Baldwin Class 10\-12\-D](/wiki/Baldwin_Class_10-12-D "Baldwin Class 10-12-D") {{RailGauge\\|600mm}} gauge [pannier tank](/wiki/Pannier_tank "Pannier tank") locomotives were built in the United States by [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works") for the British [War Department Light Railways](/wiki/War_Department_Light_Railways "War Department Light Railways"), for service in France in 1916 and 1917 during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"). A further batch was built by the [American Locomotive Company](/wiki/American_Locomotive_Company "American Locomotive Company"). After the war, many of these locomotives were sold to work in France, Britain and India. ### Germany [thumb\\|right\\|A [Württembergian](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg "Württemberg") D class {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} of 1898](/wiki/File:W%C3%BCrttembergische_D_1898.png "Württembergische D 1898.png") The {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement was very popular on the railroads of German states from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when they gradually replaced [{{nowrap\\|4\-4\-0}} American](/wiki/4-4-0 "4-4-0") type locomotives, initially especially on hilly terrain. In 1925, after the creation of the [Deutsche Reichsbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn "Deutsche Reichsbahn") (DRG), express {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} passenger locomotives were classified under group 17, while regular {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} passenger locomotives were classified under group 38\. #### Baden In 1894, [Baden](/wiki/Baden "Baden") adopted its [IVe class](/wiki/Baden_IV_e "Baden IV e") passenger locomotives of [Alfred de Glehn](/wiki/Alfred_de_Glehn "Alfred de Glehn") design, the first four\-cylinder compound {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotive ever. Altogether 83 were built and later became the DRG class 3870. #### Bavaria [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") acquired three {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} express passenger locomotive classes. All were [Maffei](/wiki/Maffei_%28company%29 "Maffei (company)")\-built four\-cylinder compound locomotives. * The [C V](/wiki/Bavarian_C_V "Bavarian C V") class, of which 43 were built from 1899, later the DRG class 173. * The [S 3/5N](/wiki/Bavarian_S_3/5 "Bavarian S 3/5") class, of which 39 were built from 1903, later the DRG class 174. * The superheated steam [S 3/5H](/wiki/Bavarian_S_3/5 "Bavarian S 3/5") class, of which thirty were built from 1906, later the DGR class 175. Bavaria only began using {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} passenger locomotives in 1905\. * The first was the [P 3/5 N](/wiki/Bavarian_P_3/5_N "Bavarian P 3/5 N") class, of which 36 were built, later the DRG class 380. * After a long break, Bavaria ordered a superheated steam [P 3/5 H](/wiki/Bavarian_P_3/5_H "Bavarian P 3/5 H") class in 1921\. Eighty of these were built and later became the DRG class 384.Horst Obermayer, Manfred Weisbrod, Dampflok\-Report: Lokomotiv\-Archiv. Band No. 2\. Baureihen 22\-39, Merker Verlag 1995, {{ISBN\\|3\-922404\-72\-3}}, pp. 44\-49 {{in lang\\|de}} #### Prussia In 1899, [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") ordered a short series of eighteen De Glehn passenger locomotives that were designated S 7 class.Herbert Rauter: Preußen\-Report. Band 4: Naßdampf\-Personenzuglokomotiven P 0 – pp. 4, 7\. Hermann Merker Verlag, 1991, {{ISBN\\|3\-922404\-21\-9}}, pp.76\-78 {{in lang\\|de}} The most numerous {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} series in the world was the [Prussian P 8](/wiki/Prussian_P_8 "Prussian P 8") passenger locomotive, later the DRG class 3810\-40, of which 3,556 were built for the [Prussian state railways](/wiki/Prussian_state_railways "Prussian state railways") and German railways between 1906 and 1923\. Of these, 627 locomotives were given to other countries after the First World War. When exports and licensed production in Romania are included, their number reached almost four thousand.Günther Scheingraber, Manfred Weisbrod (1993\). Preußen\-Report. Band 7: Heißdampf\-Personenzuglokomotiven P 6, P 8, P 10 und preußische Tender. Hermann Merker Verlag, {{ISBN\\|3\-922404\-53\-7}}, pp. 32, 36 (Also see [Poland](/wiki/4-6-0%23Poland "4-6-0#Poland")) Prussia only started to operate {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} express locomotives of its [S 10](/wiki/Prussian_S_10 "Prussian S 10") family from 1910\. While they were externally similar, they differed in engine arrangement.Horst Obermayer, Manfred Weisbrod: Dampflok\-Report: Lokomotiv\-Archiv. Band No. 1\. Baureihen 01\-19, Merker Verlag 1993, {{ISBN\\|3\-922404\-40\-5}}, pp.58\-67 {{in lang\\|de}} * The S 10 quadruple (4\-cylindre, single expansion) of which 202 were built from 1910, later the DRG class 170\-1. * The S 101 4\-cylindre compound, of which 237 were built in two batches from 1911 and 1914 (with pre\-heater), later the DRG class 1710\-12. * The S 102 3\-cylindre, of which 124 were built from 1914, later the DRG class 172. #### Saxony From 1906, [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony "Saxony") used {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} express service locomotive classes XII H, XII HV and XII H1, of which 6, 42 and 7 were built respectively. They later became the DRG classes 176, 177 and 178 respectively. All were superheated steam locomotives, differing mostly in engine arrangements. More numerous were the [Saxon XII H2](/wiki/Saxon_XII_H2 "Saxon XII H2") class passenger locomotives, of which 169 were built from 1910\. They later became the DRG class 382\-3. #### Württemberg From 1898, the [Royal Württemberg State Railways](/wiki/Royal_W%C3%BCrttemberg_State_Railways "Royal Württemberg State Railways") used [D class](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_D "Württemberg D") passenger locomotives. It was also a four\-cylinder compound locomotive, of which fourteen were built.Jan Piwowoński: Parowozy kolei polskich, Warsaw: WKiŁ, 1978, p.228 {{in lang\\|pl}} ### Indonesia [thumb\\|NIS 371 or DKA C51 01 in open air taken in 2008 at Indonesia Railway Museum, [Ambarawa](/wiki/Ambarawa "Ambarawa"),[Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java "Central Java")](/wiki/File:DKA_C51_%28C_51_01_B%29.jpg "DKA C51 (C 51 01 B).jpg") [Nederlandsch\-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij](/wiki/Nederlandsch-Indische_Spoorweg_Maatschappij "Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij") (NIS) received 10 units of the first [superheated](/wiki/Superheater "Superheater") 4\-6\-0 long\-range runner for [3 ft 6 in](/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways "3 ft 6 in gauge railways") (1,067 mm) from [Beyer, Peacock and Company, Manchester](/wiki/Beyer%2C_Peacock_and_Company "Beyer, Peacock and Company"). These locos were come in 1913, and classified as NIS Class 370 (371\-380\). After arriving in [Java](/wiki/Java "Java"), these locomotives worked as an effort to pursue the target of taking the Gundih–Surabaya with a travel time of approximately 7 hours. 4 units worked on Batavia ([Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta"))–Buitenzorg ([Bogor](/wiki/Bogor "Bogor")) for express trains. While the rest of the 6 were used on Soerabaia NIS ([Surabaya Pasar Turi](/wiki/Surabaya_Pasar_Turi_railway_station "Surabaya Pasar Turi railway station"))–Gundih line and allocated in Cepu depot, [Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java "Central Java"). The NIS 370 class locomotives also underwent technical and design improvements so that it was able to reach a maximum speed of 75 kilometres per hour (47 miles per hour) which was much faster than the original speed of only around 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour).{{Cite book \\|last\=Oegema \\|first\=J. J. G. \\|title\=De Stoomtractie op Java en Sumatra \\|publisher\=Kluwer Technische Boeken, B.V. \\|year\=1982 \\|isbn\=978\-90\-201\-1520\-8 \\|location\=Deventer\-Antwerpen \\|language\=Dutch}} [thumb\\|SRT 751 or C52 17 at Army Engineering Museum, [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand")](/wiki/File:SRT_751_-_JNR_C52_%28756_C_W%29.jpg "SRT 751 - JNR C52 (756 C W).jpg") Apart from being used to pull express trains, the NIS 370s were also used to haul freight trains. This freight train contains petroleum from Koloniale Petroleum Verkoop Mij. (KPVM). KPVM was a part of the NKPM company (Nederlandsche Koloniale Petroleum Maatschappij).{{Cite book \\|author\=Yoga Bagus Prayogo \\|author2\=Yohanes Sapto Prabowo \\|author3\=Diaz Radityo \\|title\=Kereta Api di Indonesia. Sejarah Lokomotif di Indonesia \\|publisher\=Jogja Bangkit Publisher \\|year\=2017 \\|isbn\=978\-602\-0818\-55\-9 \\|location\=Yogyakarta \\|language\=Indonesian}} Not quite a long, NIS also imported 20 more 4\-6\-0 locomotives with similar characteristics to the NIS Class 370 but with some improvements from 3 different builders. At first batch, they received 5 units from [Werkspoor, N.V.](/wiki/Werkspoor "Werkspoor") ([Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands")) in 1918\-1919\. Then, the second batch consisting 5 units from [Henschel \& Son](/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son "Henschel & Son") ([Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany")) in 1921\. At last, 10 units from Werkspoor and [Beyer, Peacock and Company](/wiki/Beyer%2C_Peacock_and_Company "Beyer, Peacock and Company") finally came in 1922 to serve the increase of passenger traffics.{{Cite web \\|title\=Indonesian state railways \\|url\=https://searail.malayanrailways.com/PJKA/PJKA.htm \\|url\-status\=live \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929000745/https://searail.malayanrailways.com/PJKA/PJKA.htm \\|archive\-date\=29 Sep 2022 \\|website\=Asian Railways}} Soon, the new upgraded 4\-6\-0 [superheater](/wiki/Superheater "Superheater") locomotives were classified as NIS Class 381 (381\-400\) and worked on [Semarang Tawang–Cepu](/wiki/Semarang_Tawang_railway_station "Semarang Tawang railway station")–[Soerabaia NIS](/wiki/Surabaya_Pasar_Turi_railway_station "Surabaya Pasar Turi railway station") and Semarang Tawang–Vorstenlanden ([Surakarta](/wiki/Solo_Balapan_railway_station "Solo Balapan railway station") and [Jogja Lempuyangan](/wiki/Lempuyangan_railway_station "Lempuyangan railway station")) lines. In 1935, NIS received the concession to upgrade their mainline from Soerabaia to Semarang which was tram line becoming 2nd class railway line. NIS 381–400 once reached a speed of up to 105 kilometres per hour (65 miles per hour) during some series of tests, making it the fastest locomotive fleet owned by NIS at that time. During [Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies "Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies") in 1942, all of Dutch East Indies private / state\-owned railway locomotives were renumbered based on [Japanese numberings](/wiki/Japan_Railways_locomotive_numbering_and_classification "Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification"). The NIS 370s were renumbered to C51, while the NIS 380s became C52\. It could be said that C52s were the missing class of locomotives because almost all of them were sent by Japanese and Dutch to various countries in the [Indochina](/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia "Mainland Southeast Asia") and [Malay Peninsula](/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula") regions during war period and were never operated again after [Indonesian independence](/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence") and they also lack of documentations. Many were sent to Malaya, Cambodia, Thailand and had been scrapped in 1949\-1950s because they had been re\-gauged to 1,000 mm. From 20 of them, only C52 17 (ex\-NIS 397\) is preserved in Army Engineering Museum, [Ratchaburi](/wiki/Ratchaburi "Ratchaburi"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand").{{Cite web \\|date\=2013 \\|title\=Preserved / Extant Steam Locos and Steam Cranes in Thailand \\|url\=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/thaipreserved.htm \\|website\=The International Steam Pages}} While the C51s were so lucky because they remained in service in Java during the war. From 10 of them, only C51 01 is preserved in [Ambarawa Railway Museum](/wiki/Ambarawa_Railway_Museum "Ambarawa Railway Museum"), [Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java "Central Java"). [thumb\\|SCS 217 or DKA C54 17 at Indonesia Railway Museum, [Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java "Central Java")](/wiki/File:DKA_C54_%2854_17_C_W%29.jpg "DKA C54 (54 17 C W).jpg") On the other hand, Samarang–Cheribon Stoomtram Mij. (SCS) or Samarang–Cheribon Steam Tramway imported 19 units of superheated 4\-6\-0s, consisting 13 from [Hartmann, Chemnitz](/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Maschinenfabrik "Sächsische Maschinenfabrik") and 6 from [Beyer, Peacock and Company, Manchester](/wiki/Beyer%2C_Peacock_and_Company "Beyer, Peacock and Company") in 1922, classified as SCS Class 200 (201–219\) and worked both for freight and express trains on north coastline of [Semarang](/wiki/Semarang_Poncol_railway_station "Semarang Poncol railway station")–[Cheribon](/wiki/Cirebon_Prujakan_railway_station "Cirebon Prujakan railway station") which was connected to [Staatsspoorwegen's](/wiki/Staatsspoorwegen "Staatsspoorwegen") (SS) line to [Batavia](/wiki/Jakarta_Kota_railway_station "Jakarta Kota railway station").{{Cite book \\|last\=Asosiasi Perkeretaapian Indonesia \\|first\=Tim Telaga Bakti Nusantara \\|title\=Sejarah Perkeretaapian Indonesia \\|publisher\=Angkasa \\|year\=1997 \\|isbn\=979\-665\-168\-8 \\|location\=Bandung \\|language\=Indonesian}} This line was completed on November 1, 1914 to support the transportation of passengers and freights, especially on the north coast of Java. Some cities like [Semarang](/wiki/Semarang "Semarang"), [Pekalongan](/wiki/Pekalongan "Pekalongan"), [Tegal](/wiki/Tegal "Tegal") and [Cheribon](/wiki/Cirebon "Cirebon"), there were 54 [sugar mills](/wiki/Sugarcane_mill "Sugarcane mill") operating at that time.{{Cite book \\|last\=Besari \\|first\=M. Sahari \\|title\=Teknologi di Nusantara: 40 Abad Hambatan Inovasi \\|publisher\=Salemba Teknika \\|year\=2008 \\|isbn\=978\-979\-95492\-5\-9 \\|location\=Jakarta \\|language\=Indonesian}} The completion of this line construction was also made an increase in the volume of freights and number of passengers transported. By 1912\-1921, just before receiving 4\-6\-0 engines, SCS had improved the quality of their line, especially on the Cirebon–Semarang which is 226 kilometres (140 miles) away with the aim to increase the speed limits of their trains. Speed limit for trains on the Cirebon–Semarang route had been changed from 59 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour) to 75 kilometres per hour (47 miles per hour). With the improvement in the quality of this rail line, the SCS 200s with express trains could serve passengers traveling from Batavia to Semarang in just 7 hours. Passengers first have a transit at [Cheribon](/wiki/Cirebon_railway_station "Cirebon railway station") which owned by SS, then they continue using SCS trains to Semarang. During [Japanese occupation](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies "Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies"), all SCS Class 200 were renumbered to C54 class and around 4 units of them were moved to [Sumatra](/wiki/Sumatra "Sumatra") to serve the Muaro ([West Sumatra](/wiki/West_Sumatra "West Sumatra"))–[Pekanbaru](/wiki/Pekanbaru "Pekanbaru") (Riau) train transport line. This locomotive was tested to haul the transport coal train from coal mines in West Sumatra. Of the 19 units of C54, there are currently 2 remaining, a C54 with unknown individual number and C5417, C5417 (from Beyer Peacock) is preserved at the [Ambarawa Railway Museum](/wiki/Ambarawa_Railway_Museum "Ambarawa Railway Museum"), [Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java "Central Java"). Meanwhile, the unidentified C54 locomotive is abandoned in the forest in Tutup Kain Selatan, [Kampar Regency](/wiki/Kampar_Regency "Kampar Regency"), [Riau](/wiki/Riau "Riau") with its incomplete physical condition. ### Ireland The only Irish railways to use the 4\-6\-0 type were the Great Southern \& Western Railway (GS\&WR) and its larger successor, Great Southern Railways (GSR). The GS\&WR had 4\-6\-0s for both fast freight and express passenger service. The culmination of Irish 4\-6\-0 design was the [GSR Class 800](/wiki/GSR_Class_800 "GSR Class 800") or B1a class, introduced in 1939\. Three of these locomotives were built for top express passenger work on the Dublin\-Cork mainline, coincidentally resembling the United Kingdom's [Royal Scot Class](/wiki/LMS_Royal_Scot_Class "LMS Royal Scot Class") as rebuilt. They were the last new steam locomotives to be built for the GSR. ### New Zealand The [New Zealand Railways Department](/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Department "New Zealand Railways Department") built its first home\-built tender locomotives in 1894, using the 4\-6\-0 wheel arrangement. Designated as the "U" class their production run lasted for a decade and produced only nine locomotives. Lack of colonial capacity resulted in an order for units built in the United Kingdom \- but production delays led to a batch of ten Baldwin\-built locomotives being ordered \- which were promptly delivered. When the half\-dozen Sharp Stewart examples entered service the designation in the annual locomotive returns became the "Colonial U", "American U", and "English U" even though the Sharp Stewarts were built in Scotland. Another Baldwin batch and Sharp Stewart batch arrived into service in 1901, along with a sample from Richmond and another sample from Brooks \- although the ALCO merger occurred before delivery. With the proliferation of batches the classification became "U" for the colonial\-built examples, "Ua" for the early Sharp Stewarts, "Ub" for all American\-built locomotives, and "Uc" for the second batch of Sharp Stewarts. The Baldwins were considered free steamers and were for a time the best locomotives in the colony. The Brooks was highly regarded. The Richmond was not successful. The Sharp Stewarts and colonial locomotives were more finely built than the Baldwins \- but poorer steamers. The colonial locomotives were never successful in mainline work \- they subsequently became a useful branchline locomotive. By 1901 the introduction of "Pacific" types began to push the Ten\-Wheelers into second\-tier service. The combination of standardisation and the Great Depression saw the Ua, early Ub, and the sample locomotives scrapped. The later Ub and Uc classes lasted until 1957 \- but were scrapped whenever uneconomic repairs were needed, and also because dieselisation had begun to displace more modern steam locomotives into what had been their territory. Even in their last years, the Sharp Stewarts did primarily passenger duty because they didn't have the hauling ability for freight work when compared to the Baldwins. The privately owned Wellington and Manawatu Railway purchased two Ten\-Wheelers from Baldwin in 1904\. In 1908 they were acquired by the Government and became the Ud Class. They were also a victim of standardisation and were scrapped when repairs were required \- the last being written off in 1931\. In all, NZGR had forty\-nine of 4\-6\-0 locomotives, from five manufacturers, built over eleven years to nine different standards.{{NZR Steam Locomotive}} ### Norway [thumb\\|NSB Class 27](/wiki/File:NSB_27A.jpg "NSB 27A.jpg") In 1879, the Norwegian State Railways, the Smaalensbanen and Merakerbanen, received four ten\-wheelers with three\-axled tenders from Baldwin Locomotive Works which were the first 4\-6\-0s in Europe.Sando, S. (1984\). Die ersten 2C\-Schlepptender\-loks in Europa. In Lok Magazin 128 September/Oktober 1984, p. 344\-345\. ### Poland [thumb\\|Polish [class Ok22](/wiki/PKP_class_Ok22 "PKP class Ok22")](/wiki/File:Ok_22.jpg "Ok 22.jpg") The [Polish State Railways](/wiki/Polish_State_Railways "Polish State Railways") (PKP) used several classes of Prussian and other German {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotives. The most significant of these was the [Prussian P 8](/wiki/Prussian_P_8 "Prussian P 8"), classified in Poland as the [PKP class Ok1](/wiki/PKP_class_Ok1 "PKP class Ok1"). After the First World War, Poland received as reparations and also bought altogether 257 of these locomotives. After the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), their number rose to 429 locomotives, which made it the most numerous passenger locomotive in Poland. A few were preserved and kept in working condition, including Class Ok1 No. 359\.Paweł Terczyński (2003\): Atlas parowozów (Steam locomotives' atlas), Poznań, {{ISBN\\|83\-901902\-8\-1}}, p. 56\-57 {{in lang\\|pl}} (Also see [Germany \- Prussia](/wiki/4-6-0%23Prussia "4-6-0#Prussia")) A significant number of the [Prussian S 10](/wiki/Prussian_S_10 "Prussian S 10") family of express passenger locomotives were also used in Poland. There were 52 in total, classified as Pk1, Pk2 and Pk3\.Jan Piwowoński: Parowozy kolei polskich, Warsaw: WKiŁ, 1978, p.148 {{in lang\\|pl}} During the inter\-war period, a [PKP class Ok22](/wiki/PKP_class_Ok22 "PKP class Ok22") locomotive was designed in cooperation with German builders [Hanomag](/wiki/Hanomag "Hanomag"). It was basically an improved class Ok1 with a more efficient boiler. Altogether 190 of them were produced for the PKP, of which all but five were manufactured in Poland. ### Romania After WWI, [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania") received as war reparations 18 [Prussian P 8](/wiki/Prussian_P_8 "Prussian P 8") locomotives (classified as the CFR 230\.000 Class), and then imported other 127 units for [Căile Ferate Române](/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne "Căile Ferate Române") (CFR), in 1921–1930\. Further 226 locomotives were licence\-manufactured in Romania by [Reșița works](/wiki/Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba_works "Reșița works") (between 1932 and 1936\), and [Malaxa](/wiki/FAUR "FAUR") (1932\-1939\).[Tren Magazin 11/1993](http://www.trennet.ro/products/gallery/file74.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044642/http://www.trennet.ro/products/gallery/file74\.pdf \\|date\=2019\-03\-06 }} {{in lang\\|ro}}[Locomotive cu aburi](http://www.gari.ro/cfr/istorie/locomotive-cu-aburi) {{in lang\\|ro}}[C.F.R. 230\.000 Class Locomotive](http://www.railwayfan.ro/aburi/html/230_000.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328145901/http://www.railwayfan.ro/aburi/html/230\_000\.html \\|date\=2016\-03\-28 }} {{in lang\\|ro}} ### Russia {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} passenger locomotives became quite popular in Russia at the turn of the 20th century. While the locomotives originally had separate class designations on each Russian railroad, common Russian class designations were introduced in 1912\. The Russian {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0s}} were the A, {{nowrap\\|A{{su\\|p\=D\\|b\=K}},}} {{nowrap\\|A{{su\\|p\=D}},}} {{nowrap\\|A{{su\\|p\=V}},}} V, Zh, Z, G, U, K, B and {{nowrap\\|K{{su\\|p\=U}}}} classes. * The first and most numerous class was the Vladicaucasian Railway's A class, in the {{nowrap\\|A{{su\\|p\=D\\|b\=K}},}} {{nowrap\\|A{{su\\|p\=D}}}} and, the most numerous, {{nowrap\\|A{{su\\|p\=V}}}} series. It was a [Kolomna factory](/wiki/Kolomna_Locomotive_Works "Kolomna Locomotive Works") design, of which 533 were built for several railroads in several Russian and German factories from 1892 until 1907\. All were two\-cylinder compound locomotives with {{convert\\|1830\\|mm\\|in\\|adj\=on}} diameter coupled wheels.Rakov, V.A. (1995\), Lokomotivy otechestvennyh zheleznyh dorog 1845\-1955 (Locomotives of domestic railways 1845\-1955\), Moscow, {{ISBN\\|5\-277\-00821\-7}}, p.217\-238 (in Russian) * In 1896, 88 [Baldwin](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works")\-built four\-cylinder [Vauclain compound](/wiki/Vauclain_compound "Vauclain compound") locomotives were introduced, designated V class (V for Vauclain, В in Russian). * Also from 1896, [Henschel](/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son "Henschel & Son")\-designed locomotives were introduced. Altogether 210 were built from 1896 to 1909, fourteen by Henschel and the rest in Russia. They were two\-cylinder compound locomotives with {{convert\\|1700\\|mm\\|in\\|adj\=on}} diameter coupled wheels and were regarded as a more successful design than the A class. These locomotives were later designated as the Zh class (Ж in Russian). A development of the Zh class was the superheated Z class (З in Russian), of which 24 were built from 1902\. * From 1901 to 1903, stronger passenger locomotives were built, the G class (Г in Russian). These locomotives were of Vladicaucasian Railway and [Bryansk](/wiki/Bryansk "Bryansk") factory design. Of these, 39 were built for the Vladicaucasian Railway and another 85 for Eastern Chinese railroads. They were two\-cylinder compound locomotives with {{convert\\|1730\\|mm\\|in\\|adj\=on}} diameter coupled wheels. Some of these locomotives were later retrofitted with superheaters. * [thumb\\|[U class](/wiki/Russian_locomotive_class_U "Russian locomotive class U") [U\-127](/wiki/Locomotive_U-127 "Locomotive U-127"), Lenin's locomotive, at the [Museum of the Moscow Railway](/wiki/Museum_of_the_Moscow_Railway "Museum of the Moscow Railway")The](/wiki/File:Russian_Class_U_locomotive_Number_U127.JPG "Russian Class U locomotive Number U127.JPG") [class U](/wiki/Russian_locomotive_class_U "Russian locomotive class U") (У in Russian) was a four\-cylinder oil\-burning [De Glehn compound locomotive](/wiki/Compound_locomotive%23De_Glehn "Compound locomotive#De Glehn") which first appeared in 1906, initially on the Ryazan\-Ural railroad. Of these, 62 were built at the [Kirov Plant](/wiki/Kirov_Plant "Kirov Plant") between 1906 and 1916\. By the beginning of 1940, the inventory still listed 47 U class locomotives and the last of them were withdrawn in 1952\. Lenin's locomotive, U class No. U\-127 that was used during his funeral, is preserved at [the Museum of the Moscow Railway](/wiki/The_Museum_of_the_Moscow_Railway "The Museum of the Moscow Railway"). * Altogether 145 heavier superheated K\-class (К in Russian) passenger locomotives were built between 1907 and 1912\. They were of [Kolomna factory](/wiki/Kolomna_Locomotive_Works "Kolomna Locomotive Works") design and were two\-cylinder simple expansion (simplex) locomotives with {{convert\\|1700\\|mm\\|in\\|adj\=on}} diameter coupled wheels. * At the same time, the Briansk factory designed an improved superheated development of the G class that was produced between 1907 and 1914 as the B class (Б in Russian). Altogether 252 were built in Briansk and Lugansk. They were two\-cylinder simplex locomotives with {{convert\\|1830\\|mm\\|in}} diameter coupled wheels that were quite successful in express work. * Between 1911 and 1914, Kolomna built 39 stronger {{nowrap\\|K{{su\\|p\=U}}}} class locomotives ({{nowrap\\|К{{su\\|p\=У}}}} in Russian) with {{convert\\|1900\\|mm\\|in\\|adj\=on}} diameter coupled wheels for faster trains. ### South Africa Eighteen classes of {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotives saw service in South Africa, sixteen on {{RailGauge\\|Cape\\|allk\=on}} and two on {{RailGauge\\|2ft}} narrow gauge. Of these, only two were conventional tank locomotives, while two others were delivered as tank\-and\-tender locomotives with optional tenders.{{Paxton\-Bourne\\|pages\=10\-11, 19\-20, 28, 41\-44, 104, 110, 113, 156}} #### Cape gauge [thumb\\|left\\|NGR Class G No. 26, {{circa\\|1900}}](/wiki/File:NGR_K%26S_Class_26_%284-6-0T%29.jpg "NGR K&S Class 26 (4-6-0T).jpg") Between 1879 and 1885, the [Natal Government Railways](/wiki/Natal_Government_Railways "Natal Government Railways") (NGR) placed 37 {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} tank locomotives in service. Of these, 18 were built by [Kitson and Company](/wiki/Kitson_and_Company "Kitson and Company") and 19 by Stephenson. On the NGR they were designated Class G. When the SAR was established in 1912, the 15 unmodified survivors were designated [Class C](/wiki/South_African_Class_C_4-6-0T "South African Class C 4-6-0T"). The last one was withdrawn from service in the mid\-1980s, after more than 105 years in service. In 1880 and 1881, the Cape Government Railways (CGR) placed 18 [4th Class](/wiki/CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1880 "CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880") tank\-and\-tender locomotives in mainline service on its Midland System working out of Port Elizabeth and Eastern System working out of East London. Four of these locomotives were still in service when the South African Railways was established in 1912\.C.G.R. Numbering Revised, Article by Dave Littley, SA Rail May–June 1993, pp. 94\-95\. [thumb\\|Stephenson\-built CGR 4th Class](/wiki/File:CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1882_no._M65%2C_265%2C_465.jpg "CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 no. M65, 265, 465.jpg") In 1882 and 1883, the CGR placed 68 {{nowrap\\|4th Class}} {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} tank\-and\-tender locomotives in mainline service on all three systems. It was an improved version of the 4th Class locomotives of 1880 with larger coupled wheels, built by two manufacturers. Robert Stephenson and Company built [33 with Stephenson valve gear](/wiki/CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1882 "CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882"), while Neilson and Company built [35 with Joy valve gear](/wiki/CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1882_Joy "CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 Joy"). Of these locomotives, 26 were still in service when the South African Railways was established in 1912\. [thumb\\|left\\|CGR experimental 4th Class](/wiki/File:CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1884_Joy_Exp.jpg "CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 Joy Exp.jpg") Four tank\-and\-tender locomotives of the CGR's [Experimental 4th Class](/wiki/CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1884 "CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884") were supplied by Neilson in 1884, built to the design of J.D. Tilney, Locomotive Superintendent of the Cape Eastern System at the time, to be able to use low\-grade local coal. They had [Joy valve gear](/wiki/Joy_valve_gear "Joy valve gear") and unusual six\-wheeled tenders, with the leading axle mounted in a rigid frame and the other two axles mounted in a bogie. One of the locomotives survived until 1912 and was designated SAR Class 04 as an obsolete locomotive. The first twenty of the CGR [5th Class](/wiki/CGR_5th_Class_4-6-0_1890 "CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890") tender locomotives were delivered from [Dübs and Company](/wiki/D%C3%BCbs_and_Company "Dübs and Company") in 1890\. In 1891, the CGR placed a second batch of thirty [{{nowrap\\|5th Class}}](/wiki/CGR_5th_Class_4-6-0_1891 "CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891") tender locomotives in mainline service on all three Cape Systems. They were similar to the previous batch of 1890, but differed in respect of the diameter of their coupled wheels, the length of their smokeboxes and their tractive effort. In 1912, when the South African Railways (SAR) was established, the survivors were considered obsolete and designated Class 05\. Nevertheless, some of the Class 05 locomotives survived as shunting engines in SAR service for another four decades. They were the last obsolete locomotives to be still in service when they were eventually withdrawn in 1953\.{{rp\\|20}}Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 27\-28\. (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125\-6/9/11\-1000\) The Cape 6th Class passenger locomotive was designed at the Salt River works of the CGR according to the specifications of Michael Stephens, then Chief Locomotive Superintendent of the CGR, and under the supervision of H.M. Beatty, then Locomotive Superintendent of the Cape's Western System. It was to become one of the most useful classes to see service in South Africa. In 1912, when they came into SAR stock, the 6th Class {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} family was reclassified into twelve separate classes.South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2'0" \& 3'6" Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended [thumb\\|Class 6, as delivered with a round\-topped firebox and three\-axle tender](/wiki/File:SAR_Class_6_433_%284-6-0%29_ex_CGR_357-OVGS_62-CSAR_338.jpg "SAR Class 6 433 (4-6-0) ex CGR 357-OVGS 62-CSAR 338.jpg") * In 1893 and 1894, the CGR placed forty 6th Class locomotives in service, built by Dübs. Ten of them, sold to the Oranje\-Vrijstaat Gouwerment\-Spoorwegen (OVGS) in 1897, eventually became the Class 6\-L1 on the CSAR. In 1912, all forty were assimilated into the SAR and retained their [Class 6 designation](/wiki/South_African_Class_6_4-6-0 "South African Class 6 4-6-0"). (Also see [Sudan](/wiki/4-6-0%23Sudan "4-6-0#Sudan")) * In 1896 and 1897, the CGR acquired a second batch of fifty, built by Dübs and [Sharp, Stewart and Company](/wiki/Sharp%2C_Stewart_and_Company "Sharp, Stewart and Company"). These locomotives differed from the previous order in having slightly larger boilers with an increased heating surface and higher coal capacity tenders. In 1907, one was sold to the Benguela Railway in Angola. The remaining 49 locomotives were designated [Class 6A](/wiki/South_African_Class_6A_4-6-0 "South African Class 6A 4-6-0") on the SAR in 1912\. (Also see [Angola \- Cape gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23Angola "4-6-0#Angola") and [Sudan](/wiki/4-6-0%23Sudan "4-6-0#Sudan")) * Between 1896 and 1898, the OVGS placed 24 new Cape Class 6 locomotives in service, built by Dübs, Neilson and Sharp, Stewart. During the [Second Boer War](/wiki/Second_Boer_War "Second Boer War"), these locomotives were taken over by the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) and after the war they became the CSAR Class 6\-L2\. All but one were assimilated into the SAR in 1912 and were designated [Class 6C](/wiki/South_African_Class_6C_4-6-0 "South African Class 6C 4-6-0").{{Holland\-Vol 2\\|pages\=137\-138}} (Also see [Sudan](/wiki/4-6-0%23Sudan "4-6-0#Sudan")) * In 1897 and 1898, the CGR placed a third batch of 55 in service, built by Dübs, [Neilson and Company](/wiki/Neilson_and_Company "Neilson and Company") and [Neilson, Reid and Company](/wiki/Neilson_and_Company%23Turn_of_the_20th_century "Neilson and Company#Turn of the 20th century"). They were virtually identical to the previous fifty, except that they had bogie\-wheeled tenders. In 1907, four were sold to the Benguela Railway in Angola. The remaining 51 locomotives were designated [Class 6B](/wiki/South_African_Class_6B_4-6-0 "South African Class 6B 4-6-0") in 1912\. (Also see [Angola – Cape gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23Angola "4-6-0#Angola") and [Sudan](/wiki/4-6-0%23Sudan "4-6-0#Sudan")) [thumb\\|[SAR Class 6D](/wiki/South_African_Class_6D_4-6-0 "South African Class 6D 4-6-0")](/wiki/File:Class_6D_594_%284-6-0%29_ex_CGR_665.jpg "Class 6D 594 (4-6-0) ex CGR 665.jpg") * In 1898, a fourth batch of 33 were placed in service by the CGR, built by Neilson, Reid. These represented a further advance on earlier 6th Class locomotives, with a greater heating surface and a larger grate area. In 1912, they were designated [Class 6D](/wiki/South_African_Class_6D_4-6-0 "South African Class 6D 4-6-0") on the SAR. (Also see [Sudan](/wiki/4-6-0%23Sudan "4-6-0#Sudan")) * Also in 1898, the OVGS ordered its final six new Cape 6th Class locomotives from Sharp, Stewart. These were delivered with larger cabs than their predecessors and with bogie\-wheeled tenders. They were also taken over by the IMR and, after the war, came into the CSAR as Class 6\-L3\. In 1912, they became [Class 6E](/wiki/South_African_Class_6E_4-6-0 "South African Class 6E 4-6-0") on the SAR. * In 1900, two redesigned 6th Class locomotives entered service on the CGR, built by Sharp, Stewart. They had bar frames, larger cabs and bogie\-wheeled tenders, and their larger heating surfaces and grate areas allowed a higher boiler pressure rating of {{convert\\|180\\|psi\\|kPa\\|abbr\=off\\|sigfig\=3}}. In visual appearance, they differed from all previous 6th Class locomotives by having higher running boards without driving wheel fairings. In 1912, they were classified as [Class 6F](/wiki/South_African_Class_6F_4-6-0 "South African Class 6F 4-6-0") on the SAR. [thumb\\|Schenectady\-built 6th Class](/wiki/File:SAR_Class_6G_607_%284-6-0%29_ex_CGR_263.jpg "SAR Class 6G 607 (4-6-0) ex CGR 263.jpg") * In 1901, eight 6th Class locomotives entered service, redesigned and built by the [Schenectady Locomotive Works](/wiki/Schenectady_Locomotive_Works "Schenectady Locomotive Works") to the specifications of the CGR. Also built on bar frames like the previous two and similar in appearance, they were larger, with larger boilers and {{convert\\|17\+1/2\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\=off\\|sigfig\=3}} diameter cylinders compared to the {{convert\\|17\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\=off\\|sigfig\=3}} of all earlier 6th Class locomotives. In 1912, they became [Class 6G](/wiki/South_African_Class_6G_4-6-0 "South African Class 6G 4-6-0") on the SAR. * Also in 1901, a batch of 21 entered service on the CGR, built by Neilson, Reid to the older plate frame design, but with a larger cab. These also reverted to the {{convert\\|17\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\=off\\|sigfig\=3}} diameter cylinders of the previous British\-built locomotives, with the lower running boards with driving wheel fairings. One of them was experimental, being equipped with [Drummond](/wiki/Dugald_Drummond "Dugald Drummond") cross\-water tubes in the firebox. However, since the tubes were inclined to leak and were difficult to maintain, they were soon removed. In 1912, these locomotives became the [Class 6H](/wiki/South_African_Class_6H_4-6-0 "South African Class 6H 4-6-0") on the SAR. * Ten bar\-framed locomotives were placed in service, also in 1901, designed and built by the [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works") to the specifications of the CGR. They were larger than any of the previous 6th Class locomotives, with larger boilers, large cabs, cylinders of {{convert\\|17\+1/2\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\=off\\|sigfig\=3}} bore, bar frames, stovepipe chimneys, large domes and high running boards without driving wheel fairings. In 1912, they became [Class 6K](/wiki/South_African_Class_6K_4-6-0 "South African Class 6K 4-6-0") on the SAR. [thumb\\|SAR Class 6J No. 646](/wiki/File:Class_6J_646_%284-6-0%29_ex_CGR_538.jpg "Class 6J 646 (4-6-0) ex CGR 538.jpg") * In 1902, fourteen bar\-framed 6th Class locomotives entered service on the CGR, built by Neilson, Reid. They were practically identical to the two bar\-framed locomotives built by Sharp, Stewart in 1900, with high running boards without driving wheel fairings. In 1912, they were designated [Class 6J](/wiki/South_African_Class_6J_4-6-0 "South African Class 6J 4-6-0") on the SAR. * In 1904, the CGR placed its last two 6th Class bar\-framed locomotives in service, built by the [North British Locomotive Company](/wiki/North_British_Locomotive_Company "North British Locomotive Company") (NBL). They were experimental and were the first South African locomotives to have piston valves and [superheaters](/wiki/Superheater "Superheater"). The pistons, with a diameter of {{convert\\|18\+1/2\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\=off\\|sigfig\=3}}, were the largest yet used on the 6th Class. The [Schmidt](/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_%28engineer%29 "Wilhelm Schmidt (engineer)") superheater was of the smokebox type, but the arrangement was extremely complicated and not very successful. In 1912, they became the [Class 6L](/wiki/South_African_Class_6L_4-6-0 "South African Class 6L 4-6-0") on the SAR and in 1915, when they were reboilered, the superheaters were removed to convert them to saturated steam locomotives. At the same time the piston\-valve cylinders were replaced with smaller slide\-valve cylinders of {{convert\\|17\+1/2\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\=off\\|sigfig\=3}} bore. In 1897, the Pretoria\-Pietersburg Railway in the [Zuid\-Afrikaansche Republiek](/wiki/Zuid-Afrikaansche_Republiek "Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek") (Transvaal Republic) purchased a {{nowrap\\|35 Tonner}} tank locomotive with a {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement from the Lourenco Marques, Delagoa Bay and East Africa Railway in [Mozambique](/wiki/Mozambique "Mozambique"). The locomotive was not classified, but named [Portuguese](/wiki/PPR_35_Tonner_4-6-0T_Portuguese "PPR 35 Tonner 4-6-0T Portuguese") and referred to by name. #### Narrow gauge [thumb\\|left\\|SAR Class NG8](/wiki/File:CGR_Type_B.jpg "CGR Type B.jpg") In 1903, the CGR placed six Type B {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotives with eight\-wheeled bogie tenders in service on the [Avontuur](/wiki/Avontuur_Railway "Avontuur Railway") narrow gauge line in the [Langkloof](/wiki/Langkloof "Langkloof"). They were built by [W. G. Bagnall](/wiki/W._G._Bagnall "W. G. Bagnall") and had bar frames, copper fireboxes and [Stephenson valve gear](/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear "Stephenson valve gear"). In 1912, they came into SAR stock and, in 1914, a further three locomotives with slightly longer boilers were acquired by the SAR. One of these was also built by Bagnall while the other two were built by [Kerr, Stuart and Company](/wiki/Kerr%2C_Stuart_and_Company "Kerr, Stuart and Company"). These three were commonly referred to as the Improved B. When a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was eventually introduced somewhere between 1928 and 1930, they were to be classified as [Class NG8](/wiki/South_African_Class_NG8_4-6-0 "South African Class NG8 4-6-0") but had already been withdrawn from service. During 1915 and 1916, the SAR placed six locomotives in service in the Langkloof, built by [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works"). They were very similar to the Bagnall built Type B, except that they were equipped with [Walschaerts valve gear](/wiki/Walschaerts_valve_gear "Walschaerts valve gear"). They were later designated [Class NG9](/wiki/South_African_Class_NG9_4-6-0 "South African Class NG9 4-6-0"). Three of them survived in SAR service until April 1951, when they were sold to the [Caminhos de Ferro de Moçâmedes](/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes_Railway "Moçâmedes Railway") (CFM) of [Angola](/wiki/Angola "Angola"). (Also see [Angola \- Narrow gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23Angola "4-6-0#Angola")) ### Sudan During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), sixteen of the South African Railways (SAR) Classes 6 to 6D were transferred to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") to assist with the war effort during the [North African Campaign](/wiki/North_African_Campaign "North African Campaign"). The group consisted of seven [Class 6](/wiki/South_African_Class_6_4-6-0 "South African Class 6 4-6-0"), four [Class 6A](/wiki/South_African_Class_6A_4-6-0 "South African Class 6A 4-6-0"), two [Class 6B](/wiki/South_African_Class_6B_4-6-0 "South African Class 6B 4-6-0"), one [Class 6C](/wiki/South_African_Class_6C_4-6-0 "South African Class 6C 4-6-0") and two [Class 6D](/wiki/South_African_Class_6D_4-6-0 "South African Class 6D 4-6-0") locomotives. They were sold to the [Sudan Railways Corporation](/wiki/Sudan_Railways "Sudan Railways") in 1942\.Class 6 to 6D sold to Sudan Railways during the WWII North African Campaign, list compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Reimar Holzinger (Also see [South Africa \- Cape gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23South_Africa "4-6-0#South Africa")) ### Sweden [thumb\\|right\\|SJ B class locomotive No. 1220 in operation at the ZLSM in the Netherlands.](/wiki/File:Hemkes_%286041277354%29.jpg "Hemkes (6041277354).jpg") [thumb\\|Preserved "E Class" No.165 at Hua Lamphong Station. Sep 2023](/wiki/File:Preserved_%22E_Class%22_No.165_at_Hua_Lamphong_Station._Sep_2023.jpg "Preserved ") The Swedish class of [B locomotives](/wiki/SJ_B "SJ B") were of this arrangement they were used for both goods trains and high speed passenger services being built 1909\-19 the locomotive was so successful three more locomotives were built in 1943\-44 all locomotives were built by NOHAB. A relatively large number of the locomotives are preserved as it was one of the last steam locomotives in the strategic reserve and was kept in mothball storage until the 1990s. ### Switzerland [thumb\\|A Swiss Federal Railways Class A 3/5 in Brugg.](/wiki/File:SBB_A3-5_in_Brugg_%2806.2012%29.jpg "SBB A3-5 in Brugg (06.2012).jpg") The Swiss Class [A 3/5 locomotives](/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_A_3/5 "SBB-CFF-FFS A 3/5") built by the [Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works](/wiki/Swiss_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works "Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works") between 1902 and 1922 for the Jura–Simplon Railway, and the Gotthard Railway was of type 4\-6\-0\. ### Thailand The RSR (Later [SRT](/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand "State Railway of Thailand")) had a fleet of British\-Built "E Class" 4\-6\-0s which were built in three batches of 12, 5 and 24 in 1913, 1915 and 1919 respectively. They were in service all the way near the end of steam in Thailand in the late 1970s to the early 1980s. Many of these engines have been preserved at various stations around the SRT network. ### United Kingdom [thumb\\|Highland Railway 'Jones Goods' No.103\.](/wiki/File:Hugh_llewelyn_103_%286325586872%29.jpg "Hugh llewelyn 103 (6325586872).jpg") The first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotive to be introduced in the United Kingdom was the [Highland Railway's Jones Goods class](/wiki/Highland_Railway_Jones_Goods_Class "Highland Railway Jones Goods Class") of 1894, the first of which (No. 103\) survives. Within five years, however, the wheel arrangement was being used primarily on passenger service, since British heavy freight trains were generally too slow to require a locomotive with a four\-wheel leading bogie. Between 1906 and 1925, the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} became the most common express passenger locomotive type in everyday use in the United Kingdom, as a logical development from the [4\-4\-0](/wiki/4-4-0 "4-4-0") type that was previously used. The {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} type continued to be used as [mixed traffic locomotive](/wiki/Mixed-traffic_locomotive "Mixed-traffic locomotive") until the end of steam in the United Kingdom in 1968\. #### Pre\-grouping era [thumb\\|Pendennis Castle [GWR 4079](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class "GWR 4073 Class")](/wiki/File:4079_Locomotive_Class_4-6-0.jpg "4079 Locomotive Class 4-6-0.jpg") During the [pre\-grouping era](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 "Railways Act 1921"), from 1899 to 1923, [Wilson Worsdell](/wiki/Wilson_Worsdell "Wilson Worsdell") of the [North Eastern Railway](/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_%28UK%29 "North Eastern Railway (UK)") (NER) used the type for his express passenger locomotives, the [S and S1 classes](/wiki/NER_Class_S "NER Class S") of 1899 and 1900 that became the B13 and B14 classes of the [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway "London and North Eastern Railway") (LNER) in 1923\. Soon afterwards, these were followed by the appearance of other designs. * [John G. Robinson](/wiki/John_G._Robinson "John G. Robinson") of the [Great Central Railway](/wiki/Great_Central_Railway "Great Central Railway") (GCR) designed the [Class 8](/wiki/GCR_Class_8 "GCR Class 8") Fish Engines of 1902\. * In 1902 and 1903, [George Jackson Churchward](/wiki/George_Jackson_Churchward "George Jackson Churchward") produced the [2900 Saint Class](/wiki/GWR_2900_Class "GWR 2900 Class"), which was the first in a long line of {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} classes operated by the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway "Great Western Railway") (GWR). * In 1903, [Francis Webb](/wiki/Francis_Webb_%28engineer%29 "Francis Webb (engineer)") of the [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway "London and North Western Railway") (LNWR) followed with his unsuccessful four\-cylinder [compound locomotives](/wiki/Compound_locomotive "Compound locomotive") of the [1400 Bill Bailey class](/wiki/LNWR_1400_Class "LNWR 1400 Class"). * Between 1905 and 1910, altogether 105 locomotives of [George Whale](/wiki/George_Whale "George Whale")'s [Experiment Class](/wiki/LNWR_Whale_Experiment_Class "LNWR Whale Experiment Class") were built for the LNWR. Two notable {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} express passenger designs appeared in 1906\. One was the [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway "Caledonian Railway")'s [Cardean Class](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway_49_and_903_Classes "Caledonian Railway 49 and 903 Classes") which was, at the time, the most powerful locomotive in Britain. The other was Churchward's four\-cylinder [GWR Star Class](/wiki/GWR_4000_Class "GWR 4000 Class"), which was developed and enlarged by [Charles Collett](/wiki/Charles_Collett "Charles Collett") as the [GWR 4073 Castle class](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class "GWR 4073 Class") in 1923 and later also as the [GWR 6000 King class](/wiki/GWR_6000_Class "GWR 6000 Class") in 1927\. Other significant early express {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} designs included: * The LNWR's [Prince of Wales Class](/wiki/LNWR_Prince_of_Wales_Class "LNWR Prince of Wales Class"), with 246 locomotives built between 1911 and 1921\. * The [LNWR's Claughton Class](/wiki/LNWR_Claughton_Class "LNWR Claughton Class"), with 130 locomotives built between 1913 and 1924\. * The [Class S69](/wiki/GER_Class_S69 "GER Class S69") of the [Great Eastern Railway](/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway "Great Eastern Railway") (GER), with 81 locomotives produced between 1912 and 1928\. [thumb\\|King Arthur class 30777 Sir Lamiel](/wiki/File:30777_Sir_Lamiel_on_the_Quorn_Straight.jpg "30777 Sir Lamiel on the Quorn Straight.jpg") [Robert Urie](/wiki/Robert_Urie "Robert Urie") of the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway "London and South Western Railway") (LSWR) introduced three successful classes, the H15 class mixed traffic locomotives, introduced in 1914 and built until 1924, the [N15 King Arthur class](/wiki/LSWR_N15_class "LSWR N15 class"), with 74 locomotives built between 1919 and 1926, and the [S15 class](/wiki/LSWR_S15_class "LSWR S15 class"), with 45 locomotives built between 1920 and 1936\. In 1907, [Wilson Worsdell](/wiki/Wilson_Worsdell "Wilson Worsdell") of the NER built ten W class {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}T tank locomotives. These were all rebuilt to [NER Class W1](/wiki/NER_Class_W1 "NER Class W1") [4\-6\-2T Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 "4-6-2") between 1914 and 1917\.[The London \& North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia](http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a6.shtml) #### Post\-grouping era During the [post\-grouping era](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 "Railways Act 1921") from 1923 to 1948, the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement was used extensively by all of the [Big Four British railway companies](/wiki/Big_Four_British_railway_companies "Big Four British railway companies"), especially by the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway "Great Western Railway") (GWR) and the [London, Midland and Scottish Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway "London, Midland and Scottish Railway") (LMS), who continued to develop new designs. [thumb\\|right\\|GWR 4073 Class [5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class_5043_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe "GWR 4073 Class 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe")](/wiki/File:GWR_5043_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe_Didcot_Railway_Centre_4th_March_2023.jpg "GWR 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Didcot Railway Centre 4th March 2023.jpg") However, from the early 1930s, demands for more power and improved performance from express passenger locomotives led to the widespread introduction of [4\-6\-2 Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 "4-6-2") locomotives, where the trailing axle could support a larger [firebox](/wiki/Firebox_%28steam_engine%29 "Firebox (steam engine)"). Since the reduced traction of the driving wheels was not a big disadvantage with relatively light passenger trains, the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} was displaced from top\-rank express services on most of the railways where they had been used, with the exception of the GWR who continued to build both mixed\-traffic and express passenger {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}s until nationalisation in 1948\. The [GWR's 4073 Castle Class](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class "GWR 4073 Class") eventually consisted of 171 express passenger locomotives, built between 1923 and 1950\. The design was enlarged as the [GWR's 6000 King Class](/wiki/GWR_6000_Class "GWR 6000 Class"), with thirty locomotives built between 1927 and 1930\. Several new mixed traffic {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0s}} were also introduced: * The [Southern Railway](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28UK%29 "Southern Railway (UK)") improved the LSWR's King Arthur class and introduced the [Lord Nelson class](/wiki/SR_Lord_Nelson_class "SR Lord Nelson class"), which was briefly the most powerful class in Britain. Sixteen locomotives were built between 1926 and 1929\. * The LMS introduced the [7P Royal Scot class](/wiki/LMS_Royal_Scot_Class "LMS Royal Scot Class"), with 71 locomotives built between 1927 and 1930, and the [6P Patriot class](/wiki/LMS_Patriot_Class "LMS Patriot Class"), with 52 locomotives built between 1930 and 1934\. All of the Royal Scots and 18 of the Patriots were subsequently rebuilt in line with Stanier's practice and were very successful in this form. * The largest and most successful British {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} class was the [LMS Class 5 Black Five](/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0 "LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0"), designed by [William Stanier](/wiki/William_Stanier "William Stanier") and consisting of 842 locomotives, built between 1934 and 1951\. Stanier also designed the [LMS 6P Jubilee class](/wiki/LMS_Jubilee_Class "LMS Jubilee Class"), with 191 locomotives built between 1934 and 1936\. [thumb\\|right\\|GWR Hall Class Olton Hall hauled the Hogwarts Express in the [Harry Potter films](/wiki/Harry_Potter_%28film_series%29 "Harry Potter (film series)")](/wiki/File:GWR_%27Hall%27_5972_%27Olton_Hall%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG "GWR 'Hall' 5972 'Olton Hall' at Doncaster Works.JPG") Charles Collett of the GWR developed [Churchward's](/wiki/George_Jackson_Churchward "George Jackson Churchward") 1902 Saint class design into three further classes: * The [GWR 4900 Hall](/wiki/GWR_4900_Class "GWR 4900 Class") class, with 259 locomotives built between 1928 and 1943\. * The [GWR 6800 Grange](/wiki/GWR_6800_Class "GWR 6800 Class") class, with eighty locomotives built between 1936 and 1939\. * The [GWR 7800 Manor](/wiki/GWR_7800_Class "GWR 7800 Class") class, with thirty locomotives built between 1938 and 1950\. [Frederick Hawksworth](/wiki/Frederick_Hawksworth "Frederick Hawksworth") later developed the Saint class design further, first with his [GWR 6959 Modified Hall Class](/wiki/GWR_6959_Class "GWR 6959 Class"), with 71 locomotives built between 1944 and 1950, and then with his [GWR 1000 County Class](/wiki/GWR_1000_Class "GWR 1000 Class"), with thirty locomotives built between 1945 and 1947\. The LNER inherited large numbers of {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotives from its constituent companies, many of which were subsequently rebuilt, so that the company ultimately had sixty different classes and sub\-classes with this wheel arrangement. In addition, the company also introduced two new {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} classes. * The [B17 class](/wiki/LNER_Class_B17 "LNER Class B17"), designed by [Nigel Gresley](/wiki/Nigel_Gresley "Nigel Gresley"), of which 73 were built between 1928 and 1937\. * The [B1 class](/wiki/LNER_Thompson_Class_B1 "LNER Thompson Class B1"), designed by [Edward Thompson](/wiki/Edward_Thompson_%28engineer%29 "Edward Thompson (engineer)"), of which 410 locomotives were built between 1942 and 1952\.Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Part 1 Preliminary Survey, Railway Correspondence and Travel Society, 1963, pp. 105\-7\. [thumb\\|right\\|BR standard class 5](/wiki/File:73050_at_Wansford.jpg "73050 at Wansford.jpg") #### British Railways era Following the formation of [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways "British Railways") in 1948, two further {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} classes were introduced, both in 1951\. * The [BR Standard Class 5](/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_5 "BR Standard Class 5") was based on Stanier's successful LMS Black Five of 1934\. Altogether 172 locomotives were built by 1957\. * A lighter and less powerful design was the [BR Standard Class 4](/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_4_4-6-0 "BR Standard Class 4 4-6-0"). Eighty of these were built by 1957\. ### United States The first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotive built in the United States was the Chesapeake, built by [Norris Locomotive Works](/wiki/Norris_Locomotive_Works "Norris Locomotive Works") for the [Philadelphia and Reading](/wiki/Reading_Company "Reading Company") railroad in March 1847\. There are still conflicting opinions as to who the original designer of this type was. Many authorities attribute the design to [Septimus Norris](/wiki/Septimus_Norris "Septimus Norris") of Norris Locomotive Works, but in an 1885 paper, George E. Sellers attributes the design to John Brandt who worked for the [Erie Railroad](/wiki/Erie_Railroad "Erie Railroad") between 1842 and 1851\. * According to Sellers, the Erie's own management didn't feel it in their best interests to pursue construction, so Brandt approached [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works") and Norris with the design. Baldwin was similarly uninterested, but Norris liked the idea. [James Millholland](/wiki/James_Millholland "James Millholland") of the Reading also saw the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} design and ordered one from Norris for the Reading. However, Sellers may have misinterpreted some of the information since Millholland did not work for the Reading until 1848, a year after the locomotive was built. Furthermore, Sellers refers to the first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} to be constructed as the Susquehanna, which was the Erie railroad's first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}, not the Reading's. * The attribution to Septimus Norris stems from a patent, allegedly filed in 1846, that many sources cite for this locomotive type. However, such a patent has not yet been found in searches at the [United States Patent and Trademark Office](/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office "United States Patent and Trademark Office") (USPTO). Septimus Norris did file a patent in 1854 for running gears, and the patent application showed a {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement in the drawing. Norris' wording in the 1854 patent was vague with regard to the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement and the filing did not specifically claim invention of the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} configuration. [thumb\\|right\\|A {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} [Camelback locomotive](/wiki/Camelback_locomotive "Camelback locomotive")](/wiki/File:Camelback.jpg "Camelback.jpg") A few days after William Norris completed the Chesapeake, [Hinkley Locomotive Works](/wiki/Hinkley_Locomotive_Works "Hinkley Locomotive Works") completed their first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotive, the New Hampshire, for the [Boston and Maine](/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Corporation "Boston and Maine Corporation") Railroad. The first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} from [Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works](/wiki/Rogers_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works "Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works") was the already\-mentioned Susquehanna for the Erie Railroad. Baldwin's first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotive did not appear until 1852\. Through the 1860s and into the 1870s, demand for locomotives of the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement grew as more railroad executives switched from purchasing a single, general\-purpose type of locomotive such as the [4\-4\-0 American](/wiki/4-4-0 "4-4-0") at that time, to purchasing locomotives designed for a specific purpose. Both the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad "Pennsylvania Railroad") (PRR) and the [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad "Baltimore and Ohio Railroad") (B\&O) were early adopters of the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}, using them for fast freight as well as heavy passenger trains. {{multiple image \\| align \= left \\| direction \= vertical \\| width \= 200 \\| image1 \= Walter E Disney on track.jpg \\| image2 \= Roger E Broggie on track.jpg \\| footer \= WDWRR Nos. 1 ''Walter E. Disney'' and 3 ''Roger E. Broggie'', twin {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotives built in 1925\. }} There were also two 3 ft narrow gauge {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} steam locomotives, No. 72 (No. 274\) and No. 73 (No. 275\), built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in May 1925 for the [United Railways of Yucatán](/wiki/Ferrocarriles_Unidos_de_Yucat%C3%A1n "Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatán") in Mexico, where they operated until being retired in the 1960s and were eventually purchased by Disney imagineers [Roger E. Broggie](/wiki/Roger_E._Broggie "Roger E. Broggie") and Earl Vilmer for $8,000 each to operate on the [Walt Disney World Railroad](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Railroad "Walt Disney World Railroad") circling the [Magic Kingdom](/wiki/Magic_Kingdom "Magic Kingdom") in [Bay Lake, Florida](/wiki/Bay_Lake%2C_Florida "Bay Lake, Florida"). No. 274 became No. 1 Walter E. Disney and No. 275 became No. 3 Roger E. Broggie.{{Citation \\|last\=Broggie \\|first\=Michael\\|year\=2014\\|title\=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small\-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full\-Scale Kingdom\\|edition\=4th\\|publisher\=\[\[The Donning Company\\|The Donning Company Publishers]]\\|isbn\=978\-1\-57864\-914\-3\\|pages\=320–323, 393–394}}{{Cite book\\|last\=Leaphart\\|first\=David\\|year\=2016\\|title\=Walt Disney World Railroads Part 3: Yucatan Jewels\\|edition\=1st\\|pages\=60–64\\|publisher\=Steel Wheel on Steel Rail Studio\\|isbn\=978\-1\-533\-03707\-7}} Both locomotives have since been overhauled at the Strasburg Rail Road.{{Cite web\\|last\=Wagner\\|first\=Robert\\|title\=Walter E. Disney, Disney World Railroad No. 1\\|url\=https://steamgiants.com/survivors/theme\-park/disney\-world\-railroad\-no\-1/\\|work\=SteamGiants\\|date\=6 February 2022 \\|publisher\=RailfanDepot\\|access\-date\=February 1, 2023\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003073645/https://steamgiants.com/survivors/theme\-park/disney\-world\-railroad\-no\-1/\\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2022}}{{Cite web\\|last\=Detres\\|first\=Emmanuel\\|date\=March 2, 2024\\|title\=Historical Transportation Service Returns to Disney World After 60\-Month Refurbishment\\|url\=https://insidethemagic.net/2024/03/roger\-e\-broggie\-locomotive\-train\-returns\-five\-years\-magic\-kingdom\-emd1/\\|work\=Inside the Magic\\|access\-date\=March 10, 2024\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309183132/https://insidethemagic.net/2024/03/roger\-e\-broggie\-locomotive\-train\-returns\-five\-years\-magic\-kingdom\-emd1/\\|archive\-date\=March 9, 2024}} No. 1 was overhauled between 2016 and 2020 and returned to service upon the reopening of the WDWRR on December 23, 2022,{{Cite web\\|last\=Levin\\|first\=Danielle\\|date\=December 23, 2022\\|title\=Carrying on a Legacy: The Walt Disney World Railroad Returns\\|url\=https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2022/12/carrying\-on\-a\-legacy\-the\-walt\-disney\-world\-railroad\-returns/\\|publisher\=\[\[Disney Parks, Experiences and Products\#Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide\\|Walt Disney Parks and Resorts]]\\|access\-date\=March 10, 2024\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614085333/https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2022/12/carrying\-on\-a\-legacy\-the\-walt\-disney\-world\-railroad\-returns/\\|archive\-date\=June 14, 2023}} while No. 3 was overhauled between 2019 and 2023 and returned to service on February 21, 2024\. [Sierra No. 3](/wiki/Sierra_No._3 "Sierra No. 3") is a {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} built 1891 by Rogers, which after many years of service on the Prescott and Arizona Central and the Sierra Railway, found new life beginning in 1920 on screen. Sierra No. 3 has appeared in more motion pictures, documentaries and television shows than any other locomotive, and has a career ranging from [The Virginian](/wiki/The_Virginian_%281929_film%29 "The Virginian (1929 film)") (1929\) to [High Noon](/wiki/High_Noon "High Noon") (1952\) to [Back to the Future Part III](/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_III "Back to the Future Part III") (1990\). [right\\|thumb\\|200px\\|[Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) 2355](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_2355 "Southern Pacific 2355") built in 1912](/wiki/File:Mesa-Southern_Pacific_Railroad_%28SP%29_2355_-1912-2.jpg "Mesa-Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) 2355 -1912-2.jpg") A notable American ten\-wheeler is the [Illinois Central Railroad](/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad "Illinois Central Railroad")'s [No. 382](/wiki/Illinois_Central_382 "Illinois Central 382"), the locomotive driven by [Casey Jones](/wiki/Casey_Jones "Casey Jones") in a train wreck [Vaughan, Mississippi](/wiki/Vaughan%2C_Mississippi "Vaughan, Mississippi"), on April 30, 1900, that killed him instantly. But after an eventful career with 6 accidents, she was scrapped in July 1935 at the age of 37, the same age of her driver Casey Jones when he died. A [Clinchfield Railroad](/wiki/Clinchfield_Railroad "Clinchfield Railroad") locomotive of the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} type No. 99 replaced her in 1956 and is on display at the Casey Jones museum in [Jackson, Tennessee](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Tennessee "Jackson, Tennessee"). As far as is known, the heaviest {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} ever built was Southern Pacific No. 2371\. According to R\&LHS Bulletin No. 94, its engine weight was {{convert\\|242500\\|lb\\|t}}. The heaviest class of {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}'s ever put into series production was the [Pennsylvania Railroad class G5](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_class_G5 "Pennsylvania Railroad class G5") with 90 examples completed in the mid\-1920s, which were some {{convert\\|5500\\|lb\\|t}} lighter. One of the B\&O's {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}s, built in 1869, is preserved at the [B\&O Railroad Museum](/wiki/B%26O_Railroad_Museum "B&O Railroad Museum") in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"). Another is at the [National Museum of Transportation](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Transportation "National Museum of Transportation") in St. Louis. A third, The [Great Northern Railway's](/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28U.S.%29 "Great Northern Railway (U.S.)") [GN 1355](/wiki/GN_1355 "GN 1355"), built in 1909 as a {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} but rebuilt to a [4\-6\-2 Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 "4-6-2") in 1924, is in [Sioux City, Iowa](/wiki/Sioux_City%2C_Iowa "Sioux City, Iowa"). [Nevada Northern Railway's](/wiki/Nevada_Northern_Railway "Nevada Northern Railway") No. 40 a 1910 built {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} has been preserved on the railroad and is known by the nickname "The Ghost Train of Ely". Due to its long history of operating in the state, in 2009 No. 40 was recognized as the official [Nevada State Steam Locomotive](/wiki/List_of_Nevada_state_symbols "List of Nevada state symbols"). The only surviving locomotive of the {{RailGauge\\|3ft}} [narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway "Narrow gauge railway") [East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad (ET\&WNC)](/wiki/East_Tennessee_and_Western_North_Carolina_Railroad "East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad") is No. 12, a coal\-fired {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} built in 1917 by the [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works").{{Cite web\\|title\=Tweetsie's Trains\\|url\=https://tweetsie.com/explore\-the\-park/trains/\\|publisher\=\[\[Tweetsie Railroad]]\\|access\-date\=June 8, 2019\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916120354/http://tweetsie.com/explore\-the\-park/trains/\\|archive\-date\=September 16, 2016}} It was originally used to haul passengers and freight over the ET\&WNC's {{convert\\|66\\|mi\\|km\\|0\\|adj\=on\\|abbr\=off}} line running from [Johnson City](/wiki/Johnson_City%2C_Tennessee "Johnson City, Tennessee") over the [Appalachian Mountains](/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains "Appalachian Mountains") to [Boone, North Carolina](/wiki/Boone%2C_North_Carolina "Boone, North Carolina"), from 1918 to 1940\.{{Cite web\\|last\=Brumfield\\|first\=Dale M.\\|date\=August 6, 2017\\|title\=Tweetsie Railroad once was home in Penn Laird, Virginia\\|url\=https://www.newsleader.com/story/news/2017/08/06/tweetsie\-railroad\-began\-penn\-laird\-virginia/104358906/\\|work\=\[\[The News Leader]]\\|access\-date\=June 8, 2019}} Since 1957, it has been in operation at the Tweetsie Railroad [theme park](/wiki/Theme_park "Theme park") in [Blowing Rock, North Carolina](/wiki/Blowing_Rock%2C_North_Carolina "Blowing Rock, North Carolina"). {{\-}}	[ "Usage\n-----", "### Angola", "#### Cape gauge", "[thumb\\\|Ex CGR 6th Class No. 218, CFB No. 22, at Benguela on 12 August 1972](/wiki/File:CFB_Class_6_22.jpg \"CFB Class 6 22.jpg\")\nIn 1907, five 6th Class locomotives of the [Cape Government Railways](/wiki/Cape_Government_Railways \"Cape Government Railways\") were sold to the {{RailGauge\\\|3ft6in\\\|allk\\=on}} [Benguela Railway](/wiki/Benguela_railway \"Benguela railway\") (CFB). These included one of the [Dübs](/wiki/D%C3%BCbs_and_Company \"Dübs and Company\")\\-built [locomotives of 1897](/wiki/South_African_Class_6A_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6A 4-6-0\") and two each of the [Neilson and Company](/wiki/Neilson_and_Company \"Neilson and Company\") and [Neilson, Reid and Company](/wiki/Neilson_and_Company%23Turn_of_the_20th_century \"Neilson and Company#Turn of the 20th century\")\\-built [locomotives of 1897 and 1898](/wiki/South_African_Class_6B_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6B 4-6-0\"). (Also see [South Africa \\- Cape gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23South_Africa \"4-6-0#South Africa\"))", "In the mid\\-1930s, in order to ease maintenance, modifications were made to the running boards and brake gear of the CFB locomotives. The former involved mounting the running boards higher, thereby getting rid of the driving wheel fairings. This gave the locomotives a much more American rather than British appearance.[Class 6B \\- Information supplied by Peter Bagshawe](/wiki/South_African_Class_6B_4-6-0%23Content_of_email_received_from_Peter_Bagshawe_on_9_Jul_2011 \"South African Class 6B 4-6-0#Content of email received from Peter Bagshawe on 9 Jul 2011\")British Overseas Railways Historical Trust, Journal No. 8 \\& 9", "#### Narrow gauge", "In April 1951, three [Class NG9](/wiki/South_African_Class_NG9_4-6-0 \"South African Class NG9 4-6-0\") locomotives were purchased from the South African Railways for the [Caminhos de Ferro de Moçâmedes](/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes_Railway \"Moçâmedes Railway\") (CFM). They were placed in service on the Ramal da Chibía, a {{RailGauge\\\|600mm\\\|lk\\=on}} gauge branch line across {{convert\\\|116\\\|km\\\|mi\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=off}} from [Sá da Bandeira](/wiki/Lubango \"Lubango\") to [Chiange](/wiki/Chiange \"Chiange\"). The locomotives were observed dumped at the Sá da Bandeira shops by 1969 and the branch line itself was closed in 1970\\.[Class NG9 \\- Information supplied by Peter Bagshawe](/wiki/South_African_Class_NG9_4-6-0%23Content_of_email_received_from_Peter_Bagshawe_on_26_August_2011 \"South African Class NG9 4-6-0#Content of email received from Peter Bagshawe on 26 August 2011\") (Also see [South Africa \\- Narrow gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23South_Africa \"4-6-0#South Africa\"))", "### Bechuanaland", "In 1897, three [Class 6](/wiki/South_African_Class_6B_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6B 4-6-0\") {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotives were ordered by the Cape Government Railways (CGR) from [Neilson and Company](/wiki/Neilson_and_Company \"Neilson and Company\") for use on the new [Vryburg](/wiki/Vryburg \"Vryburg\") to [Bulawayo](/wiki/Bulawayo \"Bulawayo\") line of the fledgling Bechuanaland Railway Company (BR). The line through [Bechuanaland Protectorate](/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate \"Bechuanaland Protectorate\") was still under construction and was operated by the CGR on behalf of the BR at the time. The locomotives were eventually returned to the CGR.{{Pattison\\-Seventh\\\|page\\=7–8}}", "### Canada", "Around 1912, the [Algoma Eastern Railway](/wiki/Algoma_Eastern_Railway \"Algoma Eastern Railway\") in [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"), Canada, acquired [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\") \\#20272, a 4\\-6\\-0, which had been built in 1902\\. The locomotive was scrapped in 1927\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.magma.ca/\\~morcomp/roster.html \\\|website\\=The Unofficial Web Site of the Algoma Eastern Railway \\\|title\\=The Algoma Eastern Railway Alltime Roster \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402140447/http://www.magma.ca/\\~morcomp/roster.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2012 \\\|first\\=Dale \\\|last\\=Wilson \\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2019}}", "Besides several of the country's smaller railroads, Canada's two largest railroads, the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\") and [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway \"Canadian Pacific Railway\") also rostered examples of 4\\-6\\-0s, some of which have been preserved. Among the more modern examples for both railroads were the Canadian National H\\-6 and the Canadian Pacific D10\\.", "### Denmark", "[thumb\\\|DSB R (I) 935, Borsig 1912](/wiki/File:DSB_R935_1912.jpg \"DSB R935 1912.jpg\")\nIn 1912, DSB or Danish state railways (Danske statsbaner) would receive the first 2 of 30 R class steam locomotives. 2 versions of the class would be built. \n* R (I): 20 of this type would be built. They had a 2\\-cylinder layout.\n* R (II): 10 of this type would be built. They had a 3\\-cylinder layout.", "After WWII, DSB would end up with 3 [Prussian P8 class](/wiki/Prussian_P_8 \"Prussian P 8\") 4\\-6\\-0 steam locomotives. They would eventually take ownership of them, classifying them as the T class.", "### Finland", "The [Finnish State Railways](/wiki/VR_Group \"VR Group\") (Suomen Valtion Rautatiet or SVR, later the Valtionrautatiet or VR) operated the Classes Hk1, Hk2, Hk3, Hk5, [Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 \"VR Class Hv1\"), Hv2, Hv3, Hv4, Hr2 and Hr3 locomotives with a {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement.", "The Class Hk1, numbers 232 to 241, was built by [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\") in 1898\\. The ten Baldwin locomotives were originally designated H1 class.", "Numbers 291 to 300 and 322 to 333 were built by the [Richmond Locomotive Works](/wiki/Richmond_Locomotive_Works \"Richmond Locomotive Works\") in 1900 and 1901\\. The 22 Richmond locomotives were originally designated H2 class and were nicknamed Big\\-Wheel Kaanari. One of them, No. 293, the locomotive that brought [Lenin](/wiki/Lenin \"Lenin\") from exile in August–September 1917 prior to the Russian Revolution, was presented by [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\") to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") on 13 June 1957 and is preserved at the [Finland Station](/wiki/Finland_Station \"Finland Station\") in St. Petersburg, Russia.", "Another 100 of these locomotives were manufactured in Finland from 1903 to 1916, numbered in the range from 437 to 574 and initially designated H3 to H8 classes.", "The Class Hk5 was numbered from 439 to 515\\. One, No. 497, is preserved at [Haapamäki](/wiki/Haapam%C3%A4ki \"Haapamäki\").", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Finnish [Class Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 \"VR Class Hv1\") {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}, built by [Tampella](/wiki/Tampella \"Tampella\") in 1915](/wiki/File:Finnish460.jpg \"Finnish460.jpg\")\nThe [Class Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 \"VR Class Hv1\") was built from 1915 by [Tampella](/wiki/Tampella \"Tampella\") and [Lokomo](/wiki/Lokomo \"Lokomo\"). They were nicknamed Heikki and were numbered 545 to 578 and 648 to 655\\. The class remained in service until 1967\\. One, No. 555 named Princess, is preserved at the [Finnish Railway Museum](/wiki/Finnish_Railway_Museum \"Finnish Railway Museum\").", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Class Hv2 No. 583 at Helsinki Central station in 1960](/wiki/File:Hv2_Helsinki_1960.jpg \"Hv2 Helsinki 1960.jpg\")\nThe Class Hv2 was built by [Berliner Maschinenbau](/wiki/Berliner_Maschinenbau \"Berliner Maschinenbau\") and Lokomo in the years between 1919 and 1926\\. They were numbered 579 to 593, 671 to 684 and 777 to 780\\. One, No. 680, is preserved at Haapamäki.", "The Class Hv3 was built by Berliner, Tampella and Lokomo in the years from 1921 to 1941\\. They were numbered 638 to 647, 781 to 785 and 991 to 999\\. Three Class Hv3 locomotives were preserved, No. 781 at [Kerava](/wiki/Kerava \"Kerava\"), No. 995 at [Suolahti](/wiki/Suolahti \"Suolahti\") and No. 998 at Haapamäki.", "The Class Hv4 was built by Tampella and Lokomo in the years from 1912 to 1933 and were numbered 516 to 529, 742 to 751 and 757 to 760\\. Two, numbers 742 and 751, are preserved at Haapamäki.", "The [Swedish State Railways](/wiki/Swedish_State_Railways \"Swedish State Railways\") (Statens Järnvägar or SJ) sold its Class Ta and Tb locomotives to Finland in 1942\\. At the time, they were not in traffic in Sweden and, since they were purchased by Finland, they were not considered as war assistance. The Class Ta was designated Class Hr2 in Finland while the Class Tb was designated Class Hr3\\.\n* The Class Hr2 was numbered from 1900 to 1906 and had been built by [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") builders [NOHAB](/wiki/NOHAB \"NOHAB\") (Nydqvist \\& Holm AB) and [Motala Verkstad](/wiki/Motala_Verkstad \"Motala Verkstad\") in the years from 1901 to 1905\\. They were withdrawn from service in Finland between 1950 and 1953\\.\n* The Class Hr3 was numbered from 1907 to 1919 and had been built in Sweden by NOHAB, Motala, the Vagn \\& Maskinfabriks AB in [Falun](/wiki/Falun \"Falun\") and Nya AB Atlas in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") in the years from 1906 to 1908\\. The Class Hr3 was withdrawn from service in Finland between 1952 and 1953\\.", "### France", "[thumb\\\|Baldwin Class 10\\-12\\-D {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}T No. 778 at the [Leighton Buzzard Light Railway](/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard_Light_Railway \"Leighton Buzzard Light Railway\")](/wiki/File:Baldwin_Inaugural_run.jpg \"Baldwin Inaugural run.jpg\")\nTwo 4\\-6\\-0 tank locomotive types saw service in France.", "The [Réseau Breton tank locomotives](/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Breton_4-6-0_tank_locomotives \"Réseau Breton 4-6-0 tank locomotives\") were a class of {{RailGauge\\\|1000mm\\\|al\\=on\\\|allk\\=on}} locomotives of which five were built in 1904 for the [Réseau Breton](/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Breton \"Réseau Breton\") railway by [Société Franco\\-Belge](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Franco-Belge \"Société Franco-Belge\") at its [Raismes](/wiki/Raismes \"Raismes\") factory.{{cite journal \\\|year\\=2010 \\\|title\\=Réseau Breton 230T \\\|journal\\=Continental Modeller \\\|publisher\\=Peco Publications \\\|issue\\=September 2010 \\\|pages\\=560–564 }} A further seven locomotives were built by [Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Alsacienne_de_Constructions_M%C3%A9caniques \"Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques\") (SACM) at its [Belfort](/wiki/Belfort \"Belfort\") plant in France in 1909\\.", "The [Baldwin Class 10\\-12\\-D](/wiki/Baldwin_Class_10-12-D \"Baldwin Class 10-12-D\") {{RailGauge\\\|600mm}} gauge [pannier tank](/wiki/Pannier_tank \"Pannier tank\") locomotives were built in the United States by [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\") for the British [War Department Light Railways](/wiki/War_Department_Light_Railways \"War Department Light Railways\"), for service in France in 1916 and 1917 during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"). A further batch was built by the [American Locomotive Company](/wiki/American_Locomotive_Company \"American Locomotive Company\"). After the war, many of these locomotives were sold to work in France, Britain and India.", "### Germany", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|A [Württembergian](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Württemberg\") D class {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} of 1898](/wiki/File:W%C3%BCrttembergische_D_1898.png \"Württembergische D 1898.png\")\nThe {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement was very popular on the railroads of German states from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when they gradually replaced [{{nowrap\\\|4\\-4\\-0}} American](/wiki/4-4-0 \"4-4-0\") type locomotives, initially especially on hilly terrain. In 1925, after the creation of the [Deutsche Reichsbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn \"Deutsche Reichsbahn\") (DRG), express {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} passenger locomotives were classified under group 17, while regular {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} passenger locomotives were classified under group 38\\.", "#### Baden", "In 1894, [Baden](/wiki/Baden \"Baden\") adopted its [IVe class](/wiki/Baden_IV_e \"Baden IV e\") passenger locomotives of [Alfred de Glehn](/wiki/Alfred_de_Glehn \"Alfred de Glehn\") design, the first four\\-cylinder compound {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotive ever. Altogether 83 were built and later became the DRG class 3870.", "#### Bavaria", "[Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") acquired three {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} express passenger locomotive classes. All were [Maffei](/wiki/Maffei_%28company%29 \"Maffei (company)\")\\-built four\\-cylinder compound locomotives.\n* The [C V](/wiki/Bavarian_C_V \"Bavarian C V\") class, of which 43 were built from 1899, later the DRG class 173.\n* The [S 3/5N](/wiki/Bavarian_S_3/5 \"Bavarian S 3/5\") class, of which 39 were built from 1903, later the DRG class 174.\n* The superheated steam [S 3/5H](/wiki/Bavarian_S_3/5 \"Bavarian S 3/5\") class, of which thirty were built from 1906, later the DGR class 175.", "Bavaria only began using {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} passenger locomotives in 1905\\.\n* The first was the [P 3/5 N](/wiki/Bavarian_P_3/5_N \"Bavarian P 3/5 N\") class, of which 36 were built, later the DRG class 380.\n* After a long break, Bavaria ordered a superheated steam [P 3/5 H](/wiki/Bavarian_P_3/5_H \"Bavarian P 3/5 H\") class in 1921\\. Eighty of these were built and later became the DRG class 384.Horst Obermayer, Manfred Weisbrod, Dampflok\\-Report: Lokomotiv\\-Archiv. Band No. 2\\. Baureihen 22\\-39, Merker Verlag 1995, {{ISBN\\\|3\\-922404\\-72\\-3}}, pp. 44\\-49 {{in lang\\\|de}}", "#### Prussia", "In 1899, [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") ordered a short series of eighteen De Glehn passenger locomotives that were designated S 7 class.Herbert Rauter: Preußen\\-Report. Band 4: Naßdampf\\-Personenzuglokomotiven P 0 – pp. 4, 7\\. Hermann Merker Verlag, 1991, {{ISBN\\\|3\\-922404\\-21\\-9}}, pp.76\\-78 {{in lang\\\|de}}", "The most numerous {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} series in the world was the [Prussian P 8](/wiki/Prussian_P_8 \"Prussian P 8\") passenger locomotive, later the DRG class 3810\\-40, of which 3,556 were built for the [Prussian state railways](/wiki/Prussian_state_railways \"Prussian state railways\") and German railways between 1906 and 1923\\. Of these, 627 locomotives were given to other countries after the First World War. When exports and licensed production in Romania are included, their number reached almost four thousand.Günther Scheingraber, Manfred Weisbrod (1993\\). Preußen\\-Report. Band 7: Heißdampf\\-Personenzuglokomotiven P 6, P 8, P 10 und preußische Tender. Hermann Merker Verlag, {{ISBN\\\|3\\-922404\\-53\\-7}}, pp. 32, 36 (Also see [Poland](/wiki/4-6-0%23Poland \"4-6-0#Poland\"))", "Prussia only started to operate {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} express locomotives of its [S 10](/wiki/Prussian_S_10 \"Prussian S 10\") family from 1910\\. While they were externally similar, they differed in engine arrangement.Horst Obermayer, Manfred Weisbrod: Dampflok\\-Report: Lokomotiv\\-Archiv. Band No. 1\\. Baureihen 01\\-19, Merker Verlag 1993, {{ISBN\\\|3\\-922404\\-40\\-5}}, pp.58\\-67 {{in lang\\\|de}}\n* The S 10 quadruple (4\\-cylindre, single expansion) of which 202 were built from 1910, later the DRG class 170\\-1.\n* The S 101 4\\-cylindre compound, of which 237 were built in two batches from 1911 and 1914 (with pre\\-heater), later the DRG class 1710\\-12.\n* The S 102 3\\-cylindre, of which 124 were built from 1914, later the DRG class 172.", "#### Saxony", "From 1906, [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony \"Saxony\") used {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} express service locomotive classes XII H, XII HV and XII H1, of which 6, 42 and 7 were built respectively. They later became the DRG classes 176, 177 and 178 respectively. All were superheated steam locomotives, differing mostly in engine arrangements.", "More numerous were the [Saxon XII H2](/wiki/Saxon_XII_H2 \"Saxon XII H2\") class passenger locomotives, of which 169 were built from 1910\\. They later became the DRG class 382\\-3.", "#### Württemberg", "From 1898, the [Royal Württemberg State Railways](/wiki/Royal_W%C3%BCrttemberg_State_Railways \"Royal Württemberg State Railways\") used [D class](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_D \"Württemberg D\") passenger locomotives. It was also a four\\-cylinder compound locomotive, of which fourteen were built.Jan Piwowoński: Parowozy kolei polskich, Warsaw: WKiŁ, 1978, p.228 {{in lang\\\|pl}}", "### Indonesia", "[thumb\\\|NIS 371 or DKA C51 01 in open air taken in 2008 at Indonesia Railway Museum, [Ambarawa](/wiki/Ambarawa \"Ambarawa\"),[Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java \"Central Java\")](/wiki/File:DKA_C51_%28C_51_01_B%29.jpg \"DKA C51 (C 51 01 B).jpg\") [Nederlandsch\\-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij](/wiki/Nederlandsch-Indische_Spoorweg_Maatschappij \"Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij\") (NIS) received 10 units of the first [superheated](/wiki/Superheater \"Superheater\") 4\\-6\\-0 long\\-range runner for [3 ft 6 in](/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways \"3 ft 6 in gauge railways\") (1,067 mm) from [Beyer, Peacock and Company, Manchester](/wiki/Beyer%2C_Peacock_and_Company \"Beyer, Peacock and Company\"). These locos were come in 1913, and classified as NIS Class 370 (371\\-380\\). After arriving in [Java](/wiki/Java \"Java\"), these locomotives worked as an effort to pursue the target of taking the Gundih–Surabaya with a travel time of approximately 7 hours. 4 units worked on Batavia ([Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta \"Jakarta\"))–Buitenzorg ([Bogor](/wiki/Bogor \"Bogor\")) for express trains. While the rest of the 6 were used on Soerabaia NIS ([Surabaya Pasar Turi](/wiki/Surabaya_Pasar_Turi_railway_station \"Surabaya Pasar Turi railway station\"))–Gundih line and allocated in Cepu depot, [Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java \"Central Java\"). The NIS 370 class locomotives also underwent technical and design improvements so that it was able to reach a maximum speed of 75 kilometres per hour (47 miles per hour) which was much faster than the original speed of only around 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour).{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Oegema \\\|first\\=J. J. G. \\\|title\\=De Stoomtractie op Java en Sumatra \\\|publisher\\=Kluwer Technische Boeken, B.V. \\\|year\\=1982 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-201\\-1520\\-8 \\\|location\\=Deventer\\-Antwerpen \\\|language\\=Dutch}}\n[thumb\\\|SRT 751 or C52 17 at Army Engineering Museum, [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\")](/wiki/File:SRT_751_-_JNR_C52_%28756_C_W%29.jpg \"SRT 751 - JNR C52 (756 C W).jpg\")\nApart from being used to pull express trains, the NIS 370s were also used to haul freight trains. This freight train contains petroleum from Koloniale Petroleum Verkoop Mij. (KPVM). KPVM was a part of the NKPM company (Nederlandsche Koloniale Petroleum Maatschappij).{{Cite book \\\|author\\=Yoga Bagus Prayogo \\\|author2\\=Yohanes Sapto Prabowo \\\|author3\\=Diaz Radityo \\\|title\\=Kereta Api di Indonesia. Sejarah Lokomotif di Indonesia \\\|publisher\\=Jogja Bangkit Publisher \\\|year\\=2017 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-602\\-0818\\-55\\-9 \\\|location\\=Yogyakarta \\\|language\\=Indonesian}} Not quite a long, NIS also imported 20 more 4\\-6\\-0 locomotives with similar characteristics to the NIS Class 370 but with some improvements from 3 different builders. At first batch, they received 5 units from [Werkspoor, N.V.](/wiki/Werkspoor \"Werkspoor\") ([Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\")) in 1918\\-1919\\. Then, the second batch consisting 5 units from [Henschel \\& Son](/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son \"Henschel & Son\") ([Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\")) in 1921\\. At last, 10 units from Werkspoor and [Beyer, Peacock and Company](/wiki/Beyer%2C_Peacock_and_Company \"Beyer, Peacock and Company\") finally came in 1922 to serve the increase of passenger traffics.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Indonesian state railways \\\|url\\=https://searail.malayanrailways.com/PJKA/PJKA.htm \\\|url\\-status\\=live \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929000745/https://searail.malayanrailways.com/PJKA/PJKA.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=29 Sep 2022 \\\|website\\=Asian Railways}} Soon, the new upgraded 4\\-6\\-0 [superheater](/wiki/Superheater \"Superheater\") locomotives were classified as NIS Class 381 (381\\-400\\) and worked on [Semarang Tawang–Cepu](/wiki/Semarang_Tawang_railway_station \"Semarang Tawang railway station\")–[Soerabaia NIS](/wiki/Surabaya_Pasar_Turi_railway_station \"Surabaya Pasar Turi railway station\") and Semarang Tawang–Vorstenlanden ([Surakarta](/wiki/Solo_Balapan_railway_station \"Solo Balapan railway station\") and [Jogja Lempuyangan](/wiki/Lempuyangan_railway_station \"Lempuyangan railway station\")) lines. In 1935, NIS received the concession to upgrade their mainline from Soerabaia to Semarang which was tram line becoming 2nd class railway line. NIS 381–400 once reached a speed of up to 105 kilometres per hour (65 miles per hour) during some series of tests, making it the fastest locomotive fleet owned by NIS at that time. During [Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies \"Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies\") in 1942, all of Dutch East Indies private / state\\-owned railway locomotives were renumbered based on [Japanese numberings](/wiki/Japan_Railways_locomotive_numbering_and_classification \"Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification\"). The NIS 370s were renumbered to C51, while the NIS 380s became C52\\. It could be said that C52s were the missing class of locomotives because almost all of them were sent by Japanese and Dutch to various countries in the [Indochina](/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia \"Mainland Southeast Asia\") and [Malay Peninsula](/wiki/Malay_Peninsula \"Malay Peninsula\") regions during war period and were never operated again after [Indonesian independence](/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence \"Proclamation of Indonesian Independence\") and they also lack of documentations. Many were sent to Malaya, Cambodia, Thailand and had been scrapped in 1949\\-1950s because they had been re\\-gauged to 1,000 mm. From 20 of them, only C52 17 (ex\\-NIS 397\\) is preserved in Army Engineering Museum, [Ratchaburi](/wiki/Ratchaburi \"Ratchaburi\"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2013 \\\|title\\=Preserved / Extant Steam Locos and Steam Cranes in Thailand \\\|url\\=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/thaipreserved.htm \\\|website\\=The International Steam Pages}} While the C51s were so lucky because they remained in service in Java during the war. From 10 of them, only C51 01 is preserved in [Ambarawa Railway Museum](/wiki/Ambarawa_Railway_Museum \"Ambarawa Railway Museum\"), [Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java \"Central Java\").\n[thumb\\\|SCS 217 or DKA C54 17 at Indonesia Railway Museum, [Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java \"Central Java\")](/wiki/File:DKA_C54_%2854_17_C_W%29.jpg \"DKA C54 (54 17 C W).jpg\")\nOn the other hand, Samarang–Cheribon Stoomtram Mij. (SCS) or Samarang–Cheribon Steam Tramway imported 19 units of superheated 4\\-6\\-0s, consisting 13 from [Hartmann, Chemnitz](/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Maschinenfabrik \"Sächsische Maschinenfabrik\") and 6 from [Beyer, Peacock and Company, Manchester](/wiki/Beyer%2C_Peacock_and_Company \"Beyer, Peacock and Company\") in 1922, classified as SCS Class 200 (201–219\\) and worked both for freight and express trains on north coastline of [Semarang](/wiki/Semarang_Poncol_railway_station \"Semarang Poncol railway station\")–[Cheribon](/wiki/Cirebon_Prujakan_railway_station \"Cirebon Prujakan railway station\") which was connected to [Staatsspoorwegen's](/wiki/Staatsspoorwegen \"Staatsspoorwegen\") (SS) line to [Batavia](/wiki/Jakarta_Kota_railway_station \"Jakarta Kota railway station\").{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Asosiasi Perkeretaapian Indonesia \\\|first\\=Tim Telaga Bakti Nusantara \\\|title\\=Sejarah Perkeretaapian Indonesia \\\|publisher\\=Angkasa \\\|year\\=1997 \\\|isbn\\=979\\-665\\-168\\-8 \\\|location\\=Bandung \\\|language\\=Indonesian}} This line was completed on November 1, 1914 to support the transportation of passengers and freights, especially on the north coast of Java. Some cities like [Semarang](/wiki/Semarang \"Semarang\"), [Pekalongan](/wiki/Pekalongan \"Pekalongan\"), [Tegal](/wiki/Tegal \"Tegal\") and [Cheribon](/wiki/Cirebon \"Cirebon\"), there were 54 [sugar mills](/wiki/Sugarcane_mill \"Sugarcane mill\") operating at that time.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Besari \\\|first\\=M. Sahari \\\|title\\=Teknologi di Nusantara: 40 Abad Hambatan Inovasi \\\|publisher\\=Salemba Teknika \\\|year\\=2008 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-979\\-95492\\-5\\-9 \\\|location\\=Jakarta \\\|language\\=Indonesian}} The completion of this line construction was also made an increase in the volume of freights and number of passengers transported. By 1912\\-1921, just before receiving 4\\-6\\-0 engines, SCS had improved the quality of their line, especially on the Cirebon–Semarang which is 226 kilometres (140 miles) away with the aim to increase the speed limits of their trains. Speed limit for trains on the Cirebon–Semarang route had been changed from 59 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour) to 75 kilometres per hour (47 miles per hour). With the improvement in the quality of this rail line, the SCS 200s with express trains could serve passengers traveling from Batavia to Semarang in just 7 hours. Passengers first have a transit at [Cheribon](/wiki/Cirebon_railway_station \"Cirebon railway station\") which owned by SS, then they continue using SCS trains to Semarang. During [Japanese occupation](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies \"Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies\"), all SCS Class 200 were renumbered to C54 class and around 4 units of them were moved to [Sumatra](/wiki/Sumatra \"Sumatra\") to serve the Muaro ([West Sumatra](/wiki/West_Sumatra \"West Sumatra\"))–[Pekanbaru](/wiki/Pekanbaru \"Pekanbaru\") (Riau) train transport line. This locomotive was tested to haul the transport coal train from coal mines in West Sumatra. Of the 19 units of C54, there are currently 2 remaining, a C54 with unknown individual number and C5417, C5417 (from Beyer Peacock) is preserved at the [Ambarawa Railway Museum](/wiki/Ambarawa_Railway_Museum \"Ambarawa Railway Museum\"), [Central Java](/wiki/Central_Java \"Central Java\"). Meanwhile, the unidentified C54 locomotive is abandoned in the forest in Tutup Kain Selatan, [Kampar Regency](/wiki/Kampar_Regency \"Kampar Regency\"), [Riau](/wiki/Riau \"Riau\") with its incomplete physical condition.", "### Ireland", "The only Irish railways to use the 4\\-6\\-0 type were the Great Southern \\& Western Railway (GS\\&WR) and its larger successor, Great Southern Railways (GSR). The GS\\&WR had 4\\-6\\-0s for both fast freight and express passenger service. The culmination of Irish 4\\-6\\-0 design was the [GSR Class 800](/wiki/GSR_Class_800 \"GSR Class 800\") or B1a class, introduced in 1939\\. Three of these locomotives were built for top express passenger work on the Dublin\\-Cork mainline, coincidentally resembling the United Kingdom's [Royal Scot Class](/wiki/LMS_Royal_Scot_Class \"LMS Royal Scot Class\") as rebuilt. They were the last new steam locomotives to be built for the GSR.", "### New Zealand", "The [New Zealand Railways Department](/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Department \"New Zealand Railways Department\") built its first home\\-built tender locomotives in 1894, using the 4\\-6\\-0 wheel arrangement. Designated as the \"U\" class their production run lasted for a decade and produced only nine locomotives. Lack of colonial capacity resulted in an order for units built in the United Kingdom \\- but production delays led to a batch of ten Baldwin\\-built locomotives being ordered \\- which were promptly delivered. When the half\\-dozen Sharp Stewart examples entered service the designation in the annual locomotive returns became the \"Colonial U\", \"American U\", and \"English U\" even though the Sharp Stewarts were built in Scotland.", "Another Baldwin batch and Sharp Stewart batch arrived into service in 1901, along with a sample from Richmond and another sample from Brooks \\- although the ALCO merger occurred before delivery. With the proliferation of batches the classification became \"U\" for the colonial\\-built examples, \"Ua\" for the early Sharp Stewarts, \"Ub\" for all American\\-built locomotives, and \"Uc\" for the second batch of Sharp Stewarts.", "The Baldwins were considered free steamers and were for a time the best locomotives in the colony. The Brooks was highly regarded. The Richmond was not successful. The Sharp Stewarts and colonial locomotives were more finely built than the Baldwins \\- but poorer steamers. The colonial locomotives were never successful in mainline work \\- they subsequently became a useful branchline locomotive.", "By 1901 the introduction of \"Pacific\" types began to push the Ten\\-Wheelers into second\\-tier service. The combination of standardisation and the Great Depression saw the Ua, early Ub, and the sample locomotives scrapped. The later Ub and Uc classes lasted until 1957 \\- but were scrapped whenever uneconomic repairs were needed, and also because dieselisation had begun to displace more modern steam locomotives into what had been their territory. Even in their last years, the Sharp Stewarts did primarily passenger duty because they didn't have the hauling ability for freight work when compared to the Baldwins.", "The privately owned Wellington and Manawatu Railway purchased two Ten\\-Wheelers from Baldwin in 1904\\. In 1908 they were acquired by the Government and became the Ud Class. They were also a victim of standardisation and were scrapped when repairs were required \\- the last being written off in 1931\\. In all, NZGR had forty\\-nine of 4\\-6\\-0 locomotives, from five manufacturers, built over eleven years to nine different standards.{{NZR Steam Locomotive}}", "### Norway", "[thumb\\\|NSB Class 27](/wiki/File:NSB_27A.jpg \"NSB 27A.jpg\")\nIn 1879, the Norwegian State Railways, the Smaalensbanen and Merakerbanen, received four ten\\-wheelers with three\\-axled tenders from Baldwin Locomotive Works which were the first 4\\-6\\-0s in Europe.Sando, S. (1984\\). Die ersten 2C\\-Schlepptender\\-loks in Europa. In Lok Magazin 128 September/Oktober 1984, p. 344\\-345\\.", "### Poland", "[thumb\\\|Polish [class Ok22](/wiki/PKP_class_Ok22 \"PKP class Ok22\")](/wiki/File:Ok_22.jpg \"Ok 22.jpg\")\nThe [Polish State Railways](/wiki/Polish_State_Railways \"Polish State Railways\") (PKP) used several classes of Prussian and other German {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotives. The most significant of these was the [Prussian P 8](/wiki/Prussian_P_8 \"Prussian P 8\"), classified in Poland as the [PKP class Ok1](/wiki/PKP_class_Ok1 \"PKP class Ok1\"). After the First World War, Poland received as reparations and also bought altogether 257 of these locomotives. After the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), their number rose to 429 locomotives, which made it the most numerous passenger locomotive in Poland. A few were preserved and kept in working condition, including Class Ok1 No. 359\\.Paweł Terczyński (2003\\): Atlas parowozów (Steam locomotives' atlas), Poznań, {{ISBN\\\|83\\-901902\\-8\\-1}}, p. 56\\-57 {{in lang\\\|pl}} (Also see [Germany \\- Prussia](/wiki/4-6-0%23Prussia \"4-6-0#Prussia\"))", "A significant number of the [Prussian S 10](/wiki/Prussian_S_10 \"Prussian S 10\") family of express passenger locomotives were also used in Poland. There were 52 in total, classified as Pk1, Pk2 and Pk3\\.Jan Piwowoński: Parowozy kolei polskich, Warsaw: WKiŁ, 1978, p.148 {{in lang\\\|pl}}", "During the inter\\-war period, a [PKP class Ok22](/wiki/PKP_class_Ok22 \"PKP class Ok22\") locomotive was designed in cooperation with German builders [Hanomag](/wiki/Hanomag \"Hanomag\"). It was basically an improved class Ok1 with a more efficient boiler. Altogether 190 of them were produced for the PKP, of which all but five were manufactured in Poland.", "### Romania", "After WWI, [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\") received as war reparations 18 [Prussian P 8](/wiki/Prussian_P_8 \"Prussian P 8\") locomotives (classified as the CFR 230\\.000 Class), and then imported other 127 units for [Căile Ferate Române](/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne \"Căile Ferate Române\") (CFR), in 1921–1930\\. Further 226 locomotives were licence\\-manufactured in Romania by [Reșița works](/wiki/Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba_works \"Reșița works\") (between 1932 and 1936\\), and [Malaxa](/wiki/FAUR \"FAUR\") (1932\\-1939\\).[Tren Magazin 11/1993](http://www.trennet.ro/products/gallery/file74.pdf) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044642/http://www.trennet.ro/products/gallery/file74\\.pdf \\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-06 }} {{in lang\\\|ro}}[Locomotive cu aburi](http://www.gari.ro/cfr/istorie/locomotive-cu-aburi) {{in lang\\\|ro}}[C.F.R. 230\\.000 Class Locomotive](http://www.railwayfan.ro/aburi/html/230_000.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328145901/http://www.railwayfan.ro/aburi/html/230\\_000\\.html \\\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-28 }} {{in lang\\\|ro}}", "### Russia", "{{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} passenger locomotives became quite popular in Russia at the turn of the 20th century. While the locomotives originally had separate class designations on each Russian railroad, common Russian class designations were introduced in 1912\\. The Russian {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0s}} were the A, {{nowrap\\\|A{{su\\\|p\\=D\\\|b\\=K}},}} {{nowrap\\\|A{{su\\\|p\\=D}},}} {{nowrap\\\|A{{su\\\|p\\=V}},}} V, Zh, Z, G, U, K, B and {{nowrap\\\|K{{su\\\|p\\=U}}}} classes.\n* The first and most numerous class was the Vladicaucasian Railway's A class, in the {{nowrap\\\|A{{su\\\|p\\=D\\\|b\\=K}},}} {{nowrap\\\|A{{su\\\|p\\=D}}}} and, the most numerous, {{nowrap\\\|A{{su\\\|p\\=V}}}} series. It was a [Kolomna factory](/wiki/Kolomna_Locomotive_Works \"Kolomna Locomotive Works\") design, of which 533 were built for several railroads in several Russian and German factories from 1892 until 1907\\. All were two\\-cylinder compound locomotives with {{convert\\\|1830\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|adj\\=on}} diameter coupled wheels.Rakov, V.A. (1995\\), Lokomotivy otechestvennyh zheleznyh dorog 1845\\-1955 (Locomotives of domestic railways 1845\\-1955\\), Moscow, {{ISBN\\\|5\\-277\\-00821\\-7}}, p.217\\-238 (in Russian)\n* In 1896, 88 [Baldwin](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\")\\-built four\\-cylinder [Vauclain compound](/wiki/Vauclain_compound \"Vauclain compound\") locomotives were introduced, designated V class (V for Vauclain, В in Russian).\n* Also from 1896, [Henschel](/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son \"Henschel & Son\")\\-designed locomotives were introduced. Altogether 210 were built from 1896 to 1909, fourteen by Henschel and the rest in Russia. They were two\\-cylinder compound locomotives with {{convert\\\|1700\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|adj\\=on}} diameter coupled wheels and were regarded as a more successful design than the A class. These locomotives were later designated as the Zh class (Ж in Russian). A development of the Zh class was the superheated Z class (З in Russian), of which 24 were built from 1902\\.\n* From 1901 to 1903, stronger passenger locomotives were built, the G class (Г in Russian). These locomotives were of Vladicaucasian Railway and [Bryansk](/wiki/Bryansk \"Bryansk\") factory design. Of these, 39 were built for the Vladicaucasian Railway and another 85 for Eastern Chinese railroads. They were two\\-cylinder compound locomotives with {{convert\\\|1730\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|adj\\=on}} diameter coupled wheels. Some of these locomotives were later retrofitted with superheaters.\n* [thumb\\\|[U class](/wiki/Russian_locomotive_class_U \"Russian locomotive class U\") [U\\-127](/wiki/Locomotive_U-127 \"Locomotive U-127\"), Lenin's locomotive, at the [Museum of the Moscow Railway](/wiki/Museum_of_the_Moscow_Railway \"Museum of the Moscow Railway\")The](/wiki/File:Russian_Class_U_locomotive_Number_U127.JPG \"Russian Class U locomotive Number U127.JPG\") [class U](/wiki/Russian_locomotive_class_U \"Russian locomotive class U\") (У in Russian) was a four\\-cylinder oil\\-burning [De Glehn compound locomotive](/wiki/Compound_locomotive%23De_Glehn \"Compound locomotive#De Glehn\") which first appeared in 1906, initially on the Ryazan\\-Ural railroad. Of these, 62 were built at the [Kirov Plant](/wiki/Kirov_Plant \"Kirov Plant\") between 1906 and 1916\\. By the beginning of 1940, the inventory still listed 47 U class locomotives and the last of them were withdrawn in 1952\\. Lenin's locomotive, U class No. U\\-127 that was used during his funeral, is preserved at [the Museum of the Moscow Railway](/wiki/The_Museum_of_the_Moscow_Railway \"The Museum of the Moscow Railway\").\n* Altogether 145 heavier superheated K\\-class (К in Russian) passenger locomotives were built between 1907 and 1912\\. They were of [Kolomna factory](/wiki/Kolomna_Locomotive_Works \"Kolomna Locomotive Works\") design and were two\\-cylinder simple expansion (simplex) locomotives with {{convert\\\|1700\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|adj\\=on}} diameter coupled wheels.\n* At the same time, the Briansk factory designed an improved superheated development of the G class that was produced between 1907 and 1914 as the B class (Б in Russian). Altogether 252 were built in Briansk and Lugansk. They were two\\-cylinder simplex locomotives with {{convert\\\|1830\\\|mm\\\|in}} diameter coupled wheels that were quite successful in express work.\n* Between 1911 and 1914, Kolomna built 39 stronger {{nowrap\\\|K{{su\\\|p\\=U}}}} class locomotives ({{nowrap\\\|К{{su\\\|p\\=У}}}} in Russian) with {{convert\\\|1900\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|adj\\=on}} diameter coupled wheels for faster trains.", "### South Africa", "Eighteen classes of {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotives saw service in South Africa, sixteen on {{RailGauge\\\|Cape\\\|allk\\=on}} and two on {{RailGauge\\\|2ft}} narrow gauge. Of these, only two were conventional tank locomotives, while two others were delivered as tank\\-and\\-tender locomotives with optional tenders.{{Paxton\\-Bourne\\\|pages\\=10\\-11, 19\\-20, 28, 41\\-44, 104, 110, 113, 156}}", "#### Cape gauge", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|NGR Class G No. 26, {{circa\\\|1900}}](/wiki/File:NGR_K%26S_Class_26_%284-6-0T%29.jpg \"NGR K&S Class 26 (4-6-0T).jpg\")\nBetween 1879 and 1885, the [Natal Government Railways](/wiki/Natal_Government_Railways \"Natal Government Railways\") (NGR) placed 37 {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} tank locomotives in service. Of these, 18 were built by [Kitson and Company](/wiki/Kitson_and_Company \"Kitson and Company\") and 19 by Stephenson. On the NGR they were designated Class G. When the SAR was established in 1912, the 15 unmodified survivors were designated [Class C](/wiki/South_African_Class_C_4-6-0T \"South African Class C 4-6-0T\"). The last one was withdrawn from service in the mid\\-1980s, after more than 105 years in service.", "In 1880 and 1881, the Cape Government Railways (CGR) placed 18 [4th Class](/wiki/CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1880 \"CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880\") tank\\-and\\-tender locomotives in mainline service on its Midland System working out of Port Elizabeth and Eastern System working out of East London. Four of these locomotives were still in service when the South African Railways was established in 1912\\.C.G.R. Numbering Revised, Article by Dave Littley, SA Rail May–June 1993, pp. 94\\-95\\.", "[thumb\\\|Stephenson\\-built CGR 4th Class](/wiki/File:CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1882_no._M65%2C_265%2C_465.jpg \"CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 no. M65, 265, 465.jpg\")\nIn 1882 and 1883, the CGR placed 68 {{nowrap\\\|4th Class}} {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} tank\\-and\\-tender locomotives in mainline service on all three systems. It was an improved version of the 4th Class locomotives of 1880 with larger coupled wheels, built by two manufacturers. Robert Stephenson and Company built [33 with Stephenson valve gear](/wiki/CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1882 \"CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882\"), while Neilson and Company built [35 with Joy valve gear](/wiki/CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1882_Joy \"CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 Joy\"). Of these locomotives, 26 were still in service when the South African Railways was established in 1912\\.", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|CGR experimental 4th Class](/wiki/File:CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1884_Joy_Exp.jpg \"CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 Joy Exp.jpg\")\nFour tank\\-and\\-tender locomotives of the CGR's [Experimental 4th Class](/wiki/CGR_4th_Class_4-6-0TT_1884 \"CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884\") were supplied by Neilson in 1884, built to the design of J.D. Tilney, Locomotive Superintendent of the Cape Eastern System at the time, to be able to use low\\-grade local coal. They had [Joy valve gear](/wiki/Joy_valve_gear \"Joy valve gear\") and unusual six\\-wheeled tenders, with the leading axle mounted in a rigid frame and the other two axles mounted in a bogie. One of the locomotives survived until 1912 and was designated SAR Class 04 as an obsolete locomotive.", "The first twenty of the CGR [5th Class](/wiki/CGR_5th_Class_4-6-0_1890 \"CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890\") tender locomotives were delivered from [Dübs and Company](/wiki/D%C3%BCbs_and_Company \"Dübs and Company\") in 1890\\. In 1891, the CGR placed a second batch of thirty [{{nowrap\\\|5th Class}}](/wiki/CGR_5th_Class_4-6-0_1891 \"CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891\") tender locomotives in mainline service on all three Cape Systems. They were similar to the previous batch of 1890, but differed in respect of the diameter of their coupled wheels, the length of their smokeboxes and their tractive effort. In 1912, when the South African Railways (SAR) was established, the survivors were considered obsolete and designated Class 05\\. Nevertheless, some of the Class 05 locomotives survived as shunting engines in SAR service for another four decades. They were the last obsolete locomotives to be still in service when they were eventually withdrawn in 1953\\.{{rp\\\|20}}Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 27\\-28\\. (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125\\-6/9/11\\-1000\\)", "The Cape 6th Class passenger locomotive was designed at the Salt River works of the CGR according to the specifications of Michael Stephens, then Chief Locomotive Superintendent of the CGR, and under the supervision of H.M. Beatty, then Locomotive Superintendent of the Cape's Western System. It was to become one of the most useful classes to see service in South Africa. In 1912, when they came into SAR stock, the 6th Class {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} family was reclassified into twelve separate classes.South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2'0\" \\& 3'6\" Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended\n[thumb\\\|Class 6, as delivered with a round\\-topped firebox and three\\-axle tender](/wiki/File:SAR_Class_6_433_%284-6-0%29_ex_CGR_357-OVGS_62-CSAR_338.jpg \"SAR Class 6 433 (4-6-0) ex CGR 357-OVGS 62-CSAR 338.jpg\")\n* In 1893 and 1894, the CGR placed forty 6th Class locomotives in service, built by Dübs. Ten of them, sold to the Oranje\\-Vrijstaat Gouwerment\\-Spoorwegen (OVGS) in 1897, eventually became the Class 6\\-L1 on the CSAR. In 1912, all forty were assimilated into the SAR and retained their [Class 6 designation](/wiki/South_African_Class_6_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6 4-6-0\"). (Also see [Sudan](/wiki/4-6-0%23Sudan \"4-6-0#Sudan\"))\n* In 1896 and 1897, the CGR acquired a second batch of fifty, built by Dübs and [Sharp, Stewart and Company](/wiki/Sharp%2C_Stewart_and_Company \"Sharp, Stewart and Company\"). These locomotives differed from the previous order in having slightly larger boilers with an increased heating surface and higher coal capacity tenders. In 1907, one was sold to the Benguela Railway in Angola. The remaining 49 locomotives were designated [Class 6A](/wiki/South_African_Class_6A_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6A 4-6-0\") on the SAR in 1912\\. (Also see [Angola \\- Cape gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23Angola \"4-6-0#Angola\") and [Sudan](/wiki/4-6-0%23Sudan \"4-6-0#Sudan\"))\n* Between 1896 and 1898, the OVGS placed 24 new Cape Class 6 locomotives in service, built by Dübs, Neilson and Sharp, Stewart. During the [Second Boer War](/wiki/Second_Boer_War \"Second Boer War\"), these locomotives were taken over by the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) and after the war they became the CSAR Class 6\\-L2\\. All but one were assimilated into the SAR in 1912 and were designated [Class 6C](/wiki/South_African_Class_6C_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6C 4-6-0\").{{Holland\\-Vol 2\\\|pages\\=137\\-138}} (Also see [Sudan](/wiki/4-6-0%23Sudan \"4-6-0#Sudan\"))\n* In 1897 and 1898, the CGR placed a third batch of 55 in service, built by Dübs, [Neilson and Company](/wiki/Neilson_and_Company \"Neilson and Company\") and [Neilson, Reid and Company](/wiki/Neilson_and_Company%23Turn_of_the_20th_century \"Neilson and Company#Turn of the 20th century\"). They were virtually identical to the previous fifty, except that they had bogie\\-wheeled tenders. In 1907, four were sold to the Benguela Railway in Angola. The remaining 51 locomotives were designated [Class 6B](/wiki/South_African_Class_6B_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6B 4-6-0\") in 1912\\. (Also see [Angola – Cape gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23Angola \"4-6-0#Angola\") and [Sudan](/wiki/4-6-0%23Sudan \"4-6-0#Sudan\"))\n[thumb\\\|[SAR Class 6D](/wiki/South_African_Class_6D_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6D 4-6-0\")](/wiki/File:Class_6D_594_%284-6-0%29_ex_CGR_665.jpg \"Class 6D 594 (4-6-0) ex CGR 665.jpg\")\n* In 1898, a fourth batch of 33 were placed in service by the CGR, built by Neilson, Reid. These represented a further advance on earlier 6th Class locomotives, with a greater heating surface and a larger grate area. In 1912, they were designated [Class 6D](/wiki/South_African_Class_6D_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6D 4-6-0\") on the SAR. (Also see [Sudan](/wiki/4-6-0%23Sudan \"4-6-0#Sudan\"))\n* Also in 1898, the OVGS ordered its final six new Cape 6th Class locomotives from Sharp, Stewart. These were delivered with larger cabs than their predecessors and with bogie\\-wheeled tenders. They were also taken over by the IMR and, after the war, came into the CSAR as Class 6\\-L3\\. In 1912, they became [Class 6E](/wiki/South_African_Class_6E_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6E 4-6-0\") on the SAR.\n* In 1900, two redesigned 6th Class locomotives entered service on the CGR, built by Sharp, Stewart. They had bar frames, larger cabs and bogie\\-wheeled tenders, and their larger heating surfaces and grate areas allowed a higher boiler pressure rating of {{convert\\\|180\\\|psi\\\|kPa\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|sigfig\\=3}}. In visual appearance, they differed from all previous 6th Class locomotives by having higher running boards without driving wheel fairings. In 1912, they were classified as [Class 6F](/wiki/South_African_Class_6F_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6F 4-6-0\") on the SAR.\n[thumb\\\|Schenectady\\-built 6th Class](/wiki/File:SAR_Class_6G_607_%284-6-0%29_ex_CGR_263.jpg \"SAR Class 6G 607 (4-6-0) ex CGR 263.jpg\")\n* In 1901, eight 6th Class locomotives entered service, redesigned and built by the [Schenectady Locomotive Works](/wiki/Schenectady_Locomotive_Works \"Schenectady Locomotive Works\") to the specifications of the CGR. Also built on bar frames like the previous two and similar in appearance, they were larger, with larger boilers and {{convert\\\|17\\+1/2\\\|in\\\|mm\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|sigfig\\=3}} diameter cylinders compared to the {{convert\\\|17\\\|in\\\|mm\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|sigfig\\=3}} of all earlier 6th Class locomotives. In 1912, they became [Class 6G](/wiki/South_African_Class_6G_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6G 4-6-0\") on the SAR.\n* Also in 1901, a batch of 21 entered service on the CGR, built by Neilson, Reid to the older plate frame design, but with a larger cab. These also reverted to the {{convert\\\|17\\\|in\\\|mm\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|sigfig\\=3}} diameter cylinders of the previous British\\-built locomotives, with the lower running boards with driving wheel fairings. One of them was experimental, being equipped with [Drummond](/wiki/Dugald_Drummond \"Dugald Drummond\") cross\\-water tubes in the firebox. However, since the tubes were inclined to leak and were difficult to maintain, they were soon removed. In 1912, these locomotives became the [Class 6H](/wiki/South_African_Class_6H_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6H 4-6-0\") on the SAR.\n* Ten bar\\-framed locomotives were placed in service, also in 1901, designed and built by the [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\") to the specifications of the CGR. They were larger than any of the previous 6th Class locomotives, with larger boilers, large cabs, cylinders of {{convert\\\|17\\+1/2\\\|in\\\|mm\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|sigfig\\=3}} bore, bar frames, stovepipe chimneys, large domes and high running boards without driving wheel fairings. In 1912, they became [Class 6K](/wiki/South_African_Class_6K_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6K 4-6-0\") on the SAR.\n[thumb\\\|SAR Class 6J No. 646](/wiki/File:Class_6J_646_%284-6-0%29_ex_CGR_538.jpg \"Class 6J 646 (4-6-0) ex CGR 538.jpg\")\n* In 1902, fourteen bar\\-framed 6th Class locomotives entered service on the CGR, built by Neilson, Reid. They were practically identical to the two bar\\-framed locomotives built by Sharp, Stewart in 1900, with high running boards without driving wheel fairings. In 1912, they were designated [Class 6J](/wiki/South_African_Class_6J_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6J 4-6-0\") on the SAR.\n* In 1904, the CGR placed its last two 6th Class bar\\-framed locomotives in service, built by the [North British Locomotive Company](/wiki/North_British_Locomotive_Company \"North British Locomotive Company\") (NBL). They were experimental and were the first South African locomotives to have piston valves and [superheaters](/wiki/Superheater \"Superheater\"). The pistons, with a diameter of {{convert\\\|18\\+1/2\\\|in\\\|mm\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|sigfig\\=3}}, were the largest yet used on the 6th Class. The [Schmidt](/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_%28engineer%29 \"Wilhelm Schmidt (engineer)\") superheater was of the smokebox type, but the arrangement was extremely complicated and not very successful. In 1912, they became the [Class 6L](/wiki/South_African_Class_6L_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6L 4-6-0\") on the SAR and in 1915, when they were reboilered, the superheaters were removed to convert them to saturated steam locomotives. At the same time the piston\\-valve cylinders were replaced with smaller slide\\-valve cylinders of {{convert\\\|17\\+1/2\\\|in\\\|mm\\\|abbr\\=off\\\|sigfig\\=3}} bore.", "In 1897, the Pretoria\\-Pietersburg Railway in the [Zuid\\-Afrikaansche Republiek](/wiki/Zuid-Afrikaansche_Republiek \"Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek\") (Transvaal Republic) purchased a {{nowrap\\\|35 Tonner}} tank locomotive with a {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement from the Lourenco Marques, Delagoa Bay and East Africa Railway in [Mozambique](/wiki/Mozambique \"Mozambique\"). The locomotive was not classified, but named [Portuguese](/wiki/PPR_35_Tonner_4-6-0T_Portuguese \"PPR 35 Tonner 4-6-0T Portuguese\") and referred to by name.", "#### Narrow gauge", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|SAR Class NG8](/wiki/File:CGR_Type_B.jpg \"CGR Type B.jpg\")\nIn 1903, the CGR placed six Type B {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotives with eight\\-wheeled bogie tenders in service on the [Avontuur](/wiki/Avontuur_Railway \"Avontuur Railway\") narrow gauge line in the [Langkloof](/wiki/Langkloof \"Langkloof\"). They were built by [W. G. Bagnall](/wiki/W._G._Bagnall \"W. G. Bagnall\") and had bar frames, copper fireboxes and [Stephenson valve gear](/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear \"Stephenson valve gear\"). In 1912, they came into SAR stock and, in 1914, a further three locomotives with slightly longer boilers were acquired by the SAR. One of these was also built by Bagnall while the other two were built by [Kerr, Stuart and Company](/wiki/Kerr%2C_Stuart_and_Company \"Kerr, Stuart and Company\"). These three were commonly referred to as the Improved B. When a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was eventually introduced somewhere between 1928 and 1930, they were to be classified as [Class NG8](/wiki/South_African_Class_NG8_4-6-0 \"South African Class NG8 4-6-0\") but had already been withdrawn from service.", "During 1915 and 1916, the SAR placed six locomotives in service in the Langkloof, built by [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\"). They were very similar to the Bagnall built Type B, except that they were equipped with [Walschaerts valve gear](/wiki/Walschaerts_valve_gear \"Walschaerts valve gear\"). They were later designated [Class NG9](/wiki/South_African_Class_NG9_4-6-0 \"South African Class NG9 4-6-0\"). Three of them survived in SAR service until April 1951, when they were sold to the [Caminhos de Ferro de Moçâmedes](/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes_Railway \"Moçâmedes Railway\") (CFM) of [Angola](/wiki/Angola \"Angola\"). (Also see [Angola \\- Narrow gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23Angola \"4-6-0#Angola\"))", "### Sudan", "During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), sixteen of the South African Railways (SAR) Classes 6 to 6D were transferred to the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") to assist with the war effort during the [North African Campaign](/wiki/North_African_Campaign \"North African Campaign\"). The group consisted of seven [Class 6](/wiki/South_African_Class_6_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6 4-6-0\"), four [Class 6A](/wiki/South_African_Class_6A_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6A 4-6-0\"), two [Class 6B](/wiki/South_African_Class_6B_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6B 4-6-0\"), one [Class 6C](/wiki/South_African_Class_6C_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6C 4-6-0\") and two [Class 6D](/wiki/South_African_Class_6D_4-6-0 \"South African Class 6D 4-6-0\") locomotives. They were sold to the [Sudan Railways Corporation](/wiki/Sudan_Railways \"Sudan Railways\") in 1942\\.Class 6 to 6D sold to Sudan Railways during the WWII North African Campaign, list compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Reimar Holzinger (Also see [South Africa \\- Cape gauge](/wiki/4-6-0%23South_Africa \"4-6-0#South Africa\"))", "### Sweden", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|SJ B class locomotive No. 1220 in operation at the ZLSM in the Netherlands.](/wiki/File:Hemkes_%286041277354%29.jpg \"Hemkes (6041277354).jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|Preserved \"E Class\" No.165 at Hua Lamphong Station. Sep 2023](/wiki/File:Preserved_%22E_Class%22_No.165_at_Hua_Lamphong_Station._Sep_2023.jpg \"Preserved \")\nThe Swedish class of [B locomotives](/wiki/SJ_B \"SJ B\") were of this arrangement they were used for both goods trains and high speed passenger services being built 1909\\-19 the locomotive was so successful three more locomotives were built in 1943\\-44 all locomotives were built by NOHAB. A relatively large number of the locomotives are preserved as it was one of the last steam locomotives in the strategic reserve and was kept in mothball storage until the 1990s.", "### Switzerland", "[thumb\\\|A Swiss Federal Railways Class A 3/5 in Brugg.](/wiki/File:SBB_A3-5_in_Brugg_%2806.2012%29.jpg \"SBB A3-5 in Brugg (06.2012).jpg\")\nThe Swiss Class [A 3/5 locomotives](/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_A_3/5 \"SBB-CFF-FFS A 3/5\") built by the [Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works](/wiki/Swiss_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works \"Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works\") between 1902 and 1922 for the Jura–Simplon Railway, and the Gotthard Railway was of type 4\\-6\\-0\\.", "### Thailand", "The RSR (Later [SRT](/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand \"State Railway of Thailand\")) had a fleet of British\\-Built \"E Class\" 4\\-6\\-0s which were built in three batches of 12, 5 and 24 in 1913, 1915 and 1919 respectively. They were in service all the way near the end of steam in Thailand in the late 1970s to the early 1980s. Many of these engines have been preserved at various stations around the SRT network.", "### United Kingdom", "[thumb\\\|Highland Railway 'Jones Goods' No.103\\.](/wiki/File:Hugh_llewelyn_103_%286325586872%29.jpg \"Hugh llewelyn 103 (6325586872).jpg\")\nThe first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotive to be introduced in the United Kingdom was the [Highland Railway's Jones Goods class](/wiki/Highland_Railway_Jones_Goods_Class \"Highland Railway Jones Goods Class\") of 1894, the first of which (No. 103\\) survives. Within five years, however, the wheel arrangement was being used primarily on passenger service, since British heavy freight trains were generally too slow to require a locomotive with a four\\-wheel leading bogie. Between 1906 and 1925, the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} became the most common express passenger locomotive type in everyday use in the United Kingdom, as a logical development from the [4\\-4\\-0](/wiki/4-4-0 \"4-4-0\") type that was previously used. The {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} type continued to be used as [mixed traffic locomotive](/wiki/Mixed-traffic_locomotive \"Mixed-traffic locomotive\") until the end of steam in the United Kingdom in 1968\\.", "#### Pre\\-grouping era", "[thumb\\\|Pendennis Castle [GWR 4079](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class \"GWR 4073 Class\")](/wiki/File:4079_Locomotive_Class_4-6-0.jpg \"4079 Locomotive Class 4-6-0.jpg\") \nDuring the [pre\\-grouping era](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 \"Railways Act 1921\"), from 1899 to 1923, [Wilson Worsdell](/wiki/Wilson_Worsdell \"Wilson Worsdell\") of the [North Eastern Railway](/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_%28UK%29 \"North Eastern Railway (UK)\") (NER) used the type for his express passenger locomotives, the [S and S1 classes](/wiki/NER_Class_S \"NER Class S\") of 1899 and 1900 that became the B13 and B14 classes of the [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway \"London and North Eastern Railway\") (LNER) in 1923\\. Soon afterwards, these were followed by the appearance of other designs.\n* [John G. Robinson](/wiki/John_G._Robinson \"John G. Robinson\") of the [Great Central Railway](/wiki/Great_Central_Railway \"Great Central Railway\") (GCR) designed the [Class 8](/wiki/GCR_Class_8 \"GCR Class 8\") Fish Engines of 1902\\.\n* In 1902 and 1903, [George Jackson Churchward](/wiki/George_Jackson_Churchward \"George Jackson Churchward\") produced the [2900 Saint Class](/wiki/GWR_2900_Class \"GWR 2900 Class\"), which was the first in a long line of {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} classes operated by the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway \"Great Western Railway\") (GWR).\n* In 1903, [Francis Webb](/wiki/Francis_Webb_%28engineer%29 \"Francis Webb (engineer)\") of the [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway \"London and North Western Railway\") (LNWR) followed with his unsuccessful four\\-cylinder [compound locomotives](/wiki/Compound_locomotive \"Compound locomotive\") of the [1400 Bill Bailey class](/wiki/LNWR_1400_Class \"LNWR 1400 Class\").\n* Between 1905 and 1910, altogether 105 locomotives of [George Whale](/wiki/George_Whale \"George Whale\")'s [Experiment Class](/wiki/LNWR_Whale_Experiment_Class \"LNWR Whale Experiment Class\") were built for the LNWR.", "Two notable {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} express passenger designs appeared in 1906\\. One was the [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway \"Caledonian Railway\")'s [Cardean Class](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway_49_and_903_Classes \"Caledonian Railway 49 and 903 Classes\") which was, at the time, the most powerful locomotive in Britain. The other was Churchward's four\\-cylinder [GWR Star Class](/wiki/GWR_4000_Class \"GWR 4000 Class\"), which was developed and enlarged by [Charles Collett](/wiki/Charles_Collett \"Charles Collett\") as the [GWR 4073 Castle class](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class \"GWR 4073 Class\") in 1923 and later also as the [GWR 6000 King class](/wiki/GWR_6000_Class \"GWR 6000 Class\") in 1927\\.", "Other significant early express {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} designs included:\n* The LNWR's [Prince of Wales Class](/wiki/LNWR_Prince_of_Wales_Class \"LNWR Prince of Wales Class\"), with 246 locomotives built between 1911 and 1921\\.\n* The [LNWR's Claughton Class](/wiki/LNWR_Claughton_Class \"LNWR Claughton Class\"), with 130 locomotives built between 1913 and 1924\\.\n* The [Class S69](/wiki/GER_Class_S69 \"GER Class S69\") of the [Great Eastern Railway](/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway \"Great Eastern Railway\") (GER), with 81 locomotives produced between 1912 and 1928\\.", "[thumb\\\|King Arthur class 30777 Sir Lamiel](/wiki/File:30777_Sir_Lamiel_on_the_Quorn_Straight.jpg \"30777 Sir Lamiel on the Quorn Straight.jpg\")\n[Robert Urie](/wiki/Robert_Urie \"Robert Urie\") of the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway \"London and South Western Railway\") (LSWR) introduced three successful classes, the H15 class mixed traffic locomotives, introduced in 1914 and built until 1924, the [N15 King Arthur class](/wiki/LSWR_N15_class \"LSWR N15 class\"), with 74 locomotives built between 1919 and 1926, and the [S15 class](/wiki/LSWR_S15_class \"LSWR S15 class\"), with 45 locomotives built between 1920 and 1936\\.", "In 1907, [Wilson Worsdell](/wiki/Wilson_Worsdell \"Wilson Worsdell\") of the NER built ten W class {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}T tank locomotives. These were all rebuilt to [NER Class W1](/wiki/NER_Class_W1 \"NER Class W1\") [4\\-6\\-2T Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 \"4-6-2\") between 1914 and 1917\\.[The London \\& North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia](http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a6.shtml)", "#### Post\\-grouping era", "During the [post\\-grouping era](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 \"Railways Act 1921\") from 1923 to 1948, the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement was used extensively by all of the [Big Four British railway companies](/wiki/Big_Four_British_railway_companies \"Big Four British railway companies\"), especially by the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway \"Great Western Railway\") (GWR) and the [London, Midland and Scottish Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway \"London, Midland and Scottish Railway\") (LMS), who continued to develop new designs.\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|GWR 4073 Class [5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class_5043_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe \"GWR 4073 Class 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe\")](/wiki/File:GWR_5043_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe_Didcot_Railway_Centre_4th_March_2023.jpg \"GWR 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Didcot Railway Centre 4th March 2023.jpg\")\nHowever, from the early 1930s, demands for more power and improved performance from express passenger locomotives led to the widespread introduction of [4\\-6\\-2 Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 \"4-6-2\") locomotives, where the trailing axle could support a larger [firebox](/wiki/Firebox_%28steam_engine%29 \"Firebox (steam engine)\"). Since the reduced traction of the driving wheels was not a big disadvantage with relatively light passenger trains, the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} was displaced from top\\-rank express services on most of the railways where they had been used, with the exception of the GWR who continued to build both mixed\\-traffic and express passenger {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}s until nationalisation in 1948\\. The [GWR's 4073 Castle Class](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class \"GWR 4073 Class\") eventually consisted of 171 express passenger locomotives, built between 1923 and 1950\\. The design was enlarged as the [GWR's 6000 King Class](/wiki/GWR_6000_Class \"GWR 6000 Class\"), with thirty locomotives built between 1927 and 1930\\.", "Several new mixed traffic {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0s}} were also introduced:\n* The [Southern Railway](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28UK%29 \"Southern Railway (UK)\") improved the LSWR's King Arthur class and introduced the [Lord Nelson class](/wiki/SR_Lord_Nelson_class \"SR Lord Nelson class\"), which was briefly the most powerful class in Britain. Sixteen locomotives were built between 1926 and 1929\\.\n* The LMS introduced the [7P Royal Scot class](/wiki/LMS_Royal_Scot_Class \"LMS Royal Scot Class\"), with 71 locomotives built between 1927 and 1930, and the [6P Patriot class](/wiki/LMS_Patriot_Class \"LMS Patriot Class\"), with 52 locomotives built between 1930 and 1934\\. All of the Royal Scots and 18 of the Patriots were subsequently rebuilt in line with Stanier's practice and were very successful in this form.\n* The largest and most successful British {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} class was the [LMS Class 5 Black Five](/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0 \"LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0\"), designed by [William Stanier](/wiki/William_Stanier \"William Stanier\") and consisting of 842 locomotives, built between 1934 and 1951\\. Stanier also designed the [LMS 6P Jubilee class](/wiki/LMS_Jubilee_Class \"LMS Jubilee Class\"), with 191 locomotives built between 1934 and 1936\\.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|GWR Hall Class Olton Hall hauled the Hogwarts Express in the [Harry Potter films](/wiki/Harry_Potter_%28film_series%29 \"Harry Potter (film series)\")](/wiki/File:GWR_%27Hall%27_5972_%27Olton_Hall%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG \"GWR 'Hall' 5972 'Olton Hall' at Doncaster Works.JPG\")\nCharles Collett of the GWR developed [Churchward's](/wiki/George_Jackson_Churchward \"George Jackson Churchward\") 1902 Saint class design into three further classes:\n* The [GWR 4900 Hall](/wiki/GWR_4900_Class \"GWR 4900 Class\") class, with 259 locomotives built between 1928 and 1943\\.\n* The [GWR 6800 Grange](/wiki/GWR_6800_Class \"GWR 6800 Class\") class, with eighty locomotives built between 1936 and 1939\\.\n* The [GWR 7800 Manor](/wiki/GWR_7800_Class \"GWR 7800 Class\") class, with thirty locomotives built between 1938 and 1950\\.", "[Frederick Hawksworth](/wiki/Frederick_Hawksworth \"Frederick Hawksworth\") later developed the Saint class design further, first with his [GWR 6959 Modified Hall Class](/wiki/GWR_6959_Class \"GWR 6959 Class\"), with 71 locomotives built between 1944 and 1950, and then with his [GWR 1000 County Class](/wiki/GWR_1000_Class \"GWR 1000 Class\"), with thirty locomotives built between 1945 and 1947\\.", "The LNER inherited large numbers of {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotives from its constituent companies, many of which were subsequently rebuilt, so that the company ultimately had sixty different classes and sub\\-classes with this wheel arrangement. In addition, the company also introduced two new {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} classes.\n* The [B17 class](/wiki/LNER_Class_B17 \"LNER Class B17\"), designed by [Nigel Gresley](/wiki/Nigel_Gresley \"Nigel Gresley\"), of which 73 were built between 1928 and 1937\\.\n* The [B1 class](/wiki/LNER_Thompson_Class_B1 \"LNER Thompson Class B1\"), designed by [Edward Thompson](/wiki/Edward_Thompson_%28engineer%29 \"Edward Thompson (engineer)\"), of which 410 locomotives were built between 1942 and 1952\\.Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Part 1 Preliminary Survey, Railway Correspondence and Travel Society, 1963, pp. 105\\-7\\.\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|BR standard class 5](/wiki/File:73050_at_Wansford.jpg \"73050 at Wansford.jpg\")", "#### British Railways era", "Following the formation of [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways \"British Railways\") in 1948, two further {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} classes were introduced, both in 1951\\.\n* The [BR Standard Class 5](/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_5 \"BR Standard Class 5\") was based on Stanier's successful LMS Black Five of 1934\\. Altogether 172 locomotives were built by 1957\\.\n* A lighter and less powerful design was the [BR Standard Class 4](/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_4_4-6-0 \"BR Standard Class 4 4-6-0\"). Eighty of these were built by 1957\\.", "### United States", "The first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotive built in the United States was the Chesapeake, built by [Norris Locomotive Works](/wiki/Norris_Locomotive_Works \"Norris Locomotive Works\") for the [Philadelphia and Reading](/wiki/Reading_Company \"Reading Company\") railroad in March 1847\\. There are still conflicting opinions as to who the original designer of this type was. Many authorities attribute the design to [Septimus Norris](/wiki/Septimus_Norris \"Septimus Norris\") of Norris Locomotive Works, but in an 1885 paper, George E. Sellers attributes the design to John Brandt who worked for the [Erie Railroad](/wiki/Erie_Railroad \"Erie Railroad\") between 1842 and 1851\\.\n* According to Sellers, the Erie's own management didn't feel it in their best interests to pursue construction, so Brandt approached [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\") and Norris with the design. Baldwin was similarly uninterested, but Norris liked the idea. [James Millholland](/wiki/James_Millholland \"James Millholland\") of the Reading also saw the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} design and ordered one from Norris for the Reading. However, Sellers may have misinterpreted some of the information since Millholland did not work for the Reading until 1848, a year after the locomotive was built. Furthermore, Sellers refers to the first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} to be constructed as the Susquehanna, which was the Erie railroad's first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}, not the Reading's.\n* The attribution to Septimus Norris stems from a patent, allegedly filed in 1846, that many sources cite for this locomotive type. However, such a patent has not yet been found in searches at the [United States Patent and Trademark Office](/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office \"United States Patent and Trademark Office\") (USPTO). Septimus Norris did file a patent in 1854 for running gears, and the patent application showed a {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement in the drawing. Norris' wording in the 1854 patent was vague with regard to the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement and the filing did not specifically claim invention of the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} configuration.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|A {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} [Camelback locomotive](/wiki/Camelback_locomotive \"Camelback locomotive\")](/wiki/File:Camelback.jpg \"Camelback.jpg\")", "A few days after William Norris completed the Chesapeake, [Hinkley Locomotive Works](/wiki/Hinkley_Locomotive_Works \"Hinkley Locomotive Works\") completed their first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotive, the New Hampshire, for the [Boston and Maine](/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Corporation \"Boston and Maine Corporation\") Railroad. The first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} from [Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works](/wiki/Rogers_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works \"Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works\") was the already\\-mentioned Susquehanna for the Erie Railroad. Baldwin's first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotive did not appear until 1852\\.", "Through the 1860s and into the 1870s, demand for locomotives of the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement grew as more railroad executives switched from purchasing a single, general\\-purpose type of locomotive such as the [4\\-4\\-0 American](/wiki/4-4-0 \"4-4-0\") at that time, to purchasing locomotives designed for a specific purpose. Both the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Pennsylvania Railroad\") (PRR) and the [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad \"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad\") (B\\&O) were early adopters of the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}, using them for fast freight as well as heavy passenger trains.", "{{multiple image\n\\\| align \\= left\n\\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\\| width \\= 200\n\\\| image1 \\= Walter E Disney on track.jpg\n\\\| image2 \\= Roger E Broggie on track.jpg\n\\\| footer \\= WDWRR Nos. 1 ''Walter E. Disney'' and 3 ''Roger E. Broggie'', twin {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotives built in 1925\\.\n}}", "There were also two 3 ft narrow gauge {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} steam locomotives, No. 72 (No. 274\\) and No. 73 (No. 275\\), built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in May 1925 for the [United Railways of Yucatán](/wiki/Ferrocarriles_Unidos_de_Yucat%C3%A1n \"Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatán\") in Mexico, where they operated until being retired in the 1960s and were eventually purchased by Disney imagineers [Roger E. Broggie](/wiki/Roger_E._Broggie \"Roger E. Broggie\") and Earl Vilmer for $8,000 each to operate on the [Walt Disney World Railroad](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Railroad \"Walt Disney World Railroad\") circling the [Magic Kingdom](/wiki/Magic_Kingdom \"Magic Kingdom\") in [Bay Lake, Florida](/wiki/Bay_Lake%2C_Florida \"Bay Lake, Florida\"). No. 274 became No. 1 Walter E. Disney and No. 275 became No. 3 Roger E. Broggie.{{Citation \\\|last\\=Broggie \\\|first\\=Michael\\\|year\\=2014\\\|title\\=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small\\-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full\\-Scale Kingdom\\\|edition\\=4th\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Donning Company\\\|The Donning Company Publishers]]\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-57864\\-914\\-3\\\|pages\\=320–323, 393–394}}{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Leaphart\\\|first\\=David\\\|year\\=2016\\\|title\\=Walt Disney World Railroads Part 3: Yucatan Jewels\\\|edition\\=1st\\\|pages\\=60–64\\\|publisher\\=Steel Wheel on Steel Rail Studio\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-533\\-03707\\-7}} Both locomotives have since been overhauled at the Strasburg Rail Road.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Wagner\\\|first\\=Robert\\\|title\\=Walter E. Disney, Disney World Railroad No. 1\\\|url\\=https://steamgiants.com/survivors/theme\\-park/disney\\-world\\-railroad\\-no\\-1/\\\|work\\=SteamGiants\\\|date\\=6 February 2022 \\\|publisher\\=RailfanDepot\\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2023\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003073645/https://steamgiants.com/survivors/theme\\-park/disney\\-world\\-railroad\\-no\\-1/\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2022}}{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Detres\\\|first\\=Emmanuel\\\|date\\=March 2, 2024\\\|title\\=Historical Transportation Service Returns to Disney World After 60\\-Month Refurbishment\\\|url\\=https://insidethemagic.net/2024/03/roger\\-e\\-broggie\\-locomotive\\-train\\-returns\\-five\\-years\\-magic\\-kingdom\\-emd1/\\\|work\\=Inside the Magic\\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2024\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309183132/https://insidethemagic.net/2024/03/roger\\-e\\-broggie\\-locomotive\\-train\\-returns\\-five\\-years\\-magic\\-kingdom\\-emd1/\\\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2024}} No. 1 was overhauled between 2016 and 2020 and returned to service upon the reopening of the WDWRR on December 23, 2022,{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Levin\\\|first\\=Danielle\\\|date\\=December 23, 2022\\\|title\\=Carrying on a Legacy: The Walt Disney World Railroad Returns\\\|url\\=https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2022/12/carrying\\-on\\-a\\-legacy\\-the\\-walt\\-disney\\-world\\-railroad\\-returns/\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Disney Parks, Experiences and Products\\#Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide\\\|Walt Disney Parks and Resorts]]\\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2024\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614085333/https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2022/12/carrying\\-on\\-a\\-legacy\\-the\\-walt\\-disney\\-world\\-railroad\\-returns/\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2023}} while No. 3 was overhauled between 2019 and 2023 and returned to service on February 21, 2024\\.", "[Sierra No. 3](/wiki/Sierra_No._3 \"Sierra No. 3\") is a {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} built 1891 by Rogers, which after many years of service on the Prescott and Arizona Central and the Sierra Railway, found new life beginning in 1920 on screen. Sierra No. 3 has appeared in more motion pictures, documentaries and television shows than any other locomotive, and has a career ranging from [The Virginian](/wiki/The_Virginian_%281929_film%29 \"The Virginian (1929 film)\") (1929\\) to [High Noon](/wiki/High_Noon \"High Noon\") (1952\\) to [Back to the Future Part III](/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_III \"Back to the Future Part III\") (1990\\).", "[right\\\|thumb\\\|200px\\\|[Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) 2355](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_2355 \"Southern Pacific 2355\") built in 1912](/wiki/File:Mesa-Southern_Pacific_Railroad_%28SP%29_2355_-1912-2.jpg \"Mesa-Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) 2355 -1912-2.jpg\")\nA notable American ten\\-wheeler is the [Illinois Central Railroad](/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad \"Illinois Central Railroad\")'s [No. 382](/wiki/Illinois_Central_382 \"Illinois Central 382\"), the locomotive driven by [Casey Jones](/wiki/Casey_Jones \"Casey Jones\") in a train wreck [Vaughan, Mississippi](/wiki/Vaughan%2C_Mississippi \"Vaughan, Mississippi\"), on April 30, 1900, that killed him instantly. But after an eventful career with 6 accidents, she was scrapped in July 1935 at the age of 37, the same age of her driver Casey Jones when he died. A [Clinchfield Railroad](/wiki/Clinchfield_Railroad \"Clinchfield Railroad\") locomotive of the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} type No. 99 replaced her in 1956 and is on display at the Casey Jones museum in [Jackson, Tennessee](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Tennessee \"Jackson, Tennessee\").", "As far as is known, the heaviest {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} ever built was Southern Pacific No. 2371\\. According to R\\&LHS Bulletin No. 94, its engine weight was {{convert\\\|242500\\\|lb\\\|t}}. The heaviest class of {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}'s ever put into series production was the [Pennsylvania Railroad class G5](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_class_G5 \"Pennsylvania Railroad class G5\") with 90 examples completed in the mid\\-1920s, which were some {{convert\\\|5500\\\|lb\\\|t}} lighter.", "One of the B\\&O's {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}s, built in 1869, is preserved at the [B\\&O Railroad Museum](/wiki/B%26O_Railroad_Museum \"B&O Railroad Museum\") in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\"). Another is at the [National Museum of Transportation](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Transportation \"National Museum of Transportation\") in St. Louis. A third, The [Great Northern Railway's](/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28U.S.%29 \"Great Northern Railway (U.S.)\") [GN 1355](/wiki/GN_1355 \"GN 1355\"), built in 1909 as a {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} but rebuilt to a [4\\-6\\-2 Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 \"4-6-2\") in 1924, is in [Sioux City, Iowa](/wiki/Sioux_City%2C_Iowa \"Sioux City, Iowa\").", "[Nevada Northern Railway's](/wiki/Nevada_Northern_Railway \"Nevada Northern Railway\") No. 40 a 1910 built {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} has been preserved on the railroad and is known by the nickname \"The Ghost Train of Ely\". Due to its long history of operating in the state, in 2009 No. 40 was recognized as the official [Nevada State Steam Locomotive](/wiki/List_of_Nevada_state_symbols \"List of Nevada state symbols\").", "The only surviving locomotive of the {{RailGauge\\\|3ft}} [narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway \"Narrow gauge railway\") [East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad (ET\\&WNC)](/wiki/East_Tennessee_and_Western_North_Carolina_Railroad \"East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad\") is No. 12, a coal\\-fired {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} built in 1917 by the [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\").{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Tweetsie's Trains\\\|url\\=https://tweetsie.com/explore\\-the\\-park/trains/\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Tweetsie Railroad]]\\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2019\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916120354/http://tweetsie.com/explore\\-the\\-park/trains/\\\|archive\\-date\\=September 16, 2016}} It was originally used to haul passengers and freight over the ET\\&WNC's {{convert\\\|66\\\|mi\\\|km\\\|0\\\|adj\\=on\\\|abbr\\=off}} line running from [Johnson City](/wiki/Johnson_City%2C_Tennessee \"Johnson City, Tennessee\") over the [Appalachian Mountains](/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains \"Appalachian Mountains\") to [Boone, North Carolina](/wiki/Boone%2C_North_Carolina \"Boone, North Carolina\"), from 1918 to 1940\\.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Brumfield\\\|first\\=Dale M.\\\|date\\=August 6, 2017\\\|title\\=Tweetsie Railroad once was home in Penn Laird, Virginia\\\|url\\=https://www.newsleader.com/story/news/2017/08/06/tweetsie\\-railroad\\-began\\-penn\\-laird\\-virginia/104358906/\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The News Leader]]\\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2019}} Since 1957, it has been in operation at the Tweetsie Railroad [theme park](/wiki/Theme_park \"Theme park\") in [Blowing Rock, North Carolina](/wiki/Blowing_Rock%2C_North_Carolina \"Blowing Rock, North Carolina\").", "{{\\-}}", "" ]
### Finland The [Finnish State Railways](/wiki/VR_Group "VR Group") (Suomen Valtion Rautatiet or SVR, later the Valtionrautatiet or VR) operated the Classes Hk1, Hk2, Hk3, Hk5, [Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 "VR Class Hv1"), Hv2, Hv3, Hv4, Hr2 and Hr3 locomotives with a {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement. The Class Hk1, numbers 232 to 241, was built by [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works") in 1898\. The ten Baldwin locomotives were originally designated H1 class. Numbers 291 to 300 and 322 to 333 were built by the [Richmond Locomotive Works](/wiki/Richmond_Locomotive_Works "Richmond Locomotive Works") in 1900 and 1901\. The 22 Richmond locomotives were originally designated H2 class and were nicknamed Big\-Wheel Kaanari. One of them, No. 293, the locomotive that brought [Lenin](/wiki/Lenin "Lenin") from exile in August–September 1917 prior to the Russian Revolution, was presented by [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland") to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") on 13 June 1957 and is preserved at the [Finland Station](/wiki/Finland_Station "Finland Station") in St. Petersburg, Russia. Another 100 of these locomotives were manufactured in Finland from 1903 to 1916, numbered in the range from 437 to 574 and initially designated H3 to H8 classes. The Class Hk5 was numbered from 439 to 515\. One, No. 497, is preserved at [Haapamäki](/wiki/Haapam%C3%A4ki "Haapamäki"). [thumb\\|left\\|Finnish [Class Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 "VR Class Hv1") {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}, built by [Tampella](/wiki/Tampella "Tampella") in 1915](/wiki/File:Finnish460.jpg "Finnish460.jpg") The [Class Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 "VR Class Hv1") was built from 1915 by [Tampella](/wiki/Tampella "Tampella") and [Lokomo](/wiki/Lokomo "Lokomo"). They were nicknamed Heikki and were numbered 545 to 578 and 648 to 655\. The class remained in service until 1967\. One, No. 555 named Princess, is preserved at the [Finnish Railway Museum](/wiki/Finnish_Railway_Museum "Finnish Railway Museum"). [thumb\\|right\\|Class Hv2 No. 583 at Helsinki Central station in 1960](/wiki/File:Hv2_Helsinki_1960.jpg "Hv2 Helsinki 1960.jpg") The Class Hv2 was built by [Berliner Maschinenbau](/wiki/Berliner_Maschinenbau "Berliner Maschinenbau") and Lokomo in the years between 1919 and 1926\. They were numbered 579 to 593, 671 to 684 and 777 to 780\. One, No. 680, is preserved at Haapamäki. The Class Hv3 was built by Berliner, Tampella and Lokomo in the years from 1921 to 1941\. They were numbered 638 to 647, 781 to 785 and 991 to 999\. Three Class Hv3 locomotives were preserved, No. 781 at [Kerava](/wiki/Kerava "Kerava"), No. 995 at [Suolahti](/wiki/Suolahti "Suolahti") and No. 998 at Haapamäki. The Class Hv4 was built by Tampella and Lokomo in the years from 1912 to 1933 and were numbered 516 to 529, 742 to 751 and 757 to 760\. Two, numbers 742 and 751, are preserved at Haapamäki. The [Swedish State Railways](/wiki/Swedish_State_Railways "Swedish State Railways") (Statens Järnvägar or SJ) sold its Class Ta and Tb locomotives to Finland in 1942\. At the time, they were not in traffic in Sweden and, since they were purchased by Finland, they were not considered as war assistance. The Class Ta was designated Class Hr2 in Finland while the Class Tb was designated Class Hr3\. * The Class Hr2 was numbered from 1900 to 1906 and had been built by [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") builders [NOHAB](/wiki/NOHAB "NOHAB") (Nydqvist \& Holm AB) and [Motala Verkstad](/wiki/Motala_Verkstad "Motala Verkstad") in the years from 1901 to 1905\. They were withdrawn from service in Finland between 1950 and 1953\. * The Class Hr3 was numbered from 1907 to 1919 and had been built in Sweden by NOHAB, Motala, the Vagn \& Maskinfabriks AB in [Falun](/wiki/Falun "Falun") and Nya AB Atlas in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") in the years from 1906 to 1908\. The Class Hr3 was withdrawn from service in Finland between 1952 and 1953\.	[ "### Finland", "The [Finnish State Railways](/wiki/VR_Group \"VR Group\") (Suomen Valtion Rautatiet or SVR, later the Valtionrautatiet or VR) operated the Classes Hk1, Hk2, Hk3, Hk5, [Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 \"VR Class Hv1\"), Hv2, Hv3, Hv4, Hr2 and Hr3 locomotives with a {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement.", "The Class Hk1, numbers 232 to 241, was built by [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\") in 1898\\. The ten Baldwin locomotives were originally designated H1 class.", "Numbers 291 to 300 and 322 to 333 were built by the [Richmond Locomotive Works](/wiki/Richmond_Locomotive_Works \"Richmond Locomotive Works\") in 1900 and 1901\\. The 22 Richmond locomotives were originally designated H2 class and were nicknamed Big\\-Wheel Kaanari. One of them, No. 293, the locomotive that brought [Lenin](/wiki/Lenin \"Lenin\") from exile in August–September 1917 prior to the Russian Revolution, was presented by [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\") to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") on 13 June 1957 and is preserved at the [Finland Station](/wiki/Finland_Station \"Finland Station\") in St. Petersburg, Russia.", "Another 100 of these locomotives were manufactured in Finland from 1903 to 1916, numbered in the range from 437 to 574 and initially designated H3 to H8 classes.", "The Class Hk5 was numbered from 439 to 515\\. One, No. 497, is preserved at [Haapamäki](/wiki/Haapam%C3%A4ki \"Haapamäki\").", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Finnish [Class Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 \"VR Class Hv1\") {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}, built by [Tampella](/wiki/Tampella \"Tampella\") in 1915](/wiki/File:Finnish460.jpg \"Finnish460.jpg\")\nThe [Class Hv1](/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1 \"VR Class Hv1\") was built from 1915 by [Tampella](/wiki/Tampella \"Tampella\") and [Lokomo](/wiki/Lokomo \"Lokomo\"). They were nicknamed Heikki and were numbered 545 to 578 and 648 to 655\\. The class remained in service until 1967\\. One, No. 555 named Princess, is preserved at the [Finnish Railway Museum](/wiki/Finnish_Railway_Museum \"Finnish Railway Museum\").", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Class Hv2 No. 583 at Helsinki Central station in 1960](/wiki/File:Hv2_Helsinki_1960.jpg \"Hv2 Helsinki 1960.jpg\")\nThe Class Hv2 was built by [Berliner Maschinenbau](/wiki/Berliner_Maschinenbau \"Berliner Maschinenbau\") and Lokomo in the years between 1919 and 1926\\. They were numbered 579 to 593, 671 to 684 and 777 to 780\\. One, No. 680, is preserved at Haapamäki.", "The Class Hv3 was built by Berliner, Tampella and Lokomo in the years from 1921 to 1941\\. They were numbered 638 to 647, 781 to 785 and 991 to 999\\. Three Class Hv3 locomotives were preserved, No. 781 at [Kerava](/wiki/Kerava \"Kerava\"), No. 995 at [Suolahti](/wiki/Suolahti \"Suolahti\") and No. 998 at Haapamäki.", "The Class Hv4 was built by Tampella and Lokomo in the years from 1912 to 1933 and were numbered 516 to 529, 742 to 751 and 757 to 760\\. Two, numbers 742 and 751, are preserved at Haapamäki.", "The [Swedish State Railways](/wiki/Swedish_State_Railways \"Swedish State Railways\") (Statens Järnvägar or SJ) sold its Class Ta and Tb locomotives to Finland in 1942\\. At the time, they were not in traffic in Sweden and, since they were purchased by Finland, they were not considered as war assistance. The Class Ta was designated Class Hr2 in Finland while the Class Tb was designated Class Hr3\\.\n* The Class Hr2 was numbered from 1900 to 1906 and had been built by [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") builders [NOHAB](/wiki/NOHAB \"NOHAB\") (Nydqvist \\& Holm AB) and [Motala Verkstad](/wiki/Motala_Verkstad \"Motala Verkstad\") in the years from 1901 to 1905\\. They were withdrawn from service in Finland between 1950 and 1953\\.\n* The Class Hr3 was numbered from 1907 to 1919 and had been built in Sweden by NOHAB, Motala, the Vagn \\& Maskinfabriks AB in [Falun](/wiki/Falun \"Falun\") and Nya AB Atlas in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") in the years from 1906 to 1908\\. The Class Hr3 was withdrawn from service in Finland between 1952 and 1953\\.", "" ]
### United Kingdom [thumb\\|Highland Railway 'Jones Goods' No.103\.](/wiki/File:Hugh_llewelyn_103_%286325586872%29.jpg "Hugh llewelyn 103 (6325586872).jpg") The first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotive to be introduced in the United Kingdom was the [Highland Railway's Jones Goods class](/wiki/Highland_Railway_Jones_Goods_Class "Highland Railway Jones Goods Class") of 1894, the first of which (No. 103\) survives. Within five years, however, the wheel arrangement was being used primarily on passenger service, since British heavy freight trains were generally too slow to require a locomotive with a four\-wheel leading bogie. Between 1906 and 1925, the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} became the most common express passenger locomotive type in everyday use in the United Kingdom, as a logical development from the [4\-4\-0](/wiki/4-4-0 "4-4-0") type that was previously used. The {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} type continued to be used as [mixed traffic locomotive](/wiki/Mixed-traffic_locomotive "Mixed-traffic locomotive") until the end of steam in the United Kingdom in 1968\. #### Pre\-grouping era [thumb\\|Pendennis Castle [GWR 4079](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class "GWR 4073 Class")](/wiki/File:4079_Locomotive_Class_4-6-0.jpg "4079 Locomotive Class 4-6-0.jpg") During the [pre\-grouping era](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 "Railways Act 1921"), from 1899 to 1923, [Wilson Worsdell](/wiki/Wilson_Worsdell "Wilson Worsdell") of the [North Eastern Railway](/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_%28UK%29 "North Eastern Railway (UK)") (NER) used the type for his express passenger locomotives, the [S and S1 classes](/wiki/NER_Class_S "NER Class S") of 1899 and 1900 that became the B13 and B14 classes of the [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway "London and North Eastern Railway") (LNER) in 1923\. Soon afterwards, these were followed by the appearance of other designs. * [John G. Robinson](/wiki/John_G._Robinson "John G. Robinson") of the [Great Central Railway](/wiki/Great_Central_Railway "Great Central Railway") (GCR) designed the [Class 8](/wiki/GCR_Class_8 "GCR Class 8") Fish Engines of 1902\. * In 1902 and 1903, [George Jackson Churchward](/wiki/George_Jackson_Churchward "George Jackson Churchward") produced the [2900 Saint Class](/wiki/GWR_2900_Class "GWR 2900 Class"), which was the first in a long line of {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} classes operated by the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway "Great Western Railway") (GWR). * In 1903, [Francis Webb](/wiki/Francis_Webb_%28engineer%29 "Francis Webb (engineer)") of the [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway "London and North Western Railway") (LNWR) followed with his unsuccessful four\-cylinder [compound locomotives](/wiki/Compound_locomotive "Compound locomotive") of the [1400 Bill Bailey class](/wiki/LNWR_1400_Class "LNWR 1400 Class"). * Between 1905 and 1910, altogether 105 locomotives of [George Whale](/wiki/George_Whale "George Whale")'s [Experiment Class](/wiki/LNWR_Whale_Experiment_Class "LNWR Whale Experiment Class") were built for the LNWR. Two notable {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} express passenger designs appeared in 1906\. One was the [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway "Caledonian Railway")'s [Cardean Class](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway_49_and_903_Classes "Caledonian Railway 49 and 903 Classes") which was, at the time, the most powerful locomotive in Britain. The other was Churchward's four\-cylinder [GWR Star Class](/wiki/GWR_4000_Class "GWR 4000 Class"), which was developed and enlarged by [Charles Collett](/wiki/Charles_Collett "Charles Collett") as the [GWR 4073 Castle class](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class "GWR 4073 Class") in 1923 and later also as the [GWR 6000 King class](/wiki/GWR_6000_Class "GWR 6000 Class") in 1927\. Other significant early express {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} designs included: * The LNWR's [Prince of Wales Class](/wiki/LNWR_Prince_of_Wales_Class "LNWR Prince of Wales Class"), with 246 locomotives built between 1911 and 1921\. * The [LNWR's Claughton Class](/wiki/LNWR_Claughton_Class "LNWR Claughton Class"), with 130 locomotives built between 1913 and 1924\. * The [Class S69](/wiki/GER_Class_S69 "GER Class S69") of the [Great Eastern Railway](/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway "Great Eastern Railway") (GER), with 81 locomotives produced between 1912 and 1928\. [thumb\\|King Arthur class 30777 Sir Lamiel](/wiki/File:30777_Sir_Lamiel_on_the_Quorn_Straight.jpg "30777 Sir Lamiel on the Quorn Straight.jpg") [Robert Urie](/wiki/Robert_Urie "Robert Urie") of the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway "London and South Western Railway") (LSWR) introduced three successful classes, the H15 class mixed traffic locomotives, introduced in 1914 and built until 1924, the [N15 King Arthur class](/wiki/LSWR_N15_class "LSWR N15 class"), with 74 locomotives built between 1919 and 1926, and the [S15 class](/wiki/LSWR_S15_class "LSWR S15 class"), with 45 locomotives built between 1920 and 1936\. In 1907, [Wilson Worsdell](/wiki/Wilson_Worsdell "Wilson Worsdell") of the NER built ten W class {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}T tank locomotives. These were all rebuilt to [NER Class W1](/wiki/NER_Class_W1 "NER Class W1") [4\-6\-2T Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 "4-6-2") between 1914 and 1917\.[The London \& North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia](http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a6.shtml) #### Post\-grouping era During the [post\-grouping era](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 "Railways Act 1921") from 1923 to 1948, the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement was used extensively by all of the [Big Four British railway companies](/wiki/Big_Four_British_railway_companies "Big Four British railway companies"), especially by the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway "Great Western Railway") (GWR) and the [London, Midland and Scottish Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway "London, Midland and Scottish Railway") (LMS), who continued to develop new designs. [thumb\\|right\\|GWR 4073 Class [5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class_5043_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe "GWR 4073 Class 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe")](/wiki/File:GWR_5043_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe_Didcot_Railway_Centre_4th_March_2023.jpg "GWR 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Didcot Railway Centre 4th March 2023.jpg") However, from the early 1930s, demands for more power and improved performance from express passenger locomotives led to the widespread introduction of [4\-6\-2 Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 "4-6-2") locomotives, where the trailing axle could support a larger [firebox](/wiki/Firebox_%28steam_engine%29 "Firebox (steam engine)"). Since the reduced traction of the driving wheels was not a big disadvantage with relatively light passenger trains, the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} was displaced from top\-rank express services on most of the railways where they had been used, with the exception of the GWR who continued to build both mixed\-traffic and express passenger {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}s until nationalisation in 1948\. The [GWR's 4073 Castle Class](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class "GWR 4073 Class") eventually consisted of 171 express passenger locomotives, built between 1923 and 1950\. The design was enlarged as the [GWR's 6000 King Class](/wiki/GWR_6000_Class "GWR 6000 Class"), with thirty locomotives built between 1927 and 1930\. Several new mixed traffic {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0s}} were also introduced: * The [Southern Railway](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28UK%29 "Southern Railway (UK)") improved the LSWR's King Arthur class and introduced the [Lord Nelson class](/wiki/SR_Lord_Nelson_class "SR Lord Nelson class"), which was briefly the most powerful class in Britain. Sixteen locomotives were built between 1926 and 1929\. * The LMS introduced the [7P Royal Scot class](/wiki/LMS_Royal_Scot_Class "LMS Royal Scot Class"), with 71 locomotives built between 1927 and 1930, and the [6P Patriot class](/wiki/LMS_Patriot_Class "LMS Patriot Class"), with 52 locomotives built between 1930 and 1934\. All of the Royal Scots and 18 of the Patriots were subsequently rebuilt in line with Stanier's practice and were very successful in this form. * The largest and most successful British {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} class was the [LMS Class 5 Black Five](/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0 "LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0"), designed by [William Stanier](/wiki/William_Stanier "William Stanier") and consisting of 842 locomotives, built between 1934 and 1951\. Stanier also designed the [LMS 6P Jubilee class](/wiki/LMS_Jubilee_Class "LMS Jubilee Class"), with 191 locomotives built between 1934 and 1936\. [thumb\\|right\\|GWR Hall Class Olton Hall hauled the Hogwarts Express in the [Harry Potter films](/wiki/Harry_Potter_%28film_series%29 "Harry Potter (film series)")](/wiki/File:GWR_%27Hall%27_5972_%27Olton_Hall%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG "GWR 'Hall' 5972 'Olton Hall' at Doncaster Works.JPG") Charles Collett of the GWR developed [Churchward's](/wiki/George_Jackson_Churchward "George Jackson Churchward") 1902 Saint class design into three further classes: * The [GWR 4900 Hall](/wiki/GWR_4900_Class "GWR 4900 Class") class, with 259 locomotives built between 1928 and 1943\. * The [GWR 6800 Grange](/wiki/GWR_6800_Class "GWR 6800 Class") class, with eighty locomotives built between 1936 and 1939\. * The [GWR 7800 Manor](/wiki/GWR_7800_Class "GWR 7800 Class") class, with thirty locomotives built between 1938 and 1950\. [Frederick Hawksworth](/wiki/Frederick_Hawksworth "Frederick Hawksworth") later developed the Saint class design further, first with his [GWR 6959 Modified Hall Class](/wiki/GWR_6959_Class "GWR 6959 Class"), with 71 locomotives built between 1944 and 1950, and then with his [GWR 1000 County Class](/wiki/GWR_1000_Class "GWR 1000 Class"), with thirty locomotives built between 1945 and 1947\. The LNER inherited large numbers of {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotives from its constituent companies, many of which were subsequently rebuilt, so that the company ultimately had sixty different classes and sub\-classes with this wheel arrangement. In addition, the company also introduced two new {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} classes. * The [B17 class](/wiki/LNER_Class_B17 "LNER Class B17"), designed by [Nigel Gresley](/wiki/Nigel_Gresley "Nigel Gresley"), of which 73 were built between 1928 and 1937\. * The [B1 class](/wiki/LNER_Thompson_Class_B1 "LNER Thompson Class B1"), designed by [Edward Thompson](/wiki/Edward_Thompson_%28engineer%29 "Edward Thompson (engineer)"), of which 410 locomotives were built between 1942 and 1952\.Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Part 1 Preliminary Survey, Railway Correspondence and Travel Society, 1963, pp. 105\-7\. [thumb\\|right\\|BR standard class 5](/wiki/File:73050_at_Wansford.jpg "73050 at Wansford.jpg") #### British Railways era Following the formation of [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways "British Railways") in 1948, two further {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} classes were introduced, both in 1951\. * The [BR Standard Class 5](/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_5 "BR Standard Class 5") was based on Stanier's successful LMS Black Five of 1934\. Altogether 172 locomotives were built by 1957\. * A lighter and less powerful design was the [BR Standard Class 4](/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_4_4-6-0 "BR Standard Class 4 4-6-0"). Eighty of these were built by 1957\.	[ "### United Kingdom", "[thumb\\\|Highland Railway 'Jones Goods' No.103\\.](/wiki/File:Hugh_llewelyn_103_%286325586872%29.jpg \"Hugh llewelyn 103 (6325586872).jpg\")\nThe first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotive to be introduced in the United Kingdom was the [Highland Railway's Jones Goods class](/wiki/Highland_Railway_Jones_Goods_Class \"Highland Railway Jones Goods Class\") of 1894, the first of which (No. 103\\) survives. Within five years, however, the wheel arrangement was being used primarily on passenger service, since British heavy freight trains were generally too slow to require a locomotive with a four\\-wheel leading bogie. Between 1906 and 1925, the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} became the most common express passenger locomotive type in everyday use in the United Kingdom, as a logical development from the [4\\-4\\-0](/wiki/4-4-0 \"4-4-0\") type that was previously used. The {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} type continued to be used as [mixed traffic locomotive](/wiki/Mixed-traffic_locomotive \"Mixed-traffic locomotive\") until the end of steam in the United Kingdom in 1968\\.", "#### Pre\\-grouping era", "[thumb\\\|Pendennis Castle [GWR 4079](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class \"GWR 4073 Class\")](/wiki/File:4079_Locomotive_Class_4-6-0.jpg \"4079 Locomotive Class 4-6-0.jpg\") \nDuring the [pre\\-grouping era](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 \"Railways Act 1921\"), from 1899 to 1923, [Wilson Worsdell](/wiki/Wilson_Worsdell \"Wilson Worsdell\") of the [North Eastern Railway](/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_%28UK%29 \"North Eastern Railway (UK)\") (NER) used the type for his express passenger locomotives, the [S and S1 classes](/wiki/NER_Class_S \"NER Class S\") of 1899 and 1900 that became the B13 and B14 classes of the [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway \"London and North Eastern Railway\") (LNER) in 1923\\. Soon afterwards, these were followed by the appearance of other designs.\n* [John G. Robinson](/wiki/John_G._Robinson \"John G. Robinson\") of the [Great Central Railway](/wiki/Great_Central_Railway \"Great Central Railway\") (GCR) designed the [Class 8](/wiki/GCR_Class_8 \"GCR Class 8\") Fish Engines of 1902\\.\n* In 1902 and 1903, [George Jackson Churchward](/wiki/George_Jackson_Churchward \"George Jackson Churchward\") produced the [2900 Saint Class](/wiki/GWR_2900_Class \"GWR 2900 Class\"), which was the first in a long line of {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} classes operated by the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway \"Great Western Railway\") (GWR).\n* In 1903, [Francis Webb](/wiki/Francis_Webb_%28engineer%29 \"Francis Webb (engineer)\") of the [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway \"London and North Western Railway\") (LNWR) followed with his unsuccessful four\\-cylinder [compound locomotives](/wiki/Compound_locomotive \"Compound locomotive\") of the [1400 Bill Bailey class](/wiki/LNWR_1400_Class \"LNWR 1400 Class\").\n* Between 1905 and 1910, altogether 105 locomotives of [George Whale](/wiki/George_Whale \"George Whale\")'s [Experiment Class](/wiki/LNWR_Whale_Experiment_Class \"LNWR Whale Experiment Class\") were built for the LNWR.", "Two notable {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} express passenger designs appeared in 1906\\. One was the [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway \"Caledonian Railway\")'s [Cardean Class](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway_49_and_903_Classes \"Caledonian Railway 49 and 903 Classes\") which was, at the time, the most powerful locomotive in Britain. The other was Churchward's four\\-cylinder [GWR Star Class](/wiki/GWR_4000_Class \"GWR 4000 Class\"), which was developed and enlarged by [Charles Collett](/wiki/Charles_Collett \"Charles Collett\") as the [GWR 4073 Castle class](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class \"GWR 4073 Class\") in 1923 and later also as the [GWR 6000 King class](/wiki/GWR_6000_Class \"GWR 6000 Class\") in 1927\\.", "Other significant early express {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} designs included:\n* The LNWR's [Prince of Wales Class](/wiki/LNWR_Prince_of_Wales_Class \"LNWR Prince of Wales Class\"), with 246 locomotives built between 1911 and 1921\\.\n* The [LNWR's Claughton Class](/wiki/LNWR_Claughton_Class \"LNWR Claughton Class\"), with 130 locomotives built between 1913 and 1924\\.\n* The [Class S69](/wiki/GER_Class_S69 \"GER Class S69\") of the [Great Eastern Railway](/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway \"Great Eastern Railway\") (GER), with 81 locomotives produced between 1912 and 1928\\.", "[thumb\\\|King Arthur class 30777 Sir Lamiel](/wiki/File:30777_Sir_Lamiel_on_the_Quorn_Straight.jpg \"30777 Sir Lamiel on the Quorn Straight.jpg\")\n[Robert Urie](/wiki/Robert_Urie \"Robert Urie\") of the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway \"London and South Western Railway\") (LSWR) introduced three successful classes, the H15 class mixed traffic locomotives, introduced in 1914 and built until 1924, the [N15 King Arthur class](/wiki/LSWR_N15_class \"LSWR N15 class\"), with 74 locomotives built between 1919 and 1926, and the [S15 class](/wiki/LSWR_S15_class \"LSWR S15 class\"), with 45 locomotives built between 1920 and 1936\\.", "In 1907, [Wilson Worsdell](/wiki/Wilson_Worsdell \"Wilson Worsdell\") of the NER built ten W class {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}T tank locomotives. These were all rebuilt to [NER Class W1](/wiki/NER_Class_W1 \"NER Class W1\") [4\\-6\\-2T Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 \"4-6-2\") between 1914 and 1917\\.[The London \\& North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia](http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a6.shtml)", "#### Post\\-grouping era", "During the [post\\-grouping era](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 \"Railways Act 1921\") from 1923 to 1948, the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement was used extensively by all of the [Big Four British railway companies](/wiki/Big_Four_British_railway_companies \"Big Four British railway companies\"), especially by the [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway \"Great Western Railway\") (GWR) and the [London, Midland and Scottish Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway \"London, Midland and Scottish Railway\") (LMS), who continued to develop new designs.\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|GWR 4073 Class [5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class_5043_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe \"GWR 4073 Class 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe\")](/wiki/File:GWR_5043_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe_Didcot_Railway_Centre_4th_March_2023.jpg \"GWR 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Didcot Railway Centre 4th March 2023.jpg\")\nHowever, from the early 1930s, demands for more power and improved performance from express passenger locomotives led to the widespread introduction of [4\\-6\\-2 Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 \"4-6-2\") locomotives, where the trailing axle could support a larger [firebox](/wiki/Firebox_%28steam_engine%29 \"Firebox (steam engine)\"). Since the reduced traction of the driving wheels was not a big disadvantage with relatively light passenger trains, the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} was displaced from top\\-rank express services on most of the railways where they had been used, with the exception of the GWR who continued to build both mixed\\-traffic and express passenger {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}s until nationalisation in 1948\\. The [GWR's 4073 Castle Class](/wiki/GWR_4073_Class \"GWR 4073 Class\") eventually consisted of 171 express passenger locomotives, built between 1923 and 1950\\. The design was enlarged as the [GWR's 6000 King Class](/wiki/GWR_6000_Class \"GWR 6000 Class\"), with thirty locomotives built between 1927 and 1930\\.", "Several new mixed traffic {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0s}} were also introduced:\n* The [Southern Railway](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28UK%29 \"Southern Railway (UK)\") improved the LSWR's King Arthur class and introduced the [Lord Nelson class](/wiki/SR_Lord_Nelson_class \"SR Lord Nelson class\"), which was briefly the most powerful class in Britain. Sixteen locomotives were built between 1926 and 1929\\.\n* The LMS introduced the [7P Royal Scot class](/wiki/LMS_Royal_Scot_Class \"LMS Royal Scot Class\"), with 71 locomotives built between 1927 and 1930, and the [6P Patriot class](/wiki/LMS_Patriot_Class \"LMS Patriot Class\"), with 52 locomotives built between 1930 and 1934\\. All of the Royal Scots and 18 of the Patriots were subsequently rebuilt in line with Stanier's practice and were very successful in this form.\n* The largest and most successful British {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} class was the [LMS Class 5 Black Five](/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0 \"LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0\"), designed by [William Stanier](/wiki/William_Stanier \"William Stanier\") and consisting of 842 locomotives, built between 1934 and 1951\\. Stanier also designed the [LMS 6P Jubilee class](/wiki/LMS_Jubilee_Class \"LMS Jubilee Class\"), with 191 locomotives built between 1934 and 1936\\.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|GWR Hall Class Olton Hall hauled the Hogwarts Express in the [Harry Potter films](/wiki/Harry_Potter_%28film_series%29 \"Harry Potter (film series)\")](/wiki/File:GWR_%27Hall%27_5972_%27Olton_Hall%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG \"GWR 'Hall' 5972 'Olton Hall' at Doncaster Works.JPG\")\nCharles Collett of the GWR developed [Churchward's](/wiki/George_Jackson_Churchward \"George Jackson Churchward\") 1902 Saint class design into three further classes:\n* The [GWR 4900 Hall](/wiki/GWR_4900_Class \"GWR 4900 Class\") class, with 259 locomotives built between 1928 and 1943\\.\n* The [GWR 6800 Grange](/wiki/GWR_6800_Class \"GWR 6800 Class\") class, with eighty locomotives built between 1936 and 1939\\.\n* The [GWR 7800 Manor](/wiki/GWR_7800_Class \"GWR 7800 Class\") class, with thirty locomotives built between 1938 and 1950\\.", "[Frederick Hawksworth](/wiki/Frederick_Hawksworth \"Frederick Hawksworth\") later developed the Saint class design further, first with his [GWR 6959 Modified Hall Class](/wiki/GWR_6959_Class \"GWR 6959 Class\"), with 71 locomotives built between 1944 and 1950, and then with his [GWR 1000 County Class](/wiki/GWR_1000_Class \"GWR 1000 Class\"), with thirty locomotives built between 1945 and 1947\\.", "The LNER inherited large numbers of {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotives from its constituent companies, many of which were subsequently rebuilt, so that the company ultimately had sixty different classes and sub\\-classes with this wheel arrangement. In addition, the company also introduced two new {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} classes.\n* The [B17 class](/wiki/LNER_Class_B17 \"LNER Class B17\"), designed by [Nigel Gresley](/wiki/Nigel_Gresley \"Nigel Gresley\"), of which 73 were built between 1928 and 1937\\.\n* The [B1 class](/wiki/LNER_Thompson_Class_B1 \"LNER Thompson Class B1\"), designed by [Edward Thompson](/wiki/Edward_Thompson_%28engineer%29 \"Edward Thompson (engineer)\"), of which 410 locomotives were built between 1942 and 1952\\.Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Part 1 Preliminary Survey, Railway Correspondence and Travel Society, 1963, pp. 105\\-7\\.\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|BR standard class 5](/wiki/File:73050_at_Wansford.jpg \"73050 at Wansford.jpg\")", "#### British Railways era", "Following the formation of [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways \"British Railways\") in 1948, two further {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} classes were introduced, both in 1951\\.\n* The [BR Standard Class 5](/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_5 \"BR Standard Class 5\") was based on Stanier's successful LMS Black Five of 1934\\. Altogether 172 locomotives were built by 1957\\.\n* A lighter and less powerful design was the [BR Standard Class 4](/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_4_4-6-0 \"BR Standard Class 4 4-6-0\"). Eighty of these were built by 1957\\.", "" ]
### United States The first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotive built in the United States was the Chesapeake, built by [Norris Locomotive Works](/wiki/Norris_Locomotive_Works "Norris Locomotive Works") for the [Philadelphia and Reading](/wiki/Reading_Company "Reading Company") railroad in March 1847\. There are still conflicting opinions as to who the original designer of this type was. Many authorities attribute the design to [Septimus Norris](/wiki/Septimus_Norris "Septimus Norris") of Norris Locomotive Works, but in an 1885 paper, George E. Sellers attributes the design to John Brandt who worked for the [Erie Railroad](/wiki/Erie_Railroad "Erie Railroad") between 1842 and 1851\. * According to Sellers, the Erie's own management didn't feel it in their best interests to pursue construction, so Brandt approached [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works") and Norris with the design. Baldwin was similarly uninterested, but Norris liked the idea. [James Millholland](/wiki/James_Millholland "James Millholland") of the Reading also saw the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} design and ordered one from Norris for the Reading. However, Sellers may have misinterpreted some of the information since Millholland did not work for the Reading until 1848, a year after the locomotive was built. Furthermore, Sellers refers to the first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} to be constructed as the Susquehanna, which was the Erie railroad's first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}, not the Reading's. * The attribution to Septimus Norris stems from a patent, allegedly filed in 1846, that many sources cite for this locomotive type. However, such a patent has not yet been found in searches at the [United States Patent and Trademark Office](/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office "United States Patent and Trademark Office") (USPTO). Septimus Norris did file a patent in 1854 for running gears, and the patent application showed a {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement in the drawing. Norris' wording in the 1854 patent was vague with regard to the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement and the filing did not specifically claim invention of the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} configuration. [thumb\\|right\\|A {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} [Camelback locomotive](/wiki/Camelback_locomotive "Camelback locomotive")](/wiki/File:Camelback.jpg "Camelback.jpg") A few days after William Norris completed the Chesapeake, [Hinkley Locomotive Works](/wiki/Hinkley_Locomotive_Works "Hinkley Locomotive Works") completed their first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotive, the New Hampshire, for the [Boston and Maine](/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Corporation "Boston and Maine Corporation") Railroad. The first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} from [Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works](/wiki/Rogers_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works "Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works") was the already\-mentioned Susquehanna for the Erie Railroad. Baldwin's first {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotive did not appear until 1852\. Through the 1860s and into the 1870s, demand for locomotives of the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} wheel arrangement grew as more railroad executives switched from purchasing a single, general\-purpose type of locomotive such as the [4\-4\-0 American](/wiki/4-4-0 "4-4-0") at that time, to purchasing locomotives designed for a specific purpose. Both the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad "Pennsylvania Railroad") (PRR) and the [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad "Baltimore and Ohio Railroad") (B\&O) were early adopters of the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}, using them for fast freight as well as heavy passenger trains. {{multiple image \\| align \= left \\| direction \= vertical \\| width \= 200 \\| image1 \= Walter E Disney on track.jpg \\| image2 \= Roger E Broggie on track.jpg \\| footer \= WDWRR Nos. 1 ''Walter E. Disney'' and 3 ''Roger E. Broggie'', twin {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} locomotives built in 1925\. }} There were also two 3 ft narrow gauge {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} steam locomotives, No. 72 (No. 274\) and No. 73 (No. 275\), built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in May 1925 for the [United Railways of Yucatán](/wiki/Ferrocarriles_Unidos_de_Yucat%C3%A1n "Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatán") in Mexico, where they operated until being retired in the 1960s and were eventually purchased by Disney imagineers [Roger E. Broggie](/wiki/Roger_E._Broggie "Roger E. Broggie") and Earl Vilmer for $8,000 each to operate on the [Walt Disney World Railroad](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Railroad "Walt Disney World Railroad") circling the [Magic Kingdom](/wiki/Magic_Kingdom "Magic Kingdom") in [Bay Lake, Florida](/wiki/Bay_Lake%2C_Florida "Bay Lake, Florida"). No. 274 became No. 1 Walter E. Disney and No. 275 became No. 3 Roger E. Broggie.{{Citation \\|last\=Broggie \\|first\=Michael\\|year\=2014\\|title\=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small\-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full\-Scale Kingdom\\|edition\=4th\\|publisher\=\[\[The Donning Company\\|The Donning Company Publishers]]\\|isbn\=978\-1\-57864\-914\-3\\|pages\=320–323, 393–394}}{{Cite book\\|last\=Leaphart\\|first\=David\\|year\=2016\\|title\=Walt Disney World Railroads Part 3: Yucatan Jewels\\|edition\=1st\\|pages\=60–64\\|publisher\=Steel Wheel on Steel Rail Studio\\|isbn\=978\-1\-533\-03707\-7}} Both locomotives have since been overhauled at the Strasburg Rail Road.{{Cite web\\|last\=Wagner\\|first\=Robert\\|title\=Walter E. Disney, Disney World Railroad No. 1\\|url\=https://steamgiants.com/survivors/theme\-park/disney\-world\-railroad\-no\-1/\\|work\=SteamGiants\\|date\=6 February 2022 \\|publisher\=RailfanDepot\\|access\-date\=February 1, 2023\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003073645/https://steamgiants.com/survivors/theme\-park/disney\-world\-railroad\-no\-1/\\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2022}}{{Cite web\\|last\=Detres\\|first\=Emmanuel\\|date\=March 2, 2024\\|title\=Historical Transportation Service Returns to Disney World After 60\-Month Refurbishment\\|url\=https://insidethemagic.net/2024/03/roger\-e\-broggie\-locomotive\-train\-returns\-five\-years\-magic\-kingdom\-emd1/\\|work\=Inside the Magic\\|access\-date\=March 10, 2024\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309183132/https://insidethemagic.net/2024/03/roger\-e\-broggie\-locomotive\-train\-returns\-five\-years\-magic\-kingdom\-emd1/\\|archive\-date\=March 9, 2024}} No. 1 was overhauled between 2016 and 2020 and returned to service upon the reopening of the WDWRR on December 23, 2022,{{Cite web\\|last\=Levin\\|first\=Danielle\\|date\=December 23, 2022\\|title\=Carrying on a Legacy: The Walt Disney World Railroad Returns\\|url\=https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2022/12/carrying\-on\-a\-legacy\-the\-walt\-disney\-world\-railroad\-returns/\\|publisher\=\[\[Disney Parks, Experiences and Products\#Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide\\|Walt Disney Parks and Resorts]]\\|access\-date\=March 10, 2024\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614085333/https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2022/12/carrying\-on\-a\-legacy\-the\-walt\-disney\-world\-railroad\-returns/\\|archive\-date\=June 14, 2023}} while No. 3 was overhauled between 2019 and 2023 and returned to service on February 21, 2024\. [Sierra No. 3](/wiki/Sierra_No._3 "Sierra No. 3") is a {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} built 1891 by Rogers, which after many years of service on the Prescott and Arizona Central and the Sierra Railway, found new life beginning in 1920 on screen. Sierra No. 3 has appeared in more motion pictures, documentaries and television shows than any other locomotive, and has a career ranging from [The Virginian](/wiki/The_Virginian_%281929_film%29 "The Virginian (1929 film)") (1929\) to [High Noon](/wiki/High_Noon "High Noon") (1952\) to [Back to the Future Part III](/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_III "Back to the Future Part III") (1990\). [right\\|thumb\\|200px\\|[Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) 2355](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_2355 "Southern Pacific 2355") built in 1912](/wiki/File:Mesa-Southern_Pacific_Railroad_%28SP%29_2355_-1912-2.jpg "Mesa-Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) 2355 -1912-2.jpg") A notable American ten\-wheeler is the [Illinois Central Railroad](/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad "Illinois Central Railroad")'s [No. 382](/wiki/Illinois_Central_382 "Illinois Central 382"), the locomotive driven by [Casey Jones](/wiki/Casey_Jones "Casey Jones") in a train wreck [Vaughan, Mississippi](/wiki/Vaughan%2C_Mississippi "Vaughan, Mississippi"), on April 30, 1900, that killed him instantly. But after an eventful career with 6 accidents, she was scrapped in July 1935 at the age of 37, the same age of her driver Casey Jones when he died. A [Clinchfield Railroad](/wiki/Clinchfield_Railroad "Clinchfield Railroad") locomotive of the {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} type No. 99 replaced her in 1956 and is on display at the Casey Jones museum in [Jackson, Tennessee](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Tennessee "Jackson, Tennessee"). As far as is known, the heaviest {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} ever built was Southern Pacific No. 2371\. According to R\&LHS Bulletin No. 94, its engine weight was {{convert\\|242500\\|lb\\|t}}. The heaviest class of {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}'s ever put into series production was the [Pennsylvania Railroad class G5](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_class_G5 "Pennsylvania Railroad class G5") with 90 examples completed in the mid\-1920s, which were some {{convert\\|5500\\|lb\\|t}} lighter. One of the B\&O's {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}}s, built in 1869, is preserved at the [B\&O Railroad Museum](/wiki/B%26O_Railroad_Museum "B&O Railroad Museum") in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"). Another is at the [National Museum of Transportation](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Transportation "National Museum of Transportation") in St. Louis. A third, The [Great Northern Railway's](/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28U.S.%29 "Great Northern Railway (U.S.)") [GN 1355](/wiki/GN_1355 "GN 1355"), built in 1909 as a {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} but rebuilt to a [4\-6\-2 Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 "4-6-2") in 1924, is in [Sioux City, Iowa](/wiki/Sioux_City%2C_Iowa "Sioux City, Iowa"). [Nevada Northern Railway's](/wiki/Nevada_Northern_Railway "Nevada Northern Railway") No. 40 a 1910 built {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} has been preserved on the railroad and is known by the nickname "The Ghost Train of Ely". Due to its long history of operating in the state, in 2009 No. 40 was recognized as the official [Nevada State Steam Locomotive](/wiki/List_of_Nevada_state_symbols "List of Nevada state symbols"). The only surviving locomotive of the {{RailGauge\\|3ft}} [narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway "Narrow gauge railway") [East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad (ET\&WNC)](/wiki/East_Tennessee_and_Western_North_Carolina_Railroad "East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad") is No. 12, a coal\-fired {{nowrap\\|4\-6\-0}} built in 1917 by the [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works "Baldwin Locomotive Works").{{Cite web\\|title\=Tweetsie's Trains\\|url\=https://tweetsie.com/explore\-the\-park/trains/\\|publisher\=\[\[Tweetsie Railroad]]\\|access\-date\=June 8, 2019\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916120354/http://tweetsie.com/explore\-the\-park/trains/\\|archive\-date\=September 16, 2016}} It was originally used to haul passengers and freight over the ET\&WNC's {{convert\\|66\\|mi\\|km\\|0\\|adj\=on\\|abbr\=off}} line running from [Johnson City](/wiki/Johnson_City%2C_Tennessee "Johnson City, Tennessee") over the [Appalachian Mountains](/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains "Appalachian Mountains") to [Boone, North Carolina](/wiki/Boone%2C_North_Carolina "Boone, North Carolina"), from 1918 to 1940\.{{Cite web\\|last\=Brumfield\\|first\=Dale M.\\|date\=August 6, 2017\\|title\=Tweetsie Railroad once was home in Penn Laird, Virginia\\|url\=https://www.newsleader.com/story/news/2017/08/06/tweetsie\-railroad\-began\-penn\-laird\-virginia/104358906/\\|work\=\[\[The News Leader]]\\|access\-date\=June 8, 2019}} Since 1957, it has been in operation at the Tweetsie Railroad [theme park](/wiki/Theme_park "Theme park") in [Blowing Rock, North Carolina](/wiki/Blowing_Rock%2C_North_Carolina "Blowing Rock, North Carolina"). {{\-}}	[ "### United States", "The first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotive built in the United States was the Chesapeake, built by [Norris Locomotive Works](/wiki/Norris_Locomotive_Works \"Norris Locomotive Works\") for the [Philadelphia and Reading](/wiki/Reading_Company \"Reading Company\") railroad in March 1847\\. There are still conflicting opinions as to who the original designer of this type was. Many authorities attribute the design to [Septimus Norris](/wiki/Septimus_Norris \"Septimus Norris\") of Norris Locomotive Works, but in an 1885 paper, George E. Sellers attributes the design to John Brandt who worked for the [Erie Railroad](/wiki/Erie_Railroad \"Erie Railroad\") between 1842 and 1851\\.\n* According to Sellers, the Erie's own management didn't feel it in their best interests to pursue construction, so Brandt approached [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\") and Norris with the design. Baldwin was similarly uninterested, but Norris liked the idea. [James Millholland](/wiki/James_Millholland \"James Millholland\") of the Reading also saw the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} design and ordered one from Norris for the Reading. However, Sellers may have misinterpreted some of the information since Millholland did not work for the Reading until 1848, a year after the locomotive was built. Furthermore, Sellers refers to the first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} to be constructed as the Susquehanna, which was the Erie railroad's first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}, not the Reading's.\n* The attribution to Septimus Norris stems from a patent, allegedly filed in 1846, that many sources cite for this locomotive type. However, such a patent has not yet been found in searches at the [United States Patent and Trademark Office](/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office \"United States Patent and Trademark Office\") (USPTO). Septimus Norris did file a patent in 1854 for running gears, and the patent application showed a {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement in the drawing. Norris' wording in the 1854 patent was vague with regard to the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement and the filing did not specifically claim invention of the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} configuration.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|A {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} [Camelback locomotive](/wiki/Camelback_locomotive \"Camelback locomotive\")](/wiki/File:Camelback.jpg \"Camelback.jpg\")", "A few days after William Norris completed the Chesapeake, [Hinkley Locomotive Works](/wiki/Hinkley_Locomotive_Works \"Hinkley Locomotive Works\") completed their first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotive, the New Hampshire, for the [Boston and Maine](/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Corporation \"Boston and Maine Corporation\") Railroad. The first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} from [Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works](/wiki/Rogers_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works \"Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works\") was the already\\-mentioned Susquehanna for the Erie Railroad. Baldwin's first {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotive did not appear until 1852\\.", "Through the 1860s and into the 1870s, demand for locomotives of the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} wheel arrangement grew as more railroad executives switched from purchasing a single, general\\-purpose type of locomotive such as the [4\\-4\\-0 American](/wiki/4-4-0 \"4-4-0\") at that time, to purchasing locomotives designed for a specific purpose. Both the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Pennsylvania Railroad\") (PRR) and the [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad \"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad\") (B\\&O) were early adopters of the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}, using them for fast freight as well as heavy passenger trains.", "{{multiple image\n\\\| align \\= left\n\\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\\| width \\= 200\n\\\| image1 \\= Walter E Disney on track.jpg\n\\\| image2 \\= Roger E Broggie on track.jpg\n\\\| footer \\= WDWRR Nos. 1 ''Walter E. Disney'' and 3 ''Roger E. Broggie'', twin {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} locomotives built in 1925\\.\n}}", "There were also two 3 ft narrow gauge {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} steam locomotives, No. 72 (No. 274\\) and No. 73 (No. 275\\), built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in May 1925 for the [United Railways of Yucatán](/wiki/Ferrocarriles_Unidos_de_Yucat%C3%A1n \"Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatán\") in Mexico, where they operated until being retired in the 1960s and were eventually purchased by Disney imagineers [Roger E. Broggie](/wiki/Roger_E._Broggie \"Roger E. Broggie\") and Earl Vilmer for $8,000 each to operate on the [Walt Disney World Railroad](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Railroad \"Walt Disney World Railroad\") circling the [Magic Kingdom](/wiki/Magic_Kingdom \"Magic Kingdom\") in [Bay Lake, Florida](/wiki/Bay_Lake%2C_Florida \"Bay Lake, Florida\"). No. 274 became No. 1 Walter E. Disney and No. 275 became No. 3 Roger E. Broggie.{{Citation \\\|last\\=Broggie \\\|first\\=Michael\\\|year\\=2014\\\|title\\=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small\\-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full\\-Scale Kingdom\\\|edition\\=4th\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Donning Company\\\|The Donning Company Publishers]]\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-57864\\-914\\-3\\\|pages\\=320–323, 393–394}}{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Leaphart\\\|first\\=David\\\|year\\=2016\\\|title\\=Walt Disney World Railroads Part 3: Yucatan Jewels\\\|edition\\=1st\\\|pages\\=60–64\\\|publisher\\=Steel Wheel on Steel Rail Studio\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-533\\-03707\\-7}} Both locomotives have since been overhauled at the Strasburg Rail Road.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Wagner\\\|first\\=Robert\\\|title\\=Walter E. Disney, Disney World Railroad No. 1\\\|url\\=https://steamgiants.com/survivors/theme\\-park/disney\\-world\\-railroad\\-no\\-1/\\\|work\\=SteamGiants\\\|date\\=6 February 2022 \\\|publisher\\=RailfanDepot\\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2023\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003073645/https://steamgiants.com/survivors/theme\\-park/disney\\-world\\-railroad\\-no\\-1/\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2022}}{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Detres\\\|first\\=Emmanuel\\\|date\\=March 2, 2024\\\|title\\=Historical Transportation Service Returns to Disney World After 60\\-Month Refurbishment\\\|url\\=https://insidethemagic.net/2024/03/roger\\-e\\-broggie\\-locomotive\\-train\\-returns\\-five\\-years\\-magic\\-kingdom\\-emd1/\\\|work\\=Inside the Magic\\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2024\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309183132/https://insidethemagic.net/2024/03/roger\\-e\\-broggie\\-locomotive\\-train\\-returns\\-five\\-years\\-magic\\-kingdom\\-emd1/\\\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2024}} No. 1 was overhauled between 2016 and 2020 and returned to service upon the reopening of the WDWRR on December 23, 2022,{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Levin\\\|first\\=Danielle\\\|date\\=December 23, 2022\\\|title\\=Carrying on a Legacy: The Walt Disney World Railroad Returns\\\|url\\=https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2022/12/carrying\\-on\\-a\\-legacy\\-the\\-walt\\-disney\\-world\\-railroad\\-returns/\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Disney Parks, Experiences and Products\\#Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide\\\|Walt Disney Parks and Resorts]]\\\|access\\-date\\=March 10, 2024\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614085333/https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2022/12/carrying\\-on\\-a\\-legacy\\-the\\-walt\\-disney\\-world\\-railroad\\-returns/\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2023}} while No. 3 was overhauled between 2019 and 2023 and returned to service on February 21, 2024\\.", "[Sierra No. 3](/wiki/Sierra_No._3 \"Sierra No. 3\") is a {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} built 1891 by Rogers, which after many years of service on the Prescott and Arizona Central and the Sierra Railway, found new life beginning in 1920 on screen. Sierra No. 3 has appeared in more motion pictures, documentaries and television shows than any other locomotive, and has a career ranging from [The Virginian](/wiki/The_Virginian_%281929_film%29 \"The Virginian (1929 film)\") (1929\\) to [High Noon](/wiki/High_Noon \"High Noon\") (1952\\) to [Back to the Future Part III](/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_III \"Back to the Future Part III\") (1990\\).", "[right\\\|thumb\\\|200px\\\|[Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) 2355](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_2355 \"Southern Pacific 2355\") built in 1912](/wiki/File:Mesa-Southern_Pacific_Railroad_%28SP%29_2355_-1912-2.jpg \"Mesa-Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) 2355 -1912-2.jpg\")\nA notable American ten\\-wheeler is the [Illinois Central Railroad](/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad \"Illinois Central Railroad\")'s [No. 382](/wiki/Illinois_Central_382 \"Illinois Central 382\"), the locomotive driven by [Casey Jones](/wiki/Casey_Jones \"Casey Jones\") in a train wreck [Vaughan, Mississippi](/wiki/Vaughan%2C_Mississippi \"Vaughan, Mississippi\"), on April 30, 1900, that killed him instantly. But after an eventful career with 6 accidents, she was scrapped in July 1935 at the age of 37, the same age of her driver Casey Jones when he died. A [Clinchfield Railroad](/wiki/Clinchfield_Railroad \"Clinchfield Railroad\") locomotive of the {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} type No. 99 replaced her in 1956 and is on display at the Casey Jones museum in [Jackson, Tennessee](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Tennessee \"Jackson, Tennessee\").", "As far as is known, the heaviest {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} ever built was Southern Pacific No. 2371\\. According to R\\&LHS Bulletin No. 94, its engine weight was {{convert\\\|242500\\\|lb\\\|t}}. The heaviest class of {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}'s ever put into series production was the [Pennsylvania Railroad class G5](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_class_G5 \"Pennsylvania Railroad class G5\") with 90 examples completed in the mid\\-1920s, which were some {{convert\\\|5500\\\|lb\\\|t}} lighter.", "One of the B\\&O's {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}}s, built in 1869, is preserved at the [B\\&O Railroad Museum](/wiki/B%26O_Railroad_Museum \"B&O Railroad Museum\") in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\"). Another is at the [National Museum of Transportation](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Transportation \"National Museum of Transportation\") in St. Louis. A third, The [Great Northern Railway's](/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28U.S.%29 \"Great Northern Railway (U.S.)\") [GN 1355](/wiki/GN_1355 \"GN 1355\"), built in 1909 as a {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} but rebuilt to a [4\\-6\\-2 Pacific](/wiki/4-6-2 \"4-6-2\") in 1924, is in [Sioux City, Iowa](/wiki/Sioux_City%2C_Iowa \"Sioux City, Iowa\").", "[Nevada Northern Railway's](/wiki/Nevada_Northern_Railway \"Nevada Northern Railway\") No. 40 a 1910 built {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} has been preserved on the railroad and is known by the nickname \"The Ghost Train of Ely\". Due to its long history of operating in the state, in 2009 No. 40 was recognized as the official [Nevada State Steam Locomotive](/wiki/List_of_Nevada_state_symbols \"List of Nevada state symbols\").", "The only surviving locomotive of the {{RailGauge\\\|3ft}} [narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway \"Narrow gauge railway\") [East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad (ET\\&WNC)](/wiki/East_Tennessee_and_Western_North_Carolina_Railroad \"East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad\") is No. 12, a coal\\-fired {{nowrap\\\|4\\-6\\-0}} built in 1917 by the [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works \"Baldwin Locomotive Works\").{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Tweetsie's Trains\\\|url\\=https://tweetsie.com/explore\\-the\\-park/trains/\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Tweetsie Railroad]]\\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2019\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916120354/http://tweetsie.com/explore\\-the\\-park/trains/\\\|archive\\-date\\=September 16, 2016}} It was originally used to haul passengers and freight over the ET\\&WNC's {{convert\\\|66\\\|mi\\\|km\\\|0\\\|adj\\=on\\\|abbr\\=off}} line running from [Johnson City](/wiki/Johnson_City%2C_Tennessee \"Johnson City, Tennessee\") over the [Appalachian Mountains](/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains \"Appalachian Mountains\") to [Boone, North Carolina](/wiki/Boone%2C_North_Carolina \"Boone, North Carolina\"), from 1918 to 1940\\.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Brumfield\\\|first\\=Dale M.\\\|date\\=August 6, 2017\\\|title\\=Tweetsie Railroad once was home in Penn Laird, Virginia\\\|url\\=https://www.newsleader.com/story/news/2017/08/06/tweetsie\\-railroad\\-began\\-penn\\-laird\\-virginia/104358906/\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The News Leader]]\\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2019}} Since 1957, it has been in operation at the Tweetsie Railroad [theme park](/wiki/Theme_park \"Theme park\") in [Blowing Rock, North Carolina](/wiki/Blowing_Rock%2C_North_Carolina \"Blowing Rock, North Carolina\").", "{{\\-}}", "" ]
History ------- {{main\\|History of St. Mary's Church (Dedham, Massachusetts)}} ### Early history The history of Catholicism in Dedham begins in 1758, only 120 years after the settlement of the [Contentment Plantation](/wiki/History_of_Dedham%2C_Massachusetts%2C_1635%E2%80%931699 "History of Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635–1699") and fully two decades before the American Revolution. During the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War "French and Indian War") the British expelled over 11,000 [Acadians](/wiki/Acadians "Acadians") from what is today [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia").{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=100}} Eleven of them resettled in Dedham, and though the town and the Massachusetts Bay colony were both officially Congregationalist, they were allowed to reside here as French neutrals until they returned to Canada in 1760\.{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=100}} After the Acadians returned to Canada in 1760, Dedham would not see another Catholic resident for decades. The first Catholic who spent any length of time in Dedham was Mr. Gill, who lived in what is today known as Riverdale, but was then called Dedham Island. The few Catholics who lived in Dedham would have to travel 16 miles to [St. Joseph's](/wiki/St._Joseph_Catholic_Church_%28Roxbury%2C_Massachusetts%29 "St. Joseph Catholic Church (Roxbury, Massachusetts)") in [Roxbury](/wiki/Roxbury%2C_Boston "Roxbury, Boston"), the [Cathedral of the Holy Cross](/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross_%28Boston%29 "Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)") on Franklin Street in Boston, or to St. Mary's in Waltham to attend Mass.{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=100}}{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|pp\=323\-4}} By the early 1800s a few Catholics had settled in Dedham. The first Mass in Dedham was celebrated in Sunday, May 15, 1843, in the home of [Daniel Slattery](/wiki/Daniel_Slattery "Daniel Slattery"), with eight Catholics present.{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=324}}{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=100}}{{refn\\|group\=nb\\|While the Slattery home is still standing, at the corner of Washington and Worthington Streets, at the time it was on the corner of Washington and High, where the Police Station sits in 2016\. During the Revolution, the Worthington Street land was the site of an encampment for French troops under the command of Count Rochambeau.}} An altar was set up by the window. For the next three years Slattery's 17\-year\-old brother\-in\-law would bring Father James Strain from Waltham and back each Sunday to minister to the needs of the small congregation.{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=324}}{{refn\\|group\=nb\\|Father Strain was born in Ireland in 1815, and was received into the Diocese of Boston in 1840\. He had a rather tumultuous career here, and bounced around not only from parish to parish, but even to several other dioceses, before eventually returning to Ireland in 1850\.}} By 1846, the Catholic community in Dedham was well established enough that the town became part of the mission of St. Joseph's Church in Roxbury. The flood of Irish immigrants escaping the [Great Famine](/wiki/Great_Famine_%28Ireland%29 "Great Famine (Ireland)") necessitated holding Mass in the [Temperance Hall](/wiki/Temperance_Hall_%28Dedham%2C_Massachusetts%29 "Temperance Hall (Dedham, Massachusetts)"), often by Father [Patrick O'Beirne](/wiki/Patrick_O%27Beirne "Patrick O'Beirne").{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}}{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=78}} Mass was also occasionally celebrated in the Crystal Palace on Washington Street.{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=100}} Worshipers came from Dedham, [South Dedham](/wiki/Norwood%2C_Massachusetts "Norwood, Massachusetts"), [West Dedham](/wiki/Westwood%2C_Massachusetts "Westwood, Massachusetts"), and [West Roxbury](/wiki/West_Roxbury "West Roxbury").{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=100}} ### First Church [thumb\\|The first St. Mary's Church](/wiki/File:First_church_building_of_St._Mary%27s_parish_in_Dedham%2C_Massachusetts.gif "First church building of St. Mary's parish in Dedham, Massachusetts.gif") The number and devotion of the first parishioners permitted a church to be constructed within 10 years.{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=101}} In 1856 the cornerstone was laid and, in 1857, the first St. Mary's Church was completed on Washington Street between Spruce and Marion Streets.{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=101}} On Easter Sunday, April 12, 1857, Father O'Beirne said Mass for the first time in a new church that could seat 600\.{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}}{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=101}}{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=323}}{{refn\\|group\=nb\\|One source says it was Christmas Day.}} During the 1880s, Father Johnson was publicly raising the issue of discrimination against Catholics in the public schools. In 1885, as a member of the School Committee,{{refn\\|group\=nb\\|Johnson served two terms, from 1884 to 1890\.}} he claimed the principal of the Avery School ridiculed Catholic students, and several years later had a lengthy debate with a Protestant minister via letters in the Dedham Standard about the "rank misrepresentation of the Catholic Church" in a history book adopted by the School Committee.{{sfn\\|Johnson\\|Cooke\\|1889\\|p\=18}} In 1890 there were an estimated 2,000 parishioners, including 957 Irish, 250 English\-speaking Canadians, 58 French, 19 Italians and 1 Portuguese.{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=324}} There were 400 students in the Sunday School classes in 1884\.{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=79}} ### Church construction In February 1880, it was announced that a Protestant who had business in Boston had paid off the parish's $700 debt, allowing the congregation to commence work on a new building. The cornerstone of the present church was laid at 3:00 on October 17, 1880 by [Archbishop John Williams](/wiki/John_Joseph_Williams "John Joseph Williams"). A crowd of between 4,000 and 5,000 people attended, and special trains were run from Boston and Norwood to accommodate all those who wished to attend. It was one of the largest gatherings in Dedham's history. The footprint of the [Gothic church](/wiki/Gothic_architecture "Gothic architecture"), which Father Johnson said was to be a "cathedral in the wilderness," measures 150' long by 65' wide, and the bell tower is 164' tall.{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=79}} The apex of the ceiling is 80' and it has the longest aisle in the Archdiocese of Boston. It was at the time, and remains today, "the largest and most imposing church in the town"{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=79}} and "one of the most conspicuous edifices" in the town. The interior walls were plastered by [William B. Gould](/wiki/William_B._Gould "William B. Gould"), an escaped slave who settled in Dedham. While the upper church was still under construction, the lower church was used for Mass and the upper portion for various fairs and other gatherings. The first mass was said in the lower church on October 24, 1886\. The crowd was overflowing, and included 20 Protestants, many of local importance, and a choir from St. Peter's in South Boston. After 20 years of working, praying, and fundraising from the meager immigrant wages of many of the parishioners, the Upper Church was finally completed. It took so long that another architect had to take over but was, Father Fleming said, “almost too beautiful for ordinary use.” The upper church was completed and dedicated by Archbishop Williams on September 9, 1900\. In addition to Williams, Archbishop [Sebastiano Martinelli](/wiki/Sebastiano_Martinelli "Sebastiano Martinelli"), the papal delegate to the United States, attended, as did Bishop [Denis Mary Bradley](/wiki/Denis_Mary_Bradley "Denis Mary Bradley") of New Hampshire. The crowd, numbered at 1,200, included the communion class and many prominent citizens of the Town, including Protestants. The dedication packed the church, requiring many to stand, and tickets were required to enter. Albert Nickerson, a member of Dedham's St. Paul's Episcopal Church, donated $10,000 towards the effort.{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}}{{refn\\|group\=nb\\|Nickerson was the wealthiest man in Dedham at the time of his death. He was a philanthropist, and donated to several causes in Dedham, including other churches.}} The [Dedham Granite](/wiki/Dedham_Granite "Dedham Granite") for the outer walls was donated by another Protestant, John Bullard.{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}} The granite came from Bullard's own lot. ### 20th century In June 1890, Father John H. Fleming arrived at St. Mary's and began a 33\-year tenure as pastor. During his pastorate the parish the upper church would be completed, the parish cemetery in West Roxbury would be purchased, and the old wooden rectory next to the church would be torn down so a new rectory could be built{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=101}} of Dedham Granite{{sfn\\|Parr\\|2009\\|p\=19}} in 1913\.{{refn\\|group\=nb\\|Parr has the date as 1915\.{{sfn\\|Parr\\|2009\\|p\=19}}}} On Sundays, however, the quality of his preaching was such that other priests would come to St. Mary's to listen. In the 1920s, with the building work completed, new pastor Father [Henry A. Walsh](/wiki/Henry_A._Walsh "Henry A. Walsh") was able to focus on the various groups and societies within the parish. The Catholic population in the area grew, as did the amount of social activity within the parish. By 1936, the parish was one of the largest in the Archdiocese of Boston with 6,000 parishioners, four priests, and six nuns.{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=102}} The Sunday School alone had over 1,300 pupils.{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=102}} Within months of arriving as pastor in 1929, Father George P. O'Connor began a parish school with three Sisters of St. Joseph. He also began a [Catholic Youth Organization](/wiki/Catholic_Youth_Organization "Catholic Youth Organization"), and was generally regarded as having a focus on youth. ### Modern history In the 1960s, St. Mary's remained one of the largest parishes in the archdiocese. As it was too much work for one pastor and three assistant priests, a second parish was established for the Riverdale neighborhood, [St. Susana's](/wiki/St._Susanna_Church_%28Dedham%2C_Massachusetts%29 "St. Susanna Church (Dedham, Massachusetts)"), in 1962\. As the school was also growing, a new convent was constructed in 1964\. The number of people attending Mass each week began to drop off rather dramatically in the early 1990s. In 1989, the average weekly attendance was 2,843 people. By 1995, however, it dropped to just 1,030\. The following year, 1996, Father (later bishop) [John Anthony Dooher](/wiki/John_Anthony_Dooher "John Anthony Dooher") and Father Chris Hickey arrived at St. Mary's within weeks of each other. Mass attendance increased by 50% that year alone, and in 1997 it was over 2,500\. In September 1997, Hickey and youth minister Seán Flynn began a [Life Teen](/wiki/Life_Teen "Life Teen") program to minister to high school students.	[ "History\n-------", "{{main\\\|History of St. Mary's Church (Dedham, Massachusetts)}}", "### Early history", "The history of Catholicism in Dedham begins in 1758, only 120 years after the settlement of the [Contentment Plantation](/wiki/History_of_Dedham%2C_Massachusetts%2C_1635%E2%80%931699 \"History of Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635–1699\") and fully two decades before the American Revolution. During the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War \"French and Indian War\") the British expelled over 11,000 [Acadians](/wiki/Acadians \"Acadians\") from what is today [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\").{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=100}} Eleven of them resettled in Dedham, and though the town and the Massachusetts Bay colony were both officially Congregationalist, they were allowed to reside here as French neutrals until they returned to Canada in 1760\\.{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=100}}", "After the Acadians returned to Canada in 1760, Dedham would not see another Catholic resident for decades. The first Catholic who spent any length of time in Dedham was Mr. Gill, who lived in what is today known as Riverdale, but was then called Dedham Island. The few Catholics who lived in Dedham would have to travel 16 miles to [St. Joseph's](/wiki/St._Joseph_Catholic_Church_%28Roxbury%2C_Massachusetts%29 \"St. Joseph Catholic Church (Roxbury, Massachusetts)\") in [Roxbury](/wiki/Roxbury%2C_Boston \"Roxbury, Boston\"), the [Cathedral of the Holy Cross](/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross_%28Boston%29 \"Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)\") on Franklin Street in Boston, or to St. Mary's in Waltham to attend Mass.{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=100}}{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|pp\\=323\\-4}}", "By the early 1800s a few Catholics had settled in Dedham. The first Mass in Dedham was celebrated in Sunday, May 15, 1843, in the home of [Daniel Slattery](/wiki/Daniel_Slattery \"Daniel Slattery\"), with eight Catholics present.{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=324}}{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=100}}{{refn\\\|group\\=nb\\\|While the Slattery home is still standing, at the corner of Washington and Worthington Streets, at the time it was on the corner of Washington and High, where the Police Station sits in 2016\\. During the Revolution, the Worthington Street land was the site of an encampment for French troops under the command of Count Rochambeau.}} An altar was set up by the window. For the next three years Slattery's 17\\-year\\-old brother\\-in\\-law would bring Father James Strain from Waltham and back each Sunday to minister to the needs of the small congregation.{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=324}}{{refn\\\|group\\=nb\\\|Father Strain was born in Ireland in 1815, and was received into the Diocese of Boston in 1840\\. He had a rather tumultuous career here, and bounced around not only from parish to parish, but even to several other dioceses, before eventually returning to Ireland in 1850\\.}}", "By 1846, the Catholic community in Dedham was well established enough that the town became part of the mission of St. Joseph's Church in Roxbury. The flood of Irish immigrants escaping the [Great Famine](/wiki/Great_Famine_%28Ireland%29 \"Great Famine (Ireland)\") necessitated holding Mass in the [Temperance Hall](/wiki/Temperance_Hall_%28Dedham%2C_Massachusetts%29 \"Temperance Hall (Dedham, Massachusetts)\"), often by Father [Patrick O'Beirne](/wiki/Patrick_O%27Beirne \"Patrick O'Beirne\").{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}}{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=78}} Mass was also occasionally celebrated in the Crystal Palace on Washington Street.{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=100}} Worshipers came from Dedham, [South Dedham](/wiki/Norwood%2C_Massachusetts \"Norwood, Massachusetts\"), [West Dedham](/wiki/Westwood%2C_Massachusetts \"Westwood, Massachusetts\"), and [West Roxbury](/wiki/West_Roxbury \"West Roxbury\").{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=100}}", "### First Church", "[thumb\\\|The first St. Mary's Church](/wiki/File:First_church_building_of_St._Mary%27s_parish_in_Dedham%2C_Massachusetts.gif \"First church building of St. Mary's parish in Dedham, Massachusetts.gif\")", "The number and devotion of the first parishioners permitted a church to be constructed within 10 years.{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=101}} In 1856 the cornerstone was laid and, in 1857, the first St. Mary's Church was completed on Washington Street between Spruce and Marion Streets.{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=101}} On Easter Sunday, April 12, 1857, Father O'Beirne said Mass for the first time in a new church that could seat 600\\.{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}}{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=101}}{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=323}}{{refn\\\|group\\=nb\\\|One source says it was Christmas Day.}}", "During the 1880s, Father Johnson was publicly raising the issue of discrimination against Catholics in the public schools. In 1885, as a member of the School Committee,{{refn\\\|group\\=nb\\\|Johnson served two terms, from 1884 to 1890\\.}} he claimed the principal of the Avery School ridiculed Catholic students, and several years later had a lengthy debate with a Protestant minister via letters in the Dedham Standard about the \"rank misrepresentation of the Catholic Church\" in a history book adopted by the School Committee.{{sfn\\\|Johnson\\\|Cooke\\\|1889\\\|p\\=18}}", "In 1890 there were an estimated 2,000 parishioners, including 957 Irish, 250 English\\-speaking Canadians, 58 French, 19 Italians and 1 Portuguese.{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=324}} There were 400 students in the Sunday School classes in 1884\\.{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=79}}", "### Church construction", "In February 1880, it was announced that a Protestant who had business in Boston had paid off the parish's $700 debt, allowing the congregation to commence work on a new building. The cornerstone of the present church was laid at 3:00 on October 17, 1880 by [Archbishop John Williams](/wiki/John_Joseph_Williams \"John Joseph Williams\"). A crowd of between 4,000 and 5,000 people attended, and special trains were run from Boston and Norwood to accommodate all those who wished to attend. It was one of the largest gatherings in Dedham's history.", "The footprint of the [Gothic church](/wiki/Gothic_architecture \"Gothic architecture\"), which Father Johnson said was to be a \"cathedral in the wilderness,\" measures 150' long by 65' wide, and the bell tower is 164' tall.{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=79}} The apex of the ceiling is 80' and it has the longest aisle in the Archdiocese of Boston. It was at the time, and remains today, \"the largest and most imposing church in the town\"{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=79}} and \"one of the most conspicuous edifices\" in the town.", "The interior walls were plastered by [William B. Gould](/wiki/William_B._Gould \"William B. Gould\"), an escaped slave who settled in Dedham. While the upper church was still under construction, the lower church was used for Mass and the upper portion for various fairs and other gatherings. The first mass was said in the lower church on October 24, 1886\\. The crowd was overflowing, and included 20 Protestants, many of local importance, and a choir from St. Peter's in South Boston.", "After 20 years of working, praying, and fundraising from the meager immigrant wages of many of the parishioners, the Upper Church was finally completed. It took so long that another architect had to take over but was, Father Fleming said, “almost too beautiful for ordinary use.”", "The upper church was completed and dedicated by Archbishop Williams on September 9, 1900\\. In addition to Williams, Archbishop [Sebastiano Martinelli](/wiki/Sebastiano_Martinelli \"Sebastiano Martinelli\"), the papal delegate to the United States, attended, as did Bishop [Denis Mary Bradley](/wiki/Denis_Mary_Bradley \"Denis Mary Bradley\") of New Hampshire. The crowd, numbered at 1,200, included the communion class and many prominent citizens of the Town, including Protestants. The dedication packed the church, requiring many to stand, and tickets were required to enter.", "Albert Nickerson, a member of Dedham's St. Paul's Episcopal Church, donated $10,000 towards the effort.{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}}{{refn\\\|group\\=nb\\\|Nickerson was the wealthiest man in Dedham at the time of his death. He was a philanthropist, and donated to several causes in Dedham, including other churches.}} The [Dedham Granite](/wiki/Dedham_Granite \"Dedham Granite\") for the outer walls was donated by another Protestant, John Bullard.{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}} The granite came from Bullard's own lot.", "### 20th century", "In June 1890, Father John H. Fleming arrived at St. Mary's and began a 33\\-year tenure as pastor. During his pastorate the parish the upper church would be completed, the parish cemetery in West Roxbury would be purchased, and the old wooden rectory next to the church would be torn down so a new rectory could be built{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=101}} of Dedham Granite{{sfn\\\|Parr\\\|2009\\\|p\\=19}} in 1913\\.{{refn\\\|group\\=nb\\\|Parr has the date as 1915\\.{{sfn\\\|Parr\\\|2009\\\|p\\=19}}}} On Sundays, however, the quality of his preaching was such that other priests would come to St. Mary's to listen.", "In the 1920s, with the building work completed, new pastor Father [Henry A. Walsh](/wiki/Henry_A._Walsh \"Henry A. Walsh\") was able to focus on the various groups and societies within the parish. The Catholic population in the area grew, as did the amount of social activity within the parish. By 1936, the parish was one of the largest in the Archdiocese of Boston with 6,000 parishioners, four priests, and six nuns.{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=102}} The Sunday School alone had over 1,300 pupils.{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=102}} Within months of arriving as pastor in 1929, Father George P. O'Connor began a parish school with three Sisters of St. Joseph. He also began a [Catholic Youth Organization](/wiki/Catholic_Youth_Organization \"Catholic Youth Organization\"), and was generally regarded as having a focus on youth.", "### Modern history", "In the 1960s, St. Mary's remained one of the largest parishes in the archdiocese. As it was too much work for one pastor and three assistant priests, a second parish was established for the Riverdale neighborhood, [St. Susana's](/wiki/St._Susanna_Church_%28Dedham%2C_Massachusetts%29 \"St. Susanna Church (Dedham, Massachusetts)\"), in 1962\\. As the school was also growing, a new convent was constructed in 1964\\.", "The number of people attending Mass each week began to drop off rather dramatically in the early 1990s. In 1989, the average weekly attendance was 2,843 people. By 1995, however, it dropped to just 1,030\\. The following year, 1996, Father (later bishop) [John Anthony Dooher](/wiki/John_Anthony_Dooher \"John Anthony Dooher\") and Father Chris Hickey arrived at St. Mary's within weeks of each other. Mass attendance increased by 50% that year alone, and in 1997 it was over 2,500\\. In September 1997, Hickey and youth minister Seán Flynn began a [Life Teen](/wiki/Life_Teen \"Life Teen\") program to minister to high school students.", "" ]
### Church construction In February 1880, it was announced that a Protestant who had business in Boston had paid off the parish's $700 debt, allowing the congregation to commence work on a new building. The cornerstone of the present church was laid at 3:00 on October 17, 1880 by [Archbishop John Williams](/wiki/John_Joseph_Williams "John Joseph Williams"). A crowd of between 4,000 and 5,000 people attended, and special trains were run from Boston and Norwood to accommodate all those who wished to attend. It was one of the largest gatherings in Dedham's history. The footprint of the [Gothic church](/wiki/Gothic_architecture "Gothic architecture"), which Father Johnson said was to be a "cathedral in the wilderness," measures 150' long by 65' wide, and the bell tower is 164' tall.{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=79}} The apex of the ceiling is 80' and it has the longest aisle in the Archdiocese of Boston. It was at the time, and remains today, "the largest and most imposing church in the town"{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=79}} and "one of the most conspicuous edifices" in the town. The interior walls were plastered by [William B. Gould](/wiki/William_B._Gould "William B. Gould"), an escaped slave who settled in Dedham. While the upper church was still under construction, the lower church was used for Mass and the upper portion for various fairs and other gatherings. The first mass was said in the lower church on October 24, 1886\. The crowd was overflowing, and included 20 Protestants, many of local importance, and a choir from St. Peter's in South Boston. After 20 years of working, praying, and fundraising from the meager immigrant wages of many of the parishioners, the Upper Church was finally completed. It took so long that another architect had to take over but was, Father Fleming said, “almost too beautiful for ordinary use.” The upper church was completed and dedicated by Archbishop Williams on September 9, 1900\. In addition to Williams, Archbishop [Sebastiano Martinelli](/wiki/Sebastiano_Martinelli "Sebastiano Martinelli"), the papal delegate to the United States, attended, as did Bishop [Denis Mary Bradley](/wiki/Denis_Mary_Bradley "Denis Mary Bradley") of New Hampshire. The crowd, numbered at 1,200, included the communion class and many prominent citizens of the Town, including Protestants. The dedication packed the church, requiring many to stand, and tickets were required to enter. Albert Nickerson, a member of Dedham's St. Paul's Episcopal Church, donated $10,000 towards the effort.{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}}{{refn\\|group\=nb\\|Nickerson was the wealthiest man in Dedham at the time of his death. He was a philanthropist, and donated to several causes in Dedham, including other churches.}} The [Dedham Granite](/wiki/Dedham_Granite "Dedham Granite") for the outer walls was donated by another Protestant, John Bullard.{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}} The granite came from Bullard's own lot.	[ "### Church construction", "In February 1880, it was announced that a Protestant who had business in Boston had paid off the parish's $700 debt, allowing the congregation to commence work on a new building. The cornerstone of the present church was laid at 3:00 on October 17, 1880 by [Archbishop John Williams](/wiki/John_Joseph_Williams \"John Joseph Williams\"). A crowd of between 4,000 and 5,000 people attended, and special trains were run from Boston and Norwood to accommodate all those who wished to attend. It was one of the largest gatherings in Dedham's history.", "The footprint of the [Gothic church](/wiki/Gothic_architecture \"Gothic architecture\"), which Father Johnson said was to be a \"cathedral in the wilderness,\" measures 150' long by 65' wide, and the bell tower is 164' tall.{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=79}} The apex of the ceiling is 80' and it has the longest aisle in the Archdiocese of Boston. It was at the time, and remains today, \"the largest and most imposing church in the town\"{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=79}} and \"one of the most conspicuous edifices\" in the town.", "The interior walls were plastered by [William B. Gould](/wiki/William_B._Gould \"William B. Gould\"), an escaped slave who settled in Dedham. While the upper church was still under construction, the lower church was used for Mass and the upper portion for various fairs and other gatherings. The first mass was said in the lower church on October 24, 1886\\. The crowd was overflowing, and included 20 Protestants, many of local importance, and a choir from St. Peter's in South Boston.", "After 20 years of working, praying, and fundraising from the meager immigrant wages of many of the parishioners, the Upper Church was finally completed. It took so long that another architect had to take over but was, Father Fleming said, “almost too beautiful for ordinary use.”", "The upper church was completed and dedicated by Archbishop Williams on September 9, 1900\\. In addition to Williams, Archbishop [Sebastiano Martinelli](/wiki/Sebastiano_Martinelli \"Sebastiano Martinelli\"), the papal delegate to the United States, attended, as did Bishop [Denis Mary Bradley](/wiki/Denis_Mary_Bradley \"Denis Mary Bradley\") of New Hampshire. The crowd, numbered at 1,200, included the communion class and many prominent citizens of the Town, including Protestants. The dedication packed the church, requiring many to stand, and tickets were required to enter.", "Albert Nickerson, a member of Dedham's St. Paul's Episcopal Church, donated $10,000 towards the effort.{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}}{{refn\\\|group\\=nb\\\|Nickerson was the wealthiest man in Dedham at the time of his death. He was a philanthropist, and donated to several causes in Dedham, including other churches.}} The [Dedham Granite](/wiki/Dedham_Granite \"Dedham Granite\") for the outer walls was donated by another Protestant, John Bullard.{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}} The granite came from Bullard's own lot.", "" ]
Parish ------ \|Pastor Years \| \| \| [Patrick O'Beirne](/wiki/Patrick_O%27Beirne "Patrick O'Beirne") \| 1846–1866{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}}{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=78}} \| \| [John P. Brennan](/wiki/John_P._Brennan_%28priest%29 "John P. Brennan (priest)") \| 1866–1877{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}}{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=78}} \| \| [Dennis J. O'Donovan](/wiki/Dennis_J._O%27Donovan "Dennis J. O'Donovan") \| 1877–1878{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}}{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=78}}{{refn\\|group\=nb\\|January 1877 to August 1888{{sfn\\|Hurd\\|1884\\|p\=78}}}} \| \| [Robert J. Johnson](/wiki/Robert_J._Johnson_%28priest%29 "Robert J. Johnson (priest)") \| 1878–1890{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}} \| \| John H. Fleming \| 1890{{sfn\\|Byrne\\|Leahy\\|Dowling\\|Young\\|1899\\|p\=323}}–1923{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=101}} \| \| [Henry A. Walsh](/wiki/Henry_A._Walsh "Henry A. Walsh") \| 1923–1929{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=101}} \| \| [George P. O'Connor](/wiki/George_P._O%27Connor "George P. O'Connor") \| 1929{{sfn\\|Smith\\|1936\\|p\=102}}–1943 \| \| Monsignor [Mark C. Driscoll](/wiki/Mark_C._Driscoll "Mark C. Driscoll") \| 1943\-1960 \| \| Monsignor [Edward C. Bailey](/wiki/Edward_C._Bailey "Edward C. Bailey") \| 1960\-1969 \| \| Monsignor [Charles F. Dewey](/wiki/Charles_F._Dewey "Charles F. Dewey") \| 1969\-1987 \| \| [George Connolly](/wiki/George_Connolly_%28priest%29 "George Connolly (priest)") \| 1987\-1989 \| \| [Thomas Fleming](/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_%28priest%29 "Thomas Fleming (priest)") \| 1989 \| \| [Paul L. Toland](/wiki/Paul_L._Toland "Paul L. Toland") \| 1989\-1996 \| \| [John Anthony Dooher](/wiki/John_Anthony_Dooher "John Anthony Dooher") \| 1996–2006 \| \| [William Williams](/wiki/William_Williams_%28Boston_priest%29 "William Williams (Boston priest)") \| 2007–2010 \| \| [William T. Kelly](/wiki/William_T._Kelly "William T. Kelly") \| 2010–2016 \| \| [Wayne L. Belschner](/wiki/Wayne_L._Belschner "Wayne L. Belschner") \| 2016\-present \| In 2006, the parish served 2,329 families, and in 2015 it sponsored 38 ministries in six categories: prayer, liturgical, social, outreach, health and wellness, and parishioner sponsored. ### Life Teen One of the largest ministries in St. Mary's today in its Life Teen program, which ministers to high school aged youth. It was founded in September 1997 by Fr. Chris Hickey, then\-pastor John Dooher, and youth minister Seán Flynn. The teens' "enthusiasm for church has brought a special vibrancy" to the parish. A Life Teen mass is offered on Sunday evenings and features a live band, and is then followed by social and catechitical sessions known as Life Nights. Participants have their own prayer night, perform community service, and gather to socialize in their clubhouse. ### Convent and parish office Behind the church on Avery Street is the Parish Office. It was previously a convent that housed the nuns who taught in the parish school. The stained glass windows in the building were done by Chartrand. ### Cemetery In 1880, the Town of Dedham set aside a portion of [Brookdale Cemetery](/wiki/Brookdale_Cemetery "Brookdale Cemetery"), just a block away from St. Mary's, for Catholics to be buried. Under the pastorate of Fr. John H. Fleming (1890–1923\), the parish purchased its own cemetery just over the border in West Roxbury. It still operates the cemetery on Grove Street today. ### 150th anniversary In 2016 the parish celebrated its 150th anniversary with a year long celebration. Included in this was a mass on October 2 celebrated by Cardinal [Seán Patrick O'Malley](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Patrick_O%27Malley "Seán Patrick O'Malley"). Other events included a healing mass and an organ concert. ### Vocations Two LifeTeen alumni, Will Sexton and Mike Zimmerman, were ordained priests. Sexton and Zimmerman were both teens in the program, and were ordained alongside Kevin Leaver, who was a CORE member. Together the three made up 50% of those being ordained at the [Cathedral of the Holy Cross](/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross_%28Boston%29 "Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)") in 2017\. As of 2017, two other alumni and one former CORE member are seminarians for the Archdiocese of Boston, and one alumnus joined the [Carmelites](/wiki/Carmelites "Carmelites"). From 2003 to 2018, the parish sent 15 men to the seminary.	[ "Parish\n------", "", "\|Pastor", "Years", "\| \|\n\| [Patrick O'Beirne](/wiki/Patrick_O%27Beirne \"Patrick O'Beirne\") \| 1846–1866{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}}{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=78}} \|\n\| [John P. Brennan](/wiki/John_P._Brennan_%28priest%29 \"John P. Brennan (priest)\") \| 1866–1877{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}}{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=78}} \|\n\| [Dennis J. O'Donovan](/wiki/Dennis_J._O%27Donovan \"Dennis J. O'Donovan\") \| 1877–1878{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}}{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=78}}{{refn\\\|group\\=nb\\\|January 1877 to August 1888{{sfn\\\|Hurd\\\|1884\\\|p\\=78}}}} \|\n\| [Robert J. Johnson](/wiki/Robert_J._Johnson_%28priest%29 \"Robert J. Johnson (priest)\") \| 1878–1890{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}} \|\n\| John H. Fleming \| 1890{{sfn\\\|Byrne\\\|Leahy\\\|Dowling\\\|Young\\\|1899\\\|p\\=323}}–1923{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=101}} \|\n\| [Henry A. Walsh](/wiki/Henry_A._Walsh \"Henry A. Walsh\") \| 1923–1929{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=101}} \|\n\| [George P. O'Connor](/wiki/George_P._O%27Connor \"George P. O'Connor\") \| 1929{{sfn\\\|Smith\\\|1936\\\|p\\=102}}–1943 \|\n\| Monsignor [Mark C. Driscoll](/wiki/Mark_C._Driscoll \"Mark C. Driscoll\") \| 1943\\-1960 \|\n\| Monsignor [Edward C. Bailey](/wiki/Edward_C._Bailey \"Edward C. Bailey\") \| 1960\\-1969 \|\n\| Monsignor [Charles F. Dewey](/wiki/Charles_F._Dewey \"Charles F. Dewey\") \| 1969\\-1987 \|\n\| [George Connolly](/wiki/George_Connolly_%28priest%29 \"George Connolly (priest)\") \| 1987\\-1989 \|\n\| [Thomas Fleming](/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_%28priest%29 \"Thomas Fleming (priest)\") \| 1989 \|\n\| [Paul L. Toland](/wiki/Paul_L._Toland \"Paul L. Toland\") \| 1989\\-1996 \|\n\| [John Anthony Dooher](/wiki/John_Anthony_Dooher \"John Anthony Dooher\") \| 1996–2006 \|\n\| [William Williams](/wiki/William_Williams_%28Boston_priest%29 \"William Williams (Boston priest)\") \| 2007–2010 \|\n\| [William T. Kelly](/wiki/William_T._Kelly \"William T. Kelly\") \| 2010–2016 \|\n\| [Wayne L. Belschner](/wiki/Wayne_L._Belschner \"Wayne L. Belschner\") \| 2016\\-present \|", "In 2006, the parish served 2,329 families, and in 2015 it sponsored 38 ministries in six categories: prayer, liturgical, social, outreach, health and wellness, and parishioner sponsored.", "### Life Teen", "One of the largest ministries in St. Mary's today in its Life Teen program, which ministers to high school aged youth. It was founded in September 1997 by Fr. Chris Hickey, then\\-pastor John Dooher, and youth minister Seán Flynn.", "The teens' \"enthusiasm for church has brought a special vibrancy\" to the parish. A Life Teen mass is offered on Sunday evenings and features a live band, and is then followed by social and catechitical sessions known as Life Nights. Participants have their own prayer night, perform community service, and gather to socialize in their clubhouse.", "### Convent and parish office", "Behind the church on Avery Street is the Parish Office. It was previously a convent that housed the nuns who taught in the parish school. The stained glass windows in the building were done by Chartrand.", "### Cemetery", "In 1880, the Town of Dedham set aside a portion of [Brookdale Cemetery](/wiki/Brookdale_Cemetery \"Brookdale Cemetery\"), just a block away from St. Mary's, for Catholics to be buried. Under the pastorate of Fr. John H. Fleming (1890–1923\\), the parish purchased its own cemetery just over the border in West Roxbury. It still operates the cemetery on Grove Street today.", "### 150th anniversary", "In 2016 the parish celebrated its 150th anniversary with a year long celebration. Included in this was a mass on October 2 celebrated by Cardinal [Seán Patrick O'Malley](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Patrick_O%27Malley \"Seán Patrick O'Malley\"). Other events included a healing mass and an organ concert.", "### Vocations", "Two LifeTeen alumni, Will Sexton and Mike Zimmerman, were ordained priests. Sexton and Zimmerman were both teens in the program, and were ordained alongside Kevin Leaver, who was a CORE member. Together the three made up 50% of those being ordained at the [Cathedral of the Holy Cross](/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross_%28Boston%29 \"Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)\") in 2017\\. As of 2017, two other alumni and one former CORE member are seminarians for the Archdiocese of Boston, and one alumnus joined the [Carmelites](/wiki/Carmelites \"Carmelites\"). From 2003 to 2018, the parish sent 15 men to the seminary.", "" ]
History ------- ### World War II Activated in July 1943 as an [I Troop Carrier Command](/wiki/I_Troop_Carrier_Command "I Troop Carrier Command") [Douglas C\-47 Skytrain](/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain "Douglas C-47 Skytrain") Squadron. After training in the United States, at various bases, sent to [Baer Field](/wiki/Baer_Field "Baer Field"), Indiana for final equipping with aircraft, personnel and other equipment. Deployed to [IX Troop Carrier Command](/wiki/IX_Troop_Carrier_Command "IX Troop Carrier Command") in February 1944 during the build\-up prior to the Invasion of France. During the [D\-Day](/wiki/D-Day "D-Day") invasion, the squadron dropped paratroops of the [101st Airborne Division](/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division "101st Airborne Division") in Normandy, subsequently flying numerous missions to bring in reinforcements and needed supplies. During the airborne attack on The Netherlands ([Operation Market Garden](/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden "Operation Market Garden"), September 1944\), the squadron deployed paratroops, towed gliders, and flew resupply missions. Later participated in the invasion of southern France in August 1944\. The squadron supported the 101st Airborne Division in the [Battle of the Bulge](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge "Battle of the Bulge") by towing gliders full of supplies near Bastogne on 27 December 1944\. In addition, its units participated in the air assault across the Rhine River in early 1945 ([Operation Varsity](/wiki/Operation_Varsity "Operation Varsity")) and later flew numerous freight missions to carry gasoline, food, medicine, and other supplies to allied ground forces during the [Western Allied invasion of Germany](/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany "Western Allied invasion of Germany") in April 1945 near Wesel. The squadron also hauled food, clothing, medicine, gasoline, ordnance equipment, and other supplies to the front lines and evacuated patients to rear zone hospitals. It transported displaced persons from Germany to France and Belgium after [V\-E Day](/wiki/V-E_Day "V-E Day"). Remained in Europe during the summer of 1945, inactivating as part of the United States Air Forces in Europe, October 1945\. ### Air Force reserve and Korean mobilization Reactivated in the reserve as a [Curtiss C\-46 Commando](/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando "Curtiss C-46 Commando") troop carrier squadron in [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis "Minneapolis"), Minnesota during 1947\. Was federalized as a result of the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") in 1951, squadron personnel and aircraft being sent to active\-duty units as fillers, inactivated as an administrative unit a few days later. ### Reserve fighter\-bomber operations Reactivated after the Korean War as a reserve fighter\-bomber squadron in 1952 initially equipped with [North American F\-51 Mustangs](/wiki/North_American_F-51_Mustang "North American F-51 Mustang"), later upgraded to [Lockheed F\-80 Shooting Star](/wiki/Lockheed_F-80_Shooting_Star "Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star") jet aircraft. ### Return to airlift mission Redesignated back to a troop carrier squadron in 1957 and moved to Milwaukee's [Billy Mitchell Field](/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_Field "Billy Mitchell Field"). Carried out theater transport operations and supported Air Force and Army units with troop carrier missions. Was activated during the 1962 [Cuban Missile Crisis](/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis "Cuban Missile Crisis"), carried Army units to South Florida in preparation of a possible invasion of Cuba. Returned Army personnel to home stations after situation was normalized and returned to reserve service. The squadron flew airlift missions worldwide, including to Southeast Asia during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") and to Southwest Asia during the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War"). It has also participated in training [exercises](/wiki/Military_exercise "Military exercise"), some involving the dropping or landing of airborne troops, and flew numerous [humanitarian](/wiki/Humanitarian_aid "Humanitarian aid") airlift missions. ### Campaigns and decorations * Campaigns: World War II: Rome\-Arno; Normandy; Northern France; Southern France; Rhineland; Ardennes\-Alsace; Central Europe. Southwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia. * Decorations: [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation "Distinguished Unit Citation"): France, \[6–7] Jun 1944\. [Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards](/wiki/Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Awards "Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards"): 1 Oct 1985 – 30 Sep 1987; 1 Oct 1990 – 30 Sep 1992; 2 Oct 1992 – 2 Oct 1993; 1 Jun 1997 – 30 Sep 1998; 1 Aug 2003 – 31 Jul 2005\. [Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross_with_Palm "Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm"): 14 Feb 1968 – 6 Nov 1972\.	[ "History\n-------", "### World War II", "Activated in July 1943 as an [I Troop Carrier Command](/wiki/I_Troop_Carrier_Command \"I Troop Carrier Command\") [Douglas C\\-47 Skytrain](/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain \"Douglas C-47 Skytrain\") Squadron. After training in the United States, at various bases, sent to [Baer Field](/wiki/Baer_Field \"Baer Field\"), Indiana for final equipping with aircraft, personnel and other equipment. Deployed to [IX Troop Carrier Command](/wiki/IX_Troop_Carrier_Command \"IX Troop Carrier Command\") in February 1944 during the build\\-up prior to the Invasion of France.", "During the [D\\-Day](/wiki/D-Day \"D-Day\") invasion, the squadron dropped paratroops of the [101st Airborne Division](/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division \"101st Airborne Division\") in Normandy, subsequently flying numerous missions to bring in reinforcements and needed supplies. During the airborne attack on The Netherlands ([Operation Market Garden](/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden \"Operation Market Garden\"), September 1944\\), the squadron deployed paratroops, towed gliders, and flew resupply missions. Later participated in the invasion of southern France in August 1944\\. The squadron supported the 101st Airborne Division in the [Battle of the Bulge](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge \"Battle of the Bulge\") by towing gliders full of supplies near Bastogne on 27 December 1944\\. In addition, its units participated in the air assault across the Rhine River in early 1945 ([Operation Varsity](/wiki/Operation_Varsity \"Operation Varsity\")) and later flew numerous freight missions to carry gasoline, food, medicine, and other supplies to allied ground forces during the [Western Allied invasion of Germany](/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany \"Western Allied invasion of Germany\") in April 1945 near Wesel. The squadron also hauled food, clothing, medicine, gasoline, ordnance equipment, and other supplies to the front lines and evacuated patients to rear zone hospitals. It transported displaced persons from Germany to France and Belgium after [V\\-E Day](/wiki/V-E_Day \"V-E Day\"). Remained in Europe during the summer of 1945, inactivating as part of the United States Air Forces in Europe, October 1945\\.", "### Air Force reserve and Korean mobilization", "Reactivated in the reserve as a [Curtiss C\\-46 Commando](/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando \"Curtiss C-46 Commando\") troop carrier squadron in [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\"), Minnesota during 1947\\. Was federalized as a result of the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\") in 1951, squadron personnel and aircraft being sent to active\\-duty units as fillers, inactivated as an administrative unit a few days later.", "### Reserve fighter\\-bomber operations", "Reactivated after the Korean War as a reserve fighter\\-bomber squadron in 1952 initially equipped with [North American F\\-51 Mustangs](/wiki/North_American_F-51_Mustang \"North American F-51 Mustang\"), later upgraded to [Lockheed F\\-80 Shooting Star](/wiki/Lockheed_F-80_Shooting_Star \"Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star\") jet aircraft.", "### Return to airlift mission", "Redesignated back to a troop carrier squadron in 1957 and moved to Milwaukee's [Billy Mitchell Field](/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_Field \"Billy Mitchell Field\"). Carried out theater transport operations and supported Air Force and Army units with troop carrier missions. Was activated during the 1962 [Cuban Missile Crisis](/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis \"Cuban Missile Crisis\"), carried Army units to South Florida in preparation of a possible invasion of Cuba. Returned Army personnel to home stations after situation was normalized and returned to reserve service.", "The squadron flew airlift missions worldwide, including to Southeast Asia during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") and to Southwest Asia during the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\"). It has also participated in training [exercises](/wiki/Military_exercise \"Military exercise\"), some involving the dropping or landing of airborne troops, and flew numerous [humanitarian](/wiki/Humanitarian_aid \"Humanitarian aid\") airlift missions.", "### Campaigns and decorations", "* Campaigns: World War II: Rome\\-Arno; Normandy; Northern France; Southern France; Rhineland; Ardennes\\-Alsace; Central Europe. Southwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia.\n* Decorations: [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation \"Distinguished Unit Citation\"): France, \\[6–7] Jun 1944\\. [Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards](/wiki/Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Awards \"Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards\"): 1 Oct 1985 – 30 Sep 1987; 1 Oct 1990 – 30 Sep 1992; 2 Oct 1992 – 2 Oct 1993; 1 Jun 1997 – 30 Sep 1998; 1 Aug 2003 – 31 Jul 2005\\. [Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross_with_Palm \"Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm\"): 14 Feb 1968 – 6 Nov 1972\\." ]
Life ---- Quartermain was born in [Toronto, Ontario](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") and lived in a variety of locations in childhood before her family moved to [Argenta](/wiki/Argenta%2C_British_Columbia "Argenta, British Columbia"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia"). She graduated from high school in Argenta, and after working for several years, attended the [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia "University of British Columbia"), where she met her future husband Peter Quartermain. She obtained a bachelor of arts in English literature in 1976, a Master of Arts in English language in 1978 and a bachelor of laws in 1989 from the University of British Columbia. During these years she taught English at UBC and the [British Columbia Institute of Technology](/wiki/British_Columbia_Institute_of_Technology "British Columbia Institute of Technology"), worked as a computer systems analyst and freelanced as a journalist and technical writer. This work included a contract in 1983 which led to the publication of a history of York House School, Not for Ourselves Alone. From 1990 to 1993, she practiced law in a Vancouver litigation firm. In 1993 she became an English instructor at [Capilano College](/wiki/Capilano_College "Capilano College"). During the 1980s and early 1990s she wrote novels, poems and journals but published nothing. In 1996 her first book Terms of Sale appeared, and in 2000 she left her teaching post to write full\-time and run Nomados Literary Publishers with her husband. She won the [Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize](/wiki/Dorothy_Livesay_Poetry_Prize "Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize") in 2006 for her collection Vancouver Walking,"Families share in writer awards". [Vancouver Sun](/wiki/Vancouver_Sun "Vancouver Sun"), May 1, 2006\. and was nominated for the [Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize](/wiki/Ethel_Wilson_Fiction_Prize "Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize") in 2011 for Recipes from the Red Planet."West Coast Book Prize Society names finalists for 27th Annual B.C. Book Prizes". [The Province](/wiki/The_Province "The Province"), March 10, 2011\. In 2012, she won the Best Essay award from [Canadian Literature](/wiki/Canadian_Literature_%28journal%29 "Canadian Literature (journal)") for her critical essay "Tang's Bathtub: Innovative Work by Four Canadian Poets".["Canadian Literature Essay Prize"](http://canlit.ca/awards/essay). [Canadian Literature](/wiki/Canadian_Literature_%28journal%29 "Canadian Literature (journal)"). Quartermain was the 2012 writer in residence at the [Vancouver Public Library](/wiki/Vancouver_Public_Library "Vancouver Public Library")."Quartermain named writer in residence". [Vancouver Sun](/wiki/Vancouver_Sun "Vancouver Sun"), August 14, 2012\. In 2014 she joined the [Simon Fraser University](/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University "Simon Fraser University") writer's studio program as poetry mentor.	[ "Life\n----", "Quartermain was born in [Toronto, Ontario](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") and lived in a variety of locations in childhood before her family moved to [Argenta](/wiki/Argenta%2C_British_Columbia \"Argenta, British Columbia\"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\"). She graduated from high school in Argenta, and after working for several years, attended the [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia \"University of British Columbia\"), where she met her future husband Peter Quartermain.", "She obtained a bachelor of arts in English literature in 1976, a Master of Arts in English language in 1978 and a bachelor of laws in 1989 from the University of British Columbia. During these years she taught English at UBC and the [British Columbia Institute of Technology](/wiki/British_Columbia_Institute_of_Technology \"British Columbia Institute of Technology\"), worked as a computer systems analyst and freelanced as a journalist and technical writer. This work included a contract in 1983 which led to the publication of a history of York House School, Not for Ourselves Alone.", "From 1990 to 1993, she practiced law in a Vancouver litigation firm. In 1993 she became an English instructor at [Capilano College](/wiki/Capilano_College \"Capilano College\"). During the 1980s and early 1990s she wrote novels, poems and journals but published nothing. In 1996 her first book Terms of Sale appeared, and in 2000 she left her teaching post to write full\\-time and run Nomados Literary Publishers with her husband.", "She won the [Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize](/wiki/Dorothy_Livesay_Poetry_Prize \"Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize\") in 2006 for her collection Vancouver Walking,\"Families share in writer awards\". [Vancouver Sun](/wiki/Vancouver_Sun \"Vancouver Sun\"), May 1, 2006\\. and was nominated for the [Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize](/wiki/Ethel_Wilson_Fiction_Prize \"Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize\") in 2011 for Recipes from the Red Planet.\"West Coast Book Prize Society names finalists for 27th Annual B.C. Book Prizes\". [The Province](/wiki/The_Province \"The Province\"), March 10, 2011\\. In 2012, she won the Best Essay award from [Canadian Literature](/wiki/Canadian_Literature_%28journal%29 \"Canadian Literature (journal)\") for her critical essay \"Tang's Bathtub: Innovative Work by Four Canadian Poets\".[\"Canadian Literature Essay Prize\"](http://canlit.ca/awards/essay). [Canadian Literature](/wiki/Canadian_Literature_%28journal%29 \"Canadian Literature (journal)\").", "Quartermain was the 2012 writer in residence at the [Vancouver Public Library](/wiki/Vancouver_Public_Library \"Vancouver Public Library\").\"Quartermain named writer in residence\". [Vancouver Sun](/wiki/Vancouver_Sun \"Vancouver Sun\"), August 14, 2012\\. In 2014 she joined the [Simon Fraser University](/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University \"Simon Fraser University\") writer's studio program as poetry mentor.", "" ]
Season summary -------------- {{multiple image \\| align \= right \\| direction \= horizontal \\| width \= \\| image1 \= Fielding H. Yost 1928\.jpg \\| width1 \= 185 \\| alt1 \= \\| caption1 \= \[\[Fielding H. Yost]] \\| image2 \= EltonEWieman.jpg \\| width2 \= 153 \\| alt2 \= \\| caption2 \= \[\[Tad Wieman]] \\| header \= Michigan's former and new head coaches \\| header\_align \= center \\| header\_background \= \\| footer \= \\| footer\_align \= \\| footer\_background \= \\| background color \= }} ### Pre\-season In [1925](/wiki/1925_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team "1925 Michigan Wolverines football team") and [1926](/wiki/1926_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team "1926 Michigan Wolverines football team"), Michigan had featured quarterback [Benny Friedman](/wiki/Benny_Friedman "Benny Friedman") and end [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan"), both consensus All\-Americans who were sometimes known as "The Benny\-to\-Bennie Show." Oosterbaan returned for his senior year in 1927, but Friedman was lost to graduation. The 1927 Wolverines also lost back [Bo Molenda](/wiki/Bo_Molenda "Bo Molenda") who went on to play nine seasons in the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League"). In addition to roster changes, the months before the opening of Michigan's 1927 season featured two important developments: the construction of [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium "Michigan Stadium") and the resignation of [Fielding H. Yost](/wiki/Fielding_H._Yost "Fielding H. Yost") as head football coach. The construction of Michigan Stadium began in September 1926 with excavation of the site. The excavation was complicated by the presence of underground springs and was not completed until April 1927\. Construction of the stadium itself began in May 1927 with the pouring of concrete. Between May 9 and September 1, 1927, more than 11,000 yards of concrete were poured along with installation of 440 tons of reinforcing steel and 31,000 square feet of wire mesh. The installation of seats and the playing field began in June 1927\. With athletic director Yost supervising every step in the process, the stadium was reportedly completed "on time and within budget," with the cost of construction totaling $1,131,733\.36\.{{cite web\\|title\=The Michigan Stadium Story: Building the Big House\\|publisher\=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library\\|access\-date\=May 7, 2015\\|url\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/stadbild.htm}} On September 15, 1927, with construction of the new stadium in its final phase, Yost at age 56 announced his resignation as Michigan's head football coach. [Tad Wieman](/wiki/Tad_Wieman "Tad Wieman") was named as the team's new head coach. Wieman had played for Yost from 1916 to 1917 and, after military service, in 1920\. He had been an assistant coach at Michigan for several years. Yost cited his ongoing responsibilities as the school's athletic director, including construction of the new football stadium and a new intramural building, as the reason for his resignation.{{cite news\\|title\=Yost Ends Reign as Michigan Coach: Announces Retirement as Mentor of Football Team, Effective for This Season; Wieman to Take Helm\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=September 16, 1927\\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/09/16/117995976\.pdf}}{{cite news\\|title\=Yost Retires as Grid Coach at Michigan\\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune\\|date\=September 16, 1927\\|page\=19\\|url\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/09/16/page/19/article/yost\-retires\-as\-grid\-coach\-at\-michigan}} ### Week 1: Ohio Wesleyan {{AFB game box start \\| Title \= '''Week 1: Ohio Wesleyan at Michigan''' \\| Visitor \= Ohio Wesleyan \\| Host \= '''Michigan''' \\| V1 \=0\\| V2 \=0\\| V3 \=0\\| V4 \=0 \\| H1 \=13\\| H2 \=14\\| H3 \=6\\| H4 \=0 \\| Date \= October 1, 1927 \\| Location \= \[\[Michigan Stadium]] \[\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\|Ann Arbor, MI]] \\| StartTime \= \\| ElapsedTime \= \\| Attendance \= 40,000 \\| Weather \= \\| Referee \= }} {{AFB game box end}} On October 1, 1927, Michigan played its first game at [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium "Michigan Stadium"). The opponent scheduled was [Ohio Wesleyan University](/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University "Ohio Wesleyan University"), where [Fielding H. Yost](/wiki/Fielding_H._Yost "Fielding H. Yost") had begun his coaching career in 1897\. Under Yost, Ohio Wesleyan had played Michigan to a scoreless tie. When [Ferry Field](/wiki/Ferry_Field "Ferry Field") was opened in 1905, Ohio Wesleyan was invited as the first opponent to play at Ferry Field, a game that Michigan won by a 65–0 score.{{cite web\\|title\=The Michigan Stadium Story: Opening Day, Oct. 1, 1927, UM vs. Ohio\\|publisher\=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library\\|access\-date\=May 7, 2015\\|url\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/openday.htm}} Michigan defeated Ohio Wesleyan by a 33–0 score in the opening game of the 1927 season. Although the official paid attendance was reported as 17,483,{{cite web\\|title\=1927 Football Team\\|publisher\=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library\\|access\-date\=May 7, 2015\\|url\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1927fbt.htm}} newspaper accounts reported that the game was played before more than 40,000 spectators.{{cite news\\|title\=Michigan Wins Opening Game by 33\-0 Score: Record Attendance of 40,000 People Witness Contest Despite Rain\\|newspaper\=The Michigan Daily\\|date\=October 1927\\|author\=Herbert Vedder\\|url\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/mdow1927\.htm}} An account written for the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan indicates that the discrepancy was likely due to the fact that thousands of high school students attended the game for free. The game was played on a wet and muddy field following a hard rain. Right end Laverne "Kip" Taylor scored the first touchdown in the new stadium on a 15\-yard touchdown pass from right halfback [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert "Louis Gilbert") in the first quarter. Gilbert was the game's biggest star, as he either scored or passed for all five Michigan touchdowns and kicked three points after touchdown. Gilbert scored on a 24\-yard return of a partially blocked punt and on a 90\-yard return of the opening kickoff in the second half. He also threw touchdown passes to quarterback Leo Hoffman and left end [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan").{{cite news\\|title\=Michigan Runs Rings Around Ohio Wesleyan\\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune\\|date\=October 2, 1927\\|page\=2\-1\\|url\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/10/02/page/29/article/michigan\-runs\-rings\-around\-ohio\-wesleyan}}{{cite news\\|title\=Michigan On Top\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=October 2, 1927\\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/02/96672094\.pdf}} Michigan's opening lineup against Ohio Wesleyan was Oosterbaan (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening "Otto Pommerening") (left tackle), John Palmaroli (left guard), Carl Thisted (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer "Ray Baer") (right guard), Henry Grinnell (right tackle), Taylor (right end), Hoffman (quarterback), Samuel Babcock (left halfback), Gilbert (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback). ### Week 2: Michigan State {{AFB game box start \\| Title \= '''Week 2: Michigan State at Michigan''' \\| Visitor \= Michigan State \\| Host \= '''Michigan''' \\| V1 \=0\\| V2 \=0\\| V3 \=0\\| V4 \=0 \\| H1 \=7 \\| H2 \=7 \\| H3 \=0 \\| H4 \=7 \\| Date \= October 27, 1927 \\| Location \= \[\[Michigan Stadium]] \[\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\|Ann Arbor, MI]] \\| StartTime \= \\| ElapsedTime \= \\| Attendance \= \\| Weather \= \\| Referee \= }} {{AFB game box end}} On October 8, 1927, Michigan defeated Michigan State by a 21–0 score. Michigan's first two touchdowns came on running plays by halfback [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert "Louis Gilbert") and fullback George Rich, and the third came on a pass from quarterback Leo Hoffman to left end [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan"). Gilbert kicked one point after touchdown, and Walter Geistert added two.{{cite news\\|title\=Michigan Is Pressed\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=October 8, 1927\\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/09/96675152\.pdf}}{{cite news\\|title\=Michigan Beats State Rivals By Score of 21 to 0: Gilbert Injured in First Half of Game\\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune\\|date\=October 9, 1927\\|url\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/10/09/page/33/article/michigan\-beats\-state\-rivals\-by\-score\-of\-21\-to\-0}} Michigan's starting lineup against Michigan State was Oosterbaan (left end), Frank Harrigan (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), George Nicholson (center), Carl Thisted (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), Marshall Boden (right end), Hoffman (quarterback), Sam Babcock (left halfback), Gilbert (right halfback), and Rich (fullback). ### Week 3: at Wisconsin {{AFB game box start \\| Title \= '''Week 3: Michigan at Wisconsin''' \\| Visitor \= '''Michigan''' \\| Host \= \[\[Wisconsin Badgers football\\|Wisconsin]] \\| V1 \=0\\| V2 \=0\\| V3 \=0\\| V4 \=0 \\| H1 \=0 \\| H2 \=7 \\| H3 \=0 \\| H4 \=7 \\| Date \= October 15, 1927 \\| Location \= \[\[Camp Randall Stadium\\|Camp Randall Field]] \[\[Madison, WI]] \\| StartTime \= \\| ElapsedTime \= \\| Attendance \= \\| Weather \= \\| Referee \= J. E. Masker (Northwestern) }} {{AFB game box end}} On October 15, 1927, Michigan defeated Wisconsin by a 14–0 score. Michigan's touchdowns were scored by fullback George Rich and left halfback [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert "Louis Gilbert"). Rich's touchdown came in the second quarter after quarterback Leo Hoffman advanced the ball 26 yards to the one\-foot line on a "triple pass".{{cite news\\|title\=Michigan Downs Badgers\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=October 16, 1927\\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/16/101509246\.pdf}} The second touchdown followed a Wisconsin fumble at its own one\-yard line with Michigan's left tackle [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening "Otto Pommerening") recovering the loose ball. Gilbert then scored on a lateral pass from left end [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan"). Gilbert also kicked for two points after touchdown, though he was injured in the game. Oosterbaan also caught four passes for 79 yards and was credited with being the key to Michigan's defense: "Defensively it was a case of Oosterbaan at all stages. He was the first down the field under punts. He was usually the man who waylaid the \[backs] in the Badger backfield."{{cite web\\|title\=Michigan Is Victor Over Badgers, 14\-0\\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune\\|author\=Irving Vaughan\\|date\=October 16, 1927\\|url\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/10/16/page/29/article/michigan\-is\-victor\-over\-badgers\-14\-0}} Michigan's starting lineup against Michigan State was [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan") (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening "Otto Pommerening") (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), [Alan Bovard](/wiki/Alan_Bovard "Alan Bovard") (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer "Ray Baer") (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), Laverne "Kip" Taylor (right end), Leo Hoffman (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), Sam Babcock (right halfback), and Rich (fullback). ### Week 4: Ohio State {{AFB game box start \\| Title \= '''Week 4: Ohio State at Michigan''' \\| Visitor \= \[\[1927 Ohio State Buckeyes football team\\|Ohio State]] \\| Host \= '''Michigan''' \\| V1 \=0\\| V2 \=0\\| V3 \=0\\| V4 \=0 \\| H1 \=0\\| H2 \=7\\| H3 \=7\\| H4 \=7 \\| Date \= October 22, 1927 \\| Location \= \[\[Michigan Stadium]] \[\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\|Ann Arbor, MI]] \\| StartTime \= \\| ElapsedTime \= \\| Attendance \= 84,401 \\| Weather \= \\| Referee \= Masker (Northwestern) }} {{AFB game box end}} [right\\|thumb\\|400px\\|Dedication game for [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium "Michigan Stadium")](/wiki/File:Michigan_Stadium_opening_3c27311.png "Michigan Stadium opening 3c27311.png") On October 22, 1927, Michigan defeated Ohio State 21–0 in the official dedication game for [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium "Michigan Stadium"). Before the game began, the Governors of Michigan ([Fred W. Green](/wiki/Fred_W._Green "Fred W. Green")) and Ohio ([A. Victor Donahey](/wiki/A._Victor_Donahey "A. Victor Donahey")) and other dignitaries followed the two university bands onto the field for the playing of "[The Star\-Spangled Banner](/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner "The Star-Spangled Banner")". The Michigan Alumnus reported that the game was played before a crowd of 85,000 spectators and described the day as follows: "As a football spectacle, of course, it wholly surpassed anything in Michigan history. Ann Arbor flung open its gates to a horde of visitors nearly triple the size of its own population\-and the new stadium swallowed them by two o'clock in the afternoon."{{cite news\\|title\=Stadium Dedicated With 21\-0 Victory: Michigan Air Attack Humbles Ohio State Before Monster Crowd\\|newspaper\=The Michigan Alumnus\\|date\=October 1927\\|url\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/aaosu27\.htm}} Planes flew overhead throughout the game, prompting the [Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press "Detroit Free Press") to declare: "It is about time an end is put to this practice of free lance air men of picking courses over crowded areas. Any kind of a spill while any one of the fliers was above a stadium might have meant a hundred deaths."{{cite news\\|title\=Dedication Ceremony Marked By Simplicity: Short Parade of Notables Formally Anoints New Castle of Athletics before Players Finish Task\\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\\|date\=October 1927\\|author\=William H. Richards\\|url\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/fposu27\.htm}} All three Michigan touchdowns were scored on passes from left end [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan") to left halfback [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert "Louis Gilbert"). Gilbert also kicked all three points after touchdown, claiming responsibility for all of Michigan's 21 points. The first touchdown came in the second quarter on a pass that went 25 yards in the air with Gilbert then running the remaining 15 yards with the ball. The second touchdown in the third quarter came on a pass from Oosterbaan to Gilbert that covered 38 yards.{{cite news\\|title\=Michigan Passes Win Before 85,000: All Three Touchdowns Against Ohio State Are Tosses from Oosterbaan to Gilbert\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=October 23, 1927\\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/23/96676791\.pdf}}{{cite news\\|title\=86,000 Look On as Michigan Stuns Ohio State, 21 to 0\\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune\\|date\=October 23, 1927\\|author\=Harvey Woodruff\\|url\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/10/23/page/29/article/86\-000\-look\-on\-as\-michigan\-stuns\-ohio\-state\-21\-to\-0}}{{cite news\\|title\=Oosterbaan's Pass to Gilbert Results in First Touchdown: Invaders Outplayed in First Half by Fighting Wolverines; Puckelwartz Gets into Game in First Half; Eby Is Hurt in Second Quarter\\|newspaper\=The Michigan Daily\\|date\=October 23, 1927\\|author\=Herbert E. Vedder\\|url\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/mdosu27\.htm}} Michigan's starting lineup against Ohio State was Oosterbaan (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening "Otto Pommerening") (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), [Alan Bovard](/wiki/Alan_Bovard "Alan Bovard") (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer "Ray Baer") (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), Herman Nyland (right end), Leo Hoffman (quarterback), James Miller (left halfback), Gilbert (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback). ### Week 5: at Illinois {{AFB game box start \\| Title \= '''Week 5: Michigan at Illinois''' \\| Visitor \= Michigan \\| Host \= '''\[\[Illinois Fighting Illini football\\|Illinois]]''' \\| V1 \=0\\| V2 \=0\\| V3 \=0\\| V4 \=0 \\| H1 \=7 \\| H2 \=0 \\| H3 \=7 \\| H4 \=0 \\| Date \= October 29, 1927 \\| Location \= \[\[Memorial Stadium (Champaign)\\|Memorial Stadium]] \[\[Champaign, IL]] \\| StartTime \= \\| ElapsedTime \= \\| Attendance \= 62,000 \\| Weather \= \\| Referee \= }} {{AFB game box end}} On October 29, 1927, Michigan traveled to [Champaign, Illinois](/wiki/Champaign%2C_Illinois "Champaign, Illinois"), and lost its first game of the season losing to Illinois by a 14–0 score. Michigan played without its backfield star, [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert "Louis Gilbert"), who was injured the prior week when he threw three touchdown passes against Ohio State. The first Illinois touchdown followed a fumble by Gilbert's replacement, William Puckelwartz, at Michigan's seven\-yard line. Illinois' halfback Timm ran around the end for the touchdown.{{cite news\\|title\=Michigan Is Upset by Illinois, 14 to 0\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=October 30, 1927\\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/30/96679386\.pdf}}{{cite news\\|title\=Illini Crush Michigan Title Hope, 14\-0: Yost Men, With Gilbert Out, Are Helpless\\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune\\|date\=October 30, 1927\\|url\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/10/30/page/29/article/illini\-crush\-michigan\-title\-hope\-14\-0}} Michigan's starting lineup against Illinois was [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan") (left end), Frank Harrigan (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), [Alan Bovard](/wiki/Alan_Bovard "Alan Bovard") (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer "Ray Baer") (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), Herman Nyland (right end), Leo Hoffman (quarterback), James F. Miller (left halfback), Puckelwartz (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback). ### Week 6: at Chicago {{AFB game box start \\| Title \= '''Week 6: Michigan at Chicago''' \\| Visitor \= '''Michigan''' \\| Host \= \[\[Chicago Maroons football\\|Chicago]] \\| V1 \=0\\| V2 \=0\\| V3 \=14\\| V4 \=0 \\| H1 \=0\\| H2 \=0\\| H3 \=0\\| H4 \=0 \\| Date \= November 5, 1927 \\| Location \= \[\[Stagg Field]] \[\[Chicago\\|Chicago, IL]] \\| StartTime \= \\| ElapsedTime \= \\| Attendance \= \\| Weather \= \\| Referee \= \[\[Frank Birch (referee)\\|Frank Birch]] }} {{AFB game box end}} [thumb\\|[Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert "Louis Gilbert") runs with the ball against Chicago](/wiki/File:Louis_Gilbert_gains_fifteen_yars_after_catching_a_forward_pass_against_Chicago_%281927%29.jpg "Louis Gilbert gains fifteen yars after catching a forward pass against Chicago (1927).jpg") On November 5, 1927, Michigan defeated the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago") [Maroons](/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football "Chicago Maroons football") 14–0 at [Stagg Field](/wiki/Stagg_Field "Stagg Field") in Chicago. At the end of the second quarter [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert "Louis Gilbert") attempted a field goal after Michigan had moved the ball to Chicago's 17\-yard line, but his kick hit the goal post. Michigan's first points came in the third quarter on a trick play in which [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan") took the ball from quarterback James Miller on what appeared to be an end run from the two\-yard line. Instead, Oosterbaan tossed a lateral pass to Gilbert who scored the touchdown. Michigan's second touchdown also came in the third quarter with the ball on Chicago's 22\-yard line. Gilbert threw a touchdown pass to Oosterbaan who was guarded by two defenders and leaped to grab the pass as he crossed the goal line. Gilbert also kicked both points after touchdown.{{cite news\\|title\=2 Michigan Passes Stop Chicago, 14\-0\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=November 6, 1927\\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/11/06/95019261\.pdf}}{{cite news\\|title\=60,000 Watch Michigan Defeat Chicago, 14 to 0: Crush Maroon Line as Roush Leaves Game; Gilbert and Oosterbaan Lead Offense\\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune\\|author\=Don Maxwell\\|date\=November 6, 1927\\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/11/06/95019261\.pdf}} Michigan's starting lineup against Chicago was [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan") (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening "Otto Pommerening") (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), [Alan Bovard](/wiki/Alan_Bovard "Alan Bovard") (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer "Ray Baer") (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), LeRoy Heston (right end), James F. Miller (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), William Puckelwartz (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback). ### Week 7: Navy {{AFB game box start \\| Title \= '''Week 7: Navy at Michigan''' \\| Visitor \= \[\[Navy Midshipmen football\\|Navy]] \\| Host \= '''Michigan''' \\| V1 \=6\\| V2 \=0\\| V3 \=6\\| V4 \=0 \\| H1 \=14\\| H2 \=0\\| H3 \=13\\| H4 \=0 \\| Date \= November 12, 1927 \\| Location \= \[\[Michigan Stadium]] \[\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\|Ann Arbor, MI]] \\| StartTime \= \\| ElapsedTime \= \\| Attendance \= \\| Weather \= \\| Referee \= Crowell (Swarthmore) }} {{AFB game box end}} On November 12, 1927, Michigan defeated Navy by a 27–12 score at [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium "Michigan Stadium"). Fullback George Rich scored two touchdowns for Michigan. Quarterback Jim Miller ran for 117 yards on 17 carries and scored a touchdown. The final Michigan touchdown was scored by [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan"). [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert "Louis Gilbert") kicked three points after touchdown. Navy's touchdowns were scored by Whitey Lloyd and Shag Ransford.{{cite news\\|title\=87,000 See Navy Bow to Michigan: Wolverines Dash Away to Early Lead and Triumph After Hard Fight, 27\-12\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=November 13, 1927\\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/11/13/95020944\.pdf}} Michigan's starting lineup against Navy was [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan") (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening "Otto Pommerening") (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), John Schoenfeld (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer "Ray Baer") (right guard), Howard Poe (right tackle), Herman Nyland (right end), James F. Miller (quarterback), William Puckelwartz (left halfback), [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert "Louis Gilbert") (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback). ### Week 8: Minnesota {{AFB game box start \\| Title \= '''Week 8: Minnesota at Michigan''' \\| Visitor \= '''\[\[Minnesota Golden Gophers football\\|Minnesota]]''' \\| Host \= Michigan \\| V1 \=0\\| V2 \=0\\| V3 \=6\\| V4 \=7 \\| H1 \=7\\| H2 \=0\\| H3 \=0\\| H4 \=0 \\| Date \= November 19, 1927 \\| Location \= \[\[Michigan Stadium]] \[\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\|Ann Arbor, MI]] \\| StartTime \= \\| ElapsedTime \= \\| Attendance \= \\| Weather \= \\| Referee \= \[\[Walter Eckersall]] (Chicago) }} {{AFB game box end}} On November 19, 1927, Michigan lost to Minnesota by a 13–7 score at [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium "Michigan Stadium"). [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan "Bennie Oosterbaan") scored Michigan's touchdown in the first quarter on a long forward pass from halfback William Puckelwartz, and [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert "Louis Gilbert") kicked the point after touchdown. Minnesota came from behind with 13 points in the second half on touchdown runs by [Herb Joesting](/wiki/Herb_Joesting "Herb Joesting") and a touchdown pass from Harold "Shorty" Almquist to Haycraft. Minnesota had 15 first downs in the game while Michigan had only two. Minnesota's victory was its first over Michigan since 1919\. The game was also the Michigan's first defeat at Michigan Stadium and the final college football game for Michigan stars Oosterbaan and Gilbert and for Minnesota stars Joesting and Almquist.{{cite news\\|title\=Minnesota Victor Over Michigan, 13\-7: 86,000 See Gophers Gain Their First Triumph Over Old Rivals Since 1919; Joesting Crushes Foe\\|newspaper\=The New York Times\\|date\=November 20, 1927\\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/11/20/94921250\.pdf}}{{cite news\\|title\=Minnesota Beats Michigan, 13 to 7: Gophers' Drive in Last Half Brings Victory\\|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune\\|author\=\[\[Walter Eckersall]]\\|date\=November 20, 1927\\|url\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/11/20/page/29/article/minnesota\-beats\-michigan\-13\-to\-7}} [Walter Eckersall](/wiki/Walter_Eckersall "Walter Eckersall") served as the game's referee and wrote in the [Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "Chicago Tribune"): "For hard, aggressive playing combined with splendid sportsmanship it was one of the best struggles I ever officiated in." Michigan's starting lineup against Navy was Oosterbaan (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening "Otto Pommerening") (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), [Alan Bovard](/wiki/Alan_Bovard "Alan Bovard") (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer "Ray Baer") (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), Herman Nyland (right end), James F. Miller (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), Puckelwartz (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback).	[ "Season summary\n--------------", "{{multiple image\n\\\| align \\= right\n\\\| direction \\= horizontal\n\\\| width \\=", "\\\| image1 \\= Fielding H. Yost 1928\\.jpg\n\\\| width1 \\= 185\n\\\| alt1 \\= \n\\\| caption1 \\= \\[\\[Fielding H. Yost]]", "\\\| image2 \\= EltonEWieman.jpg\n\\\| width2 \\= 153\n\\\| alt2 \\= \n\\\| caption2 \\= \\[\\[Tad Wieman]]\n\\\| header \\= Michigan's former and new head coaches\n\\\| header\\_align \\= center\n\\\| header\\_background \\= \n\\\| footer \\= \n\\\| footer\\_align \\= \n\\\| footer\\_background \\= \n\\\| background color \\= }}", "### Pre\\-season", "In [1925](/wiki/1925_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team \"1925 Michigan Wolverines football team\") and [1926](/wiki/1926_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team \"1926 Michigan Wolverines football team\"), Michigan had featured quarterback [Benny Friedman](/wiki/Benny_Friedman \"Benny Friedman\") and end [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\"), both consensus All\\-Americans who were sometimes known as \"The Benny\\-to\\-Bennie Show.\" Oosterbaan returned for his senior year in 1927, but Friedman was lost to graduation. The 1927 Wolverines also lost back [Bo Molenda](/wiki/Bo_Molenda \"Bo Molenda\") who went on to play nine seasons in the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\").", "In addition to roster changes, the months before the opening of Michigan's 1927 season featured two important developments: the construction of [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium \"Michigan Stadium\") and the resignation of [Fielding H. Yost](/wiki/Fielding_H._Yost \"Fielding H. Yost\") as head football coach.", "The construction of Michigan Stadium began in September 1926 with excavation of the site. The excavation was complicated by the presence of underground springs and was not completed until April 1927\\. Construction of the stadium itself began in May 1927 with the pouring of concrete. Between May 9 and September 1, 1927, more than 11,000 yards of concrete were poured along with installation of 440 tons of reinforcing steel and 31,000 square feet of wire mesh. The installation of seats and the playing field began in June 1927\\. With athletic director Yost supervising every step in the process, the stadium was reportedly completed \"on time and within budget,\" with the cost of construction totaling $1,131,733\\.36\\.{{cite web\\\|title\\=The Michigan Stadium Story: Building the Big House\\\|publisher\\=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library\\\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2015\\\|url\\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/stadbild.htm}}", "On September 15, 1927, with construction of the new stadium in its final phase, Yost at age 56 announced his resignation as Michigan's head football coach. [Tad Wieman](/wiki/Tad_Wieman \"Tad Wieman\") was named as the team's new head coach. Wieman had played for Yost from 1916 to 1917 and, after military service, in 1920\\. He had been an assistant coach at Michigan for several years. Yost cited his ongoing responsibilities as the school's athletic director, including construction of the new football stadium and a new intramural building, as the reason for his resignation.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Yost Ends Reign as Michigan Coach: Announces Retirement as Mentor of Football Team, Effective for This Season; Wieman to Take Helm\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=September 16, 1927\\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/09/16/117995976\\.pdf}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=Yost Retires as Grid Coach at Michigan\\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune\\\|date\\=September 16, 1927\\\|page\\=19\\\|url\\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/09/16/page/19/article/yost\\-retires\\-as\\-grid\\-coach\\-at\\-michigan}}", "### Week 1: Ohio Wesleyan", "{{AFB game box start\n\\\| Title \\= '''Week 1: Ohio Wesleyan at Michigan'''\n\\\| Visitor \\= Ohio Wesleyan\n\\\| Host \\= '''Michigan'''\n\\\| V1 \\=0\\\| V2 \\=0\\\| V3 \\=0\\\| V4 \\=0\n\\\| H1 \\=13\\\| H2 \\=14\\\| H3 \\=6\\\| H4 \\=0\n\\\| Date \\= October 1, 1927\n\\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Michigan Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\\|Ann Arbor, MI]]\n\\\| StartTime \\= \n\\\| ElapsedTime \\= \n\\\| Attendance \\= 40,000\n\\\| Weather \\= \n\\\| Referee \\= \n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nOn October 1, 1927, Michigan played its first game at [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium \"Michigan Stadium\"). The opponent scheduled was [Ohio Wesleyan University](/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University \"Ohio Wesleyan University\"), where [Fielding H. Yost](/wiki/Fielding_H._Yost \"Fielding H. Yost\") had begun his coaching career in 1897\\. Under Yost, Ohio Wesleyan had played Michigan to a scoreless tie. When [Ferry Field](/wiki/Ferry_Field \"Ferry Field\") was opened in 1905, Ohio Wesleyan was invited as the first opponent to play at Ferry Field, a game that Michigan won by a 65–0 score.{{cite web\\\|title\\=The Michigan Stadium Story: Opening Day, Oct. 1, 1927, UM vs. Ohio\\\|publisher\\=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library\\\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2015\\\|url\\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/openday.htm}}", "Michigan defeated Ohio Wesleyan by a 33–0 score in the opening game of the 1927 season. Although the official paid attendance was reported as 17,483,{{cite web\\\|title\\=1927 Football Team\\\|publisher\\=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library\\\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2015\\\|url\\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1927fbt.htm}} newspaper accounts reported that the game was played before more than 40,000 spectators.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Michigan Wins Opening Game by 33\\-0 Score: Record Attendance of 40,000 People Witness Contest Despite Rain\\\|newspaper\\=The Michigan Daily\\\|date\\=October 1927\\\|author\\=Herbert Vedder\\\|url\\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/mdow1927\\.htm}} An account written for the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan indicates that the discrepancy was likely due to the fact that thousands of high school students attended the game for free.", "The game was played on a wet and muddy field following a hard rain. Right end Laverne \"Kip\" Taylor scored the first touchdown in the new stadium on a 15\\-yard touchdown pass from right halfback [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert \"Louis Gilbert\") in the first quarter. Gilbert was the game's biggest star, as he either scored or passed for all five Michigan touchdowns and kicked three points after touchdown. Gilbert scored on a 24\\-yard return of a partially blocked punt and on a 90\\-yard return of the opening kickoff in the second half. He also threw touchdown passes to quarterback Leo Hoffman and left end [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\").{{cite news\\\|title\\=Michigan Runs Rings Around Ohio Wesleyan\\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune\\\|date\\=October 2, 1927\\\|page\\=2\\-1\\\|url\\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/10/02/page/29/article/michigan\\-runs\\-rings\\-around\\-ohio\\-wesleyan}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=Michigan On Top\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=October 2, 1927\\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/02/96672094\\.pdf}}", "Michigan's opening lineup against Ohio Wesleyan was Oosterbaan (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening \"Otto Pommerening\") (left tackle), John Palmaroli (left guard), Carl Thisted (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer \"Ray Baer\") (right guard), Henry Grinnell (right tackle), Taylor (right end), Hoffman (quarterback), Samuel Babcock (left halfback), Gilbert (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback).", "### Week 2: Michigan State", "{{AFB game box start\n\\\| Title \\= '''Week 2: Michigan State at Michigan'''\n\\\| Visitor \\= Michigan State\n\\\| Host \\= '''Michigan'''\n\\\| V1 \\=0\\\| V2 \\=0\\\| V3 \\=0\\\| V4 \\=0\n\\\| H1 \\=7 \\\| H2 \\=7 \\\| H3 \\=0 \\\| H4 \\=7\n\\\| Date \\= October 27, 1927\n\\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Michigan Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\\|Ann Arbor, MI]]\n\\\| StartTime \\= \n\\\| ElapsedTime \\= \n\\\| Attendance \\= \n\\\| Weather \\= \n\\\| Referee \\= \n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nOn October 8, 1927, Michigan defeated Michigan State by a 21–0 score. Michigan's first two touchdowns came on running plays by halfback [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert \"Louis Gilbert\") and fullback George Rich, and the third came on a pass from quarterback Leo Hoffman to left end [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\"). Gilbert kicked one point after touchdown, and Walter Geistert added two.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Michigan Is Pressed\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=October 8, 1927\\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/09/96675152\\.pdf}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=Michigan Beats State Rivals By Score of 21 to 0: Gilbert Injured in First Half of Game\\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune\\\|date\\=October 9, 1927\\\|url\\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/10/09/page/33/article/michigan\\-beats\\-state\\-rivals\\-by\\-score\\-of\\-21\\-to\\-0}}", "Michigan's starting lineup against Michigan State was Oosterbaan (left end), Frank Harrigan (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), George Nicholson (center), Carl Thisted (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), Marshall Boden (right end), Hoffman (quarterback), Sam Babcock (left halfback), Gilbert (right halfback), and Rich (fullback).", "### Week 3: at Wisconsin", "{{AFB game box start\n\\\| Title \\= '''Week 3: Michigan at Wisconsin'''\n\\\| Visitor \\= '''Michigan'''\n\\\| Host \\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Badgers football\\\|Wisconsin]]\n\\\| V1 \\=0\\\| V2 \\=0\\\| V3 \\=0\\\| V4 \\=0\n\\\| H1 \\=0 \\\| H2 \\=7 \\\| H3 \\=0 \\\| H4 \\=7\n\\\| Date \\= October 15, 1927\n\\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Camp Randall Stadium\\\|Camp Randall Field]] \n\\[\\[Madison, WI]]\n\\\| StartTime \\= \n\\\| ElapsedTime \\= \n\\\| Attendance \\= \n\\\| Weather \\= \n\\\| Referee \\= J. E. Masker (Northwestern)\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nOn October 15, 1927, Michigan defeated Wisconsin by a 14–0 score. Michigan's touchdowns were scored by fullback George Rich and left halfback [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert \"Louis Gilbert\"). Rich's touchdown came in the second quarter after quarterback Leo Hoffman advanced the ball 26 yards to the one\\-foot line on a \"triple pass\".{{cite news\\\|title\\=Michigan Downs Badgers\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=October 16, 1927\\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/16/101509246\\.pdf}} The second touchdown followed a Wisconsin fumble at its own one\\-yard line with Michigan's left tackle [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening \"Otto Pommerening\") recovering the loose ball. Gilbert then scored on a lateral pass from left end [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\"). Gilbert also kicked for two points after touchdown, though he was injured in the game. Oosterbaan also caught four passes for 79 yards and was credited with being the key to Michigan's defense: \"Defensively it was a case of Oosterbaan at all stages. He was the first down the field under punts. He was usually the man who waylaid the \\[backs] in the Badger backfield.\"{{cite web\\\|title\\=Michigan Is Victor Over Badgers, 14\\-0\\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune\\\|author\\=Irving Vaughan\\\|date\\=October 16, 1927\\\|url\\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/10/16/page/29/article/michigan\\-is\\-victor\\-over\\-badgers\\-14\\-0}}", "Michigan's starting lineup against Michigan State was [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\") (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening \"Otto Pommerening\") (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), [Alan Bovard](/wiki/Alan_Bovard \"Alan Bovard\") (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer \"Ray Baer\") (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), Laverne \"Kip\" Taylor (right end), Leo Hoffman (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), Sam Babcock (right halfback), and Rich (fullback).", "### Week 4: Ohio State", "{{AFB game box start\n\\\| Title \\= '''Week 4: Ohio State at Michigan'''\n\\\| Visitor \\= \\[\\[1927 Ohio State Buckeyes football team\\\|Ohio State]]\n\\\| Host \\= '''Michigan'''\n\\\| V1 \\=0\\\| V2 \\=0\\\| V3 \\=0\\\| V4 \\=0\n\\\| H1 \\=0\\\| H2 \\=7\\\| H3 \\=7\\\| H4 \\=7\n\\\| Date \\= October 22, 1927\n\\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Michigan Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\\|Ann Arbor, MI]]\n\\\| StartTime \\= \n\\\| ElapsedTime \\= \n\\\| Attendance \\= 84,401\n\\\| Weather \\= \n\\\| Referee \\= Masker (Northwestern)\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\n[right\\\|thumb\\\|400px\\\|Dedication game for [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium \"Michigan Stadium\")](/wiki/File:Michigan_Stadium_opening_3c27311.png \"Michigan Stadium opening 3c27311.png\")\nOn October 22, 1927, Michigan defeated Ohio State 21–0 in the official dedication game for [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium \"Michigan Stadium\"). Before the game began, the Governors of Michigan ([Fred W. Green](/wiki/Fred_W._Green \"Fred W. Green\")) and Ohio ([A. Victor Donahey](/wiki/A._Victor_Donahey \"A. Victor Donahey\")) and other dignitaries followed the two university bands onto the field for the playing of \"[The Star\\-Spangled Banner](/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner \"The Star-Spangled Banner\")\". The Michigan Alumnus reported that the game was played before a crowd of 85,000 spectators and described the day as follows: \"As a football spectacle, of course, it wholly surpassed anything in Michigan history. Ann Arbor flung open its gates to a horde of visitors nearly triple the size of its own population\\-and the new stadium swallowed them by two o'clock in the afternoon.\"{{cite news\\\|title\\=Stadium Dedicated With 21\\-0 Victory: Michigan Air Attack Humbles Ohio State Before Monster Crowd\\\|newspaper\\=The Michigan Alumnus\\\|date\\=October 1927\\\|url\\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/aaosu27\\.htm}} Planes flew overhead throughout the game, prompting the [Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press \"Detroit Free Press\") to declare: \"It is about time an end is put to this practice of free lance air men of picking courses over crowded areas. Any kind of a spill while any one of the fliers was above a stadium might have meant a hundred deaths.\"{{cite news\\\|title\\=Dedication Ceremony Marked By Simplicity: Short Parade of Notables Formally Anoints New Castle of Athletics before Players Finish Task\\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\\|date\\=October 1927\\\|author\\=William H. Richards\\\|url\\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/fposu27\\.htm}}", "All three Michigan touchdowns were scored on passes from left end [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\") to left halfback [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert \"Louis Gilbert\"). Gilbert also kicked all three points after touchdown, claiming responsibility for all of Michigan's 21 points. The first touchdown came in the second quarter on a pass that went 25 yards in the air with Gilbert then running the remaining 15 yards with the ball. The second touchdown in the third quarter came on a pass from Oosterbaan to Gilbert that covered 38 yards.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Michigan Passes Win Before 85,000: All Three Touchdowns Against Ohio State Are Tosses from Oosterbaan to Gilbert\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=October 23, 1927\\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/23/96676791\\.pdf}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=86,000 Look On as Michigan Stuns Ohio State, 21 to 0\\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune\\\|date\\=October 23, 1927\\\|author\\=Harvey Woodruff\\\|url\\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/10/23/page/29/article/86\\-000\\-look\\-on\\-as\\-michigan\\-stuns\\-ohio\\-state\\-21\\-to\\-0}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=Oosterbaan's Pass to Gilbert Results in First Touchdown: Invaders Outplayed in First Half by Fighting Wolverines; Puckelwartz Gets into Game in First Half; Eby Is Hurt in Second Quarter\\\|newspaper\\=The Michigan Daily\\\|date\\=October 23, 1927\\\|author\\=Herbert E. Vedder\\\|url\\=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/stadium/stadtext/mdosu27\\.htm}}", "Michigan's starting lineup against Ohio State was Oosterbaan (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening \"Otto Pommerening\") (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), [Alan Bovard](/wiki/Alan_Bovard \"Alan Bovard\") (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer \"Ray Baer\") (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), Herman Nyland (right end), Leo Hoffman (quarterback), James Miller (left halfback), Gilbert (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback).", "### Week 5: at Illinois", "{{AFB game box start\n\\\| Title \\= '''Week 5: Michigan at Illinois'''\n\\\| Visitor \\= Michigan\n\\\| Host \\= '''\\[\\[Illinois Fighting Illini football\\\|Illinois]]'''\n\\\| V1 \\=0\\\| V2 \\=0\\\| V3 \\=0\\\| V4 \\=0\n\\\| H1 \\=7 \\\| H2 \\=0 \\\| H3 \\=7 \\\| H4 \\=0\n\\\| Date \\= October 29, 1927\n\\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Memorial Stadium (Champaign)\\\|Memorial Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Champaign, IL]]\n\\\| StartTime \\= \n\\\| ElapsedTime \\= \n\\\| Attendance \\= 62,000\n\\\| Weather \\= \n\\\| Referee \\= \n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nOn October 29, 1927, Michigan traveled to [Champaign, Illinois](/wiki/Champaign%2C_Illinois \"Champaign, Illinois\"), and lost its first game of the season losing to Illinois by a 14–0 score. Michigan played without its backfield star, [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert \"Louis Gilbert\"), who was injured the prior week when he threw three touchdown passes against Ohio State. The first Illinois touchdown followed a fumble by Gilbert's replacement, William Puckelwartz, at Michigan's seven\\-yard line. Illinois' halfback Timm ran around the end for the touchdown.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Michigan Is Upset by Illinois, 14 to 0\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=October 30, 1927\\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/30/96679386\\.pdf}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=Illini Crush Michigan Title Hope, 14\\-0: Yost Men, With Gilbert Out, Are Helpless\\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune\\\|date\\=October 30, 1927\\\|url\\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/10/30/page/29/article/illini\\-crush\\-michigan\\-title\\-hope\\-14\\-0}}", "Michigan's starting lineup against Illinois was [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\") (left end), Frank Harrigan (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), [Alan Bovard](/wiki/Alan_Bovard \"Alan Bovard\") (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer \"Ray Baer\") (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), Herman Nyland (right end), Leo Hoffman (quarterback), James F. Miller (left halfback), Puckelwartz (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback).", "### Week 6: at Chicago", "{{AFB game box start\n\\\| Title \\= '''Week 6: Michigan at Chicago'''\n\\\| Visitor \\= '''Michigan'''\n\\\| Host \\= \\[\\[Chicago Maroons football\\\|Chicago]]\n\\\| V1 \\=0\\\| V2 \\=0\\\| V3 \\=14\\\| V4 \\=0\n\\\| H1 \\=0\\\| H2 \\=0\\\| H3 \\=0\\\| H4 \\=0\n\\\| Date \\= November 5, 1927\n\\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Stagg Field]] \n\\[\\[Chicago\\\|Chicago, IL]]\n\\\| StartTime \\= \n\\\| ElapsedTime \\= \n\\\| Attendance \\= \n\\\| Weather \\= \n\\\| Referee \\= \\[\\[Frank Birch (referee)\\\|Frank Birch]]\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\n[thumb\\\|[Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert \"Louis Gilbert\") runs with the ball against Chicago](/wiki/File:Louis_Gilbert_gains_fifteen_yars_after_catching_a_forward_pass_against_Chicago_%281927%29.jpg \"Louis Gilbert gains fifteen yars after catching a forward pass against Chicago (1927).jpg\")", "On November 5, 1927, Michigan defeated the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\") [Maroons](/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football \"Chicago Maroons football\") 14–0 at [Stagg Field](/wiki/Stagg_Field \"Stagg Field\") in Chicago. At the end of the second quarter [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert \"Louis Gilbert\") attempted a field goal after Michigan had moved the ball to Chicago's 17\\-yard line, but his kick hit the goal post. Michigan's first points came in the third quarter on a trick play in which [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\") took the ball from quarterback James Miller on what appeared to be an end run from the two\\-yard line. Instead, Oosterbaan tossed a lateral pass to Gilbert who scored the touchdown. Michigan's second touchdown also came in the third quarter with the ball on Chicago's 22\\-yard line. Gilbert threw a touchdown pass to Oosterbaan who was guarded by two defenders and leaped to grab the pass as he crossed the goal line. Gilbert also kicked both points after touchdown.{{cite news\\\|title\\=2 Michigan Passes Stop Chicago, 14\\-0\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=November 6, 1927\\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/11/06/95019261\\.pdf}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=60,000 Watch Michigan Defeat Chicago, 14 to 0: Crush Maroon Line as Roush Leaves Game; Gilbert and Oosterbaan Lead Offense\\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune\\\|author\\=Don Maxwell\\\|date\\=November 6, 1927\\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/11/06/95019261\\.pdf}}", "Michigan's starting lineup against Chicago was [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\") (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening \"Otto Pommerening\") (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), [Alan Bovard](/wiki/Alan_Bovard \"Alan Bovard\") (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer \"Ray Baer\") (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), LeRoy Heston (right end), James F. Miller (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), William Puckelwartz (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback).", "### Week 7: Navy", "{{AFB game box start\n\\\| Title \\= '''Week 7: Navy at Michigan'''\n\\\| Visitor \\= \\[\\[Navy Midshipmen football\\\|Navy]]\n\\\| Host \\= '''Michigan'''\n\\\| V1 \\=6\\\| V2 \\=0\\\| V3 \\=6\\\| V4 \\=0\n\\\| H1 \\=14\\\| H2 \\=0\\\| H3 \\=13\\\| H4 \\=0\n\\\| Date \\= November 12, 1927\n\\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Michigan Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\\|Ann Arbor, MI]]\n\\\| StartTime \\= \n\\\| ElapsedTime \\= \n\\\| Attendance \\= \n\\\| Weather \\= \n\\\| Referee \\= Crowell (Swarthmore)\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nOn November 12, 1927, Michigan defeated Navy by a 27–12 score at [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium \"Michigan Stadium\"). Fullback George Rich scored two touchdowns for Michigan. Quarterback Jim Miller ran for 117 yards on 17 carries and scored a touchdown. The final Michigan touchdown was scored by [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\"). [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert \"Louis Gilbert\") kicked three points after touchdown. Navy's touchdowns were scored by Whitey Lloyd and Shag Ransford.{{cite news\\\|title\\=87,000 See Navy Bow to Michigan: Wolverines Dash Away to Early Lead and Triumph After Hard Fight, 27\\-12\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=November 13, 1927\\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/11/13/95020944\\.pdf}}", "Michigan's starting lineup against Navy was [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\") (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening \"Otto Pommerening\") (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), John Schoenfeld (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer \"Ray Baer\") (right guard), Howard Poe (right tackle), Herman Nyland (right end), James F. Miller (quarterback), William Puckelwartz (left halfback), [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert \"Louis Gilbert\") (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback).", "### Week 8: Minnesota", "{{AFB game box start\n\\\| Title \\= '''Week 8: Minnesota at Michigan'''\n\\\| Visitor \\= '''\\[\\[Minnesota Golden Gophers football\\\|Minnesota]]'''\n\\\| Host \\= Michigan\n\\\| V1 \\=0\\\| V2 \\=0\\\| V3 \\=6\\\| V4 \\=7\n\\\| H1 \\=7\\\| H2 \\=0\\\| H3 \\=0\\\| H4 \\=0\n\\\| Date \\= November 19, 1927\n\\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Michigan Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Ann Arbor, Michigan\\\|Ann Arbor, MI]]\n\\\| StartTime \\= \n\\\| ElapsedTime \\= \n\\\| Attendance \\= \n\\\| Weather \\= \n\\\| Referee \\= \\[\\[Walter Eckersall]] (Chicago)\n}}\n{{AFB game box end}}\nOn November 19, 1927, Michigan lost to Minnesota by a 13–7 score at [Michigan Stadium](/wiki/Michigan_Stadium \"Michigan Stadium\"). [Bennie Oosterbaan](/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan \"Bennie Oosterbaan\") scored Michigan's touchdown in the first quarter on a long forward pass from halfback William Puckelwartz, and [Louis Gilbert](/wiki/Louis_Gilbert \"Louis Gilbert\") kicked the point after touchdown. Minnesota came from behind with 13 points in the second half on touchdown runs by [Herb Joesting](/wiki/Herb_Joesting \"Herb Joesting\") and a touchdown pass from Harold \"Shorty\" Almquist to Haycraft. Minnesota had 15 first downs in the game while Michigan had only two. Minnesota's victory was its first over Michigan since 1919\\. The game was also the Michigan's first defeat at Michigan Stadium and the final college football game for Michigan stars Oosterbaan and Gilbert and for Minnesota stars Joesting and Almquist.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Minnesota Victor Over Michigan, 13\\-7: 86,000 See Gophers Gain Their First Triumph Over Old Rivals Since 1919; Joesting Crushes Foe\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=November 20, 1927\\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/11/20/94921250\\.pdf}}{{cite news\\\|title\\=Minnesota Beats Michigan, 13 to 7: Gophers' Drive in Last Half Brings Victory\\\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune\\\|author\\=\\[\\[Walter Eckersall]]\\\|date\\=November 20, 1927\\\|url\\=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1927/11/20/page/29/article/minnesota\\-beats\\-michigan\\-13\\-to\\-7}} [Walter Eckersall](/wiki/Walter_Eckersall \"Walter Eckersall\") served as the game's referee and wrote in the [Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\"): \"For hard, aggressive playing combined with splendid sportsmanship it was one of the best struggles I ever officiated in.\"", "Michigan's starting lineup against Navy was Oosterbaan (left end), [Otto Pommerening](/wiki/Otto_Pommerening \"Otto Pommerening\") (left tackle), John Palmeroli (left guard), [Alan Bovard](/wiki/Alan_Bovard \"Alan Bovard\") (center), [Ray Baer](/wiki/Ray_Baer \"Ray Baer\") (right guard), Norman Gabel (right tackle), Herman Nyland (right end), James F. Miller (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), Puckelwartz (right halfback), and George Rich (fullback).", "" ]
Synopsis -------- [thumb\\|upright\\|Ángel Guimerá, author of the play that inspired the librettist](/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Statue_des_Angel_Guimera_vor_dem_Theater_fcm.jpg "Santa Cruz Statue des Angel Guimera vor dem Theater fcm.jpg") Before the opera begins: Years earlier, Marta, the daughter of a strolling player, had been induced to live with Sebastiano, a wealthy landowner in exchange for the gift of a mill to her father. Sebastiano is about to marry a wealthy heiress. In order to keep his mistress, Marta, nearby and continue their affair, he plans to have her marry Pedro (in Güimerà's original play, his name is Manelic), one of his shepherds. Prologue The [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees "Pyrenees") Mountains. Pedro meets Nando, and tells him that he has dreamed of meeting a beautiful woman who will be his wife. Sebastiano, accompanied by Tommaso, brings Marta to Pedro and informs him that he must come down to the Lowlands to marry her and to become the miller. Marta is reluctant to even look at Pedro. Act 1 The interior of the village mill. Moruccio and the servants gossip about Marta, the girls hinting that Moruccio hoped to marry Marta himself. Nuri reveals that Marta is to be married to a shepherd and reveals that she has overheard a conversation between Sebastiano and Marta which she did not understand, but which the others clearly comprehend reveals their relationship. Pedro arrives at the mill, where his marriage is to take place. Not knowing that Marta is actually Sebastiano's mistress, he is puzzled as to why the villagers are making fun of him. Moruccio reveals the background to Tommaso, who is angered and seeks to confront Sebastiano. The confrontation in which Tomasso is backed by Moruccio leads to Moruccio's dismissal. After the wedding, Marta, who fears that Sebastiano will carry out his intention of coming to her that night, does not go to her chamber nor accompanies Pedro, which puzzles him even more. Act 2 The interior of the village mill. Marta is now beginning to fall in love with Pedro. However, unable to stand the teasing and persecution of the villagers, he tells her he is going back to the mountains. She begs him to take her with him and tells him the truth about her and Sebastiano. In a jealous rage, Pedro advances towards her with a knife, but, overcome by remorse and his love for her, decides to take her with him. Sebastiano enters with the villagers and makes advances to Marta. Pedro furiously objects and is dragged outside. Act 3 The interior of the village mill. Sebastiano has been rejected by the heiress whom he had hoped to marry and again makes advances to Marta. She calls Pedro for help. He rushes at Sebastiano with a knife, but seeing that he is unarmed, throws the knife down and strangles him. Carrying Marta in his arms, Pedro exclaims to the villagers: "Far up, far up in the mountains! To sunshine and freedom and light." He and Marta escape to the mountains.	[ "Synopsis\n--------", "[thumb\\\|upright\\\|Ángel Guimerá, author of the play that inspired the librettist](/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Statue_des_Angel_Guimera_vor_dem_Theater_fcm.jpg \"Santa Cruz Statue des Angel Guimera vor dem Theater fcm.jpg\")", "Before the opera begins: Years earlier, Marta, the daughter of a strolling player, had been induced to live with Sebastiano, a wealthy landowner in exchange for the gift of a mill to her father. Sebastiano is about to marry a wealthy heiress. In order to keep his mistress, Marta, nearby and continue their affair, he plans to have her marry Pedro (in Güimerà's original play, his name is Manelic), one of his shepherds.", "Prologue", "The [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees \"Pyrenees\") Mountains. Pedro meets Nando, and tells him that he has dreamed of meeting a beautiful woman who will be his wife. Sebastiano, accompanied by Tommaso, brings Marta to Pedro and informs him that he must come down to the Lowlands to marry her and to become the miller. Marta is reluctant to even look at Pedro.", "Act 1", "The interior of the village mill. Moruccio and the servants gossip about Marta, the girls hinting that Moruccio hoped to marry Marta himself. Nuri reveals that Marta is to be married to a shepherd and reveals that she has overheard a conversation between Sebastiano and Marta which she did not understand, but which the others clearly comprehend reveals their relationship. Pedro arrives at the mill, where his marriage is to take place. Not knowing that Marta is actually Sebastiano's mistress, he is puzzled as to why the villagers are making fun of him. Moruccio reveals the background to Tommaso, who is angered and seeks to confront Sebastiano. The confrontation in which Tomasso is backed by Moruccio leads to Moruccio's dismissal. After the wedding, Marta, who fears that Sebastiano will carry out his intention of coming to her that night, does not go to her chamber nor accompanies Pedro, which puzzles him even more.", "Act 2", "The interior of the village mill. Marta is now beginning to fall in love with Pedro. However, unable to stand the teasing and persecution of the villagers, he tells her he is going back to the mountains. She begs him to take her with him and tells him the truth about her and Sebastiano. In a jealous rage, Pedro advances towards her with a knife, but, overcome by remorse and his love for her, decides to take her with him. Sebastiano enters with the villagers and makes advances to Marta. Pedro furiously objects and is dragged outside.", "Act 3", "The interior of the village mill. Sebastiano has been rejected by the heiress whom he had hoped to marry and again makes advances to Marta. She calls Pedro for help. He rushes at Sebastiano with a knife, but seeing that he is unarmed, throws the knife down and strangles him. Carrying Marta in his arms, Pedro exclaims to the villagers: \"Far up, far up in the mountains! To sunshine and freedom and light.\" He and Marta escape to the mountains.", "" ]
History ------- ### 1986\-1987: DZAF DWDD was established on July 10, 1986, as DZAF under the Ministry Order Number a\-092\. It began broadcasting on September 1, 1986, with 10 kW power from the Top Floor of the former 6th Brigade Headquarters. Despite its success, in August 1987, DZAF ceased its operations due to the exploitation by certain sectors in the military. ### 1988\-present: DWDD The station revived on January 4, 1988, under the call sign DWDD "Ang Kabalikat Radyo" with a meager 1 kW power. On August 1, 1991, it was placed under the operational control of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil Military Operations, J7, Armed Forces of the Philippines. On July 1, 1994, Civil Relations Service, AFP took over the administrative and operational control of the station, months after [DZCA](/wiki/DZCA "DZCA") closed shop. Following the donation of 5 units 10 kW AM Radio transmitters from the Taiwan Ministry of National Defence in April 1993, DWDD was able to operate with a 10\-kW power upon the successful installation of one of the main transmitting equipment. Around October 2009, it ceased its operations again to upgrade its transmission facilities. In January 2010, it was launched once again. In 2014, DWDD started carrying the Ka\-Tropa Radio branding and later in 2020 was rebranded AFP Radio. DWDD supports national goals and helps accomplish DND and AFP missions by serving as an effective medium of information for its military and civilian personnel and the general public, not just thru radio, but also on social media, with livestreams on its official FB page.	[ "History\n-------", "### 1986\\-1987: DZAF", "DWDD was established on July 10, 1986, as DZAF under the Ministry Order Number a\\-092\\. It began broadcasting on September 1, 1986, with 10 kW power from the Top Floor of the former 6th Brigade Headquarters. Despite its success, in August 1987, DZAF ceased its operations due to the exploitation by certain sectors in the military.", "### 1988\\-present: DWDD", "The station revived on January 4, 1988, under the call sign DWDD \"Ang Kabalikat Radyo\" with a meager 1 kW power. On August 1, 1991, it was placed under the operational control of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil Military Operations, J7, Armed Forces of the Philippines. On July 1, 1994, Civil Relations Service, AFP took over the administrative and operational control of the station, months after [DZCA](/wiki/DZCA \"DZCA\") closed shop.", "Following the donation of 5 units 10 kW AM Radio transmitters from the Taiwan Ministry of National Defence in April 1993, DWDD was able to operate with a 10\\-kW power upon the successful installation of one of the main transmitting equipment.", "Around October 2009, it ceased its operations again to upgrade its transmission facilities. In January 2010, it was launched once again.", "In 2014, DWDD started carrying the Ka\\-Tropa Radio branding and later in 2020 was rebranded AFP Radio.", "DWDD supports national goals and helps accomplish DND and AFP missions by serving as an effective medium of information for its military and civilian personnel and the general public, not just thru radio, but also on social media, with livestreams on its official FB page.", "" ]
### 1988\-present: DWDD The station revived on January 4, 1988, under the call sign DWDD "Ang Kabalikat Radyo" with a meager 1 kW power. On August 1, 1991, it was placed under the operational control of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil Military Operations, J7, Armed Forces of the Philippines. On July 1, 1994, Civil Relations Service, AFP took over the administrative and operational control of the station, months after [DZCA](/wiki/DZCA "DZCA") closed shop. Following the donation of 5 units 10 kW AM Radio transmitters from the Taiwan Ministry of National Defence in April 1993, DWDD was able to operate with a 10\-kW power upon the successful installation of one of the main transmitting equipment. Around October 2009, it ceased its operations again to upgrade its transmission facilities. In January 2010, it was launched once again. In 2014, DWDD started carrying the Ka\-Tropa Radio branding and later in 2020 was rebranded AFP Radio. DWDD supports national goals and helps accomplish DND and AFP missions by serving as an effective medium of information for its military and civilian personnel and the general public, not just thru radio, but also on social media, with livestreams on its official FB page.	[ "### 1988\\-present: DWDD", "The station revived on January 4, 1988, under the call sign DWDD \"Ang Kabalikat Radyo\" with a meager 1 kW power. On August 1, 1991, it was placed under the operational control of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil Military Operations, J7, Armed Forces of the Philippines. On July 1, 1994, Civil Relations Service, AFP took over the administrative and operational control of the station, months after [DZCA](/wiki/DZCA \"DZCA\") closed shop.", "Following the donation of 5 units 10 kW AM Radio transmitters from the Taiwan Ministry of National Defence in April 1993, DWDD was able to operate with a 10\\-kW power upon the successful installation of one of the main transmitting equipment.", "Around October 2009, it ceased its operations again to upgrade its transmission facilities. In January 2010, it was launched once again.", "In 2014, DWDD started carrying the Ka\\-Tropa Radio branding and later in 2020 was rebranded AFP Radio.", "DWDD supports national goals and helps accomplish DND and AFP missions by serving as an effective medium of information for its military and civilian personnel and the general public, not just thru radio, but also on social media, with livestreams on its official FB page.", "" ]
History ------- The competition at Eastbourne, even from its early beginnings, was considered one of the most prestigious tournaments that attracted large entries and matches even in those days {{cite book\\|last1\=Lowerson\\|first1\=John\\|title\=Sport and the English middle classes, 1870\-1914\\|date\=1995\\|publisher\=Manchester University Press\\|location\=Manchester\\|isbn\=9780719046513\\|page\=108\\|edition\=Pbk.\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rUPoAAAAIAAJ\&dq\=devonshire\+park\+lawn\+tennis\+club\+eastbourne\&pg\=PA108\\|accessdate\=2 October 2017}} and it was the world's largest tournament in terms of participants at the turn of the twentieth century. ### Women's tennis The first tournament to be staged at Devonshire Park was a women's event in 1881,{{cite book\\|editor1\=John Nauright\\|editor2\=Charles Parrish\\|title\=Sports around the world : history, culture, and practice\\|date\=2012\\|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\\|location\=Santa Barbara, Calif.\\|isbn\=9781598843002\\|page\=198}} known as the South of England Championships, and usually held every September. Winners of the lady's singles championships included [Dorothea Chambers](/wiki/Dorothea_Chambers "Dorothea Chambers"), [Blanche Bingley Hillyard](/wiki/Blanche_Bingley "Blanche Bingley"), and [Charlotte Cooper Sterry](/wiki/Charlotte_Cooper_Sterry "Charlotte Cooper Sterry"), [May Langrishe](/wiki/May_Langrishe "May Langrishe"). The first overseas non British Isles winner was the American [Elizabeth Ryan](/wiki/Elizabeth_Ryan "Elizabeth Ryan") in collecting 3 consecutive titles (1919–21\); after World War One she was followed by the South African [Irene Peacock](/wiki/Irene_Peacock "Irene Peacock") in 1923 and [Anita Lizana](/wiki/Anita_Lizana "Anita Lizana") from Chile in 1936\. Following World War Two tennis British winners included [Ann Haydon](/wiki/Ann_Haydon "Ann Haydon") and [Shirley Bloomer](/wiki/Shirley_Bloomer "Shirley Bloomer") the Brazilian player [Maria Bueno](/wiki/Maria_Bueno "Maria Bueno") the Australian player [Fay Toyne](/wiki/Fay_Toyne "Fay Toyne") was the last foreign ladies champion before the advent of the open era in 1968 the South of England Championships changed schedule to July until 1969 after the Championships at Wimbledon in 1970 its schedule changed again so that it was held before Wimbledon the South of England Championships continued until 1967\. From 1968 until today the tournament has attracted many different sponsors. In 1968 it was known as the Rothman's Invitational for sponsorship reasons from 1969 to 1972 it was called the Eastbourne Invitational, the event ceased in 1972\. ### Men's tennis The first Men’s events started in 1881 also called the South of England Championships early winners of the men's championship included [Wilfred Baddeley](/wiki/Wilfred_Baddeley "Wilfred Baddeley"), [Sydney Howard Smith](/wiki/Sydney_Howard_Smith "Sydney Howard Smith"), [Josiah Ritchie](/wiki/Josiah_Ritchie "Josiah Ritchie"), [Anthony Wilding](/wiki/Anthony_Wilding "Anthony Wilding"), [Otto Froitzheim](/wiki/Otto_Froitzheim "Otto Froitzheim") and [Ken Rosewall](/wiki/Ken_Rosewall "Ken Rosewall") it continued until 1967 before being renamed for sponsorship reasons in 1968 from 1970 to 1973 the men's tournament was known as the Rothmans South of England Open Championships.{{cite web\\|title\=BBC Radio Times Listings 1923 to 2009\\|url\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/radio2/1973\-06\-23\\|website\=bbc.co.uk\\|publisher\=BBC Radio Times, Issue 2589\. 23 June 1973, Page 22\\|accessdate\=2 October 2017}} The men's event also ceased in 1973\. ### Tennis after 1973 In 1974 the Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis club decided on a completely new format tennis tournament and [re\-branding](/wiki/Brand_management "Brand management") of tennis at Eastbourne from the outcome of staging the South of England Championships that became known as the [Eastbourne International](/wiki/Eastbourne_International "Eastbourne International") the tournament is still active today.	[ "History\n-------", "The competition at Eastbourne, even from its early beginnings, was considered one of the most prestigious tournaments that attracted large entries and matches even in those days {{cite book\\\|last1\\=Lowerson\\\|first1\\=John\\\|title\\=Sport and the English middle classes, 1870\\-1914\\\|date\\=1995\\\|publisher\\=Manchester University Press\\\|location\\=Manchester\\\|isbn\\=9780719046513\\\|page\\=108\\\|edition\\=Pbk.\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rUPoAAAAIAAJ\\&dq\\=devonshire\\+park\\+lawn\\+tennis\\+club\\+eastbourne\\&pg\\=PA108\\\|accessdate\\=2 October 2017}} and it was the world's largest tournament in terms of participants at the turn of the twentieth century.", "### Women's tennis", "The first tournament to be staged at Devonshire Park was a women's event in 1881,{{cite book\\\|editor1\\=John Nauright\\\|editor2\\=Charles Parrish\\\|title\\=Sports around the world : history, culture, and practice\\\|date\\=2012\\\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\\|location\\=Santa Barbara, Calif.\\\|isbn\\=9781598843002\\\|page\\=198}} known as the South of England Championships, and usually held every September. Winners of the lady's singles championships included [Dorothea Chambers](/wiki/Dorothea_Chambers \"Dorothea Chambers\"), [Blanche Bingley Hillyard](/wiki/Blanche_Bingley \"Blanche Bingley\"), and [Charlotte Cooper Sterry](/wiki/Charlotte_Cooper_Sterry \"Charlotte Cooper Sterry\"), [May Langrishe](/wiki/May_Langrishe \"May Langrishe\"). The first overseas non British Isles winner was the American [Elizabeth Ryan](/wiki/Elizabeth_Ryan \"Elizabeth Ryan\") in collecting 3 consecutive titles (1919–21\\); after World War One she was followed by the South African [Irene Peacock](/wiki/Irene_Peacock \"Irene Peacock\") in 1923 and [Anita Lizana](/wiki/Anita_Lizana \"Anita Lizana\") from Chile in 1936\\.", "Following World War Two tennis British winners included [Ann Haydon](/wiki/Ann_Haydon \"Ann Haydon\") and [Shirley Bloomer](/wiki/Shirley_Bloomer \"Shirley Bloomer\") the Brazilian player [Maria Bueno](/wiki/Maria_Bueno \"Maria Bueno\") the Australian player [Fay Toyne](/wiki/Fay_Toyne \"Fay Toyne\") was the last foreign ladies champion before the advent of the open era in 1968 the South of England Championships changed schedule to July until 1969 after the Championships at Wimbledon in 1970 its schedule changed again so that it was held before Wimbledon the South of England Championships continued until 1967\\.", "From 1968 until today the tournament has attracted many different sponsors.", "In 1968 it was known as the Rothman's Invitational for sponsorship reasons from 1969 to 1972 it was called the Eastbourne Invitational, the event ceased in 1972\\.", "### Men's tennis", "The first Men’s events started in 1881 also called the South of England Championships early winners of the men's championship included [Wilfred Baddeley](/wiki/Wilfred_Baddeley \"Wilfred Baddeley\"), [Sydney Howard Smith](/wiki/Sydney_Howard_Smith \"Sydney Howard Smith\"), [Josiah Ritchie](/wiki/Josiah_Ritchie \"Josiah Ritchie\"), [Anthony Wilding](/wiki/Anthony_Wilding \"Anthony Wilding\"), [Otto Froitzheim](/wiki/Otto_Froitzheim \"Otto Froitzheim\") and [Ken Rosewall](/wiki/Ken_Rosewall \"Ken Rosewall\") it continued until 1967 before being renamed for sponsorship reasons in 1968 from 1970 to 1973 the men's tournament was known as the Rothmans South of England Open Championships.{{cite web\\\|title\\=BBC Radio Times Listings 1923 to 2009\\\|url\\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/radio2/1973\\-06\\-23\\\|website\\=bbc.co.uk\\\|publisher\\=BBC Radio Times, Issue 2589\\. 23 June 1973, Page 22\\\|accessdate\\=2 October 2017}} The men's event also ceased in 1973\\.", "### Tennis after 1973", "In 1974 the Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis club decided on a completely new format tennis tournament and [re\\-branding](/wiki/Brand_management \"Brand management\") of tennis at Eastbourne from the outcome of staging the South of England Championships that became known as the [Eastbourne International](/wiki/Eastbourne_International \"Eastbourne International\") the tournament is still active today.", "" ]
Civil War service ----------------- Soon after the start of the Civil War, Dunham assisted with the recruitment of a [company](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 "Company (military unit)") of [infantry](/wiki/Infantry_in_the_American_Civil_War "Infantry in the American Civil War") in Boston. Although he first enlisted as a private, Dunham was almost immediately promoted to [corporal](/wiki/Corporal "Corporal") on May 8, 1861\. In June 1861, his company became Company F of the [11th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry](/wiki/11th_Regiment_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Infantry "11th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry"). The [regiment](/wiki/Regiment "Regiment") departed for [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), on June 29, 1861\.Bowen, 208\. Arriving at Washington on July 3, the 11th Massachusetts became part of the First Brigade, Third Division of [Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_General_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier General (United States)") [Irvin McDowell's](/wiki/Irvin_McDowell "Irvin McDowell") army. On July 21, 1861, the 11th Massachusetts took part in the [First Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run "First Battle of Bull Run"), the first major land battle of the Civil War. During the engagement, which resulted in the full retreat of the Union army, the 11th Massachusetts suffered relatively minor casualties and primarily acted in support of [Rickett's](/wiki/R._Bruce_Ricketts "R. Bruce Ricketts") [artillery battery](/wiki/Artillery_battery "Artillery battery").Bowen, 209\. During Bull Run, Dunham was given a [Battlefield promotion](/wiki/Battlefield_promotion "Battlefield promotion") to [sergeant](/wiki/Sergeant "Sergeant"). Dunham spent the winter of 1861 to 1862 encamped with the 11th Massachusetts near Washington while the Union army trained and prepared for the [Peninsular Campaign](/wiki/Peninsular_Campaign "Peninsular Campaign"). At the start of the campaign, the regiment was engaged in the [Battle of Williamsburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg "Battle of Williamsburg") on May 5, 1862, taking serious casualties.Schouler, 296\. For their conduct during the battle, the Governor [John Andrew](/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew "John Albion Andrew") of [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") awarded the unit a new regimental battle flag.Headley, 209\. During the remainder of the Peninsular campaign, the 11th Massachusetts was primarily engaged in [picket](/wiki/Picket_%28military%29 "Picket (military)") duty. They played a minor role in the [Seven Days Battles](/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles "Seven Days Battles") being engaged in the Battles of [Savage's Station](/wiki/Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station "Battle of Savage's Station") and [Malvern Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill "Battle of Malvern Hill"). [thumb\\|left\\|alt\=A colored lithograph of a Civil War battle scene in which a group of soldiers in blue uniforms, one of them carrying an American flag, are charging through a group of soldiers in grey who are retreating\\|Union forces temporarily break through the Confederate lines during the Second Battle of Bull RunAfter](/wiki/File:Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run.jpg "Second Battle of Bull Run.jpg") the failure of the Peninsular Campaign, the 11th Massachusetts next saw combat during the [Second Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run "Second Battle of Bull Run") on August 28, 1862\. As part of [Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier general (United States)") [Cuvier Grover](/wiki/Cuvier_Grover "Cuvier Grover")'s brigade (Second Brigade, Third Division of the [III Corps](/wiki/III_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "III Corps (Union Army)")), the 11th Massachusetts led its brigade in a charge on the entrenched position of the [Confederates](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army "Confederate States Army") along an unfinished railroad bed. After fierce hand\-to\-hand combat, the charge of Grover's brigade broke through the enemy position. As [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 "Colonel (United States)") [William E. Blaisdell](/wiki/William_E._Blaisdell "William E. Blaisdell"), commanding officer of the 11th Massachusetts, wrote, "The enemy broke in confusion and ran, numbers throwing away their muskets."Hennessy, 249\. Historians, including John J. Hennessy, have claimed that the breakthrough of Grover's brigade might have resulted in a Union victory if the breach had been exploited and reinforced.Hennessy, 252\. However, Union reinforcements did not arrive, Grover's brigade were surrounded and forced to retreat back over the unfinished railroad, suffering severe casualties. 40 percent of the 11th Massachusetts were killed, wounded, or captured.Bowen, 211\. During this action, Dunham was again promoted, this time to [first sergeant](/wiki/First_Sergeant%23United_States_Army "First Sergeant#United States Army"). The 11th Massachusetts was present for but did not take part in the [Battle of Fredericksburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg "Battle of Fredericksburg"). After this battle, the regiment went into winter camp with the rest of the [Army of the Potomac](/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac "Army of the Potomac") in the vicinity of [Falmouth, Virginia](/wiki/Falmouth%2C_Virginia "Falmouth, Virginia"). While in winter camp, Dunham was promoted to [sergeant major](/wiki/Sergeant_major%23United_States_Army "Sergeant major#United States Army") on February 5, 1863 and then, on the next day, he received a [commission](/wiki/Officer_%28armed_forces%29 "Officer (armed forces)") as a [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_Lieutenant%23United_States "Second Lieutenant#United States"). Dunham's regiment was heavily engaged during the [Battle of Chancellorsville](/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville "Battle of Chancellorsville") on May 2, 1863\. At Chancellorsville, Dunham was seriously wounded. He recovered and was promoted to [first lieutenant](/wiki/First_Lieutenant%23United_States "First Lieutenant#United States"). Dunham was again seriously wounded during the [Battle of the Wilderness](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness "Battle of the Wilderness") on May 6, 1864\. Dunham was promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28U.S._Army%29 "Captain (U.S. Army)") and the command of Company F of the 11th Massachusetts in June 1864, however, due to the severity of his wound, he was forced to accept an administrative position as [assistant adjutant general](/wiki/Adjutant%23Adjutant_General "Adjutant#Adjutant General") of the Third Brigade, Second Division of the [II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "II Corps (Union Army)"). In this capacity he played a key role in assisting Col. [Thomas Alfred Smyth](/wiki/Thomas_Alfred_Smyth "Thomas Alfred Smyth") who commanded the brigade. In October 1864, Dunham returned to his former regiment and was promoted to the command of the 11th Massachusetts. After more than three years of duty, the unit was but a small fraction of its original size and therefore Dunham was not immediately promoted to colonel (as most regimental commanders were). In January 1865, he was promoted to [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 "Major (United States)"). He was recognized for his service during the [Siege of Petersburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg "Siege of Petersburg") with a promotion to [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 "Colonel (United States)"). Dunham mustered out of the army on July 14, 1865, after more than four years of service. On March 29, 1867, [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Andrew_Johnson "Andrew Johnson") nominated Dunham for the award of the honorary grade of [brevet](/wiki/Brevet_%28military%29 "Brevet (military)") [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier general (United States)"), to rank from March 13, 1865, and the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/U.S._Senate "U.S. Senate") confirmed the award on April 5, 1867\.Eicher, 744	[ "Civil War service\n-----------------", "Soon after the start of the Civil War, Dunham assisted with the recruitment of a [company](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 \"Company (military unit)\") of [infantry](/wiki/Infantry_in_the_American_Civil_War \"Infantry in the American Civil War\") in Boston. Although he first enlisted as a private, Dunham was almost immediately promoted to [corporal](/wiki/Corporal \"Corporal\") on May 8, 1861\\. In June 1861, his company became Company F of the [11th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry](/wiki/11th_Regiment_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Infantry \"11th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry\"). The [regiment](/wiki/Regiment \"Regiment\") departed for [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), on June 29, 1861\\.Bowen, 208\\.", "Arriving at Washington on July 3, the 11th Massachusetts became part of the First Brigade, Third Division of [Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_General_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier General (United States)\") [Irvin McDowell's](/wiki/Irvin_McDowell \"Irvin McDowell\") army. On July 21, 1861, the 11th Massachusetts took part in the [First Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run \"First Battle of Bull Run\"), the first major land battle of the Civil War. During the engagement, which resulted in the full retreat of the Union army, the 11th Massachusetts suffered relatively minor casualties and primarily acted in support of [Rickett's](/wiki/R._Bruce_Ricketts \"R. Bruce Ricketts\") [artillery battery](/wiki/Artillery_battery \"Artillery battery\").Bowen, 209\\. During Bull Run, Dunham was given a [Battlefield promotion](/wiki/Battlefield_promotion \"Battlefield promotion\") to [sergeant](/wiki/Sergeant \"Sergeant\").", "Dunham spent the winter of 1861 to 1862 encamped with the 11th Massachusetts near Washington while the Union army trained and prepared for the [Peninsular Campaign](/wiki/Peninsular_Campaign \"Peninsular Campaign\"). At the start of the campaign, the regiment was engaged in the [Battle of Williamsburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg \"Battle of Williamsburg\") on May 5, 1862, taking serious casualties.Schouler, 296\\. For their conduct during the battle, the Governor [John Andrew](/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew \"John Albion Andrew\") of [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") awarded the unit a new regimental battle flag.Headley, 209\\. During the remainder of the Peninsular campaign, the 11th Massachusetts was primarily engaged in [picket](/wiki/Picket_%28military%29 \"Picket (military)\") duty. They played a minor role in the [Seven Days Battles](/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles \"Seven Days Battles\") being engaged in the Battles of [Savage's Station](/wiki/Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station \"Battle of Savage's Station\") and [Malvern Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill \"Battle of Malvern Hill\").", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|alt\\=A colored lithograph of a Civil War battle scene in which a group of soldiers in blue uniforms, one of them carrying an American flag, are charging through a group of soldiers in grey who are retreating\\\|Union forces temporarily break through the Confederate lines during the Second Battle of Bull RunAfter](/wiki/File:Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run.jpg \"Second Battle of Bull Run.jpg\") the failure of the Peninsular Campaign, the 11th Massachusetts next saw combat during the [Second Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run \"Second Battle of Bull Run\") on August 28, 1862\\. As part of [Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier general (United States)\") [Cuvier Grover](/wiki/Cuvier_Grover \"Cuvier Grover\")'s brigade (Second Brigade, Third Division of the [III Corps](/wiki/III_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"III Corps (Union Army)\")), the 11th Massachusetts led its brigade in a charge on the entrenched position of the [Confederates](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army \"Confederate States Army\") along an unfinished railroad bed. After fierce hand\\-to\\-hand combat, the charge of Grover's brigade broke through the enemy position. As [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Colonel (United States)\") [William E. Blaisdell](/wiki/William_E._Blaisdell \"William E. Blaisdell\"), commanding officer of the 11th Massachusetts, wrote, \"The enemy broke in confusion and ran, numbers throwing away their muskets.\"Hennessy, 249\\. Historians, including John J. Hennessy, have claimed that the breakthrough of Grover's brigade might have resulted in a Union victory if the breach had been exploited and reinforced.Hennessy, 252\\. However, Union reinforcements did not arrive, Grover's brigade were surrounded and forced to retreat back over the unfinished railroad, suffering severe casualties. 40 percent of the 11th Massachusetts were killed, wounded, or captured.Bowen, 211\\. During this action, Dunham was again promoted, this time to [first sergeant](/wiki/First_Sergeant%23United_States_Army \"First Sergeant#United States Army\").", "The 11th Massachusetts was present for but did not take part in the [Battle of Fredericksburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg \"Battle of Fredericksburg\"). After this battle, the regiment went into winter camp with the rest of the [Army of the Potomac](/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac \"Army of the Potomac\") in the vicinity of [Falmouth, Virginia](/wiki/Falmouth%2C_Virginia \"Falmouth, Virginia\"). While in winter camp, Dunham was promoted to [sergeant major](/wiki/Sergeant_major%23United_States_Army \"Sergeant major#United States Army\") on February 5, 1863 and then, on the next day, he received a [commission](/wiki/Officer_%28armed_forces%29 \"Officer (armed forces)\") as a [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_Lieutenant%23United_States \"Second Lieutenant#United States\"). Dunham's regiment was heavily engaged during the [Battle of Chancellorsville](/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville \"Battle of Chancellorsville\") on May 2, 1863\\. At Chancellorsville, Dunham was seriously wounded. He recovered and was promoted to [first lieutenant](/wiki/First_Lieutenant%23United_States \"First Lieutenant#United States\"). Dunham was again seriously wounded during the [Battle of the Wilderness](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness \"Battle of the Wilderness\") on May 6, 1864\\.", "Dunham was promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28U.S._Army%29 \"Captain (U.S. Army)\") and the command of Company F of the 11th Massachusetts in June 1864, however, due to the severity of his wound, he was forced to accept an administrative position as [assistant adjutant general](/wiki/Adjutant%23Adjutant_General \"Adjutant#Adjutant General\") of the Third Brigade, Second Division of the [II Corps](/wiki/II_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"II Corps (Union Army)\"). In this capacity he played a key role in assisting Col. [Thomas Alfred Smyth](/wiki/Thomas_Alfred_Smyth \"Thomas Alfred Smyth\") who commanded the brigade.", "In October 1864, Dunham returned to his former regiment and was promoted to the command of the 11th Massachusetts. After more than three years of duty, the unit was but a small fraction of its original size and therefore Dunham was not immediately promoted to colonel (as most regimental commanders were). In January 1865, he was promoted to [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 \"Major (United States)\"). He was recognized for his service during the [Siege of Petersburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg \"Siege of Petersburg\") with a promotion to [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Colonel (United States)\"). Dunham mustered out of the army on July 14, 1865, after more than four years of service. On March 29, 1867, [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Andrew_Johnson \"Andrew Johnson\") nominated Dunham for the award of the honorary grade of [brevet](/wiki/Brevet_%28military%29 \"Brevet (military)\") [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier general (United States)\"), to rank from March 13, 1865, and the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/U.S._Senate \"U.S. Senate\") confirmed the award on April 5, 1867\\.Eicher, 744", "" ]
History ------- ### 2008–2014 The company started in 2008 as Bigmoon Animation Studios, and developed TV animation series for kids. Its first production was TIC TAC TALES, a TV animation series with 39 episodes, created by Paulo J. Gomes and broadcast by [RTP](/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal "Rádio e Televisão de Portugal"),{{Cite web\\|title\=Tic Tac Tales\\|url\=https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p27107\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021\\|website\=RTP}} [RTP África](/wiki/RTP_%C3%81frica "RTP África"), [RTP Internacional](/wiki/RTP_Internacional "RTP Internacional"), and distributed in Europe by [Panini](/wiki/Panini_Group "Panini Group") Media in 2010, 2011, and 2012\. In 2009, Bigmoon Animation Studios produced TV animation musicals for [Canal Panda](/wiki/Canal_Panda "Canal Panda") and distributed them on DVD by Info Capital with the title PIKABOO.{{Cite web\\|title\=Pikaboo Musical: Menino\\|url\=https://www.fnac.pt/Pikaboo\-Pikaboo\-Musical\-Menino/a3074\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021\\|website\=Fnac}} After the release of TIC TAC TALES, a second company was formed: Bigmoon Interactive Studios, which was developing the game version of TIC TAC TALES called D\-TEAM: The Kidnapping of Professor Zig.{{Cite news\\|last\=Soares\\|first\=Jorge\\|date\=27 January 2012\\|title\=Imagens de D\-TEAM: The kidnapping of Professor Zig\\|work\=Eurogamer Portugal\\|url\=https://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2012\-01\-27\-imagens\-de\-d\-team\-the\-kidnapping\-of\-professor\-zig\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} In 2012, Bigmoon Interactive Studios started working for [Milestone](/wiki/Milestone_%28Italian_company%29 "Milestone (Italian company)") ([WRC 3](/wiki/WRC_3 "WRC 3") and [WRC – THE GAME](/wiki/World_Rally_Championship_%28video_game_series%29 "World Rally Championship (video game series)")) and [bitComposer](/wiki/BitComposer_Interactive "BitComposer Interactive"), working in the game [North \& South](/wiki/North_%26_South_%28video_game%29 "North & South (video game)"). After the success of both partnerships, Milestone contracted Bigmoon to create motorcycles for [MotoGP 13](/wiki/MotoGP_13 "MotoGP 13"), bitComposer asked it to work on [Jagged Alliance: Back in Action](/wiki/Jagged_Alliance:Back_in_Action "Back in Action"),{{Cite web\\|title\=Jagged Alliance: Back in Action\\|url\=https://www.ign.com/games/jagged\-alliance\-back\-in\-action\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021\\|website\=IGN}} and OG Games contacted the company to develop My Health Club for mobile devices. In January 2013, when Bigmoon was finishing Jagged Alliance: Back in Action for [Linux](/wiki/Linux "Linux") and [Macintosh](/wiki/Macintosh "Macintosh"), a contract was signed with [Headup games](/wiki/Headup_Games "Headup Games") to develop a new PC action RPG game: Trapped Dead: Lockdown.{{Cite web\\|title\=Trapped Dead: Lockdown\\|url\=https://www.gamepressure.com/games/trapped\-dead\-lockdown/zd444a\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021\\|website\=GamePressure}}{{Cite news \\|last\=Rita \\|first\=Ana \\|date\=20 March 2016 \\|title\=Videojogos. Estes mortos\-vivos são portugueses e vão para a PlayStation 4 e XBox One \\|work\=Dinheiro Vivo \\|url\=https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/marketing\-pub/videojogos\-estes\-mortos\-vivos\-sao\-portugueses\-e\-vao\-para\-a\-playstation\-4\-e\-xbox\-one\-12666981\.html \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023}} During [Gamescom](/wiki/Gamescom "Gamescom") 2013, bitComposer also hired Bigmoon to fix the multiple issues from Games Distillery's Citadels, that was released in July 2013\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Games Distillery \\|url\=https://visiongame.cz/studio/games\-distillery/ \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023 \\|website\=Vision Game}} In December 2014, Bigmoon Interactive Studios received the information that its main publisher partner, bitComposer, entered insolvency,{{Cite news\\|last\=Staff\\|first\=MCV\\|date\=16 December 2014\\|title\=BitComposer files for insolvency\\|work\=MCV / DEVELOP\\|url\=https://www.mcvuk.com/development\-news/bitcomposer\-files\-for\-insolvency/\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}}{{Cite news\\|last\=Nutt\\|first\=Christian\\|date\=16 December 2014\\|title\=Publisher Bitcomposer files for bankruptcy\\|work\=Game Developer\\|url\=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/publisher\-bitcomposer\-files\-for\-bankruptcy\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} canceling ongoing projects. Both companies, Bigmoon Interactive and Bigmoon Animation were extinct, becoming developer and publisher Bigmoon Entertainment. In the same year, [Maximum Games](/wiki/Maximum_Games "Maximum Games") contracted Bigmoon to develop the PS4 and Xbox One port from the PC game [Lichdom: Battlemage](/wiki/Lichdom:Battlemage "Battlemage") using [CryEngine](/wiki/CryEngine "CryEngine") 3\.{{Cite news\\|last\=Partleton\\|first\=Kayleigh\\|date\=21 October 2019\\|title\=Saber Interactive snaps up Dakar 18 developer Bigmoon Entertainment\\|work\=PC Games Insider\\|url\=https://www.pcgamesinsider.biz/news/69853/saber\-interactive\-snaps\-up\-dakar\-18\-developer\-bigmoon\-entertainment/\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} In June 2015, while Bigmoon was developing the console version for Lichdom, Maximum Games hired the company to complete and port [Alekhine's Gun](/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Gun_%28video_game%29 "Alekhine's Gun (video game)") to PS4 and Xbox One. ### 2016–present In 2016, Bigmoon Entertainment released Alekhine's Gun and Lichdom: Battlemage, and started a new contract with [Astragon Entertainment](/wiki/Astragon "Astragon") to develop Police Simulator 18, later renamed Police Simulator: Patrol Duty. Bigmoon then started working with Camel 101 on the survival\-horror game [Syndrome](/wiki/Syndrome_%28video_game%29 "Syndrome (video game)"){{Cite news\\|last\=Loureiro\\|first\=Jorge\\|date\=30 September 2015\\|title\=Syndrome, um Survival Horror feito por portugueses\\|work\=Eurogamer Portugal\\|url\=https://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2015\-09\-30\-syndrome\-um\-survival\-horror\-feito\-por\-portugueses\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}}{{Cite news\\|last\=Mota\\|first\=Ricardo\\|date\=22 October 2016\\|title\=Syndrome: terror "made in" Portugal\\|work\=Observador\\|url\=https://observador.pt/2016/10/22/syndrome\-terror\-made\-in\-portugal/\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} and individually in the classic RPG Demons Age.{{Cite news\\|last\=Loureiro\\|first\=Jorge\\|date\=30 July 2015\\|title\=Demons Age anunciado para PC, PS4 e Xbox One\\|work\=Eurogamer Portugal\\|url\=https://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2015\-07\-30\-rpg\-demons\-age\-pc\-ps4\-e\-xbox\-one\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}}{{Cite news\\|last\=Silvestre\\|first\=Daniel\\|date\=1 August 2015\\|title\=Demons Age da Bigmoon Entertainment é o próximo RPG feito em Portugal\\|work\=PróximoNível\\|url\=https://proximonivel.pt/demons\-age\-da\-bigmoon\-entertainment\-e\-o\-proximo\-rpg\-feito\-em\-portugal/\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} Bigmoon released its first self\-publishing title Syndrome in September 2017\.{{Cite news\\|last\=Galvão\\|first\=Bruno\\|date\=6 October 2017\\|title\=Jogo Português Syndrome já disponível\\|work\=Eurogamer Portugal\\|url\=https://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2017\-10\-06\-jogo\-portugues\-syndrome\-ja\-disponivel\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} By the end of 2016, Paulo Gomes wanted to bring a new game genre to the industry, and he created the Rally Raid racing subgenre, securing exclusive rights to develop and publish his own version of the [Dakar Rally](/wiki/Dakar_Rally "Dakar Rally"). In 2017, he entered into an agreement with [Koch Media](/wiki/Koch_Media "Koch Media") to proceed with [Dakar 18](/wiki/Dakar_18 "Dakar 18").{{Cite news\\|last\=Galvão\\|first\=Bruno\\|date\=25 September 2018\\|title\=DAKAR 18 da Portuguesa Bigmoon chega às lojas\\|work\=Eurogamer Portugal\\|url\=https://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2018\-09\-25\-dakar\-18\-da\-portuguesa\-bigmoon\-chega\-as\-lojas\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} The game involved all the resources of the studio and was the biggest Portuguese investment in videogame development,{{Cite news\\|last\=Parreira\\|first\=Rui\\|date\=28 August 2018\\|title\=Recriação de Dakar em videojogo custou três milhões de euros a estúdio português\\|work\=Sapo Tek\\|url\=https://tek.sapo.pt/noticias/computadores/artigos/recriacao\-de\-dakar\-em\-videojogo\-custou\-tres\-milhoes\-de\-euros\-a\-estudio\-portugues\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} being released for PS4, Xbox One, and PC in September 2018\.{{Cite news\\|last\=Gonçalves\\|first\=Aníbal\\|date\=3 July 2018\\|title\=Bigmoon Entertainment anuncia data de lançamento de DAKAR 18\\|work\=IGN Portugal\\|url\=https://pt.ign.com/dakar\-18/62943/news/bigmoon\-entertainment\-anuncia\-data\-de\-lancamento\-de\-dakar\-18\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} In 2019, Bigmoon worked with Saber Interactive to port [Call of Cthulhu](/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_%28video_game%29 "Call of Cthulhu (video game)") for the [Nintendo Switch](/wiki/Nintendo_Switch "Nintendo Switch").{{Cite news\\|last\=Lopez\\|first\=Azario\\|date\=12 April 2019\\|title\=Partnership Confirms 'Call of Cthulhu' and 'Vampyr' Switch Release Along With 2 New Ambitious Titles\\|work\=noisy pixel\\|url\=https://noisypixel.net/call\-of\-cthulhu\-and\-vampyr\-switch\-release\-2\-new\-ambitious\-titles/\\|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} After the success of Call of Cthulhu's development, Saber Interactive, and Bigmoon Entertainment entered into an acquisition agreement that was finalized in October 2019, Bigmoon's studio was then rebranded to Saber Interactive Porto (Saber Porto). In October 2021, Saber Porto revealed that they worked together with other Saber studios and [Crytek](/wiki/Crytek "Crytek") to participate in the remaster of the Crysis Remastered Trilogy.{{Cite news \\|last\=Taborda \\|first\=Gonçalo \\|date\=7 January 2022 \\|title\=De 0 a 10 \- Crysis Remastered Trilogy \\|work\=IGN Portugal \\|url\=https://pt.ign.com/crysis\-remastered\-trilogy/106355/interview/de\-0\-a\-10\-crysis\-remastered\-trilogy \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023}}{{Cite news \\|last\=Taborda \\|first\=Gonçalo \\|date\=15 October 2021 \\|title\=Crysis Remastered Trilogy \- Análise \\|work\=IGN Portugal \\|url\=https://pt.ign.com/crysis\-remastered\-trilogy/104790/review/crysis\-remastered\-trilogy\-analise \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023}} Saber Porto's first original IP, as part of Saber Interactive \\| Embracer Group, was announced on 10 December 2021 during the Saber Interactive showcase at [The Game Awards](/wiki/The_Game_Awards "The Game Awards"),{{Cite news \\|last\=Romano \\|first\=Sal \\|date\=8 December 2021 \\|title\=Saber Interactive to showcase five upcoming titles during The Game Awards 2021 and Twitch Winter Gathering \\|work\=Gematsu \\|url\=https://www.gematsu.com/2021/12/saber\-interactive\-to\-showcase\-five\-upcoming\-titles\-during\-the\-game\-awards\-2021\-and\-twitch\-winter\-gathering \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023}} the game title was presented as Dakar Desert Rally.{{Cite news \\|date\=13 December 2021 \\|title\=Dakar Desert Rally \- Reveal Trailer \\|work\=IGN \\|url\=https://www.ign.com/videos/dakar\-desert\-rally\-reveal\-trailer\-saber\-interactive\-showcase \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023}}{{Cite news \\|last\=Harrison\-Lord \\|first\=Thomas \\|date\=11 December 2021 \\|title\=Dakar Desert Rally is a new rally raid game, launches 2022 \\|work\=Traxion GG \\|url\=https://traxion.gg/dakar\-desert\-rally\-is\-a\-new\-expedition\-racing\-game\-launches\-2022/ \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023}}{{Cite news \\|last\=Boiston \\|first\=Alan \\|date\=13 December 2021 \\|title\=Dakar Desert Rally announced, epic map reading returns \\|work\=Team VVV \\|url\=https://www.teamvvv.com/news/dakar\-desert\-rally\-announced\-epic\-map\-reading\-returns/ \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023}} Dakar Desert Rally, the next installment for the [Dakar Rally](/wiki/Dakar_Rally "Dakar Rally") videogame franchise, received a date in the pre\-order trailer,{{Cite web \\|date\=17 August 2022 \\|title\=Dakar Desert Rally \- Pre\-Order Trailer \\|url\=https://www.ign.com/videos/dakar\-desert\-rally\-pre\-order\-trailer \\|access\-date\=10 May 2023 \\|website\=IGN}} and a gameplay video during a showcase at Gamescom 2022\.{{Cite news \\|date\=25 August 2022 \\|title\=Dakar Desert Rally \- Gameplay Overview Trailer \\|work\=IGN \\|url\=https://www.ign.com/videos/dakar\-desert\-rally\-gameplay\-overview\-trailer \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023}}{{Cite news \\|last\=Critix \\|first\=Par \\|date\=30 August 2022 \\|title\=Preview Dakar Desert Rally, gargantuesque ! \\|work\=IGN France \\|url\=https://fr.ign.com/dakar\-desert\-rally/61591/preview/preview\-dakar\-desert\-rally\-gargantuesque \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023}}{{Cite news \\|last\=Harrison\-Lord \\|first\=Thomas \\|date\=26 August 2022 \\|title\=Everything you need to know about Dakar Desert Rally \\|work\=Traxion GG \\|url\=https://traxion.gg/everything\-you\-need\-to\-know\-about\-dakar\-desert\-rally/ \\|access\-date\=5 May 2023}} The game was released on the defined date, 4 October 2022\.	[ "History\n-------", "### 2008–2014", "The company started in 2008 as Bigmoon Animation Studios, and developed TV animation series for kids. Its first production was TIC TAC TALES, a TV animation series with 39 episodes, created by Paulo J. Gomes and broadcast by [RTP](/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal \"Rádio e Televisão de Portugal\"),{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Tic Tac Tales\\\|url\\=https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p27107\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021\\\|website\\=RTP}} [RTP África](/wiki/RTP_%C3%81frica \"RTP África\"), [RTP Internacional](/wiki/RTP_Internacional \"RTP Internacional\"), and distributed in Europe by [Panini](/wiki/Panini_Group \"Panini Group\") Media in 2010, 2011, and 2012\\. In 2009, Bigmoon Animation Studios produced TV animation musicals for [Canal Panda](/wiki/Canal_Panda \"Canal Panda\") and distributed them on DVD by Info Capital with the title PIKABOO.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Pikaboo Musical: Menino\\\|url\\=https://www.fnac.pt/Pikaboo\\-Pikaboo\\-Musical\\-Menino/a3074\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021\\\|website\\=Fnac}}", "After the release of TIC TAC TALES, a second company was formed: Bigmoon Interactive Studios, which was developing the game version of TIC TAC TALES called D\\-TEAM: The Kidnapping of Professor Zig.{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Soares\\\|first\\=Jorge\\\|date\\=27 January 2012\\\|title\\=Imagens de D\\-TEAM: The kidnapping of Professor Zig\\\|work\\=Eurogamer Portugal\\\|url\\=https://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2012\\-01\\-27\\-imagens\\-de\\-d\\-team\\-the\\-kidnapping\\-of\\-professor\\-zig\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}}", "In 2012, Bigmoon Interactive Studios started working for [Milestone](/wiki/Milestone_%28Italian_company%29 \"Milestone (Italian company)\") ([WRC 3](/wiki/WRC_3 \"WRC 3\") and [WRC – THE GAME](/wiki/World_Rally_Championship_%28video_game_series%29 \"World Rally Championship (video game series)\")) and [bitComposer](/wiki/BitComposer_Interactive \"BitComposer Interactive\"), working in the game [North \\& South](/wiki/North_%26_South_%28video_game%29 \"North & South (video game)\"). After the success of both partnerships, Milestone contracted Bigmoon to create motorcycles for [MotoGP 13](/wiki/MotoGP_13 \"MotoGP 13\"), bitComposer asked it to work on [Jagged Alliance: Back in Action](/wiki/Jagged_Alliance:Back_in_Action \"Back in Action\"),{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Jagged Alliance: Back in Action\\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/games/jagged\\-alliance\\-back\\-in\\-action\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021\\\|website\\=IGN}} and OG Games contacted the company to develop My Health Club for mobile devices. In January 2013, when Bigmoon was finishing Jagged Alliance: Back in Action for [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\") and [Macintosh](/wiki/Macintosh \"Macintosh\"), a contract was signed with [Headup games](/wiki/Headup_Games \"Headup Games\") to develop a new PC action RPG game: Trapped Dead: Lockdown.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Trapped Dead: Lockdown\\\|url\\=https://www.gamepressure.com/games/trapped\\-dead\\-lockdown/zd444a\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021\\\|website\\=GamePressure}}{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Rita \\\|first\\=Ana \\\|date\\=20 March 2016 \\\|title\\=Videojogos. Estes mortos\\-vivos são portugueses e vão para a PlayStation 4 e XBox One \\\|work\\=Dinheiro Vivo \\\|url\\=https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/marketing\\-pub/videojogos\\-estes\\-mortos\\-vivos\\-sao\\-portugueses\\-e\\-vao\\-para\\-a\\-playstation\\-4\\-e\\-xbox\\-one\\-12666981\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023}}", "During [Gamescom](/wiki/Gamescom \"Gamescom\") 2013, bitComposer also hired Bigmoon to fix the multiple issues from Games Distillery's Citadels, that was released in July 2013\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Games Distillery \\\|url\\=https://visiongame.cz/studio/games\\-distillery/ \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023 \\\|website\\=Vision Game}}", "In December 2014, Bigmoon Interactive Studios received the information that its main publisher partner, bitComposer, entered insolvency,{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Staff\\\|first\\=MCV\\\|date\\=16 December 2014\\\|title\\=BitComposer files for insolvency\\\|work\\=MCV / DEVELOP\\\|url\\=https://www.mcvuk.com/development\\-news/bitcomposer\\-files\\-for\\-insolvency/\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}}{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Nutt\\\|first\\=Christian\\\|date\\=16 December 2014\\\|title\\=Publisher Bitcomposer files for bankruptcy\\\|work\\=Game Developer\\\|url\\=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/publisher\\-bitcomposer\\-files\\-for\\-bankruptcy\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}} canceling ongoing projects. Both companies, Bigmoon Interactive and Bigmoon Animation were extinct, becoming developer and publisher Bigmoon Entertainment.", "In the same year, [Maximum Games](/wiki/Maximum_Games \"Maximum Games\") contracted Bigmoon to develop the PS4 and Xbox One port from the PC game [Lichdom: Battlemage](/wiki/Lichdom:Battlemage \"Battlemage\") using [CryEngine](/wiki/CryEngine \"CryEngine\") 3\\.{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Partleton\\\|first\\=Kayleigh\\\|date\\=21 October 2019\\\|title\\=Saber Interactive snaps up Dakar 18 developer Bigmoon Entertainment\\\|work\\=PC Games Insider\\\|url\\=https://www.pcgamesinsider.biz/news/69853/saber\\-interactive\\-snaps\\-up\\-dakar\\-18\\-developer\\-bigmoon\\-entertainment/\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}} In June 2015, while Bigmoon was developing the console version for Lichdom, Maximum Games hired the company to complete and port [Alekhine's Gun](/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Gun_%28video_game%29 \"Alekhine's Gun (video game)\") to PS4 and Xbox One.", "### 2016–present", "In 2016, Bigmoon Entertainment released Alekhine's Gun and Lichdom: Battlemage, and started a new contract with [Astragon Entertainment](/wiki/Astragon \"Astragon\") to develop Police Simulator 18, later renamed Police Simulator: Patrol Duty.", "Bigmoon then started working with Camel 101 on the survival\\-horror game [Syndrome](/wiki/Syndrome_%28video_game%29 \"Syndrome (video game)\"){{Cite news\\\|last\\=Loureiro\\\|first\\=Jorge\\\|date\\=30 September 2015\\\|title\\=Syndrome, um Survival Horror feito por portugueses\\\|work\\=Eurogamer Portugal\\\|url\\=https://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2015\\-09\\-30\\-syndrome\\-um\\-survival\\-horror\\-feito\\-por\\-portugueses\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}}{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Mota\\\|first\\=Ricardo\\\|date\\=22 October 2016\\\|title\\=Syndrome: terror \"made in\" Portugal\\\|work\\=Observador\\\|url\\=https://observador.pt/2016/10/22/syndrome\\-terror\\-made\\-in\\-portugal/\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}} and individually in the classic RPG Demons Age.{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Loureiro\\\|first\\=Jorge\\\|date\\=30 July 2015\\\|title\\=Demons Age anunciado para PC, PS4 e Xbox One\\\|work\\=Eurogamer Portugal\\\|url\\=https://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2015\\-07\\-30\\-rpg\\-demons\\-age\\-pc\\-ps4\\-e\\-xbox\\-one\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}}{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Silvestre\\\|first\\=Daniel\\\|date\\=1 August 2015\\\|title\\=Demons Age da Bigmoon Entertainment é o próximo RPG feito em Portugal\\\|work\\=PróximoNível\\\|url\\=https://proximonivel.pt/demons\\-age\\-da\\-bigmoon\\-entertainment\\-e\\-o\\-proximo\\-rpg\\-feito\\-em\\-portugal/\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}}", "Bigmoon released its first self\\-publishing title Syndrome in September 2017\\.{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Galvão\\\|first\\=Bruno\\\|date\\=6 October 2017\\\|title\\=Jogo Português Syndrome já disponível\\\|work\\=Eurogamer Portugal\\\|url\\=https://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2017\\-10\\-06\\-jogo\\-portugues\\-syndrome\\-ja\\-disponivel\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}}", "By the end of 2016, Paulo Gomes wanted to bring a new game genre to the industry, and he created the Rally Raid racing subgenre, securing exclusive rights to develop and publish his own version of the [Dakar Rally](/wiki/Dakar_Rally \"Dakar Rally\"). In 2017, he entered into an agreement with [Koch Media](/wiki/Koch_Media \"Koch Media\") to proceed with [Dakar 18](/wiki/Dakar_18 \"Dakar 18\").{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Galvão\\\|first\\=Bruno\\\|date\\=25 September 2018\\\|title\\=DAKAR 18 da Portuguesa Bigmoon chega às lojas\\\|work\\=Eurogamer Portugal\\\|url\\=https://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2018\\-09\\-25\\-dakar\\-18\\-da\\-portuguesa\\-bigmoon\\-chega\\-as\\-lojas\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}} The game involved all the resources of the studio and was the biggest Portuguese investment in videogame development,{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Parreira\\\|first\\=Rui\\\|date\\=28 August 2018\\\|title\\=Recriação de Dakar em videojogo custou três milhões de euros a estúdio português\\\|work\\=Sapo Tek\\\|url\\=https://tek.sapo.pt/noticias/computadores/artigos/recriacao\\-de\\-dakar\\-em\\-videojogo\\-custou\\-tres\\-milhoes\\-de\\-euros\\-a\\-estudio\\-portugues\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}} being released for PS4, Xbox One, and PC in September 2018\\.{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Gonçalves\\\|first\\=Aníbal\\\|date\\=3 July 2018\\\|title\\=Bigmoon Entertainment anuncia data de lançamento de DAKAR 18\\\|work\\=IGN Portugal\\\|url\\=https://pt.ign.com/dakar\\-18/62943/news/bigmoon\\-entertainment\\-anuncia\\-data\\-de\\-lancamento\\-de\\-dakar\\-18\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}}", "In 2019, Bigmoon worked with Saber Interactive to port [Call of Cthulhu](/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_%28video_game%29 \"Call of Cthulhu (video game)\") for the [Nintendo Switch](/wiki/Nintendo_Switch \"Nintendo Switch\").{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Lopez\\\|first\\=Azario\\\|date\\=12 April 2019\\\|title\\=Partnership Confirms 'Call of Cthulhu' and 'Vampyr' Switch Release Along With 2 New Ambitious Titles\\\|work\\=noisy pixel\\\|url\\=https://noisypixel.net/call\\-of\\-cthulhu\\-and\\-vampyr\\-switch\\-release\\-2\\-new\\-ambitious\\-titles/\\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}} After the success of Call of Cthulhu's development, Saber Interactive, and Bigmoon Entertainment entered into an acquisition agreement that was finalized in October 2019, Bigmoon's studio was then rebranded to Saber Interactive Porto (Saber Porto).", "In October 2021, Saber Porto revealed that they worked together with other Saber studios and [Crytek](/wiki/Crytek \"Crytek\") to participate in the remaster of the Crysis Remastered Trilogy.{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Taborda \\\|first\\=Gonçalo \\\|date\\=7 January 2022 \\\|title\\=De 0 a 10 \\- Crysis Remastered Trilogy \\\|work\\=IGN Portugal \\\|url\\=https://pt.ign.com/crysis\\-remastered\\-trilogy/106355/interview/de\\-0\\-a\\-10\\-crysis\\-remastered\\-trilogy \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023}}{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Taborda \\\|first\\=Gonçalo \\\|date\\=15 October 2021 \\\|title\\=Crysis Remastered Trilogy \\- Análise \\\|work\\=IGN Portugal \\\|url\\=https://pt.ign.com/crysis\\-remastered\\-trilogy/104790/review/crysis\\-remastered\\-trilogy\\-analise \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023}} Saber Porto's first original IP, as part of Saber Interactive \\\| Embracer Group, was announced on 10 December 2021 during the Saber Interactive showcase at [The Game Awards](/wiki/The_Game_Awards \"The Game Awards\"),{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Romano \\\|first\\=Sal \\\|date\\=8 December 2021 \\\|title\\=Saber Interactive to showcase five upcoming titles during The Game Awards 2021 and Twitch Winter Gathering \\\|work\\=Gematsu \\\|url\\=https://www.gematsu.com/2021/12/saber\\-interactive\\-to\\-showcase\\-five\\-upcoming\\-titles\\-during\\-the\\-game\\-awards\\-2021\\-and\\-twitch\\-winter\\-gathering \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023}} the game title was presented as Dakar Desert Rally.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=13 December 2021 \\\|title\\=Dakar Desert Rally \\- Reveal Trailer \\\|work\\=IGN \\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/videos/dakar\\-desert\\-rally\\-reveal\\-trailer\\-saber\\-interactive\\-showcase \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023}}{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Harrison\\-Lord \\\|first\\=Thomas \\\|date\\=11 December 2021 \\\|title\\=Dakar Desert Rally is a new rally raid game, launches 2022 \\\|work\\=Traxion GG \\\|url\\=https://traxion.gg/dakar\\-desert\\-rally\\-is\\-a\\-new\\-expedition\\-racing\\-game\\-launches\\-2022/ \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023}}{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Boiston \\\|first\\=Alan \\\|date\\=13 December 2021 \\\|title\\=Dakar Desert Rally announced, epic map reading returns \\\|work\\=Team VVV \\\|url\\=https://www.teamvvv.com/news/dakar\\-desert\\-rally\\-announced\\-epic\\-map\\-reading\\-returns/ \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023}}", "Dakar Desert Rally, the next installment for the [Dakar Rally](/wiki/Dakar_Rally \"Dakar Rally\") videogame franchise, received a date in the pre\\-order trailer,{{Cite web \\\|date\\=17 August 2022 \\\|title\\=Dakar Desert Rally \\- Pre\\-Order Trailer \\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/videos/dakar\\-desert\\-rally\\-pre\\-order\\-trailer \\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2023 \\\|website\\=IGN}} and a gameplay video during a showcase at Gamescom 2022\\.{{Cite news \\\|date\\=25 August 2022 \\\|title\\=Dakar Desert Rally \\- Gameplay Overview Trailer \\\|work\\=IGN \\\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/videos/dakar\\-desert\\-rally\\-gameplay\\-overview\\-trailer \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023}}{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Critix \\\|first\\=Par \\\|date\\=30 August 2022 \\\|title\\=Preview Dakar Desert Rally, gargantuesque ! \\\|work\\=IGN France \\\|url\\=https://fr.ign.com/dakar\\-desert\\-rally/61591/preview/preview\\-dakar\\-desert\\-rally\\-gargantuesque \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023}}{{Cite news \\\|last\\=Harrison\\-Lord \\\|first\\=Thomas \\\|date\\=26 August 2022 \\\|title\\=Everything you need to know about Dakar Desert Rally \\\|work\\=Traxion GG \\\|url\\=https://traxion.gg/everything\\-you\\-need\\-to\\-know\\-about\\-dakar\\-desert\\-rally/ \\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2023}} The game was released on the defined date, 4 October 2022\\.", "" ]
In popular culture ------------------ The 1930 [D. W. Griffith](/wiki/D._W._Griffith "D. W. Griffith") film [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_%281930_film%29 "Abraham Lincoln (1930 film)") features Rutledge as a main character, played by [Una Merkel](/wiki/Una_Merkel "Una Merkel"). Actress [Pauline Moore](/wiki/Pauline_Moore "Pauline Moore") plays Ann Rutledge in John Ford's 1939 film [Young Mr. Lincoln](/wiki/Young_Mr._Lincoln "Young Mr. Lincoln"). Following Ann's death, Lincoln ([Henry Fonda](/wiki/Henry_Fonda "Henry Fonda")) visits her graveside and makes the fateful decision to leave home and pursue a law practice in Springfield. Actress [Mary Howard](/wiki/Mary_Howard_de_Liagre "Mary Howard de Liagre") played Ann Rutledge in [John Cromwell](/wiki/John_Cromwell_%28director%29 "John Cromwell (director)")'s 1940 film [Abe Lincoln in Illinois](/wiki/Abe_Lincoln_in_Illinois_%28film%29 "Abe Lincoln in Illinois (film)"). The film was adaptation of a [play](/wiki/Abe_Lincoln_in_Illinois_%28play%29 "Abe Lincoln in Illinois (play)") where Rutledge was played on [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") by [Adele Longmire](/wiki/Adele_Longmire "Adele Longmire"). It was revived on Broadway in 1993–94 with Rutledge portrayed by Marissa Chibas. The February 13, 1949, episode of the radio series [Quiet Please](/wiki/Quiet%2C_Please "Quiet, Please") entitled "Valentine"{{Cite web \\|title\=Valentine Script \- Quiet Please \\|url\=https://www.quietplease.org/episodes/valentine\-87\.html \\|access\-date\=February 19, 2024 \\|website\=www.quietplease.org}} tells a fictionalized version of the romance between Ann Rutledge ([Anne Seymour](/wiki/Anne_Seymour_%28actress%29 "Anne Seymour (actress)")) and Abraham Lincoln ([Ernest Chappell](/wiki/Ernest_Chappell "Ernest Chappell")). Narrated by Abe, he tells of his journeys away from home where Annie has been awaiting his return for many months. Promising himself he will "write her back tomorrow," he never followed through and wonders how he will be able to face her after being away so long without communication. As he nears home, he stops to purchase a Valentine for her, but is interrupted when she arrives at the store. He hides, and she purchases the last remaining Valentine for him. They proclaim their love for each other later that day. The episode was written by [Wyllis Cooper](/wiki/Wyllis_Cooper "Wyllis Cooper") and also featured Jack Arthur as Offutt and [Leora Thatcher](/wiki/Leora_Thatcher "Leora Thatcher") as Hannah, with music by Albert Buhrmann.{{Cite web \\|title\=Valentine Script \- Quiet Please \\|url\=https://www.quietplease.org/scripts/valentine\-87\.html \\|access\-date\=February 19, 2024 \\|website\=www.quietplease.org}} The Lincoln\-Rutledge relationship plays an important part in the growth of Lincoln in [Seth Grahame\-Smith](/wiki/Seth_Grahame-Smith "Seth Grahame-Smith")'s novel [Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%2C_Vampire_Hunter_%28novel%29 "Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter (novel)"). In it, MacNamar is a [vampire](/wiki/Vampire "Vampire"). When he learns that Rutledge has fallen in love with Lincoln, he returns to New Salem and kills her by infecting her. The symptoms of her infection resemble those of typhoid fever. An earlier, more traditional novel on the subject is [Bernie Babcock](/wiki/Bernie_Babcock "Bernie Babcock")'s The Soul of Ann Rutledge, Abraham Lincoln's Romance, published in 1919\. In the 2016 TV movie series [Signed, Sealed and Delivered](/wiki/Signed%2C_Sealed%2C_Delivered_%28TV_series%29 "Signed, Sealed, Delivered (TV series)"), in episode 6 "From the Heart," the Postables find a valentine from Ann to Abe telling him goodbye, and the episode mentions Abe's visiting her while she was ill.	[ "In popular culture\n------------------", "The 1930 [D. W. Griffith](/wiki/D._W._Griffith \"D. W. Griffith\") film [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_%281930_film%29 \"Abraham Lincoln (1930 film)\") features Rutledge as a main character, played by [Una Merkel](/wiki/Una_Merkel \"Una Merkel\").", "Actress [Pauline Moore](/wiki/Pauline_Moore \"Pauline Moore\") plays Ann Rutledge in John Ford's 1939 film [Young Mr. Lincoln](/wiki/Young_Mr._Lincoln \"Young Mr. Lincoln\"). Following Ann's death, Lincoln ([Henry Fonda](/wiki/Henry_Fonda \"Henry Fonda\")) visits her graveside and makes the fateful decision to leave home and pursue a law practice in Springfield.", "Actress [Mary Howard](/wiki/Mary_Howard_de_Liagre \"Mary Howard de Liagre\") played Ann Rutledge in [John Cromwell](/wiki/John_Cromwell_%28director%29 \"John Cromwell (director)\")'s 1940 film [Abe Lincoln in Illinois](/wiki/Abe_Lincoln_in_Illinois_%28film%29 \"Abe Lincoln in Illinois (film)\"). The film was adaptation of a [play](/wiki/Abe_Lincoln_in_Illinois_%28play%29 \"Abe Lincoln in Illinois (play)\") where Rutledge was played on [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") by [Adele Longmire](/wiki/Adele_Longmire \"Adele Longmire\"). It was revived on Broadway in 1993–94 with Rutledge portrayed by Marissa Chibas.", "The February 13, 1949, episode of the radio series [Quiet Please](/wiki/Quiet%2C_Please \"Quiet, Please\") entitled \"Valentine\"{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Valentine Script \\- Quiet Please \\\|url\\=https://www.quietplease.org/episodes/valentine\\-87\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2024 \\\|website\\=www.quietplease.org}} tells a fictionalized version of the romance between Ann Rutledge ([Anne Seymour](/wiki/Anne_Seymour_%28actress%29 \"Anne Seymour (actress)\")) and Abraham Lincoln ([Ernest Chappell](/wiki/Ernest_Chappell \"Ernest Chappell\")). Narrated by Abe, he tells of his journeys away from home where Annie has been awaiting his return for many months. Promising himself he will \"write her back tomorrow,\" he never followed through and wonders how he will be able to face her after being away so long without communication. As he nears home, he stops to purchase a Valentine for her, but is interrupted when she arrives at the store. He hides, and she purchases the last remaining Valentine for him. They proclaim their love for each other later that day. The episode was written by [Wyllis Cooper](/wiki/Wyllis_Cooper \"Wyllis Cooper\") and also featured Jack Arthur as Offutt and [Leora Thatcher](/wiki/Leora_Thatcher \"Leora Thatcher\") as Hannah, with music by Albert Buhrmann.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Valentine Script \\- Quiet Please \\\|url\\=https://www.quietplease.org/scripts/valentine\\-87\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2024 \\\|website\\=www.quietplease.org}}", "The Lincoln\\-Rutledge relationship plays an important part in the growth of Lincoln in [Seth Grahame\\-Smith](/wiki/Seth_Grahame-Smith \"Seth Grahame-Smith\")'s novel [Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%2C_Vampire_Hunter_%28novel%29 \"Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter (novel)\"). In it, MacNamar is a [vampire](/wiki/Vampire \"Vampire\"). When he learns that Rutledge has fallen in love with Lincoln, he returns to New Salem and kills her by infecting her. The symptoms of her infection resemble those of typhoid fever.", "An earlier, more traditional novel on the subject is [Bernie Babcock](/wiki/Bernie_Babcock \"Bernie Babcock\")'s The Soul of Ann Rutledge, Abraham Lincoln's Romance, published in 1919\\.", "In the 2016 TV movie series [Signed, Sealed and Delivered](/wiki/Signed%2C_Sealed%2C_Delivered_%28TV_series%29 \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered (TV series)\"), in episode 6 \"From the Heart,\" the Postables find a valentine from Ann to Abe telling him goodbye, and the episode mentions Abe's visiting her while she was ill.", "" ]
Nominations ----------- ### Democratic Party nomination {{main\\|1948 Democratic National Convention}} {{further\\|Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign}} \|[65px\\|center\\|link\=Democratic Party (United States)\\|Democratic Party (United States)](/wiki/File:Democratic_Disc.svg "Democratic Disc.svg")1948 Democratic Party ticket \|[{{color\\|white\\|Harry S. Truman}}](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") [{{color\\|white\\|Alben W. Barkley}}](/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley "Alben W. Barkley") \|*for President* *for Vice President* \| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg "Harry S Truman, bw half-length photo portrait, facing front, 1945 (cropped).jpg") \| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Alben_Barkley%2C_Vice-President.jpg "Alben Barkley, Vice-President.jpg") \| \| [33rd](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of presidents of the United States")[President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States")(1945–1953\) \| [U.S. Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") from [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky")(1927–1949\) \| \| [Campaign](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign "Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign") \| \| \| File:Harry F. Byrd (cropped).jpg\\|\[\[United States Senate\\|Senator]]\<br /\>'''\[\[Harry F. Byrd]]'''\<br /\> from \[\[Virginia]] File:James F. Byrnes cph.3c32232\.jpg\\|\[\[United States Secretary of State\\|Secretary]]\<br /\>'''\[\[James F. Byrnes]]'''\<br /\> from \[\[South Carolina]] File:William Alexander Julian \- April 18, 1938\.jpg\\|\[\[Treasurer of the United States\\|Treasurer]]\<br /\>'''\[\[William Alexander Julian]]'''\<br /\> from \[\[Ohio]] File:Harley M. Kilgore.jpg\\|\[\[United States Senate\\|Senator]]\<br /\>''' \[\[Harley Martin Kilgore\\|Harley M. Kilgore]]'''\<br /\> from \[\[West Virginia]] File:Paul V McNutt Oct 1941\.jpg\\|\[\[High Commissioner to the Philippines\\|High Commissioner]]\<br /\>'''\[\[Paul V. McNutt]]'''\<br /\> from \[\[Indiana]] File:Claude Denson Pepper.jpg\\|\[\[United States Senate\\|Senator]]\<br /\>'''\[\[Claude Pepper]]'''\<br /\> from \[\[Florida]] File:James A. Roe (New York Congressman).jpg\\|\[\[United States House of Representatives\\|U.S. Representative]]\<br /\> '''\[\[James A. Roe]]'''\<br /\> from \[\[New York (state)\\|New York]] File:Richard Brevard Russell.jpg\\|\[\[United States Senate\\|Senator]]\<br /\> '''\[\[Richard Russell Jr.]]'''\<br /\> from \[\[Georgia (U.S. state)\\|Georgia]] File:Harry S Truman, bw half\-length photo portrait, facing front, 1945 (cropped).jpg\\|\[\[President of the United States\\|President]]\<br /\> '''\[\[Harry S. Truman]]'''\<br /\> from \[\[Missouri]] File:33 Henry Wallace 3x4\.jpg\\|Former \[\[Vice President of the United States\\|vice president]]\<br /\>'''\[\[Henry A. Wallace]]'''\<br /\> from \[\[Iowa]] File:General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower 1947\.jpg\\|Former \[\[Chief of Staff of the United States Army\\|Chief of Staff of the Army]], \[\[General of the Army (United States)\\|General of the Army]] '''\[\[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' from \[\[New York (state)\\|New York]] \<small\>(declined – January 24, 1948\)\</small\> On July 12, the [Democratic National Convention](/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention "1948 Democratic National Convention") convened in Philadelphia in the [same arena](/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention_Hall_and_Civic_Center "Philadelphia Convention Hall and Civic Center") where the Republicans had met a few weeks earlier. Spirits were low; the Republicans had taken control of both houses of the [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") and a majority of state governorships during the 1946 mid\-term elections, and the public opinion polls showed Truman trailing Republican nominee Dewey, sometimes by double digits. Furthermore, some liberal Democrats had joined [Henry A. Wallace](/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace "Henry A. Wallace")'s new Progressive Party, and party leaders feared that Wallace would take enough votes from Truman to give the large Northern and Midwestern states to the Republicans. Conservatives dominated the party in the South, and they were angered by the growing voice of labor unions and black voters in the party outside the South. The hope that Truman would reverse course faded when he vetoed the [Taft\-Hartley Law](/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Law "Taft-Hartley Law"), which sought to reduce the power of labor unions. Congress voted to override Truman's veto, and the [Taft\-Hartley Law](/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Law "Taft-Hartley Law") went into effect on June 23, 1947\. Finally, Truman's appointment of a liberal [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement "Civil rights movement") commission convinced Southern conservatives that to re\-establish their voice they had to threaten [third\-party](/wiki/Third_party_%28United_States%29 "Third party (United States)") action to defeat Truman in 1948\.Robert A. Garson, "The Alienation of the South: A Crisis for Harry S. Truman and the Democratic Party, 1945\-1948", Missouri Historical Review, (July 1970\) 64\#4 pp. 448–471 [Alexander F. Whitney](/wiki/Alexander_F._Whitney "Alexander F. Whitney"), who was previously critical of Truman and threatened to finance a third\-party campaign, praised him after Truman vetoed the Taft–Hartley Act and stated that the veto "vindicated him in the eyes of labor". Whitney and [Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railroad_Trainmen "Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen") had been supporters of Wallace since the 1944 convention. Wallace stated that he wanted "to work within the Democratic party realm" in September 1947\.{{sfn\\|Schmidt\\|1960\\|p\=33}} Truman was aware of his unpopularity. In July 1947, he privately offered to be Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination, an offer that Eisenhower declined. Truman's offer to Eisenhower did not become public knowledge during the campaign."[Truman Wrote of '48 Offer to Eisenhower](https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/11/us/truman-wrote-of-48-offer-to-eisenhower.html?fta=y)" The New York Times, July 11, 2003\. As a result of Truman's low standing in the polls, several Democratic party bosses began working to "dump" Truman and nominate a more popular candidate. Among the leaders of this movement were [Jacob Arvey](/wiki/Jacob_Arvey "Jacob Arvey"), the head of the powerful Cook County (Chicago) Democratic organization; [Frank Hague](/wiki/Frank_Hague "Frank Hague"), the boss of New Jersey; [James Roosevelt](/wiki/James_Roosevelt "James Roosevelt"), the eldest son of former President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt"); and liberal Senator [Claude Pepper](/wiki/Claude_Pepper "Claude Pepper") from Florida. The rebels hoped to draft Eisenhower as the Democratic presidential candidate. On July 10, Eisenhower officially refused to be a candidate. There was then an attempt to put forward Supreme Court Justice [William O. Douglas](/wiki/William_O._Douglas "William O. Douglas"), but Douglas also declared that he would not be a presidential candidate. Finally, Senator Pepper declared his intention to challenge Truman for the presidential nomination. His candidacy collapsed when the liberal [Americans for Democratic Action](/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action "Americans for Democratic Action") and the [Congress of Industrial Organizations](/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations "Congress of Industrial Organizations") withheld their support, partly due to concerns over Pepper's attacks on Truman's foreign policy decisions regarding the Soviet Union. As a result of the refusal by most of the dump\-Truman delegates to support him, Pepper withdrew his candidacy for the nomination on July 16\. Lacking a candidate acceptable to all sides, the leaders of the dump\-Truman movement reluctantly agreed to support Truman for the nomination. #### Democratic Convention At the Democratic Convention, Truman initially proposed a [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_rights "Civil rights") plank to the party platform that moderated the strong vocal support for civil rights that he had expressed at the NAACP convention in 1947, and to Congress in February 1948\. This proposal disappointed Northern and Western liberals who wanted more swift and sweeping reforms in civil rights, but it also failed to placate Southern conservatives, and both sides decided to present their own amendments and proposals to Truman's civil rights plank.{{cite book\\|author\=Michael R. Gardner\\|title\=Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=N3Ypq7AqtxQC\&pg\=PA96\\|year\=2003\\|publisher\=Southern Illinois University Press\\|page\=96\\|isbn\=9780809388967}}{{cite book\\|author\=Jon E. Taylor\\|title\=Freedom to Serve: Truman, Civil Rights, and Executive Order 9981 \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=oX8cC3CsQJYC\&pg\=PA94\\|year\=2012\\|publisher\=Routledge\\|page\=94\\|isbn\=9780415894494}} Former Texas Governor [Dan Moody](/wiki/Dan_Moody "Dan Moody") proposed a plank that supported the status quo of states' rights; a similar but shorter proposal was made by Cecil Sims of the Tennessee delegation.{{cite news\\|author\=Max Hall\\|title\=State's Right Plank Defeated\\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=266\&dat\=19480714\&id\=\_94rAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=1589,4396150\\|date\=July 14, 1948\\|newspaper\=Kentucky New Era\\|page\=8}} On the liberal side, Wisconsin Representative [Andrew Biemiller](/wiki/Andrew_Biemiller "Andrew Biemiller") proposed a strong civil rights plank that was more explicit and direct in its language than Truman's convention proposal.{{cite book\\|author\=Michael R. Gardner\\|title\=Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=N3Ypq7AqtxQC\&pg\=PA97\\|year\=2003\\|publisher\=Southern Illinois University Press\\|page\=97\\|isbn\=9780809388967}} Minneapolis Mayor [Hubert Humphrey](/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey") led the support for the Biemiller plank. In his speech to the convention, Humphrey memorably stated that "the time has come for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights!"{{cite book\\|author\=Carl Solberg\\|title\=Hubert Humphrey: A Biography\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wzGabQcvDvcC\&pg\=PA17\\|year\=2003\\|publisher\=Minnesota Historical Society Press\\|page\=17\\|isbn\=9780873514736}} Truman and his staff knew it was highly likely that any civil rights plank would lead to Southern delegates staging a walk\-out in protest, but Truman believed that civil rights was an important moral cause and ultimately abandoned his advisers' attempts to "soften the approach" with the moderate plank; so the President supported and defended the "Crackpot" Biemiller plank, which passed by 651\.5 votes to 582\.5\.{{cite book\\|author\=Michael R. Gardner\\|title\=Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=N3Ypq7AqtxQC\&pg\=PA98\\|year\=2003\\|publisher\=Southern Illinois University Press\\|pages\=98–99\\|isbn\=9780809388967}} It also received strong support from many of the big\-city party bosses, most of whom felt that the civil rights platform would encourage the growing black population in their cities to vote for the Democrats.(Ross, pp. 124–125\) The passage of the civil rights platform caused some three dozen Southern delegates, led by South Carolina Governor [Strom Thurmond](/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond"), to walk out of the convention. The Southern delegates who remained nominated Senator [Richard Russell Jr.](/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr. "Richard Russell Jr.") from Georgia for the Democratic nomination as a rebuke to Truman. Nonetheless, 947 Democratic delegates voted for Truman as the Democratic nominee, while Russell received only 266 votes, all from the South. Truman's first choice for his running mate was Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, hoping that it might make the ticket more appealing to liberals. Douglas refused the nomination. Needing an alternative, Truman then selected Senator [Alben W. Barkley](/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley "Alben W. Barkley") from [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky"), who had delivered the convention's [keynote address](/wiki/Keynote_address "Keynote address"), as his running mate, and Barkley was nominated by acclamation.{{cite journal \\|first\=Harvard \\|last\=Sitkoff \\|title\=Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics \\|journal\=\[\[Journal of Southern History]] \\|volume\=37 \\|issue\=4 \\|year\=1971 \\|pages\=597–616 \\|jstor\=2206548 \\|doi\=10\.2307/2206548 }} Truman gave a fighting acceptance speech, he stated that "Senator Barkley and I will win this election and make the Republicans like it – don't you forget it!... We will do that because they are wrong and we are right."(Ross, p. 129\) He claimed that the Republican Party had, "ever since its inception...been under the control of special privilege; and they have completely proved it in the Eightieth Congress."(Ross, p. 131\) At the end of the speech, the "delegates rose to their feet and cheered loudly for two minutes...for a moment Truman had created the illusion – few regarded it as more than an illusion – that the Democrats had a fighting chance in November."(Ross, p. 130\) \| \+ Balloting \| \| Presidential ballot \| \| Vice presidential ballot \| \| \| [Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") \| 947\.5 \| [Alben W. Barkley](/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley "Alben W. Barkley") \| 1,234 \| \| [Richard Russell Jr.](/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr. "Richard Russell Jr.") \| 266 \| \| \| \| [James A. Roe](/wiki/James_A._Roe "James A. Roe") \| 15 \| \| \| \| [Paul V. McNutt](/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt "Paul V. McNutt") \| 2 \| \| \| \| [Alben W. Barkley](/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley "Alben W. Barkley") \| 1 \| \| \| ### Republican Party nomination {{main\\|Republican Party presidential primaries, 1948}} {{further\\|1948 Republican National Convention}} \|[65px\\|center\\|link\=Republican Party (United States)\\|Republican Party (United States)](/wiki/File:Republican_Disc.svg "Republican Disc.svg")1948 Republican Party ticket \|[{{color\\|white\\|Thomas E. Dewey}}](/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey") [{{color\\|white\\|Earl Warren}}](/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren") *for President* *for Vice President* \| [center\\|150x150px](/wiki/File:Thomas_Dewey.jpg "Thomas Dewey.jpg") \| [center\\|150x150px](/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor.jpg "Earl Warren Portrait, half figure, seated, facing front, as Governor.jpg") \| \| [47th](/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York "List of governors of New York")[Governor of New York](/wiki/Governor_of_New_York "Governor of New York")(1943–1954\) \| [30th](/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California "List of governors of California")[Governor of California](/wiki/Governor_of_California "Governor of California")(1943–1953\) \| \| File:Thomas Dewey.jpg\\|\[\[Governor of New York\\|Governor]]\<br\>'''\[\[Thomas E. Dewey]]'''\<br\>of \[\[New York (state)\\|New York]] File:RobertATaft83rdCongress (1\) (cropped).png\\|\[\[United States Senate\\|Senator]]\<br\>'''\[\[Robert A. Taft]]'''\<br\>from \[\[Ohio]] File:Former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota \- Harris \& Ewing (cropped).jpg\\|Former \[\[Governor of Minnesota\\|Governor]]\<br\>'''\[\[Harold Stassen]]'''\<br\>of \[\[Minnesota]] File:VANDENBURG, ARTHUR H. SENATOR LCCN2016862580 (cropped).jpg\\|\[\[President pro tempore of the United States Senate\\|President Pro Tempore]]\<br\>'''\[\[Arthur H. Vandenberg]]'''\<br\>of \[\[Michigan]] File:Earl Warren Portrait, half figure, seated, facing front, as Governor.jpg\\|\[\[Governor of California\\|Governor]]\<br\>'''\[\[Earl Warren]]'''\<br\>of \[\[California]] File:MacArthur Manila (cropped).jpg\\|Former \[\[Chief of Staff of the United States Army\\|Chief of Staff of the Army]], \[\[General of the Army (United States)\\|General of the Army]]\<br\>'''\[\[Douglas MacArthur]]'''\<br\>from \[\[New York (state)\\|New York]] File:Joseph W. Martin LCCN2016876937 (3\).jpg\\|\[\[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]\<br\>'''\[\[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]]''',\<br\>from \[\[Massachusetts]] File:General\_of\_the\_Army\_Dwight\_D.\_Eisenhower\_1947\.jpg\\|Former \[\[Chief of Staff of the United States Army\\|Chief of Staff of the Army]], \[\[General of the Army (United States)\\|General of the Army]] '''\[\[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'''\<br\>from \[\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\<small\>(declined – January 24, 1948\)\</small\> File:John William Bricker (Gov., Sen. OH).jpg\\|Senator\<br\>'''\[\[John W. Bricker]]'''\<br\>from \[\[Ohio]]\<br\>\<small\>(declined – endorsed Taft)\</small\> For both Republicans and Democrats, there were movements of support for General [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower"), the most popular general of World War II and a favorite in the polls. Unlike the latter movement within the Democratic Party, however, the Republican draft movement came largely from the grassroots of the party. By January 23, 1948, the grassroots movement had successfully entered Eisenhower's name into every state holding a Republican presidential primary, and polls gave him a significant lead against all other contenders. With the first state primary approaching, Eisenhower was forced to make a quick decision. Stating that soldiers should keep out of politics, Eisenhower declined to run and requested that the grassroots draft movement cease its activities. After a number of failed efforts to get Eisenhower to reconsider, the organization disbanded, with the majority of its leadership endorsing the presidential campaign of the former Governor of [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota"), [Harold Stassen](/wiki/Harold_Stassen "Harold Stassen"). With Eisenhower refusing to run, the contest for the Republican nomination was between Stassen, New York Governor [Thomas E. Dewey](/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey"), Senator [Robert A. Taft](/wiki/Robert_A._Taft "Robert A. Taft") from Ohio, California Governor [Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren"), General [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur"), and Senator [Arthur H. Vandenberg](/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg "Arthur H. Vandenberg") from Michigan, the senior Republican in the Senate. Dewey, who had been the Republican nominee in [1944](/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election "1944 United States presidential election"), was regarded as the frontrunner when the primaries began. Dewey was the acknowledged leader of the Republican Party's [Eastern Establishment](/wiki/Eastern_Establishment "Eastern Establishment"). In 1946 he had been re\-elected governor of New York by the largest margin in state history. Dewey's handicap was that many Republicans disliked him on a personal level; he often struck observers as cold, stiff, and calculating. Taft was the leader of the Republican Party's conservative wing, which was strongest in the Midwest and parts of the South. Taft called for abolishing many [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal") welfare programs, which he felt were harmful to business interests, and he was skeptical of American involvement in foreign alliances such as the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations"). Taft had two major weaknesses: He was a plodding, dull campaigner, and he was viewed by most party leaders as being too conservative and controversial to win a presidential election.{{cite book \\|author\=James T. Patterson \\|title\=Mr. Republican: a biography of Robert A. Taft \\|url\=https://archive.org/details/mrrepublicanbiog00patt\_0 \\|url\-access\=registration \\|year\=1972 \\|publisher\=Houghton Mifflin \\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/mrrepublicanbiog00patt\_0/page/399 399]–408 \\|isbn\=9780395139387}} Both Vandenberg and Warren were highly popular in their home states, but each refused to campaign in the primaries, which limited their chances of winning the nomination. Their supporters, however, hoped that in the event of a Dewey\-Taft\-Stassen deadlock, the convention would turn to their man as a compromise candidate. General MacArthur, the famous war hero, was especially popular among conservatives. Since he was serving in Japan as the [Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers](/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers "Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers") occupying that nation, he was unable to campaign for the nomination. He did make it known, however, that he would accept the GOP nomination if it were offered to him, and some conservative Republicans hoped that by winning a primary contest he could prove his popularity with voters. They chose to enter his name in the Wisconsin primary.Howard B. Schonberger, "The General and the Presidency: Douglas MacArthur and the Election of 1948", Wisconsin Magazine of History, (Spring 1974\) 57\#3 pp. 201–219 His candidacy was enthusiastically supported by [William Randolph Hearst](/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst "William Randolph Hearst") in all of his newspapers. The "surprise" candidate of 1948 was Stassen, a liberal from Minnesota.Alec Kirby, "'A Major Contender': Harold Stassen and the Politics of American Presidential Nominations", Minnesota History, (Dec 1996\) 55\#4 pp. 150–165 In 1938, Stassen had been elected governor of Minnesota at the age of 31; he resigned as governor in 1943 to serve in the wartime Navy. In 1945 he served on the committee that created the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations"). Stassen was widely regarded as the most liberal of the Republican candidates, yet during the primaries he was criticized for being vague on many issues. Stassen stunned Dewey and MacArthur in the Wisconsin primary; Stassen's surprise victory virtually eliminated General MacArthur, whose supporters had made a major effort on his behalf. Stassen defeated Dewey again in the Nebraska primary, thus making him the new frontrunner. He then made the strategic mistake of trying to beat Taft in Ohio, Taft's home state. Stassen believed that if he could defeat Taft in his home state, Taft would be forced to quit the race and most of Taft's delegates would support him instead of Dewey. Taft defeated Stassen in his native Ohio, and Stassen earned the hostility of the party's conservatives. Even so, Stassen was still leading Dewey in the polls for the upcoming Oregon primary. Dewey, however, realized that losing another primary would end his chances at the nomination, and he decided to make an all\-out effort in Oregon.(Smith, pp. 488\-489\) In April 1948, Dewey sent Paul Lockwood, one of his top aides, to build a strong grassroots organization in the state. Working with $150,000 sent by Dewey's powerful New York political organization (three times the previous record spent in an Oregon primary), Lockwood paid "for 126 billboards, hundreds of sixty\-second radio spots on every station in the state, and half\-hour broadcasts each noon...The daily [Portland Oregonian](/wiki/Portland_Oregonian "Portland Oregonian") carried five Dewey advertisements a day."(Smith, p. 489\) Dewey also extensively campaigned in Oregon, spending three weeks in the state. He "invaded every hamlet, no matter how isolated, speaking at rural crossroads and shaking hands in hamburger stands. One journalist commented that Dewey was the greatest explorer of Oregon since [Lewis and Clark](/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark "Lewis and Clark")."(Abels, p. 57\) Dewey also agreed to debate Stassen in Oregon on national radio. Held on May 17, 1948, it was the first\-ever [radio debate](/wiki/Dewey%E2%80%93Stassen_debate "Dewey–Stassen debate") between presidential candidates. The sole issue of the debate concerned whether to outlaw the [Communist Party of the United States](/wiki/Communist_Party_USA "Communist Party USA"). Stassen, despite his liberal reputation, argued in favor of outlawing the party, stating his belief that a network of Soviet\-directed Communist spies "within the U.S. demanded immediate, and punitive, response...Why did Dewey oppose such a ban? Stassen wanted to know."(Smith, pp. 492\-493\) "We must not coddle Communism with legality", Stassen insisted. Dewey \- while criticizing Communist totalitarianism and Soviet actions in the Cold War \- still forcefully argued against banning the Communist Party: "This outlawing idea is nothing new...for thousands of years despots have tortured, imprisoned, killed, and exiled their opponents, and their governments have always fallen into the dust."(Smith, p. 493\) Dewey ended his turn in the debate by stating that "I am unalterably, wholeheartedly, and unswervingly against any scheme to write laws outlawing people because of their religious, political, social, or economic ideas. I am against it because it is a violation of the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights...I am against it because I know from a great many years of experience in law enforcement that the proposal wouldn't work. Stripped to its naked essentials...this is nothing but the method of Hitler and Stalin. It is thought control...an attempt to beat down ideas with a club. It is a surrender of everything we believe in." Surveys showed that from 40 to 80 million people nationwide listened to the debate, and most observers rated Dewey as the winner.(Smith, pp. 492\-494\) Four days after the debate, Dewey defeated Stassen in the Oregon primary.(Smith, p. 494\) From this point forward, the New York governor had the momentum he needed to win his party's nomination for a second straight time.Tom Swafford, "The Last Real Presidential Debate", American Heritage, Feb/Mar 1986, Vol. 37 Issue 2, pp. 66–71 #### Republican Convention The [1948 Republican National Convention](/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention "1948 Republican National Convention") was held in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), Pennsylvania. It was the first presidential convention to be shown on national television. At this time, there were 27 television stations in full operation in the U.S. and an estimated 350,000 TV sets in the whole country. As the convention opened, Dewey was believed to have a large lead in the delegate count.(Patterson, p. 411\) His campaign managers, such as [Herbert Brownell Jr.](/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr. "Herbert Brownell Jr."), [Edwin Jaeckle](/wiki/Edwin_Jaeckle "Edwin Jaeckle"), and [J. Russell Sprague](/wiki/J._Russell_Sprague "J. Russell Sprague"), were "as skillful a group of operators as ever manipulated a convention...it was said at the convention that the Dewey forces "could have won even with Taft" as their candidate."(Abels, pp. 63\-64\) His main opponent, Senator Taft, was hobbled by an ineffective campaign team that one writer called "bumblers", and another historian noted that Taft's campaign manager, Ohio Congressman [Clarence J. Brown](/wiki/Clarence_J._Brown "Clarence J. Brown"), "seemed no match for Herbert Brownell...while the Dewey forces were busy flattering delegates and hinting at promises of patronage, Brown was still worrying about such mundane matters as hotel rooms and seats in the gallery for his friends."(Patterson, p. 410\) Taft and Stassen, Dewey's leading opponents, met in Taft's hotel suite to plan a "stop\-Dewey" movement. A key obstacle soon developed, however, as both men refused to unite behind a single candidate to oppose Dewey: "The essence of their impasse was simple. Neither Stassen nor Taft hated Dewey enough to withdraw \[in favor of the other], and neither man thought he could get his delegates to follow if he did." Instead, both Taft and Stassen, along with Senator Vandenberg, simply agreed to try to hold their own delegates in the hopes of preventing Dewey from obtaining a majority. This proved to be futile, as Dewey's efficient campaign team methodically gathered the remaining delegates they needed to win the nomination. Stassen tried to contact General Eisenhower to ask him to reconsider becoming a candidate, but Eisenhower "could not be reached."(Abels, pp. 64\-65\) After the second round of balloting, Dewey was only 33 votes short of victory. Taft then called Stassen and urged him to withdraw from the race and endorse him as Dewey's main opponent. When Stassen refused, Taft wrote a concession statement and had it read to the convention at the start of the third ballot; at this point the other candidates also dropped out, and Dewey was then nominated unanimously by [acclamation](/wiki/Acclamation "Acclamation").(Abels, p. 65\) Dewey's campaign team originally wanted Illinois Governor [Dwight Green](/wiki/Dwight_Green "Dwight Green") to be his running mate, but the opposition of Colonel [Robert R. McCormick](/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick "Robert R. McCormick"), the powerful publisher of the [Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "Chicago Tribune"), nixed his chances. According to journalist Jules Abels, Dewey managers Brownell, Sprague, and Jaeckle then appeared to offer the vice\-presidential nomination to influential Indiana Congressman [Charles Halleck](/wiki/Charles_Halleck "Charles Halleck"), in exchange for Halleck delivering the entire Indiana delegation to Dewey. Halleck did so, but Dewey, who had not been present at the meeting between his managers and Halleck, decided to reject his candidacy, telling his aides "Halleck won't do." After Dewey told Halleck of his decision, Halleck "was first speechless with disbelief and then overcome with emotion." He told Dewey that "you're running out on the Eightieth Congress, and you'll be sorry!"(Abels, pp. 66\-67\) Abels wrote that Dewey's decision to deny Halleck the vice\-presidential bid "may have been a fateful one...Halleck with his forceful personality might have changed the tone of the Dewey campaign, and certainly the issue of the record of the GOP\-controlled Eightieth Congress would have to have been met heads on."(Halleck, p. 68\) Instead, Dewey chose popular governor (and future [Chief Justice](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States "Chief Justice of the United States")) [Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren") of California as his running mate. Following the convention, most political experts in the [news media](/wiki/News_media "News media") rated the Republican ticket as an almost\-certain winner over the Democrats.(Abels, p. 71\) \|Delegate Count \|Candidate Ballot \| 1st \| 2nd \| 3rd \| \| [Thomas E. Dewey](/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey") \| 434 \| 515 \| 1094 \| \| [Robert A. Taft](/wiki/Robert_A._Taft "Robert A. Taft") \| 224 \| 274 \| 0 \| \| [Harold Stassen](/wiki/Harold_Stassen "Harold Stassen") \| 157 \| 149 \| 0 \| \| [Arthur H. Vandenberg](/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg "Arthur H. Vandenberg") \| 62 \| 62 \| 0 \| \| [Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren") \| 59 \| 57 \| 0 \| \| [Dwight H. Green](/wiki/Dwight_H._Green "Dwight H. Green") \| 56 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| [Alfred E. Driscoll](/wiki/Alfred_E._Driscoll "Alfred E. Driscoll") \| 35 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| [Raymond E. Baldwin](/wiki/Raymond_E._Baldwin "Raymond E. Baldwin") \| 19 \| 19 \| 0 \| \| [Joseph William Martin Jr.](/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr. "Joseph William Martin Jr.") \| 18 \| 10 \| 0 \| \| [B. Carroll Reece](/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece "B. Carroll Reece") \| 15 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur") \| 11 \| 8 \| 0 \| \| [Everett Dirksen](/wiki/Everett_Dirksen "Everett Dirksen") \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Abstaining \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| ### Progressive Party nomination \|1948 Progressive Party ticket \|[{{color\\|white\\|Henry A. Wallace}}](/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace "Henry A. Wallace") [{{color\\|white\\|Glen H. Taylor}}](/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor "Glen H. Taylor") *for President* *for Vice President* \| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg "Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg") \| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Glentaylor.jpg "Glentaylor.jpg") \| \| [33rd](/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of vice presidents of the United States")[Vice President of the United States](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States")(1941–1945\) \| [U.S. Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") from [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho "Idaho")(1945–1951\) \| \| Meanwhile, the Democratic Party fragmented. A new [Progressive Party](/wiki/Progressive_Party_%28United_States%2C_1948%E2%80%931955%29 "Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)") (the name had been used earlier by [Theodore Roosevelt](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") in [1912](/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party "Bull Moose Party") and [Robert M. La Follette](/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette "Robert M. La Follette") in [1924](/wiki/Progressive_Party_%28United_States%2C_1924%E2%80%931934%29 "Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)")) was created afresh in 1948, with the nomination of [Henry A. Wallace](/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace "Henry A. Wallace"), who had served as [Secretary of Agriculture](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture "United States Secretary of Agriculture"), [Vice President of the United States](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States"), and [Secretary of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce "United States Secretary of Commerce") under Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1946, President Truman fired Wallace as Secretary of Commerce when Wallace publicly opposed Truman's firm moves to counter the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") in the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"). Wallace's 1948 platform opposed the Cold War, including the [Marshall Plan](/wiki/Marshall_Plan "Marshall Plan") and [Truman Doctrine](/wiki/Truman_Doctrine "Truman Doctrine"). The Progressives proposed stronger government regulation and control of [Big Business](/wiki/Big_Business "Big Business"). They also campaigned to end discrimination against blacks and women, backed a minimum wage, and called for the elimination of the [House Un\-American Activities Committee](/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee "House Un-American Activities Committee"), which was investigating the possibility of [communist](/wiki/Communism "Communism") spies within the government and labor unions. Wallace and his supporters charged that the Committee was violating the [civil liberties](/wiki/Civil_liberties "Civil liberties") of government workers and labor unions. The Progressives also generated a great deal of controversy because of the widespread belief that they were secretly controlled by Communists who were more loyal to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") than the United States. Wallace himself denied being a Communist, but he repeatedly refused to disavow their support and, at one point, was quoted as saying that the "Communists are the closest thing to the early Christian martyrs."(Ross, p. 162\) [Walter Reuther](/wiki/Walter_Reuther "Walter Reuther"), the president of the influential [United Auto Workers](/wiki/United_Auto_Workers "United Auto Workers") union, strongly opposed Wallace's candidacy, stating that "people who are not sympathetic with democracy in America are influencing him."(Ross, p. 153\) [Philip Murray](/wiki/Philip_Murray "Philip Murray"), the president of the [Congress of Industrial Organizations](/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations "Congress of Industrial Organizations") (CIO), stated in April 1948 that "the Communist Party is directly responsible for the creation of the third party \[Progressive Party] in the United States." Wallace was also hurt when [Westbrook Pegler](/wiki/Westbrook_Pegler "Westbrook Pegler"), a prominent conservative newspaper columnist, revealed that Wallace as vice president had written coded letters discussing prominent leaders such as Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to his controversial Russian [New Age](/wiki/New_Age "New Age") spiritual [guru](/wiki/Guru "Guru") [Nicholas Roerich](/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich "Nicholas Roerich"); the letters were nicknamed the "Guru letters." In his book Out of the Jaws of Victory, the journalist Jules Abels wrote: "Personalities were referred to by symbolic titles—Roosevelt was 'The Flaming One', Churchill 'The Roaring Lion', and [Cordell Hull](/wiki/Cordell_Hull "Cordell Hull") 'The Sour One'... some of the letters were signed 'Wallace', others '[Galahad](/wiki/Galahad "Galahad")'", the name that Roerich had assigned Wallace in his cult.(Ross, p. 163\) This revelation—including direct quotes from the letters—led to much ridicule of Wallace in the national press. The Progressive Party Convention, which was also held in Philadelphia, was a highly contentious affair; several famous newspaper journalists, such as [H. L. Mencken](/wiki/H._L._Mencken "H. L. Mencken") and [Dorothy Thompson](/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson "Dorothy Thompson"), publicly accused the Progressives of being covertly controlled by Communists. The party's platform was drafted by [Lee Pressman](/wiki/Lee_Pressman "Lee Pressman"), the convention secretary; he later admitted that he had been a member of the Communist party.(Abels, p. 117\) [John Abt](/wiki/John_Abt "John Abt") served as legal counsel to the convention's permanent chairman, Albert Fitzgerald; he also testified years later that he was a Communist. [Rexford Tugwell](/wiki/Rexford_Tugwell "Rexford Tugwell"), a prominent liberal in President Franklin Roosevelt's [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal"), served as the Chairman of the party's platform committee. He became convinced that the party was being manipulated by Communists, and was "so heartsick about Communist infiltration of the party that he discussed . . . with his wife disaffiliating \[from the party] the night before the convention" started.(Abels, pp. 116\-117\) Tugwell later did disassociate himself from the Progressive Party and did not participate in Wallace's fall campaign. A number of other Progressive Party delegates and supporters would quit the party in protest over what they perceived as the undue influence Communists exerted over Wallace, including the prominent American socialist [Norman Thomas](/wiki/Norman_Thomas "Norman Thomas"). In the fall, Thomas would run as the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28United_States%29 "Socialist Party (United States)") presidential candidate to offer liberals a non\-Communist alternative to Wallace.(Abels, p. 233\) Senator [Glen H. Taylor](/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor "Glen H. Taylor") from [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho "Idaho"), an eccentric figure who was known as a "singing cowboy" and who had ridden his horse "Nugget" up the steps of the [United States Capitol](/wiki/United_States_Capitol "United States Capitol") after winning election to the Senate in 1944, was named as Wallace's running mate. Although he was a member of the Democratic Party, Taylor accepted the Progressive Party's vice\-presidential nomination, saying "I am not leaving the Democratic Party. It left me. Wall Street and the military have taken over the Democratic Party."(Abels, pp. 34\-35\) After receiving the vice\-presidential nomination, Taylor told reporters that there was a difference between "pink" Communists and "red" Communists.(Abels, p. 118\) Taylor claimed that "pink" Communists would support the Wallace\-Taylor ticket because they believed in a "peaceful revolution" to turn the government to left\-wing beliefs, but "red" Communists would support the Republican ticket in the belief that they would cause another [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), which would give Communists the chance to take over the government.(Abels, pp. 118\-119\) In the fall campaign the Wallace\-Taylor ticket made a Southern tour, where both Wallace and Taylor insisted on speaking to racially integrated audiences, in defiance of Southern custom and law at the time. In several North Carolina cities Wallace was hit by a total of "twenty\-seven eggs, thirty\-seven tomatoes, six peaches, and two lemons."(Abels, p. 206\) When he left the state he announced: "As Jesus Christ said, if at any time they will not listen to you willingly, then shake the dust off from your feet and go elsewhere."(Abels, pp. 206\-207\) He ate only in unsegregated restaurants, traveled with a black secretary, and in Mississippi had to be escorted by police for protection. His aide Clark Foreman admitted that Wallace wanted to stir up controversy for the publicity it would receive in more liberal areas in the North and West.(Abels, p. 207\) As the campaign progressed, however, Wallace's crowds thinned and his standing in the polls dropped. Wallace was hurt by the successful effort of labor unions to keep their members in the Democratic column, and by controversial statements from Progressives supporting "appeasement with Russia."(Abels, pp. 211\-212\) Wallace himself attacked [Winston Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") as a "racist" and "imperialist", and Senator Taylor earned criticism for a speech in which he claimed that the "Nazis are running the U.S. government. So why should Russia make peace with them? If I were a Russian . . . I would not agree to anything . . . we are aggressively preparing for war."(Abels, p. 212\) Wallace's support in polling fell from 11% in a January poll by [Roper Center for Public Opinion Research](/wiki/Roper_Center_for_Public_Opinion_Research "Roper Center for Public Opinion Research") to 6% by June{{sfn\\|Schmidt\\|1960\\|p\=74}} and 4% by October.{{sfn\\|Schmidt\\|1960\\|p\=222}} Wallace traveled over 55,000 miles during the campaign.{{sfn\\|Schmidt\\|1960\\|p\=214}} The Wallace\-Taylor ticket finished in fourth place in the election, winning 1,157,328 votes (2\.4%). This was only slightly less than the States' Rights Party, but the Progressive Party received no electoral votes.{{Leip PV source 2\\| year\=1948\\| as of\=August 1, 2005}} ### States' Rights Democratic Party nomination \|1948 States' Rights Democratic Party ticket \| [{{color\\|black\\|Strom Thurmond}}](/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond") [{{color\\|black\\|Fielding L. Wright}}](/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright "Fielding L. Wright") *for President* *for Vice President* \| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Governor_Strom_Thurmond_b%26w_crop.jpg "Governor Strom Thurmond b&w crop.jpg") \| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Fielding_L._Wright%2C_1948.jpg "Fielding L. Wright, 1948.jpg") \| \| [103rd](/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Carolina "List of governors of South Carolina")[Governor of South Carolina](/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina "Governor of South Carolina")(1947–1951\) \| [49th and 50th](/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Mississippi "List of governors of Mississippi")Mississippi numbers Wright as the 49th governor (1946–1948; completing his predecessor's term) and the 50th governor (1948–1952\); serving his own full term.[Governor of Mississippi](/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi "Governor of Mississippi")(1946–1952\) \| \| [thumb\\|325x325px\\|In some southern states, Strom Thurmond had managed to obtain the Democratic Party line, but in the majority he had to run under the label of the States' Rights Democratic Party. Only in those states in which he ran under the standard Democratic Party label did he win, his best performance as a third\-party candidate being a distant second in Georgia.](/wiki/File:Strom_Thurmond_ballot_access_in_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election.svg "Strom Thurmond ballot access in the 1948 U.S. presidential election.svg") Southern Democrats had become increasingly disturbed over President Truman's support of civil rights, particularly following his executive order racially integrating the U.S. armed forces and a civil rights message he sent to Congress in February 1948\. At the Southern Governor's Conference in Wakulla Springs, Florida, on February 6, Mississippi Governor [Fielding Wright](/wiki/Fielding_Wright "Fielding Wright") proposed the formation of a new third party to protect [racial segregation](/wiki/Racial_segregation "Racial segregation") in the South. On May 10, 1948, the governors of the eleven states of the former Confederacy, along with other high\-ranking Southern officials, met in [Jackson, Mississippi](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi "Jackson, Mississippi"), to discuss their concerns about the growing civil rights movement within the Democratic Party. At the meeting, South Carolina Governor [Strom Thurmond](/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond") criticized President Truman for his civil rights agenda, and the governors discussed ways to oppose it.Jeffrey Smith. Dixiecrat: The Life and Times of Strom Thurmond{{page needed\\|date\=December 2014}} The Southern Democrats who had walked out of the Democratic National Convention to protest the civil rights platform approved by the convention, and supported by Truman, promptly met at [Municipal Auditorium](/wiki/Boutwell_Memorial_Auditorium "Boutwell Memorial Auditorium") in [Birmingham, Alabama](/wiki/Birmingham%2C_Alabama "Birmingham, Alabama"), on July 17, 1948, and formed yet another political party, which they named the [States' Rights Democratic Party](/wiki/States%27_Rights_Democratic_Party "States' Rights Democratic Party"). More commonly known as the "Dixiecrats", the party's main goal was continuing the policy of racial segregation in the South and the [Jim Crow laws](/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws "Jim Crow laws") that sustained it. Governor Thurmond, who had led the walkout, became the party's presidential nominee after the convention's initial favorite, [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas "Arkansas") Governor [Benjamin Laney](/wiki/Benjamin_Travis_Laney "Benjamin Travis Laney"), withdrew his name from consideration. Governor Wright of Mississippi received the vice\-presidential nomination. The Dixiecrats had no chance of winning the election themselves, since they could not get on the ballot in enough states to win the necessary electoral votes. Their strategy was to take enough Southern states from Truman to force the election into the [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") under the provisions of the [Twelfth Amendment](/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution%23Electoral_College_under_the_Twelfth_Amendment "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment"), where they could then extract concessions from either Truman or Dewey on racial issues in exchange for their support. Even if Dewey won the election outright, the Dixiecrats hoped that their defection would show that the Democratic Party needed Southern support in order to win national elections, and that this fact would weaken the pro\-civil rights movement among Northern and Western Democrats. The Dixiecrats were weakened, however, when most Southern Democratic leaders (such as Governor [Herman Talmadge](/wiki/Herman_Talmadge "Herman Talmadge") of Georgia and "Boss" [E. H. Crump](/wiki/E._H._Crump "E. H. Crump") from Tennessee) refused to support the party. Despite being an incumbent president, Truman was not placed on the ballot in Alabama.Hugh Alvin Bone, American Politics and the Party System, p. 262 (McGraw\-Hill 1955\). In the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina, the party was able to be labeled as the main Democratic Party ticket on the local ballots on election night.[https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government\-politics/dixiecrats/](https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/dixiecrats/) New Georgia Encyclopedia. Outside of these four states, it was only listed as a third\-party ticket. ### Socialist Party nomination \|1948 Socialist Party ticket \|[{{color\\|white\\|Norman Thomas}}](/wiki/Norman_Thomas "Norman Thomas") [{{color\\|white\\| Tucker P. Smith}}](/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith "Tucker P. Smith") *for President* *for Vice President* \| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg "Norman Thomas 1937.jpg") \| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Tucker_P_Smith.jpg "Tucker P Smith.jpg") \| \| Socialist Party Chairman(1936–1944\) \| Economics professor \| \| Although it had initially appeared that the Socialist Party would refrain from nominating its own candidate and instead endorse Wallace's run, policy differences and Wallace's refusal to publicly repudiate the support of communists caused them to break with the Progressive Party and nominate their own ticket. The party therefore nominated [Norman Thomas](/wiki/Norman_Thomas "Norman Thomas"), a five\-time Socialist nominee and the former party chairman, as president, and [Tucker P. Smith](/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith "Tucker P. Smith"), an economics professor, as vice president. Thomas debated [Farrell Dobbs](/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs "Farrell Dobbs"), the nominee of the [Socialist Workers Party](/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_%28United_States%29 "Socialist Workers Party (United States)"), during the general election. This was the first debate between general election presidential candidates. [Edward A. Teichert](/wiki/Edward_A._Teichert "Edward A. Teichert"), the nominee of the [Socialist Labor Party of America](/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America "Socialist Labor Party of America"), had challenged Thomas to a debate, but Teichert declined after Thomas asked for Dobbs to also be invited. \|Presidential Ballot \| [Norman Thomas](/wiki/Norman_Thomas "Norman Thomas") \| 200 \| ### Christian Nationalist Party nomination This Party nominated [Gerald L. K. Smith](/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith "Gerald L. K. Smith"), a leader of the [Share Our Wealth](/wiki/Share_Our_Wealth "Share Our Wealth") movement during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), founder of the [Christian Nationalist Crusade](/wiki/Christian_Nationalist_Crusade "Christian Nationalist Crusade"), and founder of the [America First Party](/wiki/America_First_Party_%281943%29 "America First Party (1943)") for which he was presidential candidate ([1944](/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election "1944 United States presidential election")).{{cite encyclopedia \\|encyclopedia\=\[\[Encyclopedia of Arkansas History \& Culture]] \\|title\=Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith (1898\-1976\) \\|url\=http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry\-detail.aspx?entryID\=1767\\|access\-date\=December 26, 2009}}{{cite news \\|title\=Founded by Gerald L. K. Smith \\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650349962\.html?dids\=650349962:650349962\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:AI\&type\=historic\&date\=Dec\+23%2C\+1977\&author\=\&pub\=Los\+Angeles\+Times\&desc\=FOUNDED\+BY\+GERALD\+L.\+K.\+SMITH\&pqatl\=google \\|quote\=The anti\-Jewish Christian Nationalist Crusade, founded by the late Gerald L. K. Smith and based in Glendale since 1953, is being dissolved, it was confirmed Thursday. \\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|date\=December 23, 1977 \\|access\-date\=December 26, 2009 \\|first\=John \\|last\=Dart \\|archive\-date\=October 24, 2012 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024112059/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650349962\.html?dids\=650349962:650349962\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:AI\&type\=historic\&date\=Dec\+23,\+1977\&author\=\&pub\=Los\+Angeles\+Times\&desc\=FOUNDED\+BY\+GERALD\+L.\+K.\+SMITH\&pqatl\=google \\|url\-status\=dead }}	[ "Nominations\n-----------", "### Democratic Party nomination", "{{main\\\|1948 Democratic National Convention}}\n{{further\\\|Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign}}", "\|[65px\\\|center\\\|link\\=Democratic Party (United States)\\\|Democratic Party (United States)](/wiki/File:Democratic_Disc.svg \"Democratic Disc.svg\")1948 Democratic Party ticket", "\|[{{color\\\|white\\\|Harry S. Truman}}](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman \"Harry S. Truman\")", "[{{color\\\|white\\\|Alben W. Barkley}}](/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley \"Alben W. Barkley\")", "\|*for President", "for Vice President", "\| [center\\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Harry S Truman, bw half-length photo portrait, facing front, 1945 (cropped).jpg\") \| [center\\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Alben_Barkley%2C_Vice-President.jpg \"Alben Barkley, Vice-President.jpg\") \|\n\| [33rd](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States \"List of presidents of the United States\")[President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\")(1945–1953\\) \| [U.S. Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") from [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\")(1927–1949\\) \|\n\| [Campaign](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign \"Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign\") \| \|\n\|", "File:Harry F. Byrd (cropped).jpg\\\|\\[\\[United States Senate\\\|Senator]]\\<br /\\>'''\\[\\[Harry F. Byrd]]'''\\<br /\\> from \\[\\[Virginia]]\nFile:James F. Byrnes cph.3c32232\\.jpg\\\|\\[\\[United States Secretary of State\\\|Secretary]]\\<br /\\>'''\\[\\[James F. Byrnes]]'''\\<br /\\> from \\[\\[South Carolina]]\nFile:William Alexander Julian \\- April 18, 1938\\.jpg\\\|\\[\\[Treasurer of the United States\\\|Treasurer]]\\<br /\\>'''\\[\\[William Alexander Julian]]'''\\<br /\\> from \\[\\[Ohio]]\nFile:Harley M. Kilgore.jpg\\\|\\[\\[United States Senate\\\|Senator]]\\<br /\\>''' \\[\\[Harley Martin Kilgore\\\|Harley M. Kilgore]]'''\\<br /\\> from \\[\\[West Virginia]]\nFile:Paul V McNutt Oct 1941\\.jpg\\\|\\[\\[High Commissioner to the Philippines\\\|High Commissioner]]\\<br /\\>'''\\[\\[Paul V. McNutt]]'''\\<br /\\> from \\[\\[Indiana]]\nFile:Claude Denson Pepper.jpg\\\|\\[\\[United States Senate\\\|Senator]]\\<br /\\>'''\\[\\[Claude Pepper]]'''\\<br /\\> from \\[\\[Florida]]\nFile:James A. Roe (New York Congressman).jpg\\\|\\[\\[United States House of Representatives\\\|U.S. Representative]]\\<br /\\> '''\\[\\[James A. Roe]]'''\\<br /\\> from \\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]\nFile:Richard Brevard Russell.jpg\\\|\\[\\[United States Senate\\\|Senator]]\\<br /\\> '''\\[\\[Richard Russell Jr.]]'''\\<br /\\> from \\[\\[Georgia (U.S. state)\\\|Georgia]]\nFile:Harry S Truman, bw half\\-length photo portrait, facing front, 1945 (cropped).jpg\\\|\\[\\[President of the United States\\\|President]]\\<br /\\> '''\\[\\[Harry S. Truman]]'''\\<br /\\> from \\[\\[Missouri]]\nFile:33 Henry Wallace 3x4\\.jpg\\\|Former \\[\\[Vice President of the United States\\\|vice president]]\\<br /\\>'''\\[\\[Henry A. Wallace]]'''\\<br /\\> from \\[\\[Iowa]]\nFile:General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower 1947\\.jpg\\\|Former \\[\\[Chief of Staff of the United States Army\\\|Chief of Staff of the Army]], \\[\\[General of the Army (United States)\\\|General of the Army]] '''\\[\\[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' from \\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]] \\<small\\>(declined – January 24, 1948\\)\\</small\\>", "", "On July 12, the [Democratic National Convention](/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention \"1948 Democratic National Convention\") convened in Philadelphia in the [same arena](/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention_Hall_and_Civic_Center \"Philadelphia Convention Hall and Civic Center\") where the Republicans had met a few weeks earlier. Spirits were low; the Republicans had taken control of both houses of the [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") and a majority of state governorships during the 1946 mid\\-term elections, and the public opinion polls showed Truman trailing Republican nominee Dewey, sometimes by double digits. Furthermore, some liberal Democrats had joined [Henry A. Wallace](/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace \"Henry A. Wallace\")'s new Progressive Party, and party leaders feared that Wallace would take enough votes from Truman to give the large Northern and Midwestern states to the Republicans. Conservatives dominated the party in the South, and they were angered by the growing voice of labor unions and black voters in the party outside the South. The hope that Truman would reverse course faded when he vetoed the [Taft\\-Hartley Law](/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Law \"Taft-Hartley Law\"), which sought to reduce the power of labor unions. Congress voted to override Truman's veto, and the [Taft\\-Hartley Law](/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Law \"Taft-Hartley Law\") went into effect on June 23, 1947\\. Finally, Truman's appointment of a liberal [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement \"Civil rights movement\") commission convinced Southern conservatives that to re\\-establish their voice they had to threaten [third\\-party](/wiki/Third_party_%28United_States%29 \"Third party (United States)\") action to defeat Truman in 1948\\.Robert A. Garson, \"The Alienation of the South: A Crisis for Harry S. Truman and the Democratic Party, 1945\\-1948\", Missouri Historical Review, (July 1970\\) 64\\#4 pp. 448–471", "[Alexander F. Whitney](/wiki/Alexander_F._Whitney \"Alexander F. Whitney\"), who was previously critical of Truman and threatened to finance a third\\-party campaign, praised him after Truman vetoed the Taft–Hartley Act and stated that the veto \"vindicated him in the eyes of labor\". Whitney and [Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railroad_Trainmen \"Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen\") had been supporters of Wallace since the 1944 convention. Wallace stated that he wanted \"to work within the Democratic party realm\" in September 1947\\.{{sfn\\\|Schmidt\\\|1960\\\|p\\=33}}", "Truman was aware of his unpopularity. In July 1947, he privately offered to be Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination, an offer that Eisenhower declined. Truman's offer to Eisenhower did not become public knowledge during the campaign.\"[Truman Wrote of '48 Offer to Eisenhower](https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/11/us/truman-wrote-of-48-offer-to-eisenhower.html?fta=y)\" The New York Times, July 11, 2003\\. As a result of Truman's low standing in the polls, several Democratic party bosses began working to \"dump\" Truman and nominate a more popular candidate. Among the leaders of this movement were [Jacob Arvey](/wiki/Jacob_Arvey \"Jacob Arvey\"), the head of the powerful Cook County (Chicago) Democratic organization; [Frank Hague](/wiki/Frank_Hague \"Frank Hague\"), the boss of New Jersey; [James Roosevelt](/wiki/James_Roosevelt \"James Roosevelt\"), the eldest son of former President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\"); and liberal Senator [Claude Pepper](/wiki/Claude_Pepper \"Claude Pepper\") from Florida. The rebels hoped to draft Eisenhower as the Democratic presidential candidate. On July 10, Eisenhower officially refused to be a candidate. There was then an attempt to put forward Supreme Court Justice [William O. Douglas](/wiki/William_O._Douglas \"William O. Douglas\"), but Douglas also declared that he would not be a presidential candidate. Finally, Senator Pepper declared his intention to challenge Truman for the presidential nomination. His candidacy collapsed when the liberal [Americans for Democratic Action](/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action \"Americans for Democratic Action\") and the [Congress of Industrial Organizations](/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations \"Congress of Industrial Organizations\") withheld their support, partly due to concerns over Pepper's attacks on Truman's foreign policy decisions regarding the Soviet Union. As a result of the refusal by most of the dump\\-Truman delegates to support him, Pepper withdrew his candidacy for the nomination on July 16\\. Lacking a candidate acceptable to all sides, the leaders of the dump\\-Truman movement reluctantly agreed to support Truman for the nomination.", "#### Democratic Convention", "At the Democratic Convention, Truman initially proposed a [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_rights \"Civil rights\") plank to the party platform that moderated the strong vocal support for civil rights that he had expressed at the NAACP convention in 1947, and to Congress in February 1948\\. This proposal disappointed Northern and Western liberals who wanted more swift and sweeping reforms in civil rights, but it also failed to placate Southern conservatives, and both sides decided to present their own amendments and proposals to Truman's civil rights plank.{{cite book\\\|author\\=Michael R. Gardner\\\|title\\=Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=N3Ypq7AqtxQC\\&pg\\=PA96\\\|year\\=2003\\\|publisher\\=Southern Illinois University Press\\\|page\\=96\\\|isbn\\=9780809388967}}{{cite book\\\|author\\=Jon E. Taylor\\\|title\\=Freedom to Serve: Truman, Civil Rights, and Executive Order 9981 \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oX8cC3CsQJYC\\&pg\\=PA94\\\|year\\=2012\\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\\|page\\=94\\\|isbn\\=9780415894494}} Former Texas Governor [Dan Moody](/wiki/Dan_Moody \"Dan Moody\") proposed a plank that supported the status quo of states' rights; a similar but shorter proposal was made by Cecil Sims of the Tennessee delegation.{{cite news\\\|author\\=Max Hall\\\|title\\=State's Right Plank Defeated\\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=266\\&dat\\=19480714\\&id\\=\\_94rAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=1589,4396150\\\|date\\=July 14, 1948\\\|newspaper\\=Kentucky New Era\\\|page\\=8}} On the liberal side, Wisconsin Representative [Andrew Biemiller](/wiki/Andrew_Biemiller \"Andrew Biemiller\") proposed a strong civil rights plank that was more explicit and direct in its language than Truman's convention proposal.{{cite book\\\|author\\=Michael R. Gardner\\\|title\\=Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=N3Ypq7AqtxQC\\&pg\\=PA97\\\|year\\=2003\\\|publisher\\=Southern Illinois University Press\\\|page\\=97\\\|isbn\\=9780809388967}} Minneapolis Mayor [Hubert Humphrey](/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey \"Hubert Humphrey\") led the support for the Biemiller plank. In his speech to the convention, Humphrey memorably stated that \"the time has come for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights!\"{{cite book\\\|author\\=Carl Solberg\\\|title\\=Hubert Humphrey: A Biography\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wzGabQcvDvcC\\&pg\\=PA17\\\|year\\=2003\\\|publisher\\=Minnesota Historical Society Press\\\|page\\=17\\\|isbn\\=9780873514736}}", "Truman and his staff knew it was highly likely that any civil rights plank would lead to Southern delegates staging a walk\\-out in protest, but Truman believed that civil rights was an important moral cause and ultimately abandoned his advisers' attempts to \"soften the approach\" with the moderate plank; so the President supported and defended the \"Crackpot\" Biemiller plank, which passed by 651\\.5 votes to 582\\.5\\.{{cite book\\\|author\\=Michael R. Gardner\\\|title\\=Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=N3Ypq7AqtxQC\\&pg\\=PA98\\\|year\\=2003\\\|publisher\\=Southern Illinois University Press\\\|pages\\=98–99\\\|isbn\\=9780809388967}} It also received strong support from many of the big\\-city party bosses, most of whom felt that the civil rights platform would encourage the growing black population in their cities to vote for the Democrats.(Ross, pp. 124–125\\) The passage of the civil rights platform caused some three dozen Southern delegates, led by South Carolina Governor [Strom Thurmond](/wiki/Strom_Thurmond \"Strom Thurmond\"), to walk out of the convention. The Southern delegates who remained nominated Senator [Richard Russell Jr.](/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr. \"Richard Russell Jr.\") from Georgia for the Democratic nomination as a rebuke to Truman. Nonetheless, 947 Democratic delegates voted for Truman as the Democratic nominee, while Russell received only 266 votes, all from the South. Truman's first choice for his running mate was Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, hoping that it might make the ticket more appealing to liberals. Douglas refused the nomination. Needing an alternative, Truman then selected Senator [Alben W. Barkley](/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley \"Alben W. Barkley\") from [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\"), who had delivered the convention's [keynote address](/wiki/Keynote_address \"Keynote address\"), as his running mate, and Barkley was nominated by acclamation.{{cite journal \\\|first\\=Harvard \\\|last\\=Sitkoff \\\|title\\=Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics \\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Southern History]] \\\|volume\\=37 \\\|issue\\=4 \\\|year\\=1971 \\\|pages\\=597–616 \\\|jstor\\=2206548 \\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/2206548 }}", "Truman gave a fighting acceptance speech, he stated that \"Senator Barkley and I will win this election and make the Republicans like it – don't you forget it!... We will do that because they are wrong and we are right.\"(Ross, p. 129\\) He claimed that the Republican Party had, \"ever since its inception...been under the control of special privilege; and they have completely proved it in the Eightieth Congress.\"(Ross, p. 131\\) At the end of the speech, the \"delegates rose to their feet and cheered loudly for two minutes...for a moment Truman had created the illusion – few regarded it as more than an illusion – that the Democrats had a fighting chance in November.\"(Ross, p. 130\\)", "", "\| \\+ Balloting \|", "\| Presidential ballot \| \| Vice presidential ballot \| \|\n\| [Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman \"Harry S. Truman\") \| 947\\.5 \| [Alben W. Barkley](/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley \"Alben W. Barkley\") \| 1,234 \|\n\| [Richard Russell Jr.](/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr. \"Richard Russell Jr.\") \| 266 \| \| \|\n\| [James A. Roe](/wiki/James_A._Roe \"James A. Roe\") \| 15 \| \| \|\n\| [Paul V. McNutt](/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt \"Paul V. McNutt\") \| 2 \| \| \|\n\| [Alben W. Barkley](/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley \"Alben W. Barkley\") \| 1 \| \| \|", "### Republican Party nomination", "{{main\\\|Republican Party presidential primaries, 1948}}\n{{further\\\|1948 Republican National Convention}}", "\|[65px\\\|center\\\|link\\=Republican Party (United States)\\\|Republican Party (United States)](/wiki/File:Republican_Disc.svg \"Republican Disc.svg\")1948 Republican Party ticket", "\|[{{color\\\|white\\\|Thomas E. Dewey}}](/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey \"Thomas E. Dewey\")", "[{{color\\\|white\\\|Earl Warren}}](/wiki/Earl_Warren \"Earl Warren\")", "for President", "for Vice President\n\| [center\\\|150x150px](/wiki/File:Thomas_Dewey.jpg \"Thomas Dewey.jpg\") \| [center\\\|150x150px](/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor.jpg \"Earl Warren Portrait, half figure, seated, facing front, as Governor.jpg\") \|\n\| [47th](/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York \"List of governors of New York\")[Governor of New York](/wiki/Governor_of_New_York \"Governor of New York\")(1943–1954\\) \| [30th](/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California \"List of governors of California\")[Governor of California](/wiki/Governor_of_California \"Governor of California\")(1943–1953\\) \|\n\|", "File:Thomas Dewey.jpg\\\|\\[\\[Governor of New York\\\|Governor]]\\<br\\>'''\\[\\[Thomas E. Dewey]]'''\\<br\\>of \\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]\nFile:RobertATaft83rdCongress (1\\) (cropped).png\\\|\\[\\[United States Senate\\\|Senator]]\\<br\\>'''\\[\\[Robert A. Taft]]'''\\<br\\>from \\[\\[Ohio]]\nFile:Former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota \\- Harris \\& Ewing (cropped).jpg\\\|Former \\[\\[Governor of Minnesota\\\|Governor]]\\<br\\>'''\\[\\[Harold Stassen]]'''\\<br\\>of \\[\\[Minnesota]]\nFile:VANDENBURG, ARTHUR H. SENATOR LCCN2016862580 (cropped).jpg\\\|\\[\\[President pro tempore of the United States Senate\\\|President Pro Tempore]]\\<br\\>'''\\[\\[Arthur H. Vandenberg]]'''\\<br\\>of \\[\\[Michigan]]\nFile:Earl Warren Portrait, half figure, seated, facing front, as Governor.jpg\\\|\\[\\[Governor of California\\\|Governor]]\\<br\\>'''\\[\\[Earl Warren]]'''\\<br\\>of \\[\\[California]]\nFile:MacArthur Manila (cropped).jpg\\\|Former \\[\\[Chief of Staff of the United States Army\\\|Chief of Staff of the Army]], \\[\\[General of the Army (United States)\\\|General of the Army]]\\<br\\>'''\\[\\[Douglas MacArthur]]'''\\<br\\>from \\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]\nFile:Joseph W. Martin LCCN2016876937 (3\\).jpg\\\|\\[\\[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]\\<br\\>'''\\[\\[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]]''',\\<br\\>from \\[\\[Massachusetts]]\nFile:General\\_of\\_the\\_Army\\_Dwight\\_D.\\_Eisenhower\\_1947\\.jpg\\\|Former \\[\\[Chief of Staff of the United States Army\\\|Chief of Staff of the Army]], \\[\\[General of the Army (United States)\\\|General of the Army]] '''\\[\\[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'''\\<br\\>from \\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]\\<small\\>(declined – January 24, 1948\\)\\</small\\>\nFile:John William Bricker (Gov., Sen. OH).jpg\\\|Senator\\<br\\>'''\\[\\[John W. Bricker]]'''\\<br\\>from \\[\\[Ohio]]\\<br\\>\\<small\\>(declined – endorsed Taft)\\</small\\>", "", "For both Republicans and Democrats, there were movements of support for General [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\"), the most popular general of World War II and a favorite in the polls. Unlike the latter movement within the Democratic Party, however, the Republican draft movement came largely from the grassroots of the party. By January 23, 1948, the grassroots movement had successfully entered Eisenhower's name into every state holding a Republican presidential primary, and polls gave him a significant lead against all other contenders. With the first state primary approaching, Eisenhower was forced to make a quick decision. Stating that soldiers should keep out of politics, Eisenhower declined to run and requested that the grassroots draft movement cease its activities. After a number of failed efforts to get Eisenhower to reconsider, the organization disbanded, with the majority of its leadership endorsing the presidential campaign of the former Governor of [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\"), [Harold Stassen](/wiki/Harold_Stassen \"Harold Stassen\").", "With Eisenhower refusing to run, the contest for the Republican nomination was between Stassen, New York Governor [Thomas E. Dewey](/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey \"Thomas E. Dewey\"), Senator [Robert A. Taft](/wiki/Robert_A._Taft \"Robert A. Taft\") from Ohio, California Governor [Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren \"Earl Warren\"), General [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur \"Douglas MacArthur\"), and Senator [Arthur H. Vandenberg](/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg \"Arthur H. Vandenberg\") from Michigan, the senior Republican in the Senate. Dewey, who had been the Republican nominee in [1944](/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election \"1944 United States presidential election\"), was regarded as the frontrunner when the primaries began. Dewey was the acknowledged leader of the Republican Party's [Eastern Establishment](/wiki/Eastern_Establishment \"Eastern Establishment\"). In 1946 he had been re\\-elected governor of New York by the largest margin in state history. Dewey's handicap was that many Republicans disliked him on a personal level; he often struck observers as cold, stiff, and calculating. Taft was the leader of the Republican Party's conservative wing, which was strongest in the Midwest and parts of the South. Taft called for abolishing many [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\") welfare programs, which he felt were harmful to business interests, and he was skeptical of American involvement in foreign alliances such as the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"). Taft had two major weaknesses: He was a plodding, dull campaigner, and he was viewed by most party leaders as being too conservative and controversial to win a presidential election.{{cite book \\\|author\\=James T. Patterson \\\|title\\=Mr. Republican: a biography of Robert A. Taft \\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/mrrepublicanbiog00patt\\_0 \\\|url\\-access\\=registration \\\|year\\=1972 \\\|publisher\\=Houghton Mifflin \\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/mrrepublicanbiog00patt\\_0/page/399 399]–408 \\\|isbn\\=9780395139387}}", "Both Vandenberg and Warren were highly popular in their home states, but each refused to campaign in the primaries, which limited their chances of winning the nomination. Their supporters, however, hoped that in the event of a Dewey\\-Taft\\-Stassen deadlock, the convention would turn to their man as a compromise candidate. General MacArthur, the famous war hero, was especially popular among conservatives. Since he was serving in Japan as the [Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers](/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers \"Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers\") occupying that nation, he was unable to campaign for the nomination. He did make it known, however, that he would accept the GOP nomination if it were offered to him, and some conservative Republicans hoped that by winning a primary contest he could prove his popularity with voters. They chose to enter his name in the Wisconsin primary.Howard B. Schonberger, \"The General and the Presidency: Douglas MacArthur and the Election of 1948\", Wisconsin Magazine of History,* (Spring 1974\\) 57\\#3 pp. 201–219 His candidacy was enthusiastically supported by [William Randolph Hearst](/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst \"William Randolph Hearst\") in all of his newspapers.", "The \"surprise\" candidate of 1948 was Stassen, a liberal from Minnesota.Alec Kirby, \"'A Major Contender': Harold Stassen and the Politics of American Presidential Nominations\", Minnesota History, (Dec 1996\\) 55\\#4 pp. 150–165 In 1938, Stassen had been elected governor of Minnesota at the age of 31; he resigned as governor in 1943 to serve in the wartime Navy. In 1945 he served on the committee that created the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"). Stassen was widely regarded as the most liberal of the Republican candidates, yet during the primaries he was criticized for being vague on many issues. Stassen stunned Dewey and MacArthur in the Wisconsin primary; Stassen's surprise victory virtually eliminated General MacArthur, whose supporters had made a major effort on his behalf. Stassen defeated Dewey again in the Nebraska primary, thus making him the new frontrunner. He then made the strategic mistake of trying to beat Taft in Ohio, Taft's home state. Stassen believed that if he could defeat Taft in his home state, Taft would be forced to quit the race and most of Taft's delegates would support him instead of Dewey. Taft defeated Stassen in his native Ohio, and Stassen earned the hostility of the party's conservatives. Even so, Stassen was still leading Dewey in the polls for the upcoming Oregon primary. Dewey, however, realized that losing another primary would end his chances at the nomination, and he decided to make an all\\-out effort in Oregon.(Smith, pp. 488\\-489\\)", "In April 1948, Dewey sent Paul Lockwood, one of his top aides, to build a strong grassroots organization in the state. Working with $150,000 sent by Dewey's powerful New York political organization (three times the previous record spent in an Oregon primary), Lockwood paid \"for 126 billboards, hundreds of sixty\\-second radio spots on every station in the state, and half\\-hour broadcasts each noon...The daily [Portland Oregonian](/wiki/Portland_Oregonian \"Portland Oregonian\") carried five Dewey advertisements a day.\"(Smith, p. 489\\) Dewey also extensively campaigned in Oregon, spending three weeks in the state. He \"invaded every hamlet, no matter how isolated, speaking at rural crossroads and shaking hands in hamburger stands. One journalist commented that Dewey was the greatest explorer of Oregon since [Lewis and Clark](/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark \"Lewis and Clark\").\"(Abels, p. 57\\)", "Dewey also agreed to debate Stassen in Oregon on national radio. Held on May 17, 1948, it was the first\\-ever [radio debate](/wiki/Dewey%E2%80%93Stassen_debate \"Dewey–Stassen debate\") between presidential candidates. The sole issue of the debate concerned whether to outlaw the [Communist Party of the United States](/wiki/Communist_Party_USA \"Communist Party USA\"). Stassen, despite his liberal reputation, argued in favor of outlawing the party, stating his belief that a network of Soviet\\-directed Communist spies \"within the U.S. demanded immediate, and punitive, response...Why did Dewey oppose such a ban? Stassen wanted to know.\"(Smith, pp. 492\\-493\\) \"We must not coddle Communism with legality\", Stassen insisted. Dewey \\- while criticizing Communist totalitarianism and Soviet actions in the Cold War \\- still forcefully argued against banning the Communist Party: \"This outlawing idea is nothing new...for thousands of years despots have tortured, imprisoned, killed, and exiled their opponents, and their governments have always fallen into the dust.\"(Smith, p. 493\\) Dewey ended his turn in the debate by stating that \"I am unalterably, wholeheartedly, and unswervingly against any scheme to write laws outlawing people because of their religious, political, social, or economic ideas. I am against it because it is a violation of the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights...I am against it because I know from a great many years of experience in law enforcement that the proposal wouldn't work. Stripped to its naked essentials...this is nothing but the method of Hitler and Stalin. It is thought control...an attempt to beat down ideas with a club. It is a surrender of everything we believe in.\" Surveys showed that from 40 to 80 million people nationwide listened to the debate, and most observers rated Dewey as the winner.(Smith, pp. 492\\-494\\) Four days after the debate, Dewey defeated Stassen in the Oregon primary.(Smith, p. 494\\) From this point forward, the New York governor had the momentum he needed to win his party's nomination for a second straight time.Tom Swafford, \"The Last Real Presidential Debate\", American Heritage, Feb/Mar 1986, Vol. 37 Issue 2, pp. 66–71", "#### Republican Convention", "The [1948 Republican National Convention](/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention \"1948 Republican National Convention\") was held in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), Pennsylvania. It was the first presidential convention to be shown on national television. At this time, there were 27 television stations in full operation in the U.S. and an estimated 350,000 TV sets in the whole country. As the convention opened, Dewey was believed to have a large lead in the delegate count.(Patterson, p. 411\\) His campaign managers, such as [Herbert Brownell Jr.](/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr. \"Herbert Brownell Jr.\"), [Edwin Jaeckle](/wiki/Edwin_Jaeckle \"Edwin Jaeckle\"), and [J. Russell Sprague](/wiki/J._Russell_Sprague \"J. Russell Sprague\"), were \"as skillful a group of operators as ever manipulated a convention...it was said at the convention that the Dewey forces \"could have won even with Taft\" as their candidate.\"(Abels, pp. 63\\-64\\) His main opponent, Senator Taft, was hobbled by an ineffective campaign team that one writer called \"bumblers\", and another historian noted that Taft's campaign manager, Ohio Congressman [Clarence J. Brown](/wiki/Clarence_J._Brown \"Clarence J. Brown\"), \"seemed no match for Herbert Brownell...while the Dewey forces were busy flattering delegates and hinting at promises of patronage, Brown was still worrying about such mundane matters as hotel rooms and seats in the gallery for his friends.\"(Patterson, p. 410\\)", "Taft and Stassen, Dewey's leading opponents, met in Taft's hotel suite to plan a \"stop\\-Dewey\" movement. A key obstacle soon developed, however, as both men refused to unite behind a single candidate to oppose Dewey: \"The essence of their impasse was simple. Neither Stassen nor Taft hated Dewey enough to withdraw \\[in favor of the other], and neither man thought he could get his delegates to follow if he did.\" Instead, both Taft and Stassen, along with Senator Vandenberg, simply agreed to try to hold their own delegates in the hopes of preventing Dewey from obtaining a majority. This proved to be futile, as Dewey's efficient campaign team methodically gathered the remaining delegates they needed to win the nomination. Stassen tried to contact General Eisenhower to ask him to reconsider becoming a candidate, but Eisenhower \"could not be reached.\"(Abels, pp. 64\\-65\\) After the second round of balloting, Dewey was only 33 votes short of victory. Taft then called Stassen and urged him to withdraw from the race and endorse him as Dewey's main opponent. When Stassen refused, Taft wrote a concession statement and had it read to the convention at the start of the third ballot; at this point the other candidates also dropped out, and Dewey was then nominated unanimously by [acclamation](/wiki/Acclamation \"Acclamation\").(Abels, p. 65\\)", "Dewey's campaign team originally wanted Illinois Governor [Dwight Green](/wiki/Dwight_Green \"Dwight Green\") to be his running mate, but the opposition of Colonel [Robert R. McCormick](/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick \"Robert R. McCormick\"), the powerful publisher of the [Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\"), nixed his chances. According to journalist Jules Abels, Dewey managers Brownell, Sprague, and Jaeckle then appeared to offer the vice\\-presidential nomination to influential Indiana Congressman [Charles Halleck](/wiki/Charles_Halleck \"Charles Halleck\"), in exchange for Halleck delivering the entire Indiana delegation to Dewey. Halleck did so, but Dewey, who had not been present at the meeting between his managers and Halleck, decided to reject his candidacy, telling his aides \"Halleck won't do.\" After Dewey told Halleck of his decision, Halleck \"was first speechless with disbelief and then overcome with emotion.\" He told Dewey that \"you're running out on the Eightieth Congress, and you'll be sorry!\"(Abels, pp. 66\\-67\\) Abels wrote that Dewey's decision to deny Halleck the vice\\-presidential bid \"may have been a fateful one...Halleck with his forceful personality might have changed the tone of the Dewey campaign, and certainly the issue of the record of the GOP\\-controlled Eightieth Congress would have to have been met heads on.\"(Halleck, p. 68\\) Instead, Dewey chose popular governor (and future [Chief Justice](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States \"Chief Justice of the United States\")) [Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren \"Earl Warren\") of California as his running mate. Following the convention, most political experts in the [news media](/wiki/News_media \"News media\") rated the Republican ticket as an almost\\-certain winner over the Democrats.(Abels, p. 71\\)", "", "\|Delegate Count", "\|Candidate Ballot", "\| 1st \| 2nd \| 3rd \|\n\| [Thomas E. Dewey](/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey \"Thomas E. Dewey\") \| 434 \| 515 \| 1094 \|\n\| [Robert A. Taft](/wiki/Robert_A._Taft \"Robert A. Taft\") \| 224 \| 274 \| 0 \|\n\| [Harold Stassen](/wiki/Harold_Stassen \"Harold Stassen\") \| 157 \| 149 \| 0 \|\n\| [Arthur H. Vandenberg](/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg \"Arthur H. Vandenberg\") \| 62 \| 62 \| 0 \|\n\| [Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren \"Earl Warren\") \| 59 \| 57 \| 0 \|\n\| [Dwight H. Green](/wiki/Dwight_H._Green \"Dwight H. Green\") \| 56 \| 0 \| 0 \|\n\| [Alfred E. Driscoll](/wiki/Alfred_E._Driscoll \"Alfred E. Driscoll\") \| 35 \| 0 \| 0 \|\n\| [Raymond E. Baldwin](/wiki/Raymond_E._Baldwin \"Raymond E. Baldwin\") \| 19 \| 19 \| 0 \|\n\| [Joseph William Martin Jr.](/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr. \"Joseph William Martin Jr.\") \| 18 \| 10 \| 0 \|\n\| [B. Carroll Reece](/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece \"B. Carroll Reece\") \| 15 \| 0 \| 0 \|\n\| [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur \"Douglas MacArthur\") \| 11 \| 8 \| 0 \|\n\| [Everett Dirksen](/wiki/Everett_Dirksen \"Everett Dirksen\") \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \|\n\| Abstaining \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \|", "### Progressive Party nomination", "", "\|1948 Progressive Party ticket", "\|[{{color\\\|white\\\|Henry A. Wallace}}](/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace \"Henry A. Wallace\")", "[{{color\\\|white\\\|Glen H. Taylor}}](/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor \"Glen H. Taylor\")", "*for President", "for Vice President\n\| [center\\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg \"Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg\") \| [center\\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Glentaylor.jpg \"Glentaylor.jpg\") \|\n\| [33rd](/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States \"List of vice presidents of the United States\")[Vice President of the United States](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\")(1941–1945\\) \| [U.S. Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") from [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho \"Idaho\")(1945–1951\\) \|\n\|", "Meanwhile, the Democratic Party fragmented. A new [Progressive Party](/wiki/Progressive_Party_%28United_States%2C_1948%E2%80%931955%29 \"Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)\") (the name had been used earlier by [Theodore Roosevelt](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt \"Theodore Roosevelt\") in [1912](/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party \"Bull Moose Party\") and [Robert M. La Follette](/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette \"Robert M. La Follette\") in [1924](/wiki/Progressive_Party_%28United_States%2C_1924%E2%80%931934%29 \"Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)\")) was created afresh in 1948, with the nomination of [Henry A. Wallace](/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace \"Henry A. Wallace\"), who had served as [Secretary of Agriculture](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture \"United States Secretary of Agriculture\"), [Vice President of the United States](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\"), and [Secretary of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce \"United States Secretary of Commerce\") under Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1946, President Truman fired Wallace as Secretary of Commerce when Wallace publicly opposed Truman's firm moves to counter the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") in the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"). Wallace's 1948 platform opposed the Cold War, including the [Marshall Plan](/wiki/Marshall_Plan \"Marshall Plan\") and [Truman Doctrine](/wiki/Truman_Doctrine \"Truman Doctrine\"). The Progressives proposed stronger government regulation and control of [Big Business](/wiki/Big_Business \"Big Business\"). They also campaigned to end discrimination against blacks and women, backed a minimum wage, and called for the elimination of the [House Un\\-American Activities Committee](/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee \"House Un-American Activities Committee\"), which was investigating the possibility of [communist](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") spies within the government and labor unions. Wallace and his supporters charged that the Committee was violating the [civil liberties](/wiki/Civil_liberties \"Civil liberties\") of government workers and labor unions. The Progressives also generated a great deal of controversy because of the widespread belief that they were secretly controlled by Communists who were more loyal to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") than the United States. Wallace himself denied being a Communist, but he repeatedly refused to disavow their support and, at one point, was quoted as saying that the \"Communists are the closest thing to the early Christian martyrs.\"(Ross, p. 162\\) [Walter Reuther](/wiki/Walter_Reuther \"Walter Reuther\"), the president of the influential [United Auto Workers](/wiki/United_Auto_Workers \"United Auto Workers\") union, strongly opposed Wallace's candidacy, stating that \"people who are not sympathetic with democracy in America are influencing him.\"(Ross, p. 153\\) [Philip Murray](/wiki/Philip_Murray \"Philip Murray\"), the president of the [Congress of Industrial Organizations](/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations \"Congress of Industrial Organizations\") (CIO), stated in April 1948 that \"the Communist Party is directly responsible for the creation of the third party \\[Progressive Party] in the United States.\"", "Wallace was also hurt when [Westbrook Pegler](/wiki/Westbrook_Pegler \"Westbrook Pegler\"), a prominent conservative newspaper columnist, revealed that Wallace as vice president had written coded letters discussing prominent leaders such as Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to his controversial Russian [New Age](/wiki/New_Age \"New Age\") spiritual [guru](/wiki/Guru \"Guru\") [Nicholas Roerich](/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich \"Nicholas Roerich\"); the letters were nicknamed the \"Guru letters.\" In his book Out of the Jaws of Victory, the journalist Jules Abels wrote: \"Personalities were referred to by symbolic titles—Roosevelt was 'The Flaming One', Churchill 'The Roaring Lion', and [Cordell Hull](/wiki/Cordell_Hull \"Cordell Hull\") 'The Sour One'... some of the letters were signed 'Wallace', others '[Galahad](/wiki/Galahad \"Galahad\")'\", the name that Roerich had assigned Wallace in his cult.(Ross, p. 163\\) This revelation—including direct quotes from the letters—led to much ridicule of Wallace in the national press. The Progressive Party Convention, which was also held in Philadelphia, was a highly contentious affair; several famous newspaper journalists, such as [H. L. Mencken](/wiki/H._L._Mencken \"H. L. Mencken\") and [Dorothy Thompson](/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson \"Dorothy Thompson\"), publicly accused the Progressives of being covertly controlled by Communists. The party's platform was drafted by [Lee Pressman](/wiki/Lee_Pressman \"Lee Pressman\"), the convention secretary; he later admitted that he had been a member of the Communist party.(Abels, p. 117\\) [John Abt](/wiki/John_Abt \"John Abt\") served as legal counsel to the convention's permanent chairman, Albert Fitzgerald; he also testified years later that he was a Communist. [Rexford Tugwell](/wiki/Rexford_Tugwell \"Rexford Tugwell\"), a prominent liberal in President Franklin Roosevelt's [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\"), served as the Chairman of the party's platform committee. He became convinced that the party was being manipulated by Communists, and was \"so heartsick about Communist infiltration of the party that he discussed . . . with his wife disaffiliating \\[from the party] the night before the convention\" started.(Abels, pp. 116\\-117\\) Tugwell later did disassociate himself from the Progressive Party and did not participate in Wallace's fall campaign. A number of other Progressive Party delegates and supporters would quit the party in protest over what they perceived as the undue influence Communists exerted over Wallace, including the prominent American socialist [Norman Thomas](/wiki/Norman_Thomas \"Norman Thomas\"). In the fall, Thomas would run as the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Socialist Party (United States)\") presidential candidate to offer liberals a non\\-Communist alternative to Wallace.(Abels, p. 233\\)", "Senator [Glen H. Taylor](/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor \"Glen H. Taylor\") from [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho \"Idaho\"), an eccentric figure who was known as a \"singing cowboy\" and who had ridden his horse \"Nugget\" up the steps of the [United States Capitol](/wiki/United_States_Capitol \"United States Capitol\") after winning election to the Senate in 1944, was named as Wallace's running mate. Although he was a member of the Democratic Party, Taylor accepted the Progressive Party's vice\\-presidential nomination, saying \"I am not leaving the Democratic Party. It left me. Wall Street and the military have taken over the Democratic Party.\"(Abels, pp. 34\\-35\\) After receiving the vice\\-presidential nomination, Taylor told reporters that there was a difference between \"pink\" Communists and \"red\" Communists.(Abels, p. 118\\) Taylor claimed that \"pink\" Communists would support the Wallace\\-Taylor ticket because they believed in a \"peaceful revolution\" to turn the government to left\\-wing beliefs, but \"red\" Communists would support the Republican ticket in the belief that they would cause another [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), which would give Communists the chance to take over the government.(Abels, pp. 118\\-119\\)", "In the fall campaign the Wallace\\-Taylor ticket made a Southern tour, where both Wallace and Taylor insisted on speaking to racially integrated audiences, in defiance of Southern custom and law at the time. In several North Carolina cities Wallace was hit by a total of \"twenty\\-seven eggs, thirty\\-seven tomatoes, six peaches, and two lemons.\"(Abels, p. 206\\) When he left the state he announced: \"As Jesus Christ said, if at any time they will not listen to you willingly, then shake the dust off from your feet and go elsewhere.\"(Abels, pp. 206\\-207\\) He ate only in unsegregated restaurants, traveled with a black secretary, and in Mississippi had to be escorted by police for protection. His aide Clark Foreman admitted that Wallace wanted to stir up controversy for the publicity it would receive in more liberal areas in the North and West.(Abels, p. 207\\) As the campaign progressed, however, Wallace's crowds thinned and his standing in the polls dropped. Wallace was hurt by the successful effort of labor unions to keep their members in the Democratic column, and by controversial statements from Progressives supporting \"appeasement with Russia.\"(Abels, pp. 211\\-212\\) Wallace himself attacked [Winston Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill \"Winston Churchill\") as a \"racist\" and \"imperialist\", and Senator Taylor earned criticism for a speech in which he claimed that the \"Nazis are running the U.S. government. So why should Russia make peace with them? If I were a Russian . . . I would not agree to anything . . . we are aggressively preparing for war.\"(Abels, p. 212\\)", "Wallace's support in polling fell from 11% in a January poll by [Roper Center for Public Opinion Research](/wiki/Roper_Center_for_Public_Opinion_Research \"Roper Center for Public Opinion Research\") to 6% by June{{sfn\\\|Schmidt\\\|1960\\\|p\\=74}} and 4% by October.{{sfn\\\|Schmidt\\\|1960\\\|p\\=222}} Wallace traveled over 55,000 miles during the campaign.{{sfn\\\|Schmidt\\\|1960\\\|p\\=214}} The Wallace\\-Taylor ticket finished in fourth place in the election, winning 1,157,328 votes (2\\.4%). This was only slightly less than the States' Rights Party, but the Progressive Party received no electoral votes.{{Leip PV source 2\\\| year\\=1948\\\| as of\\=August 1, 2005}}", "### States' Rights Democratic Party nomination", "", "\|1948 States' Rights Democratic Party ticket", "\| [{{color\\\|black\\\|Strom Thurmond}}](/wiki/Strom_Thurmond \"Strom Thurmond\")", "[{{color\\\|black\\\|Fielding L. Wright}}](/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright \"Fielding L. Wright\")", "for President", "for Vice President\n\| [center\\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Governor_Strom_Thurmond_b%26w_crop.jpg \"Governor Strom Thurmond b&w crop.jpg\") \| [center\\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Fielding_L._Wright%2C_1948.jpg \"Fielding L. Wright, 1948.jpg\") \|\n\| [103rd](/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Carolina \"List of governors of South Carolina\")[Governor of South Carolina](/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina \"Governor of South Carolina\")(1947–1951\\) \| [49th and 50th](/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Mississippi \"List of governors of Mississippi\")Mississippi numbers Wright as the 49th governor (1946–1948; completing his predecessor's term) and the 50th governor (1948–1952\\); serving his own full term.[Governor of Mississippi](/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi \"Governor of Mississippi\")(1946–1952\\) \|\n\|", "[thumb\\\|325x325px\\\|In some southern states, Strom Thurmond had managed to obtain the Democratic Party line, but in the majority he had to run under the label of the States' Rights Democratic Party. Only in those states in which he ran under the standard Democratic Party label did he win, his best performance as a third\\-party candidate being a distant second in Georgia.](/wiki/File:Strom_Thurmond_ballot_access_in_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election.svg \"Strom Thurmond ballot access in the 1948 U.S. presidential election.svg\")\nSouthern Democrats had become increasingly disturbed over President Truman's support of civil rights, particularly following his executive order racially integrating the U.S. armed forces and a civil rights message he sent to Congress in February 1948\\. At the Southern Governor's Conference in Wakulla Springs, Florida, on February 6, Mississippi Governor [Fielding Wright](/wiki/Fielding_Wright \"Fielding Wright\") proposed the formation of a new third party to protect [racial segregation](/wiki/Racial_segregation \"Racial segregation\") in the South. On May 10, 1948, the governors of the eleven states of the former Confederacy, along with other high\\-ranking Southern officials, met in [Jackson, Mississippi](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi \"Jackson, Mississippi\"), to discuss their concerns about the growing civil rights movement within the Democratic Party. At the meeting, South Carolina Governor [Strom Thurmond](/wiki/Strom_Thurmond \"Strom Thurmond\") criticized President Truman for his civil rights agenda, and the governors discussed ways to oppose it.Jeffrey Smith. Dixiecrat: The Life and Times of Strom Thurmond{{page needed\\\|date\\=December 2014}}", "The Southern Democrats who had walked out of the Democratic National Convention to protest the civil rights platform approved by the convention, and supported by Truman, promptly met at [Municipal Auditorium](/wiki/Boutwell_Memorial_Auditorium \"Boutwell Memorial Auditorium\") in [Birmingham, Alabama](/wiki/Birmingham%2C_Alabama \"Birmingham, Alabama\"), on July 17, 1948, and formed yet another political party, which they named the [States' Rights Democratic Party](/wiki/States%27_Rights_Democratic_Party \"States' Rights Democratic Party\"). More commonly known as the \"Dixiecrats\", the party's main goal was continuing the policy of racial segregation in the South and the [Jim Crow laws](/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws \"Jim Crow laws\") that sustained it. Governor Thurmond, who had led the walkout, became the party's presidential nominee after the convention's initial favorite, [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas \"Arkansas\") Governor [Benjamin Laney](/wiki/Benjamin_Travis_Laney \"Benjamin Travis Laney\"), withdrew his name from consideration. Governor Wright of Mississippi received the vice\\-presidential nomination. The Dixiecrats had no chance of winning the election themselves, since they could not get on the ballot in enough states to win the necessary electoral votes. Their strategy was to take enough Southern states from Truman to force the election into the [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") under the provisions of the [Twelfth Amendment](/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution%23Electoral_College_under_the_Twelfth_Amendment \"Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment\"), where they could then extract concessions from either Truman or Dewey on racial issues in exchange for their support. Even if Dewey won the election outright, the Dixiecrats hoped that their defection would show that the Democratic Party needed Southern support in order to win national elections, and that this fact would weaken the pro\\-civil rights movement among Northern and Western Democrats. The Dixiecrats were weakened, however, when most Southern Democratic leaders (such as Governor [Herman Talmadge](/wiki/Herman_Talmadge \"Herman Talmadge\") of Georgia and \"Boss\" [E. H. Crump](/wiki/E._H._Crump \"E. H. Crump\") from Tennessee) refused to support the party. Despite being an incumbent president, Truman was not placed on the ballot in Alabama.Hugh Alvin Bone, American Politics and the Party System, p. 262 (McGraw\\-Hill 1955\\).", "In the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina, the party was able to be labeled as the main Democratic Party ticket on the local ballots on election night.[https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government\\-politics/dixiecrats/](https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/dixiecrats/) New Georgia Encyclopedia. Outside of these four states, it was only listed as a third\\-party ticket.", "### Socialist Party nomination", "", "\|1948 Socialist Party ticket", "\|[{{color\\\|white\\\|Norman Thomas}}](/wiki/Norman_Thomas \"Norman Thomas\")", "[{{color\\\|white\\\| Tucker P. Smith}}](/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith \"Tucker P. Smith\")", "for President", "for Vice President\n\| [center\\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg \"Norman Thomas 1937.jpg\") \| [center\\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Tucker_P_Smith.jpg \"Tucker P Smith.jpg\") \|\n\| Socialist Party Chairman(1936–1944\\) \| Economics professor \|\n\|", "Although it had initially appeared that the Socialist Party would refrain from nominating its own candidate and instead endorse Wallace's run, policy differences and Wallace's refusal to publicly repudiate the support of communists caused them to break with the Progressive Party and nominate their own ticket. The party therefore nominated [Norman Thomas](/wiki/Norman_Thomas \"Norman Thomas\"), a five\\-time Socialist nominee and the former party chairman, as president, and [Tucker P. Smith](/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith \"Tucker P. Smith\"), an economics professor, as vice president.", "Thomas debated [Farrell Dobbs](/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs \"Farrell Dobbs\"), the nominee of the [Socialist Workers Party](/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Socialist Workers Party (United States)\"), during the general election. This was the first debate between general election presidential candidates. [Edward A. Teichert](/wiki/Edward_A._Teichert \"Edward A. Teichert\"), the nominee of the [Socialist Labor Party of America](/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America \"Socialist Labor Party of America\"), had challenged Thomas to a debate, but Teichert declined after Thomas asked for Dobbs to also be invited.", "", "\|Presidential Ballot*", "\| [Norman Thomas](/wiki/Norman_Thomas \"Norman Thomas\") \| 200 \|", "### Christian Nationalist Party nomination", "This Party nominated [Gerald L. K. Smith](/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith \"Gerald L. K. Smith\"), a leader of the [Share Our Wealth](/wiki/Share_Our_Wealth \"Share Our Wealth\") movement during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), founder of the [Christian Nationalist Crusade](/wiki/Christian_Nationalist_Crusade \"Christian Nationalist Crusade\"), and founder of the [America First Party](/wiki/America_First_Party_%281943%29 \"America First Party (1943)\") for which he was presidential candidate ([1944](/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election \"1944 United States presidential election\")).{{cite encyclopedia \\\|encyclopedia\\=\\[\\[Encyclopedia of Arkansas History \\& Culture]] \\\|title\\=Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith (1898\\-1976\\) \\\|url\\=http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry\\-detail.aspx?entryID\\=1767\\\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2009}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=Founded by Gerald L. K. Smith \\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650349962\\.html?dids\\=650349962:650349962\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:AI\\&type\\=historic\\&date\\=Dec\\+23%2C\\+1977\\&author\\=\\&pub\\=Los\\+Angeles\\+Times\\&desc\\=FOUNDED\\+BY\\+GERALD\\+L.\\+K.\\+SMITH\\&pqatl\\=google \\\|quote\\=The anti\\-Jewish Christian Nationalist Crusade, founded by the late Gerald L. K. Smith and based in Glendale since 1953, is being dissolved, it was confirmed Thursday. \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\\|date\\=December 23, 1977 \\\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2009 \\\|first\\=John \\\|last\\=Dart \\\|archive\\-date\\=October 24, 2012 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024112059/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650349962\\.html?dids\\=650349962:650349962\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:AI\\&type\\=historic\\&date\\=Dec\\+23,\\+1977\\&author\\=\\&pub\\=Los\\+Angeles\\+Times\\&desc\\=FOUNDED\\+BY\\+GERALD\\+L.\\+K.\\+SMITH\\&pqatl\\=google \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "" ]
General election ---------------- ### Fall campaign [thumb\\|Dewey during a campaign tour in New York](/wiki/File:Thomas_E._Dewey_1948_campaign_NYWTS.jpg "Thomas E. Dewey 1948 campaign NYWTS.jpg") {{Listen \\|filename \= Eubie Blake \- Just Wild about Harry.ogg \\|title \= "I'm Just Wild About Harry" \\|description \= Instrumental version of "\[\[I'm Just Wild About Harry]]", used as a campaign song by the Truman campaign. Duration 3:54\. \\|format \= \[\[Ogg]] }} Given Truman's sinking popularity and the seemingly fatal three\-way split in the Democratic Party, Dewey appeared unbeatable to the point where top Republicans believed that all their candidate had to do to win was to avoid major mistakes. Following this advice, Dewey carefully avoided risks and spoke in platitudes, avoiding controversial issues, and remained vague on what he planned to do as president, with speech after speech being nonpartisan and also filled with optimistic assertions or empty statements of the obvious, including the famous quote: "You know that your future is still ahead of you." An editorial in the [Louisville Courier\-Journal](/wiki/The_Courier-Journal "The Courier-Journal") summed it up: > No presidential candidate in the future will be so inept that four of his major speeches can be boiled down to these historic four sentences: Agriculture is important. Our rivers are full of fish. You cannot have freedom without liberty. Our future lies ahead.Gary A. Donaldson, Truman Defeats Dewey (The University Press of Kentucky, 1999\), p. 173, quoting the [Louisville Courier\-Journal](/wiki/The_Courier-Journal "The Courier-Journal"), November 18, 1948\. Another writer noted the "one broad issue that Dewey set forth in the campaign was unity...but \[he] was oversold on an issue which had no visceral appeal to the average American. It was hard to understand what Dewey was driving at. Sometimes it seemed that he was asking Americans to achieve unity by being united behind him."(Abels, p. 191\) On the other hand, Truman's campaign strategist, [Clark Clifford](/wiki/Clark_Clifford "Clark Clifford"), said that Truman's campaign was "pitched to four distinct interest groups – labor, the farmer, the Negro, and the consumer. Every move had these four interest groups in mind."(Abels, p. 165\) Since he was trailing in the polls, Truman decided to adopt a slashing, no\-holds\-barred campaign. He ridiculed Dewey by name, criticized Dewey's refusal to address specific issues, and scornfully targeted the Republican\-controlled 80th Congress with a wave of relentless and blistering partisan assaults. Truman claimed that "the Communists are rooting for a GOP victory because they know it would bring on another [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression")."(Abels, p. 237\) In several speeches, Truman stated that "GOP" actually stood for "gluttons of privilege", and said that Republicans were "princes of privilege" and "bloodsuckers with offices on Wall Street."(Abels, p. 194\) He told one audience that "The Republicans have begun to nail the American consumer to the wall with spikes of greed."(Manchester, p. 460\) At the National Plowing Contest in [Dexter, Iowa](/wiki/Dexter%2C_Iowa "Dexter, Iowa"), Truman told 80,000 farmers in attendance that "this Republican Congress has already stuck a pitchfork in the farmer's back" to rapturous applause. [thumb\\|350px\\|[Clifford K. Berryman](/wiki/Clifford_K._Berryman "Clifford K. Berryman")'s editorial cartoon of October 19, 1948, shows the consensus of experts in mid\-October](/wiki/File:Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg "Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg") Truman nicknamed the Republican\-controlled Congress as the "worst", "do\-nothing" Congress, a remark that brought strong criticism from Republican Congressional leaders (such as Taft), but no comment from Dewey. In fact, Dewey rarely mentioned Truman's name during the campaign, which fit into his strategy of appearing to be above petty partisan politics. Under Dewey's leadership, the Republicans had enacted a platform at their 1948 convention that called for expanding [Social Security](/wiki/Social_Security_%28United_States%29 "Social Security (United States)"), more funding for public housing, [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_rights "Civil rights") legislation, and promotion of health and education by the federal government. These positions were unacceptable to the conservative Congressional Republican leadership; Truman exploited this rift in the opposing party by calling [a special session of Congress](/wiki/Turnip_Day_Session "Turnip Day Session") on "Turnip Day" (referring to an old piece of Missouri folklore about planting turnips in late July) and daring the Republican Congressional leadership to pass its own platform. The [80th Congress](/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress "80th United States Congress") played into Truman's hands, delivering very little in the way of substantive legislation during this time. Truman simply ignored the fact that Dewey's policies were considerably more liberal than most of his fellow Republicans, and instead concentrated his fire against what he characterized as the conservative, obstructionist tendencies of the unpopular 80th Congress. Truman toured much of the nation with his fiery rhetoric, playing to large, enthusiastic crowds. "Give 'em hell, Harry" was a popular slogan shouted out at stop after stop along the tour. The polls and the pundits held that Dewey's lead was insurmountable and that Truman's efforts were for naught. Truman's own staff considered the campaign a last hurrah.{{citation needed\\|date\=December 2020}} Even Truman's own wife, [Bess](/wiki/Bess_Truman "Bess Truman"), had private doubts that her husband could win; the only person who appears to have considered Truman's campaign to be winnable was the president himself, who confidently predicted victory to anyone who would listen to him. Near the end of the campaign, Truman privately wrote a state\-by\-state electoral vote prediction and gave it to his aide, George Elsey. Truman believed that he would win the election with 340 electoral votes, to 108 for Dewey, 42 for Thurmond, and 37 marked doubtful (he accidentally left out four electoral votes).(Manchester, p. 461\) In the final weeks of the campaign, American movie theaters agreed to play two short newsreel\-like campaign films in support of the two major\-party candidates: both had been created by its respective campaign organization. The Dewey film, shot professionally on an impressive budget, featured very high production values but somehow reinforced an image of the New York governor as cautious and distant. On the other hand, the Truman film, hastily assembled on virtually no budget by the perpetually cash\-short Truman campaign, relied heavily on public\-domain and newsreel footage of the president taking part in major world events and signing important legislation. Perhaps unintentionally, the Truman film visually reinforced an image of him as engaged and decisive. Years later, historian [David McCullough](/wiki/David_McCullough "David McCullough") cited the expensive but lackluster Dewey film and the far cheaper but more effective Truman film as important factors in determining the preferences of undecided voters. As the campaign drew to a close, the polls showed Truman was gaining: though Truman lost all nine of the [Gallup Poll](/wiki/Gallup_Poll "Gallup Poll")'s post\-convention surveys, Dewey's Gallup lead dropped from 17 points in late September to nine points in mid\-October and just five points by the end of the month, just above the poll's margin of error. Although Truman was gaining momentum, most political analysts were reluctant to break with the conventional wisdom and say that a Truman victory was a serious possibility. After 1948, pollsters would constantly test voters through election day.{{citation needed\\|date\=December 2020}} On September 9, nearly two months before election day, pollster [Elmo Roper](/wiki/Elmo_Roper "Elmo Roper") announced "Thomas E. Dewey is almost as good as elected. \[...] I can think of nothing duller or more intellectually barren than acting like a sports announcer who feels he must pretend he is witnessing a neck\-and\-neck race."(Manchester, p. 465\) Roper stopped polling voters until the final week before the election, when he took another poll. It showed "a slight shift to Truman; it still gave Dewey a heavy lead, however, so he decided not to hedge his bet."(Manchester, p. 466\) One poll showing strong Truman support in the rural Midwest was sponsored by the Staley Milling Company, who "polled farmers by giving them a choice of a donkey or an elephant on chicken feed sacks. When the results among 20,000 farmers showed up as fifty\-four percent to forty\-six percent for the donkey, the poll was abandoned."(Abels, p. 275\) When Dewey considered adopting a more aggressive stance after noticing that his crowds were dwindling, Herbert Brownell contacted 90 GOP state committeemen and committeewomen in all 48 states. With one exception, they "urged \[Dewey] to press forward on the high road" his campaign had taken and to continue to ignore Truman's attacks.(Manchester, p. 463\) The sole exception was Kansas committeeman Harry Darby, who warned Dewey and his managers "that farmers were in a mutinous mood" and recommended that Dewey take a tougher and more aggressive stance. However, given that all the polls still showed Dewey leading, and no other committee member supported Darby, his advice was rejected. In the campaign's final days, many newspapers, magazines, and political pundits were so confident of Dewey's impending victory they wrote articles to be printed the morning after the election speculating about Dewey's Presidency: [Life](/wiki/Life_%28magazine%29 "Life (magazine)") magazine printed a large photo in its final edition before the election, entitled "Our Next President Rides by Ferryboat over San Francisco Bay", that showed Dewey and his staff riding across the city's harbor.(Abels, p. 261\) [Newsweek](/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek") polled fifty experts, with all fifty predicting a Dewey win. Several well\-known and influential newspaper columnists, such as [Drew Pearson](/wiki/Drew_Pearson_%28journalist%29 "Drew Pearson (journalist)") and [Joseph Alsop](/wiki/Joseph_Alsop "Joseph Alsop"), wrote columns to be printed the morning after the election speculating about Dewey's possible choices for his cabinet; the day before the election, Pearson wrote that any chance of a Truman victory was "impossible", and his column printed the day after the election stated that Pearson had "surveyed the closely\-knit group around Tom Dewey who will take over the White House 86 days from now." [Walter Winchell](/wiki/Walter_Winchell "Walter Winchell") reported that gambling odds were 15 to 1 against Truman. More than 500 newspapers, accounting for over 78% of the nation's total circulation, endorsed Dewey. Truman picked up 182 endorsements, accounting for just 10% of America's newspaper readership, being surpassed by Thurmond, who got the remaining 12% from many Southern papers. [Alistair Cooke](/wiki/Alistair_Cooke "Alistair Cooke"), the distinguished writer for the [Manchester Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian") newspaper in the United Kingdom, published an article on the day of the election entitled "Harry S. Truman: A Study of a Failure." For its television coverage, NBC News had constructed a large cardboard model of the White House containing two elephants that would pop out when NBC announced Dewey's victory; since Truman's defeat was considered certain, no donkeys were placed in the White House model.(Smith, p. 20\) As Truman made his way to his hometown of [Independence, Missouri](/wiki/Independence%2C_Missouri "Independence, Missouri"), to await the election returns, some among his inner circle had already accepted other jobs, and not a single reporter traveling on his campaign train thought that he would win, while a number of prominent Republicans, anticipating serving in a Dewey administration, had already bought homes in Washington.(Manchester, p. 453\) ### Results [thumb\\|Famous photograph of Truman grinning and holding up a copy of the newspaper that [erroneously announced his defeat](/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman "Dewey Defeats Truman").](/wiki/File:Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg "Dewey Defeats Truman.jpg") On election night, Dewey, his family, and campaign staff confidently gathered in the [Roosevelt Hotel](/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Hotel_%28New_York%29 "The Roosevelt Hotel (New York)") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to await the returns.(Ross, p. 241\) Truman, aided by the [Secret Service](/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service "United States Secret Service"), snuck away from reporters covering him in [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri "Kansas City, Missouri") and rode to nearby [Excelsior Springs, Missouri](/wiki/Excelsior_Springs%2C_Missouri "Excelsior Springs, Missouri"). There, he took a room in the historic [Elms Hotel](/wiki/Elms_Hotel_%28Excelsior_Springs%2C_Missouri%29 "Elms Hotel (Excelsior Springs, Missouri)"), had dinner and a [Turkish bath](/wiki/Turkish_bath "Turkish bath"), and went to sleep.(Ross, p. 242\) As the votes came in, Truman took an early lead that he never lost. The leading radio commentators, such as [H. V. Kaltenborn](/wiki/H._V._Kaltenborn "H. V. Kaltenborn") of [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), still confidently predicted that once the "late returns" came in Dewey would overcome Truman's lead and win. At midnight, Truman awoke and turned on the radio in his room; he heard Kaltenborn announce that while Truman was still ahead in the popular vote, he could not possibly win. At 4 a.m., Truman awoke again and heard on the radio that his popular\-vote lead was now nearly two million votes, and that he was well ahead in the electoral vote. He told the Secret Service agents guarding him to drive him back to Kansas City, "because it looks as if we're in for another four years."(Manchester, p. 469\) For the rest of his life, Truman would gleefully mimic Kaltenborn's staccato voice predicting his defeat throughout that election night. Dewey, meanwhile, realized that he was in trouble when early returns from [New England](/wiki/New_England "New England") and [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") showed him running well behind his expected vote total. He stayed up for the rest of the night and early morning analyzing the votes as they came in, and by 10:30 a.m., he was convinced he had lost; at 11:14 a.m., he sent a gracious telegram of concession to Truman.(Ross, p. 240\-243\) The pro\-Republican [Chicago Daily Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune "Chicago Daily Tribune") was so certain of Dewey's victory that on Tuesday afternoon, before any polls closed, it printed "[DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN](/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman "Dewey Defeats Truman")" as its banner headline for the following day. Part of the reason Truman's victory came as such a shock was because of uncorrected flaws in the emerging craft of public opinion polling. According to historian [William Manchester](/wiki/William_Manchester "William Manchester"), "many professional pollsters \[...] believed in what some had come to call [Farley's Law](/wiki/James_A._Farley "James A. Farley")." James Farley, President Franklin Roosevelt's successful campaign manager in 1932 and 1936, had stated that, in his opinion, the great majority of voters decided which candidate to support during the political conventions. The fall campaigns, Farley believed, were simply "ineffective carnivals" that swayed few voters. In 1948 many pollsters, relying on Farley's Law, believed that the election was effectively over after the Republican and Democratic conventions, and they discounted the impact of Truman's campaigning that fall. Manchester noted that "Gallup's September 24 report foresaw 46\.5% for Dewey to 38% for Truman. His last column, appearing in the Sunday papers two days before the election, showed Truman gaining sharply – to 44% – and the interviews on which it was based had been conducted two weeks earlier. The national mood was shifting daily, almost hourly." After the election, a study by the University of Michigan revealed that "14% of Truman's voters, or 3,374,800, had decided to vote for him in the last fortnight of the campaign."(Manchester, p. 471\) Gallup and Roper also did an analysis of the votes; they "learned that one voter in every seven (6,927,000\), made up his mind in the last two weeks before the election. Of these, 75 percent picked Truman", which was more than his margin of victory over Dewey. "Using either the Michigan figures or Gallup\-Roper's, one finds that some 3,300,000 fence\-sitters determined the outcome of the race in its closing days – when Dewey's instincts were urging him to adopt Truman's hell\-for\-leather style and slug it out with him, and when he didn't because all the experts told him he shouldn't." The key states in the 1948 election were Ohio, California, and Illinois. Truman won each of these states by less than 1 percentage point; they gave him a total of 78 electoral votes. Had Dewey carried all three states \- which would have required a shift of just 29,000 votes \- he would have won the election in the [Electoral College](/wiki/Electoral_College_%28United_States%29 "Electoral College (United States)") despite losing the popular vote by 2\.13 million votes (or 4\.36%). If Dewey had won any two of the three, no nominee would have reached the 266 electoral votes required for election, and the Dixiecrats would have succeeded in their goal of forcing the election into the House of Representatives. The extreme closeness of the vote in these three states was the major reason why Dewey waited until late on the morning of November 3 to concede defeat. Aside from Ohio, California, and Illinois, Truman carried Idaho by almost as narrow a margin, and Dewey himself countered with similarly narrow victories in New York (the nation's largest electoral prize at the time), his birth state of Michigan, and Maryland. But this was too little to give him the election. Dewey would always believe that he lost the election because he lost the [rural](/wiki/Rural_area "Rural area") vote in the Midwest, which he had won in 1944 {{failed verification span\\|text\=(note the Kaltenborn predictions that Truman would joyously mock had taken for granted that the "country vote" would go to Dewey)\\|date\=April 2024}}.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968\_4\_22\.shtml \\|title\=americanheritage.com \\|access\-date\=November 8, 2008 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207041433/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968\_4\_22\.shtml \\|archive\-date\=December 7, 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|df\=mdy\-all }} Of the 3,096 counties/independent cities making returns, Truman won the most popular votes in 1,639 (52\.94%) while Dewey carried 1,190 (38\.44%). Thurmond prevailed in 265 counties (8\.56%) while two counties (0\.06%) in South Dakota split evenly between Truman and Dewey. Truman's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities, which was around 1,481,000, had decreased by 750,000 from Roosevelt's results in the 1944 election, which was around 2,230,000\.{{cite book \\|last\=Murphy \\|first\=Paul \\|date\=1974 \\|title\=Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890\-present \\|publisher\=\[\[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]}} If all of the votes Wallace received went to Truman then only the states of Maryland, Michigan, and New York would have flipped.{{sfn\\|Schmidt\\|1960\\|p\=233}} Journalist [Samuel Lubell](/wiki/Samuel_Lubell "Samuel Lubell") found in his post\-1948 survey of voters that Truman, not Dewey, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the "new middle class" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that "to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of prosperity" during and after the war. Lubell quoted a man who, when asked why he did not vote Republican after moving to the suburbs, answered "I own a nice home, have a new car and am much better off than my parents were. I've been a Democrat all my life. Why should I change?" Dewey's promise of a "great house cleaning" in Washington worried an Iowa minister who wanted to retain [farm subsidies](/wiki/US_farm_subsidies "US farm subsidies") for parishioners; worried about the consequences of another depression, he voted Democratic for the first time in his church's history. Truman received a record number of [Catholic votes](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States "Catholic Church and politics in the United States"), exceeding even the Catholic support of [Al Smith](/wiki/Al_Smith "Al Smith") in [1928](/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election "1928 United States presidential election"), in part because Wallace drew leftists away from the Democrats.{{cite book \\| title\=The Future of American Politics \\| publisher\=Anchor Press \\| author\=Lubell, Samuel \\| year\=1956 \\| pages\=62–63,170–172,224–227 \\| edition\=2nd\\|ol \= 6193934M}} Another reason for Dewey's surprise defeat was his complacent, distant approach to the campaign, and his failure to respond to Truman's attacks. Journalist Jules Abels wrote that "the election was not thrown away by indifference or lack of effort. Preparation and more preparation had always been the distinguishing characteristic of Dewey and his team throughout his career...The truth is that Dewey's campaign was the result not of careless, but too careful and painstaking, calculation. The Dewey campaign was frozen into inertia not because it had been underthought, but because it had been overthought."(Abels, p. 142\) Other possible factors for Truman's victory included his aggressive, populist campaign style; broad public approval of Truman's foreign policy, notably the [Berlin Airlift](/wiki/Berlin_Blockade%23The_start_of_the_Berlin_Airlift "Berlin Blockade#The start of the Berlin Airlift") of that year; and widespread dissatisfaction with the institution Truman labeled as the "do\-nothing, good\-for\-nothing 80th Republican Congress." In addition, after suffering a relatively severe recession in 1946 and 1947 (in which real GDP dropped by 12% and inflation went over 15%), the economy began recovering throughout 1948\. The year 1948 was a banner year for the Democrats, as they not only retained the presidency but also recaptured both houses of Congress. It was also an unprecedented fifth consecutive presidential victory for the party, thus continuing what remains the only winning streak of more than two presidential elections by the Democratic Party since the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). Since 1948, there has been [only one](/wiki/US_presidential_election%2C_1988 "US presidential election, 1988") streak of three consecutive presidential victories by any party (in that case, by the Republicans). The two largest third parties did not hurt Truman nearly as much as expected, as Thurmond's Dixiecrats carried only four Southern states, fewer than predicted, and all of which listed Thurmond as the official Democratic candidate; Thurmond did not come close to carrying any of the other states in which he ran, with his best showing among these being second place with 20\.3% of the vote in Georgia. The Dixiecrats also failed to draw off enough Truman voters to throw any of his states to Dewey, with the nearest they came in this regard being in Virginia, where the 25\.0% margin won by Roosevelt in 1944 was reduced to 6\.9% this time. The civil rights platform helped Truman win large majorities among black voters in the populous Northern and Midwestern states, and may well have made the difference for Truman in states such as Illinois and Ohio.{{cite news \\|last1\=Johnson \\|first1\=Theodore R. \\|last2\=Prints \\|first2\=Posters by Kennedy \\|title\=How the Black Vote Became a Political Monolith \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/magazine/black\-vote.html \\|website\=The New York Times \\|date\=September 16, 2020}} Wallace's Progressives received only 2\.4% of the national popular vote, well below their expected vote total and slightly less than the Dixiecrats, and Wallace did not take as many liberal votes from Truman as many political [pundits](/wiki/Pundit_%28expert%29 "Pundit (expert)") had predicted. Some analysts, including author Zachary Karabell, have even argued that the separate candidacies of Wallace and Thurmond were beneficial to Truman by removing the separate taints of [communism](/wiki/Communism "Communism") and [racism](/wiki/Racism "Racism") from the Democratic Party. The split of the Democratic party, while failing to defeat Truman, did hold the Democrats back in several narrow states. Had the Wallace and Thurmond vote been in the Democratic column, Truman would have won all the Thurmond states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina), and the Wallace vote would have flipped Michigan, Maryland and New York into Truman's states. Winning these states would have put Truman at 416 electoral votes to Dewey's reduced 115 electoral votes. This still would have been a decline of Democratic electoral votes since 1940 but percentage\-wise Truman would have gotten 54\.33% of the popular vote, an increase of 0\.94% from Roosevelt's last victory. This was the last election until [1996](/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election "1996 United States presidential election") in which the Democrats won Arizona and the last until [1964](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election "1964 United States presidential election") in which they won California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. It was also the last election until 1964 in which South Carolina did not vote for the official Democratic nominee. Thurmond's 2\.4% is the lowest popular vote percentage for a candidate who won all of a state's electoral votes.{{cite news \\|title\=Evan McMullin Could Set Mark for Weakest National Popular Vote by Candidate to Win a State \\|newspaper\=Smart Politics \\|url\=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2016/10/13/evan\-mcmullin\-could\-set\-mark\-for\-weakest\-national\-popular\-vote\-by\-candidate\-to\-win\-a\-state/ \\|date\=October 13, 2016 \\|last1\=Ostermeier \\|first1\=Eric }} The 1948 presidential election contrasted with other elections across the world during this period, for Truman was a [war leader](/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II "Allied leaders of World War II") who managed to win election ([Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") and [De Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle") both left office shortly after the end of the war).{{cite web \\|title\=History of Sir Winston Churchill \\|url\=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past\-prime\-ministers/winston\-churchill \\|website\=www.gov.uk}}{{cite web \\|title\=Charles de Gaulle \\|url\=https://www.biographyonline.net/politicians/charles\_de\_gaulle.html \\|website\=Biography Online}} This was the first election since 1836 in which a Democratic presidential candidate won the presidency without South Carolina, and the first ever in which a Democrat won the presidency without Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. Furthermore, this is the last time a Democratic presidential candidate won without New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. It is also the first of two occasions since 1916 that Oregon and Washington did not support the same party (the other being in 1968\). This election is the only time since 1888 that New Jersey and Illinois did not support the same party. {{clear}} {{start U.S. presidential ticket box\\| pv\_footnote‍\=\\| ev\_footnote\={{National Archives EV source\\| year\=1948\\| as of\=August 1, 2005}}}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Harry S. Truman]] (incumbent)\\| party\=\[\[Democratic Party (United States)\\|Democratic]]{{efn\\|name\="NewYork"\\|In \[\[New York (state)\\|New York]], the Truman vote was a fusion of the Democratic and \[\[Liberal Party of New York\\|Liberal]] slates. There, Truman obtained 2,557,642 votes on the Democratic ticket and 222,562 votes on the Liberal ticket.}}\\| state\=\[\[Missouri]]\\| pv\=24,178,347\\| pv\_pct\=49\.55%\\| ev\=303\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Alben W. Barkley]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Kentucky]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Thomas E. Dewey]]\\| party\=\[\[Republican Party (United States)\\|Republican]]{{efn\\|name\="Mississippi"\\|In \[\[Mississippi]], the Dewey vote was a fusion of the Republican and Independent Republican slates. There, Dewey obtained 2,595 votes on the Republican ticket and 2,448 votes on the Independent Republican ticket.}}\\| state\=\[\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\\| pv\=21,991,292\\| pv\_pct\=45\.07%\\| ev\=189\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Earl Warren]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[California]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Strom Thurmond]]\\| party\=\[\[Dixiecrat\\|States' Rights Democratic]]\\| state\=\[\[South Carolina]]\\| pv\=1,176,023\\| pv\_pct\=2\.41%\\| ev\=39A Tennessee faithless elector voted for Thurmond/Wright\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Fielding L. Wright]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Mississippi]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Henry A. Wallace]]\\| party\=\[\[Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955\)\\|Progressive]]/\[\[American Labor Party\\|American Labor]]\\| state\=\[\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\\| pv\=1,157,328\\| pv\_pct\=2\.37%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Glen H. Taylor]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Idaho]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Norman Thomas]]\\| party\=\[\[Socialist Party of America\\|Socialist]]\\| state\=New York\\| pv\=139,569\\| pv\_pct\=0\.29%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Tucker P. Smith]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Michigan]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Claude A. Watson]]\\| party\=\[\[Prohibition Party\\|Prohibition]]\\| state\=California\\| pv\=103,708\\| pv\_pct\=0\.21%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Dale Learn]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Pennsylvania]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Edward A. Teichert]]\\| party\=\[\[Socialist Labor Party of America\\|Socialist Labor]]\\| state\=Pennsylvania\\| pv\=29,244\\| pv\_pct\=0\.06%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Stephen Emery]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[New York (state)\\|New York]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Farrell Dobbs]]\\| party\=\[\[Socialist Workers Party (United States)\\|Socialist Workers]]\\| state\=\[\[Minnesota]]\\| pv\=13,613\\| pv\_pct\=0\.03%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Grace Carlson]]\\| vp\_state\=Minnesota}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box other\\| footnote\=\\| pv\=3,504\\| pv\_pct\=0\.01%}} {{end U.S. presidential ticket box\\| pv\=48,793,535\\| ev\=531\\| to\_win\=266}} {{bar box \\|title\=Popular vote \\|titlebar\=\#ddd \\|width\=600px \\|barwidth\=410px \\|bars\= {{bar percent\\|'''Truman'''\\|{{party color\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\|49\.55}} {{bar percent\\|Dewey\\|{{party color\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\|45\.07}} {{bar percent\\|Thurmond\\|{{party color\\|Dixiecrat}}\\|2\.41}} {{bar percent\\|Wallace\\|{{party color\\|Progressive Party (US, 1948\)}}\\|2\.37}} {{bar percent\\|Others\\|\#777777\\|0\.60}} }} {{bar box \\|title\=Electoral vote \\|titlebar\=\#ddd \\|width\=600px \\|barwidth\=411px \\|bars\= {{bar percent\\|'''Truman'''\\|{{party color\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\|57\.06}} {{bar percent\\|Dewey\\|{{party color\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\|35\.59}} {{bar percent\\|Thurmond\\|{{party color\\|Dixiecrat}}\\|7\.34}} }} [650px\\|thumb\\|left](/wiki/File:1948_Electoral_Map.png "1948 Electoral Map.png") File:1948 United States presidential election results map by county.svg\\|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote ### Results by state States/districts won by [Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman")/[Barkley](/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley "Alben W. Barkley") \| States/districts won by [Dewey](/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey")/[Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren") \| States/districts won by [Thurmond](/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond")/[Wright](/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright "Fielding L. Wright") \| \| {{cite web\\|url\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year\=1948\&datatype\=national\&def\=1\&f\=0\&off\=0\&elect\=0\\|title\=1948 Presidential General Election Data – National\\|access\-date\=April 8, 2013}} \| \| Harry S. TrumanDemocratic \| \| \| Thomas E. DeweyRepublican \| \| \| J. Strom ThurmondDixiecrat \| \| \| Henry WallaceProgressive \| \| \| Norman ThomasSocialist \| \| \| Other \| \| \| Margin \| \| State Total \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| State \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \# \| % \| \# \| \| [Alabama](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama "1948 United States presidential election in Alabama") \| 11 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 40,930 \| 19\.04 \| \- \| 171,443 \| 79\.75 \| 11 \| 1,522 \| 0\.71 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,085 \| 0\.50 \| \- \| \-130,513 \| \-60\.71 \| 214,980 \| AL \| [Arizona](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona "1948 United States presidential election in Arizona") \| 4 \| 95,251 \| 53\.79 \| 4 \| 77,597 \| 43\.82 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 3,310 \| 1\.87 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 907 \| 0\.51 \| \- \| 17,654 \| 9\.97 \| 177,065 \| AZ \| [Arkansas](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas "1948 United States presidential election in Arkansas") \| 9 \| 149,659 \| 61\.72 \| 9 \| 50,959 \| 21\.02 \| \- \| 40,068 \| 16\.52 \| \- \| 751 \| 0\.31 \| \- \| 1,037 \| 0\.43 \| \- \| 1 \| 0\.00 \| \- \| 98,700 \| 40\.71 \| 242,475 \| AR \| [California](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_California "1948 United States presidential election in California") \| 25 \| 1,913,134 \| 47\.57 \| 25 \| 1,895,269 \| 47\.13 \| \- \| 1,228 \| 0\.03 \| \- \| 190,381 \| 4\.73 \| \- \| 3,459 \| 0\.09 \| \- \| 18,067 \| 0\.45 \| \- \| 17,865 \| 0\.44 \| 4,021,538 \| CA \| [Colorado](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado "1948 United States presidential election in Colorado") \| 6 \| 267,288 \| 51\.88 \| 6 \| 239,714 \| 46\.52 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 6,115 \| 1\.19 \| \- \| 1,678 \| 0\.33 \| \- \| 442 \| 0\.09 \| \- \| 27,574 \| 5\.35 \| 515,237 \| CO \| [Connecticut](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut "1948 United States presidential election in Connecticut") \| 8 \| 423,297 \| 47\.91 \| \- \| 437,754 \| 49\.55 \| 8 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 13,713 \| 1\.55 \| \- \| 6,964 \| 0\.79 \| \- \| 1,790 \| 0\.20 \| \- \| \-14,457 \| \-1\.64 \| 883,518 \| CT \| [Delaware](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware "1948 United States presidential election in Delaware") \| 3 \| 67,813 \| 48\.76 \| \- \| 69,588 \| 50\.04 \| 3 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,050 \| 0\.75 \| \- \| 250 \| 0\.18 \| \- \| 372 \| 0\.27 \| \- \| \-1,775 \| \-1\.28 \| 139,073 \| DE \| [Florida](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida "1948 United States presidential election in Florida") \| 8 \| 281,988 \| 48\.82 \| 8 \| 194,280 \| 33\.63 \| \- \| 89,755 \| 15\.54 \| \- \| 11,620 \| 2\.01 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 87,708 \| 15\.18 \| 577,643 \| FL \| [Georgia](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia "1948 United States presidential election in Georgia") \| 12 \| 254,646 \| 60\.80 \| 12 \| 76,691 \| 18\.31 \| \- \| 85,135 \| 20\.33 \| \- \| 1,636 \| 0\.39 \| \- \| 3 \| 0\.00 \| \- \| 733 \| 0\.18 \| \- \| 169,591 \| 40\.50 \| 418,764 \| GA \| [Idaho](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho "1948 United States presidential election in Idaho") \| 4 \| 107,370 \| 49\.98 \| 4 \| 101,514 \| 47\.26 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 4,972 \| 2\.31 \| \- \| 332 \| 0\.15 \| \- \| 628 \| 0\.29 \| \- \| 5,856 \| 2\.73 \| 214,816 \| ID \| [Illinois](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois "1948 United States presidential election in Illinois") \| 28 \| 1,994,715 \| 50\.07 \| 28 \| 1,961,103 \| 49\.22 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 11,522 \| 0\.29 \| \- \| 16,706 \| 0\.42 \| \- \| 33,612 \| 0\.84 \| 3,984,046 \| IL \| [Indiana](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana "1948 United States presidential election in Indiana") \| 13 \| 807,833 \| 48\.78 \| \- \| 821,079 \| 49\.58 \| 13 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 9,649 \| 0\.58 \| \- \| 2,179 \| 0\.13 \| \- \| 15,474 \| 0\.93 \| \- \| \-13,246 \| \-0\.80 \| 1,656,214 \| IN \| [Iowa](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa "1948 United States presidential election in Iowa") \| 10 \| 522,380 \| 50\.31 \| 10 \| 494,018 \| 47\.58 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 12,125 \| 1\.17 \| \- \| 1,829 \| 0\.18 \| \- \| 7,912 \| 0\.76 \| \- \| 28,362 \| 2\.73 \| 1,038,264 \| IA \| [Kansas](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas "1948 United States presidential election in Kansas") \| 8 \| 351,902 \| 44\.61 \| \- \| 423,039 \| 53\.63 \| 8 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 4,603 \| 0\.58 \| \- \| 2,807 \| 0\.36 \| \- \| 6,468 \| 0\.82 \| \- \| \-71,137 \| \-9\.02 \| 788,819 \| KS \| [Kentucky](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky "1948 United States presidential election in Kentucky") \| 11 \| 466,756 \| 56\.74 \| 11 \| 341,210 \| 41\.48 \| \- \| 10,411 \| 1\.27 \| \- \| 1,567 \| 0\.19 \| \- \| 1,284 \| 0\.16 \| \- \| 1,430 \| 0\.17 \| \- \| 125,546 \| 15\.26 \| 822,658 \| KY \| [Louisiana](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana "1948 United States presidential election in Louisiana") \| 10 \| 136,344 \| 32\.75 \| \- \| 72,657 \| 17\.45 \| \- \| 204,290 \| 49\.07 \| 10 \| 3,035 \| 0\.73 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 10 \| 0\.00 \| \- \| \-67,946 \| \-16\.32 \| 416,336 \| LA \| [Maine](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine "1948 United States presidential election in Maine") \| 5 \| 111,916 \| 42\.27 \| \- \| 150,234 \| 56\.74 \| 5 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,884 \| 0\.71 \| \- \| 547 \| 0\.21 \| \- \| 206 \| 0\.08 \| \- \| \-38,318 \| \-14\.47 \| 264,787 \| ME \| [Maryland](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland "1948 United States presidential election in Maryland") \| 8 \| 286,521 \| 48\.01 \| \- \| 294,814 \| 49\.40 \| 8 \| 2,489 \| 0\.42 \| \- \| 9,983 \| 1\.67 \| \- \| 2,941 \| 0\.49 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \-8,293 \| \-1\.39 \| 596,735 \| MD \| [Massachusetts](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts "1948 United States presidential election in Massachusetts") \| 16 \| 1,151,788 \| 54\.66 \| 16 \| 909,370 \| 43\.16 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 38,157 \| 1\.81 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 7,831 \| 0\.37 \| \- \| 242,418 \| 11\.50 \| 2,107,146 \| MA \| [Michigan](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1948 United States presidential election in Michigan") \| 19 \| 1,003,448 \| 47\.57 \| \- \| 1,038,595 \| 49\.23 \| 19 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 46,515 \| 2\.20 \| \- \| 6,063 \| 0\.29 \| \- \| 14,988 \| 0\.71 \| \- \| \-35,147 \| \-1\.67 \| 2,109,609 \| MI \| [Minnesota](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota "1948 United States presidential election in Minnesota") \| 11 \| 692,966 \| 57\.16 \| 11 \| 483,617 \| 39\.89 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 27,866 \| 2\.30 \| \- \| 4,646 \| 0\.38 \| \- \| 3,131 \| 0\.26 \| \- \| 209,349 \| 17\.27 \| 1,212,226 \| MN \| [Mississippi](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi "1948 United States presidential election in Mississippi"){{efn\\|name\="Mississippi"}} \| 9 \| 19,384 \| 10\.09 \| \- \| 5,043 \| 2\.62 \| \- \| 167,538 \| 87\.17 \| 9 \| 225 \| 0\.12 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \-148,154 \| \-77\.09 \| 192,190 \| MS \| [Missouri](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri "1948 United States presidential election in Missouri") \| 15 \| 917,315 \| 58\.11 \| 15 \| 655,039 \| 41\.49 \| \- \| 42 \| 0\.00 \| \- \| 3,998 \| 0\.25 \| \- \| 2,222 \| 0\.14 \| \- \| 12 \| 0\.00 \| \- \| 262,276 \| 16\.61 \| 1,578,628 \| MO \| [Montana](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana "1948 United States presidential election in Montana") \| 4 \| 119,071 \| 53\.09 \| 4 \| 96,770 \| 43\.15 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 7,313 \| 3\.26 \| \- \| 695 \| 0\.31 \| \- \| 429 \| 0\.19 \| \- \| 22,301 \| 9\.94 \| 224,278 \| MT \| [Nebraska](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska "1948 United States presidential election in Nebraska") \| 6 \| 224,165 \| 45\.85 \| \- \| 264,774 \| 54\.15 \| 6 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1 \| 0\.00 \| \- \| \-40,609 \| \-8\.31 \| 488,940 \| NE \| [Nevada](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada "1948 United States presidential election in Nevada") \| 3 \| 31,291 \| 50\.37 \| 3 \| 29,357 \| 47\.26 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,469 \| 2\.36 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,934 \| 3\.11 \| 62,117 \| NV \| [New Hampshire](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire "1948 United States presidential election in New Hampshire") \| 4 \| 107,995 \| 46\.66 \| \- \| 121,299 \| 52\.41 \| 4 \| 7 \| 0\.00 \| \- \| 1,970 \| 0\.85 \| \- \| 86 \| 0\.04 \| \- \| 83 \| 0\.04 \| \- \| \-13,304 \| \-5\.75 \| 231,440 \| NH \| [New Jersey](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey "1948 United States presidential election in New Jersey") \| 16 \| 895,455 \| 45\.93 \| \- \| 981,124 \| 50\.33 \| 16 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 42,683 \| 2\.19 \| \- \| 10,521 \| 0\.54 \| \- \| 19,772 \| 1\.01 \| \- \| \-85,669 \| \-4\.39 \| 1,949,555 \| NJ \| [New Mexico](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico "1948 United States presidential election in New Mexico") \| 4 \| 105,464 \| 56\.38 \| 4 \| 80,303 \| 42\.93 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,037 \| 0\.55 \| \- \| 83 \| 0\.04 \| \- \| 176 \| 0\.09 \| \- \| 25,161 \| 13\.45 \| 187,063 \| NM \| [New York](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York "1948 United States presidential election in New York"){{efn\\|name\="NewYork"}}{{Cite web\\| url\=http://clerk.house.gov/member\_info/electionInfo/1948election.pdf \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://clerk.house.gov/member\_info/electionInfo/1948election.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2022\-10\-09 \\|url\-status\=live\\| title\=Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1948\\| work\=Official website of the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives\\| access\-date\=April 29, 2008}} \| 47 \| 2,780,204 \| 45\.01 \| \- \| 2,841,163 \| 45\.99 \| 47 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 509,559 \| 8\.25 \| \- \| 40,879 \| 0\.66 \| \- \| 5,532 \| 0\.09 \| \- \| \-60,959 \| \-0\.98 \| 6,177,337 \| NY \| [North Carolina](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina "1948 United States presidential election in North Carolina") \| 14 \| 459,070 \| 58\.02 \| 14 \| 258,572 \| 32\.68 \| \- \| 69,652 \| 8\.80 \| \- \| 3,915 \| 0\.49 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 200,498 \| 25\.34 \| 791,209 \| NC \| [North Dakota](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota "1948 United States presidential election in North Dakota") \| 4 \| 95,812 \| 43\.41 \| \- \| 115,139 \| 52\.17 \| 4 \| 374 \| 0\.17 \| \- \| 8,391 \| 3\.80 \| \- \| 1,000 \| 0\.45 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \-19,327 \| \-8\.76 \| 220,716 \| ND \| [Ohio](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio "1948 United States presidential election in Ohio") \| 25 \| 1,452,791 \| 49\.48 \| 25 \| 1,445,684 \| 49\.24 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 37,596 \| 1\.28 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 7,107 \| 0\.24 \| 2,936,071 \| OH \| [Oklahoma](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma "1948 United States presidential election in Oklahoma") \| 10 \| 452,782 \| 62\.75 \| 10 \| 268,817 \| 37\.25 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 183,965 \| 25\.49 \| 721,599 \| OK \| [Oregon](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon "1948 United States presidential election in Oregon") \| 6 \| 243,147 \| 46\.40 \| \- \| 260,904 \| 49\.78 \| 6 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 14,978 \| 2\.86 \| \- \| 5,051 \| 0\.96 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \-17,757 \| \-3\.39 \| 524,080 \| OR \| [Pennsylvania](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania "1948 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania") \| 35 \| 1,752,426 \| 46\.92 \| \- \| 1,902,197 \| 50\.93 \| 35 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 55,161 \| 1\.48 \| \- \| 11,325 \| 0\.30 \| \- \| 14,039 \| 0\.38 \| \- \| \-149,771 \| \-4\.01 \| 3,735,148 \| PA \| [Rhode Island](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island "1948 United States presidential election in Rhode Island") \| 4 \| 188,736 \| 57\.59 \| 4 \| 135,787 \| 41\.44 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 2,619 \| 0\.80 \| \- \| 429 \| 0\.13 \| \- \| 131 \| 0\.04 \| \- \| 52,949 \| 16\.16 \| 327,702 \| RI \| [South Carolina](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina "1948 United States presidential election in South Carolina") \| 8 \| 34,423 \| 24\.14 \| \- \| 5,386 \| 3\.78 \| \- \| 102,607 \| 71\.97 \| 8 \| 154 \| 0\.11 \| \- \| 1 \| 0\.00 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \-68,184 \| \-47\.82 \| 142,571 \| SC \| [South Dakota](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota "1948 United States presidential election in South Dakota") \| 4 \| 117,653 \| 47\.04 \| \- \| 129,651 \| 51\.84 \| 4 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 2,801 \| 1\.12 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \-11,998 \| \-4\.80 \| 250,105 \| SD \| [Tennessee](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee "1948 United States presidential election in Tennessee") \| 12 \| 270,402 \| 49\.14 \| 11 \| 202,914 \| 36\.87 \| \- \| 73,815 \| 13\.41 \| 1 \| 1,864 \| 0\.34 \| \- \| 1,288 \| 0\.23 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 67,488 \| 12\.26 \| 550,283 \| TN \| [Texas](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas "1948 United States presidential election in Texas") \| 23 \| 824,235 \| 65\.96 \| 23 \| 303,467 \| 24\.29 \| \- \| 113,776 \| 9\.11 \| \- \| 3,920 \| 0\.31 \| \- \| 919 \| 0\.07 \| \- \| 3,260 \| 0\.26 \| \- \| 520,768 \| 41\.68 \| 1,249,577 \| TX \| [Utah](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah "1948 United States presidential election in Utah") \| 4 \| 149,151 \| 53\.98 \| 4 \| 124,402 \| 45\.02 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 2,679 \| 0\.97 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 73 \| 0\.03 \| \- \| 24,749 \| 8\.96 \| 276,305 \| UT \| [Vermont](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont "1948 United States presidential election in Vermont") \| 3 \| 45,557 \| 36\.92 \| \- \| 75,926 \| 61\.54 \| 3 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 1,279 \| 1\.04 \| \- \| 585 \| 0\.47 \| \- \| 35 \| 0\.03 \| \- \| \-30,369 \| \-24\.61 \| 123,382 \| VT \| [Virginia](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia "1948 United States presidential election in Virginia") \| 11 \| 200,786 \| 47\.89 \| 11 \| 172,070 \| 41\.04 \| \- \| 43,393 \| 10\.35 \| \- \| 2,047 \| 0\.49 \| \- \| 726 \| 0\.17 \| \- \| 234 \| 0\.06 \| \- \| 28,716 \| 6\.85 \| 419,256 \| VA \| [Washington](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_%28state%29 "1948 United States presidential election in Washington (state)") \| 8 \| 475,165 \| 52\.56 \| 8 \| 386,314 \| 42\.73 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 31,692 \| 3\.51 \| \- \| 3,534 \| 0\.39 \| \- \| 7,353 \| 0\.81 \| \- \| 88,851 \| 9\.83 \| 904,058 \| WA \| [West Virginia](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia "1948 United States presidential election in West Virginia") \| 8 \| 429,188 \| 57\.32 \| 8 \| 316,251 \| 42\.24 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 3,311 \| 0\.44 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 112,937 \| 15\.08 \| 748,750 \| WV \| [Wisconsin](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin "1948 United States presidential election in Wisconsin") \| 12 \| 647,310 \| 50\.70 \| 12 \| 590,959 \| 46\.28 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 25,282 \| 1\.98 \| \- \| 12,547 \| 0\.98 \| \- \| 702 \| 0\.05 \| \- \| 56,351 \| 4\.41 \| 1,276,800 \| WI \| [Wyoming](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming "1948 United States presidential election in Wyoming") \| 3 \| 52,354 \| 51\.62 \| 3 \| 47,947 \| 47\.27 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \- \| 931 \| 0\.92 \| \- \| 137 \| 0\.14 \| \- \| 56 \| 0\.06 \| \- \| 4,407 \| 4\.35 \| 101,425 \| WY \|\| TOTALS: \| 531 \| 24,178,347 \| 49\.55 \| 303 \| 21,991,292 \| 45\.07 \| 189 \| 1,176,023 \| 2\.41 \| 39 \| 1,157,328 \| 2\.37 \| \- \| 139,569 \| 0\.29 \| \- \| 150,069 \| 0\.31 \| \- \| 2,187,055 \| 4\.48 \| 48,792,535 \| US \| #### States that flipped from Republican to Democratic * [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") * [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa "Iowa") * [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio") * [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin") * [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming "Wyoming") #### States that flipped from Democratic to Republican * [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut") * [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware "Delaware") * [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland") * [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan") * [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") * [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire") * [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") * [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") * [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") #### States that flipped from Democratic to Dixiecrat * [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") * [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana") * [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi") * [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") #### Close states Margin of victory less than 1% (138 electoral votes): 1. Ohio, 0\.24% (7,107 votes) 2. California, 0\.44% (17,865 votes) (tipping point state for Truman victory) 3. Indiana, 0\.80% (13,246 votes) 4. Illinois, 0\.84% (33,612 votes) (tipping point state for Dewey victory) 5. New York, 0\.98% (60,959 votes) Margin of victory less than 5% (131 electoral votes): 1. Delaware, 1\.28% (1,775 votes) 2. Maryland, 1\.39% (8,293 votes) 3. Connecticut, 1\.64% (14,457 votes) 4. Michigan, 1\.67% (35,147 votes) 5. Iowa, 2\.73% (28,362 votes) 6. Idaho, 2\.73% (5,856 votes) 7. Nevada, 3\.11% (1,934 votes) 8. Oregon, 3\.39% (17,757 votes) 9. Pennsylvania, 4\.01% (149,771 votes) 10. Wyoming, 4\.35% (4,407 votes) 11. New Jersey, 4\.39% (85,669 votes) 12. Wisconsin, 4\.41% (56,351 votes) 13. South Dakota, 4\.80% (11,998 votes) Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (59 electoral votes): 1. Colorado, 5\.35% (27,574 votes) 2. New Hampshire, 5\.75% (13,304 votes) 3. Virginia, 6\.85% (28,716 votes) 4. Nebraska, 8\.31% (40,609 votes) 5. North Dakota, 8\.76% (19,327 votes) 6. Utah, 8\.96% (24,749 votes) 7. Kansas, 9\.02% (71,137 votes) 8. Washington, 9\.93% (89,850 votes) 9. Montana, 9\.94% (22,301 votes) 10. Arizona, 9\.97% (17,654 votes) #### Statistics {{cite web\\|url\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year\=1948\&datatype\=national\&def\=1\&f\=0\&off\=0\&elect\=0\\|title\=1948 Presidential General Election Data – National\\|access\-date\=April 8, 2013}} Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic) 1. [Duval County, Texas](/wiki/Duval_County%2C_Texas "Duval County, Texas") 96\.52% 2. [Greene County, North Carolina](/wiki/Greene_County%2C_North_Carolina "Greene County, North Carolina") 96\.45% 3. [King County, Texas](/wiki/King_County%2C_Texas "King County, Texas") 95\.85% 4. [Bertie County, North Carolina](/wiki/Bertie_County%2C_North_Carolina "Bertie County, North Carolina") 95\.71% 5. [Martin County, North Carolina](/wiki/Martin_County%2C_North_Carolina "Martin County, North Carolina") 95\.53% Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican) 1. [Jackson County, Kentucky](/wiki/Jackson_County%2C_Kentucky "Jackson County, Kentucky") 86\.31% 2. [Sevier County, Tennessee](/wiki/Sevier_County%2C_Tennessee "Sevier County, Tennessee") 84\.11% 3. [Johnson County, Tennessee](/wiki/Johnson_County%2C_Tennessee "Johnson County, Tennessee") 82\.98% 4. [Grant County, West Virginia](/wiki/Grant_County%2C_West_Virginia "Grant County, West Virginia") 80\.83% 5. [Lincoln County, Maine](/wiki/Lincoln_County%2C_Maine "Lincoln County, Maine") 80\.47% Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Dixiecrat) 1. [Choctaw County, Alabama](/wiki/Choctaw_County%2C_Alabama "Choctaw County, Alabama") 98\.83% 2. [Wilcox County, Alabama](/wiki/Wilcox_County%2C_Alabama "Wilcox County, Alabama") 98\.81% 3. [Bullock County, Alabama](/wiki/Bullock_County%2C_Alabama "Bullock County, Alabama") 98\.76% 4. [Edgefield County, South Carolina](/wiki/Edgefield_County%2C_South_Carolina "Edgefield County, South Carolina") 98\.20% 5. [Monroe County, Alabama](/wiki/Monroe_County%2C_Alabama "Monroe County, Alabama") 97\.86% #### Results in major cities (from the top 100 by the 1940 census) {{unreferenced section\\|date\=February 2023}} \| \+ \| City \| ST \| Truman \| \| Dewey \| \| Thurmond \| \| Wallace \| \| Others \| \| Totals \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Los Angeles \| CA \| 381,336 \| 52\.0% \| 300,988 \| 41\.0% \| 311 \| 0\.0% \| 46,385 \| 6\.3% \| 4,917 \| 0\.7% \| 733,937 \| \| San Francisco \| CA \| 167,726 \| 47\.8% \| 160,135 \| 45\.7% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 21,492 \| 6\.1% \| 1,356 \| 0\.4% \| 350,709 \| \| Denver \| CO \| 89,489 \| 52\.9% \| 76,364 \| 45\.2% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 2,420 \| 1\.4% \| 794 \| 0\.5% \| 169,067 \| \| Bridgeport \| CT \| 34,418 \| 52\.9% \| 27,534 \| 42\.3% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 1,529 \| 2\.3% \| 1,601 \| 2\.5% \| 65,082 \| \| Hartford \| CT \| 47,584 \| 63\.9% \| 24,653 \| 33\.1% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 1,687 \| 2\.3% \| 490 \| 0\.7% \| 74,414 \| \| New Haven \| CT \| 43,068 \| 55\.9% \| 31,032 \| 40\.3% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 1,814 \| 2\.4% \| 1,072 \| 1\.4% \| 77,004 \| \| Waterbury \| CT \| 23,657 \| 53\.0% \| 19,768 \| 44\.3% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 727 \| 1\.6% \| 477 \| 1\.1% \| 44,629 \| \| Chicago \| IL \| N/A \| 62\.0% \| N/A \| 37\.2% \| N/A \| 0\.0% \| N/A \| 0\.0% \| N/A \| 0\.8% \| 1,684,424 \| \| Boston \| MA \| 235,493 \| 67\.1% \| 94,163 \| 26\.8% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 10,423 \| 3\.0% \| 11,053 \| 3\.1% \| 351,132 \| \| Cambridge \| MA \| 33,501 \| 62\.6% \| 17,149 \| 32\.1% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 1,388 \| 2\.6% \| 1,463 \| 2\.7% \| 53,501 \| \| Fall River \| MA \| 38,347 \| 71\.4% \| 13,915 \| 25\.9% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 458 \| 0\.9% \| 1,015 \| 1\.9% \| 53,735 \| \| Lowell \| MA \| 30,633 \| 63\.7% \| 15,677 \| 32\.6% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 511 \| 1\.1% \| 1,277 \| 2\.7% \| 48,098 \| \| Lynn \| MA \| 27,954 \| 57\.8% \| 17,753 \| 36\.7% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 1,173 \| 2\.4% \| 1,514 \| 3\.1% \| 48,394 \| \| New Bedford \| MA \| 34,186 \| 65\.8% \| 15,681 \| 30\.2% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 914 \| 1\.8% \| 1,171 \| 2\.3% \| 51,952 \| \| Somerville \| MA \| 30,959 \| 64\.1% \| 15,466 \| 32\.0% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 744 \| 1\.5% \| 1,115 \| 2\.3% \| 48,284 \| \| Springfield \| MA \| 38,548 \| 51\.9% \| 32,533 \| 43\.8% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 1,415 \| 1\.9% \| 1,801 \| 2\.4% \| 74,297 \| \| Worcester \| MA \| 51,366 \| 54\.4% \| 38,373 \| 40\.6% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 2,028 \| 2\.1% \| 2,694 \| 2\.9% \| 94,461 \| \| Baltimore \| MD \| 134,615 \| 52\.7% \| 110,879 \| 43\.4% \| 1,598 \| 0\.6% \| 7,257 \| 2\.8% \| 1,014 \| 0\.4% \| 255,363 \| \| Detroit \| MI \| N/A \| 63\.9% \| N/A \| 31\.8% \| N/A \| 0\.0% \| N/A \| 3\.7% \| N/A \| 0\.6% \| 753,129 \| \| St. Louis \| MO \| 220,654 \| 64\.2% \| 120,656 \| 35\.1% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 1,638 \| 0\.5% \| 822 \| 0\.2% \| 343,770 \| \| New York City \| NY \| 1,596,545 \| 50\.6% \| 1,108,288 \| 35\.1% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 422,355 \| 13\.4% \| 29,931 \| 0\.9% \| 3,157,119 \| \| Philadelphia \| PA \| 432,699 \| 48\.9% \| 425,962 \| 48\.1% \| 0 \| 0\.0% \| 20,745 \| 2\.3% \| 5,891 \| 0\.7% \| 885,297 \| \| Norfolk \| VA \| 9,370 \| 50\.8% \| 7,556 \| 40\.9% \| 1,255 \| 6\.8% \| 259 \| 1\.4% \| 20 \| 0\.1% \| 18,460 \| \| Richmond \| VA \| 16,466 \| 46\.6% \| 14,549 \| 41\.2% \| 3,892 \| 11\.0% \| 307 \| 0\.9% \| 87 \| 0\.2% \| 35,301 \|	[ "General election\n----------------", "### Fall campaign", "[thumb\\\|Dewey during a campaign tour in New York](/wiki/File:Thomas_E._Dewey_1948_campaign_NYWTS.jpg \"Thomas E. Dewey 1948 campaign NYWTS.jpg\")\n{{Listen\n\\\|filename \\= Eubie Blake \\- Just Wild about Harry.ogg\n\\\|title \\= \"I'm Just Wild About Harry\"\n\\\|description \\= Instrumental version of \"\\[\\[I'm Just Wild About Harry]]\", used as a campaign song by the Truman campaign. Duration 3:54\\.\n\\\|format \\= \\[\\[Ogg]]\n}}\nGiven Truman's sinking popularity and the seemingly fatal three\\-way split in the Democratic Party, Dewey appeared unbeatable to the point where top Republicans believed that all their candidate had to do to win was to avoid major mistakes. Following this advice, Dewey carefully avoided risks and spoke in platitudes, avoiding controversial issues, and remained vague on what he planned to do as president, with speech after speech being nonpartisan and also filled with optimistic assertions or empty statements of the obvious, including the famous quote: \"You know that your future is still ahead of you.\" An editorial in the [Louisville Courier\\-Journal](/wiki/The_Courier-Journal \"The Courier-Journal\") summed it up:", "> No presidential candidate in the future will be so inept that four of his major speeches can be boiled down to these historic four sentences: Agriculture is important. Our rivers are full of fish. You cannot have freedom without liberty. Our future lies ahead.Gary A. Donaldson, Truman Defeats Dewey (The University Press of Kentucky, 1999\\), p. 173, quoting the [Louisville Courier\\-Journal](/wiki/The_Courier-Journal \"The Courier-Journal\"), November 18, 1948\\.", "", "Another writer noted the \"one broad issue that Dewey set forth in the campaign was unity...but \\[he] was oversold on an issue which had no visceral appeal to the average American. It was hard to understand what Dewey was driving at. Sometimes it seemed that he was asking Americans to achieve unity by being united behind him.\"(Abels, p. 191\\) On the other hand, Truman's campaign strategist, [Clark Clifford](/wiki/Clark_Clifford \"Clark Clifford\"), said that Truman's campaign was \"pitched to four distinct interest groups – labor, the farmer, the Negro, and the consumer. Every move had these four interest groups in mind.\"(Abels, p. 165\\) Since he was trailing in the polls, Truman decided to adopt a slashing, no\\-holds\\-barred campaign. He ridiculed Dewey by name, criticized Dewey's refusal to address specific issues, and scornfully targeted the Republican\\-controlled 80th Congress with a wave of relentless and blistering partisan assaults. Truman claimed that \"the Communists are rooting for a GOP victory because they know it would bring on another [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\").\"(Abels, p. 237\\) In several speeches, Truman stated that \"GOP\" actually stood for \"gluttons of privilege\", and said that Republicans were \"princes of privilege\" and \"bloodsuckers with offices on Wall Street.\"(Abels, p. 194\\) He told one audience that \"The Republicans have begun to nail the American consumer to the wall with spikes of greed.\"(Manchester, p. 460\\) At the National Plowing Contest in [Dexter, Iowa](/wiki/Dexter%2C_Iowa \"Dexter, Iowa\"), Truman told 80,000 farmers in attendance that \"this Republican Congress has already stuck a pitchfork in the farmer's back\" to rapturous applause.", "[thumb\\\|350px\\\|[Clifford K. Berryman](/wiki/Clifford_K._Berryman \"Clifford K. Berryman\")'s editorial cartoon of October 19, 1948, shows the consensus of experts in mid\\-October](/wiki/File:Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg \"Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg\")\nTruman nicknamed the Republican\\-controlled Congress as the \"worst\", \"do\\-nothing\" Congress, a remark that brought strong criticism from Republican Congressional leaders (such as Taft), but no comment from Dewey. In fact, Dewey rarely mentioned Truman's name during the campaign, which fit into his strategy of appearing to be above petty partisan politics. Under Dewey's leadership, the Republicans had enacted a platform at their 1948 convention that called for expanding [Social Security](/wiki/Social_Security_%28United_States%29 \"Social Security (United States)\"), more funding for public housing, [civil rights](/wiki/Civil_rights \"Civil rights\") legislation, and promotion of health and education by the federal government. These positions were unacceptable to the conservative Congressional Republican leadership; Truman exploited this rift in the opposing party by calling [a special session of Congress](/wiki/Turnip_Day_Session \"Turnip Day Session\") on \"Turnip Day\" (referring to an old piece of Missouri folklore about planting turnips in late July) and daring the Republican Congressional leadership to pass its own platform. The [80th Congress](/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress \"80th United States Congress\") played into Truman's hands, delivering very little in the way of substantive legislation during this time. Truman simply ignored the fact that Dewey's policies were considerably more liberal than most of his fellow Republicans, and instead concentrated his fire against what he characterized as the conservative, obstructionist tendencies of the unpopular 80th Congress. Truman toured much of the nation with his fiery rhetoric, playing to large, enthusiastic crowds. \"Give 'em hell, Harry\" was a popular slogan shouted out at stop after stop along the tour. The polls and the pundits held that Dewey's lead was insurmountable and that Truman's efforts were for naught. Truman's own staff considered the campaign a last hurrah.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=December 2020}} Even Truman's own wife, [Bess](/wiki/Bess_Truman \"Bess Truman\"), had private doubts that her husband could win; the only person who appears to have considered Truman's campaign to be winnable was the president himself, who confidently predicted victory to anyone who would listen to him. Near the end of the campaign, Truman privately wrote a state\\-by\\-state electoral vote prediction and gave it to his aide, George Elsey. Truman believed that he would win the election with 340 electoral votes, to 108 for Dewey, 42 for Thurmond, and 37 marked doubtful (he accidentally left out four electoral votes).(Manchester, p. 461\\)", "In the final weeks of the campaign, American movie theaters agreed to play two short newsreel\\-like campaign films in support of the two major\\-party candidates: both had been created by its respective campaign organization. The Dewey film, shot professionally on an impressive budget, featured very high production values but somehow reinforced an image of the New York governor as cautious and distant. On the other hand, the Truman film, hastily assembled on virtually no budget by the perpetually cash\\-short Truman campaign, relied heavily on public\\-domain and newsreel footage of the president taking part in major world events and signing important legislation. Perhaps unintentionally, the Truman film visually reinforced an image of him as engaged and decisive. Years later, historian [David McCullough](/wiki/David_McCullough \"David McCullough\") cited the expensive but lackluster Dewey film and the far cheaper but more effective Truman film as important factors in determining the preferences of undecided voters. As the campaign drew to a close, the polls showed Truman was gaining: though Truman lost all nine of the [Gallup Poll](/wiki/Gallup_Poll \"Gallup Poll\")'s post\\-convention surveys, Dewey's Gallup lead dropped from 17 points in late September to nine points in mid\\-October and just five points by the end of the month, just above the poll's margin of error. Although Truman was gaining momentum, most political analysts were reluctant to break with the conventional wisdom and say that a Truman victory was a serious possibility. After 1948, pollsters would constantly test voters through election day.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=December 2020}}", "On September 9, nearly two months before election day, pollster [Elmo Roper](/wiki/Elmo_Roper \"Elmo Roper\") announced \"Thomas E. Dewey is almost as good as elected. \\[...] I can think of nothing duller or more intellectually barren than acting like a sports announcer who feels he must pretend he is witnessing a neck\\-and\\-neck race.\"(Manchester, p. 465\\) Roper stopped polling voters until the final week before the election, when he took another poll. It showed \"a slight shift to Truman; it still gave Dewey a heavy lead, however, so he decided not to hedge his bet.\"(Manchester, p. 466\\) One poll showing strong Truman support in the rural Midwest was sponsored by the Staley Milling Company, who \"polled farmers by giving them a choice of a donkey or an elephant on chicken feed sacks. When the results among 20,000 farmers showed up as fifty\\-four percent to forty\\-six percent for the donkey, the poll was abandoned.\"(Abels, p. 275\\)", "When Dewey considered adopting a more aggressive stance after noticing that his crowds were dwindling, Herbert Brownell contacted 90 GOP state committeemen and committeewomen in all 48 states. With one exception, they \"urged \\[Dewey] to press forward on the high road\" his campaign had taken and to continue to ignore Truman's attacks.(Manchester, p. 463\\) The sole exception was Kansas committeeman Harry Darby, who warned Dewey and his managers \"that farmers were in a mutinous mood\" and recommended that Dewey take a tougher and more aggressive stance. However, given that all the polls still showed Dewey leading, and no other committee member supported Darby, his advice was rejected.", "In the campaign's final days, many newspapers, magazines, and political pundits were so confident of Dewey's impending victory they wrote articles to be printed the morning after the election speculating about Dewey's Presidency: [Life](/wiki/Life_%28magazine%29 \"Life (magazine)\") magazine printed a large photo in its final edition before the election, entitled \"Our Next President Rides by Ferryboat over San Francisco Bay\", that showed Dewey and his staff riding across the city's harbor.(Abels, p. 261\\) [Newsweek](/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\") polled fifty experts, with all fifty predicting a Dewey win. Several well\\-known and influential newspaper columnists, such as [Drew Pearson](/wiki/Drew_Pearson_%28journalist%29 \"Drew Pearson (journalist)\") and [Joseph Alsop](/wiki/Joseph_Alsop \"Joseph Alsop\"), wrote columns to be printed the morning after the election speculating about Dewey's possible choices for his cabinet; the day before the election, Pearson wrote that any chance of a Truman victory was \"impossible\", and his column printed the day after the election stated that Pearson had \"surveyed the closely\\-knit group around Tom Dewey who will take over the White House 86 days from now.\"", "[Walter Winchell](/wiki/Walter_Winchell \"Walter Winchell\") reported that gambling odds were 15 to 1 against Truman. More than 500 newspapers, accounting for over 78% of the nation's total circulation, endorsed Dewey. Truman picked up 182 endorsements, accounting for just 10% of America's newspaper readership, being surpassed by Thurmond, who got the remaining 12% from many Southern papers. [Alistair Cooke](/wiki/Alistair_Cooke \"Alistair Cooke\"), the distinguished writer for the [Manchester Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\") newspaper in the United Kingdom, published an article on the day of the election entitled \"Harry S. Truman: A Study of a Failure.\" For its television coverage, NBC News had constructed a large cardboard model of the White House containing two elephants that would pop out when NBC announced Dewey's victory; since Truman's defeat was considered certain, no donkeys were placed in the White House model.(Smith, p. 20\\)", "As Truman made his way to his hometown of [Independence, Missouri](/wiki/Independence%2C_Missouri \"Independence, Missouri\"), to await the election returns, some among his inner circle had already accepted other jobs, and not a single reporter traveling on his campaign train thought that he would win, while a number of prominent Republicans, anticipating serving in a Dewey administration, had already bought homes in Washington.(Manchester, p. 453\\)", "### Results", "[thumb\\\|Famous photograph of Truman grinning and holding up a copy of the newspaper that [erroneously announced his defeat](/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman \"Dewey Defeats Truman\").](/wiki/File:Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg \"Dewey Defeats Truman.jpg\")\nOn election night, Dewey, his family, and campaign staff confidently gathered in the [Roosevelt Hotel](/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Hotel_%28New_York%29 \"The Roosevelt Hotel (New York)\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to await the returns.(Ross, p. 241\\) Truman, aided by the [Secret Service](/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service \"United States Secret Service\"), snuck away from reporters covering him in [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri \"Kansas City, Missouri\") and rode to nearby [Excelsior Springs, Missouri](/wiki/Excelsior_Springs%2C_Missouri \"Excelsior Springs, Missouri\"). There, he took a room in the historic [Elms Hotel](/wiki/Elms_Hotel_%28Excelsior_Springs%2C_Missouri%29 \"Elms Hotel (Excelsior Springs, Missouri)\"), had dinner and a [Turkish bath](/wiki/Turkish_bath \"Turkish bath\"), and went to sleep.(Ross, p. 242\\) As the votes came in, Truman took an early lead that he never lost. The leading radio commentators, such as [H. V. Kaltenborn](/wiki/H._V._Kaltenborn \"H. V. Kaltenborn\") of [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), still confidently predicted that once the \"late returns\" came in Dewey would overcome Truman's lead and win. At midnight, Truman awoke and turned on the radio in his room; he heard Kaltenborn announce that while Truman was still ahead in the popular vote, he could not possibly win. At 4 a.m., Truman awoke again and heard on the radio that his popular\\-vote lead was now nearly two million votes, and that he was well ahead in the electoral vote. He told the Secret Service agents guarding him to drive him back to Kansas City, \"because it looks as if we're in for another four years.\"(Manchester, p. 469\\) For the rest of his life, Truman would gleefully mimic Kaltenborn's staccato voice predicting his defeat throughout that election night. Dewey, meanwhile, realized that he was in trouble when early returns from [New England](/wiki/New_England \"New England\") and [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") showed him running well behind his expected vote total. He stayed up for the rest of the night and early morning analyzing the votes as they came in, and by 10:30 a.m., he was convinced he had lost; at 11:14 a.m., he sent a gracious telegram of concession to Truman.(Ross, p. 240\\-243\\)", "The pro\\-Republican [Chicago Daily Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune \"Chicago Daily Tribune\") was so certain of Dewey's victory that on Tuesday afternoon, before any polls closed, it printed \"[DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN](/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman \"Dewey Defeats Truman\")\" as its banner headline for the following day. Part of the reason Truman's victory came as such a shock was because of uncorrected flaws in the emerging craft of public opinion polling. According to historian [William Manchester](/wiki/William_Manchester \"William Manchester\"), \"many professional pollsters \\[...] believed in what some had come to call [Farley's Law](/wiki/James_A._Farley \"James A. Farley\").\" James Farley, President Franklin Roosevelt's successful campaign manager in 1932 and 1936, had stated that, in his opinion, the great majority of voters decided which candidate to support during the political conventions. The fall campaigns, Farley believed, were simply \"ineffective carnivals\" that swayed few voters. In 1948 many pollsters, relying on Farley's Law, believed that the election was effectively over after the Republican and Democratic conventions, and they discounted the impact of Truman's campaigning that fall.", "Manchester noted that \"Gallup's September 24 report foresaw 46\\.5% for Dewey to 38% for Truman. His last column, appearing in the Sunday papers two days before the election, showed Truman gaining sharply – to 44% – and the interviews on which it was based had been conducted two weeks earlier. The national mood was shifting daily, almost hourly.\" After the election, a study by the University of Michigan revealed that \"14% of Truman's voters, or 3,374,800, had decided to vote for him in the last fortnight of the campaign.\"(Manchester, p. 471\\) Gallup and Roper also did an analysis of the votes; they \"learned that one voter in every seven (6,927,000\\), made up his mind in the last two weeks before the election. Of these, 75 percent picked Truman\", which was more than his margin of victory over Dewey. \"Using either the Michigan figures or Gallup\\-Roper's, one finds that some 3,300,000 fence\\-sitters determined the outcome of the race in its closing days – when Dewey's instincts were urging him to adopt Truman's hell\\-for\\-leather style and slug it out with him, and when he didn't because all the experts told him he shouldn't.\"", "The key states in the 1948 election were Ohio, California, and Illinois. Truman won each of these states by less than 1 percentage point; they gave him a total of 78 electoral votes. Had Dewey carried all three states \\- which would have required a shift of just 29,000 votes \\- he would have won the election in the [Electoral College](/wiki/Electoral_College_%28United_States%29 \"Electoral College (United States)\") despite losing the popular vote by 2\\.13 million votes (or 4\\.36%). If Dewey had won any two of the three, no nominee would have reached the 266 electoral votes required for election, and the Dixiecrats would have succeeded in their goal of forcing the election into the House of Representatives.", "The extreme closeness of the vote in these three states was the major reason why Dewey waited until late on the morning of November 3 to concede defeat. Aside from Ohio, California, and Illinois, Truman carried Idaho by almost as narrow a margin, and Dewey himself countered with similarly narrow victories in New York (the nation's largest electoral prize at the time), his birth state of Michigan, and Maryland. But this was too little to give him the election. Dewey would always believe that he lost the election because he lost the [rural](/wiki/Rural_area \"Rural area\") vote in the Midwest, which he had won in 1944 {{failed verification span\\\|text\\=(note the Kaltenborn predictions that Truman would joyously mock had taken for granted that the \"country vote\" would go to Dewey)\\\|date\\=April 2024}}.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968\\_4\\_22\\.shtml \\\|title\\=americanheritage.com \\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2008 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207041433/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968\\_4\\_22\\.shtml \\\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}", "Of the 3,096 counties/independent cities making returns, Truman won the most popular votes in 1,639 (52\\.94%) while Dewey carried 1,190 (38\\.44%). Thurmond prevailed in 265 counties (8\\.56%) while two counties (0\\.06%) in South Dakota split evenly between Truman and Dewey.", "Truman's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities, which was around 1,481,000, had decreased by 750,000 from Roosevelt's results in the 1944 election, which was around 2,230,000\\.{{cite book \\\|last\\=Murphy \\\|first\\=Paul \\\|date\\=1974 \\\|title\\=Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890\\-present \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]}} If all of the votes Wallace received went to Truman then only the states of Maryland, Michigan, and New York would have flipped.{{sfn\\\|Schmidt\\\|1960\\\|p\\=233}}", "Journalist [Samuel Lubell](/wiki/Samuel_Lubell \"Samuel Lubell\") found in his post\\-1948 survey of voters that Truman, not Dewey, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the \"new middle class\" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that \"to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of prosperity\" during and after the war. Lubell quoted a man who, when asked why he did not vote Republican after moving to the suburbs, answered \"I own a nice home, have a new car and am much better off than my parents were. I've been a Democrat all my life. Why should I change?\" Dewey's promise of a \"great house cleaning\" in Washington worried an Iowa minister who wanted to retain [farm subsidies](/wiki/US_farm_subsidies \"US farm subsidies\") for parishioners; worried about the consequences of another depression, he voted Democratic for the first time in his church's history. Truman received a record number of [Catholic votes](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States \"Catholic Church and politics in the United States\"), exceeding even the Catholic support of [Al Smith](/wiki/Al_Smith \"Al Smith\") in [1928](/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election \"1928 United States presidential election\"), in part because Wallace drew leftists away from the Democrats.{{cite book \\\| title\\=The Future of American Politics \\\| publisher\\=Anchor Press \\\| author\\=Lubell, Samuel \\\| year\\=1956 \\\| pages\\=62–63,170–172,224–227 \\\| edition\\=2nd\\\|ol \\= 6193934M}}", "Another reason for Dewey's surprise defeat was his complacent, distant approach to the campaign, and his failure to respond to Truman's attacks. Journalist Jules Abels wrote that \"the election was not thrown away by indifference or lack of effort. Preparation and more preparation had always been the distinguishing characteristic of Dewey and his team throughout his career...The truth is that Dewey's campaign was the result not of careless, but too careful and painstaking, calculation. The Dewey campaign was frozen into inertia not because it had been underthought, but because it had been overthought.\"(Abels, p. 142\\)", "Other possible factors for Truman's victory included his aggressive, populist campaign style; broad public approval of Truman's foreign policy, notably the [Berlin Airlift](/wiki/Berlin_Blockade%23The_start_of_the_Berlin_Airlift \"Berlin Blockade#The start of the Berlin Airlift\") of that year; and widespread dissatisfaction with the institution Truman labeled as the \"do\\-nothing, good\\-for\\-nothing 80th Republican Congress.\" In addition, after suffering a relatively severe recession in 1946 and 1947 (in which real GDP dropped by 12% and inflation went over 15%), the economy began recovering throughout 1948\\. The year 1948 was a banner year for the Democrats, as they not only retained the presidency but also recaptured both houses of Congress. It was also an unprecedented fifth consecutive presidential victory for the party, thus continuing what remains the only winning streak of more than two presidential elections by the Democratic Party since the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"). Since 1948, there has been [only one](/wiki/US_presidential_election%2C_1988 \"US presidential election, 1988\") streak of three consecutive presidential victories by any party (in that case, by the Republicans).", "The two largest third parties did not hurt Truman nearly as much as expected, as Thurmond's Dixiecrats carried only four Southern states, fewer than predicted, and all of which listed Thurmond as the official Democratic candidate; Thurmond did not come close to carrying any of the other states in which he ran, with his best showing among these being second place with 20\\.3% of the vote in Georgia. The Dixiecrats also failed to draw off enough Truman voters to throw any of his states to Dewey, with the nearest they came in this regard being in Virginia, where the 25\\.0% margin won by Roosevelt in 1944 was reduced to 6\\.9% this time. The civil rights platform helped Truman win large majorities among black voters in the populous Northern and Midwestern states, and may well have made the difference for Truman in states such as Illinois and Ohio.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Johnson \\\|first1\\=Theodore R. \\\|last2\\=Prints \\\|first2\\=Posters by Kennedy \\\|title\\=How the Black Vote Became a Political Monolith \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/magazine/black\\-vote.html \\\|website\\=The New York Times \\\|date\\=September 16, 2020}} Wallace's Progressives received only 2\\.4% of the national popular vote, well below their expected vote total and slightly less than the Dixiecrats, and Wallace did not take as many liberal votes from Truman as many political [pundits](/wiki/Pundit_%28expert%29 \"Pundit (expert)\") had predicted. Some analysts, including author Zachary Karabell, have even argued that the separate candidacies of Wallace and Thurmond were beneficial to Truman by removing the separate taints of [communism](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") and [racism](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\") from the Democratic Party. The split of the Democratic party, while failing to defeat Truman, did hold the Democrats back in several narrow states. Had the Wallace and Thurmond vote been in the Democratic column, Truman would have won all the Thurmond states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina), and the Wallace vote would have flipped Michigan, Maryland and New York into Truman's states. Winning these states would have put Truman at 416 electoral votes to Dewey's reduced 115 electoral votes. This still would have been a decline of Democratic electoral votes since 1940 but percentage\\-wise Truman would have gotten 54\\.33% of the popular vote, an increase of 0\\.94% from Roosevelt's last victory.", "This was the last election until [1996](/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election \"1996 United States presidential election\") in which the Democrats won Arizona and the last until [1964](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election \"1964 United States presidential election\") in which they won California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. It was also the last election until 1964 in which South Carolina did not vote for the official Democratic nominee. Thurmond's 2\\.4% is the lowest popular vote percentage for a candidate who won all of a state's electoral votes.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Evan McMullin Could Set Mark for Weakest National Popular Vote by Candidate to Win a State \\\|newspaper\\=Smart Politics \\\|url\\=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2016/10/13/evan\\-mcmullin\\-could\\-set\\-mark\\-for\\-weakest\\-national\\-popular\\-vote\\-by\\-candidate\\-to\\-win\\-a\\-state/ \\\|date\\=October 13, 2016 \\\|last1\\=Ostermeier \\\|first1\\=Eric }} The 1948 presidential election contrasted with other elections across the world during this period, for Truman was a [war leader](/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II \"Allied leaders of World War II\") who managed to win election ([Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill \"Winston Churchill\") and [De Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle \"Charles de Gaulle\") both left office shortly after the end of the war).{{cite web \\\|title\\=History of Sir Winston Churchill \\\|url\\=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past\\-prime\\-ministers/winston\\-churchill \\\|website\\=www.gov.uk}}{{cite web \\\|title\\=Charles de Gaulle \\\|url\\=https://www.biographyonline.net/politicians/charles\\_de\\_gaulle.html \\\|website\\=Biography Online}} This was the first election since 1836 in which a Democratic presidential candidate won the presidency without South Carolina, and the first ever in which a Democrat won the presidency without Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. Furthermore, this is the last time a Democratic presidential candidate won without New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. It is also the first of two occasions since 1916 that Oregon and Washington did not support the same party (the other being in 1968\\). This election is the only time since 1888 that New Jersey and Illinois did not support the same party.", "{{clear}}\n{{start U.S. presidential ticket box\\\| pv\\_footnote‍\\=\\\| ev\\_footnote\\={{National Archives EV source\\\| year\\=1948\\\| as of\\=August 1, 2005}}}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Harry S. Truman]] (incumbent)\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Democratic Party (United States)\\\|Democratic]]{{efn\\\|name\\=\"NewYork\"\\\|In \\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]], the Truman vote was a fusion of the Democratic and \\[\\[Liberal Party of New York\\\|Liberal]] slates. There, Truman obtained 2,557,642 votes on the Democratic ticket and 222,562 votes on the Liberal ticket.}}\\\| state\\=\\[\\[Missouri]]\\\| pv\\=24,178,347\\\| pv\\_pct\\=49\\.55%\\\| ev\\=303\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Alben W. Barkley]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Kentucky]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Thomas E. Dewey]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Republican Party (United States)\\\|Republican]]{{efn\\\|name\\=\"Mississippi\"\\\|In \\[\\[Mississippi]], the Dewey vote was a fusion of the Republican and Independent Republican slates. There, Dewey obtained 2,595 votes on the Republican ticket and 2,448 votes on the Independent Republican ticket.}}\\\| state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]\\\| pv\\=21,991,292\\\| pv\\_pct\\=45\\.07%\\\| ev\\=189\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Earl Warren]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[California]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Strom Thurmond]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Dixiecrat\\\|States' Rights Democratic]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[South Carolina]]\\\| pv\\=1,176,023\\\| pv\\_pct\\=2\\.41%\\\| ev\\=39A Tennessee faithless elector voted for Thurmond/Wright\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Fielding L. Wright]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Mississippi]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Henry A. Wallace]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955\\)\\\|Progressive]]/\\[\\[American Labor Party\\\|American Labor]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]\\\| pv\\=1,157,328\\\| pv\\_pct\\=2\\.37%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Glen H. Taylor]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Idaho]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Norman Thomas]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Socialist Party of America\\\|Socialist]]\\\| state\\=New York\\\| pv\\=139,569\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.29%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Tucker P. Smith]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Michigan]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Claude A. Watson]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Prohibition Party\\\|Prohibition]]\\\| state\\=California\\\| pv\\=103,708\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.21%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Dale Learn]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Pennsylvania]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Edward A. Teichert]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Socialist Labor Party of America\\\|Socialist Labor]]\\\| state\\=Pennsylvania\\\| pv\\=29,244\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.06%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Stephen Emery]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Farrell Dobbs]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Socialist Workers Party (United States)\\\|Socialist Workers]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[Minnesota]]\\\| pv\\=13,613\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.03%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Grace Carlson]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=Minnesota}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box other\\\| footnote\\=\\\| pv\\=3,504\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.01%}}\n{{end U.S. presidential ticket box\\\| pv\\=48,793,535\\\| ev\\=531\\\| to\\_win\\=266}}", "{{bar box\n\\\|title\\=Popular vote\n\\\|titlebar\\=\\#ddd\n\\\|width\\=600px\n\\\|barwidth\\=410px\n\\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\\|'''Truman'''\\\|{{party color\\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\\|49\\.55}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Dewey\\\|{{party color\\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\\|45\\.07}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Thurmond\\\|{{party color\\\|Dixiecrat}}\\\|2\\.41}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Wallace\\\|{{party color\\\|Progressive Party (US, 1948\\)}}\\\|2\\.37}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Others\\\|\\#777777\\\|0\\.60}}\n}}\n{{bar box\n\\\|title\\=Electoral vote\n\\\|titlebar\\=\\#ddd\n\\\|width\\=600px\n\\\|barwidth\\=411px\n\\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\\|'''Truman'''\\\|{{party color\\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\\|57\\.06}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Dewey\\\|{{party color\\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\\|35\\.59}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Thurmond\\\|{{party color\\\|Dixiecrat}}\\\|7\\.34}}\n}}\n[650px\\\|thumb\\\|left](/wiki/File:1948_Electoral_Map.png \"1948 Electoral Map.png\")", "File:1948 United States presidential election results map by county.svg\\\|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote", "", "### Results by state", "", "States/districts won by [Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman \"Harry S. Truman\")/[Barkley](/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley \"Alben W. Barkley\") \|\n States/districts won by [Dewey](/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey \"Thomas E. Dewey\")/[Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren \"Earl Warren\") \|\n States/districts won by [Thurmond](/wiki/Strom_Thurmond \"Strom Thurmond\")/[Wright](/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright \"Fielding L. Wright\") \|", "\| {{cite web\\\|url\\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year\\=1948\\&datatype\\=national\\&def\\=1\\&f\\=0\\&off\\=0\\&elect\\=0\\\|title\\=1948 Presidential General Election Data – National\\\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2013}} \| \| Harry S. TrumanDemocratic \| \| \| Thomas E. DeweyRepublican \| \| \| J. Strom ThurmondDixiecrat \| \| \| Henry WallaceProgressive \| \| \| Norman ThomasSocialist \| \| \| Other \| \| \| Margin \| \| State Total \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| State \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| electoralvotes \| \\# \| % \| \\# \| \|", "[Alabama](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama \"1948 United States presidential election in Alabama\") \|\n 11 \|\n \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 40,930 \| 19\\.04 \| \\- \| 171,443 \| 79\\.75 \| 11 \| 1,522 \| 0\\.71 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 1,085 \| 0\\.50 \| \\- \| \\-130,513 \| \\-60\\.71 \| 214,980 \| AL \|\n [Arizona](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona \"1948 United States presidential election in Arizona\") \|\n 4 \|\n 95,251 \| 53\\.79 \| 4 \| 77,597 \| 43\\.82 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 3,310 \| 1\\.87 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 907 \| 0\\.51 \| \\- \| 17,654 \| 9\\.97 \| 177,065 \| AZ \|\n [Arkansas](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas \"1948 United States presidential election in Arkansas\") \|\n 9 \|\n 149,659 \| 61\\.72 \| 9 \| 50,959 \| 21\\.02 \| \\- \| 40,068 \| 16\\.52 \| \\- \| 751 \| 0\\.31 \| \\- \| 1,037 \| 0\\.43 \| \\- \| 1 \| 0\\.00 \| \\- \| 98,700 \| 40\\.71 \| 242,475 \| AR \|\n [California](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_California \"1948 United States presidential election in California\") \|\n 25 \|\n 1,913,134 \| 47\\.57 \| 25 \| 1,895,269 \| 47\\.13 \| \\- \| 1,228 \| 0\\.03 \| \\- \| 190,381 \| 4\\.73 \| \\- \| 3,459 \| 0\\.09 \| \\- \| 18,067 \| 0\\.45 \| \\- \| 17,865 \| 0\\.44 \| 4,021,538 \| CA \|\n [Colorado](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado \"1948 United States presidential election in Colorado\") \|\n 6 \|\n 267,288 \| 51\\.88 \| 6 \| 239,714 \| 46\\.52 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 6,115 \| 1\\.19 \| \\- \| 1,678 \| 0\\.33 \| \\- \| 442 \| 0\\.09 \| \\- \| 27,574 \| 5\\.35 \| 515,237 \| CO \|\n [Connecticut](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut \"1948 United States presidential election in Connecticut\") \|\n 8 \|\n 423,297 \| 47\\.91 \| \\- \| 437,754 \| 49\\.55 \| 8 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 13,713 \| 1\\.55 \| \\- \| 6,964 \| 0\\.79 \| \\- \| 1,790 \| 0\\.20 \| \\- \| \\-14,457 \| \\-1\\.64 \| 883,518 \| CT \|\n [Delaware](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware \"1948 United States presidential election in Delaware\") \|\n 3 \|\n 67,813 \| 48\\.76 \| \\- \| 69,588 \| 50\\.04 \| 3 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 1,050 \| 0\\.75 \| \\- \| 250 \| 0\\.18 \| \\- \| 372 \| 0\\.27 \| \\- \| \\-1,775 \| \\-1\\.28 \| 139,073 \| DE \|\n [Florida](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida \"1948 United States presidential election in Florida\") \|\n 8 \|\n 281,988 \| 48\\.82 \| 8 \| 194,280 \| 33\\.63 \| \\- \| 89,755 \| 15\\.54 \| \\- \| 11,620 \| 2\\.01 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 87,708 \| 15\\.18 \| 577,643 \| FL \|\n [Georgia](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia \"1948 United States presidential election in Georgia\") \|\n 12 \|\n 254,646 \| 60\\.80 \| 12 \| 76,691 \| 18\\.31 \| \\- \| 85,135 \| 20\\.33 \| \\- \| 1,636 \| 0\\.39 \| \\- \| 3 \| 0\\.00 \| \\- \| 733 \| 0\\.18 \| \\- \| 169,591 \| 40\\.50 \| 418,764 \| GA \|\n [Idaho](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho \"1948 United States presidential election in Idaho\") \|\n 4 \|\n 107,370 \| 49\\.98 \| 4 \| 101,514 \| 47\\.26 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 4,972 \| 2\\.31 \| \\- \| 332 \| 0\\.15 \| \\- \| 628 \| 0\\.29 \| \\- \| 5,856 \| 2\\.73 \| 214,816 \| ID \|\n [Illinois](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois \"1948 United States presidential election in Illinois\") \|\n 28 \|\n 1,994,715 \| 50\\.07 \| 28 \| 1,961,103 \| 49\\.22 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 11,522 \| 0\\.29 \| \\- \| 16,706 \| 0\\.42 \| \\- \| 33,612 \| 0\\.84 \| 3,984,046 \| IL \|\n [Indiana](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana \"1948 United States presidential election in Indiana\") \|\n 13 \|\n 807,833 \| 48\\.78 \| \\- \| 821,079 \| 49\\.58 \| 13 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 9,649 \| 0\\.58 \| \\- \| 2,179 \| 0\\.13 \| \\- \| 15,474 \| 0\\.93 \| \\- \| \\-13,246 \| \\-0\\.80 \| 1,656,214 \| IN \|\n [Iowa](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa \"1948 United States presidential election in Iowa\") \|\n 10 \|\n 522,380 \| 50\\.31 \| 10 \| 494,018 \| 47\\.58 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 12,125 \| 1\\.17 \| \\- \| 1,829 \| 0\\.18 \| \\- \| 7,912 \| 0\\.76 \| \\- \| 28,362 \| 2\\.73 \| 1,038,264 \| IA \|\n [Kansas](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas \"1948 United States presidential election in Kansas\") \|\n 8 \|\n 351,902 \| 44\\.61 \| \\- \| 423,039 \| 53\\.63 \| 8 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 4,603 \| 0\\.58 \| \\- \| 2,807 \| 0\\.36 \| \\- \| 6,468 \| 0\\.82 \| \\- \| \\-71,137 \| \\-9\\.02 \| 788,819 \| KS \|\n [Kentucky](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky \"1948 United States presidential election in Kentucky\") \|\n 11 \|\n 466,756 \| 56\\.74 \| 11 \| 341,210 \| 41\\.48 \| \\- \| 10,411 \| 1\\.27 \| \\- \| 1,567 \| 0\\.19 \| \\- \| 1,284 \| 0\\.16 \| \\- \| 1,430 \| 0\\.17 \| \\- \| 125,546 \| 15\\.26 \| 822,658 \| KY \|\n [Louisiana](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana \"1948 United States presidential election in Louisiana\") \|\n 10 \|\n 136,344 \| 32\\.75 \| \\- \| 72,657 \| 17\\.45 \| \\- \| 204,290 \| 49\\.07 \| 10 \| 3,035 \| 0\\.73 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 10 \| 0\\.00 \| \\- \| \\-67,946 \| \\-16\\.32 \| 416,336 \| LA \|\n [Maine](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine \"1948 United States presidential election in Maine\") \|\n 5 \|\n 111,916 \| 42\\.27 \| \\- \| 150,234 \| 56\\.74 \| 5 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 1,884 \| 0\\.71 \| \\- \| 547 \| 0\\.21 \| \\- \| 206 \| 0\\.08 \| \\- \| \\-38,318 \| \\-14\\.47 \| 264,787 \| ME \|\n [Maryland](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland \"1948 United States presidential election in Maryland\") \|\n 8 \|\n 286,521 \| 48\\.01 \| \\- \| 294,814 \| 49\\.40 \| 8 \| 2,489 \| 0\\.42 \| \\- \| 9,983 \| 1\\.67 \| \\- \| 2,941 \| 0\\.49 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\-8,293 \| \\-1\\.39 \| 596,735 \| MD \|\n [Massachusetts](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts \"1948 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\") \|\n 16 \|\n 1,151,788 \| 54\\.66 \| 16 \| 909,370 \| 43\\.16 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 38,157 \| 1\\.81 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 7,831 \| 0\\.37 \| \\- \| 242,418 \| 11\\.50 \| 2,107,146 \| MA \|\n [Michigan](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1948 United States presidential election in Michigan\") \|\n 19 \|\n 1,003,448 \| 47\\.57 \| \\- \| 1,038,595 \| 49\\.23 \| 19 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 46,515 \| 2\\.20 \| \\- \| 6,063 \| 0\\.29 \| \\- \| 14,988 \| 0\\.71 \| \\- \| \\-35,147 \| \\-1\\.67 \| 2,109,609 \| MI \|\n [Minnesota](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota \"1948 United States presidential election in Minnesota\") \|\n 11 \|\n 692,966 \| 57\\.16 \| 11 \| 483,617 \| 39\\.89 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 27,866 \| 2\\.30 \| \\- \| 4,646 \| 0\\.38 \| \\- \| 3,131 \| 0\\.26 \| \\- \| 209,349 \| 17\\.27 \| 1,212,226 \| MN \|\n [Mississippi](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi \"1948 United States presidential election in Mississippi\"){{efn\\\|name\\=\"Mississippi\"}} \|\n 9 \|\n 19,384 \| 10\\.09 \| \\- \| 5,043 \| 2\\.62 \| \\- \| 167,538 \| 87\\.17 \| 9 \| 225 \| 0\\.12 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\-148,154 \| \\-77\\.09 \| 192,190 \| MS \|\n [Missouri](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri \"1948 United States presidential election in Missouri\") \|\n 15 \|\n 917,315 \| 58\\.11 \| 15 \| 655,039 \| 41\\.49 \| \\- \| 42 \| 0\\.00 \| \\- \| 3,998 \| 0\\.25 \| \\- \| 2,222 \| 0\\.14 \| \\- \| 12 \| 0\\.00 \| \\- \| 262,276 \| 16\\.61 \| 1,578,628 \| MO \|\n [Montana](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana \"1948 United States presidential election in Montana\") \|\n 4 \|\n 119,071 \| 53\\.09 \| 4 \| 96,770 \| 43\\.15 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 7,313 \| 3\\.26 \| \\- \| 695 \| 0\\.31 \| \\- \| 429 \| 0\\.19 \| \\- \| 22,301 \| 9\\.94 \| 224,278 \| MT \|\n [Nebraska](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska \"1948 United States presidential election in Nebraska\") \|\n 6 \|\n 224,165 \| 45\\.85 \| \\- \| 264,774 \| 54\\.15 \| 6 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 1 \| 0\\.00 \| \\- \| \\-40,609 \| \\-8\\.31 \| 488,940 \| NE \|\n [Nevada](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada \"1948 United States presidential election in Nevada\") \|\n 3 \|\n 31,291 \| 50\\.37 \| 3 \| 29,357 \| 47\\.26 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 1,469 \| 2\\.36 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 1,934 \| 3\\.11 \| 62,117 \| NV \|\n [New Hampshire](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire \"1948 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\") \|\n 4 \|\n 107,995 \| 46\\.66 \| \\- \| 121,299 \| 52\\.41 \| 4 \| 7 \| 0\\.00 \| \\- \| 1,970 \| 0\\.85 \| \\- \| 86 \| 0\\.04 \| \\- \| 83 \| 0\\.04 \| \\- \| \\-13,304 \| \\-5\\.75 \| 231,440 \| NH \|\n [New Jersey](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey \"1948 United States presidential election in New Jersey\") \|\n 16 \|\n 895,455 \| 45\\.93 \| \\- \| 981,124 \| 50\\.33 \| 16 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 42,683 \| 2\\.19 \| \\- \| 10,521 \| 0\\.54 \| \\- \| 19,772 \| 1\\.01 \| \\- \| \\-85,669 \| \\-4\\.39 \| 1,949,555 \| NJ \|\n [New Mexico](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico \"1948 United States presidential election in New Mexico\") \|\n 4 \|\n 105,464 \| 56\\.38 \| 4 \| 80,303 \| 42\\.93 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 1,037 \| 0\\.55 \| \\- \| 83 \| 0\\.04 \| \\- \| 176 \| 0\\.09 \| \\- \| 25,161 \| 13\\.45 \| 187,063 \| NM \|\n [New York](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York \"1948 United States presidential election in New York\"){{efn\\\|name\\=\"NewYork\"}}{{Cite web\\\| url\\=http://clerk.house.gov/member\\_info/electionInfo/1948election.pdf \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://clerk.house.gov/member\\_info/electionInfo/1948election.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-09 \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\| title\\=Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1948\\\| work\\=Official website of the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives\\\| access\\-date\\=April 29, 2008}} \|\n 47 \|\n 2,780,204 \| 45\\.01 \| \\- \| 2,841,163 \| 45\\.99 \| 47 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 509,559 \| 8\\.25 \| \\- \| 40,879 \| 0\\.66 \| \\- \| 5,532 \| 0\\.09 \| \\- \| \\-60,959 \| \\-0\\.98 \| 6,177,337 \| NY \|\n [North Carolina](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina \"1948 United States presidential election in North Carolina\") \|\n 14 \|\n 459,070 \| 58\\.02 \| 14 \| 258,572 \| 32\\.68 \| \\- \| 69,652 \| 8\\.80 \| \\- \| 3,915 \| 0\\.49 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 200,498 \| 25\\.34 \| 791,209 \| NC \|\n [North Dakota](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota \"1948 United States presidential election in North Dakota\") \|\n 4 \|\n 95,812 \| 43\\.41 \| \\- \| 115,139 \| 52\\.17 \| 4 \| 374 \| 0\\.17 \| \\- \| 8,391 \| 3\\.80 \| \\- \| 1,000 \| 0\\.45 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\-19,327 \| \\-8\\.76 \| 220,716 \| ND \|\n [Ohio](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio \"1948 United States presidential election in Ohio\") \|\n 25 \|\n 1,452,791 \| 49\\.48 \| 25 \| 1,445,684 \| 49\\.24 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 37,596 \| 1\\.28 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 7,107 \| 0\\.24 \| 2,936,071 \| OH \|\n [Oklahoma](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma \"1948 United States presidential election in Oklahoma\") \|\n 10 \|\n 452,782 \| 62\\.75 \| 10 \| 268,817 \| 37\\.25 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 183,965 \| 25\\.49 \| 721,599 \| OK \|\n [Oregon](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon \"1948 United States presidential election in Oregon\") \|\n 6 \|\n 243,147 \| 46\\.40 \| \\- \| 260,904 \| 49\\.78 \| 6 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 14,978 \| 2\\.86 \| \\- \| 5,051 \| 0\\.96 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\-17,757 \| \\-3\\.39 \| 524,080 \| OR \|\n [Pennsylvania](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania \"1948 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\") \|\n 35 \|\n 1,752,426 \| 46\\.92 \| \\- \| 1,902,197 \| 50\\.93 \| 35 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 55,161 \| 1\\.48 \| \\- \| 11,325 \| 0\\.30 \| \\- \| 14,039 \| 0\\.38 \| \\- \| \\-149,771 \| \\-4\\.01 \| 3,735,148 \| PA \|\n [Rhode Island](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island \"1948 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\") \|\n 4 \|\n 188,736 \| 57\\.59 \| 4 \| 135,787 \| 41\\.44 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 2,619 \| 0\\.80 \| \\- \| 429 \| 0\\.13 \| \\- \| 131 \| 0\\.04 \| \\- \| 52,949 \| 16\\.16 \| 327,702 \| RI \|\n [South Carolina](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina \"1948 United States presidential election in South Carolina\") \|\n 8 \|\n 34,423 \| 24\\.14 \| \\- \| 5,386 \| 3\\.78 \| \\- \| 102,607 \| 71\\.97 \| 8 \| 154 \| 0\\.11 \| \\- \| 1 \| 0\\.00 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\-68,184 \| \\-47\\.82 \| 142,571 \| SC \|\n [South Dakota](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota \"1948 United States presidential election in South Dakota\") \|\n 4 \|\n 117,653 \| 47\\.04 \| \\- \| 129,651 \| 51\\.84 \| 4 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 2,801 \| 1\\.12 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\-11,998 \| \\-4\\.80 \| 250,105 \| SD \|\n [Tennessee](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee \"1948 United States presidential election in Tennessee\") \|\n 12 \|\n 270,402 \| 49\\.14 \| 11 \| 202,914 \| 36\\.87 \| \\- \| 73,815 \| 13\\.41 \| 1 \| 1,864 \| 0\\.34 \| \\- \| 1,288 \| 0\\.23 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 67,488 \| 12\\.26 \| 550,283 \| TN \|\n [Texas](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas \"1948 United States presidential election in Texas\") \|\n 23 \|\n 824,235 \| 65\\.96 \| 23 \| 303,467 \| 24\\.29 \| \\- \| 113,776 \| 9\\.11 \| \\- \| 3,920 \| 0\\.31 \| \\- \| 919 \| 0\\.07 \| \\- \| 3,260 \| 0\\.26 \| \\- \| 520,768 \| 41\\.68 \| 1,249,577 \| TX \|\n [Utah](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah \"1948 United States presidential election in Utah\") \|\n 4 \|\n 149,151 \| 53\\.98 \| 4 \| 124,402 \| 45\\.02 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 2,679 \| 0\\.97 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 73 \| 0\\.03 \| \\- \| 24,749 \| 8\\.96 \| 276,305 \| UT \|\n [Vermont](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont \"1948 United States presidential election in Vermont\") \|\n 3 \|\n 45,557 \| 36\\.92 \| \\- \| 75,926 \| 61\\.54 \| 3 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 1,279 \| 1\\.04 \| \\- \| 585 \| 0\\.47 \| \\- \| 35 \| 0\\.03 \| \\- \| \\-30,369 \| \\-24\\.61 \| 123,382 \| VT \|\n [Virginia](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia \"1948 United States presidential election in Virginia\") \|\n 11 \|\n 200,786 \| 47\\.89 \| 11 \| 172,070 \| 41\\.04 \| \\- \| 43,393 \| 10\\.35 \| \\- \| 2,047 \| 0\\.49 \| \\- \| 726 \| 0\\.17 \| \\- \| 234 \| 0\\.06 \| \\- \| 28,716 \| 6\\.85 \| 419,256 \| VA \|\n [Washington](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_%28state%29 \"1948 United States presidential election in Washington (state)\") \|\n 8 \|\n 475,165 \| 52\\.56 \| 8 \| 386,314 \| 42\\.73 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 31,692 \| 3\\.51 \| \\- \| 3,534 \| 0\\.39 \| \\- \| 7,353 \| 0\\.81 \| \\- \| 88,851 \| 9\\.83 \| 904,058 \| WA \|\n [West Virginia](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia \"1948 United States presidential election in West Virginia\") \|\n 8 \|\n 429,188 \| 57\\.32 \| 8 \| 316,251 \| 42\\.24 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 3,311 \| 0\\.44 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 112,937 \| 15\\.08 \| 748,750 \| WV \|\n [Wisconsin](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin \"1948 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\") \|\n 12 \|\n 647,310 \| 50\\.70 \| 12 \| 590,959 \| 46\\.28 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 25,282 \| 1\\.98 \| \\- \| 12,547 \| 0\\.98 \| \\- \| 702 \| 0\\.05 \| \\- \| 56,351 \| 4\\.41 \| 1,276,800 \| WI \|\n [Wyoming](/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming \"1948 United States presidential election in Wyoming\") \|\n 3 \|\n 52,354 \| 51\\.62 \| 3 \| 47,947 \| 47\\.27 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \| 931 \| 0\\.92 \| \\- \| 137 \| 0\\.14 \| \\- \| 56 \| 0\\.06 \| \\- \| 4,407 \| 4\\.35 \| 101,425 \| WY \|\| TOTALS: \| 531 \| 24,178,347 \| 49\\.55 \| 303 \| 21,991,292 \| 45\\.07 \| 189 \| 1,176,023 \| 2\\.41 \| 39 \| 1,157,328 \| 2\\.37 \| \\- \| 139,569 \| 0\\.29 \| \\- \| 150,069 \| 0\\.31 \| \\- \| 2,187,055 \| 4\\.48 \| 48,792,535 \| US \|", "#### States that flipped from Republican to Democratic", "* [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\")\n* [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\")\n* [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\")\n* [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\")\n* [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming \"Wyoming\")", "#### States that flipped from Democratic to Republican", "* [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\")\n* [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware \"Delaware\")\n* [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\")\n* [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\")\n* [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\")\n* [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\")\n* [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\")\n* [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\")\n* [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\")", "#### States that flipped from Democratic to Dixiecrat", "* [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\")\n* [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\")\n* [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\")\n* [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\")", "#### Close states", "Margin of victory less than 1% (138 electoral votes):\n1. Ohio, 0\\.24% (7,107 votes)\n2. California, 0\\.44% (17,865 votes) (tipping point state for Truman victory)\n3. Indiana, 0\\.80% (13,246 votes)\n4. Illinois, 0\\.84% (33,612 votes) (tipping point state for Dewey victory)\n5. New York, 0\\.98% (60,959 votes)", "Margin of victory less than 5% (131 electoral votes):\n1. Delaware, 1\\.28% (1,775 votes)\n2. Maryland, 1\\.39% (8,293 votes)\n3. Connecticut, 1\\.64% (14,457 votes)\n4. Michigan, 1\\.67% (35,147 votes)\n5. Iowa, 2\\.73% (28,362 votes)\n6. Idaho, 2\\.73% (5,856 votes)\n7. Nevada, 3\\.11% (1,934 votes)\n8. Oregon, 3\\.39% (17,757 votes)\n9. Pennsylvania, 4\\.01% (149,771 votes)\n10. Wyoming, 4\\.35% (4,407 votes)\n11. New Jersey, 4\\.39% (85,669 votes)\n12. Wisconsin, 4\\.41% (56,351 votes)\n13. South Dakota, 4\\.80% (11,998 votes)", "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (59 electoral votes):\n1. Colorado, 5\\.35% (27,574 votes)\n2. New Hampshire, 5\\.75% (13,304 votes)\n3. Virginia, 6\\.85% (28,716 votes)\n4. Nebraska, 8\\.31% (40,609 votes)\n5. North Dakota, 8\\.76% (19,327 votes)\n6. Utah, 8\\.96% (24,749 votes)\n7. Kansas, 9\\.02% (71,137 votes)\n8. Washington, 9\\.93% (89,850 votes)\n9. Montana, 9\\.94% (22,301 votes)\n10. Arizona, 9\\.97% (17,654 votes)", "#### Statistics", "{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year\\=1948\\&datatype\\=national\\&def\\=1\\&f\\=0\\&off\\=0\\&elect\\=0\\\|title\\=1948 Presidential General Election Data – National\\\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2013}}", "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)\n1. [Duval County, Texas](/wiki/Duval_County%2C_Texas \"Duval County, Texas\") 96\\.52%\n2. [Greene County, North Carolina](/wiki/Greene_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Greene County, North Carolina\") 96\\.45%\n3. [King County, Texas](/wiki/King_County%2C_Texas \"King County, Texas\") 95\\.85%\n4. [Bertie County, North Carolina](/wiki/Bertie_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Bertie County, North Carolina\") 95\\.71%\n5. [Martin County, North Carolina](/wiki/Martin_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Martin County, North Carolina\") 95\\.53%", "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)\n1. [Jackson County, Kentucky](/wiki/Jackson_County%2C_Kentucky \"Jackson County, Kentucky\") 86\\.31%\n2. [Sevier County, Tennessee](/wiki/Sevier_County%2C_Tennessee \"Sevier County, Tennessee\") 84\\.11%\n3. [Johnson County, Tennessee](/wiki/Johnson_County%2C_Tennessee \"Johnson County, Tennessee\") 82\\.98%\n4. [Grant County, West Virginia](/wiki/Grant_County%2C_West_Virginia \"Grant County, West Virginia\") 80\\.83%\n5. [Lincoln County, Maine](/wiki/Lincoln_County%2C_Maine \"Lincoln County, Maine\") 80\\.47%", "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Dixiecrat)\n1. [Choctaw County, Alabama](/wiki/Choctaw_County%2C_Alabama \"Choctaw County, Alabama\") 98\\.83%\n2. [Wilcox County, Alabama](/wiki/Wilcox_County%2C_Alabama \"Wilcox County, Alabama\") 98\\.81%\n3. [Bullock County, Alabama](/wiki/Bullock_County%2C_Alabama \"Bullock County, Alabama\") 98\\.76%\n4. [Edgefield County, South Carolina](/wiki/Edgefield_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Edgefield County, South Carolina\") 98\\.20%\n5. [Monroe County, Alabama](/wiki/Monroe_County%2C_Alabama \"Monroe County, Alabama\") 97\\.86%", "#### Results in major cities (from the top 100 by the 1940 census)", "{{unreferenced section\\\|date\\=February 2023}}", "\| \\+ \| City \| ST \| Truman \| \| Dewey \| \| Thurmond \| \| Wallace \| \| Others \| \| Totals \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Los Angeles \| CA \| 381,336 \| 52\\.0% \| 300,988 \| 41\\.0% \| 311 \| 0\\.0% \| 46,385 \| 6\\.3% \| 4,917 \| 0\\.7% \| 733,937 \|\n\| San Francisco \| CA \| 167,726 \| 47\\.8% \| 160,135 \| 45\\.7% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 21,492 \| 6\\.1% \| 1,356 \| 0\\.4% \| 350,709 \|\n\| Denver \| CO \| 89,489 \| 52\\.9% \| 76,364 \| 45\\.2% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 2,420 \| 1\\.4% \| 794 \| 0\\.5% \| 169,067 \|\n\| Bridgeport \| CT \| 34,418 \| 52\\.9% \| 27,534 \| 42\\.3% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 1,529 \| 2\\.3% \| 1,601 \| 2\\.5% \| 65,082 \|\n\| Hartford \| CT \| 47,584 \| 63\\.9% \| 24,653 \| 33\\.1% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 1,687 \| 2\\.3% \| 490 \| 0\\.7% \| 74,414 \|\n\| New Haven \| CT \| 43,068 \| 55\\.9% \| 31,032 \| 40\\.3% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 1,814 \| 2\\.4% \| 1,072 \| 1\\.4% \| 77,004 \|\n\| Waterbury \| CT \| 23,657 \| 53\\.0% \| 19,768 \| 44\\.3% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 727 \| 1\\.6% \| 477 \| 1\\.1% \| 44,629 \|\n\| Chicago \| IL \| N/A \| 62\\.0% \| N/A \| 37\\.2% \| N/A \| 0\\.0% \| N/A \| 0\\.0% \| N/A \| 0\\.8% \| 1,684,424 \|\n\| Boston \| MA \| 235,493 \| 67\\.1% \| 94,163 \| 26\\.8% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 10,423 \| 3\\.0% \| 11,053 \| 3\\.1% \| 351,132 \|\n\| Cambridge \| MA \| 33,501 \| 62\\.6% \| 17,149 \| 32\\.1% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 1,388 \| 2\\.6% \| 1,463 \| 2\\.7% \| 53,501 \|\n\| Fall River \| MA \| 38,347 \| 71\\.4% \| 13,915 \| 25\\.9% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 458 \| 0\\.9% \| 1,015 \| 1\\.9% \| 53,735 \|\n\| Lowell \| MA \| 30,633 \| 63\\.7% \| 15,677 \| 32\\.6% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 511 \| 1\\.1% \| 1,277 \| 2\\.7% \| 48,098 \|\n\| Lynn \| MA \| 27,954 \| 57\\.8% \| 17,753 \| 36\\.7% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 1,173 \| 2\\.4% \| 1,514 \| 3\\.1% \| 48,394 \|\n\| New Bedford \| MA \| 34,186 \| 65\\.8% \| 15,681 \| 30\\.2% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 914 \| 1\\.8% \| 1,171 \| 2\\.3% \| 51,952 \|\n\| Somerville \| MA \| 30,959 \| 64\\.1% \| 15,466 \| 32\\.0% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 744 \| 1\\.5% \| 1,115 \| 2\\.3% \| 48,284 \|\n\| Springfield \| MA \| 38,548 \| 51\\.9% \| 32,533 \| 43\\.8% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 1,415 \| 1\\.9% \| 1,801 \| 2\\.4% \| 74,297 \|\n\| Worcester \| MA \| 51,366 \| 54\\.4% \| 38,373 \| 40\\.6% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 2,028 \| 2\\.1% \| 2,694 \| 2\\.9% \| 94,461 \|\n\| Baltimore \| MD \| 134,615 \| 52\\.7% \| 110,879 \| 43\\.4% \| 1,598 \| 0\\.6% \| 7,257 \| 2\\.8% \| 1,014 \| 0\\.4% \| 255,363 \|\n\| Detroit \| MI \| N/A \| 63\\.9% \| N/A \| 31\\.8% \| N/A \| 0\\.0% \| N/A \| 3\\.7% \| N/A \| 0\\.6% \| 753,129 \|\n\| St. Louis \| MO \| 220,654 \| 64\\.2% \| 120,656 \| 35\\.1% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 1,638 \| 0\\.5% \| 822 \| 0\\.2% \| 343,770 \|\n\| New York City \| NY \| 1,596,545 \| 50\\.6% \| 1,108,288 \| 35\\.1% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 422,355 \| 13\\.4% \| 29,931 \| 0\\.9% \| 3,157,119 \|\n\| Philadelphia \| PA \| 432,699 \| 48\\.9% \| 425,962 \| 48\\.1% \| 0 \| 0\\.0% \| 20,745 \| 2\\.3% \| 5,891 \| 0\\.7% \| 885,297 \|\n\| Norfolk \| VA \| 9,370 \| 50\\.8% \| 7,556 \| 40\\.9% \| 1,255 \| 6\\.8% \| 259 \| 1\\.4% \| 20 \| 0\\.1% \| 18,460 \|\n\| Richmond \| VA \| 16,466 \| 46\\.6% \| 14,549 \| 41\\.2% \| 3,892 \| 11\\.0% \| 307 \| 0\\.9% \| 87 \| 0\\.2% \| 35,301 \|", "", "" ]
### Results [thumb\\|Famous photograph of Truman grinning and holding up a copy of the newspaper that [erroneously announced his defeat](/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman "Dewey Defeats Truman").](/wiki/File:Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg "Dewey Defeats Truman.jpg") On election night, Dewey, his family, and campaign staff confidently gathered in the [Roosevelt Hotel](/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Hotel_%28New_York%29 "The Roosevelt Hotel (New York)") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to await the returns.(Ross, p. 241\) Truman, aided by the [Secret Service](/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service "United States Secret Service"), snuck away from reporters covering him in [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri "Kansas City, Missouri") and rode to nearby [Excelsior Springs, Missouri](/wiki/Excelsior_Springs%2C_Missouri "Excelsior Springs, Missouri"). There, he took a room in the historic [Elms Hotel](/wiki/Elms_Hotel_%28Excelsior_Springs%2C_Missouri%29 "Elms Hotel (Excelsior Springs, Missouri)"), had dinner and a [Turkish bath](/wiki/Turkish_bath "Turkish bath"), and went to sleep.(Ross, p. 242\) As the votes came in, Truman took an early lead that he never lost. The leading radio commentators, such as [H. V. Kaltenborn](/wiki/H._V._Kaltenborn "H. V. Kaltenborn") of [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"), still confidently predicted that once the "late returns" came in Dewey would overcome Truman's lead and win. At midnight, Truman awoke and turned on the radio in his room; he heard Kaltenborn announce that while Truman was still ahead in the popular vote, he could not possibly win. At 4 a.m., Truman awoke again and heard on the radio that his popular\-vote lead was now nearly two million votes, and that he was well ahead in the electoral vote. He told the Secret Service agents guarding him to drive him back to Kansas City, "because it looks as if we're in for another four years."(Manchester, p. 469\) For the rest of his life, Truman would gleefully mimic Kaltenborn's staccato voice predicting his defeat throughout that election night. Dewey, meanwhile, realized that he was in trouble when early returns from [New England](/wiki/New_England "New England") and [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") showed him running well behind his expected vote total. He stayed up for the rest of the night and early morning analyzing the votes as they came in, and by 10:30 a.m., he was convinced he had lost; at 11:14 a.m., he sent a gracious telegram of concession to Truman.(Ross, p. 240\-243\) The pro\-Republican [Chicago Daily Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune "Chicago Daily Tribune") was so certain of Dewey's victory that on Tuesday afternoon, before any polls closed, it printed "[DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN](/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman "Dewey Defeats Truman")" as its banner headline for the following day. Part of the reason Truman's victory came as such a shock was because of uncorrected flaws in the emerging craft of public opinion polling. According to historian [William Manchester](/wiki/William_Manchester "William Manchester"), "many professional pollsters \[...] believed in what some had come to call [Farley's Law](/wiki/James_A._Farley "James A. Farley")." James Farley, President Franklin Roosevelt's successful campaign manager in 1932 and 1936, had stated that, in his opinion, the great majority of voters decided which candidate to support during the political conventions. The fall campaigns, Farley believed, were simply "ineffective carnivals" that swayed few voters. In 1948 many pollsters, relying on Farley's Law, believed that the election was effectively over after the Republican and Democratic conventions, and they discounted the impact of Truman's campaigning that fall. Manchester noted that "Gallup's September 24 report foresaw 46\.5% for Dewey to 38% for Truman. His last column, appearing in the Sunday papers two days before the election, showed Truman gaining sharply – to 44% – and the interviews on which it was based had been conducted two weeks earlier. The national mood was shifting daily, almost hourly." After the election, a study by the University of Michigan revealed that "14% of Truman's voters, or 3,374,800, had decided to vote for him in the last fortnight of the campaign."(Manchester, p. 471\) Gallup and Roper also did an analysis of the votes; they "learned that one voter in every seven (6,927,000\), made up his mind in the last two weeks before the election. Of these, 75 percent picked Truman", which was more than his margin of victory over Dewey. "Using either the Michigan figures or Gallup\-Roper's, one finds that some 3,300,000 fence\-sitters determined the outcome of the race in its closing days – when Dewey's instincts were urging him to adopt Truman's hell\-for\-leather style and slug it out with him, and when he didn't because all the experts told him he shouldn't." The key states in the 1948 election were Ohio, California, and Illinois. Truman won each of these states by less than 1 percentage point; they gave him a total of 78 electoral votes. Had Dewey carried all three states \- which would have required a shift of just 29,000 votes \- he would have won the election in the [Electoral College](/wiki/Electoral_College_%28United_States%29 "Electoral College (United States)") despite losing the popular vote by 2\.13 million votes (or 4\.36%). If Dewey had won any two of the three, no nominee would have reached the 266 electoral votes required for election, and the Dixiecrats would have succeeded in their goal of forcing the election into the House of Representatives. The extreme closeness of the vote in these three states was the major reason why Dewey waited until late on the morning of November 3 to concede defeat. Aside from Ohio, California, and Illinois, Truman carried Idaho by almost as narrow a margin, and Dewey himself countered with similarly narrow victories in New York (the nation's largest electoral prize at the time), his birth state of Michigan, and Maryland. But this was too little to give him the election. Dewey would always believe that he lost the election because he lost the [rural](/wiki/Rural_area "Rural area") vote in the Midwest, which he had won in 1944 {{failed verification span\\|text\=(note the Kaltenborn predictions that Truman would joyously mock had taken for granted that the "country vote" would go to Dewey)\\|date\=April 2024}}.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968\_4\_22\.shtml \\|title\=americanheritage.com \\|access\-date\=November 8, 2008 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207041433/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968\_4\_22\.shtml \\|archive\-date\=December 7, 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|df\=mdy\-all }} Of the 3,096 counties/independent cities making returns, Truman won the most popular votes in 1,639 (52\.94%) while Dewey carried 1,190 (38\.44%). Thurmond prevailed in 265 counties (8\.56%) while two counties (0\.06%) in South Dakota split evenly between Truman and Dewey. Truman's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities, which was around 1,481,000, had decreased by 750,000 from Roosevelt's results in the 1944 election, which was around 2,230,000\.{{cite book \\|last\=Murphy \\|first\=Paul \\|date\=1974 \\|title\=Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890\-present \\|publisher\=\[\[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]}} If all of the votes Wallace received went to Truman then only the states of Maryland, Michigan, and New York would have flipped.{{sfn\\|Schmidt\\|1960\\|p\=233}} Journalist [Samuel Lubell](/wiki/Samuel_Lubell "Samuel Lubell") found in his post\-1948 survey of voters that Truman, not Dewey, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the "new middle class" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that "to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of prosperity" during and after the war. Lubell quoted a man who, when asked why he did not vote Republican after moving to the suburbs, answered "I own a nice home, have a new car and am much better off than my parents were. I've been a Democrat all my life. Why should I change?" Dewey's promise of a "great house cleaning" in Washington worried an Iowa minister who wanted to retain [farm subsidies](/wiki/US_farm_subsidies "US farm subsidies") for parishioners; worried about the consequences of another depression, he voted Democratic for the first time in his church's history. Truman received a record number of [Catholic votes](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States "Catholic Church and politics in the United States"), exceeding even the Catholic support of [Al Smith](/wiki/Al_Smith "Al Smith") in [1928](/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election "1928 United States presidential election"), in part because Wallace drew leftists away from the Democrats.{{cite book \\| title\=The Future of American Politics \\| publisher\=Anchor Press \\| author\=Lubell, Samuel \\| year\=1956 \\| pages\=62–63,170–172,224–227 \\| edition\=2nd\\|ol \= 6193934M}} Another reason for Dewey's surprise defeat was his complacent, distant approach to the campaign, and his failure to respond to Truman's attacks. Journalist Jules Abels wrote that "the election was not thrown away by indifference or lack of effort. Preparation and more preparation had always been the distinguishing characteristic of Dewey and his team throughout his career...The truth is that Dewey's campaign was the result not of careless, but too careful and painstaking, calculation. The Dewey campaign was frozen into inertia not because it had been underthought, but because it had been overthought."(Abels, p. 142\) Other possible factors for Truman's victory included his aggressive, populist campaign style; broad public approval of Truman's foreign policy, notably the [Berlin Airlift](/wiki/Berlin_Blockade%23The_start_of_the_Berlin_Airlift "Berlin Blockade#The start of the Berlin Airlift") of that year; and widespread dissatisfaction with the institution Truman labeled as the "do\-nothing, good\-for\-nothing 80th Republican Congress." In addition, after suffering a relatively severe recession in 1946 and 1947 (in which real GDP dropped by 12% and inflation went over 15%), the economy began recovering throughout 1948\. The year 1948 was a banner year for the Democrats, as they not only retained the presidency but also recaptured both houses of Congress. It was also an unprecedented fifth consecutive presidential victory for the party, thus continuing what remains the only winning streak of more than two presidential elections by the Democratic Party since the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). Since 1948, there has been [only one](/wiki/US_presidential_election%2C_1988 "US presidential election, 1988") streak of three consecutive presidential victories by any party (in that case, by the Republicans). The two largest third parties did not hurt Truman nearly as much as expected, as Thurmond's Dixiecrats carried only four Southern states, fewer than predicted, and all of which listed Thurmond as the official Democratic candidate; Thurmond did not come close to carrying any of the other states in which he ran, with his best showing among these being second place with 20\.3% of the vote in Georgia. The Dixiecrats also failed to draw off enough Truman voters to throw any of his states to Dewey, with the nearest they came in this regard being in Virginia, where the 25\.0% margin won by Roosevelt in 1944 was reduced to 6\.9% this time. The civil rights platform helped Truman win large majorities among black voters in the populous Northern and Midwestern states, and may well have made the difference for Truman in states such as Illinois and Ohio.{{cite news \\|last1\=Johnson \\|first1\=Theodore R. \\|last2\=Prints \\|first2\=Posters by Kennedy \\|title\=How the Black Vote Became a Political Monolith \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/magazine/black\-vote.html \\|website\=The New York Times \\|date\=September 16, 2020}} Wallace's Progressives received only 2\.4% of the national popular vote, well below their expected vote total and slightly less than the Dixiecrats, and Wallace did not take as many liberal votes from Truman as many political [pundits](/wiki/Pundit_%28expert%29 "Pundit (expert)") had predicted. Some analysts, including author Zachary Karabell, have even argued that the separate candidacies of Wallace and Thurmond were beneficial to Truman by removing the separate taints of [communism](/wiki/Communism "Communism") and [racism](/wiki/Racism "Racism") from the Democratic Party. The split of the Democratic party, while failing to defeat Truman, did hold the Democrats back in several narrow states. Had the Wallace and Thurmond vote been in the Democratic column, Truman would have won all the Thurmond states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina), and the Wallace vote would have flipped Michigan, Maryland and New York into Truman's states. Winning these states would have put Truman at 416 electoral votes to Dewey's reduced 115 electoral votes. This still would have been a decline of Democratic electoral votes since 1940 but percentage\-wise Truman would have gotten 54\.33% of the popular vote, an increase of 0\.94% from Roosevelt's last victory. This was the last election until [1996](/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election "1996 United States presidential election") in which the Democrats won Arizona and the last until [1964](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election "1964 United States presidential election") in which they won California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. It was also the last election until 1964 in which South Carolina did not vote for the official Democratic nominee. Thurmond's 2\.4% is the lowest popular vote percentage for a candidate who won all of a state's electoral votes.{{cite news \\|title\=Evan McMullin Could Set Mark for Weakest National Popular Vote by Candidate to Win a State \\|newspaper\=Smart Politics \\|url\=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2016/10/13/evan\-mcmullin\-could\-set\-mark\-for\-weakest\-national\-popular\-vote\-by\-candidate\-to\-win\-a\-state/ \\|date\=October 13, 2016 \\|last1\=Ostermeier \\|first1\=Eric }} The 1948 presidential election contrasted with other elections across the world during this period, for Truman was a [war leader](/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II "Allied leaders of World War II") who managed to win election ([Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") and [De Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle") both left office shortly after the end of the war).{{cite web \\|title\=History of Sir Winston Churchill \\|url\=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past\-prime\-ministers/winston\-churchill \\|website\=www.gov.uk}}{{cite web \\|title\=Charles de Gaulle \\|url\=https://www.biographyonline.net/politicians/charles\_de\_gaulle.html \\|website\=Biography Online}} This was the first election since 1836 in which a Democratic presidential candidate won the presidency without South Carolina, and the first ever in which a Democrat won the presidency without Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. Furthermore, this is the last time a Democratic presidential candidate won without New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. It is also the first of two occasions since 1916 that Oregon and Washington did not support the same party (the other being in 1968\). This election is the only time since 1888 that New Jersey and Illinois did not support the same party. {{clear}} {{start U.S. presidential ticket box\\| pv\_footnote‍\=\\| ev\_footnote\={{National Archives EV source\\| year\=1948\\| as of\=August 1, 2005}}}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Harry S. Truman]] (incumbent)\\| party\=\[\[Democratic Party (United States)\\|Democratic]]{{efn\\|name\="NewYork"\\|In \[\[New York (state)\\|New York]], the Truman vote was a fusion of the Democratic and \[\[Liberal Party of New York\\|Liberal]] slates. There, Truman obtained 2,557,642 votes on the Democratic ticket and 222,562 votes on the Liberal ticket.}}\\| state\=\[\[Missouri]]\\| pv\=24,178,347\\| pv\_pct\=49\.55%\\| ev\=303\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Alben W. Barkley]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Kentucky]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Thomas E. Dewey]]\\| party\=\[\[Republican Party (United States)\\|Republican]]{{efn\\|name\="Mississippi"\\|In \[\[Mississippi]], the Dewey vote was a fusion of the Republican and Independent Republican slates. There, Dewey obtained 2,595 votes on the Republican ticket and 2,448 votes on the Independent Republican ticket.}}\\| state\=\[\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\\| pv\=21,991,292\\| pv\_pct\=45\.07%\\| ev\=189\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Earl Warren]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[California]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Strom Thurmond]]\\| party\=\[\[Dixiecrat\\|States' Rights Democratic]]\\| state\=\[\[South Carolina]]\\| pv\=1,176,023\\| pv\_pct\=2\.41%\\| ev\=39A Tennessee faithless elector voted for Thurmond/Wright\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Fielding L. Wright]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Mississippi]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Henry A. Wallace]]\\| party\=\[\[Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955\)\\|Progressive]]/\[\[American Labor Party\\|American Labor]]\\| state\=\[\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\\| pv\=1,157,328\\| pv\_pct\=2\.37%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Glen H. Taylor]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Idaho]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Norman Thomas]]\\| party\=\[\[Socialist Party of America\\|Socialist]]\\| state\=New York\\| pv\=139,569\\| pv\_pct\=0\.29%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Tucker P. Smith]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Michigan]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Claude A. Watson]]\\| party\=\[\[Prohibition Party\\|Prohibition]]\\| state\=California\\| pv\=103,708\\| pv\_pct\=0\.21%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Dale Learn]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[Pennsylvania]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Edward A. Teichert]]\\| party\=\[\[Socialist Labor Party of America\\|Socialist Labor]]\\| state\=Pennsylvania\\| pv\=29,244\\| pv\_pct\=0\.06%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Stephen Emery]]\\| vp\_state\=\[\[New York (state)\\|New York]]}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\=\[\[Farrell Dobbs]]\\| party\=\[\[Socialist Workers Party (United States)\\|Socialist Workers]]\\| state\=\[\[Minnesota]]\\| pv\=13,613\\| pv\_pct\=0\.03%\\| ev\=0\\| vp\_name\=\[\[Grace Carlson]]\\| vp\_state\=Minnesota}} {{U.S. presidential ticket box other\\| footnote\=\\| pv\=3,504\\| pv\_pct\=0\.01%}} {{end U.S. presidential ticket box\\| pv\=48,793,535\\| ev\=531\\| to\_win\=266}} {{bar box \\|title\=Popular vote \\|titlebar\=\#ddd \\|width\=600px \\|barwidth\=410px \\|bars\= {{bar percent\\|'''Truman'''\\|{{party color\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\|49\.55}} {{bar percent\\|Dewey\\|{{party color\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\|45\.07}} {{bar percent\\|Thurmond\\|{{party color\\|Dixiecrat}}\\|2\.41}} {{bar percent\\|Wallace\\|{{party color\\|Progressive Party (US, 1948\)}}\\|2\.37}} {{bar percent\\|Others\\|\#777777\\|0\.60}} }} {{bar box \\|title\=Electoral vote \\|titlebar\=\#ddd \\|width\=600px \\|barwidth\=411px \\|bars\= {{bar percent\\|'''Truman'''\\|{{party color\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\|57\.06}} {{bar percent\\|Dewey\\|{{party color\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\|35\.59}} {{bar percent\\|Thurmond\\|{{party color\\|Dixiecrat}}\\|7\.34}} }} [650px\\|thumb\\|left](/wiki/File:1948_Electoral_Map.png "1948 Electoral Map.png") File:1948 United States presidential election results map by county.svg\\|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote	[ "### Results", "[thumb\\\|Famous photograph of Truman grinning and holding up a copy of the newspaper that [erroneously announced his defeat](/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman \"Dewey Defeats Truman\").](/wiki/File:Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg \"Dewey Defeats Truman.jpg\")\nOn election night, Dewey, his family, and campaign staff confidently gathered in the [Roosevelt Hotel](/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Hotel_%28New_York%29 \"The Roosevelt Hotel (New York)\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to await the returns.(Ross, p. 241\\) Truman, aided by the [Secret Service](/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service \"United States Secret Service\"), snuck away from reporters covering him in [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri \"Kansas City, Missouri\") and rode to nearby [Excelsior Springs, Missouri](/wiki/Excelsior_Springs%2C_Missouri \"Excelsior Springs, Missouri\"). There, he took a room in the historic [Elms Hotel](/wiki/Elms_Hotel_%28Excelsior_Springs%2C_Missouri%29 \"Elms Hotel (Excelsior Springs, Missouri)\"), had dinner and a [Turkish bath](/wiki/Turkish_bath \"Turkish bath\"), and went to sleep.(Ross, p. 242\\) As the votes came in, Truman took an early lead that he never lost. The leading radio commentators, such as [H. V. Kaltenborn](/wiki/H._V._Kaltenborn \"H. V. Kaltenborn\") of [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), still confidently predicted that once the \"late returns\" came in Dewey would overcome Truman's lead and win. At midnight, Truman awoke and turned on the radio in his room; he heard Kaltenborn announce that while Truman was still ahead in the popular vote, he could not possibly win. At 4 a.m., Truman awoke again and heard on the radio that his popular\\-vote lead was now nearly two million votes, and that he was well ahead in the electoral vote. He told the Secret Service agents guarding him to drive him back to Kansas City, \"because it looks as if we're in for another four years.\"(Manchester, p. 469\\) For the rest of his life, Truman would gleefully mimic Kaltenborn's staccato voice predicting his defeat throughout that election night. Dewey, meanwhile, realized that he was in trouble when early returns from [New England](/wiki/New_England \"New England\") and [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") showed him running well behind his expected vote total. He stayed up for the rest of the night and early morning analyzing the votes as they came in, and by 10:30 a.m., he was convinced he had lost; at 11:14 a.m., he sent a gracious telegram of concession to Truman.(Ross, p. 240\\-243\\)", "The pro\\-Republican [Chicago Daily Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune \"Chicago Daily Tribune\") was so certain of Dewey's victory that on Tuesday afternoon, before any polls closed, it printed \"[DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN](/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman \"Dewey Defeats Truman\")\" as its banner headline for the following day. Part of the reason Truman's victory came as such a shock was because of uncorrected flaws in the emerging craft of public opinion polling. According to historian [William Manchester](/wiki/William_Manchester \"William Manchester\"), \"many professional pollsters \\[...] believed in what some had come to call [Farley's Law](/wiki/James_A._Farley \"James A. Farley\").\" James Farley, President Franklin Roosevelt's successful campaign manager in 1932 and 1936, had stated that, in his opinion, the great majority of voters decided which candidate to support during the political conventions. The fall campaigns, Farley believed, were simply \"ineffective carnivals\" that swayed few voters. In 1948 many pollsters, relying on Farley's Law, believed that the election was effectively over after the Republican and Democratic conventions, and they discounted the impact of Truman's campaigning that fall.", "Manchester noted that \"Gallup's September 24 report foresaw 46\\.5% for Dewey to 38% for Truman. His last column, appearing in the Sunday papers two days before the election, showed Truman gaining sharply – to 44% – and the interviews on which it was based had been conducted two weeks earlier. The national mood was shifting daily, almost hourly.\" After the election, a study by the University of Michigan revealed that \"14% of Truman's voters, or 3,374,800, had decided to vote for him in the last fortnight of the campaign.\"(Manchester, p. 471\\) Gallup and Roper also did an analysis of the votes; they \"learned that one voter in every seven (6,927,000\\), made up his mind in the last two weeks before the election. Of these, 75 percent picked Truman\", which was more than his margin of victory over Dewey. \"Using either the Michigan figures or Gallup\\-Roper's, one finds that some 3,300,000 fence\\-sitters determined the outcome of the race in its closing days – when Dewey's instincts were urging him to adopt Truman's hell\\-for\\-leather style and slug it out with him, and when he didn't because all the experts told him he shouldn't.\"", "The key states in the 1948 election were Ohio, California, and Illinois. Truman won each of these states by less than 1 percentage point; they gave him a total of 78 electoral votes. Had Dewey carried all three states \\- which would have required a shift of just 29,000 votes \\- he would have won the election in the [Electoral College](/wiki/Electoral_College_%28United_States%29 \"Electoral College (United States)\") despite losing the popular vote by 2\\.13 million votes (or 4\\.36%). If Dewey had won any two of the three, no nominee would have reached the 266 electoral votes required for election, and the Dixiecrats would have succeeded in their goal of forcing the election into the House of Representatives.", "The extreme closeness of the vote in these three states was the major reason why Dewey waited until late on the morning of November 3 to concede defeat. Aside from Ohio, California, and Illinois, Truman carried Idaho by almost as narrow a margin, and Dewey himself countered with similarly narrow victories in New York (the nation's largest electoral prize at the time), his birth state of Michigan, and Maryland. But this was too little to give him the election. Dewey would always believe that he lost the election because he lost the [rural](/wiki/Rural_area \"Rural area\") vote in the Midwest, which he had won in 1944 {{failed verification span\\\|text\\=(note the Kaltenborn predictions that Truman would joyously mock had taken for granted that the \"country vote\" would go to Dewey)\\\|date\\=April 2024}}.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968\\_4\\_22\\.shtml \\\|title\\=americanheritage.com \\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2008 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207041433/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968\\_4\\_22\\.shtml \\\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}", "Of the 3,096 counties/independent cities making returns, Truman won the most popular votes in 1,639 (52\\.94%) while Dewey carried 1,190 (38\\.44%). Thurmond prevailed in 265 counties (8\\.56%) while two counties (0\\.06%) in South Dakota split evenly between Truman and Dewey.", "Truman's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities, which was around 1,481,000, had decreased by 750,000 from Roosevelt's results in the 1944 election, which was around 2,230,000\\.{{cite book \\\|last\\=Murphy \\\|first\\=Paul \\\|date\\=1974 \\\|title\\=Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890\\-present \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]}} If all of the votes Wallace received went to Truman then only the states of Maryland, Michigan, and New York would have flipped.{{sfn\\\|Schmidt\\\|1960\\\|p\\=233}}", "Journalist [Samuel Lubell](/wiki/Samuel_Lubell \"Samuel Lubell\") found in his post\\-1948 survey of voters that Truman, not Dewey, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the \"new middle class\" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that \"to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of prosperity\" during and after the war. Lubell quoted a man who, when asked why he did not vote Republican after moving to the suburbs, answered \"I own a nice home, have a new car and am much better off than my parents were. I've been a Democrat all my life. Why should I change?\" Dewey's promise of a \"great house cleaning\" in Washington worried an Iowa minister who wanted to retain [farm subsidies](/wiki/US_farm_subsidies \"US farm subsidies\") for parishioners; worried about the consequences of another depression, he voted Democratic for the first time in his church's history. Truman received a record number of [Catholic votes](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States \"Catholic Church and politics in the United States\"), exceeding even the Catholic support of [Al Smith](/wiki/Al_Smith \"Al Smith\") in [1928](/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election \"1928 United States presidential election\"), in part because Wallace drew leftists away from the Democrats.{{cite book \\\| title\\=The Future of American Politics \\\| publisher\\=Anchor Press \\\| author\\=Lubell, Samuel \\\| year\\=1956 \\\| pages\\=62–63,170–172,224–227 \\\| edition\\=2nd\\\|ol \\= 6193934M}}", "Another reason for Dewey's surprise defeat was his complacent, distant approach to the campaign, and his failure to respond to Truman's attacks. Journalist Jules Abels wrote that \"the election was not thrown away by indifference or lack of effort. Preparation and more preparation had always been the distinguishing characteristic of Dewey and his team throughout his career...The truth is that Dewey's campaign was the result not of careless, but too careful and painstaking, calculation. The Dewey campaign was frozen into inertia not because it had been underthought, but because it had been overthought.\"(Abels, p. 142\\)", "Other possible factors for Truman's victory included his aggressive, populist campaign style; broad public approval of Truman's foreign policy, notably the [Berlin Airlift](/wiki/Berlin_Blockade%23The_start_of_the_Berlin_Airlift \"Berlin Blockade#The start of the Berlin Airlift\") of that year; and widespread dissatisfaction with the institution Truman labeled as the \"do\\-nothing, good\\-for\\-nothing 80th Republican Congress.\" In addition, after suffering a relatively severe recession in 1946 and 1947 (in which real GDP dropped by 12% and inflation went over 15%), the economy began recovering throughout 1948\\. The year 1948 was a banner year for the Democrats, as they not only retained the presidency but also recaptured both houses of Congress. It was also an unprecedented fifth consecutive presidential victory for the party, thus continuing what remains the only winning streak of more than two presidential elections by the Democratic Party since the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"). Since 1948, there has been [only one](/wiki/US_presidential_election%2C_1988 \"US presidential election, 1988\") streak of three consecutive presidential victories by any party (in that case, by the Republicans).", "The two largest third parties did not hurt Truman nearly as much as expected, as Thurmond's Dixiecrats carried only four Southern states, fewer than predicted, and all of which listed Thurmond as the official Democratic candidate; Thurmond did not come close to carrying any of the other states in which he ran, with his best showing among these being second place with 20\\.3% of the vote in Georgia. The Dixiecrats also failed to draw off enough Truman voters to throw any of his states to Dewey, with the nearest they came in this regard being in Virginia, where the 25\\.0% margin won by Roosevelt in 1944 was reduced to 6\\.9% this time. The civil rights platform helped Truman win large majorities among black voters in the populous Northern and Midwestern states, and may well have made the difference for Truman in states such as Illinois and Ohio.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Johnson \\\|first1\\=Theodore R. \\\|last2\\=Prints \\\|first2\\=Posters by Kennedy \\\|title\\=How the Black Vote Became a Political Monolith \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/magazine/black\\-vote.html \\\|website\\=The New York Times \\\|date\\=September 16, 2020}} Wallace's Progressives received only 2\\.4% of the national popular vote, well below their expected vote total and slightly less than the Dixiecrats, and Wallace did not take as many liberal votes from Truman as many political [pundits](/wiki/Pundit_%28expert%29 \"Pundit (expert)\") had predicted. Some analysts, including author Zachary Karabell, have even argued that the separate candidacies of Wallace and Thurmond were beneficial to Truman by removing the separate taints of [communism](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") and [racism](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\") from the Democratic Party. The split of the Democratic party, while failing to defeat Truman, did hold the Democrats back in several narrow states. Had the Wallace and Thurmond vote been in the Democratic column, Truman would have won all the Thurmond states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina), and the Wallace vote would have flipped Michigan, Maryland and New York into Truman's states. Winning these states would have put Truman at 416 electoral votes to Dewey's reduced 115 electoral votes. This still would have been a decline of Democratic electoral votes since 1940 but percentage\\-wise Truman would have gotten 54\\.33% of the popular vote, an increase of 0\\.94% from Roosevelt's last victory.", "This was the last election until [1996](/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election \"1996 United States presidential election\") in which the Democrats won Arizona and the last until [1964](/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election \"1964 United States presidential election\") in which they won California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. It was also the last election until 1964 in which South Carolina did not vote for the official Democratic nominee. Thurmond's 2\\.4% is the lowest popular vote percentage for a candidate who won all of a state's electoral votes.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Evan McMullin Could Set Mark for Weakest National Popular Vote by Candidate to Win a State \\\|newspaper\\=Smart Politics \\\|url\\=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2016/10/13/evan\\-mcmullin\\-could\\-set\\-mark\\-for\\-weakest\\-national\\-popular\\-vote\\-by\\-candidate\\-to\\-win\\-a\\-state/ \\\|date\\=October 13, 2016 \\\|last1\\=Ostermeier \\\|first1\\=Eric }} The 1948 presidential election contrasted with other elections across the world during this period, for Truman was a [war leader](/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II \"Allied leaders of World War II\") who managed to win election ([Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill \"Winston Churchill\") and [De Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle \"Charles de Gaulle\") both left office shortly after the end of the war).{{cite web \\\|title\\=History of Sir Winston Churchill \\\|url\\=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past\\-prime\\-ministers/winston\\-churchill \\\|website\\=www.gov.uk}}{{cite web \\\|title\\=Charles de Gaulle \\\|url\\=https://www.biographyonline.net/politicians/charles\\_de\\_gaulle.html \\\|website\\=Biography Online}} This was the first election since 1836 in which a Democratic presidential candidate won the presidency without South Carolina, and the first ever in which a Democrat won the presidency without Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. Furthermore, this is the last time a Democratic presidential candidate won without New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. It is also the first of two occasions since 1916 that Oregon and Washington did not support the same party (the other being in 1968\\). This election is the only time since 1888 that New Jersey and Illinois did not support the same party.", "{{clear}}\n{{start U.S. presidential ticket box\\\| pv\\_footnote‍\\=\\\| ev\\_footnote\\={{National Archives EV source\\\| year\\=1948\\\| as of\\=August 1, 2005}}}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Harry S. Truman]] (incumbent)\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Democratic Party (United States)\\\|Democratic]]{{efn\\\|name\\=\"NewYork\"\\\|In \\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]], the Truman vote was a fusion of the Democratic and \\[\\[Liberal Party of New York\\\|Liberal]] slates. There, Truman obtained 2,557,642 votes on the Democratic ticket and 222,562 votes on the Liberal ticket.}}\\\| state\\=\\[\\[Missouri]]\\\| pv\\=24,178,347\\\| pv\\_pct\\=49\\.55%\\\| ev\\=303\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Alben W. Barkley]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Kentucky]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Thomas E. Dewey]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Republican Party (United States)\\\|Republican]]{{efn\\\|name\\=\"Mississippi\"\\\|In \\[\\[Mississippi]], the Dewey vote was a fusion of the Republican and Independent Republican slates. There, Dewey obtained 2,595 votes on the Republican ticket and 2,448 votes on the Independent Republican ticket.}}\\\| state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]\\\| pv\\=21,991,292\\\| pv\\_pct\\=45\\.07%\\\| ev\\=189\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Earl Warren]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[California]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Strom Thurmond]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Dixiecrat\\\|States' Rights Democratic]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[South Carolina]]\\\| pv\\=1,176,023\\\| pv\\_pct\\=2\\.41%\\\| ev\\=39A Tennessee faithless elector voted for Thurmond/Wright\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Fielding L. Wright]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Mississippi]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Henry A. Wallace]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955\\)\\\|Progressive]]/\\[\\[American Labor Party\\\|American Labor]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]\\\| pv\\=1,157,328\\\| pv\\_pct\\=2\\.37%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Glen H. Taylor]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Idaho]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Norman Thomas]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Socialist Party of America\\\|Socialist]]\\\| state\\=New York\\\| pv\\=139,569\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.29%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Tucker P. Smith]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Michigan]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Claude A. Watson]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Prohibition Party\\\|Prohibition]]\\\| state\\=California\\\| pv\\=103,708\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.21%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Dale Learn]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Pennsylvania]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Edward A. Teichert]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Socialist Labor Party of America\\\|Socialist Labor]]\\\| state\\=Pennsylvania\\\| pv\\=29,244\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.06%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Stephen Emery]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\\|New York]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\\| name\\=\\[\\[Farrell Dobbs]]\\\| party\\=\\[\\[Socialist Workers Party (United States)\\\|Socialist Workers]]\\\| state\\=\\[\\[Minnesota]]\\\| pv\\=13,613\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.03%\\\| ev\\=0\\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Grace Carlson]]\\\| vp\\_state\\=Minnesota}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box other\\\| footnote\\=\\\| pv\\=3,504\\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.01%}}\n{{end U.S. presidential ticket box\\\| pv\\=48,793,535\\\| ev\\=531\\\| to\\_win\\=266}}", "{{bar box\n\\\|title\\=Popular vote\n\\\|titlebar\\=\\#ddd\n\\\|width\\=600px\n\\\|barwidth\\=410px\n\\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\\|'''Truman'''\\\|{{party color\\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\\|49\\.55}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Dewey\\\|{{party color\\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\\|45\\.07}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Thurmond\\\|{{party color\\\|Dixiecrat}}\\\|2\\.41}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Wallace\\\|{{party color\\\|Progressive Party (US, 1948\\)}}\\\|2\\.37}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Others\\\|\\#777777\\\|0\\.60}}\n}}\n{{bar box\n\\\|title\\=Electoral vote\n\\\|titlebar\\=\\#ddd\n\\\|width\\=600px\n\\\|barwidth\\=411px\n\\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\\|'''Truman'''\\\|{{party color\\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\\|57\\.06}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Dewey\\\|{{party color\\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\\|35\\.59}}\n{{bar percent\\\|Thurmond\\\|{{party color\\\|Dixiecrat}}\\\|7\\.34}}\n}}\n[650px\\\|thumb\\\|left](/wiki/File:1948_Electoral_Map.png \"1948 Electoral Map.png\")", "File:1948 United States presidential election results map by county.svg\\\|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote", "", "" ]
Places of interest ------------------ [thumb\\|right\\|Nicolaihaus](/wiki/Image:Nhauswiki.jpg "Nhauswiki.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Staatsrat building](/wiki/Image:Ehemaliges_Staatsratsgeb%C3%A4ude_der_DDR.jpg "Ehemaliges Staatsratsgebäude der DDR.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|[City Palace](/wiki/Berlin_Palace "Berlin Palace")](/wiki/Image:Berlin-BerlinerSchloss-2-Asio_%28cropped%29.JPG "Berlin-BerlinerSchloss-2-Asio (cropped).JPG") [thumb\\|right\\|Ribbeckhaus](/wiki/Image:Ribbeck-Haus_Berlin.jpg "Ribbeck-Haus Berlin.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Jungfernbrücke](/wiki/Image:Berlin_Jungfernbruecke_S.jpg "Berlin Jungfernbruecke S.jpg") Cölln's centre the Saint Peter's Church, originally built about 1230 and reconstructed several times over the centuries, had been badly damaged by [air raids](/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II "Bombing of Berlin in World War II") and the [Battle of Berlin](/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin "Battle of Berlin") in 1945\. It was finally demolished in 1964\. The church bore its name because many of Cölln's inhabitants depended on fishing. Today only the name of the Petriplatz square marks the site. From here the Brüderstraße runs north, named after the brothers of a former [Dominican](/wiki/Dominican_order "Dominican order") monastery established in 1297\. Though most of the neighbourhood was destroyed, a few [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_architecture "Baroque architecture") houses remained: The [bookseller](/wiki/Bookseller "Bookseller") [Christoph Friedrich Nicolai](/wiki/Christoph_Friedrich_Nicolai "Christoph Friedrich Nicolai") lived on Brüderstraße 13 from 1787 until his death in 1811\. Today the house is still called Nicolaihaus, it was erected about 1670 and had belonged to the merchant [Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky](/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Gotzkowsky "Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky") from 1747 to 1773\. Nicolai had it remodeled by the [mason](/wiki/Masonry "Masonry") and composer [Carl Friedrich Zelter](/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Zelter "Carl Friedrich Zelter"), making it a meeting\-point of intellectuals influenced by the [Age of Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment "Age of Enlightenment") (Aufklärung) and [Romanticism](/wiki/Romanticism "Romanticism") movement. In 1786 [Honoré Mirabeau](/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau "Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau") stayed here on his first trip to Berlin and so did the architect [Karl Friedrich Schinkel](/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel "Karl Friedrich Schinkel"), the sculptor [Johann Gottfried Schadow](/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schadow "Johann Gottfried Schadow"), the [printmaker](/wiki/Printmaker "Printmaker") [Daniel Chodowiecki](/wiki/Daniel_Chodowiecki "Daniel Chodowiecki") as well as the poet [Theodor Körner](/wiki/Theodor_K%C3%B6rner_%28author%29 "Theodor Körner (author)") in 1811\. Körner's father [Christian Gottfried Körner](/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_K%C3%B6rner "Christian Gottfried Körner") lived here as a [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia") [Privy councillor](/wiki/Privy_council "Privy council") from 1815 to 1828\. On Brüderstraße 10 stands the Galgenhaus ([Gallows](/wiki/Gallows "Gallows") House), built about 1688\. According to legend, a [maidservant](/wiki/Maid "Maid") was hanged right in front of the house in 1735, being falsely accused of stealing a silver spoon. From 1742 on the building belonged to the early statistician [Johann Peter Süßmilch](/wiki/Johann_Peter_S%C3%BCssmilch "Johann Peter Süssmilch"), at this time [provost](/wiki/Provost_%28religion%29 "Provost (religion)") of the Saint Peter's Church. The neighbouring building, built in 1905, is home of the Berlin representation of the [Federal State](/wiki/States_of_Germany "States of Germany") of [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony "Saxony"). Nearby the Sperlingsgasse branches off, where the novelist [Wilhelm Raabe](/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe "Wilhelm Raabe") lived from 1854 to 1856 and published his popular work [Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse](/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Sparrow_Lane "The Chronicle of Sparrow Lane"). The small alley, at this time the Spreegasse, was renamed in 1931 on occasion of the author's hundredth anniversary. All former buildings on this street were demolished about 1960\. The northern part of the Brüderstraße today is covered by the 1964 building of the former [Staatsrat](/wiki/Staatsrat "Staatsrat") of the [German Democratic Republic](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic "German Democratic Republic"). The façade at the [Schloßplatz](/wiki/Schlo%C3%9Fplatz_%28Berlin%29 "Schloßplatz (Berlin)") square includes the preserved [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 "Portal (architecture)") No. IV of the [Hohenzollern](/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern "House of Hohenzollern") [City Palace](/wiki/Stadtschloss%2C_Berlin "Stadtschloss, Berlin"), where [Karl Liebknecht](/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht "Karl Liebknecht") on 9 November 1918 declared a free socialist republic of Germany. After [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification") the building served as the [Chancellery](/wiki/German_Chancellery "German Chancellery") from 1999 to 2001\. Today it houses the [European School of Management and Technology](/wiki/European_School_of_Management_and_Technology "European School of Management and Technology") and the [Hertie School of Governance](/wiki/Hertie_School_of_Governance "Hertie School of Governance"). The area north of the Schloßplatz is the site of the historic City Palace. In accordance with a 2002 resolution by the federal [Bundestag](/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") parliament, the City Palace was rebuilt. Parallel to the Brüderstraße runs the Breite Straße (Broad Street), Cölln's main street. At the corner of the Schloßplatz are the buildings of the Old and the New Marstall riding [stables](/wiki/Stable "Stable") of the [Electors of Brandenburg](/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Brandenburg "List of rulers of Brandenburg"), built in 1670 and 1901\. Today the New Marstall is a seat of the [Hanns Eisler Conservatory](/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_Hanns_Eisler "Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler"). On neighbouring Breite Straße 35 is the late [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture "Renaissance architecture") Ribbeckhaus from 1624, one of Berlin's oldest preserved residential buildings, which since 1920 houses the Central and Regional [Library](/wiki/Public_library "Public library"). Three historic bridges connect Cölln with the 17th century extension of [Friedrichswerder](/wiki/Friedrichswerder "Friedrichswerder") on the western bank of the Spree river: the Schleusenbrücke (Sluice Bridge) at the Schloßplatz, a steel construction erected in 1916, the Gertraudenbrücke with the statue of Saint [Gertrude of Nivelles](/wiki/Gertrude_of_Nivelles "Gertrude of Nivelles") by the sculptor Rudolf Siemering from 1896 and the small Jungfernbrücke (Virgin's Bridge) built in 1798, Berlin's oldest and the only [bascule bridge](/wiki/Bascule_bridge "Bascule bridge") of the city.	[ "Places of interest\n------------------", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Nicolaihaus](/wiki/Image:Nhauswiki.jpg \"Nhauswiki.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Staatsrat building](/wiki/Image:Ehemaliges_Staatsratsgeb%C3%A4ude_der_DDR.jpg \"Ehemaliges Staatsratsgebäude der DDR.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|[City Palace](/wiki/Berlin_Palace \"Berlin Palace\")](/wiki/Image:Berlin-BerlinerSchloss-2-Asio_%28cropped%29.JPG \"Berlin-BerlinerSchloss-2-Asio (cropped).JPG\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Ribbeckhaus](/wiki/Image:Ribbeck-Haus_Berlin.jpg \"Ribbeck-Haus Berlin.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Jungfernbrücke](/wiki/Image:Berlin_Jungfernbruecke_S.jpg \"Berlin Jungfernbruecke S.jpg\")\nCölln's centre the Saint Peter's Church, originally built about 1230 and reconstructed several times over the centuries, had been badly damaged by [air raids](/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II \"Bombing of Berlin in World War II\") and the [Battle of Berlin](/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin \"Battle of Berlin\") in 1945\\. It was finally demolished in 1964\\. The church bore its name because many of Cölln's inhabitants depended on fishing. Today only the name of the Petriplatz square marks the site. From here the Brüderstraße runs north, named after the brothers of a former [Dominican](/wiki/Dominican_order \"Dominican order\") monastery established in 1297\\. Though most of the neighbourhood was destroyed, a few [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_architecture \"Baroque architecture\") houses remained:", "The [bookseller](/wiki/Bookseller \"Bookseller\") [Christoph Friedrich Nicolai](/wiki/Christoph_Friedrich_Nicolai \"Christoph Friedrich Nicolai\") lived on Brüderstraße 13 from 1787 until his death in 1811\\. Today the house is still called Nicolaihaus, it was erected about 1670 and had belonged to the merchant [Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky](/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Gotzkowsky \"Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky\") from 1747 to 1773\\. Nicolai had it remodeled by the [mason](/wiki/Masonry \"Masonry\") and composer [Carl Friedrich Zelter](/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Zelter \"Carl Friedrich Zelter\"), making it a meeting\\-point of intellectuals influenced by the [Age of Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment \"Age of Enlightenment\") (Aufklärung) and [Romanticism](/wiki/Romanticism \"Romanticism\") movement. In 1786 [Honoré Mirabeau](/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau \"Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau\") stayed here on his first trip to Berlin and so did the architect [Karl Friedrich Schinkel](/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel \"Karl Friedrich Schinkel\"), the sculptor [Johann Gottfried Schadow](/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schadow \"Johann Gottfried Schadow\"), the [printmaker](/wiki/Printmaker \"Printmaker\") [Daniel Chodowiecki](/wiki/Daniel_Chodowiecki \"Daniel Chodowiecki\") as well as the poet [Theodor Körner](/wiki/Theodor_K%C3%B6rner_%28author%29 \"Theodor Körner (author)\") in 1811\\. Körner's father [Christian Gottfried Körner](/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_K%C3%B6rner \"Christian Gottfried Körner\") lived here as a [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\") [Privy councillor](/wiki/Privy_council \"Privy council\") from 1815 to 1828\\.", "On Brüderstraße 10 stands the Galgenhaus ([Gallows](/wiki/Gallows \"Gallows\") House), built about 1688\\. According to legend, a [maidservant](/wiki/Maid \"Maid\") was hanged right in front of the house in 1735, being falsely accused of stealing a silver spoon. From 1742 on the building belonged to the early statistician [Johann Peter Süßmilch](/wiki/Johann_Peter_S%C3%BCssmilch \"Johann Peter Süssmilch\"), at this time [provost](/wiki/Provost_%28religion%29 \"Provost (religion)\") of the Saint Peter's Church. The neighbouring building, built in 1905, is home of the Berlin representation of the [Federal State](/wiki/States_of_Germany \"States of Germany\") of [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony \"Saxony\").", "Nearby the Sperlingsgasse branches off, where the novelist [Wilhelm Raabe](/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe \"Wilhelm Raabe\") lived from 1854 to 1856 and published his popular work [Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse](/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Sparrow_Lane \"The Chronicle of Sparrow Lane\"). The small alley, at this time the Spreegasse, was renamed in 1931 on occasion of the author's hundredth anniversary. All former buildings on this street were demolished about 1960\\.", "The northern part of the Brüderstraße today is covered by the 1964 building of the former [Staatsrat](/wiki/Staatsrat \"Staatsrat\") of the [German Democratic Republic](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic \"German Democratic Republic\"). The façade at the [Schloßplatz](/wiki/Schlo%C3%9Fplatz_%28Berlin%29 \"Schloßplatz (Berlin)\") square includes the preserved [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 \"Portal (architecture)\") No. IV of the [Hohenzollern](/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern \"House of Hohenzollern\") [City Palace](/wiki/Stadtschloss%2C_Berlin \"Stadtschloss, Berlin\"), where [Karl Liebknecht](/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht \"Karl Liebknecht\") on 9 November 1918 declared a free socialist republic of Germany. After [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\") the building served as the [Chancellery](/wiki/German_Chancellery \"German Chancellery\") from 1999 to 2001\\. Today it houses the [European School of Management and Technology](/wiki/European_School_of_Management_and_Technology \"European School of Management and Technology\") and the [Hertie School of Governance](/wiki/Hertie_School_of_Governance \"Hertie School of Governance\"). The area north of the Schloßplatz is the site of the historic City Palace. In accordance with a 2002 resolution by the federal [Bundestag](/wiki/Bundestag \"Bundestag\") parliament, the City Palace was rebuilt.", "Parallel to the Brüderstraße runs the Breite Straße (Broad Street), Cölln's main street. At the corner of the Schloßplatz are the buildings of the Old and the New Marstall riding [stables](/wiki/Stable \"Stable\") of the [Electors of Brandenburg](/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Brandenburg \"List of rulers of Brandenburg\"), built in 1670 and 1901\\. Today the New Marstall is a seat of the [Hanns Eisler Conservatory](/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_Hanns_Eisler \"Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler\"). On neighbouring Breite Straße 35 is the late [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_architecture \"Renaissance architecture\") Ribbeckhaus from 1624, one of Berlin's oldest preserved residential buildings, which since 1920 houses the Central and Regional [Library](/wiki/Public_library \"Public library\").", "Three historic bridges connect Cölln with the 17th century extension of [Friedrichswerder](/wiki/Friedrichswerder \"Friedrichswerder\") on the western bank of the Spree river: the Schleusenbrücke (Sluice Bridge) at the Schloßplatz, a steel construction erected in 1916, the Gertraudenbrücke with the statue of Saint [Gertrude of Nivelles](/wiki/Gertrude_of_Nivelles \"Gertrude of Nivelles\") by the sculptor Rudolf Siemering from 1896 and the small Jungfernbrücke (Virgin's Bridge) built in 1798, Berlin's oldest and the only [bascule bridge](/wiki/Bascule_bridge \"Bascule bridge\") of the city.", "" ]
Postbellum career ----------------- Although a staunch friend and ally of [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln"), when [Edwin Stanton](/wiki/Edwin_Stanton "Edwin Stanton") engaged in a post\-assassination flap with Ewing's brother\-in\-law [William T. Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman "William Tecumseh Sherman") over final surrender terms to the Southern armies, Ewing agreed to represent two of John Ford's (of Ford's theater) employees in the [Lincoln conspiracy trials](/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln"). Through [Orville Browning](/wiki/Orville_Browning "Orville Browning"), Ewing's Washington law partner, Dr. [Samuel Mudd](/wiki/Samuel_Mudd "Samuel Mudd")'s family also sought Ewing's legal help. Ewing also represented [Samuel Arnold](/wiki/Samuel_Arnold_%28Lincoln_conspirator%29 "Samuel Arnold (Lincoln conspirator)") and [Edmund Spangler](/wiki/Edmund_Spangler "Edmund Spangler") during the trial. Ewing's efforts kept all three men from the gallows, but other conspirators were hanged. For their roles in the assassination, Mudd, Arnold and Spangler were sentenced to federal prison at Fort Jefferson in the [Dry Tortugas](/wiki/Dry_Tortugas "Dry Tortugas") off [Key West, Florida](/wiki/Key_West%2C_Florida "Key West, Florida"). From 1865 to 1870, Ewing practiced law in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), helping southern interests with his influence in the Johnson Administration. The Ewing family was heavily involved in defending [Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Andrew_Johnson "Andrew Johnson") against radical impeachment efforts. He declined President Johnson's offers for him to become the [Secretary of War](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War "United States Secretary of War") during the Tenure in Office crisis. Ewing successfully lobbied the key vote against the impeachment of Andrew Johnson when he convinced his old comrade in arms, [Edmund G. Ross](/wiki/Edmund_G._Ross "Edmund G. Ross") of Kansas, to vote against impeachment. Ewing also was successful in obtaining a pardon for Mudd at the end of Johnson's term. In 1870, he returned to his native [Lancaster, Ohio](/wiki/Lancaster%2C_Ohio "Lancaster, Ohio"), where he practiced for the next decade and attempted several business investments in railroads and telegraph companies. Ewing was a member of the Ohio state Constitutional Convention of 1873 – 74\. ### Congress In 1876, he was elected as a Democrat to the [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") and was re\-elected in 1878, serving in the [45th](/wiki/Forty-fifth_United_States_Congress "Forty-fifth United States Congress") and [46th Congresses](/wiki/Forty-sixth_United_States_Congress "Forty-sixth United States Congress") from 1877 until 1881\. He prepared the bill establishing a Bureau of Labor Statistics, opposed the presence of U.S. soldiers at election polling places, and favored the re\-monetization of silver and the continuation of the use of [Greenback](/wiki/Greenback_%28money%29 "Greenback (money)") currency, becoming one of the leading national spokesmen for the [Greenback Party](/wiki/Greenback_Party "Greenback Party"). ### Campaign for governor In 1879, Ewing was defeated for election for [Governor of Ohio](/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio "Governor of Ohio") as the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") candidate in a close election. There is scholarly controversy whether the use of [George Caleb Bingham](/wiki/George_Caleb_Bingham "George Caleb Bingham")'s painting [General Order № 11](/wiki/General_Order_%E2%84%96_11_%281863%29 "General Order № 11 (1863)") in the anti\-Ewing campaign made the difference in the election.For this analysis, see the discussion regarding the General order, linked in this paragraph. On March 3, 1881, Ewing closed his second term as representative in Congress and moved to [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") to resume his law career. He never ran for office again. ### Later career Ewing was founder and first president of the [Ohio Society of New York](/wiki/Ohio_Society_of_New_York "Ohio Society of New York"), a trustee of [Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home](/wiki/Ohio_Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Orphans%27_Home "Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home") (1874–78\), and a trustee of [Ohio University](/wiki/Ohio_University "Ohio University") (1878–83\). He served as Vice President of the [Cincinnati Law School](/wiki/Cincinnati_Law_School "Cincinnati Law School") in 1881\. Ewing made a notable address before the [Marietta](/wiki/Marietta%2C_Ohio "Marietta, Ohio") Centennial Convention of 1887, and one before the Kansas state bar association in 1890\. He also contributed an article entitled "The Struggle for Freedom in Kansas" to The Cosmopolitan in May 1894\. [Brown University](/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University"), by special vote in 1894, gave him the bachelor's degree dating back to the class of 1856\. [Georgetown College](/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1870\. Ewing was killed when struck by a [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") omnibus driver in 1896\.{{Cite news \\|title\=General Ewing's Untimely Death \\|newspaper\=The New York Herald \\|location\=New York City, New York, USA \\|date\=22 January 1896 \\|page\=14}} He is buried in the [Oakland Cemetery](/wiki/Oakland_Cemetery_%28Yonkers%2C_New_York%29 "Oakland Cemetery (Yonkers, New York)") in [Yonkers, New York](/wiki/Yonkers%2C_New_York "Yonkers, New York").	[ "Postbellum career\n-----------------", "Although a staunch friend and ally of [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\"), when [Edwin Stanton](/wiki/Edwin_Stanton \"Edwin Stanton\") engaged in a post\\-assassination flap with Ewing's brother\\-in\\-law [William T. Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman \"William Tecumseh Sherman\") over final surrender terms to the Southern armies, Ewing agreed to represent two of John Ford's (of Ford's theater) employees in the [Lincoln conspiracy trials](/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln \"Assassination of Abraham Lincoln\"). Through [Orville Browning](/wiki/Orville_Browning \"Orville Browning\"), Ewing's Washington law partner, Dr. [Samuel Mudd](/wiki/Samuel_Mudd \"Samuel Mudd\")'s family also sought Ewing's legal help. Ewing also represented [Samuel Arnold](/wiki/Samuel_Arnold_%28Lincoln_conspirator%29 \"Samuel Arnold (Lincoln conspirator)\") and [Edmund Spangler](/wiki/Edmund_Spangler \"Edmund Spangler\") during the trial. Ewing's efforts kept all three men from the gallows, but other conspirators were hanged. For their roles in the assassination, Mudd, Arnold and Spangler were sentenced to federal prison at Fort Jefferson in the [Dry Tortugas](/wiki/Dry_Tortugas \"Dry Tortugas\") off [Key West, Florida](/wiki/Key_West%2C_Florida \"Key West, Florida\").", "From 1865 to 1870, Ewing practiced law in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), helping southern interests with his influence in the Johnson Administration. The Ewing family was heavily involved in defending [Andrew Johnson](/wiki/Andrew_Johnson \"Andrew Johnson\") against radical impeachment efforts. He declined President Johnson's offers for him to become the [Secretary of War](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War \"United States Secretary of War\") during the Tenure in Office crisis. Ewing successfully lobbied the key vote against the impeachment of Andrew Johnson when he convinced his old comrade in arms, [Edmund G. Ross](/wiki/Edmund_G._Ross \"Edmund G. Ross\") of Kansas, to vote against impeachment. Ewing also was successful in obtaining a pardon for Mudd at the end of Johnson's term.", "In 1870, he returned to his native [Lancaster, Ohio](/wiki/Lancaster%2C_Ohio \"Lancaster, Ohio\"), where he practiced for the next decade and attempted several business investments in railroads and telegraph companies. Ewing was a member of the Ohio state Constitutional Convention of 1873 – 74\\.", "### Congress", "In 1876, he was elected as a Democrat to the [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") and was re\\-elected in 1878, serving in the [45th](/wiki/Forty-fifth_United_States_Congress \"Forty-fifth United States Congress\") and [46th Congresses](/wiki/Forty-sixth_United_States_Congress \"Forty-sixth United States Congress\") from 1877 until 1881\\. He prepared the bill establishing a Bureau of Labor Statistics, opposed the presence of U.S. soldiers at election polling places, and favored the re\\-monetization of silver and the continuation of the use of [Greenback](/wiki/Greenback_%28money%29 \"Greenback (money)\") currency, becoming one of the leading national spokesmen for the [Greenback Party](/wiki/Greenback_Party \"Greenback Party\").", "### Campaign for governor", "In 1879, Ewing was defeated for election for [Governor of Ohio](/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio \"Governor of Ohio\") as the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") candidate in a close election. There is scholarly controversy whether the use of [George Caleb Bingham](/wiki/George_Caleb_Bingham \"George Caleb Bingham\")'s painting [General Order № 11](/wiki/General_Order_%E2%84%96_11_%281863%29 \"General Order № 11 (1863)\") in the anti\\-Ewing campaign made the difference in the election.For this analysis, see the discussion regarding the General order, linked in this paragraph.", "On March 3, 1881, Ewing closed his second term as representative in Congress and moved to [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") to resume his law career. He never ran for office again.", "### Later career", "Ewing was founder and first president of the [Ohio Society of New York](/wiki/Ohio_Society_of_New_York \"Ohio Society of New York\"), a trustee of [Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home](/wiki/Ohio_Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Orphans%27_Home \"Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home\") (1874–78\\), and a trustee of [Ohio University](/wiki/Ohio_University \"Ohio University\") (1878–83\\). He served as Vice President of the [Cincinnati Law School](/wiki/Cincinnati_Law_School \"Cincinnati Law School\") in 1881\\. Ewing made a notable address before the [Marietta](/wiki/Marietta%2C_Ohio \"Marietta, Ohio\") Centennial Convention of 1887, and one before the Kansas state bar association in 1890\\. He also contributed an article entitled \"The Struggle for Freedom in Kansas\" to The Cosmopolitan in May 1894\\. [Brown University](/wiki/Brown_University \"Brown University\"), by special vote in 1894, gave him the bachelor's degree dating back to the class of 1856\\. [Georgetown College](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\") gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1870\\. Ewing was killed when struck by a [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") omnibus driver in 1896\\.{{Cite news \\\|title\\=General Ewing's Untimely Death \\\|newspaper\\=The New York Herald \\\|location\\=New York City, New York, USA \\\|date\\=22 January 1896 \\\|page\\=14}} He is buried in the [Oakland Cemetery](/wiki/Oakland_Cemetery_%28Yonkers%2C_New_York%29 \"Oakland Cemetery (Yonkers, New York)\") in [Yonkers, New York](/wiki/Yonkers%2C_New_York \"Yonkers, New York\").", "" ]
Oratorio -------- The [libretto](/wiki/Libretto "Libretto") by [Charles Jennens](/wiki/Charles_Jennens "Charles Jennens") is drawn from the Bible: mostly from the [Old Testament](/wiki/Old_Testament "Old Testament") of the [King James Bible](/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version "Authorized King James Version"), but with several [psalms](/wiki/Psalms "Psalms") taken from the [Book of Common Prayer](/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer "Book of Common Prayer"). Regarding the text, Jennens commented: "...the Subject excells every other Subject. The Subject is Messiah ...". Messiah differs from Handel's other oratorios in that it does not contain an encompassing narrative, instead offering contemplation on different aspects of the Christian Messiah: {{blockquote \\| ''Messiah'' is not typical Handel oratorio; there are no named characters, as are usually found in Handel’s setting of the Old Testament stories, possibly to avoid charges of blasphemy. It is a meditation rather than a drama of personalities, lyrical in method; the narration of the story is carried on by implication, and there is no dialogue. \\| \[\[Christopher Hogwood]]{{r\\|Block 2001}} }} ### Structure and concept The oratorio's structure follows the [liturgical year](/wiki/Liturgical_year "Liturgical year"): Part I corresponding with [Advent](/wiki/Advent "Advent"), [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas"), and the life of Jesus; Part II with [Lent](/wiki/Lent "Lent"), [Easter](/wiki/Easter "Easter"), the [Ascension](/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension "Feast of the Ascension"), and [Pentecost](/wiki/Pentecost "Pentecost"); and Part III with the end of the church year—dealing with the end of time. The birth and death of Jesus are told in the words of the prophet [Isaiah](/wiki/Isaiah "Isaiah"), the most prominent source for the libretto. The only true "scene" of the oratorio is the [annunciation to the shepherds](/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds "Annunciation to the shepherds") which is taken from the [Gospel of Luke](/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke "Gospel of Luke"). The imagery of shepherd and lamb features prominently in many movements, for example: in the aria "He shall feed His flock like a shepherd" (the only extended piece to talk about the Messiah on earth), in the opening of Part II ("Behold the Lamb of God"), in the chorus "All we like sheep", and in the closing chorus of the work ("Worthy is the Lamb"). ### Scenes The librettist arranged his compilation in "scenes", each concentrating on a topic. Part I "The prophecy and realisation of God's plan to redeem mankind by the coming of the Messiah" [Scene 1](/wiki/Messiah_Part_I%23Scene_1 "Messiah Part I#Scene 1"): "Isaiah's prophecy of salvation" (movements 2–4\) [Scene 2](/wiki/Messiah_Part_I%23Scene_2 "Messiah Part I#Scene 2"): "The prophecy of the coming of Messiah and the question, despite (1\), of what this may portend for the World" (movements 5–7\) [Scene 3](/wiki/Messiah_Part_I%23Scene_3 "Messiah Part I#Scene 3"): "The prophecy of the Virgin Birth" (movements 8–12\) [Scene 4](/wiki/Messiah_Part_I%23Scene_4 "Messiah Part I#Scene 4"): "The appearance of the Angels to the Shepherds" (movements 13–17\) [Scene 5](/wiki/Messiah_Part_I%23Scene_5 "Messiah Part I#Scene 5"): "Christ's redemptive miracles on earth" (movements 18–21\) Part II "The accomplishment of redemption by the sacrifice of Christ, mankind's rejection of God's offer, and mankind's utter defeat when trying to oppose the power of the Almighty" [Scene 1](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_1 "Messiah Part II#Scene 1"): "The redemptive sacrifice, the scourging and the agony on the cross" (movements 22–30\) [Scene 2](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_2 "Messiah Part II#Scene 2"): "His sacrificial death, His passage through Hell and Resurrection" (movements 31–32\) [Scene 3](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_3 "Messiah Part II#Scene 3"): "His ascension" (movement 33\) [Scene 4](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_4 "Messiah Part II#Scene 4"): "God discloses his identity in Heaven" (movements 34–35\) [Scene 5](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_5 "Messiah Part II#Scene 5"): "Whitsun, the gift of tongues, the beginning of evangelism" (movements 36–39\) [Scene 6](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_6 "Messiah Part II#Scene 6"): "The world and its rulers reject the Gospel" (movements 40–41\) [Scene 7](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_7 "Messiah Part II#Scene 7"): "God's triumph" (movements 42–44\) Part III "A Hymn of Thanksgiving for the final overthrow of Death" [Scene 1](/wiki/Messiah_Part_III%23Scene_1 "Messiah Part III#Scene 1"): "The promise of bodily resurrection and redemption from Adam's fall" (movements 45–46\) [Scene 2](/wiki/Messiah_Part_III%23Scene_2 "Messiah Part III#Scene 2"): "The Day of Judgment and general Resurrection" (movements 47–48\) [Scene 3](/wiki/Messiah_Part_III%23Scene_3 "Messiah Part III#Scene 3"): "The victory over death and sin" (movements 49–52\) [Scene 4](/wiki/Messiah_Part_III%23Scene_4 "Messiah Part III#Scene 4"): "The glorification of the Messianic victim" (movement 53\) ### Music By the time Handel composed Messiah in London he was already a successful and experienced composer of Italian operas, and had created sacred works based on English texts, such as the 1713 [Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate](/wiki/Utrecht_Te_Deum_and_Jubilate "Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate"), and numerous oratorios on English [libretti](/wiki/Libretto "Libretto"). For Messiah, Handel used the same musical technique as for those works, namely a structure based on chorus and solo singing. The orchestra scoring is simple. Although Handel had good string players at his disposal for the Dublin premiere,{{Cite web \\|title\=Handel in Ireland \\|url\=https://www.hyperion\-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc\=D\_SIGCD478 \\|website\=Hyperion}} he may have been uncertain about the [woodwind](/wiki/Woodwind "Woodwind") players who might be available. The orchestra consists of [oboes](/wiki/Oboe "Oboe"), [strings](/wiki/String_instrument "String instrument") and [basso continuo](/wiki/Figured_bass%23Basso_continuo "Figured bass#Basso continuo") of [harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord"), [violoncello](/wiki/Violoncello "Violoncello"), [violone](/wiki/Violone "Violone") and [bassoon](/wiki/Bassoon "Bassoon"). Two [trumpets](/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet") and [timpani](/wiki/Timpani "Timpani") highlight selected movements, in Part I the song of the angels, Glory to God in the highest, and with [timpani](/wiki/Timpani "Timpani") the closing movements of both Part II, Hallelujah, and of Part III, Worthy is the Lamb. Only two movements in Messiah are purely instrumental: the overture (written as "Sinfony" in Handel's autograph) and the Pifa (a [pastorale](/wiki/Pastorale "Pastorale") introducing the shepherds in Bethlehem); and only a few movements are a duet or a combination of solo and chorus. The solos are typically a combination of recitative and aria. The arias are called Airs or Songs, and some of them are in [da capo](/wiki/Da_capo "Da capo") form, but rarely in a strict sense (repeating the first section after a sometimes contrasting middle section). Handel found various ways to use the format freely to convey the meaning of the text. Occasionally verses from different biblical sources are combined into one movement, however more often a coherent text section is set in consecutive movements, for example the first "[scene](/wiki/Messiah_structure%23Scenes "Messiah structure#Scenes")" of the work, the annunciation of [Salvation](/wiki/Christian_salvation "Christian salvation"), is set as a sequence of three movements: recitative, aria and chorus. The center of Part III is a sequence of six movements based on a passage from [Paul](/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle "Paul the Apostle")'s [First Epistle to the Corinthians](/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians "First Epistle to the Corinthians") on the resurrection of the dead, a passage that [Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms "Johannes Brahms") also chose for [Ein deutsches Requiem](/wiki/A_German_Requiem_%28Brahms%29 "A German Requiem (Brahms)"). The movements marked "Recitative" (Rec.) are "[secco](/wiki/Recitative%23Secco "Recitative#Secco")", accompanied by only the [continuo](/wiki/Figured_bass%23Basso_continuo "Figured bass#Basso continuo"), whereas the recitatives marked "Accompagnato" (Acc.) are accompanied by additional string instruments. Handel used four voice parts, [soprano](/wiki/Soprano "Soprano") (S), [alto](/wiki/Alto "Alto") (A), [tenor](/wiki/Tenor "Tenor") (T) and [bass](/wiki/Bass_%28voice_type%29 "Bass (voice type)") (B) in the solo and choral movements. Only once is the chorus divided in an upper chorus and a lower chorus, it is [SATB](/wiki/SATB "SATB") otherwise. Handel uses both [polyphon](/wiki/Polyphony "Polyphony") and [homophon](/wiki/Homophony "Homophony") settings to illustrate the text. Even polyphon movements typically end on a dramatic long musical [rest](/wiki/Rest_%28music%29 "Rest (music)"), followed by a broad homophon conclusion. Handel often stresses a word by extended [coloraturas](/wiki/Coloratura "Coloratura"), especially in several movements which are a [parody](/wiki/Parody%23Music "Parody#Music") of music composed earlier on Italian texts. He uses a [cantus firmus](/wiki/Cantus_firmus "Cantus firmus") on long repeated notes especially to illustrate God's speech and majesty, for example "for the mouth of the Lord has spoken it" in movement [4](/wiki/%234 "#4"). ### General notes The following tables are organized by movement numbers. There are two major systems of numbering the movements of Messiah: the historic [Novello](/wiki/Novello_%26_Co "Novello & Co") edition of 1959 (which is based on earlier editions and contains 53 movements), and the [Bärenreiter](/wiki/B%C3%A4renreiter "Bärenreiter") edition of 1965 in the [Hallische Händel\-Ausgabe](/wiki/Hallische_H%C3%A4ndel-Ausgabe "Hallische Händel-Ausgabe"). Not counting some short recitatives as separate movements, it has 47 movements. The Novello number (Nov) is given first, then the Bärenreiter number (Bär).	[ "Oratorio\n--------", "The [libretto](/wiki/Libretto \"Libretto\") by [Charles Jennens](/wiki/Charles_Jennens \"Charles Jennens\") is drawn from the Bible: mostly from the [Old Testament](/wiki/Old_Testament \"Old Testament\") of the [King James Bible](/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version \"Authorized King James Version\"), but with several [psalms](/wiki/Psalms \"Psalms\") taken from the [Book of Common Prayer](/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer \"Book of Common Prayer\"). Regarding the text, Jennens commented: \"...the Subject excells every other Subject. The Subject is Messiah ...\".", "Messiah differs from Handel's other oratorios in that it does not contain an encompassing narrative, instead offering contemplation on different aspects of the Christian Messiah:", "{{blockquote\n\\\| ''Messiah'' is not typical Handel oratorio; there are no named characters, as are usually found in Handel’s setting of the Old Testament stories, possibly to avoid charges of blasphemy. It is a meditation rather than a drama of personalities, lyrical in method; the narration of the story is carried on by implication, and there is no dialogue.\n\\\| \\[\\[Christopher Hogwood]]{{r\\\|Block 2001}}\n}}", "### Structure and concept", "The oratorio's structure follows the [liturgical year](/wiki/Liturgical_year \"Liturgical year\"): Part I corresponding with [Advent](/wiki/Advent \"Advent\"), [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\"), and the life of Jesus; Part II with [Lent](/wiki/Lent \"Lent\"), [Easter](/wiki/Easter \"Easter\"), the [Ascension](/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension \"Feast of the Ascension\"), and [Pentecost](/wiki/Pentecost \"Pentecost\"); and Part III with the end of the church year—dealing with the end of time. The birth and death of Jesus are told in the words of the prophet [Isaiah](/wiki/Isaiah \"Isaiah\"), the most prominent source for the libretto. The only true \"scene\" of the oratorio is the [annunciation to the shepherds](/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds \"Annunciation to the shepherds\") which is taken from the [Gospel of Luke](/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke \"Gospel of Luke\"). The imagery of shepherd and lamb features prominently in many movements, for example: in the aria \"He shall feed His flock like a shepherd\" (the only extended piece to talk about the Messiah on earth), in the opening of Part II (\"Behold the Lamb of God\"), in the chorus \"All we like sheep\", and in the closing chorus of the work (\"Worthy is the Lamb\").", "### Scenes", "The librettist arranged his compilation in \"scenes\", each concentrating on a topic.\n Part I \"The prophecy and realisation of God's plan to redeem mankind by the coming of the Messiah\"\n [Scene 1](/wiki/Messiah_Part_I%23Scene_1 \"Messiah Part I#Scene 1\"): \"Isaiah's prophecy of salvation\" (movements 2–4\\)\n [Scene 2](/wiki/Messiah_Part_I%23Scene_2 \"Messiah Part I#Scene 2\"): \"The prophecy of the coming of Messiah and the question, despite (1\\), of what this may portend for the World\" (movements 5–7\\)\n [Scene 3](/wiki/Messiah_Part_I%23Scene_3 \"Messiah Part I#Scene 3\"): \"The prophecy of the Virgin Birth\" (movements 8–12\\)\n [Scene 4](/wiki/Messiah_Part_I%23Scene_4 \"Messiah Part I#Scene 4\"): \"The appearance of the Angels to the Shepherds\" (movements 13–17\\)\n [Scene 5](/wiki/Messiah_Part_I%23Scene_5 \"Messiah Part I#Scene 5\"): \"Christ's redemptive miracles on earth\" (movements 18–21\\)\n Part II \"The accomplishment of redemption by the sacrifice of Christ, mankind's rejection of God's offer, and mankind's utter defeat when trying to oppose the power of the Almighty\"\n [Scene 1](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_1 \"Messiah Part II#Scene 1\"): \"The redemptive sacrifice, the scourging and the agony on the cross\" (movements 22–30\\)\n [Scene 2](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_2 \"Messiah Part II#Scene 2\"): \"His sacrificial death, His passage through Hell and Resurrection\" (movements 31–32\\)\n [Scene 3](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_3 \"Messiah Part II#Scene 3\"): \"His ascension\" (movement 33\\)\n [Scene 4](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_4 \"Messiah Part II#Scene 4\"): \"God discloses his identity in Heaven\" (movements 34–35\\)\n [Scene 5](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_5 \"Messiah Part II#Scene 5\"): \"Whitsun, the gift of tongues, the beginning of evangelism\" (movements 36–39\\)\n [Scene 6](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_6 \"Messiah Part II#Scene 6\"): \"The world and its rulers reject the Gospel\" (movements 40–41\\)\n [Scene 7](/wiki/Messiah_Part_II%23Scene_7 \"Messiah Part II#Scene 7\"): \"God's triumph\" (movements 42–44\\)\n Part III \"A Hymn of Thanksgiving for the final overthrow of Death\"\n [Scene 1](/wiki/Messiah_Part_III%23Scene_1 \"Messiah Part III#Scene 1\"): \"The promise of bodily resurrection and redemption from Adam's fall\" (movements 45–46\\)\n [Scene 2](/wiki/Messiah_Part_III%23Scene_2 \"Messiah Part III#Scene 2\"): \"The Day of Judgment and general Resurrection\" (movements 47–48\\)\n [Scene 3](/wiki/Messiah_Part_III%23Scene_3 \"Messiah Part III#Scene 3\"): \"The victory over death and sin\" (movements 49–52\\)\n [Scene 4](/wiki/Messiah_Part_III%23Scene_4 \"Messiah Part III#Scene 4\"): \"The glorification of the Messianic victim\" (movement 53\\)", "### Music", "By the time Handel composed Messiah in London he was already a successful and experienced composer of Italian operas, and had created sacred works based on English texts, such as the 1713 [Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate](/wiki/Utrecht_Te_Deum_and_Jubilate \"Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate\"), and numerous oratorios on English [libretti](/wiki/Libretto \"Libretto\"). For Messiah, Handel used the same musical technique as for those works, namely a structure based on chorus and solo singing.", "The orchestra scoring is simple. Although Handel had good string players at his disposal for the Dublin premiere,{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Handel in Ireland \\\|url\\=https://www.hyperion\\-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc\\=D\\_SIGCD478 \\\|website\\=Hyperion}} he may have been uncertain about the [woodwind](/wiki/Woodwind \"Woodwind\") players who might be available. The orchestra consists of [oboes](/wiki/Oboe \"Oboe\"), [strings](/wiki/String_instrument \"String instrument\") and [basso continuo](/wiki/Figured_bass%23Basso_continuo \"Figured bass#Basso continuo\") of [harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord \"Harpsichord\"), [violoncello](/wiki/Violoncello \"Violoncello\"), [violone](/wiki/Violone \"Violone\") and [bassoon](/wiki/Bassoon \"Bassoon\"). Two [trumpets](/wiki/Trumpet \"Trumpet\") and [timpani](/wiki/Timpani \"Timpani\") highlight selected movements, in Part I the song of the angels, Glory to God in the highest, and with [timpani](/wiki/Timpani \"Timpani\") the closing movements of both Part II, Hallelujah, and of Part III, Worthy is the Lamb.", "Only two movements in Messiah are purely instrumental: the overture (written as \"Sinfony\" in Handel's autograph) and the Pifa (a [pastorale](/wiki/Pastorale \"Pastorale\") introducing the shepherds in Bethlehem); and only a few movements are a duet or a combination of solo and chorus. The solos are typically a combination of recitative and aria. The arias are called Airs or Songs, and some of them are in [da capo](/wiki/Da_capo \"Da capo\") form, but rarely in a strict sense (repeating the first section after a sometimes contrasting middle section). Handel found various ways to use the format freely to convey the meaning of the text. Occasionally verses from different biblical sources are combined into one movement, however more often a coherent text section is set in consecutive movements, for example the first \"[scene](/wiki/Messiah_structure%23Scenes \"Messiah structure#Scenes\")\" of the work, the annunciation of [Salvation](/wiki/Christian_salvation \"Christian salvation\"), is set as a sequence of three movements: recitative, aria and chorus. The center of Part III is a sequence of six movements based on a passage from [Paul](/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle \"Paul the Apostle\")'s [First Epistle to the Corinthians](/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians \"First Epistle to the Corinthians\") on the resurrection of the dead, a passage that [Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms \"Johannes Brahms\") also chose for [Ein deutsches Requiem](/wiki/A_German_Requiem_%28Brahms%29 \"A German Requiem (Brahms)\").", "The movements marked \"Recitative\" (Rec.) are \"[secco](/wiki/Recitative%23Secco \"Recitative#Secco\")\", accompanied by only the [continuo](/wiki/Figured_bass%23Basso_continuo \"Figured bass#Basso continuo\"), whereas the recitatives marked \"Accompagnato\" (Acc.) are accompanied by additional string instruments. Handel used four voice parts, [soprano](/wiki/Soprano \"Soprano\") (S), [alto](/wiki/Alto \"Alto\") (A), [tenor](/wiki/Tenor \"Tenor\") (T) and [bass](/wiki/Bass_%28voice_type%29 \"Bass (voice type)\") (B) in the solo and choral movements. Only once is the chorus divided in an upper chorus and a lower chorus, it is [SATB](/wiki/SATB \"SATB\") otherwise. Handel uses both [polyphon](/wiki/Polyphony \"Polyphony\") and [homophon](/wiki/Homophony \"Homophony\") settings to illustrate the text. Even polyphon movements typically end on a dramatic long musical [rest](/wiki/Rest_%28music%29 \"Rest (music)\"), followed by a broad homophon conclusion. Handel often stresses a word by extended [coloraturas](/wiki/Coloratura \"Coloratura\"), especially in several movements which are a [parody](/wiki/Parody%23Music \"Parody#Music\") of music composed earlier on Italian texts. He uses a [cantus firmus](/wiki/Cantus_firmus \"Cantus firmus\") on long repeated notes especially to illustrate God's speech and majesty, for example \"for the mouth of the Lord has spoken it\" in movement [4](/wiki/%234 \"#4\").", "### General notes", "The following tables are organized by movement numbers. There are two major systems of numbering the movements of Messiah: the historic [Novello](/wiki/Novello_%26_Co \"Novello & Co\") edition of 1959 (which is based on earlier editions and contains 53 movements), and the [Bärenreiter](/wiki/B%C3%A4renreiter \"Bärenreiter\") edition of 1965 in the [Hallische Händel\\-Ausgabe](/wiki/Hallische_H%C3%A4ndel-Ausgabe \"Hallische Händel-Ausgabe\"). Not counting some short recitatives as separate movements, it has 47 movements. The Novello number (Nov) is given first, then the Bärenreiter number (Bär).", "" ]
Description ----------- Long recognized as a powerhouse of American industry, Western Pennsylvania is a large geophysical and socio\-economic entity. It encompasses that portion of the state to the west of the Appalachian divide and included within the Mississippi drainage system of rivers. The largest rivers in this area are the [Allegheny River](/wiki/Allegheny_River "Allegheny River"), which flows southward from the [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") border, and the [Monongahela River](/wiki/Monongahela_River "Monongahela River"), which flows northward from [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia"). These two rivers meet in [Downtown Pittsburgh](/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh "Downtown Pittsburgh") and join to form the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River "Ohio River"), which from that point flows an additional {{convert\\|981\\|mi\\|km}} southwest to the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River"). The juncture of the Allegheny and Monongahela was historically regarded as strategic and the gateway to the interior of the continent from the east. At various times this juncture has been called the Forks of the Ohio, [Fort Duquesne](/wiki/Fort_Duquesne "Fort Duquesne"), [Fort Pitt](/wiki/Fort_Pitt_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)"), the Golden Triangle, and today, at its apex, [Point State Park](/wiki/Point_State_Park "Point State Park"). Incredibly, after several decades of border war and 150 years of high\-rent city\-center urbanization, the original 1764 blockhouse from Fort Pitt still stands here and is one of the oldest buildings in the region. Other notable rivers are the [Youghiogheny River](/wiki/Youghiogheny_River "Youghiogheny River"), flowing north from West Virginia and [western Maryland](/wiki/Western_Maryland "Western Maryland") to join the Monongahela just upriver of Pittsburgh, and which was the early route of penetration into Western Pennsylvania, the [Kiskiminetas River](/wiki/Kiskiminetas_River "Kiskiminetas River"), [French Creek](/wiki/French_Creek_%28Allegheny_River%29 "French Creek (Allegheny River)"), a major passageway between Lake Erie and the Allegheny River for the Indians and early French explorers and traders, and the small [Oil Creek](/wiki/Oil_Creek_%28Allegheny_River%29 "Oil Creek (Allegheny River)") in Crawford and Venango counties, where slicks gave an indication of petroleum reserves and in whose watershed the first oil well in the United States was drilled. The highest point in Pennsylvania, [Mount Davis](/wiki/Mount_Davis_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)"), reaches {{convert\\|3213\\|ft\\|m}}, and is located near the southern border of the state in Somerset County, approximately {{convert\\|100\\|mi}} east of the southwestern corner, where the [Appalachian Mountains](/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains "Appalachian Mountains") enter Pennsylvania from the south.{{cite gnis\\|id\=1209050\\|name\=Mount Davis\\|access\-date\=2010\-03\-14}} To the west and north of this point lies the [Allegheny Plateau](/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau "Allegheny Plateau"), a [dissected plateau](/wiki/Dissected_plateau "Dissected plateau") so eroded that it appears to be an interminable series of high hills and steep valleys. The peaks in the area are among the lowest in the East Coast highlands, but what they lack in height they make up in wide extent of land covered, which forms a vast formidable barrier for mile upon mile to overland travel from the coast. ### Northwestern Pennsylvania The city of [Erie](/wiki/Erie%2C_Pennsylvania "Erie, Pennsylvania") is the business center and cultural hub of Northwestern Pennsylvania.{{cite web \\|title\=Northwest Pennsylvania \\|url\=https://genpa.org/region/northwest\-pennsylvania \\|access\-date\=June 8, 2015 \\|publisher\=\[\[Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania]]}} The compiled population of the region was estimated to be 938,516 in 2015\. Although the only county with population growth was [Butler](/wiki/Butler_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Butler County, Pennsylvania"), the deficit for all other counties was within 3%. The region also includes the [Erie\-Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area](/wiki/Erie-Meadville%2C_PA_Combined_Statistical_Area "Erie-Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area"). Northwestern Pennsylvania is home to the [Allegheny National Forest](/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest "Allegheny National Forest"), and is the heart of Pennsylvania's oil and gas economy.	[ "Description\n-----------", "Long recognized as a powerhouse of American industry, Western Pennsylvania is a large geophysical and socio\\-economic entity. It encompasses that portion of the state to the west of the Appalachian divide and included within the Mississippi drainage system of rivers.", "The largest rivers in this area are the [Allegheny River](/wiki/Allegheny_River \"Allegheny River\"), which flows southward from the [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") border, and the [Monongahela River](/wiki/Monongahela_River \"Monongahela River\"), which flows northward from [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\"). These two rivers meet in [Downtown Pittsburgh](/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh \"Downtown Pittsburgh\") and join to form the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River \"Ohio River\"), which from that point flows an additional {{convert\\\|981\\\|mi\\\|km}} southwest to the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\"). The juncture of the Allegheny and Monongahela was historically regarded as strategic and the gateway to the interior of the continent from the east. At various times this juncture has been called the Forks of the Ohio, [Fort Duquesne](/wiki/Fort_Duquesne \"Fort Duquesne\"), [Fort Pitt](/wiki/Fort_Pitt_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)\"), the Golden Triangle, and today, at its apex, [Point State Park](/wiki/Point_State_Park \"Point State Park\"). Incredibly, after several decades of border war and 150 years of high\\-rent city\\-center urbanization, the original 1764 blockhouse from Fort Pitt still stands here and is one of the oldest buildings in the region.", "Other notable rivers are the [Youghiogheny River](/wiki/Youghiogheny_River \"Youghiogheny River\"), flowing north from West Virginia and [western Maryland](/wiki/Western_Maryland \"Western Maryland\") to join the Monongahela just upriver of Pittsburgh, and which was the early route of penetration into Western Pennsylvania, the [Kiskiminetas River](/wiki/Kiskiminetas_River \"Kiskiminetas River\"), [French Creek](/wiki/French_Creek_%28Allegheny_River%29 \"French Creek (Allegheny River)\"), a major passageway between Lake Erie and the Allegheny River for the Indians and early French explorers and traders, and the small [Oil Creek](/wiki/Oil_Creek_%28Allegheny_River%29 \"Oil Creek (Allegheny River)\") in Crawford and Venango counties, where slicks gave an indication of petroleum reserves and in whose watershed the first oil well in the United States was drilled.", "The highest point in Pennsylvania, [Mount Davis](/wiki/Mount_Davis_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)\"), reaches {{convert\\\|3213\\\|ft\\\|m}}, and is located near the southern border of the state in Somerset County, approximately {{convert\\\|100\\\|mi}} east of the southwestern corner, where the [Appalachian Mountains](/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains \"Appalachian Mountains\") enter Pennsylvania from the south.{{cite gnis\\\|id\\=1209050\\\|name\\=Mount Davis\\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-14}} To the west and north of this point lies the [Allegheny Plateau](/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau \"Allegheny Plateau\"), a [dissected plateau](/wiki/Dissected_plateau \"Dissected plateau\") so eroded that it appears to be an interminable series of high hills and steep valleys. The peaks in the area are among the lowest in the East Coast highlands, but what they lack in height they make up in wide extent of land covered, which forms a vast formidable barrier for mile upon mile to overland travel from the coast.", "### Northwestern Pennsylvania", "The city of [Erie](/wiki/Erie%2C_Pennsylvania \"Erie, Pennsylvania\") is the business center and cultural hub of Northwestern Pennsylvania.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Northwest Pennsylvania \\\|url\\=https://genpa.org/region/northwest\\-pennsylvania \\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2015 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania]]}} The compiled population of the region was estimated to be 938,516 in 2015\\. Although the only county with population growth was [Butler](/wiki/Butler_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Butler County, Pennsylvania\"), the deficit for all other counties was within 3%. The region also includes the [Erie\\-Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area](/wiki/Erie-Meadville%2C_PA_Combined_Statistical_Area \"Erie-Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area\").", "Northwestern Pennsylvania is home to the [Allegheny National Forest](/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest \"Allegheny National Forest\"), and is the heart of Pennsylvania's oil and gas economy.", "" ]
Plot ---- Lawyers [Jürgen Mossack](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Mossack "Jürgen Mossack") and [Ramón Fonseca](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Fonseca_Mora "Ramón Fonseca Mora") introduce themselves, along with the concept of money and credit. The pair serve as narrators for three stories of people around the world who are adversely affected by the machinations of their company, [Mossack Fonseca](/wiki/Mossack_Fonseca "Mossack Fonseca"). While the story has been somewhat fictionalized, the names of the law firm at the center of the scandal,["Panama grants bail to Mossack Fonseca founders in Brazil corruption case"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-corruption/panama-grants-bail-to-mossack-fonseca-founders-in-brazil-corruption-case-idUSKBN17O018) Reuters 2017\-04\-22 along with those of its founders, were not.{{cite news \\|date\=18 October 2019\\|author1\=The Associated Press \\|title\=Netflix's 'The Laundromat' Goes On as Court Transfers Lawsuit \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/movies/laundromat\-netflix\-panama\-papers.html \\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018160005/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/movies/laundromat\-netflix\-panama\-papers.html \\|archive\-date\=2019\-10\-18 }} Characters Ellen Martin and her husband, Joe, are on a pleasure boat, the [Ethan Allen](/wiki/Ethan_Allen_boating_accident "Ethan Allen boating accident") at [Lake George, New York](/wiki/Lake_George_%28lake%29%2C_New_York "Lake George (lake), New York"), when it capsizes, drowning Joe and many others. When Ellen tries to get compensation from the boating company for Joe's death, she cannot because the [reinsurance](/wiki/Reinsurance "Reinsurance") company that the boat company's owner and son, Matthew, bought their policy from, was sold to another company based out of [Nevis](/wiki/Nevis "Nevis"). The Nevis\-based company is actually a [trust](/wiki/Trust_company "Trust company") of one of Mossack's [shell corporations](/wiki/Shell_corporations "Shell corporations"), which is under investigation by the [Internal Revenue Service](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service "Internal Revenue Service") (IRS) for fraud. When her attempts to contact Mossack and the Nevis\-based company are unsuccessful, Ellen travels there to confront Malchus Boncamper, the manager of the trust. When Ellen bumps into Malchus, not knowing who he is, she asks questions about his firm's location. He lies and walks away. When Malchus travels to [Miami](/wiki/Miami "Miami") he is arrested by [IRS\-CI Special Agents](/wiki/IRS_Criminal_Investigation_Division "IRS Criminal Investigation Division") at the airport. The second story is about Simone, who is the daughter of Charles, an African billionaire. When Simone discovers her best friend is having an affair with Charles, he offers her shares (supposedly worth $20 million) in one of his investment companies to keep her silence. She accepts his offer, but when she travels to Mossack's offices in [Panama City](/wiki/Panama_City "Panama City") to claim the shares, they turn out to be worthless because they are actually part of a shell company under Mossack that only exists on paper. The third story is a dramatization of the death of [Neil Heywood](/wiki/Neil_Heywood "Neil Heywood"), part of the [Wang Lijun incident](/wiki/Wang_Lijun_incident "Wang Lijun incident"). Heywood (renamed "Maywood" in the film), is an intermediary for wealthy Chinese looking to funnel money abroad. He visits a [Chongqing](/wiki/Chongqing "Chongqing") hotel to meet [Gu Kailai](/wiki/Gu_Kailai "Gu Kailai"). Maywood demands and pressures Gu for a much higher price if she wants him to continue laundering money for her family through a shell company Mossack owns. Gu responds by poisoning Maywood's drink. Gu discloses the incident and reports Maywood to Chongqing police chief [Wang Lijun](/wiki/Wang_Lijun "Wang Lijun") who secretly records the conversation; he then reports her to the Chinese government. The story ends with the arrest of Gu and her husband [Bo Xilai](/wiki/Bo_Xilai "Bo Xilai") for Maywood's murder and for corruption. The film ends with the leaking of the [Panama Papers](/wiki/Panama_Papers "Panama Papers") and subsequent police raids on Mossack Fonseca, the brief imprisonment of Mossack and Fonseca, and the shutdown of the firm. Mossack and Fonseca, along with Meryl Streep as herself, [remind viewers](/wiki/Fourth_wall "Fourth wall") that many such companies still exist, and the practice of money laundering and corruption using fake trusts and shell companies based in [tax havens](/wiki/Offshore_financial_centres "Offshore financial centres") is still widespread. Streep closes the film with a statement about the immediate need for campaign finance reforms in the US before adopting the [Statue of Liberty](/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty "Statue of Liberty")'s pose.	[ "Plot\n----", "Lawyers [Jürgen Mossack](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Mossack \"Jürgen Mossack\") and [Ramón Fonseca](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Fonseca_Mora \"Ramón Fonseca Mora\") introduce themselves, along with the concept of money and credit. The pair serve as narrators for three stories of people around the world who are adversely affected by the machinations of their company, [Mossack Fonseca](/wiki/Mossack_Fonseca \"Mossack Fonseca\"). While the story has been somewhat fictionalized, the names of the law firm at the center of the scandal,[\"Panama grants bail to Mossack Fonseca founders in Brazil corruption case\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-corruption/panama-grants-bail-to-mossack-fonseca-founders-in-brazil-corruption-case-idUSKBN17O018) Reuters 2017\\-04\\-22 along with those of its founders, were not.{{cite news \\\|date\\=18 October 2019\\\|author1\\=The Associated Press \\\|title\\=Netflix's 'The Laundromat' Goes On as Court Transfers Lawsuit \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/movies/laundromat\\-netflix\\-panama\\-papers.html \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018160005/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/movies/laundromat\\-netflix\\-panama\\-papers.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-18 }}", "Characters Ellen Martin and her husband, Joe, are on a pleasure boat, the [Ethan Allen](/wiki/Ethan_Allen_boating_accident \"Ethan Allen boating accident\") at [Lake George, New York](/wiki/Lake_George_%28lake%29%2C_New_York \"Lake George (lake), New York\"), when it capsizes, drowning Joe and many others. When Ellen tries to get compensation from the boating company for Joe's death, she cannot because the [reinsurance](/wiki/Reinsurance \"Reinsurance\") company that the boat company's owner and son, Matthew, bought their policy from, was sold to another company based out of [Nevis](/wiki/Nevis \"Nevis\"). The Nevis\\-based company is actually a [trust](/wiki/Trust_company \"Trust company\") of one of Mossack's [shell corporations](/wiki/Shell_corporations \"Shell corporations\"), which is under investigation by the [Internal Revenue Service](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service \"Internal Revenue Service\") (IRS) for fraud.", "When her attempts to contact Mossack and the Nevis\\-based company are unsuccessful, Ellen travels there to confront Malchus Boncamper, the manager of the trust. When Ellen bumps into Malchus, not knowing who he is, she asks questions about his firm's location. He lies and walks away. When Malchus travels to [Miami](/wiki/Miami \"Miami\") he is arrested by [IRS\\-CI Special Agents](/wiki/IRS_Criminal_Investigation_Division \"IRS Criminal Investigation Division\") at the airport.", "The second story is about Simone, who is the daughter of Charles, an African billionaire. When Simone discovers her best friend is having an affair with Charles, he offers her shares (supposedly worth $20 million) in one of his investment companies to keep her silence. She accepts his offer, but when she travels to Mossack's offices in [Panama City](/wiki/Panama_City \"Panama City\") to claim the shares, they turn out to be worthless because they are actually part of a shell company under Mossack that only exists on paper.", "The third story is a dramatization of the death of [Neil Heywood](/wiki/Neil_Heywood \"Neil Heywood\"), part of the [Wang Lijun incident](/wiki/Wang_Lijun_incident \"Wang Lijun incident\"). Heywood (renamed \"Maywood\" in the film), is an intermediary for wealthy Chinese looking to funnel money abroad. He visits a [Chongqing](/wiki/Chongqing \"Chongqing\") hotel to meet [Gu Kailai](/wiki/Gu_Kailai \"Gu Kailai\"). Maywood demands and pressures Gu for a much higher price if she wants him to continue laundering money for her family through a shell company Mossack owns. Gu responds by poisoning Maywood's drink. Gu discloses the incident and reports Maywood to Chongqing police chief [Wang Lijun](/wiki/Wang_Lijun \"Wang Lijun\") who secretly records the conversation; he then reports her to the Chinese government. The story ends with the arrest of Gu and her husband [Bo Xilai](/wiki/Bo_Xilai \"Bo Xilai\") for Maywood's murder and for corruption.", "The film ends with the leaking of the [Panama Papers](/wiki/Panama_Papers \"Panama Papers\") and subsequent police raids on Mossack Fonseca, the brief imprisonment of Mossack and Fonseca, and the shutdown of the firm. Mossack and Fonseca, along with Meryl Streep as herself, [remind viewers](/wiki/Fourth_wall \"Fourth wall\") that many such companies still exist, and the practice of money laundering and corruption using fake trusts and shell companies based in [tax havens](/wiki/Offshore_financial_centres \"Offshore financial centres\") is still widespread. Streep closes the film with a statement about the immediate need for campaign finance reforms in the US before adopting the [Statue of Liberty](/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty \"Statue of Liberty\")'s pose.", "" ]
Jurisdiction ------------ ### Courts\-martial {{main article\\|Courts\-martial of the United States}} [Courts\-martial](/wiki/Courts-martial "Courts-martial") are conducted under the UCMJ and the [Manual for Courts\-Martial](/wiki/Manual_for_Courts-Martial "Manual for Courts-Martial") (MCM). If the trial results in a conviction, the case is reviewed by the [convening authority](/wiki/Convening_authority "Convening authority") – the commanding officer who referred the case for trial by court\-martial.{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/newcaaf/appell\_review.htm\\|title\=Appellate Review of Courts\-Martial \\|date\=2006\-01\-31 \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-04 \\|website\=\[\[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces]]}}{{UnitedStatesCode\\|10\\|860\\|60\\|pipe\=Art 60\. Post\-trial processing in general and special courts\-martial}} The power of the convening authority was reduced in 2014\.{{Cite web \\|url\=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req\=(title:10%20section:860%20edition:prelim) \\|title\=§860\. Art. 60\. Post\-trial processing in general and special courts\-martial \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-04 \\|publisher\=Office of the Law Revision Counsel}}{{Cite journal \\|last\=Weaver \\|first\=Jacob \\|date\=2020\-12\-01 \\|title\=Restoring the Power of the Convening Authority to Adjust Sentences \\|url\=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol119/iss3/4 \\|journal\=Michigan Law Review \\|volume\=119 \\|issue\=3 \\|page\=621 \\|doi\=10\.36644/mlr.119\.3\.restoring \\|issn\=0026\-2234\\|doi\-access\=free }} If the sentence, as approved by the convening authority, includes death, a [bad conduct discharge](/wiki/Bad_conduct_discharge "Bad conduct discharge"), a [dishonorable discharge](/wiki/Dishonorable_discharge "Dishonorable discharge"), dismissal of an officer, or confinement for one year or more, the case is reviewed by an intermediate court. There are four such courts – the [Army Court of Criminal Appeals](/wiki/Army_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals "Army Court of Criminal Appeals"), the [Navy\-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals](/wiki/Navy-Marine_Corps_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals "Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals"), the [Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals](/wiki/Air_Force_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals "Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals"), and the [Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals "Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals"). After review by any of these intermediate courts, the next level of appeal is the [United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Armed_Forces "United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces") (CAAF).{{UnitedStatesCode\\|10\\|869\\|69d\\|pipe\=Art 69\. Review by Judge Advocate General}} The [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") has discretion under {{usc\\|28\\|1259}} to review cases under the UCMJ on direct appeal where the CAAF has conducted a mandatory review (death penalty and certified cases), granted discretionary review of a petition, or otherwise granted relief.[Supreme Court Appellate Jurisdiction Over Military Court Cases](http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34697_20081006.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719173532/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34697\_20081006\.pdf \\|date\=July 19, 2011 }} by Anna C. Henning, Congressional Research Service, October 6, 2008 If the CAAF denies a [petition for review](/wiki/Petition_for_review "Petition for review") or a writ appeal, consideration by the Supreme Court may be obtained only through collateral review (e.g., a writ of habeas corpus).[Appellate Review, CAAF website](http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/AppellateRev.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117191002/http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/AppellateRev.htm \\|date\=January 17, 2009 }} (retrieved on October 13, 2008\) Since 2007, several bills have been introduced into Congress to expand the accessibility of service members to the Supreme Court. See also [Equal Justice for United States Military Personnel legislation](/wiki/Equal_Justice_for_United_States_Military_Personnel_legislation "Equal Justice for United States Military Personnel legislation"). ### Personal jurisdiction Within the exceptions below, as codified in Article 2 of the UCMJ, [personal jurisdiction](/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction "Personal jurisdiction") attaches, regardless of the physical global location of the service member, over all members of the [Uniformed Services of the United States](/wiki/Uniformed_Services_of_the_United_States "Uniformed Services of the United States"): the [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army"), [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"), [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy"), [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force"), [Space Force](/wiki/United_States_Space_Force "United States Space Force"), [Coast Guard](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard"), [NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps](/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Officer_Corps "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps"), and [Public Health Service Commissioned Corps](/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps "United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps").{{UnitedStatesCode\\|10\\|802\\|2a\\|pipe\=Art 2\. Persons subject to this chapter}}{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/newcaaf/digest/IA2\.htm \\|title\=First Principles: Jurisdiction: In Personam \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-04 \\|publisher\=\[\[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces]]}} While the Coast Guard is administered under Title 14 of the [United States Code](/wiki/United_States_Code "United States Code") when not operating as part of the U.S. Navy, individuals commissioned or enlisted in the Coast Guard are subject to the UCMJ as an armed force. Commissioned members of the [NOAA](/wiki/NOAA "NOAA") and [PHS](/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service "United States Public Health Service"), as [uniformed services](/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States "Uniformed services of the United States"), are only subject to the UCMJ when attached or detailed to a military unit by competent orders, or when militarized by Presidential [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 "Executive order (United States)") during a [national emergency](/wiki/National_emergency "National emergency") or [declaration of war](/wiki/Declaration_of_war "Declaration of war"). Members of the military Reserve Components under [Title 10 of the United States Code](/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 10 of the United States Code") ([Army Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve "United States Army Reserve"), [Marine Forces Reserve](/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve "Marine Forces Reserve"), [Navy Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve "United States Navy Reserve"), and [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command "Air Force Reserve Command")), or [Title 14 of the United States Code](/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 14 of the United States Code"), [Coast Guard Reserve](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Reserve "Coast Guard Reserve") when not operating as part of the U.S. Navy, are subject to the UCMJ when they are: 1. Full\-Time Support (FTS) personnel on active duty orders serving pursuant to the authority of 10 USC 10211 or 10 USC 12310, including: 1. Army/Air Force "Active Guard and Reserve (AGR)," 2. Navy "Full\-time Support (FTS)," 3. Marine Corps "Active Reserve (AR)," or 4. Coast Guard "Reserve Program Administrators (RPA)."{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.uscg.mil/opm/Opm3/Opm3docs/OSMS/CG\-NAP14\.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=November 10, 2016 \\|archive\-date\=November 10, 2016 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110235417/https://www.uscg.mil/opm/Opm3/Opm3docs/OSMS/CG\-NAP14\.pdf \\|url\-status\=dead }} 2. "Traditional" reservists performing either: 1. Full\-time active duty service under orders for a specific period, i.e., Annual Training, Active Duty for Training, Active Duty for Operational Support, Active Duty Special Work, Mobilization or Recall to Active Duty, Canvasser Recruiter, etc., or 2. Performing part\-time Inactive Duty, i.e., Inactive Duty Training, Inactive Duty Travel and Training, Unit Training Assembly, Additional Training Periods, Additional Flying Training Periods, Reserve Management Periods, etc., all of which are colloquially known as "drills." 3. Retired Reservists who are either recalled to active duty pursuant to secretarial authority, or who are receiving medical treatment in an armed forces hospital (see below). [Soldiers](/wiki/Army_National_Guard "Army National Guard") and [airmen](/wiki/Air_National_Guard "Air National Guard") in the [National Guard of the United States](/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States "National Guard of the United States") are subject to the UCMJ only if activated (mobilized or recalled to active duty) in a federal capacity under Title 10 by an [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 "Executive order (United States)") issued by the [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"), or during their annual training periods, which are orders issued under Title 10, during which periods of duty they are federalized into the National Guard of the United States. Otherwise, members of the National Guard are usually exempt from the UCMJ. However, under [Title 32](/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 32 of the United States Code") orders, or State Active Duty orders issued directly under State authority, individual members of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are still subject to their respective state codes of military justice, which often resemble the UCMJ very closely, and/or their state civil and criminal laws. Several States also authorize either naval or military organized militia forces. These are collectively known as the [State Guard](/wiki/State_defense_force "State defense force").{{cite web\\|url\=http://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/2014/ic/titles/010/articles/016/chapters/006/\#section\-2\\|title\=Indiana Code 2014 \- Indiana General Assembly, 2017 Session\\|first\=Indiana General\\|last\=Assembly\\|access\-date\=November 29, 2016}} State Guard organizations are organized, trained, equipped, armed, disciplined, and administered under each State's own sovereign authority, and are not subject to a Federal recall to active duty, nor are the individual members subject to the UCMJ in their capacities as members of the State Guard. State Guard organizations typically are organized similarly to a military force, and usually report to the senior National Guard officer in each State, known as the Adjutant General. In this sense, the State Guard are auxiliaries to each State's Constitutionally authorized organized militia forces, the Army and Air National Guard. The State Guard is often specialized, based on each state's requirements, for missions such as wilderness search and rescue, light aviation, forest firefighting, law enforcement, or general emergency management roles. Under each state's own authorities, State Guard members may be ordered to State Active Duty (SAD), in a status similar to National Guard members in a Title 32 status but solely under state authority and discipline, and also may be provided with the training, equipment, and authority to act as law enforcement officers with powers of arrest. Each state sets the requirements to join, remain, be promoted or rewarded, and conditions of employment such as a minimum amount of duty performed in a year, and whether any duty is paid or unpaid, and whether the individuals are covered by various civil service or retirement pension plans. Most State Guard duty is performed without pay, in a volunteer status. While the State Guard organizations are subject to recall to SAD, or other workforce requirements as imposed by their state, they are not subject to either partial or full mobilization authorities under Title 10\. However, the individual State Guard members often have dual\-status as both State Guard and a federally recognized uniformed services member, such as a [Texas State Guard](/wiki/Texas_State_Guard "Texas State Guard") officer who is also a retired U.S. military officer. Such an individual could be recalled to active duty under both SAD as a State Guard member, or under one of the various authorities to recall retired or reserve military members to active duty (10 USC 688, various 10 USC 123XX authorities, and others), but not both because a federal status trumps a state status. State Guard members could thus be subject to the UCMJ at all times under their federal status, and under specific state military and civil/criminal codes under their state status. Cadets and midshipmen at the [United States Military Academy](/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy"), [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy"), [United States Air Force Academy](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy "United States Air Force Academy"), and [United States Coast Guard Academy](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy "United States Coast Guard Academy"), are subject to the UCMJ at all times because they are in an active duty status as members of the regular component while serving at a Military Service Academy, per Article 2(a)(2\) of UCMJ.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.ucmj.us/about\-the\-ucmj\\|title\=About « UCMJ – United States Code of Military Justice\\|access\-date\=November 29, 2016}} Army and Air Force [Reserve Officers' Training Corps](/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps "Reserve Officers' Training Corps") (ROTC) cadets are not subject to the UCMJ, except while on inactive or active duty training.{{Cite court \\|litigants\=Woodrick v. Divich \\|vol\=24 \\|reporter\=M.J. \\|opinion\=147 \\|pinpoint\=150 fn2 \\|court\=\[\[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces\\|C.M.A.]] \\|date\=1987 \\|url\=https://cite.case.law/mj/24/147/ \\|access\-date\= \\|quote\=Article 2(a)(2\), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 802(a)(2\), which includes '\[c]adets, aviation cadets, and midshipmen,' applies to cadets at the service academies, but it does not encompass AFROTC cadets.}} Midshipmen of the [United States Merchant Marine Academy](/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy "United States Merchant Marine Academy") and Navy ROTC (including marine\-option) midshipmen are also subject to the UCMJ when on inactive or active duty for training orders.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/801\\|title\=10 U.S. Code §801\. Article 1\. Definitions\\|publisher\=Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute\\|access\-date\=May 20, 2020}} Members of military [auxiliaries](/wiki/Auxiliaries "Auxiliaries") such as the [Civil Air Patrol](/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol "Civil Air Patrol") and the [Coast Guard Auxiliary](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary "United States Coast Guard Auxiliary") are not subject to the UCMJ, even when participating in missions assigned by the military or other branches of government. However, members of the Coast Guard Auxiliary can be called by the Commandant of the Coast Guard into the Temporary Reserve of the Coast Guard, in which case they become subject to the UCMJ. Additionally, the following categories of service members are subject to the UCMJ as indicated:{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/802\\|title\=10 U.S. Code §802\. Art. 2\. Persons subject to this chapter\\|publisher\=Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute\\|access\-date\=May 20, 2020}} 1. Retired members of the regular component who are entitled to retirement pay, per Article 2(a)(4\) of UCMJ, regardless of the authority under which retired from active service and transferred to the retired list of their respective service's regular component, 2. Retired members of the reserve component, whether entitled to retired pay or awaiting retired pay at age 60 as a gray area reserve retiree, who are receiving hospital care from an armed force, per Article 2(a)(5\) of UCMJ, 3. Members of the Fleet Reserve/Fleet Marine Corps Reserve (FR/FMCR), as enlisted retired Navy or Marine Corps personnel who have not yet served a total of 30 years of combined active, fleet reserve, and retired service, per Article 2(a)(6\) of UCMJ. Both regular component and reserve component enlisted retirees are transferred to the FR/FMCR upon retirement if they have less than 30 total years, but more than 20 cumulative years of active service, and remain subject to the UCMJ in that status until they complete 30 total years of active and fleet reserve service, and are transferred to their respective original Service Retired List (regular component or retired reserve). The FR/FMCR is not applicable to any officers, any service member retired for disability and transferred to the Temporary or Permanent Disability Retired Lists, nor any enlisted retirees except those of the Navy and Marine Corps as noted above. 4. Persons in custody of the U.S. Armed Forces serving a sentence imposed by a court\-martial, per Article 2(a)(7\) of UCMJ, 5. Members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Public Health Service, and other organizations, when assigned to and serving with the armed forces, per Article 2(a)(8\) of UCMJ, 6. [Prisoners of War (POW)/Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW)](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") in the custody of the U.S. Armed Forces, per Article 2(a)(9\) of UCMJ, 7. In time of declared war or a contingency operation, persons serving with or accompanying a U.S. armed force in the field, per Article 2(a)(10\), and 8. Detained [medical personnel](/wiki/Combat_medic "Combat medic") and [military chaplains](/wiki/Military_chaplain "Military chaplain") in the custody of the U.S. Armed Forces. Civilians are not subject to UCMJ. However, the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction over crimes committed on a military installation.{{cite web \\|title\=Charged with a Crime on a Military Base? Find Out Why Where it Happened Matters \\|website\=Aviso Law Blog \\|date\=7 November 2018 \\|url\=https://avisolawllc.com/charged\-with\-a\-crime\-on\-a\-military\-base/ \\|accessdate\=25 June 2021}} A military investigation may be conducted to determine whether or not to prosecute a civilian who commits a crime on a military base. Civilians are not otherwise subject to military law, even when the crime is committed against a service member. When a civilian bus driver [murdered an Army private](/wiki/Henry_Williams_%28soldier%29 "Henry Williams (soldier)") off post in 1942, for example, the post commander was unable to investigate.{{cite web \\|title\=Henry Williams \\|website\=Civil Rights \& Restorative Justice \\|publisher\=\[\[Northeastern University]] \\|url\=https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/downloads/neu:m0428491z?datastream\_id\=content \\|accessdate\=23 June 2021}} #### Military contractors Historically, the UCMJ applied to "persons serving with or accompanying an armed force in the field" and thus included [military contractors](/wiki/Military_contractor "Military contractor") "in time of war."David C. Hammond, [The First Prosecution of a Contractor Under the UCMJ: Lessons for Service Contractors](https://www.crowell.com/documents/The-First-Prosecution-of-a-Contractor-Under-the-UCMJ.pdf), Service Contractor (Fall 2008\), pp. 33\-34\. In the [John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007](/wiki/John_Warner_National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2007 "John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007"), which was enacted in 2006, Congress expanded the UCMJ's applicability to cover contractors during a "declared war or contingency operation." The change came following the [Nisour Square massacre](/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre "Nisour Square massacre") perpetrated by Blackwater Security personnel.{{cite web\\|date\=April 17, 2008\\|newspaper\=Stars \& Stripes\\|url\=https://www.stripes.com/news/hearing\-begins\-in\-contractor\-stabbing\-case\-1\.77749\\|title\=Hearing begins in contractor stabbing case}} In 2008, the first contractor was prosecuted under the new provision, marking the first time since 1968 that a contractor had been charged under military law.{{cite web\\|date\=December 1, 2009\\|author\=Staff Report\\|title\=Former N.C. senator serves tour in Iraq\\|url\=https://www.salisburypost.com/2009/12/01/former\-n\-c\-senator\-serves\-tour\-in\-iraq/\\|newspaper\=NC Lawyer\\|via\=Salisbury Post}} The civilian defendant, a dual Canadian\-Iraqi citizen, was charged with stabbing a co\-worker, another Iraqi civilian. The contractor ultimately pleaded guilty. ### Non\-judicial punishment {{Main\\|Nonjudicial punishment}} Under Article 15 of the Code (Subchapter III), specified military commanders have the authority to exercise [non\-judicial punishment](/wiki/Nonjudicial_punishment "Nonjudicial punishment") (NJP) over their subordinates for minor breaches of discipline.{{UnitedStatesCode\\|10\\|815\\|15\\|pipe\=Art 15\. Commanding officer’s non\-judicial punishment}} These punishments are carried out after a hearing before the commander but without a judge and jury. Punishments are limited to a reduction in rank for enlisted members, loss of pay, restriction of privileges, extra\-duty, reprimands, and, aboard ships, confinement. Guidelines for the imposition of NJP are contained in Part V of the [Manual for Courts\-Martial](/wiki/Manual_for_Courts-Martial "Manual for Courts-Martial") and the various service regulations.{{Cite manual \\|title\=Manual for Courts Martial \\|publisher\=\[\[Department of Defense]]; \[\[Library of Congress]] \\|year\=2019 \\|edition\=2019 \\|location\=\[\[United States]] \\|chapter\=Part V: Non Judicial Punishment Procedure \\|id\=https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.law/llmlp.MCM\-2019 \\|department\=}} ### Complaints of wrongs and loss of property The UCMJ provides that any service member may bring a "complaint of wrongs" against their commanding officer to the next senior officer exercising general court\-martial authority over their commander.{{UnitedStatesCode\\|10\\|938\\|138\\|pipe\=Art 138\. Complaints of wrongs}} That officer will investigate the complaint of wrongs, and then report the findings of the investigation to the service Secretary (i.e., Secretary of the [Army](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army "United States Secretary of the Army"), [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy "United States Secretary of the Navy"), [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force "United States Secretary of the Air Force")) concerned.{{Cite journal \\|title\=Procedures for Article 138, UCMJ, Complaints \\|journal\=The Army Lawyer \\|last\=Brick \\|first\=Samuel T. \\|issue\=4 \\|via\=\[\[HeinOnline]] \\|publisher\=\[\[The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School]] \\|year\=1979 \\|page\=3}} Following said findings an investigation board can be convened to investigate and adjudicate claims of willful damage, destruction, or theft of personal property, only if both parties are subject to the Code.{{UnitedStatesCode\\|10\\|939\\|139\\|pipe\=Art 139\. Redress of injuries to property}}	[ "Jurisdiction\n------------", "### Courts\\-martial", "{{main article\\\|Courts\\-martial of the United States}}\n[Courts\\-martial](/wiki/Courts-martial \"Courts-martial\") are conducted under the UCMJ and the [Manual for Courts\\-Martial](/wiki/Manual_for_Courts-Martial \"Manual for Courts-Martial\") (MCM). If the trial results in a conviction, the case is reviewed by the [convening authority](/wiki/Convening_authority \"Convening authority\") – the commanding officer who referred the case for trial by court\\-martial.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/newcaaf/appell\\_review.htm\\\|title\\=Appellate Review of Courts\\-Martial \\\|date\\=2006\\-01\\-31 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-04 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces]]}}{{UnitedStatesCode\\\|10\\\|860\\\|60\\\|pipe\\=Art 60\\. Post\\-trial processing in general and special courts\\-martial}} The power of the convening authority was reduced in 2014\\.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req\\=(title:10%20section:860%20edition:prelim) \\\|title\\=§860\\. Art. 60\\. Post\\-trial processing in general and special courts\\-martial \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-04 \\\|publisher\\=Office of the Law Revision Counsel}}{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Weaver \\\|first\\=Jacob \\\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-01 \\\|title\\=Restoring the Power of the Convening Authority to Adjust Sentences \\\|url\\=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol119/iss3/4 \\\|journal\\=Michigan Law Review \\\|volume\\=119 \\\|issue\\=3 \\\|page\\=621 \\\|doi\\=10\\.36644/mlr.119\\.3\\.restoring \\\|issn\\=0026\\-2234\\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}", "If the sentence, as approved by the convening authority, includes death, a [bad conduct discharge](/wiki/Bad_conduct_discharge \"Bad conduct discharge\"), a [dishonorable discharge](/wiki/Dishonorable_discharge \"Dishonorable discharge\"), dismissal of an officer, or confinement for one year or more, the case is reviewed by an intermediate court. There are four such courts – the [Army Court of Criminal Appeals](/wiki/Army_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals \"Army Court of Criminal Appeals\"), the [Navy\\-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals](/wiki/Navy-Marine_Corps_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals \"Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals\"), the [Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals](/wiki/Air_Force_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals \"Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals\"), and the [Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals \"Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals\").", "After review by any of these intermediate courts, the next level of appeal is the [United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Armed_Forces \"United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces\") (CAAF).{{UnitedStatesCode\\\|10\\\|869\\\|69d\\\|pipe\\=Art 69\\. Review by Judge Advocate General}} The [Supreme Court of the United States](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") has discretion under {{usc\\\|28\\\|1259}} to review cases under the UCMJ on direct appeal where the CAAF has conducted a mandatory review (death penalty and certified cases), granted discretionary review of a petition, or otherwise granted relief.[Supreme Court Appellate Jurisdiction Over Military Court Cases](http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34697_20081006.pdf) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719173532/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34697\\_20081006\\.pdf \\\|date\\=July 19, 2011 }} by Anna C. Henning, Congressional Research Service, October 6, 2008 If the CAAF denies a [petition for review](/wiki/Petition_for_review \"Petition for review\") or a writ appeal, consideration by the Supreme Court may be obtained only through collateral review (e.g., a writ of habeas corpus).[Appellate Review, CAAF website](http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/AppellateRev.htm) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117191002/http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/AppellateRev.htm \\\|date\\=January 17, 2009 }} (retrieved on October 13, 2008\\) Since 2007, several bills have been introduced into Congress to expand the accessibility of service members to the Supreme Court. See also [Equal Justice for United States Military Personnel legislation](/wiki/Equal_Justice_for_United_States_Military_Personnel_legislation \"Equal Justice for United States Military Personnel legislation\").", "### Personal jurisdiction", "Within the exceptions below, as codified in Article 2 of the UCMJ, [personal jurisdiction](/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction \"Personal jurisdiction\") attaches, regardless of the physical global location of the service member, over all members of the [Uniformed Services of the United States](/wiki/Uniformed_Services_of_the_United_States \"Uniformed Services of the United States\"): the [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\"), [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\"), [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"), [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\"), [Space Force](/wiki/United_States_Space_Force \"United States Space Force\"), [Coast Guard](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard \"United States Coast Guard\"), [NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps](/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Officer_Corps \"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps\"), and [Public Health Service Commissioned Corps](/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps \"United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps\").{{UnitedStatesCode\\\|10\\\|802\\\|2a\\\|pipe\\=Art 2\\. Persons subject to this chapter}}{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/newcaaf/digest/IA2\\.htm \\\|title\\=First Principles: Jurisdiction: In Personam \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-04 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces]]}}", "While the Coast Guard is administered under Title 14 of the [United States Code](/wiki/United_States_Code \"United States Code\") when not operating as part of the U.S. Navy, individuals commissioned or enlisted in the Coast Guard are subject to the UCMJ as an armed force. Commissioned members of the [NOAA](/wiki/NOAA \"NOAA\") and [PHS](/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service \"United States Public Health Service\"), as [uniformed services](/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States \"Uniformed services of the United States\"), are only subject to the UCMJ when attached or detailed to a military unit by competent orders, or when militarized by Presidential [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 \"Executive order (United States)\") during a [national emergency](/wiki/National_emergency \"National emergency\") or [declaration of war](/wiki/Declaration_of_war \"Declaration of war\").", "Members of the military Reserve Components under [Title 10 of the United States Code](/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code \"Title 10 of the United States Code\") ([Army Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve \"United States Army Reserve\"), [Marine Forces Reserve](/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve \"Marine Forces Reserve\"), [Navy Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve \"United States Navy Reserve\"), and [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command \"Air Force Reserve Command\")), or [Title 14 of the United States Code](/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code \"Title 14 of the United States Code\"), [Coast Guard Reserve](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Reserve \"Coast Guard Reserve\") when not operating as part of the U.S. Navy, are subject to the UCMJ when they are:", "1. Full\\-Time Support (FTS) personnel on active duty orders serving pursuant to the authority of 10 USC 10211 or 10 USC 12310, including:\n\t1. Army/Air Force \"Active Guard and Reserve (AGR),\"\n\t2. Navy \"Full\\-time Support (FTS),\"\n\t3. Marine Corps \"Active Reserve (AR),\" or\n\t4. Coast Guard \"Reserve Program Administrators (RPA).\"{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.uscg.mil/opm/Opm3/Opm3docs/OSMS/CG\\-NAP14\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2016 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2016 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110235417/https://www.uscg.mil/opm/Opm3/Opm3docs/OSMS/CG\\-NAP14\\.pdf \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n2. \"Traditional\" reservists performing either:\n\t1. Full\\-time active duty service under orders for a specific period, i.e., Annual Training, Active Duty for Training, Active Duty for Operational Support, Active Duty Special Work, Mobilization or Recall to Active Duty, Canvasser Recruiter, etc., or\n\t2. Performing part\\-time Inactive Duty, i.e., Inactive Duty Training, Inactive Duty Travel and Training, Unit Training Assembly, Additional Training Periods, Additional Flying Training Periods, Reserve Management Periods, etc., all of which are colloquially known as \"drills.\"\n\t3. Retired Reservists who are either recalled to active duty pursuant to secretarial authority, or who are receiving medical treatment in an armed forces hospital (see below).", "[Soldiers](/wiki/Army_National_Guard \"Army National Guard\") and [airmen](/wiki/Air_National_Guard \"Air National Guard\") in the [National Guard of the United States](/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States \"National Guard of the United States\") are subject to the UCMJ only if activated (mobilized or recalled to active duty) in a federal capacity under Title 10 by an [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 \"Executive order (United States)\") issued by the [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\"), or during their annual training periods, which are orders issued under Title 10, during which periods of duty they are federalized into the National Guard of the United States. Otherwise, members of the National Guard are usually exempt from the UCMJ. However, under [Title 32](/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code \"Title 32 of the United States Code\") orders, or State Active Duty orders issued directly under State authority, individual members of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are still subject to their respective state codes of military justice, which often resemble the UCMJ very closely, and/or their state civil and criminal laws.", "Several States also authorize either naval or military organized militia forces. These are collectively known as the [State Guard](/wiki/State_defense_force \"State defense force\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/2014/ic/titles/010/articles/016/chapters/006/\\#section\\-2\\\|title\\=Indiana Code 2014 \\- Indiana General Assembly, 2017 Session\\\|first\\=Indiana General\\\|last\\=Assembly\\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2016}} State Guard organizations are organized, trained, equipped, armed, disciplined, and administered under each State's own sovereign authority, and are not subject to a Federal recall to active duty, nor are the individual members subject to the UCMJ in their capacities as members of the State Guard. State Guard organizations typically are organized similarly to a military force, and usually report to the senior National Guard officer in each State, known as the Adjutant General.", "In this sense, the State Guard are auxiliaries to each State's Constitutionally authorized organized militia forces, the Army and Air National Guard. The State Guard is often specialized, based on each state's requirements, for missions such as wilderness search and rescue, light aviation, forest firefighting, law enforcement, or general emergency management roles. Under each state's own authorities, State Guard members may be ordered to State Active Duty (SAD), in a status similar to National Guard members in a Title 32 status but solely under state authority and discipline, and also may be provided with the training, equipment, and authority to act as law enforcement officers with powers of arrest.", "Each state sets the requirements to join, remain, be promoted or rewarded, and conditions of employment such as a minimum amount of duty performed in a year, and whether any duty is paid or unpaid, and whether the individuals are covered by various civil service or retirement pension plans. Most State Guard duty is performed without pay, in a volunteer status. While the State Guard organizations are subject to recall to SAD, or other workforce requirements as imposed by their state, they are not subject to either partial or full mobilization authorities under Title 10\\.", "However, the individual State Guard members often have dual\\-status as both State Guard and a federally recognized uniformed services member, such as a [Texas State Guard](/wiki/Texas_State_Guard \"Texas State Guard\") officer who is also a retired U.S. military officer. Such an individual could be recalled to active duty under both SAD as a State Guard member, or under one of the various authorities to recall retired or reserve military members to active duty (10 USC 688, various 10 USC 123XX authorities, and others), but not both because a federal status trumps a state status. State Guard members could thus be subject to the UCMJ at all times under their federal status, and under specific state military and civil/criminal codes under their state status.", "Cadets and midshipmen at the [United States Military Academy](/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy \"United States Military Academy\"), [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy \"United States Naval Academy\"), [United States Air Force Academy](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy \"United States Air Force Academy\"), and [United States Coast Guard Academy](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy \"United States Coast Guard Academy\"), are subject to the UCMJ at all times because they are in an active duty status as members of the regular component while serving at a Military Service Academy, per Article 2(a)(2\\) of UCMJ.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.ucmj.us/about\\-the\\-ucmj\\\|title\\=About « UCMJ – United States Code of Military Justice\\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2016}} Army and Air Force [Reserve Officers' Training Corps](/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps \"Reserve Officers' Training Corps\") (ROTC) cadets are not subject to the UCMJ, except while on inactive or active duty training.{{Cite court \\\|litigants\\=Woodrick v. Divich \\\|vol\\=24 \\\|reporter\\=M.J. \\\|opinion\\=147 \\\|pinpoint\\=150 fn2 \\\|court\\=\\[\\[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces\\\|C.M.A.]] \\\|date\\=1987 \\\|url\\=https://cite.case.law/mj/24/147/ \\\|access\\-date\\= \\\|quote\\=Article 2(a)(2\\), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 802(a)(2\\), which includes '\\[c]adets, aviation cadets, and midshipmen,' applies to cadets at the service academies, but it does not encompass AFROTC cadets.}} Midshipmen of the [United States Merchant Marine Academy](/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy \"United States Merchant Marine Academy\") and Navy ROTC (including marine\\-option) midshipmen are also subject to the UCMJ when on inactive or active duty for training orders.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/801\\\|title\\=10 U.S. Code §801\\. Article 1\\. Definitions\\\|publisher\\=Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute\\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2020}}", "Members of military [auxiliaries](/wiki/Auxiliaries \"Auxiliaries\") such as the [Civil Air Patrol](/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol \"Civil Air Patrol\") and the [Coast Guard Auxiliary](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary \"United States Coast Guard Auxiliary\") are not subject to the UCMJ, even when participating in missions assigned by the military or other branches of government. However, members of the Coast Guard Auxiliary can be called by the Commandant of the Coast Guard into the Temporary Reserve of the Coast Guard, in which case they become subject to the UCMJ.", "Additionally, the following categories of service members are subject to the UCMJ as indicated:{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/802\\\|title\\=10 U.S. Code §802\\. Art. 2\\. Persons subject to this chapter\\\|publisher\\=Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute\\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2020}}", "1. Retired members of the regular component who are entitled to retirement pay, per Article 2(a)(4\\) of UCMJ, regardless of the authority under which retired from active service and transferred to the retired list of their respective service's regular component,\n2. Retired members of the reserve component, whether entitled to retired pay or awaiting retired pay at age 60 as a gray area reserve retiree, who are receiving hospital care from an armed force, per Article 2(a)(5\\) of UCMJ,\n3. Members of the Fleet Reserve/Fleet Marine Corps Reserve (FR/FMCR), as enlisted retired Navy or Marine Corps personnel who have not yet served a total of 30 years of combined active, fleet reserve, and retired service, per Article 2(a)(6\\) of UCMJ. Both regular component and reserve component enlisted retirees are transferred to the FR/FMCR upon retirement if they have less than 30 total years, but more than 20 cumulative years of active service, and remain subject to the UCMJ in that status until they complete 30 total years of active and fleet reserve service, and are transferred to their respective original Service Retired List (regular component or retired reserve). The FR/FMCR is not applicable to any officers, any service member retired for disability and transferred to the Temporary or Permanent Disability Retired Lists, nor any enlisted retirees except those of the Navy and Marine Corps as noted above.\n4. Persons in custody of the U.S. Armed Forces serving a sentence imposed by a court\\-martial, per Article 2(a)(7\\) of UCMJ,\n5. Members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Public Health Service, and other organizations, when assigned to and serving with the armed forces, per Article 2(a)(8\\) of UCMJ,\n6. [Prisoners of War (POW)/Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW)](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war \"Prisoner of war\") in the custody of the U.S. Armed Forces, per Article 2(a)(9\\) of UCMJ,\n7. In time of declared war or a contingency operation, persons serving with or accompanying a U.S. armed force in the field, per Article 2(a)(10\\), and\n8. Detained [medical personnel](/wiki/Combat_medic \"Combat medic\") and [military chaplains](/wiki/Military_chaplain \"Military chaplain\") in the custody of the U.S. Armed Forces.", "Civilians are not subject to UCMJ. However, the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction over crimes committed on a military installation.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Charged with a Crime on a Military Base? Find Out Why Where it Happened Matters \\\|website\\=Aviso Law Blog \\\|date\\=7 November 2018 \\\|url\\=https://avisolawllc.com/charged\\-with\\-a\\-crime\\-on\\-a\\-military\\-base/ \\\|accessdate\\=25 June 2021}} A military investigation may be conducted to determine whether or not to prosecute a civilian who commits a crime on a military base. Civilians are not otherwise subject to military law, even when the crime is committed against a service member. When a civilian bus driver [murdered an Army private](/wiki/Henry_Williams_%28soldier%29 \"Henry Williams (soldier)\") off post in 1942, for example, the post commander was unable to investigate.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Henry Williams \\\|website\\=Civil Rights \\& Restorative Justice \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northeastern University]] \\\|url\\=https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/downloads/neu:m0428491z?datastream\\_id\\=content \\\|accessdate\\=23 June 2021}}", "#### Military contractors", "Historically, the UCMJ applied to \"persons serving with or accompanying an armed force in the field\" and thus included [military contractors](/wiki/Military_contractor \"Military contractor\") \"in time of war.\"David C. Hammond, [The First Prosecution of a Contractor Under the UCMJ: Lessons for Service Contractors](https://www.crowell.com/documents/The-First-Prosecution-of-a-Contractor-Under-the-UCMJ.pdf), Service Contractor (Fall 2008\\), pp. 33\\-34\\. In the [John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007](/wiki/John_Warner_National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2007 \"John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007\"), which was enacted in 2006, Congress expanded the UCMJ's applicability to cover contractors during a \"declared war or contingency operation.\" The change came following the [Nisour Square massacre](/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre \"Nisour Square massacre\") perpetrated by Blackwater Security personnel.{{cite web\\\|date\\=April 17, 2008\\\|newspaper\\=Stars \\& Stripes\\\|url\\=https://www.stripes.com/news/hearing\\-begins\\-in\\-contractor\\-stabbing\\-case\\-1\\.77749\\\|title\\=Hearing begins in contractor stabbing case}}", "In 2008, the first contractor was prosecuted under the new provision, marking the first time since 1968 that a contractor had been charged under military law.{{cite web\\\|date\\=December 1, 2009\\\|author\\=Staff Report\\\|title\\=Former N.C. senator serves tour in Iraq\\\|url\\=https://www.salisburypost.com/2009/12/01/former\\-n\\-c\\-senator\\-serves\\-tour\\-in\\-iraq/\\\|newspaper\\=NC Lawyer\\\|via\\=Salisbury Post}} The civilian defendant, a dual Canadian\\-Iraqi citizen, was charged with stabbing a co\\-worker, another Iraqi civilian. The contractor ultimately pleaded guilty.", "### Non\\-judicial punishment", "{{Main\\\|Nonjudicial punishment}}\nUnder Article 15 of the Code (Subchapter III), specified military commanders have the authority to exercise [non\\-judicial punishment](/wiki/Nonjudicial_punishment \"Nonjudicial punishment\") (NJP) over their subordinates for minor breaches of discipline.{{UnitedStatesCode\\\|10\\\|815\\\|15\\\|pipe\\=Art 15\\. Commanding officer’s non\\-judicial punishment}} These punishments are carried out after a hearing before the commander but without a judge and jury. Punishments are limited to a reduction in rank for enlisted members, loss of pay, restriction of privileges, extra\\-duty, reprimands, and, aboard ships, confinement. Guidelines for the imposition of NJP are contained in Part V of the [Manual for Courts\\-Martial](/wiki/Manual_for_Courts-Martial \"Manual for Courts-Martial\") and the various service regulations.{{Cite manual \\\|title\\=Manual for Courts Martial \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Department of Defense]]; \\[\\[Library of Congress]] \\\|year\\=2019 \\\|edition\\=2019 \\\|location\\=\\[\\[United States]] \\\|chapter\\=Part V: Non Judicial Punishment Procedure \\\|id\\=https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.law/llmlp.MCM\\-2019 \\\|department\\=}}", "### Complaints of wrongs and loss of property", "The UCMJ provides that any service member may bring a \"complaint of wrongs\" against their commanding officer to the next senior officer exercising general court\\-martial authority over their commander.{{UnitedStatesCode\\\|10\\\|938\\\|138\\\|pipe\\=Art 138\\. Complaints of wrongs}} That officer will investigate the complaint of wrongs, and then report the findings of the investigation to the service Secretary (i.e., Secretary of the [Army](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army \"United States Secretary of the Army\"), [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy \"United States Secretary of the Navy\"), [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force \"United States Secretary of the Air Force\")) concerned.{{Cite journal \\\|title\\=Procedures for Article 138, UCMJ, Complaints \\\|journal\\=The Army Lawyer \\\|last\\=Brick \\\|first\\=Samuel T. \\\|issue\\=4 \\\|via\\=\\[\\[HeinOnline]] \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School]] \\\|year\\=1979 \\\|page\\=3}} Following said findings an investigation board can be convened to investigate and adjudicate claims of willful damage, destruction, or theft of personal property, only if both parties are subject to the Code.{{UnitedStatesCode\\\|10\\\|939\\\|139\\\|pipe\\=Art 139\\. Redress of injuries to property}}", "" ]
### Personal jurisdiction Within the exceptions below, as codified in Article 2 of the UCMJ, [personal jurisdiction](/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction "Personal jurisdiction") attaches, regardless of the physical global location of the service member, over all members of the [Uniformed Services of the United States](/wiki/Uniformed_Services_of_the_United_States "Uniformed Services of the United States"): the [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army"), [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"), [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy"), [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force"), [Space Force](/wiki/United_States_Space_Force "United States Space Force"), [Coast Guard](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard"), [NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps](/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Officer_Corps "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps"), and [Public Health Service Commissioned Corps](/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps "United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps").{{UnitedStatesCode\\|10\\|802\\|2a\\|pipe\=Art 2\. Persons subject to this chapter}}{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/newcaaf/digest/IA2\.htm \\|title\=First Principles: Jurisdiction: In Personam \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-04 \\|publisher\=\[\[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces]]}} While the Coast Guard is administered under Title 14 of the [United States Code](/wiki/United_States_Code "United States Code") when not operating as part of the U.S. Navy, individuals commissioned or enlisted in the Coast Guard are subject to the UCMJ as an armed force. Commissioned members of the [NOAA](/wiki/NOAA "NOAA") and [PHS](/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service "United States Public Health Service"), as [uniformed services](/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States "Uniformed services of the United States"), are only subject to the UCMJ when attached or detailed to a military unit by competent orders, or when militarized by Presidential [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 "Executive order (United States)") during a [national emergency](/wiki/National_emergency "National emergency") or [declaration of war](/wiki/Declaration_of_war "Declaration of war"). Members of the military Reserve Components under [Title 10 of the United States Code](/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 10 of the United States Code") ([Army Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve "United States Army Reserve"), [Marine Forces Reserve](/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve "Marine Forces Reserve"), [Navy Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve "United States Navy Reserve"), and [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command "Air Force Reserve Command")), or [Title 14 of the United States Code](/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 14 of the United States Code"), [Coast Guard Reserve](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Reserve "Coast Guard Reserve") when not operating as part of the U.S. Navy, are subject to the UCMJ when they are: 1. Full\-Time Support (FTS) personnel on active duty orders serving pursuant to the authority of 10 USC 10211 or 10 USC 12310, including: 1. Army/Air Force "Active Guard and Reserve (AGR)," 2. Navy "Full\-time Support (FTS)," 3. Marine Corps "Active Reserve (AR)," or 4. Coast Guard "Reserve Program Administrators (RPA)."{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.uscg.mil/opm/Opm3/Opm3docs/OSMS/CG\-NAP14\.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=November 10, 2016 \\|archive\-date\=November 10, 2016 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110235417/https://www.uscg.mil/opm/Opm3/Opm3docs/OSMS/CG\-NAP14\.pdf \\|url\-status\=dead }} 2. "Traditional" reservists performing either: 1. Full\-time active duty service under orders for a specific period, i.e., Annual Training, Active Duty for Training, Active Duty for Operational Support, Active Duty Special Work, Mobilization or Recall to Active Duty, Canvasser Recruiter, etc., or 2. Performing part\-time Inactive Duty, i.e., Inactive Duty Training, Inactive Duty Travel and Training, Unit Training Assembly, Additional Training Periods, Additional Flying Training Periods, Reserve Management Periods, etc., all of which are colloquially known as "drills." 3. Retired Reservists who are either recalled to active duty pursuant to secretarial authority, or who are receiving medical treatment in an armed forces hospital (see below). [Soldiers](/wiki/Army_National_Guard "Army National Guard") and [airmen](/wiki/Air_National_Guard "Air National Guard") in the [National Guard of the United States](/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States "National Guard of the United States") are subject to the UCMJ only if activated (mobilized or recalled to active duty) in a federal capacity under Title 10 by an [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 "Executive order (United States)") issued by the [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"), or during their annual training periods, which are orders issued under Title 10, during which periods of duty they are federalized into the National Guard of the United States. Otherwise, members of the National Guard are usually exempt from the UCMJ. However, under [Title 32](/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 32 of the United States Code") orders, or State Active Duty orders issued directly under State authority, individual members of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are still subject to their respective state codes of military justice, which often resemble the UCMJ very closely, and/or their state civil and criminal laws. Several States also authorize either naval or military organized militia forces. These are collectively known as the [State Guard](/wiki/State_defense_force "State defense force").{{cite web\\|url\=http://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/2014/ic/titles/010/articles/016/chapters/006/\#section\-2\\|title\=Indiana Code 2014 \- Indiana General Assembly, 2017 Session\\|first\=Indiana General\\|last\=Assembly\\|access\-date\=November 29, 2016}} State Guard organizations are organized, trained, equipped, armed, disciplined, and administered under each State's own sovereign authority, and are not subject to a Federal recall to active duty, nor are the individual members subject to the UCMJ in their capacities as members of the State Guard. State Guard organizations typically are organized similarly to a military force, and usually report to the senior National Guard officer in each State, known as the Adjutant General. In this sense, the State Guard are auxiliaries to each State's Constitutionally authorized organized militia forces, the Army and Air National Guard. The State Guard is often specialized, based on each state's requirements, for missions such as wilderness search and rescue, light aviation, forest firefighting, law enforcement, or general emergency management roles. Under each state's own authorities, State Guard members may be ordered to State Active Duty (SAD), in a status similar to National Guard members in a Title 32 status but solely under state authority and discipline, and also may be provided with the training, equipment, and authority to act as law enforcement officers with powers of arrest. Each state sets the requirements to join, remain, be promoted or rewarded, and conditions of employment such as a minimum amount of duty performed in a year, and whether any duty is paid or unpaid, and whether the individuals are covered by various civil service or retirement pension plans. Most State Guard duty is performed without pay, in a volunteer status. While the State Guard organizations are subject to recall to SAD, or other workforce requirements as imposed by their state, they are not subject to either partial or full mobilization authorities under Title 10\. However, the individual State Guard members often have dual\-status as both State Guard and a federally recognized uniformed services member, such as a [Texas State Guard](/wiki/Texas_State_Guard "Texas State Guard") officer who is also a retired U.S. military officer. Such an individual could be recalled to active duty under both SAD as a State Guard member, or under one of the various authorities to recall retired or reserve military members to active duty (10 USC 688, various 10 USC 123XX authorities, and others), but not both because a federal status trumps a state status. State Guard members could thus be subject to the UCMJ at all times under their federal status, and under specific state military and civil/criminal codes under their state status. Cadets and midshipmen at the [United States Military Academy](/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy"), [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy"), [United States Air Force Academy](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy "United States Air Force Academy"), and [United States Coast Guard Academy](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy "United States Coast Guard Academy"), are subject to the UCMJ at all times because they are in an active duty status as members of the regular component while serving at a Military Service Academy, per Article 2(a)(2\) of UCMJ.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.ucmj.us/about\-the\-ucmj\\|title\=About « UCMJ – United States Code of Military Justice\\|access\-date\=November 29, 2016}} Army and Air Force [Reserve Officers' Training Corps](/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps "Reserve Officers' Training Corps") (ROTC) cadets are not subject to the UCMJ, except while on inactive or active duty training.{{Cite court \\|litigants\=Woodrick v. Divich \\|vol\=24 \\|reporter\=M.J. \\|opinion\=147 \\|pinpoint\=150 fn2 \\|court\=\[\[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces\\|C.M.A.]] \\|date\=1987 \\|url\=https://cite.case.law/mj/24/147/ \\|access\-date\= \\|quote\=Article 2(a)(2\), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 802(a)(2\), which includes '\[c]adets, aviation cadets, and midshipmen,' applies to cadets at the service academies, but it does not encompass AFROTC cadets.}} Midshipmen of the [United States Merchant Marine Academy](/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy "United States Merchant Marine Academy") and Navy ROTC (including marine\-option) midshipmen are also subject to the UCMJ when on inactive or active duty for training orders.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/801\\|title\=10 U.S. Code §801\. Article 1\. Definitions\\|publisher\=Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute\\|access\-date\=May 20, 2020}} Members of military [auxiliaries](/wiki/Auxiliaries "Auxiliaries") such as the [Civil Air Patrol](/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol "Civil Air Patrol") and the [Coast Guard Auxiliary](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary "United States Coast Guard Auxiliary") are not subject to the UCMJ, even when participating in missions assigned by the military or other branches of government. However, members of the Coast Guard Auxiliary can be called by the Commandant of the Coast Guard into the Temporary Reserve of the Coast Guard, in which case they become subject to the UCMJ. Additionally, the following categories of service members are subject to the UCMJ as indicated:{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/802\\|title\=10 U.S. Code §802\. Art. 2\. Persons subject to this chapter\\|publisher\=Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute\\|access\-date\=May 20, 2020}} 1. Retired members of the regular component who are entitled to retirement pay, per Article 2(a)(4\) of UCMJ, regardless of the authority under which retired from active service and transferred to the retired list of their respective service's regular component, 2. Retired members of the reserve component, whether entitled to retired pay or awaiting retired pay at age 60 as a gray area reserve retiree, who are receiving hospital care from an armed force, per Article 2(a)(5\) of UCMJ, 3. Members of the Fleet Reserve/Fleet Marine Corps Reserve (FR/FMCR), as enlisted retired Navy or Marine Corps personnel who have not yet served a total of 30 years of combined active, fleet reserve, and retired service, per Article 2(a)(6\) of UCMJ. Both regular component and reserve component enlisted retirees are transferred to the FR/FMCR upon retirement if they have less than 30 total years, but more than 20 cumulative years of active service, and remain subject to the UCMJ in that status until they complete 30 total years of active and fleet reserve service, and are transferred to their respective original Service Retired List (regular component or retired reserve). The FR/FMCR is not applicable to any officers, any service member retired for disability and transferred to the Temporary or Permanent Disability Retired Lists, nor any enlisted retirees except those of the Navy and Marine Corps as noted above. 4. Persons in custody of the U.S. Armed Forces serving a sentence imposed by a court\-martial, per Article 2(a)(7\) of UCMJ, 5. Members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Public Health Service, and other organizations, when assigned to and serving with the armed forces, per Article 2(a)(8\) of UCMJ, 6. [Prisoners of War (POW)/Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW)](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") in the custody of the U.S. Armed Forces, per Article 2(a)(9\) of UCMJ, 7. In time of declared war or a contingency operation, persons serving with or accompanying a U.S. armed force in the field, per Article 2(a)(10\), and 8. Detained [medical personnel](/wiki/Combat_medic "Combat medic") and [military chaplains](/wiki/Military_chaplain "Military chaplain") in the custody of the U.S. Armed Forces. Civilians are not subject to UCMJ. However, the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction over crimes committed on a military installation.{{cite web \\|title\=Charged with a Crime on a Military Base? Find Out Why Where it Happened Matters \\|website\=Aviso Law Blog \\|date\=7 November 2018 \\|url\=https://avisolawllc.com/charged\-with\-a\-crime\-on\-a\-military\-base/ \\|accessdate\=25 June 2021}} A military investigation may be conducted to determine whether or not to prosecute a civilian who commits a crime on a military base. Civilians are not otherwise subject to military law, even when the crime is committed against a service member. When a civilian bus driver [murdered an Army private](/wiki/Henry_Williams_%28soldier%29 "Henry Williams (soldier)") off post in 1942, for example, the post commander was unable to investigate.{{cite web \\|title\=Henry Williams \\|website\=Civil Rights \& Restorative Justice \\|publisher\=\[\[Northeastern University]] \\|url\=https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/downloads/neu:m0428491z?datastream\_id\=content \\|accessdate\=23 June 2021}} #### Military contractors Historically, the UCMJ applied to "persons serving with or accompanying an armed force in the field" and thus included [military contractors](/wiki/Military_contractor "Military contractor") "in time of war."David C. Hammond, [The First Prosecution of a Contractor Under the UCMJ: Lessons for Service Contractors](https://www.crowell.com/documents/The-First-Prosecution-of-a-Contractor-Under-the-UCMJ.pdf), Service Contractor (Fall 2008\), pp. 33\-34\. In the [John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007](/wiki/John_Warner_National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2007 "John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007"), which was enacted in 2006, Congress expanded the UCMJ's applicability to cover contractors during a "declared war or contingency operation." The change came following the [Nisour Square massacre](/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre "Nisour Square massacre") perpetrated by Blackwater Security personnel.{{cite web\\|date\=April 17, 2008\\|newspaper\=Stars \& Stripes\\|url\=https://www.stripes.com/news/hearing\-begins\-in\-contractor\-stabbing\-case\-1\.77749\\|title\=Hearing begins in contractor stabbing case}} In 2008, the first contractor was prosecuted under the new provision, marking the first time since 1968 that a contractor had been charged under military law.{{cite web\\|date\=December 1, 2009\\|author\=Staff Report\\|title\=Former N.C. senator serves tour in Iraq\\|url\=https://www.salisburypost.com/2009/12/01/former\-n\-c\-senator\-serves\-tour\-in\-iraq/\\|newspaper\=NC Lawyer\\|via\=Salisbury Post}} The civilian defendant, a dual Canadian\-Iraqi citizen, was charged with stabbing a co\-worker, another Iraqi civilian. The contractor ultimately pleaded guilty.	[ "### Personal jurisdiction", "Within the exceptions below, as codified in Article 2 of the UCMJ, [personal jurisdiction](/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction \"Personal jurisdiction\") attaches, regardless of the physical global location of the service member, over all members of the [Uniformed Services of the United States](/wiki/Uniformed_Services_of_the_United_States \"Uniformed Services of the United States\"): the [Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\"), [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\"), [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"), [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\"), [Space Force](/wiki/United_States_Space_Force \"United States Space Force\"), [Coast Guard](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard \"United States Coast Guard\"), [NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps](/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Officer_Corps \"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps\"), and [Public Health Service Commissioned Corps](/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps \"United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps\").{{UnitedStatesCode\\\|10\\\|802\\\|2a\\\|pipe\\=Art 2\\. Persons subject to this chapter}}{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/newcaaf/digest/IA2\\.htm \\\|title\\=First Principles: Jurisdiction: In Personam \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-04 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces]]}}", "While the Coast Guard is administered under Title 14 of the [United States Code](/wiki/United_States_Code \"United States Code\") when not operating as part of the U.S. Navy, individuals commissioned or enlisted in the Coast Guard are subject to the UCMJ as an armed force. Commissioned members of the [NOAA](/wiki/NOAA \"NOAA\") and [PHS](/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service \"United States Public Health Service\"), as [uniformed services](/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States \"Uniformed services of the United States\"), are only subject to the UCMJ when attached or detailed to a military unit by competent orders, or when militarized by Presidential [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 \"Executive order (United States)\") during a [national emergency](/wiki/National_emergency \"National emergency\") or [declaration of war](/wiki/Declaration_of_war \"Declaration of war\").", "Members of the military Reserve Components under [Title 10 of the United States Code](/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code \"Title 10 of the United States Code\") ([Army Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve \"United States Army Reserve\"), [Marine Forces Reserve](/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve \"Marine Forces Reserve\"), [Navy Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve \"United States Navy Reserve\"), and [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command \"Air Force Reserve Command\")), or [Title 14 of the United States Code](/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code \"Title 14 of the United States Code\"), [Coast Guard Reserve](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Reserve \"Coast Guard Reserve\") when not operating as part of the U.S. Navy, are subject to the UCMJ when they are:", "1. Full\\-Time Support (FTS) personnel on active duty orders serving pursuant to the authority of 10 USC 10211 or 10 USC 12310, including:\n\t1. Army/Air Force \"Active Guard and Reserve (AGR),\"\n\t2. Navy \"Full\\-time Support (FTS),\"\n\t3. Marine Corps \"Active Reserve (AR),\" or\n\t4. Coast Guard \"Reserve Program Administrators (RPA).\"{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.uscg.mil/opm/Opm3/Opm3docs/OSMS/CG\\-NAP14\\.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=November 10, 2016 \\\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2016 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110235417/https://www.uscg.mil/opm/Opm3/Opm3docs/OSMS/CG\\-NAP14\\.pdf \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n2. \"Traditional\" reservists performing either:\n\t1. Full\\-time active duty service under orders for a specific period, i.e., Annual Training, Active Duty for Training, Active Duty for Operational Support, Active Duty Special Work, Mobilization or Recall to Active Duty, Canvasser Recruiter, etc., or\n\t2. Performing part\\-time Inactive Duty, i.e., Inactive Duty Training, Inactive Duty Travel and Training, Unit Training Assembly, Additional Training Periods, Additional Flying Training Periods, Reserve Management Periods, etc., all of which are colloquially known as \"drills.\"\n\t3. Retired Reservists who are either recalled to active duty pursuant to secretarial authority, or who are receiving medical treatment in an armed forces hospital (see below).", "[Soldiers](/wiki/Army_National_Guard \"Army National Guard\") and [airmen](/wiki/Air_National_Guard \"Air National Guard\") in the [National Guard of the United States](/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States \"National Guard of the United States\") are subject to the UCMJ only if activated (mobilized or recalled to active duty) in a federal capacity under Title 10 by an [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 \"Executive order (United States)\") issued by the [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\"), or during their annual training periods, which are orders issued under Title 10, during which periods of duty they are federalized into the National Guard of the United States. Otherwise, members of the National Guard are usually exempt from the UCMJ. However, under [Title 32](/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code \"Title 32 of the United States Code\") orders, or State Active Duty orders issued directly under State authority, individual members of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are still subject to their respective state codes of military justice, which often resemble the UCMJ very closely, and/or their state civil and criminal laws.", "Several States also authorize either naval or military organized militia forces. These are collectively known as the [State Guard](/wiki/State_defense_force \"State defense force\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/2014/ic/titles/010/articles/016/chapters/006/\\#section\\-2\\\|title\\=Indiana Code 2014 \\- Indiana General Assembly, 2017 Session\\\|first\\=Indiana General\\\|last\\=Assembly\\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2016}} State Guard organizations are organized, trained, equipped, armed, disciplined, and administered under each State's own sovereign authority, and are not subject to a Federal recall to active duty, nor are the individual members subject to the UCMJ in their capacities as members of the State Guard. State Guard organizations typically are organized similarly to a military force, and usually report to the senior National Guard officer in each State, known as the Adjutant General.", "In this sense, the State Guard are auxiliaries to each State's Constitutionally authorized organized militia forces, the Army and Air National Guard. The State Guard is often specialized, based on each state's requirements, for missions such as wilderness search and rescue, light aviation, forest firefighting, law enforcement, or general emergency management roles. Under each state's own authorities, State Guard members may be ordered to State Active Duty (SAD), in a status similar to National Guard members in a Title 32 status but solely under state authority and discipline, and also may be provided with the training, equipment, and authority to act as law enforcement officers with powers of arrest.", "Each state sets the requirements to join, remain, be promoted or rewarded, and conditions of employment such as a minimum amount of duty performed in a year, and whether any duty is paid or unpaid, and whether the individuals are covered by various civil service or retirement pension plans. Most State Guard duty is performed without pay, in a volunteer status. While the State Guard organizations are subject to recall to SAD, or other workforce requirements as imposed by their state, they are not subject to either partial or full mobilization authorities under Title 10\\.", "However, the individual State Guard members often have dual\\-status as both State Guard and a federally recognized uniformed services member, such as a [Texas State Guard](/wiki/Texas_State_Guard \"Texas State Guard\") officer who is also a retired U.S. military officer. Such an individual could be recalled to active duty under both SAD as a State Guard member, or under one of the various authorities to recall retired or reserve military members to active duty (10 USC 688, various 10 USC 123XX authorities, and others), but not both because a federal status trumps a state status. State Guard members could thus be subject to the UCMJ at all times under their federal status, and under specific state military and civil/criminal codes under their state status.", "Cadets and midshipmen at the [United States Military Academy](/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy \"United States Military Academy\"), [United States Naval Academy](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy \"United States Naval Academy\"), [United States Air Force Academy](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy \"United States Air Force Academy\"), and [United States Coast Guard Academy](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy \"United States Coast Guard Academy\"), are subject to the UCMJ at all times because they are in an active duty status as members of the regular component while serving at a Military Service Academy, per Article 2(a)(2\\) of UCMJ.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.ucmj.us/about\\-the\\-ucmj\\\|title\\=About « UCMJ – United States Code of Military Justice\\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2016}} Army and Air Force [Reserve Officers' Training Corps](/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps \"Reserve Officers' Training Corps\") (ROTC) cadets are not subject to the UCMJ, except while on inactive or active duty training.{{Cite court \\\|litigants\\=Woodrick v. Divich \\\|vol\\=24 \\\|reporter\\=M.J. \\\|opinion\\=147 \\\|pinpoint\\=150 fn2 \\\|court\\=\\[\\[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces\\\|C.M.A.]] \\\|date\\=1987 \\\|url\\=https://cite.case.law/mj/24/147/ \\\|access\\-date\\= \\\|quote\\=Article 2(a)(2\\), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 802(a)(2\\), which includes '\\[c]adets, aviation cadets, and midshipmen,' applies to cadets at the service academies, but it does not encompass AFROTC cadets.}} Midshipmen of the [United States Merchant Marine Academy](/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy \"United States Merchant Marine Academy\") and Navy ROTC (including marine\\-option) midshipmen are also subject to the UCMJ when on inactive or active duty for training orders.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/801\\\|title\\=10 U.S. Code §801\\. Article 1\\. Definitions\\\|publisher\\=Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute\\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2020}}", "Members of military [auxiliaries](/wiki/Auxiliaries \"Auxiliaries\") such as the [Civil Air Patrol](/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol \"Civil Air Patrol\") and the [Coast Guard Auxiliary](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary \"United States Coast Guard Auxiliary\") are not subject to the UCMJ, even when participating in missions assigned by the military or other branches of government. However, members of the Coast Guard Auxiliary can be called by the Commandant of the Coast Guard into the Temporary Reserve of the Coast Guard, in which case they become subject to the UCMJ.", "Additionally, the following categories of service members are subject to the UCMJ as indicated:{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/802\\\|title\\=10 U.S. Code §802\\. Art. 2\\. Persons subject to this chapter\\\|publisher\\=Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute\\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2020}}", "1. Retired members of the regular component who are entitled to retirement pay, per Article 2(a)(4\\) of UCMJ, regardless of the authority under which retired from active service and transferred to the retired list of their respective service's regular component,\n2. Retired members of the reserve component, whether entitled to retired pay or awaiting retired pay at age 60 as a gray area reserve retiree, who are receiving hospital care from an armed force, per Article 2(a)(5\\) of UCMJ,\n3. Members of the Fleet Reserve/Fleet Marine Corps Reserve (FR/FMCR), as enlisted retired Navy or Marine Corps personnel who have not yet served a total of 30 years of combined active, fleet reserve, and retired service, per Article 2(a)(6\\) of UCMJ. Both regular component and reserve component enlisted retirees are transferred to the FR/FMCR upon retirement if they have less than 30 total years, but more than 20 cumulative years of active service, and remain subject to the UCMJ in that status until they complete 30 total years of active and fleet reserve service, and are transferred to their respective original Service Retired List (regular component or retired reserve). The FR/FMCR is not applicable to any officers, any service member retired for disability and transferred to the Temporary or Permanent Disability Retired Lists, nor any enlisted retirees except those of the Navy and Marine Corps as noted above.\n4. Persons in custody of the U.S. Armed Forces serving a sentence imposed by a court\\-martial, per Article 2(a)(7\\) of UCMJ,\n5. Members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Public Health Service, and other organizations, when assigned to and serving with the armed forces, per Article 2(a)(8\\) of UCMJ,\n6. [Prisoners of War (POW)/Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW)](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war \"Prisoner of war\") in the custody of the U.S. Armed Forces, per Article 2(a)(9\\) of UCMJ,\n7. In time of declared war or a contingency operation, persons serving with or accompanying a U.S. armed force in the field, per Article 2(a)(10\\), and\n8. Detained [medical personnel](/wiki/Combat_medic \"Combat medic\") and [military chaplains](/wiki/Military_chaplain \"Military chaplain\") in the custody of the U.S. Armed Forces.", "Civilians are not subject to UCMJ. However, the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction over crimes committed on a military installation.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Charged with a Crime on a Military Base? Find Out Why Where it Happened Matters \\\|website\\=Aviso Law Blog \\\|date\\=7 November 2018 \\\|url\\=https://avisolawllc.com/charged\\-with\\-a\\-crime\\-on\\-a\\-military\\-base/ \\\|accessdate\\=25 June 2021}} A military investigation may be conducted to determine whether or not to prosecute a civilian who commits a crime on a military base. Civilians are not otherwise subject to military law, even when the crime is committed against a service member. When a civilian bus driver [murdered an Army private](/wiki/Henry_Williams_%28soldier%29 \"Henry Williams (soldier)\") off post in 1942, for example, the post commander was unable to investigate.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Henry Williams \\\|website\\=Civil Rights \\& Restorative Justice \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Northeastern University]] \\\|url\\=https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/downloads/neu:m0428491z?datastream\\_id\\=content \\\|accessdate\\=23 June 2021}}", "#### Military contractors", "Historically, the UCMJ applied to \"persons serving with or accompanying an armed force in the field\" and thus included [military contractors](/wiki/Military_contractor \"Military contractor\") \"in time of war.\"David C. Hammond, [The First Prosecution of a Contractor Under the UCMJ: Lessons for Service Contractors](https://www.crowell.com/documents/The-First-Prosecution-of-a-Contractor-Under-the-UCMJ.pdf), Service Contractor (Fall 2008\\), pp. 33\\-34\\. In the [John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007](/wiki/John_Warner_National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2007 \"John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007\"), which was enacted in 2006, Congress expanded the UCMJ's applicability to cover contractors during a \"declared war or contingency operation.\" The change came following the [Nisour Square massacre](/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre \"Nisour Square massacre\") perpetrated by Blackwater Security personnel.{{cite web\\\|date\\=April 17, 2008\\\|newspaper\\=Stars \\& Stripes\\\|url\\=https://www.stripes.com/news/hearing\\-begins\\-in\\-contractor\\-stabbing\\-case\\-1\\.77749\\\|title\\=Hearing begins in contractor stabbing case}}", "In 2008, the first contractor was prosecuted under the new provision, marking the first time since 1968 that a contractor had been charged under military law.{{cite web\\\|date\\=December 1, 2009\\\|author\\=Staff Report\\\|title\\=Former N.C. senator serves tour in Iraq\\\|url\\=https://www.salisburypost.com/2009/12/01/former\\-n\\-c\\-senator\\-serves\\-tour\\-in\\-iraq/\\\|newspaper\\=NC Lawyer\\\|via\\=Salisbury Post}} The civilian defendant, a dual Canadian\\-Iraqi citizen, was charged with stabbing a co\\-worker, another Iraqi civilian. The contractor ultimately pleaded guilty.", "" ]
Current subchapters ------------------- The UCMJ is found in Title 10, Subtitle A, Part II, Chapter 47 of the [United States Code](/wiki/United_States_Code "United States Code"). \| Subchapter \| Title \| Section \| Articles \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| I \| General Provisions \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|801}} \| 1–6 \| \| II \| Apprehension and Restraint \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|807}} \| 7–14 \| \| III \| [Non\-Judicial Punishment](/wiki/Nonjudicial_punishment "Nonjudicial punishment") \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|815}} \| 15 \| \| IV \| [Court\-Martial](/wiki/Court-martial "Court-martial") [Jurisdiction](/wiki/Jurisdiction "Jurisdiction") \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|816}} \| 16–21 \| \| V \| Composition of Courts\-Martial \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|822}} \| 22–29 \| \| VI \| Pre\-Trial Procedure \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|830}} \| 30–35 \| \| VII \| Trial Procedure \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|836}} \| 36–54 \| \| VIII \| Sentences \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|855}} \| 55–58 \| \| IX \| Post\-Trial Procedure and Review of Courts\-Martial \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|859}} \| 59–76 \| \| X \| Punitive Articles \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|877}} \| 77–134 \| \| XI \| Miscellaneous Provisions \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|935}} \| 135–140 \| \| XII \| [Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Armed_Forces "United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces") \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|941}} \| 141–146 \| ### General provisions Subchapter I, "General Provisions" has six sections (articles): \| Section \| Article \| Title \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|801}} \| 1 \| Definitions \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|802}} \| 2 \| Persons subject to this chapter \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|803}} \| 3 \| Jurisdiction to try certain personnel \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|804}} \| 4 \| Dismissed officer's right to trial by court\-martial \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|805}} \| 5 \| Territorial applicability of this chapter \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|806}} \| 6 \| Judge advocates and legal officers \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|806a}} \| 6a \| Investigation and disposition of matters pertaining to the fitness of military judges \| Article 1 (Definitions), defines the following terms used in the rest of the UCMJ: [Judge Advocate General](/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps "Judge Advocate General's Corps"), the [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy"), [officer in charge](/wiki/Duty_officer "Duty officer"), superior [commissioned officer](/wiki/Commissioned_officer%23Commissioned_officers "Commissioned officer#Commissioned officers"), [cadet](/wiki/Cadet%23United_States "Cadet#United States"), [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman%23United_States_Naval_and_Merchant_Marine_Academies "Midshipman#United States Naval and Merchant Marine Academies"), [military](/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States "Military of the United States"), accuser, military judge, law specialist, legal officer, judge advocate, record, [classified information](/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States "Classified information in the United States"), and [national security](/wiki/National_security "National security"). This article also provides that, "The Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard when it is operating as a service in the Navy, shall be considered as one armed force" for the purposes of the UCMJ.{{USC\\|10\\|801}} Art. 1: Definitions. ### Pre\-trial procedure \| Section \| Article \| Title \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|830}} \| 30 \| Charges and specifications \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|831}} \| 31 \| Compulsory self\-incrimination prohibited \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|832}} \| 32 \| Investigation \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|833}} \| 33 \| Forwarding of charges \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|834}} \| 34 \| Advice of staff judge advocate and reference for trial \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|835}} \| 35 \| Service of charges \| Under Article 31, coercive [self\-incrimination](/wiki/Self-incrimination "Self-incrimination") is prohibited as a right under the [Fifth Amendment](/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"). Apprehending officers utilize the Article 31 warning and waiver to prevent this self\-incrimination, much like the [Miranda warning](/wiki/Miranda_warning "Miranda warning"). Article 31 was already well\-established before Miranda. [Article 32](/wiki/Article_32_hearing "Article 32 hearing") refers to the pre\-trial investigation and hearing conducted before charges are referred to trial for court\-martial. It may be conducted by a [Judge Advocate General](/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps "Judge Advocate General's Corps") (JAG) officer or non\-JAG officer. ### Punitive articles Subchapter X, "Punitive Articles", is the subchapter that details offenses under the uniform code. The 2019 MCM incorporates both major and minor changes to certain articles, and relocates many articles; careful examination of the source document is required to ensure full understanding, and previous "cheat sheets" and training materials may therefore be outdated. Those articles with a title annotated by "\" were changed from the 2016 MCM: \| Section \| Article \| Title \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|877}} \| 77 \| [Principals](/wiki/Principal_%28criminal_law%29 "Principal (criminal law)") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|878}} \| 78 \| \[Accessory after the fact](/wiki/Accessory_%28legal_term%29 "Accessory (legal term)") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|879}} \| 79 \| \[Conviction](/wiki/Conviction "Conviction") of offense charged, [lesser included offense](/wiki/Lesser_included_offense "Lesser included offense"), and [attempts](/wiki/Attempt_%28crime%29 "Attempt (crime)") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|880}} \| 80 \| \[Attempts](/wiki/Attempt "Attempt") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|881}} \| 81 \| [Conspiracy](/wiki/Conspiracy_%28crime%29 "Conspiracy (crime)") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|882}} \| 82 \| \[Soliciting](/wiki/Solicitation "Solicitation") commission of offenses \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|883}} \| 83 \| \[Malingering](/wiki/Malingering "Malingering") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|884}} \| 84 \| \Breach of medical quarantine \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|885}} \| 85 \| [Desertion](/wiki/Desertion "Desertion") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|886}} \| 86 \| [Absence without leave](/wiki/Desertion "Desertion") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|887}} \| 87 \| \[Missing movement](/wiki/Desertion "Desertion"); jumping from vessel \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|887a}} \| 87a \| \Resistance, flight, breach of arrest, and escape \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|887b}} \| 87b \| \Offenses against correctional custody and restriction \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|888}} \| 88 \| [Contempt toward officials](/wiki/Contempt_toward_officials "Contempt toward officials") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|889}} \| 89 \| \Disrespect toward superior commissioned officer; assault of superior commissioned officer \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|890}} \| 90 \| \Willfully disobeying superior commissioned officer \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|891}} \| 91 \| [Insubordinate conduct](/wiki/Insubordination "Insubordination") toward warrant officer, noncommissioned officer, or petty officer \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|892}} \| 92 \| Failure to obey order or regulation \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|893}} \| 93 \| \Cruelty and maltreatment \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|893a}} \| 93a \| \Prohibited activities with military recruit or trainee by person in position of special trust \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|894}} \| 94 \| [Mutiny](/wiki/Mutiny "Mutiny") or [sedition](/wiki/Sedition "Sedition") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|895}} \| 95 \| \Offenses by sentinel or lookout \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|895a}} \| 95a \| \Disrespect toward sentinel or lookout \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|896}} \| 96 \| \Release of prisoner without proper authority; drinking with prisoner \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|897}} \| 97 \| [Unlawful detention](/wiki/False_imprisonment "False imprisonment") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|898}} \| 98 \| \Misconduct as prisoner \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|899}} \| 99 \| [Misbehavior before the enemy](/wiki/Cowardice "Cowardice") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|900}} \| 100 \| Subordinate compelling surrender \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|901}} \| 101 \| Improper use of [countersign](/wiki/Countersign_%28military%29 "Countersign (military)") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|902}} \| 102 \| [Forcing a safeguard](/wiki/Forcing_a_safeguard "Forcing a safeguard") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|903}} \| 103 \| \[Spies](/wiki/Espionage "Espionage") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|903a}} \| 103a \| \[Espionage](/wiki/Espionage "Espionage") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|903b}} \| 103b \| \[Aiding the enemy](/wiki/Treason "Treason") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|904}} \| 104 \| \Public records offenses \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|904a}} \| 104a \| \Fraudulent enlistment, appointment, or separation \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|904b}} \| 104b \| \Unlawful enlistment, appointment, or separation \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|905}} \| 105 \| \[Forgery](/wiki/Forgery "Forgery") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|905a}} \| 105a \| \False or unauthorized pass offenses \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|906}} \| 106 \| \Impersonation of officer, noncommissioned or petty officer, or agent or official \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|906a}} \| 106a \| \Wearing unauthorized insignia, decoration, badge, ribbon, device, or lapel button \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|907}} \| 107 \| \False official statements; false swearing \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|907a}} \| 107a \| \Parole violation \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|908}} \| 108 \| \Military property of the United States—Loss, damage, destruction, or wrongful disposition \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|908a}} \| 108a \| \Captured or abandoned property \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|909}} \| 109 \| \Property other than military property of United States–Waste, spoilage, or destruction \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|909a}} \| 109a \| \Mail matter: wrongful taking, opening, etc \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|910}} \| 110 \| \Improper hazarding of vessel or aircraft \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|911}} \| 111 \| \[Leaving scene of vehicle accident](/wiki/Hit_and_run "Hit and run") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|912}} \| 112 \| \Drunkenness and other incapacitation offenses \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|912a}} \| 112a \| Wrongful use, possession, etc., of controlled substances \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|913}} \| 113 \| \[Drunken or reckless operation of a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence "Driving under the influence") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|914}} \| 114 \| \Endangerment offenses \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|915}} \| 115 \| \Communicating threats \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|916}} \| 116 \| [Riot](/wiki/Riot "Riot") or [breach of peace](/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace "Breach of the peace") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|917}} \| 117 \| Provoking speeches or gestures \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|918}} \| 118 \| \[Murder](/wiki/Murder "Murder") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|919}} \| 119 \| \[Manslaughter](/wiki/Manslaughter "Manslaughter") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|919a}} \| 119a \| \Death or injury of an unborn child \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|919b}} \| 119b \| \Child endangerment \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|920}} \| 120 \| \[Rape](/wiki/Rape "Rape") and [sexual assault](/wiki/Sexual_assault "Sexual assault") generally \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|920a}} \| 120a \| \Mails: deposit of obscene matter \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|920b}} \| 120b \| \Rape and sexual assault of a child \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|920c}} \| 120c \| \Other sexual misconduct \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|921}} \| 121 \| \[Larceny](/wiki/Larceny "Larceny") and wrongful appropriation \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|921a}} \| 121a \| \Fraudulent use of credit cards, debit cards, and other access devices \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|921b}} \| 121b \| \False pretenses to obtain services \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|922}} \| 122 \| \[Robbery](/wiki/Robbery "Robbery") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|922a}} \| 122a \| \Receiving stolen property \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|923}} \| 123 \| \Offenses concerning Government computers \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|923a}} \| 123a \| \Making, drawing, or [uttering](/wiki/Uttering "Uttering") [check](/wiki/Cheque "Cheque"), draft, or order [without sufficient funds](/wiki/Non-sufficient_funds "Non-sufficient funds") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|924}} \| 124 \| \Frauds against the United States \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|924a}} \| 124a \| \[Bribery](/wiki/Bribery "Bribery") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|924b}} \| 124b \| \[Graft](/wiki/Graft_%28politics%29 "Graft (politics)") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|925}} \| 125 \| \[Kidnapping](/wiki/Kidnapping "Kidnapping") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|926}} \| 126 \| \[Arson](/wiki/Arson "Arson"); burning property with intent to defraud \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|927}} \| 127 \| [Extortion](/wiki/Extortion "Extortion") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|928}} \| 128 \| \[Assault](/wiki/Assault "Assault") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|928a}} \| 128a \| \Maiming \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|929}} \| 129 \| \[Burglary](/wiki/Burglary "Burglary"); unlawful entry \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|930}} \| 130 \| \[Stalking](/wiki/Stalking "Stalking") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|931}} \| 131 \| [Perjury](/wiki/Perjury "Perjury") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|931a}} \| 131a \| \Subornation of perjury \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|931b}} \| 131b \| \[Obstructing justice](/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice "Obstruction of justice") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|931c}} \| 131c \| \Misprision of serious offense \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|931d}} \| 131d \| \Wrongful refusal to testify \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|931e}} \| 131e \| \Prevention of authorized seizure of property \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|931e}} \| 131f \| \Noncompliance with procedural rules \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|931e}} \| 131g \| \Wrongful interference with adverse administrative proceeding \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|932}} \| 132 \| \Retaliation \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|933}} \| 133 \| \[Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman](/wiki/Conduct_unbecoming_an_officer_and_a_gentleman "Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman") \| \| {{USCSec\\|10\\|934}} \| 134 \| \[General article](/wiki/General_article "General article") \| #### General article (Article 134\) The [general article](/wiki/General_article "General article") (Article 134\) authorizes the prosecution of offenses not specifically detailed by any other article: "...all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces, all conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces, and crimes and offenses not capital, of which persons subject to this chapter may be guilty."James R. Silkenat and Mark R. Shulman. The Imperial Presidency and the Consequences of 9/11: Lawyers React to the Global War on Terrorism (2007\). Greenwood Publishing Group: p. 193\. Clause 1 of the article involves disorders and neglect, "...to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces." Clause 2 involves, "...conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces." Clause 3 deals with non\-capital offenses violating other [federal law](/wiki/United_States_Code "United States Code"); under this clause, any such offense created by [federal statute](/wiki/Federal_statute "Federal statute") may be prosecuted under Article 134\. United States v. Perkins, 47 C.M.R. 259 (Air Force Ct. of Military Review 1973\).James R. Silkenat and Mark R. Shulman. The Imperial Presidency and the Consequences of 9/11: Lawyers React to the Global War on Terrorism (2007\). Greenwood Publishing Group: p. 193\. The most recent version of the [Manual for Courts\-Martial](/wiki/Manual_for_Courts-Martial "Manual for Courts-Martial") lists the following offenses commonly prosecuted under Article 134:Manual for Courts\-Martial (2019 ed.). IV\-138 to IV\-151, and A17\-18\.[UCMJ Article 134](https://mymilitarylawyers.com/practice-areas/ucmj-articles/ucmj-article-134-animal-abuse/#:~:text=Service%20members%20convicted%20of%20an%20Article%20134%20violation%20for%20sexual,and%20confinement%20for%205%20years.) * Animal abuse * [Bigamy](/wiki/Bigamy "Bigamy") * Check, worthless making and uttering – by dishonorably failing to maintain funds * Child pornography * Dishonorably failing to pay debt * [Disloyal statement](/wiki/Disloyal_statements "Disloyal statements") * Disorderly conduct, drunkenness * Extramarital sexual conduct * Discharging firearm through negligence * Fraternization * Gambling with subordinate * Negligent homicide * Indecent conduct * Indecent language * Pandering and prostitution * Self\-injury without intent to avoid service * Sexual act with an animal * Straggling * Visual depiction, nonconsensual distribution or broadcast	[ "Current subchapters\n-------------------", "The UCMJ is found in Title 10, Subtitle A, Part II, Chapter 47 of the [United States Code](/wiki/United_States_Code \"United States Code\").", "", "\| Subchapter \| Title \| Section \| Articles \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| I \| General Provisions \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|801}} \| 1–6 \|\n\| II \| Apprehension and Restraint \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|807}} \| 7–14 \|\n\| III \| [Non\\-Judicial Punishment](/wiki/Nonjudicial_punishment \"Nonjudicial punishment\") \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|815}} \| 15 \|\n\| IV \| [Court\\-Martial](/wiki/Court-martial \"Court-martial\") [Jurisdiction](/wiki/Jurisdiction \"Jurisdiction\") \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|816}} \| 16–21 \|\n\| V \| Composition of Courts\\-Martial \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|822}} \| 22–29 \|\n\| VI \| Pre\\-Trial Procedure \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|830}} \| 30–35 \|\n\| VII \| Trial Procedure \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|836}} \| 36–54 \|\n\| VIII \| Sentences \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|855}} \| 55–58 \|\n\| IX \| Post\\-Trial Procedure and Review of Courts\\-Martial \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|859}} \| 59–76 \|\n\| X \| Punitive Articles \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|877}} \| 77–134 \|\n\| XI \| Miscellaneous Provisions \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|935}} \| 135–140 \|\n\| XII \| [Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Armed_Forces \"United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces\") \| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|941}} \| 141–146 \|", "### General provisions", "Subchapter I, \"General Provisions\" has six sections (articles):", "", "\| Section \| Article \| Title \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|801}} \| 1 \| Definitions \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|802}} \| 2 \| Persons subject to this chapter \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|803}} \| 3 \| Jurisdiction to try certain personnel \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|804}} \| 4 \| Dismissed officer's right to trial by court\\-martial \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|805}} \| 5 \| Territorial applicability of this chapter \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|806}} \| 6 \| Judge advocates and legal officers \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|806a}} \| 6a \| Investigation and disposition of matters pertaining to the fitness of military judges \|", "Article 1 (Definitions), defines the following terms used in the rest of the UCMJ: [Judge Advocate General](/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps \"Judge Advocate General's Corps\"), the [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"), [officer in charge](/wiki/Duty_officer \"Duty officer\"), superior [commissioned officer](/wiki/Commissioned_officer%23Commissioned_officers \"Commissioned officer#Commissioned officers\"), [cadet](/wiki/Cadet%23United_States \"Cadet#United States\"), [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman%23United_States_Naval_and_Merchant_Marine_Academies \"Midshipman#United States Naval and Merchant Marine Academies\"), [military](/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States \"Military of the United States\"), accuser, military judge, law specialist, legal officer, judge advocate, record, [classified information](/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States \"Classified information in the United States\"), and [national security](/wiki/National_security \"National security\"). This article also provides that, \"The Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard when it is operating as a service in the Navy, shall be considered as one armed force\" for the purposes of the UCMJ.{{USC\\\|10\\\|801}} Art. 1: Definitions.", "### Pre\\-trial procedure", "", "\| Section \| Article \| Title \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|830}} \| 30 \| Charges and specifications \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|831}} \| 31 \| Compulsory self\\-incrimination prohibited \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|832}} \| 32 \| Investigation \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|833}} \| 33 \| Forwarding of charges \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|834}} \| 34 \| Advice of staff judge advocate and reference for trial \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|835}} \| 35 \| Service of charges \|", "Under Article 31, coercive [self\\-incrimination](/wiki/Self-incrimination \"Self-incrimination\") is prohibited as a right under the [Fifth Amendment](/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"). Apprehending officers utilize the Article 31 warning and waiver to prevent this self\\-incrimination, much like the [Miranda warning](/wiki/Miranda_warning \"Miranda warning\"). Article 31 was already well\\-established before Miranda.", "[Article 32](/wiki/Article_32_hearing \"Article 32 hearing\") refers to the pre\\-trial investigation and hearing conducted before charges are referred to trial for court\\-martial. It may be conducted by a [Judge Advocate General](/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps \"Judge Advocate General's Corps\") (JAG) officer or non\\-JAG officer.", "### Punitive articles", "Subchapter X, \"Punitive Articles\", is the subchapter that details offenses under the uniform code. The 2019 MCM incorporates both major and minor changes to certain articles, and relocates many articles; careful examination of the source document is required to ensure full understanding, and previous \"cheat sheets\" and training materials may therefore be outdated. Those articles with a title annotated by \"\\\" were changed from the 2016 MCM:", "", "\| Section \| Article \| Title \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|877}} \| 77 \| [Principals](/wiki/Principal_%28criminal_law%29 \"Principal (criminal law)\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|878}} \| 78 \| \\[Accessory after the fact](/wiki/Accessory_%28legal_term%29 \"Accessory (legal term)\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|879}} \| 79 \| \\[Conviction](/wiki/Conviction \"Conviction\") of offense charged, [lesser included offense](/wiki/Lesser_included_offense \"Lesser included offense\"), and [attempts](/wiki/Attempt_%28crime%29 \"Attempt (crime)\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|880}} \| 80 \| \\[Attempts](/wiki/Attempt \"Attempt\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|881}} \| 81 \| [Conspiracy](/wiki/Conspiracy_%28crime%29 \"Conspiracy (crime)\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|882}} \| 82 \| \\[Soliciting](/wiki/Solicitation \"Solicitation\") commission of offenses \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|883}} \| 83 \| \\[Malingering](/wiki/Malingering \"Malingering\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|884}} \| 84 \| \\Breach of medical quarantine \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|885}} \| 85 \| [Desertion](/wiki/Desertion \"Desertion\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|886}} \| 86 \| [Absence without leave](/wiki/Desertion \"Desertion\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|887}} \| 87 \| \\[Missing movement](/wiki/Desertion \"Desertion\"); jumping from vessel \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|887a}} \| 87a \| \\Resistance, flight, breach of arrest, and escape \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|887b}} \| 87b \| \\Offenses against correctional custody and restriction \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|888}} \| 88 \| [Contempt toward officials](/wiki/Contempt_toward_officials \"Contempt toward officials\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|889}} \| 89 \| \\Disrespect toward superior commissioned officer; assault of superior commissioned officer \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|890}} \| 90 \| \\Willfully disobeying superior commissioned officer \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|891}} \| 91 \| [Insubordinate conduct](/wiki/Insubordination \"Insubordination\") toward warrant officer, noncommissioned officer, or petty officer \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|892}} \| 92 \| Failure to obey order or regulation \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|893}} \| 93 \| \\Cruelty and maltreatment \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|893a}} \| 93a \| \\Prohibited activities with military recruit or trainee by person in position of special trust \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|894}} \| 94 \| [Mutiny](/wiki/Mutiny \"Mutiny\") or [sedition](/wiki/Sedition \"Sedition\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|895}} \| 95 \| \\Offenses by sentinel or lookout \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|895a}} \| 95a \| \\Disrespect toward sentinel or lookout \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|896}} \| 96 \| \\Release of prisoner without proper authority; drinking with prisoner \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|897}} \| 97 \| [Unlawful detention](/wiki/False_imprisonment \"False imprisonment\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|898}} \| 98 \| \\Misconduct as prisoner \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|899}} \| 99 \| [Misbehavior before the enemy](/wiki/Cowardice \"Cowardice\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|900}} \| 100 \| Subordinate compelling surrender \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|901}} \| 101 \| Improper use of [countersign](/wiki/Countersign_%28military%29 \"Countersign (military)\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|902}} \| 102 \| [Forcing a safeguard](/wiki/Forcing_a_safeguard \"Forcing a safeguard\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|903}} \| 103 \| \\[Spies](/wiki/Espionage \"Espionage\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|903a}} \| 103a \| \\[Espionage](/wiki/Espionage \"Espionage\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|903b}} \| 103b \| \\[Aiding the enemy](/wiki/Treason \"Treason\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|904}} \| 104 \| \\Public records offenses \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|904a}} \| 104a \| \\Fraudulent enlistment, appointment, or separation \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|904b}} \| 104b \| \\Unlawful enlistment, appointment, or separation \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|905}} \| 105 \| \\[Forgery](/wiki/Forgery \"Forgery\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|905a}} \| 105a \| \\False or unauthorized pass offenses \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|906}} \| 106 \| \\Impersonation of officer, noncommissioned or petty officer, or agent or official \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|906a}} \| 106a \| \\Wearing unauthorized insignia, decoration, badge, ribbon, device, or lapel button \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|907}} \| 107 \| \\False official statements; false swearing \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|907a}} \| 107a \| \\Parole violation \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|908}} \| 108 \| \\Military property of the United States—Loss, damage, destruction, or wrongful disposition \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|908a}} \| 108a \| \\Captured or abandoned property \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|909}} \| 109 \| \\Property other than military property of United States–Waste, spoilage, or destruction \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|909a}} \| 109a \| \\Mail matter: wrongful taking, opening, etc \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|910}} \| 110 \| \\Improper hazarding of vessel or aircraft \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|911}} \| 111 \| \\[Leaving scene of vehicle accident](/wiki/Hit_and_run \"Hit and run\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|912}} \| 112 \| \\Drunkenness and other incapacitation offenses \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|912a}} \| 112a \| Wrongful use, possession, etc., of controlled substances \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|913}} \| 113 \| \\[Drunken or reckless operation of a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence \"Driving under the influence\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|914}} \| 114 \| \\Endangerment offenses \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|915}} \| 115 \| \\Communicating threats \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|916}} \| 116 \| [Riot](/wiki/Riot \"Riot\") or [breach of peace](/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace \"Breach of the peace\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|917}} \| 117 \| Provoking speeches or gestures \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|918}} \| 118 \| \\[Murder](/wiki/Murder \"Murder\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|919}} \| 119 \| \\[Manslaughter](/wiki/Manslaughter \"Manslaughter\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|919a}} \| 119a \| \\Death or injury of an unborn child \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|919b}} \| 119b \| \\Child endangerment \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|920}} \| 120 \| \\[Rape](/wiki/Rape \"Rape\") and [sexual assault](/wiki/Sexual_assault \"Sexual assault\") generally \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|920a}} \| 120a \| \\Mails: deposit of obscene matter \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|920b}} \| 120b \| \\Rape and sexual assault of a child \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|920c}} \| 120c \| \\Other sexual misconduct \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|921}} \| 121 \| \\[Larceny](/wiki/Larceny \"Larceny\") and wrongful appropriation \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|921a}} \| 121a \| \\Fraudulent use of credit cards, debit cards, and other access devices \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|921b}} \| 121b \| \\False pretenses to obtain services \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|922}} \| 122 \| \\[Robbery](/wiki/Robbery \"Robbery\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|922a}} \| 122a \| \\Receiving stolen property \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|923}} \| 123 \| \\Offenses concerning Government computers \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|923a}} \| 123a \| \\Making, drawing, or [uttering](/wiki/Uttering \"Uttering\") [check](/wiki/Cheque \"Cheque\"), draft, or order [without sufficient funds](/wiki/Non-sufficient_funds \"Non-sufficient funds\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|924}} \| 124 \| \\Frauds against the United States \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|924a}} \| 124a \| \\[Bribery](/wiki/Bribery \"Bribery\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|924b}} \| 124b \| \\[Graft](/wiki/Graft_%28politics%29 \"Graft (politics)\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|925}} \| 125 \| \\[Kidnapping](/wiki/Kidnapping \"Kidnapping\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|926}} \| 126 \| \\[Arson](/wiki/Arson \"Arson\"); burning property with intent to defraud \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|927}} \| 127 \| [Extortion](/wiki/Extortion \"Extortion\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|928}} \| 128 \| \\[Assault](/wiki/Assault \"Assault\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|928a}} \| 128a \| \\Maiming \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|929}} \| 129 \| \\[Burglary](/wiki/Burglary \"Burglary\"); unlawful entry \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|930}} \| 130 \| \\[Stalking](/wiki/Stalking \"Stalking\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|931}} \| 131 \| [Perjury](/wiki/Perjury \"Perjury\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|931a}} \| 131a \| \\Subornation of perjury \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|931b}} \| 131b \| \\[Obstructing justice](/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice \"Obstruction of justice\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|931c}} \| 131c \| \\Misprision of serious offense \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|931d}} \| 131d \| \\Wrongful refusal to testify \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|931e}} \| 131e \| \\Prevention of authorized seizure of property \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|931e}} \| 131f \| \\Noncompliance with procedural rules \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|931e}} \| 131g \| \\Wrongful interference with adverse administrative proceeding \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|932}} \| 132 \| \\Retaliation \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|933}} \| 133 \| \\[Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman](/wiki/Conduct_unbecoming_an_officer_and_a_gentleman \"Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman\") \|\n\| {{USCSec\\\|10\\\|934}} \| 134 \| \\[General article](/wiki/General_article \"General article\") \|", "#### General article (Article 134\\)", "The [general article](/wiki/General_article \"General article\") (Article 134\\) authorizes the prosecution of offenses not specifically detailed by any other article: \"...all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces, all conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces, and crimes and offenses not capital, of which persons subject to this chapter may be guilty.\"James R. Silkenat and Mark R. Shulman. The Imperial Presidency and the Consequences of 9/11: Lawyers React to the Global War on Terrorism (2007\\). Greenwood Publishing Group: p. 193\\.", "Clause 1 of the article involves disorders and neglect, \"...to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces.\" Clause 2 involves, \"...conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces.\" Clause 3 deals with non\\-capital offenses violating other [federal law](/wiki/United_States_Code \"United States Code\"); under this clause, any such offense created by [federal statute](/wiki/Federal_statute \"Federal statute\") may be prosecuted under Article 134\\. United States v. Perkins, 47 C.M.R. 259 (Air Force Ct. of Military Review 1973\\).James R. Silkenat and Mark R. Shulman. The Imperial Presidency and the Consequences of 9/11: Lawyers React to the Global War on Terrorism (2007\\). Greenwood Publishing Group: p. 193\\.", "The most recent version of the [Manual for Courts\\-Martial](/wiki/Manual_for_Courts-Martial \"Manual for Courts-Martial\") lists the following offenses commonly prosecuted under Article 134:Manual for Courts\\-Martial (2019 ed.). IV\\-138 to IV\\-151, and A17\\-18\\.[UCMJ Article 134](https://mymilitarylawyers.com/practice-areas/ucmj-articles/ucmj-article-134-animal-abuse/#:~:text=Service%20members%20convicted%20of%20an%20Article%20134%20violation%20for%20sexual,and%20confinement%20for%205%20years.)\n* Animal abuse\n* [Bigamy](/wiki/Bigamy \"Bigamy\")\n* Check, worthless making and uttering – by dishonorably failing to maintain funds\n* Child pornography\n* Dishonorably failing to pay debt\n* [Disloyal statement](/wiki/Disloyal_statements \"Disloyal statements\")\n* Disorderly conduct, drunkenness\n* Extramarital sexual conduct\n* Discharging firearm through negligence\n* Fraternization\n* Gambling with subordinate\n* Negligent homicide\n* Indecent conduct\n* Indecent language\n* Pandering and prostitution\n* Self\\-injury without intent to avoid service\n* Sexual act with an animal\n* Straggling\n* Visual depiction, nonconsensual distribution or broadcast", "" ]
Plot ---- The [Federation](/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets "United Federation of Planets") [starship](/wiki/Starship "Starship") [Enterprise](/wiki/USS_Enterprise_%28NCC-1701%29 "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)") arrives at the planet Gideon to discuss diplomatic relations. The Gideons will permit only one representative, Captain [Kirk](/wiki/James_T._Kirk "James T. Kirk"), to set foot on their planet. Kirk beams down to the coordinates provided, but finds himself apparently still aboard the Enterprise, which is now devoid of any crew. First Officer [Spock](/wiki/Spock "Spock") is informed that the Captain has not arrived on the planet, but the Gideon Ambassador, Hodin, refuses to allow a search team to investigate. Neither [Starfleet](/wiki/Starfleet "Starfleet") Command nor the Federation bureaucracy is of any help, each referring the matter to the other. Meanwhile, Kirk wanders the deserted corridors and notices a strange bruise on his arm. He eventually encounters a beautiful young woman named Odona. She claims to have no idea how she got there, recalling only that she was in an overcrowded auditorium and struggling to breathe. For the moment, Odona is just relieved to have freedom of movement. Kirk insists that she must be from Gideon, but Odona denies any knowledge of the planet. Kirk learns from Odona that her home planet is severely [overpopulated](/wiki/Overpopulation_%28biology%29 "Overpopulation (biology)"), with crowds of people everywhere and no privacy, because death is rare. To her, the privilege of being alone, even for a moment, is a dream come true. Kirk is taken by Odona's beauty, and the two share a passionate kiss. Neither notices the image of two dozen faces appearing on the view screen behind them. As Kirk and Odona leave the bridge, Kirk hears a strange sound outside the ship. He goes to a viewport and catches a glimpse of a crowd of people looking in. The scene quickly changes to a normal view of space. Kirk confronts Odona about what is going on, but she denies knowing what is happening. She then complains of a strange feeling and faints into Kirk's arms. Kirk carries her to [sick bay](/wiki/Sick_bay "Sick bay"), where he encounters Ambassador Hodin, who informs him that Odona, his daughter, is suffering from [Vegan](/wiki/Vega "Vega") [choriomeningitis](/wiki/Meningitis "Meningitis"), having been infected with Kirk's blood, which [carries](/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier "Asymptomatic carrier") the virus. Hodin's plan is to infect the Gideon population with the virus, shortening their immense lifespans and relieving the population problem. Kirk is to supply the virus, while Odona's death is to serve as an inspiration for future volunteers. Questioned about alternatives, Hodin explains that the Gideon people's regenerative abilities would foil sterilization attempts, and that other methods of [birth control](/wiki/Birth_control "Birth control") would never be accepted. Having realized that Hodin has deceived him, Spock goes against Starfleet orders and beams down to Kirk's original coordinates. Once there, he finds the false Enterprise that was built to confuse Kirk. He soon reaches Kirk and Odona, and asks Hodin not to interfere as he, Spock, is in enough trouble already. Kirk, Spock, and Odona return to the real Enterprise, where Chief Medical Officer [Dr. McCoy](/wiki/Leonard_McCoy "Leonard McCoy") treats Odona's condition. Odona now plans to return to Gideon to supply the virus herself. Kirk forgives her for her deception.	[ "Plot\n----", "The [Federation](/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets \"United Federation of Planets\") [starship](/wiki/Starship \"Starship\") [Enterprise](/wiki/USS_Enterprise_%28NCC-1701%29 \"USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)\") arrives at the planet Gideon to discuss diplomatic relations. The Gideons will permit only one representative, Captain [Kirk](/wiki/James_T._Kirk \"James T. Kirk\"), to set foot on their planet. Kirk beams down to the coordinates provided, but finds himself apparently still aboard the Enterprise, which is now devoid of any crew.", "First Officer [Spock](/wiki/Spock \"Spock\") is informed that the Captain has not arrived on the planet, but the Gideon Ambassador, Hodin, refuses to allow a search team to investigate. Neither [Starfleet](/wiki/Starfleet \"Starfleet\") Command nor the Federation bureaucracy is of any help, each referring the matter to the other.", "Meanwhile, Kirk wanders the deserted corridors and notices a strange bruise on his arm. He eventually encounters a beautiful young woman named Odona. She claims to have no idea how she got there, recalling only that she was in an overcrowded auditorium and struggling to breathe. For the moment, Odona is just relieved to have freedom of movement. Kirk insists that she must be from Gideon, but Odona denies any knowledge of the planet.", "Kirk learns from Odona that her home planet is severely [overpopulated](/wiki/Overpopulation_%28biology%29 \"Overpopulation (biology)\"), with crowds of people everywhere and no privacy, because death is rare. To her, the privilege of being alone, even for a moment, is a dream come true. Kirk is taken by Odona's beauty, and the two share a passionate kiss. Neither notices the image of two dozen faces appearing on the view screen behind them.", "As Kirk and Odona leave the bridge, Kirk hears a strange sound outside the ship. He goes to a viewport and catches a glimpse of a crowd of people looking in. The scene quickly changes to a normal view of space. Kirk confronts Odona about what is going on, but she denies knowing what is happening. She then complains of a strange feeling and faints into Kirk's arms.", "Kirk carries her to [sick bay](/wiki/Sick_bay \"Sick bay\"), where he encounters Ambassador Hodin, who informs him that Odona, his daughter, is suffering from [Vegan](/wiki/Vega \"Vega\") [choriomeningitis](/wiki/Meningitis \"Meningitis\"), having been infected with Kirk's blood, which [carries](/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier \"Asymptomatic carrier\") the virus. Hodin's plan is to infect the Gideon population with the virus, shortening their immense lifespans and relieving the population problem. Kirk is to supply the virus, while Odona's death is to serve as an inspiration for future volunteers. Questioned about alternatives, Hodin explains that the Gideon people's regenerative abilities would foil sterilization attempts, and that other methods of [birth control](/wiki/Birth_control \"Birth control\") would never be accepted.", "Having realized that Hodin has deceived him, Spock goes against Starfleet orders and beams down to Kirk's original coordinates. Once there, he finds the false Enterprise that was built to confuse Kirk. He soon reaches Kirk and Odona, and asks Hodin not to interfere as he, Spock, is in enough trouble already. Kirk, Spock, and Odona return to the real Enterprise, where Chief Medical Officer [Dr. McCoy](/wiki/Leonard_McCoy \"Leonard McCoy\") treats Odona's condition. Odona now plans to return to Gideon to supply the virus herself. Kirk forgives her for her deception.", "" ]
Before Eurovision ----------------- ### Junior Eurosong [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") selected their [Junior Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest "Junior Eurovision Song Contest") entry for 2010 through Junior Eurosong, a national selection consisting of 8 songs. Before the final, four semi\-finals were held with two songs each. A five\-member jury panel consisting of Walter Grootaers, [Jelle Van Dael](/wiki/Lasgo "Lasgo"), [Stan Van Samang](/wiki/Stan_Van_Samang "Stan Van Samang"), [Ralf Mackenbach](/wiki/Ralf_Mackenbach "Ralf Mackenbach") (Dutch representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009")) alongside one guest juror in each semi\-final selected the winning entry of each semi\-final to qualify for the final. In the final, the winner was selected via a 50/50 combination of jury voting and public televoting.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://esckaz.com/jesc/2010/bel.htm\\|title\=Belgium JESC 2010 Р'РµР»СЊРіРёСЏ Р"РµС'СЃРєРѕРµ Р•РІСЂРѕРІРёРґРµРЅРёРµ 2010\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|date\=\\|website\=\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921063531/http://esckaz.com:80/jesc/2010/bel.htm \\|archive\-date\=2010\-09\-21 \\|access\-date\=}} #### Semi\-final 1 The first semi\-final took place on 27 September 2010\. Two of the competing entries performed, and the five\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\=20203\&\_t\=DnA%3A\+the\+first\+Belgian\+finalists%21\\|title\=DnA: the first Belgian finalists!\\|date\=27 September 2010\\|publisher\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\|accessdate\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Laura Omloop](/wiki/Laura_Omloop "Laura Omloop") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009")). \| Semi\-final 1 – 27 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Draw \| Artist \| Artist \| Votes \| Place \| \| 1 \| DnA \| "Power aan de kids" \| 4 \| 1 \| \| 2 \| Ine \| "Kusje van mij" \| 1 \| 2 \| #### Semi\-final 2 The second semi\-final took place on 28 September 2010\. Two of the competing entries performed, and the five\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\=20213\&\_t\=Ferre\+to\+Belgian\+finals%21\\|title\=Ferre to Belgian finals!\\|date\=28 September 2010\\|publisher\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\|url\-status\=live\\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008052235/http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\=20213\&\_t\=Ferre\+to\+Belgian\+finals%21\\|archivedate\=8 October 2010\\|accessdate\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was Eva Storme (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007 "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007")). \| Semi\-final 2 – 28 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \| \| 1 \| Emma \| "Jamanee" \| 2 \| 2 \| \| 2 \| Ferre \| "Met mijn ogen toe" \| 3 \| 1 \| #### Semifinal 3 The third semi\-final took place on 29 September 2010\. Two of the competing entries performed, and a five\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\=20243\&\_t\=Jill\+%26\+Lauren\+become\+finalists\+in\+Belgium\\|title\=Jill \& Lauren become finalists in Belgium\\|date\=29 September 2010\\|publisher\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\|accessdate\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Laura Omloop](/wiki/Laura_Omloop "Laura Omloop") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009")). \| Semi\-final 3 – 29 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \| \| 1 \| Emile \| "Diep in mijn lijf" \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 2 \| Jill \& Lauren \| "Get Up!" \| 4 \| 1 \| #### Semifinal 4 The fourth semi\-final took place on 30 September 2010\. Two of the competing entries performed, and a five\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\=20283\&\_t\=Ymke\+completes\+Belgian\+lineup\\|title\=Ymke completes Belgian lineup\\|date\=30 September 2010\\|publisher\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\|accessdate\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Thor Salden](/wiki/Thor_Salden "Thor Salden") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006 "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006")). \| Semi\-final 4 – 30 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \| \| 1 \| Luis \| "In mijn dromen" \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 2 \| Ymke \| "Vive la fete" \| 4 \| 1 \| #### Final The final took place on 1 October 2010\. The winner was selected via a 50/50 combination of jury voting and public televoting. The jury panel that voted in the final consisting of Walter Grootaers, Jelle Van Dael, Stan Van Samang, Ralf Mackenbach, Laura Omloop, Eva Storme and Thor Salden. \| Final – 1 October 2010 \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| \| 1 \| Ymke \| "Vive la fete" \| \| 2 \| Ferre \| "Met mijn ogen toe" \| \| 3 \| Jill \& Lauren \| "Get Up!" \| \| 4 \| DnA \| "Power aan de kids" \|	[ "Before Eurovision\n-----------------", "### Junior Eurosong", "[Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") selected their [Junior Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest\") entry for 2010 through Junior Eurosong, a national selection consisting of 8 songs.", "Before the final, four semi\\-finals were held with two songs each. A five\\-member jury panel consisting of Walter Grootaers, [Jelle Van Dael](/wiki/Lasgo \"Lasgo\"), [Stan Van Samang](/wiki/Stan_Van_Samang \"Stan Van Samang\"), [Ralf Mackenbach](/wiki/Ralf_Mackenbach \"Ralf Mackenbach\") (Dutch representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009\")) alongside one guest juror in each semi\\-final selected the winning entry of each semi\\-final to qualify for the final. In the final, the winner was selected via a 50/50 combination of jury voting and public televoting.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://esckaz.com/jesc/2010/bel.htm\\\|title\\=Belgium JESC 2010 Р'РµР»СЊРіРёСЏ Р\"РµС'СЃРєРѕРµ Р•РІСЂРѕРІРёРґРµРЅРёРµ 2010\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|date\\=\\\|website\\=\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921063531/http://esckaz.com:80/jesc/2010/bel.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-21 \\\|access\\-date\\=}}", "#### Semi\\-final 1", "The first semi\\-final took place on 27 September 2010\\. Two of the competing entries performed, and the five\\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\\=20203\\&\\_t\\=DnA%3A\\+the\\+first\\+Belgian\\+finalists%21\\\|title\\=DnA: the first Belgian finalists!\\\|date\\=27 September 2010\\\|publisher\\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\\|accessdate\\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Laura Omloop](/wiki/Laura_Omloop \"Laura Omloop\") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009\")).", "\| Semi\\-final 1 – 27 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Draw \| Artist \| Artist \| Votes \| Place \|\n\| 1 \| DnA \| \"Power aan de kids\" \| 4 \| 1 \|\n\| 2 \| Ine \| \"Kusje van mij\" \| 1 \| 2 \|", "#### Semi\\-final 2", "The second semi\\-final took place on 28 September 2010\\. Two of the competing entries performed, and the five\\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\\=20213\\&\\_t\\=Ferre\\+to\\+Belgian\\+finals%21\\\|title\\=Ferre to Belgian finals!\\\|date\\=28 September 2010\\\|publisher\\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008052235/http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\\=20213\\&\\_t\\=Ferre\\+to\\+Belgian\\+finals%21\\\|archivedate\\=8 October 2010\\\|accessdate\\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was Eva Storme (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007 \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007\")).", "\| Semi\\-final 2 – 28 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \|\n\| 1 \| Emma \| \"Jamanee\" \| 2 \| 2 \|\n\| 2 \| Ferre \| \"Met mijn ogen toe\" \| 3 \| 1 \|", "#### Semifinal 3", "The third semi\\-final took place on 29 September 2010\\. Two of the competing entries performed, and a five\\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\\=20243\\&\\_t\\=Jill\\+%26\\+Lauren\\+become\\+finalists\\+in\\+Belgium\\\|title\\=Jill \\& Lauren become finalists in Belgium\\\|date\\=29 September 2010\\\|publisher\\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\\|accessdate\\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Laura Omloop](/wiki/Laura_Omloop \"Laura Omloop\") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009\")).", "\| Semi\\-final 3 – 29 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \|\n\| 1 \| Emile \| \"Diep in mijn lijf\" \| 1 \| 2 \|\n\| 2 \| Jill \\& Lauren \| \"Get Up!\" \| 4 \| 1 \|", "#### Semifinal 4", "The fourth semi\\-final took place on 30 September 2010\\. Two of the competing entries performed, and a five\\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\\=20283\\&\\_t\\=Ymke\\+completes\\+Belgian\\+lineup\\\|title\\=Ymke completes Belgian lineup\\\|date\\=30 September 2010\\\|publisher\\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\\|accessdate\\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Thor Salden](/wiki/Thor_Salden \"Thor Salden\") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006 \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006\")).", "\| Semi\\-final 4 – 30 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \|\n\| 1 \| Luis \| \"In mijn dromen\" \| 1 \| 2 \|\n\| 2 \| Ymke \| \"Vive la fete\" \| 4 \| 1 \|", "#### Final", "The final took place on 1 October 2010\\. The winner was selected via a 50/50 combination of jury voting and public televoting. The jury panel that voted in the final consisting of Walter Grootaers, Jelle Van Dael, Stan Van Samang, Ralf Mackenbach, Laura Omloop, Eva Storme and Thor Salden.", "\| Final – 1 October 2010 \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Draw \| Artist \| Song \|\n\| 1 \| Ymke \| \"Vive la fete\" \|\n\| 2 \| Ferre \| \"Met mijn ogen toe\" \|\n\| 3 \| Jill \\& Lauren \| \"Get Up!\" \|\n\| 4 \| DnA \| \"Power aan de kids\" \|", "", "" ]
### Junior Eurosong [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") selected their [Junior Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest "Junior Eurovision Song Contest") entry for 2010 through Junior Eurosong, a national selection consisting of 8 songs. Before the final, four semi\-finals were held with two songs each. A five\-member jury panel consisting of Walter Grootaers, [Jelle Van Dael](/wiki/Lasgo "Lasgo"), [Stan Van Samang](/wiki/Stan_Van_Samang "Stan Van Samang"), [Ralf Mackenbach](/wiki/Ralf_Mackenbach "Ralf Mackenbach") (Dutch representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009")) alongside one guest juror in each semi\-final selected the winning entry of each semi\-final to qualify for the final. In the final, the winner was selected via a 50/50 combination of jury voting and public televoting.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://esckaz.com/jesc/2010/bel.htm\\|title\=Belgium JESC 2010 Р'РµР»СЊРіРёСЏ Р"РµС'СЃРєРѕРµ Р•РІСЂРѕРІРёРґРµРЅРёРµ 2010\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|date\=\\|website\=\\|url\-status\=live\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921063531/http://esckaz.com:80/jesc/2010/bel.htm \\|archive\-date\=2010\-09\-21 \\|access\-date\=}} #### Semi\-final 1 The first semi\-final took place on 27 September 2010\. Two of the competing entries performed, and the five\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\=20203\&\_t\=DnA%3A\+the\+first\+Belgian\+finalists%21\\|title\=DnA: the first Belgian finalists!\\|date\=27 September 2010\\|publisher\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\|accessdate\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Laura Omloop](/wiki/Laura_Omloop "Laura Omloop") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009")). \| Semi\-final 1 – 27 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Draw \| Artist \| Artist \| Votes \| Place \| \| 1 \| DnA \| "Power aan de kids" \| 4 \| 1 \| \| 2 \| Ine \| "Kusje van mij" \| 1 \| 2 \| #### Semi\-final 2 The second semi\-final took place on 28 September 2010\. Two of the competing entries performed, and the five\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\=20213\&\_t\=Ferre\+to\+Belgian\+finals%21\\|title\=Ferre to Belgian finals!\\|date\=28 September 2010\\|publisher\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\|url\-status\=live\\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008052235/http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\=20213\&\_t\=Ferre\+to\+Belgian\+finals%21\\|archivedate\=8 October 2010\\|accessdate\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was Eva Storme (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007 "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007")). \| Semi\-final 2 – 28 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \| \| 1 \| Emma \| "Jamanee" \| 2 \| 2 \| \| 2 \| Ferre \| "Met mijn ogen toe" \| 3 \| 1 \| #### Semifinal 3 The third semi\-final took place on 29 September 2010\. Two of the competing entries performed, and a five\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\=20243\&\_t\=Jill\+%26\+Lauren\+become\+finalists\+in\+Belgium\\|title\=Jill \& Lauren become finalists in Belgium\\|date\=29 September 2010\\|publisher\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\|accessdate\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Laura Omloop](/wiki/Laura_Omloop "Laura Omloop") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009")). \| Semi\-final 3 – 29 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \| \| 1 \| Emile \| "Diep in mijn lijf" \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 2 \| Jill \& Lauren \| "Get Up!" \| 4 \| 1 \| #### Semifinal 4 The fourth semi\-final took place on 30 September 2010\. Two of the competing entries performed, and a five\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\=20283\&\_t\=Ymke\+completes\+Belgian\+lineup\\|title\=Ymke completes Belgian lineup\\|date\=30 September 2010\\|publisher\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\|accessdate\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Thor Salden](/wiki/Thor_Salden "Thor Salden") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006 "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006")). \| Semi\-final 4 – 30 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \| \| 1 \| Luis \| "In mijn dromen" \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 2 \| Ymke \| "Vive la fete" \| 4 \| 1 \| #### Final The final took place on 1 October 2010\. The winner was selected via a 50/50 combination of jury voting and public televoting. The jury panel that voted in the final consisting of Walter Grootaers, Jelle Van Dael, Stan Van Samang, Ralf Mackenbach, Laura Omloop, Eva Storme and Thor Salden. \| Final – 1 October 2010 \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| \| 1 \| Ymke \| "Vive la fete" \| \| 2 \| Ferre \| "Met mijn ogen toe" \| \| 3 \| Jill \& Lauren \| "Get Up!" \| \| 4 \| DnA \| "Power aan de kids" \|	[ "### Junior Eurosong", "[Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") selected their [Junior Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest\") entry for 2010 through Junior Eurosong, a national selection consisting of 8 songs.", "Before the final, four semi\\-finals were held with two songs each. A five\\-member jury panel consisting of Walter Grootaers, [Jelle Van Dael](/wiki/Lasgo \"Lasgo\"), [Stan Van Samang](/wiki/Stan_Van_Samang \"Stan Van Samang\"), [Ralf Mackenbach](/wiki/Ralf_Mackenbach \"Ralf Mackenbach\") (Dutch representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009\")) alongside one guest juror in each semi\\-final selected the winning entry of each semi\\-final to qualify for the final. In the final, the winner was selected via a 50/50 combination of jury voting and public televoting.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://esckaz.com/jesc/2010/bel.htm\\\|title\\=Belgium JESC 2010 Р'РµР»СЊРіРёСЏ Р\"РµС'СЃРєРѕРµ Р•РІСЂРѕРІРёРґРµРЅРёРµ 2010\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|date\\=\\\|website\\=\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921063531/http://esckaz.com:80/jesc/2010/bel.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-21 \\\|access\\-date\\=}}", "#### Semi\\-final 1", "The first semi\\-final took place on 27 September 2010\\. Two of the competing entries performed, and the five\\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\\=20203\\&\\_t\\=DnA%3A\\+the\\+first\\+Belgian\\+finalists%21\\\|title\\=DnA: the first Belgian finalists!\\\|date\\=27 September 2010\\\|publisher\\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\\|accessdate\\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Laura Omloop](/wiki/Laura_Omloop \"Laura Omloop\") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009\")).", "\| Semi\\-final 1 – 27 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Draw \| Artist \| Artist \| Votes \| Place \|\n\| 1 \| DnA \| \"Power aan de kids\" \| 4 \| 1 \|\n\| 2 \| Ine \| \"Kusje van mij\" \| 1 \| 2 \|", "#### Semi\\-final 2", "The second semi\\-final took place on 28 September 2010\\. Two of the competing entries performed, and the five\\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\\=20213\\&\\_t\\=Ferre\\+to\\+Belgian\\+finals%21\\\|title\\=Ferre to Belgian finals!\\\|date\\=28 September 2010\\\|publisher\\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008052235/http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\\=20213\\&\\_t\\=Ferre\\+to\\+Belgian\\+finals%21\\\|archivedate\\=8 October 2010\\\|accessdate\\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was Eva Storme (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007 \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007\")).", "\| Semi\\-final 2 – 28 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \|\n\| 1 \| Emma \| \"Jamanee\" \| 2 \| 2 \|\n\| 2 \| Ferre \| \"Met mijn ogen toe\" \| 3 \| 1 \|", "#### Semifinal 3", "The third semi\\-final took place on 29 September 2010\\. Two of the competing entries performed, and a five\\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\\=20243\\&\\_t\\=Jill\\+%26\\+Lauren\\+become\\+finalists\\+in\\+Belgium\\\|title\\=Jill \\& Lauren become finalists in Belgium\\\|date\\=29 September 2010\\\|publisher\\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\\|accessdate\\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Laura Omloop](/wiki/Laura_Omloop \"Laura Omloop\") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009 \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009\")).", "\| Semi\\-final 3 – 29 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \|\n\| 1 \| Emile \| \"Diep in mijn lijf\" \| 1 \| 2 \|\n\| 2 \| Jill \\& Lauren \| \"Get Up!\" \| 4 \| 1 \|", "#### Semifinal 4", "The fourth semi\\-final took place on 30 September 2010\\. Two of the competing entries performed, and a five\\-member jury panel selected the winning entry to qualify for the final.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.junioreurovision.tv/page/blog?id\\=20283\\&\\_t\\=Ymke\\+completes\\+Belgian\\+lineup\\\|title\\=Ymke completes Belgian lineup\\\|date\\=30 September 2010\\\|publisher\\=JuniorEurovision.tv\\\|accessdate\\=20 October 2010}} The guest juror was [Thor Salden](/wiki/Thor_Salden \"Thor Salden\") (Belgian representative at the [Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006](/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006 \"Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006\")).", "\| Semi\\-final 4 – 30 September 2010 \| \| \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Draw \| Artist \| Song \| Votes \| Place \|\n\| 1 \| Luis \| \"In mijn dromen\" \| 1 \| 2 \|\n\| 2 \| Ymke \| \"Vive la fete\" \| 4 \| 1 \|", "#### Final", "The final took place on 1 October 2010\\. The winner was selected via a 50/50 combination of jury voting and public televoting. The jury panel that voted in the final consisting of Walter Grootaers, Jelle Van Dael, Stan Van Samang, Ralf Mackenbach, Laura Omloop, Eva Storme and Thor Salden.", "\| Final – 1 October 2010 \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Draw \| Artist \| Song \|\n\| 1 \| Ymke \| \"Vive la fete\" \|\n\| 2 \| Ferre \| \"Met mijn ogen toe\" \|\n\| 3 \| Jill \\& Lauren \| \"Get Up!\" \|\n\| 4 \| DnA \| \"Power aan de kids\" \|", "", "" ]
Government lobbying ------------------- The BNF is open about its intention to shape UK Government policy on food,{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.nutrition.org.uk/aboutbnf/values/who\-we\-are\-what\-we\-do\\|title\= Who we are, what we do\\|year\= 2009\\|publisher\= British Nutrition Foundation\\|location\= London\\|accessdate\= 4 April 2011}} thus serving as a special\-interest lobbying group for the food industry, which largely funds the foundation. ### 20th century During the Second World War, a great deal of [official attention](/wiki/Minister_of_Food "Minister of Food") was paid to ensuring that the [UK population had adequate nutrition despite the blockade](/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom%23Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%931945 "Rationing in the United Kingdom#Second World War 1939–1945"). Food rationing (1940\-1953\) restricted consumption of animal products, fats, sugar, and tea, and replaced [white bread](/wiki/White_bread "White bread") with the wholegrain [National Loaf](/wiki/National_Loaf "National Loaf"), increasing vegetable and fiber consumption.{{cn\\|date\=September 2024}} When rationing ended, diets began to change, as did diet\-related illness; rates of heart disease, for instance, increased sharply. The British Nutrition Foundation was set up in 1967\.{{cn\\|date\=September 2024}} #### NACNE report [thumb\\|[Caroline Walker](/wiki/Caroline_Walker_%28food_campaigner%29 "Caroline Walker (food campaigner)"), secretary to NACNE. In 1983, she challenged a bid to make the BNF officially responsible for nutritional education in Britain, saying the BNF was not fit to advise on nutrition, because it was entirely funded by the food industry.](/wiki/File:Caroline_83.png "Caroline 83.png") The [National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education](/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_on_Nutrition_Education "National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education") (NACNE) was set up by the British government in 1979, to provide a review of nutritional information and policy. The BNF was allowed to sit on the committee, which was to become controversial. The first draft of NACNE's report was finished in April 1981, and the third draft was leaked to the press in June 1983, after it became plain that it would not be released. At a BNF annual conference on 22 June 1983, the final official speaker suggested that the British government make the BNF the national body officially responsible for nutritional education. The secretary of NACNE, [Caroline Walker](/wiki/Caroline_Walker_%28food_campaigner%29 "Caroline Walker (food campaigner)"), stood up from the audience to respond. She said that as the BNF was entirely sponsored by the food industry, it was not fit to advise the public on nutrition. The conference chair and then\-BNF\-president, [Albert Neuberger](/wiki/Albert_Neuberger "Albert Neuberger"), said that her statement was [libellious](/wiki/Libel "Libel") and demanded that she retract it. She refused. Journalist [Geoffrey Cannon](/wiki/Geoffrey_Cannon "Geoffrey Cannon"), who had a leaked copy of the third draft report, asked about why the conference, on 'Implementing Dietary Guidelines', hadn't mentioned an upcoming report that laid out quantitative nutrition guidelines and regulatory means of reaching them. The BNF director\-general (then Derek Shrimpton{{cn\\|date\=August 2024}}), taken aback, said that the report would not be published by NACNE, but the chair of NACNE's expert sub\-committee was free to publish it. On the 3rd of July, the leaked NACNE draft was reported in the news press; in September, the leaked draft was published in a major medical journal, [the Lancet](/wiki/The_Lancet "The Lancet"). On the 10th of October, the NACNE report was offically published. Controversy around the suppression continued to generate news stories for some years.{{cite web \\|title\=History. Policy. NACNE. \\|last1\=Cannon \\|first1\=Geoffrey \\|url\=https://www.wphna.org/htdocs/2011\_aug\_col\_geoffrey.htm \\|website\=www.wphna.org \\|publisher\=\[\[World Public Health Nutrition Association]] \\|access\-date\=30 August 2024}}{{cite journal \\|title\=Nutrition: The Changing Scene \\|journal\=The Lancet \\|date\=24 September 1983 \\|volume\=322 \\|issue\=8352 \\|pages\=719–721 \\|doi\=10\.1016/S0140\-6736(83\)92256\-0 \\|url\=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673683922560 \\|access\-date\=30 August 2024 \\|issn\=0140\-6736}} (see also pages 782\-784, 835\-838, and 902\-905 for other installments) The report recommended regulating the formulation of processed foods (to make them less unhealthy), more explicit nutritional labelling, and incentives for breeding leaner meat. It said that the measures it suggested could halve the average intake of sugar and salt, and reduce the intake of fats by a quarter, replacing them with vegetables, fruit, [dietary fiber](/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber"), and starchy foods. It said that this would significantly reduce obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, colorectal cancer, and other major diseases, and improve the health of the whole population. The report also deprecated the term "[balanced diet](/wiki/Balanced_diet "Balanced diet")" and contemporary [food groups](/wiki/Food_group "Food group"), saying that they were no longer helpful. It said that in the past, when nutritional deficiencies were the major form of diet\-related disease, encouraging people to eat a greater variety of foods was useful, because most people who got nutritional deficiencies were eating a narrow range of foods lacking a specific nutrient. In the 1970s, they wrote, that was no longer a major problem in the United Kingdom; people needed to eat healthier foods, not more varied ones. No official action was taken on the report; the recommendations were not implemented.{{cn\\|date\=September 2024}} Derek Shrimpton, who had been BNF director general in this period (1982\-1984{{cn\\|date\=August 2024}}), said in a 1985 interview: "In the period I was there the foundation was solely taken up with defence actions for the industry." He also said that BNF had constantly fought against reductions in sugar, salt, and fat consumption, by constantly frustrating government committees aiming to recommend reductions.{{cite book\\|last\=Cannon\\|first\=G\\|title\=The Politics of Food\\|year\=1987\\|publisher\=Century\\|location\=London\\|pages\=356\\|isbn\=978\-0712612104}}; former 10\-digit ISBN was {{ISBN\\|0712612106}}. An interview with Derek Shrimpton in a 1985 [World in Action](/wiki/World_in_Action "World in Action") documentary{{expand citation\\|date\=August 2024}} is quoted extensively in The Politics of Food ### 21st century The UK government has repeatedly paid the BNF to develop educational materials on nutrition. Tim Lobstein, a director at the International Association for the Study of Obesity\-International Obesity Task Force (now the [World Obesity Federation](/wiki/World_Obesity_Federation "World Obesity Federation")), said that the BNF has produced educational materials seem to support industry messages. For instance, he said, in 2003 it "did a big piece of work for the [Food Standards Agency](/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency "Food Standards Agency") \[a government department] reviewing ‘influences on consumer food choices’ which conveniently left out any review of the influence of marketing and advertising techniques".{{Cite web \\|url\= http://spinwatch.org/\-articles\-by\-category\-mainmenu\-8/40\-pr\-industry/5353\-independence\-of\-nutritional\-information\-the\-british\-nutrition\-foundation\\|title\= Independence of nutritional information? \\|last\=Chamberlain \\|first\=Phil\\|publisher\= \[\[British Medical Journal]]\\|location\= London \\|date\=22 March 2010 \\|accessdate\=30 August 2023 \\|url\-status\= dead\\|archiveurl\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425125849/http://spinwatch.org/\-articles\-by\-category\-mainmenu\-8/40\-pr\-industry/5353\-independence\-of\-nutritional\-information\-the\-british\-nutrition\-foundation\\|archivedate\= 25 April 2012}}{{Cite news \\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/food\-and\-drink/news/is\-the\-british\-nutrition\-foundation\-having\-its\-cake\-and\-eating\-it\-too\-1925034\.html \\|title\=Is the British Nutrition Foundation having its cake and eating it too?\\|last1\=Chamberlain \\|first1\=Phil\\|last2\=Laurance \\|first2\=Jeremy \\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\\|date\=22 March 2010 \\|accessdate\=30 August 2023}} In 2005, 26 [UK MPs](/wiki/Member_of_parliament%23United_Kingdom "Member of parliament#United Kingdom") signed an [Early Day Motion](/wiki/Early_Day_Motion "Early Day Motion") in Parliament expressing concern over BNF activities, and requesting more transparency. They noted that the BNF was "primarily industry\-supported" and was advising the government on * vending * educational resources for schools * the [balanced diet](/wiki/Balanced_diet "Balanced diet") * [sugary drinks](/wiki/Sugary_drink "Sugary drink") * extra curricular school activities * the [National Curriculum](/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_England "National Curriculum for England") * [school meals](/wiki/School_meals "School meals") * vocational qualifications (the UK has no requirements for the titles "nutritionist" , unlike "dieticians", who must be registered{{cite web \\|last1\=Tedstone \\|first1\=Alison \\|title\=How to become a Registered Nutritionist – UK Health Security Agency \\|url\=https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2014/10/16/how\-to\-become\-a\-registered\-nutritionist/ \\|website\=ukhsa.blog.gov.uk \\|access\-date\=17 August 2024 \\|language\=en \\|date\=16 October 2014}}) * [food labelling](/wiki/Food_labelling "Food labelling") * [nutrient profiling](/wiki/Nutrient_profiling "Nutrient profiling") * [food irradiation](/wiki/Food_irradiation "Food irradiation") * the future of agriculture * [genetically modified foods](/wiki/Genetically_modified_food "Genetically modified food") They also noted that members included "[McDonalds](/wiki/McDonalds "McDonalds"), [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Company "Coca-Cola Company"), [Northern Foods](/wiki/Northern_Foods "Northern Foods"), [Nutrasweet](/wiki/Nutrasweet "Nutrasweet"), [Kraft](/wiki/Kraft "Kraft"), [Cadbury\-Schweppes](/wiki/Cadbury "Cadbury"), [Kelloggs](/wiki/Kelloggs "Kelloggs"), [Nestle](/wiki/Nestle "Nestle"), [Sainsbury's](/wiki/Sainsbury%27s "Sainsbury's"), [Asda](/wiki/Asda "Asda") and [Procter \& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble "Procter & Gamble")".{{Cite web \\|url\=https://edm.parliament.uk/early\-day\-motion/28481 \\|title\=British Nutrition Foundation. EDM (Early Day Motion)278: tabled on 07 June 2005 \\|publisher\=UK Parliament \\|accessdate\=30 August 2023}} The [Campaign Against Trans Fats in Food](/wiki/Campaign_Against_Trans_Fats_in_Food "Campaign Against Trans Fats in Food") said that the BNF opposed [regulation](/wiki/Trans_fat_regulation "Trans fat regulation") of xenobiotic [trans fats](/wiki/Trans_fats "Trans fats") in a 2009 BFN submission to the Scottish parliament, urging the parliament, which was considering regulation, to do nothing.{{Cite web \\|url\= http://spinwatch.org/\-articles\-by\-category\-mainmenu\-8/40\-pr\-industry/5353\-independence\-of\-nutritional\-information\-the\-british\-nutrition\-foundation\\|title\= Independence of nutritional information? \\|last\=Chamberlain \\|first\=Phil\\|publisher\= \[\[British Medical Journal]]\\|location\= London \\|date\=22 March 2010 \\|accessdate\=30 August 2023 \\|url\-status\= dead\\|archiveurl\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425125849/http://spinwatch.org/\-articles\-by\-category\-mainmenu\-8/40\-pr\-industry/5353\-independence\-of\-nutritional\-information\-the\-british\-nutrition\-foundation\\|archivedate\= 25 April 2012}}{{Cite news \\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/food\-and\-drink/news/is\-the\-british\-nutrition\-foundation\-having\-its\-cake\-and\-eating\-it\-too\-1925034\.html \\|title\=Is the British Nutrition Foundation having its cake and eating it too?\\|last1\=Chamberlain \\|first1\=Phil\\|last2\=Laurance \\|first2\=Jeremy \\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\\|date\=22 March 2010 \\|accessdate\=30 August 2023}} The BNF was lobbying against action on [ultra\-processed foods](/wiki/Ultra-processed_food "Ultra-processed food") in 2023, saying there should be no policies on them.{{cite web \\|title\=Beyond Reasonable Doubt: Avoiding conflict of interest in nutrition research {{!}} ANH Academy \\|url\=https://www.anh\-academy.org/community/blogs/beyond\-reasonable\-doubt\-avoiding\-conflict\-of\-interest\-in\-nutrition\-research \\|website\=www.anh\-academy.org \\|access\-date\=17 August 2024 \\|language\=en}} The BNF has argued that since poor people are economically forced to eat ultra\-processed foods, taking regulatory measures to increase the consumption of non\-UPF foods will increase inequality. It has also argued that publicly condemning of ultra\-processed foods as unhealthy will make poor people feel stigmatized and guilty for not eating a financially\-unacheivable diet. Opponents argue that poor people should not be economically forced to eat unhealthy foods, and policy should take that as its goal.{{rp\\|380}}	[ "Government lobbying\n-------------------", "The BNF is open about its intention to shape UK Government policy on food,{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nutrition.org.uk/aboutbnf/values/who\\-we\\-are\\-what\\-we\\-do\\\|title\\= Who we are, what we do\\\|year\\= 2009\\\|publisher\\= British Nutrition Foundation\\\|location\\= London\\\|accessdate\\= 4 April 2011}} thus serving as a special\\-interest lobbying group for the food industry, which largely funds the foundation.", "### 20th century", "During the Second World War, a great deal of [official attention](/wiki/Minister_of_Food \"Minister of Food\") was paid to ensuring that the [UK population had adequate nutrition despite the blockade](/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom%23Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%931945 \"Rationing in the United Kingdom#Second World War 1939–1945\"). Food rationing (1940\\-1953\\) restricted consumption of animal products, fats, sugar, and tea, and replaced [white bread](/wiki/White_bread \"White bread\") with the wholegrain [National Loaf](/wiki/National_Loaf \"National Loaf\"), increasing vegetable and fiber consumption.{{cn\\\|date\\=September 2024}} When rationing ended, diets began to change, as did diet\\-related illness; rates of heart disease, for instance, increased sharply.", "The British Nutrition Foundation was set up in 1967\\.{{cn\\\|date\\=September 2024}}", "#### NACNE report", "[thumb\\\|[Caroline Walker](/wiki/Caroline_Walker_%28food_campaigner%29 \"Caroline Walker (food campaigner)\"), secretary to NACNE. In 1983, she challenged a bid to make the BNF officially responsible for nutritional education in Britain, saying the BNF was not fit to advise on nutrition, because it was entirely funded by the food industry.](/wiki/File:Caroline_83.png \"Caroline 83.png\")\nThe [National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education](/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_on_Nutrition_Education \"National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education\") (NACNE) was set up by the British government in 1979, to provide a review of nutritional information and policy. The BNF was allowed to sit on the committee, which was to become controversial. The first draft of NACNE's report was finished in April 1981, and the third draft was leaked to the press in June 1983, after it became plain that it would not be released.", "At a BNF annual conference on 22 June 1983, the final official speaker suggested that the British government make the BNF the national body officially responsible for nutritional education. The secretary of NACNE, [Caroline Walker](/wiki/Caroline_Walker_%28food_campaigner%29 \"Caroline Walker (food campaigner)\"), stood up from the audience to respond. She said that as the BNF was entirely sponsored by the food industry, it was not fit to advise the public on nutrition. The conference chair and then\\-BNF\\-president, [Albert Neuberger](/wiki/Albert_Neuberger \"Albert Neuberger\"), said that her statement was [libellious](/wiki/Libel \"Libel\") and demanded that she retract it. She refused.", "Journalist [Geoffrey Cannon](/wiki/Geoffrey_Cannon \"Geoffrey Cannon\"), who had a leaked copy of the third draft report, asked about why the conference, on 'Implementing Dietary Guidelines', hadn't mentioned an upcoming report that laid out quantitative nutrition guidelines and regulatory means of reaching them. The BNF director\\-general (then Derek Shrimpton{{cn\\\|date\\=August 2024}}), taken aback, said that the report would not be published by NACNE, but the chair of NACNE's expert sub\\-committee was free to publish it.", "On the 3rd of July, the leaked NACNE draft was reported in the news press; in September, the leaked draft was published in a major medical journal, [the Lancet](/wiki/The_Lancet \"The Lancet\"). On the 10th of October, the NACNE report was offically published. Controversy around the suppression continued to generate news stories for some years.{{cite web \\\|title\\=History. Policy. NACNE. \\\|last1\\=Cannon \\\|first1\\=Geoffrey \\\|url\\=https://www.wphna.org/htdocs/2011\\_aug\\_col\\_geoffrey.htm \\\|website\\=www.wphna.org \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Public Health Nutrition Association]] \\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2024}}{{cite journal \\\|title\\=Nutrition: The Changing Scene \\\|journal\\=The Lancet \\\|date\\=24 September 1983 \\\|volume\\=322 \\\|issue\\=8352 \\\|pages\\=719–721 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(83\\)92256\\-0 \\\|url\\=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673683922560 \\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2024 \\\|issn\\=0140\\-6736}} (see also pages 782\\-784, 835\\-838, and 902\\-905 for other installments)", "The report recommended regulating the formulation of processed foods (to make them less unhealthy), more explicit nutritional labelling, and incentives for breeding leaner meat. It said that the measures it suggested could halve the average intake of sugar and salt, and reduce the intake of fats by a quarter, replacing them with vegetables, fruit, [dietary fiber](/wiki/Dietary_fiber \"Dietary fiber\"), and starchy foods. It said that this would significantly reduce obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, colorectal cancer, and other major diseases, and improve the health of the whole population.", "The report also deprecated the term \"[balanced diet](/wiki/Balanced_diet \"Balanced diet\")\" and contemporary [food groups](/wiki/Food_group \"Food group\"), saying that they were no longer helpful. It said that in the past, when nutritional deficiencies were the major form of diet\\-related disease, encouraging people to eat a greater variety of foods was useful, because most people who got nutritional deficiencies were eating a narrow range of foods lacking a specific nutrient. In the 1970s, they wrote, that was no longer a major problem in the United Kingdom; people needed to eat healthier foods, not more varied ones.", "No official action was taken on the report; the recommendations were not implemented.{{cn\\\|date\\=September 2024}}", "Derek Shrimpton, who had been BNF director general in this period (1982\\-1984{{cn\\\|date\\=August 2024}}), said in a 1985 interview: \"In the period I was there the foundation was solely taken up with defence actions for the industry.\" He also said that BNF had constantly fought against reductions in sugar, salt, and fat consumption, by constantly frustrating government committees aiming to recommend reductions.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Cannon\\\|first\\=G\\\|title\\=The Politics of Food\\\|year\\=1987\\\|publisher\\=Century\\\|location\\=London\\\|pages\\=356\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0712612104}}; former 10\\-digit ISBN was {{ISBN\\\|0712612106}}. An interview with Derek Shrimpton in a 1985 [World in Action](/wiki/World_in_Action \"World in Action\") documentary{{expand citation\\\|date\\=August 2024}} is quoted extensively in The Politics of Food", "### 21st century", "The UK government has repeatedly paid the BNF to develop educational materials on nutrition. Tim Lobstein, a director at the International Association for the Study of Obesity\\-International Obesity Task Force (now the [World Obesity Federation](/wiki/World_Obesity_Federation \"World Obesity Federation\")), said that the BNF has produced educational materials seem to support industry messages. For instance, he said, in 2003 it \"did a big piece of work for the [Food Standards Agency](/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency \"Food Standards Agency\") \\[a government department] reviewing ‘influences on consumer food choices’ which conveniently left out any review of the influence of marketing and advertising techniques\".{{Cite web \\\|url\\= http://spinwatch.org/\\-articles\\-by\\-category\\-mainmenu\\-8/40\\-pr\\-industry/5353\\-independence\\-of\\-nutritional\\-information\\-the\\-british\\-nutrition\\-foundation\\\|title\\= Independence of nutritional information? \\\|last\\=Chamberlain \\\|first\\=Phil\\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[British Medical Journal]]\\\|location\\= London \\\|date\\=22 March 2010 \\\|accessdate\\=30 August 2023 \\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\\|archiveurl\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425125849/http://spinwatch.org/\\-articles\\-by\\-category\\-mainmenu\\-8/40\\-pr\\-industry/5353\\-independence\\-of\\-nutritional\\-information\\-the\\-british\\-nutrition\\-foundation\\\|archivedate\\= 25 April 2012}}{{Cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/food\\-and\\-drink/news/is\\-the\\-british\\-nutrition\\-foundation\\-having\\-its\\-cake\\-and\\-eating\\-it\\-too\\-1925034\\.html \\\|title\\=Is the British Nutrition Foundation having its cake and eating it too?\\\|last1\\=Chamberlain \\\|first1\\=Phil\\\|last2\\=Laurance \\\|first2\\=Jeremy \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\\|date\\=22 March 2010 \\\|accessdate\\=30 August 2023}}", "In 2005, 26 [UK MPs](/wiki/Member_of_parliament%23United_Kingdom \"Member of parliament#United Kingdom\") signed an [Early Day Motion](/wiki/Early_Day_Motion \"Early Day Motion\") in Parliament expressing concern over BNF activities, and requesting more transparency. They noted that the BNF was \"primarily industry\\-supported\" and was advising the government on\n* vending\n* educational resources for schools\n* the [balanced diet](/wiki/Balanced_diet \"Balanced diet\")\n* [sugary drinks](/wiki/Sugary_drink \"Sugary drink\")\n* extra curricular school activities\n* the [National Curriculum](/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_England \"National Curriculum for England\")\n* [school meals](/wiki/School_meals \"School meals\")\n* vocational qualifications (the UK has no requirements for the titles \"nutritionist\" , unlike \"dieticians\", who must be registered{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Tedstone \\\|first1\\=Alison \\\|title\\=How to become a Registered Nutritionist – UK Health Security Agency \\\|url\\=https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2014/10/16/how\\-to\\-become\\-a\\-registered\\-nutritionist/ \\\|website\\=ukhsa.blog.gov.uk \\\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2024 \\\|language\\=en \\\|date\\=16 October 2014}})\n* [food labelling](/wiki/Food_labelling \"Food labelling\")\n* [nutrient profiling](/wiki/Nutrient_profiling \"Nutrient profiling\")\n* [food irradiation](/wiki/Food_irradiation \"Food irradiation\")\n* the future of agriculture\n* [genetically modified foods](/wiki/Genetically_modified_food \"Genetically modified food\")\nThey also noted that members included \"[McDonalds](/wiki/McDonalds \"McDonalds\"), [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Company \"Coca-Cola Company\"), [Northern Foods](/wiki/Northern_Foods \"Northern Foods\"), [Nutrasweet](/wiki/Nutrasweet \"Nutrasweet\"), [Kraft](/wiki/Kraft \"Kraft\"), [Cadbury\\-Schweppes](/wiki/Cadbury \"Cadbury\"), [Kelloggs](/wiki/Kelloggs \"Kelloggs\"), [Nestle](/wiki/Nestle \"Nestle\"), [Sainsbury's](/wiki/Sainsbury%27s \"Sainsbury's\"), [Asda](/wiki/Asda \"Asda\") and [Procter \\& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble \"Procter & Gamble\")\".{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://edm.parliament.uk/early\\-day\\-motion/28481 \\\|title\\=British Nutrition Foundation. EDM (Early Day Motion)278: tabled on 07 June 2005 \\\|publisher\\=UK Parliament \\\|accessdate\\=30 August 2023}}", "The [Campaign Against Trans Fats in Food](/wiki/Campaign_Against_Trans_Fats_in_Food \"Campaign Against Trans Fats in Food\") said that the BNF opposed [regulation](/wiki/Trans_fat_regulation \"Trans fat regulation\") of xenobiotic [trans fats](/wiki/Trans_fats \"Trans fats\") in a 2009 BFN submission to the Scottish parliament, urging the parliament, which was considering regulation, to do nothing.{{Cite web \\\|url\\= http://spinwatch.org/\\-articles\\-by\\-category\\-mainmenu\\-8/40\\-pr\\-industry/5353\\-independence\\-of\\-nutritional\\-information\\-the\\-british\\-nutrition\\-foundation\\\|title\\= Independence of nutritional information? \\\|last\\=Chamberlain \\\|first\\=Phil\\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[British Medical Journal]]\\\|location\\= London \\\|date\\=22 March 2010 \\\|accessdate\\=30 August 2023 \\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\\|archiveurl\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425125849/http://spinwatch.org/\\-articles\\-by\\-category\\-mainmenu\\-8/40\\-pr\\-industry/5353\\-independence\\-of\\-nutritional\\-information\\-the\\-british\\-nutrition\\-foundation\\\|archivedate\\= 25 April 2012}}{{Cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/food\\-and\\-drink/news/is\\-the\\-british\\-nutrition\\-foundation\\-having\\-its\\-cake\\-and\\-eating\\-it\\-too\\-1925034\\.html \\\|title\\=Is the British Nutrition Foundation having its cake and eating it too?\\\|last1\\=Chamberlain \\\|first1\\=Phil\\\|last2\\=Laurance \\\|first2\\=Jeremy \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\\|date\\=22 March 2010 \\\|accessdate\\=30 August 2023}}", "The BNF was lobbying against action on [ultra\\-processed foods](/wiki/Ultra-processed_food \"Ultra-processed food\") in 2023, saying there should be no policies on them.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Beyond Reasonable Doubt: Avoiding conflict of interest in nutrition research {{!}} ANH Academy \\\|url\\=https://www.anh\\-academy.org/community/blogs/beyond\\-reasonable\\-doubt\\-avoiding\\-conflict\\-of\\-interest\\-in\\-nutrition\\-research \\\|website\\=www.anh\\-academy.org \\\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2024 \\\|language\\=en}} The BNF has argued that since poor people are economically forced to eat ultra\\-processed foods, taking regulatory measures to increase the consumption of non\\-UPF foods will increase inequality. It has also argued that publicly condemning of ultra\\-processed foods as unhealthy will make poor people feel stigmatized and guilty for not eating a financially\\-unacheivable diet. Opponents argue that poor people should not be economically forced to eat unhealthy foods, and policy should take that as its goal.{{rp\\\|380}}", "" ]
### 20th century During the Second World War, a great deal of [official attention](/wiki/Minister_of_Food "Minister of Food") was paid to ensuring that the [UK population had adequate nutrition despite the blockade](/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom%23Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%931945 "Rationing in the United Kingdom#Second World War 1939–1945"). Food rationing (1940\-1953\) restricted consumption of animal products, fats, sugar, and tea, and replaced [white bread](/wiki/White_bread "White bread") with the wholegrain [National Loaf](/wiki/National_Loaf "National Loaf"), increasing vegetable and fiber consumption.{{cn\\|date\=September 2024}} When rationing ended, diets began to change, as did diet\-related illness; rates of heart disease, for instance, increased sharply. The British Nutrition Foundation was set up in 1967\.{{cn\\|date\=September 2024}} #### NACNE report [thumb\\|[Caroline Walker](/wiki/Caroline_Walker_%28food_campaigner%29 "Caroline Walker (food campaigner)"), secretary to NACNE. In 1983, she challenged a bid to make the BNF officially responsible for nutritional education in Britain, saying the BNF was not fit to advise on nutrition, because it was entirely funded by the food industry.](/wiki/File:Caroline_83.png "Caroline 83.png") The [National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education](/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_on_Nutrition_Education "National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education") (NACNE) was set up by the British government in 1979, to provide a review of nutritional information and policy. The BNF was allowed to sit on the committee, which was to become controversial. The first draft of NACNE's report was finished in April 1981, and the third draft was leaked to the press in June 1983, after it became plain that it would not be released. At a BNF annual conference on 22 June 1983, the final official speaker suggested that the British government make the BNF the national body officially responsible for nutritional education. The secretary of NACNE, [Caroline Walker](/wiki/Caroline_Walker_%28food_campaigner%29 "Caroline Walker (food campaigner)"), stood up from the audience to respond. She said that as the BNF was entirely sponsored by the food industry, it was not fit to advise the public on nutrition. The conference chair and then\-BNF\-president, [Albert Neuberger](/wiki/Albert_Neuberger "Albert Neuberger"), said that her statement was [libellious](/wiki/Libel "Libel") and demanded that she retract it. She refused. Journalist [Geoffrey Cannon](/wiki/Geoffrey_Cannon "Geoffrey Cannon"), who had a leaked copy of the third draft report, asked about why the conference, on 'Implementing Dietary Guidelines', hadn't mentioned an upcoming report that laid out quantitative nutrition guidelines and regulatory means of reaching them. The BNF director\-general (then Derek Shrimpton{{cn\\|date\=August 2024}}), taken aback, said that the report would not be published by NACNE, but the chair of NACNE's expert sub\-committee was free to publish it. On the 3rd of July, the leaked NACNE draft was reported in the news press; in September, the leaked draft was published in a major medical journal, [the Lancet](/wiki/The_Lancet "The Lancet"). On the 10th of October, the NACNE report was offically published. Controversy around the suppression continued to generate news stories for some years.{{cite web \\|title\=History. Policy. NACNE. \\|last1\=Cannon \\|first1\=Geoffrey \\|url\=https://www.wphna.org/htdocs/2011\_aug\_col\_geoffrey.htm \\|website\=www.wphna.org \\|publisher\=\[\[World Public Health Nutrition Association]] \\|access\-date\=30 August 2024}}{{cite journal \\|title\=Nutrition: The Changing Scene \\|journal\=The Lancet \\|date\=24 September 1983 \\|volume\=322 \\|issue\=8352 \\|pages\=719–721 \\|doi\=10\.1016/S0140\-6736(83\)92256\-0 \\|url\=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673683922560 \\|access\-date\=30 August 2024 \\|issn\=0140\-6736}} (see also pages 782\-784, 835\-838, and 902\-905 for other installments) The report recommended regulating the formulation of processed foods (to make them less unhealthy), more explicit nutritional labelling, and incentives for breeding leaner meat. It said that the measures it suggested could halve the average intake of sugar and salt, and reduce the intake of fats by a quarter, replacing them with vegetables, fruit, [dietary fiber](/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber"), and starchy foods. It said that this would significantly reduce obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, colorectal cancer, and other major diseases, and improve the health of the whole population. The report also deprecated the term "[balanced diet](/wiki/Balanced_diet "Balanced diet")" and contemporary [food groups](/wiki/Food_group "Food group"), saying that they were no longer helpful. It said that in the past, when nutritional deficiencies were the major form of diet\-related disease, encouraging people to eat a greater variety of foods was useful, because most people who got nutritional deficiencies were eating a narrow range of foods lacking a specific nutrient. In the 1970s, they wrote, that was no longer a major problem in the United Kingdom; people needed to eat healthier foods, not more varied ones. No official action was taken on the report; the recommendations were not implemented.{{cn\\|date\=September 2024}} Derek Shrimpton, who had been BNF director general in this period (1982\-1984{{cn\\|date\=August 2024}}), said in a 1985 interview: "In the period I was there the foundation was solely taken up with defence actions for the industry." He also said that BNF had constantly fought against reductions in sugar, salt, and fat consumption, by constantly frustrating government committees aiming to recommend reductions.{{cite book\\|last\=Cannon\\|first\=G\\|title\=The Politics of Food\\|year\=1987\\|publisher\=Century\\|location\=London\\|pages\=356\\|isbn\=978\-0712612104}}; former 10\-digit ISBN was {{ISBN\\|0712612106}}. An interview with Derek Shrimpton in a 1985 [World in Action](/wiki/World_in_Action "World in Action") documentary{{expand citation\\|date\=August 2024}} is quoted extensively in The Politics of Food	[ "### 20th century", "During the Second World War, a great deal of [official attention](/wiki/Minister_of_Food \"Minister of Food\") was paid to ensuring that the [UK population had adequate nutrition despite the blockade](/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom%23Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%931945 \"Rationing in the United Kingdom#Second World War 1939–1945\"). Food rationing (1940\\-1953\\) restricted consumption of animal products, fats, sugar, and tea, and replaced [white bread](/wiki/White_bread \"White bread\") with the wholegrain [National Loaf](/wiki/National_Loaf \"National Loaf\"), increasing vegetable and fiber consumption.{{cn\\\|date\\=September 2024}} When rationing ended, diets began to change, as did diet\\-related illness; rates of heart disease, for instance, increased sharply.", "The British Nutrition Foundation was set up in 1967\\.{{cn\\\|date\\=September 2024}}", "#### NACNE report", "[thumb\\\|[Caroline Walker](/wiki/Caroline_Walker_%28food_campaigner%29 \"Caroline Walker (food campaigner)\"), secretary to NACNE. In 1983, she challenged a bid to make the BNF officially responsible for nutritional education in Britain, saying the BNF was not fit to advise on nutrition, because it was entirely funded by the food industry.](/wiki/File:Caroline_83.png \"Caroline 83.png\")\nThe [National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education](/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_on_Nutrition_Education \"National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education\") (NACNE) was set up by the British government in 1979, to provide a review of nutritional information and policy. The BNF was allowed to sit on the committee, which was to become controversial. The first draft of NACNE's report was finished in April 1981, and the third draft was leaked to the press in June 1983, after it became plain that it would not be released.", "At a BNF annual conference on 22 June 1983, the final official speaker suggested that the British government make the BNF the national body officially responsible for nutritional education. The secretary of NACNE, [Caroline Walker](/wiki/Caroline_Walker_%28food_campaigner%29 \"Caroline Walker (food campaigner)\"), stood up from the audience to respond. She said that as the BNF was entirely sponsored by the food industry, it was not fit to advise the public on nutrition. The conference chair and then\\-BNF\\-president, [Albert Neuberger](/wiki/Albert_Neuberger \"Albert Neuberger\"), said that her statement was [libellious](/wiki/Libel \"Libel\") and demanded that she retract it. She refused.", "Journalist [Geoffrey Cannon](/wiki/Geoffrey_Cannon \"Geoffrey Cannon\"), who had a leaked copy of the third draft report, asked about why the conference, on 'Implementing Dietary Guidelines', hadn't mentioned an upcoming report that laid out quantitative nutrition guidelines and regulatory means of reaching them. The BNF director\\-general (then Derek Shrimpton{{cn\\\|date\\=August 2024}}), taken aback, said that the report would not be published by NACNE, but the chair of NACNE's expert sub\\-committee was free to publish it.", "On the 3rd of July, the leaked NACNE draft was reported in the news press; in September, the leaked draft was published in a major medical journal, [the Lancet](/wiki/The_Lancet \"The Lancet\"). On the 10th of October, the NACNE report was offically published. Controversy around the suppression continued to generate news stories for some years.{{cite web \\\|title\\=History. Policy. NACNE. \\\|last1\\=Cannon \\\|first1\\=Geoffrey \\\|url\\=https://www.wphna.org/htdocs/2011\\_aug\\_col\\_geoffrey.htm \\\|website\\=www.wphna.org \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Public Health Nutrition Association]] \\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2024}}{{cite journal \\\|title\\=Nutrition: The Changing Scene \\\|journal\\=The Lancet \\\|date\\=24 September 1983 \\\|volume\\=322 \\\|issue\\=8352 \\\|pages\\=719–721 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0140\\-6736(83\\)92256\\-0 \\\|url\\=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673683922560 \\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2024 \\\|issn\\=0140\\-6736}} (see also pages 782\\-784, 835\\-838, and 902\\-905 for other installments)", "The report recommended regulating the formulation of processed foods (to make them less unhealthy), more explicit nutritional labelling, and incentives for breeding leaner meat. It said that the measures it suggested could halve the average intake of sugar and salt, and reduce the intake of fats by a quarter, replacing them with vegetables, fruit, [dietary fiber](/wiki/Dietary_fiber \"Dietary fiber\"), and starchy foods. It said that this would significantly reduce obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, colorectal cancer, and other major diseases, and improve the health of the whole population.", "The report also deprecated the term \"[balanced diet](/wiki/Balanced_diet \"Balanced diet\")\" and contemporary [food groups](/wiki/Food_group \"Food group\"), saying that they were no longer helpful. It said that in the past, when nutritional deficiencies were the major form of diet\\-related disease, encouraging people to eat a greater variety of foods was useful, because most people who got nutritional deficiencies were eating a narrow range of foods lacking a specific nutrient. In the 1970s, they wrote, that was no longer a major problem in the United Kingdom; people needed to eat healthier foods, not more varied ones.", "No official action was taken on the report; the recommendations were not implemented.{{cn\\\|date\\=September 2024}}", "Derek Shrimpton, who had been BNF director general in this period (1982\\-1984{{cn\\\|date\\=August 2024}}), said in a 1985 interview: \"In the period I was there the foundation was solely taken up with defence actions for the industry.\" He also said that BNF had constantly fought against reductions in sugar, salt, and fat consumption, by constantly frustrating government committees aiming to recommend reductions.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Cannon\\\|first\\=G\\\|title\\=The Politics of Food\\\|year\\=1987\\\|publisher\\=Century\\\|location\\=London\\\|pages\\=356\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0712612104}}; former 10\\-digit ISBN was {{ISBN\\\|0712612106}}. An interview with Derek Shrimpton in a 1985 [World in Action](/wiki/World_in_Action \"World in Action\") documentary{{expand citation\\\|date\\=August 2024}} is quoted extensively in The Politics of Food", "" ]
BBC Radio 1 ----------- ### The Bit in the Middle In 1984, Davies took over the lunchtime show. He called it The Bit in the Middle which consisted of features, such as 'The Day\-To\-Day Challenge', in which the same person would go on air each weekday to answer quiz questions and try to upgrade their prize, and 'Willy on the Plonker', which involved crazed [piano](/wiki/Piano "Piano")\-playing of a well\-known hit for listeners to identify. On Sunday 6 September 1987 he presented the Sunday afternoon stereo countdown of the Top 40 from 5{{nbsp}}pm to 7{{nbsp}}pm, filling in for [Bruno Brookes](/wiki/Bruno_Brookes "Bruno Brookes"). Davies was promoted with the catchphrase "Young, Free and Single" and a [jingle](/wiki/Jingle "Jingle") "Wooh! Gary Davies".{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.radiorewind.co.uk/radio1/gary\_davies\_page.htm\\|title\=Radio Rewind: Gary Davies page}} Davies' own show rarely changed until it was rebranded in 1991 as Let's Do Lunch, with new features, including 'Spin \& Win' (a variation on 'Willy on the Plonker', with a cryptic clue replacing the frenetic piano work) and the 'Classic Track' featuring a piece of classical music. Previous feature The Sloppy Bit (a dedication followed by love song) was unchanged but renamed 'Lots of Love'. He also introduced 'The Non Stop Half Hour' from after the 2\.30{{nbsp}}pm news until 3{{nbsp}}pm, which was half an hour of non\-stop music. With updated technology, the chart rundown was moved forward to Sundays from 4 October 1987\. Instead, Davies did countdowns of the US chart and the UK album chart – although the US chart he featured was not the official [Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_magazine "Billboard magazine") one, but an airplay\-only chart compiled by [Radio and Records](/wiki/Radio_and_Records "Radio and Records") magazine. ### Weekends In 1992, Davies moved from the lunchtime show to the weekend breakfast, keeping a selection of the features. He also started a Sunday late night slot. The 'Lots of Love' feature moved to this show, with dedications being read out over the music to [Dances with Wolves](/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves "Dances with Wolves"). During this period, he could also be heard deputising for weekday presenters who were taking their holidays, usually [Steve Wright](/wiki/Steve_Wright_%28DJ%29 "Steve Wright (DJ)") or [Nicky Campbell](/wiki/Nicky_Campbell "Nicky Campbell"). ### Leaving BBC Radio 1 On 11 November 1993 Davies was dismissed. His last record was [Layla](/wiki/Layla "Layla") by [Derek and the Dominoes](/wiki/Eric_Clapton "Eric Clapton") — which had also been his first record on the station 11 years earlier.{{citation needed\\|date\=October 2016}} Davies was the last Radio 1 DJ to host [Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops "Top of the Pops") before the show's "year zero" revamp in October 1991\.	[ "BBC Radio 1\n-----------", "### The Bit in the Middle", "In 1984, Davies took over the lunchtime show. He called it The Bit in the Middle which consisted of features, such as 'The Day\\-To\\-Day Challenge', in which the same person would go on air each weekday to answer quiz questions and try to upgrade their prize, and 'Willy on the Plonker', which involved crazed [piano](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\")\\-playing of a well\\-known hit for listeners to identify.", "On Sunday 6 September 1987 he presented the Sunday afternoon stereo countdown of the Top 40 from 5{{nbsp}}pm to 7{{nbsp}}pm, filling in for [Bruno Brookes](/wiki/Bruno_Brookes \"Bruno Brookes\").", "Davies was promoted with the catchphrase \"Young, Free and Single\" and a [jingle](/wiki/Jingle \"Jingle\") \"Wooh! Gary Davies\".{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.radiorewind.co.uk/radio1/gary\\_davies\\_page.htm\\\|title\\=Radio Rewind: Gary Davies page}}", "Davies' own show rarely changed until it was rebranded in 1991 as Let's Do Lunch, with new features, including 'Spin \\& Win' (a variation on 'Willy on the Plonker', with a cryptic clue replacing the frenetic piano work) and the 'Classic Track' featuring a piece of classical music. Previous feature The Sloppy Bit (a dedication followed by love song) was unchanged but renamed 'Lots of Love'. He also introduced 'The Non Stop Half Hour' from after the 2\\.30{{nbsp}}pm news until 3{{nbsp}}pm, which was half an hour of non\\-stop music.", "With updated technology, the chart rundown was moved forward to Sundays from 4 October 1987\\. Instead, Davies did countdowns of the US chart and the UK album chart – although the US chart he featured was not the official [Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_magazine \"Billboard magazine\") one, but an airplay\\-only chart compiled by [Radio and Records](/wiki/Radio_and_Records \"Radio and Records\") magazine.", "### Weekends", "In 1992, Davies moved from the lunchtime show to the weekend breakfast, keeping a selection of the features. He also started a Sunday late night slot. The 'Lots of Love' feature moved to this show, with dedications being read out over the music to [Dances with Wolves](/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves \"Dances with Wolves\"). During this period, he could also be heard deputising for weekday presenters who were taking their holidays, usually [Steve Wright](/wiki/Steve_Wright_%28DJ%29 \"Steve Wright (DJ)\") or [Nicky Campbell](/wiki/Nicky_Campbell \"Nicky Campbell\").", "### Leaving BBC Radio 1", "On 11 November 1993 Davies was dismissed. His last record was [Layla](/wiki/Layla \"Layla\") by [Derek and the Dominoes](/wiki/Eric_Clapton \"Eric Clapton\") — which had also been his first record on the station 11 years earlier.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=October 2016}}", "Davies was the last Radio 1 DJ to host [Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops \"Top of the Pops\") before the show's \"year zero\" revamp in October 1991\\.", "" ]
Ferries History --------------- The first ferry on Lake Victoria started operation in 1900s during the [British](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire") [colonial era](/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa "Colonisation of Africa"), from the port of Kisumu. The original steamboats were later replaced by motor ships, some of which still operate on the lake. Almost all ferries (trains, cargo, passenger) in operation at the end of the 20th century were decades old. In 2018, most of them were still in operation. Newer 21st century\-built ferries made up the majority of all ferries on Lake Victoria as of 2018\. The number of ferries known to be in commercial operation in 2018 was about thirty in Tanzania, five in Uganda, and six in Kenya. The largest ferries for the transport of cargo on Lake Victoria are the train ferries {{MV\\|Umoja}}, {{MV\\|Uhuru}}, {{MV\\|Kaawa}} and {{MV\\|Pemba}} engaged in international services between Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. Each of them is able to transport 1180 tonnes of goods or 22 long rail waggons in four lanes (four tracks). In 2018, Umoja and Kaawa were in use between Port Bell and Mwanza, but the two ferries Pemba and Uhuru were suspended. The largest passenger ship on Lake Victoria is [MV Victoria](/wiki/MV_Victoria_%281959%29 "MV Victoria (1959)"), which can transport up to 1200 passengers. These five vessels are between 30\-60 years old and state\-owned. New Ro\-Pax and Ro\-Ro multipurpose ferries have continued to come into operation in recent years, built and assembled in Mwanza in Tanzania. These ferries have increased in size and capacity over the years, with the newest additions coming close to the older large train ferries. Two new Tanzanian state\-owned Ro\-Pax ferries, Misungwi (2016\) and Mwanza (2018\), can each transport up to 1000 passengers including up to 36 cars or up to 250 tonnes of cargo. The largest privately\-owned ferry on Lake Victoria is a new Tanzanian Ro\-Pax ferry from 2016, the Nyehunge II with a transport capacity of 284 tonnes of goods or 40 cars and 500 passengers. Apart from the motor vessels listed below, two steam ships more than 100 years old are reported to be still present on Lake Victoria in 2018, both in private hands: {{SS\\|Nyanza}} and {{SS\\|Rusinga}}, though Nyanza is suspended from operation in 2018\. \| \+ Motor Vessels on Lake Victoria (2018\) \| \| --- \| \| Country \| Operator \| List of Vessels, in operation or in ~~suspension~~ \| \| Tanzania \| [TEMESA](/wiki/Tanzania_Electrical%2C_Mechanical_and_Electronics_Services_Agency "Tanzania Electrical, Mechanical and Electronics Services Agency") \| {{hlist\\|MV ''Musoma''\\|MV ''Mara''\\|MV ''Ruvuvu''\\|MV ''Kyanyabasa''\\|MV ''Misungwi''\\|{{MV\\|Nyerere}}\\|MV ''Sengerema''\\|MV ''Sabasaba''\\|MV ''Ukara''\\|{{MV\\|Mwanza}}\\|MV ''Kiu''\\|MV ''Ujenzi''\\|MV ''Temesa''\\|MV ''Kome II''\\|{{MV\\|Tegemeo}}\\|MV ''Chato''}} \| \| Tanzania \| [Marine Services Company Limited](/wiki/Marine_Services_Company_Limited "Marine Services Company Limited") \| {{hlist\\|MV ''Butiama''\\|MV ''Clarias''\\|ML ''Maindi''\\|MT ''Nyangumi''\\|\[\[MV Serengeti\\|MV ''Serengeti'']]\\|{{MV\\|Umoja}}\\|MT ''Ukerewe''\\|\[\[MV Victoria (1959\)\\|MV ''Victoria'']]\\|ML ''Wimbi''}} \| \| Tanzania \| Nyehunge IT Support Ltd \| {{hlist\\|MV ''Nyehunge''\\|MV ''Nyehunge II''}} \| \| Tanzania \| Kamanga Ferry Ltd \| {{hlist\\|MV ''Thor''\\|MV ''Orion''\\|MV ''Orion II''}} \| \| Uganda \| Earthwise Ferries Ltd \| {{hlist\\|MV ''Amani''\\|MV ''Bluebird''}} \| \| Uganda \| [Uganda Railways Corporation](/wiki/Uganda_Railways_Corporation "Uganda Railways Corporation") \| {{hlist\\|~~MV ''Pemba''~~\\|{{MV\\|Kaawa}}}} \| \| Uganda \| Kalangala Infrastructure Services Ltd \| {{hlist\\|MV ''Pearl''\\|MV ''Ssese''}} \| \| Uganda \| Nation Oil Distributors Ltd \| MV Kalangala \| \| Kenya \| [Kenya Railways Corporation](/wiki/Kenya_Railways_Corporation "Kenya Railways Corporation") \| ~~{{MV\\|Uhuru}}~~ \| \| Kenya \| Mbita Ferries Ltd \| {{hlist\\|MV ''Mbita''\\|MV ''Uzinza''}} \| \| Kenya \| Globology Ltd \| {{hlist\\|MV ''Captain Dan''\\|MV ''Ringiti''\\|MV ''Atego''\\|MV ''Sigulu''}} \| \| The 20th century ferries have almost entirely been designed and built outside Africa, mostly in the UK and Germany but were assembled at Lake Victoria from pre\-assembled parts. Most of the ferries delivered to several operators around Lake Victoria in the 21st century however have been designed and built in Tanzania through construction firms with [dockyards](/wiki/Dockyard "Dockyard") and floating [dry docks](/wiki/Dry_dock "Dry dock") located at Mwanza port. Most new ro\-ro ferries on Lake Victoria have been built by local Songoro Marine Transport Ltd, a company with construction services in Mwanza. Outside Mwanza, a new Kenyan company based in Kisumu, Globology Ltd, is planning to build and to operate up to 15 passenger\-only [catamaran](/wiki/Catamaran "Catamaran") passenger ferries until 2020\.	[ "Ferries History\n---------------", "The first ferry on Lake Victoria started operation in 1900s during the [British](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\") [colonial era](/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa \"Colonisation of Africa\"), from the port of Kisumu. The original steamboats were later replaced by motor ships, some of which still operate on the lake. Almost all ferries (trains, cargo, passenger) in operation at the end of the 20th century were decades old. In 2018, most of them were still in operation. Newer 21st century\\-built ferries made up the majority of all ferries on Lake Victoria as of 2018\\. The number of ferries known to be in commercial operation in 2018 was about thirty in Tanzania, five in Uganda, and six in Kenya.", "The largest ferries for the transport of cargo on Lake Victoria are the train ferries {{MV\\\|Umoja}}, {{MV\\\|Uhuru}}, {{MV\\\|Kaawa}} and {{MV\\\|Pemba}} engaged in international services between Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. Each of them is able to transport 1180 tonnes of goods or 22 long rail waggons in four lanes (four tracks). In 2018, Umoja and Kaawa were in use between Port Bell and Mwanza, but the two ferries Pemba and Uhuru were suspended. The largest passenger ship on Lake Victoria is [MV Victoria](/wiki/MV_Victoria_%281959%29 \"MV Victoria (1959)\"), which can transport up to 1200 passengers. These five vessels are between 30\\-60 years old and state\\-owned.", "New Ro\\-Pax and Ro\\-Ro multipurpose ferries have continued to come into operation in recent years, built and assembled in Mwanza in Tanzania. These ferries have increased in size and capacity over the years, with the newest additions coming close to the older large train ferries. Two new Tanzanian state\\-owned Ro\\-Pax ferries, Misungwi (2016\\) and Mwanza (2018\\), can each transport up to 1000 passengers including up to 36 cars or up to 250 tonnes of cargo. The largest privately\\-owned ferry on Lake Victoria is a new Tanzanian Ro\\-Pax ferry from 2016, the Nyehunge II with a transport capacity of 284 tonnes of goods or 40 cars and 500 passengers.", "Apart from the motor vessels listed below, two steam ships more than 100 years old are reported to be still present on Lake Victoria in 2018, both in private hands: {{SS\\\|Nyanza}} and {{SS\\\|Rusinga}}, though Nyanza is suspended from operation in 2018\\.", "", "\| \\+ Motor Vessels on Lake Victoria (2018\\) \|\n\| --- \|\n\| Country \| Operator \| List of Vessels, in operation or in ~~suspension~~ \|\n\| Tanzania \| [TEMESA](/wiki/Tanzania_Electrical%2C_Mechanical_and_Electronics_Services_Agency \"Tanzania Electrical, Mechanical and Electronics Services Agency\") \| {{hlist\\\|MV ''Musoma''\\\|MV ''Mara''\\\|MV ''Ruvuvu''\\\|MV ''Kyanyabasa''\\\|MV ''Misungwi''\\\|{{MV\\\|Nyerere}}\\\|MV ''Sengerema''\\\|MV ''Sabasaba''\\\|MV ''Ukara''\\\|{{MV\\\|Mwanza}}\\\|MV ''Kiu''\\\|MV ''Ujenzi''\\\|MV ''Temesa''\\\|MV ''Kome II''\\\|{{MV\\\|Tegemeo}}\\\|MV ''Chato''}} \|\n\| Tanzania \| [Marine Services Company Limited](/wiki/Marine_Services_Company_Limited \"Marine Services Company Limited\") \| {{hlist\\\|MV ''Butiama''\\\|MV ''Clarias''\\\|ML ''Maindi''\\\|MT ''Nyangumi''\\\|\\[\\[MV Serengeti\\\|MV ''Serengeti'']]\\\|{{MV\\\|Umoja}}\\\|MT ''Ukerewe''\\\|\\[\\[MV Victoria (1959\\)\\\|MV ''Victoria'']]\\\|ML ''Wimbi''}} \|\n\| Tanzania \| Nyehunge IT Support Ltd \| {{hlist\\\|MV ''Nyehunge''\\\|MV ''Nyehunge II''}} \|\n\| Tanzania \| Kamanga Ferry Ltd \| {{hlist\\\|MV ''Thor''\\\|MV ''Orion''\\\|MV ''Orion II''}} \|\n\| Uganda \| Earthwise Ferries Ltd \| {{hlist\\\|MV ''Amani''\\\|MV ''Bluebird''}} \|\n\| Uganda \| [Uganda Railways Corporation](/wiki/Uganda_Railways_Corporation \"Uganda Railways Corporation\") \| {{hlist\\\|~~MV ''Pemba''~~\\\|{{MV\\\|Kaawa}}}} \|\n\| Uganda \| Kalangala Infrastructure Services Ltd \| {{hlist\\\|MV ''Pearl''\\\|MV ''Ssese''}} \|\n\| Uganda \| Nation Oil Distributors Ltd \| MV Kalangala \|\n\| Kenya \| [Kenya Railways Corporation](/wiki/Kenya_Railways_Corporation \"Kenya Railways Corporation\") \| ~~{{MV\\\|Uhuru}}~~ \|\n\| Kenya \| Mbita Ferries Ltd \| {{hlist\\\|MV ''Mbita''\\\|MV ''Uzinza''}} \|\n\| Kenya \| Globology Ltd \| {{hlist\\\|MV ''Captain Dan''\\\|MV ''Ringiti''\\\|MV ''Atego''\\\|MV ''Sigulu''}} \|\n\|", "The 20th century ferries have almost entirely been designed and built outside Africa, mostly in the UK and Germany but were assembled at Lake Victoria from pre\\-assembled parts. Most of the ferries delivered to several operators around Lake Victoria in the 21st century however have been designed and built in Tanzania through construction firms with [dockyards](/wiki/Dockyard \"Dockyard\") and floating [dry docks](/wiki/Dry_dock \"Dry dock\") located at Mwanza port. Most new ro\\-ro ferries on Lake Victoria have been built by local Songoro Marine Transport Ltd, a company with construction services in Mwanza. Outside Mwanza, a new Kenyan company based in Kisumu, Globology Ltd, is planning to build and to operate up to 15 passenger\\-only [catamaran](/wiki/Catamaran \"Catamaran\") passenger ferries until 2020\\.", "" ]
Ferry history ------------- ### Uganda Railway steamers The original ships serving the [Uganda Railway](/wiki/Uganda_Railway "Uganda Railway") were built in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland") as "knock down" ships; that is, they were bolted together, all the parts marked with numbers, disassembled into thousands of parts, transported in kit form by sea to [Mombasa](/wiki/Mombasa "Mombasa") and by railway to Kisumu and reassembled. {{SS\\|William Mackinnon}} was built for the [Imperial British East Africa Company](/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company "Imperial British East Africa Company") in 1890 by [Bow, McLachlan and Company](/wiki/Bow%2C_McLachlan_and_Company "Bow, McLachlan and Company") at [Paisley](/wiki/Paisley%2C_Renfrewshire "Paisley, Renfrewshire") in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") but not launched at Kisumu until 1900\.{{cite web \\|last1\= Cameron \\|first1\= Stuart \\|last2\=Biddulph \\|first2\=Stuart \\|last3\=Asprey \\|first3\=David \\|title\=SS William Mackinnon \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|url\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=21150 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110759/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=21150 \\|url\-status\=usurped \\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-16 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-22}} In the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), she was armed as a [gunboat](/wiki/Gunboat%23History "Gunboat#History"). In 1929, she was withdrawn from service, taken into deep water and [scuttled](/wiki/Scuttling "Scuttling"). The [sister ships](/wiki/Sister_ship "Sister ship") [SS Winifred](/wiki/SS_Winifred_%281901%29 "SS Winifred (1901)") and [SS Sybil](/wiki/SS_Sybil_%281901%29 "SS Sybil (1901)") were built by Bow, McLachlan \& Co in 1901\.{{cite web \\|last1\= Cameron \\|first1\= Stuart \\|last2\=Asprey \\|first2\=David \\|title\=SS Winifred \\|last3\=Robinson \\|first3\=George \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|url\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=12922 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110805/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=12922 \\|url\-status\=usurped \\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-16 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-22}}{{cite web \\|last1\= Cameron \\|first1\= Stuart \\|last2\=Asprey \\|first2\=David \\|title\=SS Sybil \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|url\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22796 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110628/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22796 \\|url\-status\=usurped \\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-16 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-21}} Winifred was launched on the lake in 1902 followed by Sybil in 1903\. In the [First World War East African Campaign](/wiki/East_African_Campaign_%28World_War_I%29 "East African Campaign (World War I)"), they were armed as gunboats. In 1914, Sybil was beached after striking a rock but she was refloated in 1915 and refitted and returned to service in 1916\. In 1924, Sybil was converted into a [lighter](/wiki/Lighter_%28barge%29 "Lighter (barge)"). Winifred was purposely sunk in 1936 to form a breakwater off Luamba Island. Her remains were scrapped in 1954\. In the 1950s, Sybil sank at her moorings but she was raised, restored as a passenger and cargo vessel, and in 1956 re\-entered service. In 1967, Sybil was purposely sunk at Kisumu to form a breakwater. {{SS\\|Clement Hill}} was built by Bow, McLachlan \& Co in 1905\.{{cite web \\|last1\= Cameron \\|first1\= Stuart \\|last2\=Asprey \\|first2\=David \\|title\=SS Clement Hill \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|url\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22792 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110727/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22792 \\|url\-status\=usurped \\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-16 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-21}} She served on the lake from 1907 to 1935\. In 1936 she was purposely sunk at [Bukakata](/wiki/Bukakata "Bukakata") to form a breakwater. [SS Nyanza](/wiki/SS_Nyanza_%281907%29 "SS Nyanza (1907)") is a [cargo steamer](/wiki/Cargo_ship "Cargo ship") built by Bow, McLachlan \& Co in 1907\.{{cite web \\|last1\= Cameron \\|first1\= Stuart \\|last2\=Asprey \\|first2\=David \\|title\=SS Nyanza \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|url\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22798 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110828/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22798 \\|url\-status\=usurped \\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-16 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-22}} She was reported to be laid up as of 2007\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/DeathOfFleet.htm\\|title\=Ceremonial Cannons of the East African Railways\\|website\=www.mccrow.org.uk\\|accessdate\=26 November 2018}} {{SS\\|Kavirondo}} is a [tugboat](/wiki/Tugboat "Tugboat") built by Bow, McLachlan \& Co in 1912 and launched at Kisumu in 1913\.{{cite web \\|last1\= Cameron \\|first1\= Stuart \\|last2\=Asprey \\|first2\=David \\|title\=SS Kavirondo \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|url\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22793 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821143718/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22793 \\|url\-status\=usurped \\|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-21 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-22}} During the First World War, she served as a gunboat. In about 1984, she was laid up at Kisumu and later was used as an accommodation vessel. She later sank alongside, but in 2005 was raised. Her purchasers intended to lengthen and re\-engine her for use as a [tanker](/wiki/Tanker_%28ship%29 "Tanker (ship)"). The sister ships {{SS\\|Rusinga}} and {{SS\\|Usoga}} were built by Bow, McLachlan \& Co in 1913 and launched on the lake in 1914 and 1915, respectively.{{cite web \\|last1\= Cameron \\|first1\= Stuart \\|last2\=Asprey \\|first2\=David \\|title\=SS Rusinga \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|url\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22795 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110812/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22795 \\|url\-status\=usurped \\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-16 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-22}}{{cite web \\|last1\= Cameron \\|first1\= Stuart \\|last2\=Asprey \\|first2\=David \\|title\=SS Usoga \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|url\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22794 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110755/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=22794 \\|url\-status\=usurped \\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-16 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-21}} They were [troop ships](/wiki/Troop_ship "Troop ship") during the First World War East African Campaign{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/321643\.html \\|title\=The East African Maxim Gun Company 1915\-16 \\|work\=Harry's Africa \\|publisher\=The soldier's burden \\|accessdate\=2011\-05\-17}} and passed into civilian service after the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany "Armistice with Germany"). EAR\&H withdrew Rusinga for scrap in 1966,{{cite news \\|title\=Gazette Notice No 3265; East Africa Railways \& Harbours; Amendments to Tariff Book No 3 \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4v2Hak6sbDQC\&q\=%22SS\+Rusinga%22\&pg\=PA1030 \\|newspaper\=Kenya Gazette \\|volume\=LXVIII \\|date\=1966\-08\-30 \\|accessdate\=2011\-05\-18}} but she passed into private ownership and in 2005 was still in service.{{cite web \\|url\=http://kersi.50webs.com/pages/Chap.17\.htm \\|title\=17 Usoga and Rusinga \\|first\=Rustomji \\|last\=Kersi \\|work\=Jambo Paulo... Jambo Mykol... \\|publisher\=Kersi Rustomji \\|accessdate\=2011\-05\-22}} Usoga was laid up in 1975, sank at her moorings at Kisumu in the 1990s, and as of 2006 her remains were still there. {{SS\\|Buganda}} and {{SS\\|Buvuma}} were steamers built by Bow, McLachlan \& Co in 1925\.{{cite web \\|title\=Buganda \\|url\=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref\=2860 \\|website\=Scottish Built Ships \\|publisher\=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust \\|access\-date\=20 December 2020 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220015807/http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref\=2860 \\|archive\-date\=20 December 2020}}{{cite web \\|title\=Buvuma \\|url\=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref\=2864 \\|website\=Scottish Built Ships \\|publisher\=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust \\|access\-date\=20 December 2020 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220020833/http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref\=2864 \\|archive\-date\=20 December 2020}} In the 1980s, Buvuma was laid up and sank at her jetty. Buganda later became additional accommodation at the Mwanza's Hotel Tilapia, where she remains.{{cite web \\|title\=Accommodation \\|url\=https://hoteltilapia.wixsite.com/tilapia\-def/accommodation \\|publisher\=Hotel Tilapia \\|access\-date\=20 December 2020 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220021853/https://hoteltilapia.wixsite.com/tilapia\-def/accommodation \\|archive\-date\=20 December 2020 \\|location\=Mwanza}} ### East African Railways and Harbours motor vessels [RMS Victoria](/wiki/MV_Victoria_%281959%29 "MV Victoria (1959)") was built in 1959 by [Yarrow Shipbuilders](/wiki/Yarrow_Shipbuilders "Yarrow Shipbuilders") at [Scotstoun](/wiki/Scotstoun "Scotstoun"){{cite web \\|last1\=Cameron \\|first1\=Stuart \\|last2\=Strathdee \\|first2\=Paul \\|title\=Victoria \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|url\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=1580 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219162201/http://clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=1580 \\|url\-status\=usurped \\|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-19 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-22}} and reassembled for the [East African Railways and Harbours Corporation](/wiki/East_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Corporation "East African Railways and Harbours Corporation") (EAR\&H) ship at Kisumu{{cite web \\|url\= http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm \\|title\=Marine Services \\|last\=McCrow \\|first\=Malcolm \\|work\=East African Railways and Harbours \\|accessdate\=17 May 2011}} in 1961\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.dgeg.de/KatalogDetail.php4?katalog\_db\=2\&id\=12076\&listID\=5981bfee76 \\|title\=RMS Victoria \\|last\=von Kienlin \\|first\=Markus \\|date\=2007\-12\-17 \\|work\=Katalog \\|publisher\=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Eisenbahngeschichte \\|accessdate\=2011\-05\-18}} When the ship was commissioned, [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom "Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom") granted her the "[Royal Mail Ship](/wiki/Royal_Mail_Ship "Royal Mail Ship")" designation: the only EAR\&H ship to receive this distinction. However, since Kenya's independence from the UK, she has operated as MV Victoria. The [train ferries](/wiki/Train_ferry "Train ferry") {{MV\\|Umoja}} and {{MV\\|Uhuru}} are [sister ships](/wiki/Sister_ship "Sister ship") built by Yarrow in 1965\.{{cite web \\|last\=Cameron \\|first\=Stuart \\|title\=Umoja \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|year\=2004 \\|url\= http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=1588 \\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=1588 \\|url\-status\= usurped \\|archive\-date\= 2006\-09\-23 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-17}}{{cite web \\|last\=Cameron \\|first\=Stuart \\|title\=Uhuru \\|work\=Clyde\-built Database \\|year\=2004 \\|url\= http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=1588 \\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\=1588 \\|url\-status\= usurped \\|archive\-date\= 2006\-09\-23 \\|accessdate\= 2011\-05\-17}} Kenya operated Uhuru, but she has been suspended from service since 2007\.{{cite news \\|title\=Counting Losses \\|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200710031261\.html \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Standard (Kenya)\\|The Standard]] \\|date\=2007\-10\-04 }} By 1970, the [East African Railways and Harbours Corporation](/wiki/East_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Corporation "East African Railways and Harbours Corporation") operated regular sailings clockwise around the lake from Kisumu, using rail ferries that carried rail wagons loaded directly from rail tracks extended on the jetties at Kisumu, Port Bell and Mwanza. The rail network linked to the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean "Indian Ocean") ports of [Mombasa](/wiki/Mombasa "Mombasa") and [Dar es Salaam](/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam "Dar es Salaam") which allowed countries of the African interior such as Uganda and [Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda "Rwanda") to transport freight to and from world markets. Typical journey times were 13 hours between Port Bell in Uganda and Kisumu in Kenya, and 19 hours between Port Bell and Mwanza in Tanzania. In 1977 EARH was dissolved and its assets divided between Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Uhuru was transferred to the new [Kenya Railways Corporation](/wiki/Kenya_Railways_Corporation "Kenya Railways Corporation") (KRC) and Umoja and Victoria to the new [Tanzania Railways Corporation](/wiki/Tanzania_Railways_Corporation "Tanzania Railways Corporation") (TRC). In 1978, the new [Uganda Railways Corporation](/wiki/Uganda_Railways_Corporation "Uganda Railways Corporation") (URC) purchased three train ferries from Belgium, MV Pemba, MV Kaawa and MV Kabalega. However their production was interrupted by the war between Uganda and Tanzania that broke out in October 1978 and ended in April 1979\. The ferries were assembled after the war at Port Bell and launched in 1983\. TRC's Marine Division introduced the ferry {{MV\\|Bukoba}} in about 1979{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.asahi\-net.or.jp/\~ee1s\-ari/lake.html \\|title\=Lake Victoria tragedy, Tanzania in May 21 \\|author\=Arai Shin\-Ichi \\|date\=1996\-05\-30 \\|work\=Arai's Zanzibar, Tanzania Page \\|publisher\=Arai Shin\-Ichi \\|accessdate\=2011\-06\-26}} and the passenger and [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship "Cargo ship") {{MV\\|Serengeti}} in 1988\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://mscltz.com/preview\_008\.htm \\|title\=MV. Serengeti \\|work\=Vessels \\|publisher\=\[\[Marine Services Company Limited]] \\|accessdate\=2011\-06\-26 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083908/http://mscltz.com/preview\_008\.htm \\|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-18 \\|url\-status\=dead }} In 1997, the Marine Division of TRC became a separate company, the [Marine Services Company Limited](/wiki/Marine_Services_Company_Limited "Marine Services Company Limited"), whose fleet includes Serengeti, Umoja, and Victoria.{{cite web \\|url\=http://mscltz.com/index.html \\|title\=Home \\|work\=Marine Services Company Limited \\|publisher\=Marine Services Company Limited \\|accessdate\=2011\-06\-26}} ### 21st century vessels and operations Early in the 21st century, new Lake Victoria ro\-ro ferries were constructed at Mwanza port in Tanzania, in particular through the family\-owned and local Songoro Marine Transport Ltd in Tanzania. This added some dynamics to the ferry services sector on Lake Victoria and allowed several private companies to own and/or to operate new ferries, for example the Nyehunge ferries by Mohammed Seif, the owner of Nyehunge IT Support Ltd. In 2005, Tanzania founded a new state\-owned enterprise, [Tanzania Electrical, Mechanical and Electronics Services Agency](/wiki/Tanzania_Electrical%2C_Mechanical_and_Electronics_Services_Agency "Tanzania Electrical, Mechanical and Electronics Services Agency") (TEMESA), which received more than a dozen new and locally built and state\-owned ro\-ro ferries on Lake Victoria to operate them. Also in 2005, the private [Rift Valley Railways Consortium](/wiki/Rift_Valley_Railways_Consortium "Rift Valley Railways Consortium") (RVR) was selected by the two parastatal railway corporations in Kenya (KRC) and Uganda (URC) to operate their joint railway network from 2006 on. RVR also took over the three remaining Lake Victoria train ferries of Uganda and Kenya (Kabalega sank in 2005\), Pemba, Uhuru and Kaawa. RVR suspended Pemba and Kaawa from service indefinitely and also stopped Uhuru from all operations in 2007 after the railway branch line of the Uganda Railway between Kisumu and [Nakuru](/wiki/Nakuru "Nakuru") dropped out of operations due to an aging railway infrastructure. The Lake Victoria railheads in Port Bell, Jinja and Kisumu, then also operated by RVR, went out of operation. The remaining Tanzanian train ferry, MV Umoja could only serve Tanzanian rail jetties and became almost suspended as well and was used for special purposes only. Except from the Tanzanian ferry business, which started to flourish due to the new ferries built and put into operation, the Ugandan and Kenyan ferry business on Lake Victoria appeared to be dilapidated. In May 2008, the [Daily Monitor](/wiki/Daily_Monitor "Daily Monitor") stated that it expected the Ugandan government to announce in that year's budget speech a government allocation of [USh](/wiki/Ugandan_shilling "Ugandan shilling")14 billion to buy a new train ferry to replace Kabalega.{{cite web \\|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200805300198\.html \\|title\=Uganda: Gov't Set to Replace Sunken MV Kabalega \\|last\=Biryabarema \\|first\=Elias \\|date\=2008\-05\-30 \\|work\=\[\[Daily Monitor]] \\|publisher\=Monitor Publications Limited \\|accessdate\=2011\-05\-24}} However, in September 2009, the Uganda Radio Network said the Ugandan government was unlikely to replace Kabalega soon.{{cite web \\|url\=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s\=23859 \\|title\=Sunken MV Kabalega Ship May not be Replaced Soon Says Government \\|date\=2008\-05\-30 \\|work\=Uganda Radio Network \\|accessdate\=2011\-05\-24}} Instead, the Minister of Works proposed to improve port facilities at [Jinja](/wiki/Jinja%2C_Uganda "Jinja, Uganda") and Port Bell and let private operators run railway [car floats](/wiki/Car_float "Car float") with greater capacity than the ferries. The minister stated that Kaawa and Pemba would be reconditioned and returned to service and that private businesses had expressed an interest in raising Kabalega and restoring her to use as a private concession. In October 2009, the Ugandan government reiterated that it would recondition the Pemba and Kaawa and return them to service in 2010 and 2011 respectively.{{cite news \\|title\=Uganda: Government to Repair Grounded Ships \\|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200910300537\.html \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Standard (Kenya)\\|The Standard]] \\|date\=2009\-10\-29 \\|accessdate\=2011\-05\-17}} However, except words, no activities followed the announcements. In 2010, new international passenger ferry services based on [catamarans](/wiki/Catamaran "Catamaran") were to be launched. A US based company, Earthwise Ventures, announced that it would bring a fleet of fast ferries to Lake Victoria to connect major ports on the lake.{{cite news \\|title\=Everett man building fleet of ferries for Africa's Lake Victoria \\|last\=Heim \\|first\=Kristi \\|url\=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2009674875\_africaferry17\.html \\|newspaper\=\[\[Seattle Times]] \\|date\=2009\-08\-17 }} Later on, the private Earthwise Ferries Ltd with branches in Tanzania and Uganda started to operate the first catamaran passenger ferry on Lake Victoria in 2012, the MV Amani at Port Bell in Uganda, followed by a sister ship in 2018, the Bluebird at Mwanza port in Tanzania. Also in 2010, a Scottish investor, Malcolm Ormiston, founded Globology Ltd in Kisumu, Kenya to build and to operate smaller catamaran passenger ferries to operate on Lake Victoria in Kenya and in Uganda under the brand name Waterbus East Africa. A first small and locally built catamaran, Captain Dan went into operation in 2010\. In 2017, Globology intended to start to build 3\-5 catamaran passenger ferries per year each with a capacity to transport 120 passengers.{{cite web\\|title\=Scottish investor breathes new life into dilapidated L Victoria transport service\\|url\=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/magazines/Scottish\-investor\-breathes\-new\-life\-into\-dilapidated\-victoria/1248928\-3512738\-6kj5apz/index.html\\|publisher\=Nation Media Group\\|newspaper\=Business Daily Africa\\|date\=10 January 2017\\|accessdate\=26 September 2018}} As of April 2013, only [Tanzania Railways'](/wiki/Tanzania_Railways_Corporation "Tanzania Railways Corporation") [Central Line](/wiki/Central_Line_%28Tanzania%29 "Central Line (Tanzania)") was operating freight rail services from Mwanza to [Tabora](/wiki/Tabora "Tabora"), [Dodoma](/wiki/Dodoma "Dodoma") and Dar es Salaam and therefore connecting the Lake Victoria freight services with the world market. In 2017, the contract with RVR was cancelled in both Kenya and Uganda due to financial irregularities, both KRC and URC restarted the operations on their respective railway networks. URC also restarted the services at the railhead in Port Bell, the train ferry Kaawa was repaired and refurbished and put back into operation. In a similar manner, the train ferry Umoja on the Tanzanian side was repaired and refurbished. In June 2018, the [EastAfrican](/wiki/EastAfrican "EastAfrican") reported that 1180\-tonne Umoja began regular service again between Mwanza and Port Bell, plying the route 26 times every month. It is also expected that Kaawa, registered in Uganda, will join Umoja on the route. The [Dar es Salaam](/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam "Dar es Salaam") to Kampala route costs US$65 per tonne, compared to US$90 per tonne on the [Mombasa](/wiki/Mombasa "Mombasa") to [Kampala](/wiki/Kampala "Kampala") route, as of June 2018\.{{cite web \\|newspaper\=\[\[The EastAfrican]] \\| url\=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda\-resumes\-cargo\-operations\-on\-Lake\-Victoria/2560\-4633876\-4i2cdq/index.html \\|title\=Uganda resumes cargo operations on Lake Victoria after a decade \\|access\-date\=28 June 2018 \\|date\=27 June 2018 \\|first\=Julius \\|last\=Barigaba \\|location\=Nairobi}}{{cite web\\| url\=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Tanzania\-unveils\-cargo\-train\-to\-Uganda/2560\-4654108\-y39fkaz/index.html \\| title\=Tanzania unveils cargo train to Uganda \\|access\-date\=10 July 2018 \\|date\=9 July 2018 \\|newspaper\=\[\[The EastAfrican]] \\|last\=Tairo \\|first\=Apolinari \\|location\=Nairobi}} [The Citizen (Tanzania)](/wiki/The_Citizen_%28Tanzania%29 "The Citizen (Tanzania)"), reported similar information.{{cite web\\| url\=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/1840360\-4634882\-95btqyz/index.html \\|title\=Tanzania's MV Umoja resumes Port Bell\-Dar route after 10 years \\|access\-date\=28 June 2018 \\|date\=27 June 2018 \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Citizen (Tanzania)]] \\|location\=Dar es Salaam \\|author\=The Citizen Reporter}}	[ "Ferry history\n-------------", "### Uganda Railway steamers", "The original ships serving the [Uganda Railway](/wiki/Uganda_Railway \"Uganda Railway\") were built in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland \"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\") as \"knock down\" ships; that is, they were bolted together, all the parts marked with numbers, disassembled into thousands of parts, transported in kit form by sea to [Mombasa](/wiki/Mombasa \"Mombasa\") and by railway to Kisumu and reassembled.", "{{SS\\\|William Mackinnon}} was built for the [Imperial British East Africa Company](/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company \"Imperial British East Africa Company\") in 1890 by [Bow, McLachlan and Company](/wiki/Bow%2C_McLachlan_and_Company \"Bow, McLachlan and Company\") at [Paisley](/wiki/Paisley%2C_Renfrewshire \"Paisley, Renfrewshire\") in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") but not launched at Kisumu until 1900\\.{{cite web \\\|last1\\= Cameron \\\|first1\\= Stuart \\\|last2\\=Biddulph \\\|first2\\=Stuart \\\|last3\\=Asprey \\\|first3\\=David \\\|title\\=SS William Mackinnon \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|url\\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=21150 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110759/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=21150 \\\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-16 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-22}} In the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), she was armed as a [gunboat](/wiki/Gunboat%23History \"Gunboat#History\"). In 1929, she was withdrawn from service, taken into deep water and [scuttled](/wiki/Scuttling \"Scuttling\").", "The [sister ships](/wiki/Sister_ship \"Sister ship\") [SS Winifred](/wiki/SS_Winifred_%281901%29 \"SS Winifred (1901)\") and [SS Sybil](/wiki/SS_Sybil_%281901%29 \"SS Sybil (1901)\") were built by Bow, McLachlan \\& Co in 1901\\.{{cite web \\\|last1\\= Cameron \\\|first1\\= Stuart \\\|last2\\=Asprey \\\|first2\\=David \\\|title\\=SS Winifred \\\|last3\\=Robinson \\\|first3\\=George \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|url\\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=12922 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110805/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=12922 \\\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-16 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-22}}{{cite web \\\|last1\\= Cameron \\\|first1\\= Stuart \\\|last2\\=Asprey \\\|first2\\=David \\\|title\\=SS Sybil \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|url\\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22796 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110628/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22796 \\\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-16 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-21}} Winifred was launched on the lake in 1902 followed by Sybil in 1903\\. In the [First World War East African Campaign](/wiki/East_African_Campaign_%28World_War_I%29 \"East African Campaign (World War I)\"), they were armed as gunboats. In 1914, Sybil was beached after striking a rock but she was refloated in 1915 and refitted and returned to service in 1916\\. In 1924, Sybil was converted into a [lighter](/wiki/Lighter_%28barge%29 \"Lighter (barge)\"). Winifred was purposely sunk in 1936 to form a breakwater off Luamba Island. Her remains were scrapped in 1954\\. In the 1950s, Sybil sank at her moorings but she was raised, restored as a passenger and cargo vessel, and in 1956 re\\-entered service. In 1967, Sybil was purposely sunk at Kisumu to form a breakwater.", "{{SS\\\|Clement Hill}} was built by Bow, McLachlan \\& Co in 1905\\.{{cite web \\\|last1\\= Cameron \\\|first1\\= Stuart \\\|last2\\=Asprey \\\|first2\\=David \\\|title\\=SS Clement Hill \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|url\\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22792 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110727/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22792 \\\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-16 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-21}} She served on the lake from 1907 to 1935\\. In 1936 she was purposely sunk at [Bukakata](/wiki/Bukakata \"Bukakata\") to form a breakwater.", "[SS Nyanza](/wiki/SS_Nyanza_%281907%29 \"SS Nyanza (1907)\") is a [cargo steamer](/wiki/Cargo_ship \"Cargo ship\") built by Bow, McLachlan \\& Co in 1907\\.{{cite web \\\|last1\\= Cameron \\\|first1\\= Stuart \\\|last2\\=Asprey \\\|first2\\=David \\\|title\\=SS Nyanza \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|url\\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22798 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110828/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22798 \\\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-16 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-22}} She was reported to be laid up as of 2007\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/DeathOfFleet.htm\\\|title\\=Ceremonial Cannons of the East African Railways\\\|website\\=www.mccrow.org.uk\\\|accessdate\\=26 November 2018}}", "{{SS\\\|Kavirondo}} is a [tugboat](/wiki/Tugboat \"Tugboat\") built by Bow, McLachlan \\& Co in 1912 and launched at Kisumu in 1913\\.{{cite web \\\|last1\\= Cameron \\\|first1\\= Stuart \\\|last2\\=Asprey \\\|first2\\=David \\\|title\\=SS Kavirondo \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|url\\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22793 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821143718/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22793 \\\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-21 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-22}} During the First World War, she served as a gunboat. In about 1984, she was laid up at Kisumu and later was used as an accommodation vessel. She later sank alongside, but in 2005 was raised. Her purchasers intended to lengthen and re\\-engine her for use as a [tanker](/wiki/Tanker_%28ship%29 \"Tanker (ship)\").", "The sister ships {{SS\\\|Rusinga}} and {{SS\\\|Usoga}} were built by Bow, McLachlan \\& Co in 1913 and launched on the lake in 1914 and 1915, respectively.{{cite web \\\|last1\\= Cameron \\\|first1\\= Stuart \\\|last2\\=Asprey \\\|first2\\=David \\\|title\\=SS Rusinga \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|url\\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22795 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110812/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22795 \\\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-16 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-22}}{{cite web \\\|last1\\= Cameron \\\|first1\\= Stuart \\\|last2\\=Asprey \\\|first2\\=David \\\|title\\=SS Usoga \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|url\\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22794 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110755/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=22794 \\\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-16 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-21}} They were [troop ships](/wiki/Troop_ship \"Troop ship\") during the First World War East African Campaign{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/321643\\.html \\\|title\\=The East African Maxim Gun Company 1915\\-16 \\\|work\\=Harry's Africa \\\|publisher\\=The soldier's burden \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-05\\-17}} and passed into civilian service after the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany \"Armistice with Germany\"). EAR\\&H withdrew Rusinga for scrap in 1966,{{cite news \\\|title\\=Gazette Notice No 3265; East Africa Railways \\& Harbours; Amendments to Tariff Book No 3 \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4v2Hak6sbDQC\\&q\\=%22SS\\+Rusinga%22\\&pg\\=PA1030 \\\|newspaper\\=Kenya Gazette \\\|volume\\=LXVIII \\\|date\\=1966\\-08\\-30 \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-05\\-18}} but she passed into private ownership and in 2005 was still in service.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://kersi.50webs.com/pages/Chap.17\\.htm \\\|title\\=17 Usoga and Rusinga \\\|first\\=Rustomji \\\|last\\=Kersi \\\|work\\=Jambo Paulo... Jambo Mykol... \\\|publisher\\=Kersi Rustomji \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-05\\-22}} Usoga was laid up in 1975, sank at her moorings at Kisumu in the 1990s, and as of 2006 her remains were still there.", "{{SS\\\|Buganda}} and {{SS\\\|Buvuma}} were steamers built by Bow, McLachlan \\& Co in 1925\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Buganda \\\|url\\=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref\\=2860 \\\|website\\=Scottish Built Ships \\\|publisher\\=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust \\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2020 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220015807/http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref\\=2860 \\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2020}}{{cite web \\\|title\\=Buvuma \\\|url\\=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref\\=2864 \\\|website\\=Scottish Built Ships \\\|publisher\\=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust \\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2020 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220020833/http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref\\=2864 \\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2020}} In the 1980s, Buvuma was laid up and sank at her jetty. Buganda later became additional accommodation at the Mwanza's Hotel Tilapia, where she remains.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Accommodation \\\|url\\=https://hoteltilapia.wixsite.com/tilapia\\-def/accommodation \\\|publisher\\=Hotel Tilapia \\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2020 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220021853/https://hoteltilapia.wixsite.com/tilapia\\-def/accommodation \\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2020 \\\|location\\=Mwanza}}", "### East African Railways and Harbours motor vessels", "[RMS Victoria](/wiki/MV_Victoria_%281959%29 \"MV Victoria (1959)\") was built in 1959 by [Yarrow Shipbuilders](/wiki/Yarrow_Shipbuilders \"Yarrow Shipbuilders\") at [Scotstoun](/wiki/Scotstoun \"Scotstoun\"){{cite web \\\|last1\\=Cameron \\\|first1\\=Stuart \\\|last2\\=Strathdee \\\|first2\\=Paul \\\|title\\=Victoria \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|url\\=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=1580 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219162201/http://clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=1580 \\\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-19 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-22}} and reassembled for the [East African Railways and Harbours Corporation](/wiki/East_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Corporation \"East African Railways and Harbours Corporation\") (EAR\\&H) ship at Kisumu{{cite web \\\|url\\= http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm \\\|title\\=Marine Services \\\|last\\=McCrow \\\|first\\=Malcolm \\\|work\\=East African Railways and Harbours \\\|accessdate\\=17 May 2011}} in 1961\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.dgeg.de/KatalogDetail.php4?katalog\\_db\\=2\\&id\\=12076\\&listID\\=5981bfee76 \\\|title\\=RMS Victoria \\\|last\\=von Kienlin \\\|first\\=Markus \\\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-17 \\\|work\\=Katalog \\\|publisher\\=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Eisenbahngeschichte \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-05\\-18}} When the ship was commissioned, [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom\") granted her the \"[Royal Mail Ship](/wiki/Royal_Mail_Ship \"Royal Mail Ship\")\" designation: the only EAR\\&H ship to receive this distinction. However, since Kenya's independence from the UK, she has operated as MV Victoria.", "The [train ferries](/wiki/Train_ferry \"Train ferry\") {{MV\\\|Umoja}} and {{MV\\\|Uhuru}} are [sister ships](/wiki/Sister_ship \"Sister ship\") built by Yarrow in 1965\\.{{cite web \\\|last\\=Cameron \\\|first\\=Stuart \\\|title\\=Umoja \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|year\\=2004 \\\|url\\= http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=1588 \\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=1588 \\\|url\\-status\\= usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\= 2006\\-09\\-23 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-17}}{{cite web \\\|last\\=Cameron \\\|first\\=Stuart \\\|title\\=Uhuru \\\|work\\=Clyde\\-built Database \\\|year\\=2004 \\\|url\\= http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=1588 \\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id\\=1588 \\\|url\\-status\\= usurped \\\|archive\\-date\\= 2006\\-09\\-23 \\\|accessdate\\= 2011\\-05\\-17}} Kenya operated Uhuru, but she has been suspended from service since 2007\\.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Counting Losses \\\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200710031261\\.html \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Standard (Kenya)\\\|The Standard]] \\\|date\\=2007\\-10\\-04 }}", "By 1970, the [East African Railways and Harbours Corporation](/wiki/East_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Corporation \"East African Railways and Harbours Corporation\") operated regular sailings clockwise around the lake from Kisumu, using rail ferries that carried rail wagons loaded directly from rail tracks extended on the jetties at Kisumu, Port Bell and Mwanza. The rail network linked to the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean \"Indian Ocean\") ports of [Mombasa](/wiki/Mombasa \"Mombasa\") and [Dar es Salaam](/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam \"Dar es Salaam\") which allowed countries of the African interior such as Uganda and [Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda \"Rwanda\") to transport freight to and from world markets. Typical journey times were 13 hours between Port Bell in Uganda and Kisumu in Kenya, and 19 hours between Port Bell and Mwanza in Tanzania.", "In 1977 EARH was dissolved and its assets divided between Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Uhuru was transferred to the new [Kenya Railways Corporation](/wiki/Kenya_Railways_Corporation \"Kenya Railways Corporation\") (KRC) and Umoja and Victoria to the new [Tanzania Railways Corporation](/wiki/Tanzania_Railways_Corporation \"Tanzania Railways Corporation\") (TRC). In 1978, the new [Uganda Railways Corporation](/wiki/Uganda_Railways_Corporation \"Uganda Railways Corporation\") (URC) purchased three train ferries from Belgium, MV Pemba, MV Kaawa and MV Kabalega. However their production was interrupted by the war between Uganda and Tanzania that broke out in October 1978 and ended in April 1979\\. The ferries were assembled after the war at Port Bell and launched in 1983\\. TRC's Marine Division introduced the ferry {{MV\\\|Bukoba}} in about 1979{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.asahi\\-net.or.jp/\\~ee1s\\-ari/lake.html \\\|title\\=Lake Victoria tragedy, Tanzania in May 21 \\\|author\\=Arai Shin\\-Ichi \\\|date\\=1996\\-05\\-30 \\\|work\\=Arai's Zanzibar, Tanzania Page \\\|publisher\\=Arai Shin\\-Ichi \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-26}} and the passenger and [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship \"Cargo ship\") {{MV\\\|Serengeti}} in 1988\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://mscltz.com/preview\\_008\\.htm \\\|title\\=MV. Serengeti \\\|work\\=Vessels \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Marine Services Company Limited]] \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-26 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083908/http://mscltz.com/preview\\_008\\.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-18 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In 1997, the Marine Division of TRC became a separate company, the [Marine Services Company Limited](/wiki/Marine_Services_Company_Limited \"Marine Services Company Limited\"), whose fleet includes Serengeti, Umoja, and Victoria.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://mscltz.com/index.html \\\|title\\=Home \\\|work\\=Marine Services Company Limited \\\|publisher\\=Marine Services Company Limited \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-06\\-26}}", "### 21st century vessels and operations", "Early in the 21st century, new Lake Victoria ro\\-ro ferries were constructed at Mwanza port in Tanzania, in particular through the family\\-owned and local Songoro Marine Transport Ltd in Tanzania. This added some dynamics to the ferry services sector on Lake Victoria and allowed several private companies to own and/or to operate new ferries, for example the Nyehunge ferries by Mohammed Seif, the owner of Nyehunge IT Support Ltd. In 2005, Tanzania founded a new state\\-owned enterprise, [Tanzania Electrical, Mechanical and Electronics Services Agency](/wiki/Tanzania_Electrical%2C_Mechanical_and_Electronics_Services_Agency \"Tanzania Electrical, Mechanical and Electronics Services Agency\") (TEMESA), which received more than a dozen new and locally built and state\\-owned ro\\-ro ferries on Lake Victoria to operate them.", "Also in 2005, the private [Rift Valley Railways Consortium](/wiki/Rift_Valley_Railways_Consortium \"Rift Valley Railways Consortium\") (RVR) was selected by the two parastatal railway corporations in Kenya (KRC) and Uganda (URC) to operate their joint railway network from 2006 on. RVR also took over the three remaining Lake Victoria train ferries of Uganda and Kenya (Kabalega sank in 2005\\), Pemba, Uhuru and Kaawa. RVR suspended Pemba and Kaawa from service indefinitely and also stopped Uhuru from all operations in 2007 after the railway branch line of the Uganda Railway between Kisumu and [Nakuru](/wiki/Nakuru \"Nakuru\") dropped out of operations due to an aging railway infrastructure. The Lake Victoria railheads in Port Bell, Jinja and Kisumu, then also operated by RVR, went out of operation. The remaining Tanzanian train ferry, MV Umoja could only serve Tanzanian rail jetties and became almost suspended as well and was used for special purposes only. Except from the Tanzanian ferry business, which started to flourish due to the new ferries built and put into operation, the Ugandan and Kenyan ferry business on Lake Victoria appeared to be dilapidated.", "In May 2008, the [Daily Monitor](/wiki/Daily_Monitor \"Daily Monitor\") stated that it expected the Ugandan government to announce in that year's budget speech a government allocation of [USh](/wiki/Ugandan_shilling \"Ugandan shilling\")14 billion to buy a new train ferry to replace Kabalega.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200805300198\\.html \\\|title\\=Uganda: Gov't Set to Replace Sunken MV Kabalega \\\|last\\=Biryabarema \\\|first\\=Elias \\\|date\\=2008\\-05\\-30 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Monitor]] \\\|publisher\\=Monitor Publications Limited \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-05\\-24}} However, in September 2009, the Uganda Radio Network said the Ugandan government was unlikely to replace Kabalega soon.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s\\=23859 \\\|title\\=Sunken MV Kabalega Ship May not be Replaced Soon Says Government \\\|date\\=2008\\-05\\-30 \\\|work\\=Uganda Radio Network \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-05\\-24}} Instead, the Minister of Works proposed to improve port facilities at [Jinja](/wiki/Jinja%2C_Uganda \"Jinja, Uganda\") and Port Bell and let private operators run railway [car floats](/wiki/Car_float \"Car float\") with greater capacity than the ferries. The minister stated that Kaawa and Pemba would be reconditioned and returned to service and that private businesses had expressed an interest in raising Kabalega and restoring her to use as a private concession. In October 2009, the Ugandan government reiterated that it would recondition the Pemba and Kaawa and return them to service in 2010 and 2011 respectively.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Uganda: Government to Repair Grounded Ships \\\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200910300537\\.html \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Standard (Kenya)\\\|The Standard]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-10\\-29 \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-05\\-17}} However, except words, no activities followed the announcements.", "In 2010, new international passenger ferry services based on [catamarans](/wiki/Catamaran \"Catamaran\") were to be launched. A US based company, Earthwise Ventures, announced that it would bring a fleet of fast ferries to Lake Victoria to connect major ports on the lake.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Everett man building fleet of ferries for Africa's Lake Victoria \\\|last\\=Heim \\\|first\\=Kristi \\\|url\\=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2009674875\\_africaferry17\\.html \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Seattle Times]] \\\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-17 }} Later on, the private Earthwise Ferries Ltd with branches in Tanzania and Uganda started to operate the first catamaran passenger ferry on Lake Victoria in 2012, the MV Amani at Port Bell in Uganda, followed by a sister ship in 2018, the Bluebird at Mwanza port in Tanzania. Also in 2010, a Scottish investor, Malcolm Ormiston, founded Globology Ltd in Kisumu, Kenya to build and to operate smaller catamaran passenger ferries to operate on Lake Victoria in Kenya and in Uganda under the brand name Waterbus East Africa. A first small and locally built catamaran, Captain Dan went into operation in 2010\\. In 2017, Globology intended to start to build 3\\-5 catamaran passenger ferries per year each with a capacity to transport 120 passengers.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Scottish investor breathes new life into dilapidated L Victoria transport service\\\|url\\=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/magazines/Scottish\\-investor\\-breathes\\-new\\-life\\-into\\-dilapidated\\-victoria/1248928\\-3512738\\-6kj5apz/index.html\\\|publisher\\=Nation Media Group\\\|newspaper\\=Business Daily Africa\\\|date\\=10 January 2017\\\|accessdate\\=26 September 2018}}", "As of April 2013, only [Tanzania Railways'](/wiki/Tanzania_Railways_Corporation \"Tanzania Railways Corporation\") [Central Line](/wiki/Central_Line_%28Tanzania%29 \"Central Line (Tanzania)\") was operating freight rail services from Mwanza to [Tabora](/wiki/Tabora \"Tabora\"), [Dodoma](/wiki/Dodoma \"Dodoma\") and Dar es Salaam and therefore connecting the Lake Victoria freight services with the world market.", "In 2017, the contract with RVR was cancelled in both Kenya and Uganda due to financial irregularities, both KRC and URC restarted the operations on their respective railway networks. URC also restarted the services at the railhead in Port Bell, the train ferry Kaawa was repaired and refurbished and put back into operation. In a similar manner, the train ferry Umoja on the Tanzanian side was repaired and refurbished. In June 2018, the [EastAfrican](/wiki/EastAfrican \"EastAfrican\") reported that 1180\\-tonne Umoja began regular service again between Mwanza and Port Bell, plying the route 26 times every month. It is also expected that Kaawa, registered in Uganda, will join Umoja on the route. The [Dar es Salaam](/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam \"Dar es Salaam\") to Kampala route costs US$65 per tonne, compared to US$90 per tonne on the [Mombasa](/wiki/Mombasa \"Mombasa\") to [Kampala](/wiki/Kampala \"Kampala\") route, as of June 2018\\.{{cite web \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The EastAfrican]] \\\| url\\=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda\\-resumes\\-cargo\\-operations\\-on\\-Lake\\-Victoria/2560\\-4633876\\-4i2cdq/index.html \\\|title\\=Uganda resumes cargo operations on Lake Victoria after a decade \\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2018 \\\|date\\=27 June 2018 \\\|first\\=Julius \\\|last\\=Barigaba \\\|location\\=Nairobi}}{{cite web\\\| url\\=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Tanzania\\-unveils\\-cargo\\-train\\-to\\-Uganda/2560\\-4654108\\-y39fkaz/index.html \\\| title\\=Tanzania unveils cargo train to Uganda \\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2018 \\\|date\\=9 July 2018 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The EastAfrican]] \\\|last\\=Tairo\n\\\|first\\=Apolinari \\\|location\\=Nairobi}} [The Citizen (Tanzania)](/wiki/The_Citizen_%28Tanzania%29 \"The Citizen (Tanzania)\"), reported similar information.{{cite web\\\| url\\=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/1840360\\-4634882\\-95btqyz/index.html \\\|title\\=Tanzania's MV Umoja resumes Port Bell\\-Dar route after 10 years \\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2018 \\\|date\\=27 June 2018 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Citizen (Tanzania)]] \\\|location\\=Dar es Salaam \\\|author\\=The Citizen Reporter}}", "" ]
Personal life ------------- Bidamon was born in [Smithfield, Virginia](/wiki/Smithfield%2C_Virginia "Smithfield, Virginia"). When he was fourteen years old, his family moved to [Highland County, Ohio](/wiki/Highland_County%2C_Ohio "Highland County, Ohio"). He later relocated to [Canton, Illinois](/wiki/Canton%2C_Illinois "Canton, Illinois"). In 1846, just as the Latter Day Saints were beginning to depart [Nauvoo, Illinois](/wiki/Nauvoo%2C_Illinois "Nauvoo, Illinois"), Bidamon moved to Nauvoo. He was a [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel "Lieutenant colonel") of the 32nd Regiment of the Illinois militia, and he helped control the violence being perpetuated against the Latter Day Saints. Because of his position in the Illinois militia, he was often referred to as "Major" Bidamon. Bidamon married Nancy Sebree in 1827, with whom he had four children. During this first marriage, he also fathered a child with another woman. After Nancy Bidamon died, Lewis Bidamon married Mary Ann Douglas in 1842, but the marriage only lasted six months. He moved to Nauvoo after he was divorced from his second wife. Unlike the majority of Latter Day Saints, Emma Smith did not follow [Brigham Young](/wiki/Brigham_Young "Brigham Young")'s suggestion that the Latter Day Saints leave Nauvoo and settle in the [Salt Lake Valley](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Valley "Salt Lake Valley") in present\-day [Utah](/wiki/Utah "Utah"). Her husband Joseph Smith [had been killed in 1844](/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith_Jr. "Death of Joseph Smith Jr."), and after his death Emma Smith decided to remain in Nauvoo. On 23 December 1847, which would have been Joseph's 42nd birthday, Bidamon and Smith were married in Nauvoo by a [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist "Methodist") [circuit rider](/wiki/Circuit_rider_%28religious%29 "Circuit rider (religious)").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.josephsmithjr.org/faq/88\-why\-did\-emma\-marry\-lewis\-crum\-bidaman\-on\-josephs\-birthday \\|title\=Emma's Marriage to Lewis Crum Bidamon \\|accessdate\=2011\-04\-08 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322123725/http://www.josephsmithjr.org/faq/88\-why\-did\-emma\-marry\-lewis\-crum\-bidaman\-on\-josephs\-birthday \\|archivedate\=2012\-03\-22 }} At the time of the marriage, Bidamon was the father of two daughters (his two sons had died) and Emma was the mother of five surviving children. Bidamon was not a [Latter Day Saint](/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint "Latter Day Saint"); he believed that Joseph Smith was an honest man but that Smith had somehow been deceived into believing he was a prophet. Bidamon had been raised as a [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheran "Lutheran"), and he had helped establish a [Congregational](/wiki/Congregationalist "Congregationalist") church in Canton, Illinois, but in general he did not consider himself to be religious. Bidamon traveled to California during the [gold rush](/wiki/California_Gold_Rush "California Gold Rush") and during the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") he was a major and colonel in the Illinois militia. He lived in Nauvoo until his death, and on numerous occasions was elected a [justice of the peace](/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace "Justice of the peace") and a police magistrate for the city. He was also a businessman and ran a number of ventures in Illinois and on the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River"). The Bidamons lived in the [Mansion House](/wiki/Mansion_House_%28Nauvoo%2C_Illinois%29 "Mansion House (Nauvoo, Illinois)"), which Joseph Smith had begun constructing prior to his death in 1844\. In 1871, they moved to the [Nauvoo House](/wiki/Nauvoo_House "Nauvoo House"), which Bidamon converted into a smaller structure they called Riverside Mansion. Emma and Lewis Bidamon both lived in the Nauvoo House until their deaths. In 1864, during his seventeenth year of marriage to Emma, Bidamon fathered the child of Nancy Abercrombie, a widow who had recently moved to Nauvoo. After Emma died in 1879, Lewis Bidamon married Abercrombie. He was married to her until his death. Bidamon was buried at the [Smith Family Cemetery](/wiki/Smith_Family_Cemetery "Smith Family Cemetery") in Nauvoo.["Maj Lewis Crum Bidamon"](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9288183/lewis-crum-bidamon), findagrave.com. Bidamon's papers are held by the [Huntington Library](/wiki/Huntington_Library "Huntington Library") in [San Marino, California](/wiki/San_Marino%2C_California "San Marino, California").	[ "Personal life\n-------------", "Bidamon was born in [Smithfield, Virginia](/wiki/Smithfield%2C_Virginia \"Smithfield, Virginia\"). When he was fourteen years old, his family moved to [Highland County, Ohio](/wiki/Highland_County%2C_Ohio \"Highland County, Ohio\"). He later relocated to [Canton, Illinois](/wiki/Canton%2C_Illinois \"Canton, Illinois\"). In 1846, just as the Latter Day Saints were beginning to depart [Nauvoo, Illinois](/wiki/Nauvoo%2C_Illinois \"Nauvoo, Illinois\"), Bidamon moved to Nauvoo. He was a [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel \"Lieutenant colonel\") of the 32nd Regiment of the Illinois militia, and he helped control the violence being perpetuated against the Latter Day Saints. Because of his position in the Illinois militia, he was often referred to as \"Major\" Bidamon.", "Bidamon married Nancy Sebree in 1827, with whom he had four children. During this first marriage, he also fathered a child with another woman. After Nancy Bidamon died, Lewis Bidamon married Mary Ann Douglas in 1842, but the marriage only lasted six months. He moved to Nauvoo after he was divorced from his second wife.", "Unlike the majority of Latter Day Saints, Emma Smith did not follow [Brigham Young](/wiki/Brigham_Young \"Brigham Young\")'s suggestion that the Latter Day Saints leave Nauvoo and settle in the [Salt Lake Valley](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Valley \"Salt Lake Valley\") in present\\-day [Utah](/wiki/Utah \"Utah\"). Her husband Joseph Smith [had been killed in 1844](/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith_Jr. \"Death of Joseph Smith Jr.\"), and after his death Emma Smith decided to remain in Nauvoo. On 23 December 1847, which would have been Joseph's 42nd birthday, Bidamon and Smith were married in Nauvoo by a [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") [circuit rider](/wiki/Circuit_rider_%28religious%29 \"Circuit rider (religious)\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.josephsmithjr.org/faq/88\\-why\\-did\\-emma\\-marry\\-lewis\\-crum\\-bidaman\\-on\\-josephs\\-birthday \\\|title\\=Emma's Marriage to Lewis Crum Bidamon \\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-04\\-08 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322123725/http://www.josephsmithjr.org/faq/88\\-why\\-did\\-emma\\-marry\\-lewis\\-crum\\-bidaman\\-on\\-josephs\\-birthday \\\|archivedate\\=2012\\-03\\-22 }} At the time of the marriage, Bidamon was the father of two daughters (his two sons had died) and Emma was the mother of five surviving children. Bidamon was not a [Latter Day Saint](/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint \"Latter Day Saint\"); he believed that Joseph Smith was an honest man but that Smith had somehow been deceived into believing he was a prophet. Bidamon had been raised as a [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheran \"Lutheran\"), and he had helped establish a [Congregational](/wiki/Congregationalist \"Congregationalist\") church in Canton, Illinois, but in general he did not consider himself to be religious.", "Bidamon traveled to California during the [gold rush](/wiki/California_Gold_Rush \"California Gold Rush\") and during the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") he was a major and colonel in the Illinois militia. He lived in Nauvoo until his death, and on numerous occasions was elected a [justice of the peace](/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace \"Justice of the peace\") and a police magistrate for the city. He was also a businessman and ran a number of ventures in Illinois and on the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\"). The Bidamons lived in the [Mansion House](/wiki/Mansion_House_%28Nauvoo%2C_Illinois%29 \"Mansion House (Nauvoo, Illinois)\"), which Joseph Smith had begun constructing prior to his death in 1844\\. In 1871, they moved to the [Nauvoo House](/wiki/Nauvoo_House \"Nauvoo House\"), which Bidamon converted into a smaller structure they called Riverside Mansion. Emma and Lewis Bidamon both lived in the Nauvoo House until their deaths.", "In 1864, during his seventeenth year of marriage to Emma, Bidamon fathered the child of Nancy Abercrombie, a widow who had recently moved to Nauvoo. After Emma died in 1879, Lewis Bidamon married Abercrombie. He was married to her until his death. Bidamon was buried at the [Smith Family Cemetery](/wiki/Smith_Family_Cemetery \"Smith Family Cemetery\") in Nauvoo.[\"Maj Lewis Crum Bidamon\"](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9288183/lewis-crum-bidamon), findagrave.com.", "Bidamon's papers are held by the [Huntington Library](/wiki/Huntington_Library \"Huntington Library\") in [San Marino, California](/wiki/San_Marino%2C_California \"San Marino, California\").", "" ]