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### Second World War
Eleven days into the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), HMS *Ark Royal* picked up an [SOS](/wiki/SOS "SOS") from the merchant ship [SS *Fanad Head*](/wiki/SS_Fanad_Head "SS Fanad Head"), under attack from [German submarine U30](/wiki/German_submarine_U-30_%281936%29 "German submarine U-30 (1936)"). Three Skuas, including one piloted by Griffiths, conducted the first British Naval bombing of the war. Due to the incorrect fuse arming in relation to the height of attack, the bomb explosions of Griff's aircraft and that of Lieutenant Thurstan RN damaged the tails of both planes, and they crashed into the sea with the loss of each air observer. Griff and Thurstan were the first naval officers captured in the war.
At the time of their capture, the [prisoner of war](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") camp infrastructure was only just developing; those in captivity found their conditions relatively relaxed. Griff was placed in a number of POW camps – including Spangenburg Castle ([Oflag IX\-A/H](/wiki/Oflag_IX-A/H "Oflag IX-A/H")) and [Dulag luft](/wiki/Dulag_luft "Dulag luft") – before incarceration in [Stalag Luft III](/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III "Stalag Luft III").
Stalag Luft III achieved worldwide notoriety thanks to *[The Great Escape](/wiki/The_Great_Escape_%28film%29 "The Great Escape (film)")* released in 1963\. During Griff's time in captivity there, he put his considerable artistic skills to good use. He was a forger, producing fake documents as required, and he also produced detailed paintings of aeroplanes based on aspects of those in current production, to provide misinformation to the enemy in order to buy time.
Griff was also in contact with [MI9](/wiki/MI9 "MI9") (British Military Intelligence Section 9\) – his letters to the *Globe \& Laurel* (the Royal Marines Corps' publication) contained encrypted details for MI9 of identities of personnel in the camp.
Griff spent the remainder of the war in [Stalag Luft III](/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III "Stalag Luft III"). In 1945 he led the captives of his camp out to the Americans after being mistaken by Germans as being a Hungarian officer.
|
[
"### Second World War",
"Eleven days into the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), HMS *Ark Royal* picked up an [SOS](/wiki/SOS \"SOS\") from the merchant ship [SS *Fanad Head*](/wiki/SS_Fanad_Head \"SS Fanad Head\"), under attack from [German submarine U30](/wiki/German_submarine_U-30_%281936%29 \"German submarine U-30 (1936)\"). Three Skuas, including one piloted by Griffiths, conducted the first British Naval bombing of the war. Due to the incorrect fuse arming in relation to the height of attack, the bomb explosions of Griff's aircraft and that of Lieutenant Thurstan RN damaged the tails of both planes, and they crashed into the sea with the loss of each air observer. Griff and Thurstan were the first naval officers captured in the war.",
"At the time of their capture, the [prisoner of war](/wiki/Prisoner_of_war \"Prisoner of war\") camp infrastructure was only just developing; those in captivity found their conditions relatively relaxed. Griff was placed in a number of POW camps – including Spangenburg Castle ([Oflag IX\\-A/H](/wiki/Oflag_IX-A/H \"Oflag IX-A/H\")) and [Dulag luft](/wiki/Dulag_luft \"Dulag luft\") – before incarceration in [Stalag Luft III](/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III \"Stalag Luft III\").",
"Stalag Luft III achieved worldwide notoriety thanks to *[The Great Escape](/wiki/The_Great_Escape_%28film%29 \"The Great Escape (film)\")* released in 1963\\. During Griff's time in captivity there, he put his considerable artistic skills to good use. He was a forger, producing fake documents as required, and he also produced detailed paintings of aeroplanes based on aspects of those in current production, to provide misinformation to the enemy in order to buy time.",
"Griff was also in contact with [MI9](/wiki/MI9 \"MI9\") (British Military Intelligence Section 9\\) – his letters to the *Globe \\& Laurel* (the Royal Marines Corps' publication) contained encrypted details for MI9 of identities of personnel in the camp.",
"Griff spent the remainder of the war in [Stalag Luft III](/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III \"Stalag Luft III\"). In 1945 he led the captives of his camp out to the Americans after being mistaken by Germans as being a Hungarian officer.",
""
] |
Life
----
Wolfgang Wilhelm's parents were [Philip Louis, Count Palatine of Neuburg](/wiki/Philip_Louis%2C_Count_Palatine_of_Neuburg "Philip Louis, Count Palatine of Neuburg"), and [Anna of Jülich\-Cleves\-Berg](/wiki/Anna_of_Cleves_%281552%E2%80%931632%29 "Anna of Cleves (1552–1632)"), a daughter of [William, Duke of Jülich\-Cleves\-Berg](/wiki/Wilhelm%2C_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg "Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg").
His uncle, [John William, Duke Julich\-Cleves\-Berg](/wiki/John_William%2C_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg "John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg") had no heirs, so Wolfgang Wilhelm rushed to secure the duchies for himself. Neuburg was small and weak, surrounded by stronger powers like [Bavaria](/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria "Duchy of Bavaria") and the [Electoral Palatinate](/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate "Electoral Palatinate"). Acquiring the Jülich succession would not only provide more land but also enrich the Neuburg economy. Despite his [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") religious status, Wolfgang Wilhelm personally traveled to [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague") to seek the Emperor's support. Neuburg also tried to gain the support of [France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France "Kingdom of France") and [England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England "Kingdom of England"), but these efforts were unsuccessful.{{Cite book \|last\=Anderson \|first\=Alison D. \|title\=On the verge of war: international relations and the Jülich\-Kleve succession crises (1609\-1614\) \|date\=1999 \|publisher\=Humanities Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-391\-04092\-2 \|series\=Studies in Central European histories \|location\=Boston}}
He eventually entered negotiations with his main rival over the succession, [Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg](/wiki/John_Sigismund%2C_Elector_of_Brandenburg "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg"), and agreed to the [Treaty of Dortmund](/wiki/Treaty_of_Dortmund_%281609%29 "Treaty of Dortmund (1609)") in 1609\. However, this treaty would break down when he converted to [Catholicism](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") in 1613\.
He eventually agreed settle the [War of the Jülich Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_J%C3%BClich_Succession "War of the Jülich Succession") with his rival claimant, and thus became the first ruler of [Palatinate\-Neuburg](/wiki/Palatinate-Neuburg "Palatinate-Neuburg") who was also Duke of [Jülich](/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich "Duchy of Jülich") and Duke of [Berg](/wiki/Duchy_of_Berg "Duchy of Berg"). In 1615, he was made a Knight in the [Order of the Golden Fleece](/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece "Order of the Golden Fleece"). Because he converted to Catholicism and practiced a strict policy of neutrality in the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War"), his territories escaped widespread destruction.
Wolfgang Wilhelm moved his residence to [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf "Düsseldorf") in 1636\. Wolfgang Wilhelm attempted to stabilize and spread Catholicism in his lands. In 1651, disputes over church property led to the short [Düsseldorf Cow War](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Cow_War "Düsseldorf Cow War").
When he died, his son, [Phillip William](/wiki/Philip_William%2C_Elector_Palatine "Philip William, Elector Palatine"), became inherited his lands.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Wolfgang Wilhelm's parents were [Philip Louis, Count Palatine of Neuburg](/wiki/Philip_Louis%2C_Count_Palatine_of_Neuburg \"Philip Louis, Count Palatine of Neuburg\"), and [Anna of Jülich\\-Cleves\\-Berg](/wiki/Anna_of_Cleves_%281552%E2%80%931632%29 \"Anna of Cleves (1552–1632)\"), a daughter of [William, Duke of Jülich\\-Cleves\\-Berg](/wiki/Wilhelm%2C_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg \"Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg\").",
"His uncle, [John William, Duke Julich\\-Cleves\\-Berg](/wiki/John_William%2C_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg \"John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg\") had no heirs, so Wolfgang Wilhelm rushed to secure the duchies for himself. Neuburg was small and weak, surrounded by stronger powers like [Bavaria](/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria \"Duchy of Bavaria\") and the [Electoral Palatinate](/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate \"Electoral Palatinate\"). Acquiring the Jülich succession would not only provide more land but also enrich the Neuburg economy. Despite his [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") religious status, Wolfgang Wilhelm personally traveled to [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") to seek the Emperor's support. Neuburg also tried to gain the support of [France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France \"Kingdom of France\") and [England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England \"Kingdom of England\"), but these efforts were unsuccessful.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=Alison D. \\|title\\=On the verge of war: international relations and the Jülich\\-Kleve succession crises (1609\\-1614\\) \\|date\\=1999 \\|publisher\\=Humanities Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-391\\-04092\\-2 \\|series\\=Studies in Central European histories \\|location\\=Boston}}",
"He eventually entered negotiations with his main rival over the succession, [Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg](/wiki/John_Sigismund%2C_Elector_of_Brandenburg \"John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg\"), and agreed to the [Treaty of Dortmund](/wiki/Treaty_of_Dortmund_%281609%29 \"Treaty of Dortmund (1609)\") in 1609\\. However, this treaty would break down when he converted to [Catholicism](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") in 1613\\.",
"He eventually agreed settle the [War of the Jülich Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_J%C3%BClich_Succession \"War of the Jülich Succession\") with his rival claimant, and thus became the first ruler of [Palatinate\\-Neuburg](/wiki/Palatinate-Neuburg \"Palatinate-Neuburg\") who was also Duke of [Jülich](/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich \"Duchy of Jülich\") and Duke of [Berg](/wiki/Duchy_of_Berg \"Duchy of Berg\"). In 1615, he was made a Knight in the [Order of the Golden Fleece](/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece \"Order of the Golden Fleece\"). Because he converted to Catholicism and practiced a strict policy of neutrality in the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\"), his territories escaped widespread destruction.",
"Wolfgang Wilhelm moved his residence to [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf \"Düsseldorf\") in 1636\\. Wolfgang Wilhelm attempted to stabilize and spread Catholicism in his lands. In 1651, disputes over church property led to the short [Düsseldorf Cow War](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Cow_War \"Düsseldorf Cow War\").",
"When he died, his son, [Phillip William](/wiki/Philip_William%2C_Elector_Palatine \"Philip William, Elector Palatine\"), became inherited his lands.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
Two New Englanders, John Branner and his friend Griswell, travel across the [South](/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States") and spend the night in a deserted [plantation manor](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South%23Plantation_architecture_and_landscape "Plantations in the American South#Plantation architecture and landscape"). Griswell awakens from a dream about a yellow\-faced creature looking at him. He then sees Branner walk up the stairs in a trance. He is horrified when Branner returns as an animated corpse, gripping the bloody axe that had split his skull. Griswell flees into the woods.
In his flight, he meets the county's sheriff, Buckner, who investigates the house and finds Branner motionless on the floor. Griswell is implicated in his friend's murder, but the sheriff gives him the benefit of a doubt and tries to clear his name. Buckner gives some credence towards Griswell's bizarre tale due to the manor's ominous reputation. It was formerly the Blassenvilles' residence, a family from the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies "West Indies") who were known for their cruelty.
After the American Civil War, the Blassenvilles fell into poverty, with all their male members dead and only four sisters remaining, shortly to be joined by their Aunt Celia from the West Indies and her mulatto maid Joan. Celia mistreated Joan, and when the latter disappeared, it was thought she had run away. Soon after, Celia vanished as well, and it was thought that she had returned to the West Indies. Over the next months, three of the Blassenville sisters also vanished one by one. One night in 1890, the last of the Blassenvilles, Elizabeth, fled the house, claiming she had found her sisters' corpses inside a secret room and was attacked by something in the shape of a woman with a yellow face. Afterwards, Elizabeth left for California and never returned. The manor has lain deserted since, and the local black folk shun it. The eponymous pigeons sometimes flock about the decaying manor. Legend has it that they are the souls of past Blassenvilles' members.
The following evening, Buckner and Griswell visit the hut of an ancient [voodoo](/wiki/Haitian_Vodou%23Reception "Haitian Vodou#Reception") practitioner, Jacob, seeking information about the house and the Blassenvilles. Jacob tells of the extinct family and of Celia Blassenville, who mistreated her [mulatto](/wiki/Mulatto "Mulatto") maid Joan. He claims to be a creator of "zuvembies", although he insists he cannot talk about them to a white man without Damballah sending a snake with a white crescent moon on its head to kill him. Still, he drifts into senility before rambling about voodoo, the god [Damballah](/wiki/Damballah "Damballah"), and [zombies](/wiki/Zombies "Zombies") along with their female counterparts, [zuvembies](/wiki/Zuvembie "Zuvembie"): who live only to kill, have no sense of time, possess hypnotic powers, and can live indefinitely unless wounded by either "steel or lead". Finally, he tells how "she" participated in voodoo rites and that "the other" came to Jacob for the "Black Brew", which transforms a woman into a zuvembie. Reaching for some firewood, Jacob is bitten by a venomous snake, meeting the fate he feared. Buckner and Griswell conclude that Joan transformed herself into a [zuvembie](/wiki/Zuvembie "Zuvembie"), so she could exact her vengeance on Celia Blassenville and her nieces. They resolve on spending the night in Blassenville Manor to learn the truth. There, they find Elizabeth Blassenville's diary, which tells of her fear that something is in the house with her, has killed her sisters, and will kill her too.
That night, while lying awake in complete darkness, Griswell hears the same whistling as the previous night, which Elizabeth's diary had also mentioned. Thinking he is fleeing the house, Griswell finds himself climbing the manor stairs against his own will. He is confronted by a female apparition with a yellow face and welding a knife. Griswell is powerless to resist, but Bruckner, who has followed him up the stairs, shoots the creature, which flees, mortally wounded. They track its dying noises into the secret room, where they discover the hanging bodies of the three missing Blassenville sisters as well as the corpse of the zuvembie, which is still dressed in a ball gown.
Suddenly, Bruckner recognizes the face of the zuvembie from a portrait he has seen. It's none other than Celia Blassenville. The maid Joan, in revenge, gave the Black Brew she received from Jacob to her mistress and fled. Celia Blassenville, transformed into a zuvembie, killed three of her nieces and had been living in the abandoned manor, killing anyone who entered it at night.
Bruckner says that the case can be closed by saying that a madwoman had killed Griswell's friend John Branner, since nobody will believe the truth of the matter.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"Two New Englanders, John Branner and his friend Griswell, travel across the [South](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\") and spend the night in a deserted [plantation manor](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South%23Plantation_architecture_and_landscape \"Plantations in the American South#Plantation architecture and landscape\"). Griswell awakens from a dream about a yellow\\-faced creature looking at him. He then sees Branner walk up the stairs in a trance. He is horrified when Branner returns as an animated corpse, gripping the bloody axe that had split his skull. Griswell flees into the woods.",
"In his flight, he meets the county's sheriff, Buckner, who investigates the house and finds Branner motionless on the floor. Griswell is implicated in his friend's murder, but the sheriff gives him the benefit of a doubt and tries to clear his name. Buckner gives some credence towards Griswell's bizarre tale due to the manor's ominous reputation. It was formerly the Blassenvilles' residence, a family from the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies \"West Indies\") who were known for their cruelty.",
"After the American Civil War, the Blassenvilles fell into poverty, with all their male members dead and only four sisters remaining, shortly to be joined by their Aunt Celia from the West Indies and her mulatto maid Joan. Celia mistreated Joan, and when the latter disappeared, it was thought she had run away. Soon after, Celia vanished as well, and it was thought that she had returned to the West Indies. Over the next months, three of the Blassenville sisters also vanished one by one. One night in 1890, the last of the Blassenvilles, Elizabeth, fled the house, claiming she had found her sisters' corpses inside a secret room and was attacked by something in the shape of a woman with a yellow face. Afterwards, Elizabeth left for California and never returned. The manor has lain deserted since, and the local black folk shun it. The eponymous pigeons sometimes flock about the decaying manor. Legend has it that they are the souls of past Blassenvilles' members.",
"The following evening, Buckner and Griswell visit the hut of an ancient [voodoo](/wiki/Haitian_Vodou%23Reception \"Haitian Vodou#Reception\") practitioner, Jacob, seeking information about the house and the Blassenvilles. Jacob tells of the extinct family and of Celia Blassenville, who mistreated her [mulatto](/wiki/Mulatto \"Mulatto\") maid Joan. He claims to be a creator of \"zuvembies\", although he insists he cannot talk about them to a white man without Damballah sending a snake with a white crescent moon on its head to kill him. Still, he drifts into senility before rambling about voodoo, the god [Damballah](/wiki/Damballah \"Damballah\"), and [zombies](/wiki/Zombies \"Zombies\") along with their female counterparts, [zuvembies](/wiki/Zuvembie \"Zuvembie\"): who live only to kill, have no sense of time, possess hypnotic powers, and can live indefinitely unless wounded by either \"steel or lead\". Finally, he tells how \"she\" participated in voodoo rites and that \"the other\" came to Jacob for the \"Black Brew\", which transforms a woman into a zuvembie. Reaching for some firewood, Jacob is bitten by a venomous snake, meeting the fate he feared. Buckner and Griswell conclude that Joan transformed herself into a [zuvembie](/wiki/Zuvembie \"Zuvembie\"), so she could exact her vengeance on Celia Blassenville and her nieces. They resolve on spending the night in Blassenville Manor to learn the truth. There, they find Elizabeth Blassenville's diary, which tells of her fear that something is in the house with her, has killed her sisters, and will kill her too.",
"That night, while lying awake in complete darkness, Griswell hears the same whistling as the previous night, which Elizabeth's diary had also mentioned. Thinking he is fleeing the house, Griswell finds himself climbing the manor stairs against his own will. He is confronted by a female apparition with a yellow face and welding a knife. Griswell is powerless to resist, but Bruckner, who has followed him up the stairs, shoots the creature, which flees, mortally wounded. They track its dying noises into the secret room, where they discover the hanging bodies of the three missing Blassenville sisters as well as the corpse of the zuvembie, which is still dressed in a ball gown.",
"Suddenly, Bruckner recognizes the face of the zuvembie from a portrait he has seen. It's none other than Celia Blassenville. The maid Joan, in revenge, gave the Black Brew she received from Jacob to her mistress and fled. Celia Blassenville, transformed into a zuvembie, killed three of her nieces and had been living in the abandoned manor, killing anyone who entered it at night.",
"Bruckner says that the case can be closed by saying that a madwoman had killed Griswell's friend John Branner, since nobody will believe the truth of the matter.",
""
] |
Racing career
-------------
### 2023
[thumb\|left\|Kostecki in his Cup Series debut at the Indianapolis Road Course in 2023](/wiki/File:Brodie_kostecki_%2853167282054%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Brodie kostecki (53167282054) (cropped).jpg") In 2023, Kostecki returned to NASCAR to make his Cup Series debut in the race at the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway "Indianapolis Motor Speedway") road course. He drove for [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing "Richard Childress Racing"), which fielded an additional car for him that weekend, the No. 33 [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet"). He would qualify in eleventh and would finish in 22nd position.
On October 2, 2023, it was announced that Kostecki would run part\-time in the Cup Series again in 2024 and it would be for Erebus Motorsport, his team in the Supercars Series, which would debut in NASCAR in a partnership with [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing "Richard Childress Racing"). The announcement had a picture of a Cup Series car with the No. 99, Kostecki's Supercar number, but with [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing "Trackhouse Racing") already having that number in the Cup Series (and [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports "Hendrick Motorsports") already having their other number 9\), Erebus will need to pick a different number to use for their entry.{{cite web \|first\=Andrew \|last\=Clarke \|title\=Exclusive: Erebus Reveals NASCAR Plans for 2024 \|url\=https://autoaction.com.au/2023/10/03/erebus\-reveals\-nascar\-plans\-for\-2024 \|website\=AutoAction \|date\=October 2, 2023 \|access\-date\=November 28, 2023}} [Richard Childress](/wiki/Richard_Childress "Richard Childress") stated that the plan is for Kostecki to run up to five Cup Series races in 2024, including an oval race.{{cite web \|first\=Joseph \|last\=Wolkin \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/josephwolkin/2023/11/26/richard\-childress\-eyes\-expanded\-nascar\-schedule\-for\-brodie\-kostecki/ \|title\=Richard Childress Eyes Expanded Nascar Schedule For Brodie Kostecki \|website\=\[\[Forbes]] \|date\=November 26, 2023 \|access\-date\=November 28, 2023}} On May 1, 2024, [Paul Morris](/wiki/Paul_Morris_%28racing_driver%29 "Paul Morris (racing driver)"), Kostecki's long–time mentor, confirmed that the planned Cup races had been axed.{{cite web \|url\=https://wwos.nine.com.au/motorsport/nascar\-cup\-series\-news\-2024\-supercars\-brodie\-kostecki\-richard\-childress\-racing\-plans\-cancelled\-driver\-line\-up\-sonoma\-chicago/c3d7058d\-e7d4\-4d96\-aca1\-c0c44b6c25ac \|title\='Not interested': Supercars champion's expected NASCAR Cup Series return axed \|website\=\[\[Nine's Wide World of Sports]] \|last\=Chapman \|first\=Simon \|date\=May 1, 2024 \|access\-date\=May 1, 2024}}
### Supercars
#### 2019
Kostecki debuted in the [2019 Bathurst 1000](/wiki/2019_Bathurst_1000 "2019 Bathurst 1000"), alongside cousin [Jake Kostecki](/wiki/Jake_Kostecki "Jake Kostecki"). The pair failed to finish after a crash on Lap 111\. The pair competed at the following two rounds at the Gold Coast and [Sandown](/wiki/Sandown_500 "Sandown 500") with a best finish of 8th place coming at Sandown.
#### 2020
Kostecki was given an opportunity by Eggleston Motorsport, run by Rachael and Ben Eggleston. He claimed two poles, two wins, and three fastest laps in the COVID\-shortened 2020 Dunlop Series.
Kostecki was signed by Erebus for the [2020 Bathurst 1000](/wiki/2020_Bathurst_1000 "2020 Bathurst 1000") alongside [Anton De Pasquale](/wiki/Anton_de_Pasquale "Anton de Pasquale"). They finished 9th in the 2020 edition of The Great Race.
#### 2021
In 2021, Kostecki was signed alongside [Will Brown](/wiki/Will_Brown_%28racing_driver%29 "Will Brown (racing driver)") to drive for Erebus following the departures of [David Reynolds](/wiki/David_Reynolds_%28racing_driver%29 "David Reynolds (racing driver)") and [Anton de Pasquale](/wiki/Anton_de_Pasquale "Anton de Pasquale"). He scored 3 podiums throughout the year at Sandown, Eastern Creek and [Bathurst](/wiki/Bathurst_1000 "Bathurst 1000"). He ended the year in 9th place, scoring 1788 points.
#### 2022
In 2022, Kostecki jumped to 7th in the points standings but scored one less podium than the year prior. These podium appearances coming at Eastern Creek and [The Bend](/wiki/The_Bend_Motorsport_Park "The Bend Motorsport Park").
#### 2023
Kostecki entered the 2023 season without a single win from the previous year, with five podiums from 71 starts. In 2023, Kostecki and his team, Erebus Motorsport, secured both the drivers and teams titles.
#### 2024
In early February 2024, just weeks before the season opening Bathurst 500, it was reported that Kostecki had parted ways with the team after rumours swirled about how Kostecki was being treated by the team internally.{{Cite news \|last\=Pavey \|first\=James \|date\=31 January 2024 \|title\=Erebus issues statement on champion Kostecki \|url\=https://www.supercars.com/news/erebus\-issues\-statement\-on\-champion\-kostecki}} Further, naming rights sponsor Coca\-Cola, as well as Shaw and Partners, and SCTR withdrew their financial support of the team. Kostecki was replaced by [Todd Hazelwood](/wiki/Todd_Hazelwood "Todd Hazelwood") at the 2024 season opening round, as well as the Melbourne round.[Erebus confirms Hazelwood for AGP Supercars races](https://speedcafe.com/erebus-confirms-hazelwood-for-agp-supercars-races/) [Speedcafe](/wiki/Speedcafe "Speedcafe") 5 March 2024 On April 7, 2024, it was announced that Kostecki would rejoin the team at the Taupō round.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/v8supercars/news/brodie\-kostecki\-shock\-supercars\-erebus/10596324/\|title\=BRODIE KOSTECKI TO MAKE SHOCK RETURN TO SUPERCARS FOR EREBUS \|work\=Motorsport.com\|access\-date\=April 7, 2024}}
|
[
"Racing career\n-------------",
"",
"### 2023",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Kostecki in his Cup Series debut at the Indianapolis Road Course in 2023](/wiki/File:Brodie_kostecki_%2853167282054%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Brodie kostecki (53167282054) (cropped).jpg\") In 2023, Kostecki returned to NASCAR to make his Cup Series debut in the race at the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway\") road course. He drove for [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\"), which fielded an additional car for him that weekend, the No. 33 [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\"). He would qualify in eleventh and would finish in 22nd position.",
"On October 2, 2023, it was announced that Kostecki would run part\\-time in the Cup Series again in 2024 and it would be for Erebus Motorsport, his team in the Supercars Series, which would debut in NASCAR in a partnership with [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\"). The announcement had a picture of a Cup Series car with the No. 99, Kostecki's Supercar number, but with [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") already having that number in the Cup Series (and [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") already having their other number 9\\), Erebus will need to pick a different number to use for their entry.{{cite web \\|first\\=Andrew \\|last\\=Clarke \\|title\\=Exclusive: Erebus Reveals NASCAR Plans for 2024 \\|url\\=https://autoaction.com.au/2023/10/03/erebus\\-reveals\\-nascar\\-plans\\-for\\-2024 \\|website\\=AutoAction \\|date\\=October 2, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=November 28, 2023}} [Richard Childress](/wiki/Richard_Childress \"Richard Childress\") stated that the plan is for Kostecki to run up to five Cup Series races in 2024, including an oval race.{{cite web \\|first\\=Joseph \\|last\\=Wolkin \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/josephwolkin/2023/11/26/richard\\-childress\\-eyes\\-expanded\\-nascar\\-schedule\\-for\\-brodie\\-kostecki/ \\|title\\=Richard Childress Eyes Expanded Nascar Schedule For Brodie Kostecki \\|website\\=\\[\\[Forbes]] \\|date\\=November 26, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=November 28, 2023}} On May 1, 2024, [Paul Morris](/wiki/Paul_Morris_%28racing_driver%29 \"Paul Morris (racing driver)\"), Kostecki's long–time mentor, confirmed that the planned Cup races had been axed.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://wwos.nine.com.au/motorsport/nascar\\-cup\\-series\\-news\\-2024\\-supercars\\-brodie\\-kostecki\\-richard\\-childress\\-racing\\-plans\\-cancelled\\-driver\\-line\\-up\\-sonoma\\-chicago/c3d7058d\\-e7d4\\-4d96\\-aca1\\-c0c44b6c25ac \\|title\\='Not interested': Supercars champion's expected NASCAR Cup Series return axed \\|website\\=\\[\\[Nine's Wide World of Sports]] \\|last\\=Chapman \\|first\\=Simon \\|date\\=May 1, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2024}}",
"### Supercars",
"#### 2019",
"Kostecki debuted in the [2019 Bathurst 1000](/wiki/2019_Bathurst_1000 \"2019 Bathurst 1000\"), alongside cousin [Jake Kostecki](/wiki/Jake_Kostecki \"Jake Kostecki\"). The pair failed to finish after a crash on Lap 111\\. The pair competed at the following two rounds at the Gold Coast and [Sandown](/wiki/Sandown_500 \"Sandown 500\") with a best finish of 8th place coming at Sandown.",
"#### 2020",
"Kostecki was given an opportunity by Eggleston Motorsport, run by Rachael and Ben Eggleston. He claimed two poles, two wins, and three fastest laps in the COVID\\-shortened 2020 Dunlop Series.",
"Kostecki was signed by Erebus for the [2020 Bathurst 1000](/wiki/2020_Bathurst_1000 \"2020 Bathurst 1000\") alongside [Anton De Pasquale](/wiki/Anton_de_Pasquale \"Anton de Pasquale\"). They finished 9th in the 2020 edition of The Great Race.",
"#### 2021",
"In 2021, Kostecki was signed alongside [Will Brown](/wiki/Will_Brown_%28racing_driver%29 \"Will Brown (racing driver)\") to drive for Erebus following the departures of [David Reynolds](/wiki/David_Reynolds_%28racing_driver%29 \"David Reynolds (racing driver)\") and [Anton de Pasquale](/wiki/Anton_de_Pasquale \"Anton de Pasquale\"). He scored 3 podiums throughout the year at Sandown, Eastern Creek and [Bathurst](/wiki/Bathurst_1000 \"Bathurst 1000\"). He ended the year in 9th place, scoring 1788 points.",
"#### 2022",
"In 2022, Kostecki jumped to 7th in the points standings but scored one less podium than the year prior. These podium appearances coming at Eastern Creek and [The Bend](/wiki/The_Bend_Motorsport_Park \"The Bend Motorsport Park\").",
"#### 2023",
"Kostecki entered the 2023 season without a single win from the previous year, with five podiums from 71 starts. In 2023, Kostecki and his team, Erebus Motorsport, secured both the drivers and teams titles.",
"#### 2024",
"In early February 2024, just weeks before the season opening Bathurst 500, it was reported that Kostecki had parted ways with the team after rumours swirled about how Kostecki was being treated by the team internally.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Pavey \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=31 January 2024 \\|title\\=Erebus issues statement on champion Kostecki \\|url\\=https://www.supercars.com/news/erebus\\-issues\\-statement\\-on\\-champion\\-kostecki}} Further, naming rights sponsor Coca\\-Cola, as well as Shaw and Partners, and SCTR withdrew their financial support of the team. Kostecki was replaced by [Todd Hazelwood](/wiki/Todd_Hazelwood \"Todd Hazelwood\") at the 2024 season opening round, as well as the Melbourne round.[Erebus confirms Hazelwood for AGP Supercars races](https://speedcafe.com/erebus-confirms-hazelwood-for-agp-supercars-races/) [Speedcafe](/wiki/Speedcafe \"Speedcafe\") 5 March 2024 On April 7, 2024, it was announced that Kostecki would rejoin the team at the Taupō round.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/v8supercars/news/brodie\\-kostecki\\-shock\\-supercars\\-erebus/10596324/\\|title\\=BRODIE KOSTECKI TO MAKE SHOCK RETURN TO SUPERCARS FOR EREBUS \\|work\\=Motorsport.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 7, 2024}}",
""
] |
### Supercars
#### 2019
Kostecki debuted in the [2019 Bathurst 1000](/wiki/2019_Bathurst_1000 "2019 Bathurst 1000"), alongside cousin [Jake Kostecki](/wiki/Jake_Kostecki "Jake Kostecki"). The pair failed to finish after a crash on Lap 111\. The pair competed at the following two rounds at the Gold Coast and [Sandown](/wiki/Sandown_500 "Sandown 500") with a best finish of 8th place coming at Sandown.
#### 2020
Kostecki was given an opportunity by Eggleston Motorsport, run by Rachael and Ben Eggleston. He claimed two poles, two wins, and three fastest laps in the COVID\-shortened 2020 Dunlop Series.
Kostecki was signed by Erebus for the [2020 Bathurst 1000](/wiki/2020_Bathurst_1000 "2020 Bathurst 1000") alongside [Anton De Pasquale](/wiki/Anton_de_Pasquale "Anton de Pasquale"). They finished 9th in the 2020 edition of The Great Race.
#### 2021
In 2021, Kostecki was signed alongside [Will Brown](/wiki/Will_Brown_%28racing_driver%29 "Will Brown (racing driver)") to drive for Erebus following the departures of [David Reynolds](/wiki/David_Reynolds_%28racing_driver%29 "David Reynolds (racing driver)") and [Anton de Pasquale](/wiki/Anton_de_Pasquale "Anton de Pasquale"). He scored 3 podiums throughout the year at Sandown, Eastern Creek and [Bathurst](/wiki/Bathurst_1000 "Bathurst 1000"). He ended the year in 9th place, scoring 1788 points.
#### 2022
In 2022, Kostecki jumped to 7th in the points standings but scored one less podium than the year prior. These podium appearances coming at Eastern Creek and [The Bend](/wiki/The_Bend_Motorsport_Park "The Bend Motorsport Park").
#### 2023
Kostecki entered the 2023 season without a single win from the previous year, with five podiums from 71 starts. In 2023, Kostecki and his team, Erebus Motorsport, secured both the drivers and teams titles.
#### 2024
In early February 2024, just weeks before the season opening Bathurst 500, it was reported that Kostecki had parted ways with the team after rumours swirled about how Kostecki was being treated by the team internally.{{Cite news \|last\=Pavey \|first\=James \|date\=31 January 2024 \|title\=Erebus issues statement on champion Kostecki \|url\=https://www.supercars.com/news/erebus\-issues\-statement\-on\-champion\-kostecki}} Further, naming rights sponsor Coca\-Cola, as well as Shaw and Partners, and SCTR withdrew their financial support of the team. Kostecki was replaced by [Todd Hazelwood](/wiki/Todd_Hazelwood "Todd Hazelwood") at the 2024 season opening round, as well as the Melbourne round.[Erebus confirms Hazelwood for AGP Supercars races](https://speedcafe.com/erebus-confirms-hazelwood-for-agp-supercars-races/) [Speedcafe](/wiki/Speedcafe "Speedcafe") 5 March 2024 On April 7, 2024, it was announced that Kostecki would rejoin the team at the Taupō round.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/v8supercars/news/brodie\-kostecki\-shock\-supercars\-erebus/10596324/\|title\=BRODIE KOSTECKI TO MAKE SHOCK RETURN TO SUPERCARS FOR EREBUS \|work\=Motorsport.com\|access\-date\=April 7, 2024}}
|
[
"### Supercars",
"#### 2019",
"Kostecki debuted in the [2019 Bathurst 1000](/wiki/2019_Bathurst_1000 \"2019 Bathurst 1000\"), alongside cousin [Jake Kostecki](/wiki/Jake_Kostecki \"Jake Kostecki\"). The pair failed to finish after a crash on Lap 111\\. The pair competed at the following two rounds at the Gold Coast and [Sandown](/wiki/Sandown_500 \"Sandown 500\") with a best finish of 8th place coming at Sandown.",
"#### 2020",
"Kostecki was given an opportunity by Eggleston Motorsport, run by Rachael and Ben Eggleston. He claimed two poles, two wins, and three fastest laps in the COVID\\-shortened 2020 Dunlop Series.",
"Kostecki was signed by Erebus for the [2020 Bathurst 1000](/wiki/2020_Bathurst_1000 \"2020 Bathurst 1000\") alongside [Anton De Pasquale](/wiki/Anton_de_Pasquale \"Anton de Pasquale\"). They finished 9th in the 2020 edition of The Great Race.",
"#### 2021",
"In 2021, Kostecki was signed alongside [Will Brown](/wiki/Will_Brown_%28racing_driver%29 \"Will Brown (racing driver)\") to drive for Erebus following the departures of [David Reynolds](/wiki/David_Reynolds_%28racing_driver%29 \"David Reynolds (racing driver)\") and [Anton de Pasquale](/wiki/Anton_de_Pasquale \"Anton de Pasquale\"). He scored 3 podiums throughout the year at Sandown, Eastern Creek and [Bathurst](/wiki/Bathurst_1000 \"Bathurst 1000\"). He ended the year in 9th place, scoring 1788 points.",
"#### 2022",
"In 2022, Kostecki jumped to 7th in the points standings but scored one less podium than the year prior. These podium appearances coming at Eastern Creek and [The Bend](/wiki/The_Bend_Motorsport_Park \"The Bend Motorsport Park\").",
"#### 2023",
"Kostecki entered the 2023 season without a single win from the previous year, with five podiums from 71 starts. In 2023, Kostecki and his team, Erebus Motorsport, secured both the drivers and teams titles.",
"#### 2024",
"In early February 2024, just weeks before the season opening Bathurst 500, it was reported that Kostecki had parted ways with the team after rumours swirled about how Kostecki was being treated by the team internally.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Pavey \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=31 January 2024 \\|title\\=Erebus issues statement on champion Kostecki \\|url\\=https://www.supercars.com/news/erebus\\-issues\\-statement\\-on\\-champion\\-kostecki}} Further, naming rights sponsor Coca\\-Cola, as well as Shaw and Partners, and SCTR withdrew their financial support of the team. Kostecki was replaced by [Todd Hazelwood](/wiki/Todd_Hazelwood \"Todd Hazelwood\") at the 2024 season opening round, as well as the Melbourne round.[Erebus confirms Hazelwood for AGP Supercars races](https://speedcafe.com/erebus-confirms-hazelwood-for-agp-supercars-races/) [Speedcafe](/wiki/Speedcafe \"Speedcafe\") 5 March 2024 On April 7, 2024, it was announced that Kostecki would rejoin the team at the Taupō round.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/v8supercars/news/brodie\\-kostecki\\-shock\\-supercars\\-erebus/10596324/\\|title\\=BRODIE KOSTECKI TO MAKE SHOCK RETURN TO SUPERCARS FOR EREBUS \\|work\\=Motorsport.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 7, 2024}}",
""
] |
By country
----------
### Australia
{{unreferenced section\|date\=April 2024}}
The Australasian Association of Convenience Stores (AACS), the peak body for [Australian](/wiki/Australia "Australia") convenience stores, defines a convenience store as a "retail business with the primary emphasis placed on providing the public with a convenient location to quickly purchase from an array of consumable products, predominantly food and beverages, services as well as petrol." The product mix includes: food to go, beverages, dispensed/barista coffee, snacks (including confectionery), tobacco, basic groceries, ice, petrol and carwash. Stores may offer services such as ATMs, "click \& collect", gas bottle exchange, money transfer and lottery tickets. A key feature of convenience stores is their extended hours of operation. Many are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
The majority of convenience stores in Australia are small businesses, being either independently owned or operated under franchise or licence agreement. The industry comprises over 6,000 stores and employs well over 40,000 people as of mid\-2018\. The Australian convenience channel merchandise sales are valued at $8\.4 billion (excluding petrol sales) according to the AACS State of the Industry Report 2017\. Australia has a flourishing convenience industry with a number of well\-known convenience brands including: 7\-Eleven, Ampol, NightOwl, Ezymart, BP, APCO, Coles Express, On The Run, Viva Energy, Freedom Fuels and Puma.
### Canada
[right\|200px\|thumb\|Entrance of a Couche\-Tard convenience store in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec") (2006\)](/wiki/File:Couchetard_convenience_store2.jpg "Couchetard convenience store2.jpg")
[Alimentation Couche\-Tard](/wiki/Alimentation_Couche-Tard "Alimentation Couche-Tard") Inc., which operates Couche\-Tard, Provi\-Soir, Dépanneur 7, [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K "Circle K"), [Mac's](/wiki/Mac%27s_Convenience_Stores "Mac's Convenience Stores"), Winks, and [Becker's](/wiki/Becker%27s "Becker's"), is the largest convenience store chain in [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada") and receives its products through [Core\-Mark International](/wiki/Core-Mark_International "Core-Mark International"), a North American distribution company specializing in fresh convenience.{{cite web\|title\=Couche\-Tard and Core\-Mark to join UGI\|url\=http://www.canadiangrocer.com/uncategorized/couche\-tard\-and\-core\-mark\-to\-join\-ugi\-42145\|website\=Canadian Grocer}} Another large chain is [Quickie Mart](/wiki/Quickie_Convenience_Stores "Quickie Convenience Stores") (whose name predates the fictitious "[Kwik\-E\-Mart](/wiki/Kwik-E-Mart "Kwik-E-Mart")" featured on *[The Simpsons](/wiki/The_Simpsons "The Simpsons")*). The world's largest convenience retailer, [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven"), has about 500 Canadian locations from [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") to [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"). Worldwide, the highest number of the chain's [Slurpee](/wiki/Slurpee "Slurpee") beverages are sold in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg "Winnipeg"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba") and the city has been awarded the title of the "Slurpee Capital of the World" for many years running.{{cite news \|title\=Slurpee capital of the world \|url\=https://winnipegsun.com/2017/07/11/slurpee\-capital\-of\-the\-world \|work\=\[\[Winnipeg Sun]] \|date\=11 July 2017}} Marketing itself as "more than just a convenience store", there are over 260 Hasty Market locations throughout [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario") and one in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia").
In addition to chain convenience stores, there are also many independently owned convenience stores in Canada.
Convenience stores are also commonly referred to as "corner stores", "mini\-marts" or "variety stores" in some regions of Canada. In the French\-speaking province of [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec"), a convenience store is known as a "**dépanneur**" or "dep" for short, even among some when speaking in English.[Faculty: Charles Boberg \| Linguistics – McGill University](http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/linguistics/faculty/boberg/Articles/n_american_survey/N_American_Survey.htm) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318221057/http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/linguistics/faculty/boberg/Articles/n\_american\_survey/N\_American\_Survey.htm \|date\=18 March 2008 }}
[thumb\|alt\=Dep Montreal\|Dépanneurs are a common sight in French\-speaking Canada, like this one in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") (2016\)](/wiki/File:3951_rue_Saint-Antoine_Ouest.jpg "3951 rue Saint-Antoine Ouest.jpg")
### Chile
[Chilean](/wiki/Chile "Chile") convenience stores are typically found at gas stations in most urban and near\-urban areas on highways. Examples include Punto/Pronto (owned by [Copec](/wiki/Empresas_Copec "Empresas Copec")), Spacio 1 ([Petrobras](/wiki/Petrobras "Petrobras"), formerly called Tigermarket and On The Run before [Esso](/wiki/Esso "Esso") Chile was owned by Petrobras), Va y Ven ([Terpel](/wiki/Terpel "Terpel")), Upa!, Upita! and Select (from [Shell](/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell "Royal Dutch Shell")).
Other brands operating mostly in downtowns and middle\-to\-upperclass neighborhoods are Ok! Market (owned by Unimarc), Big John and [Oxxo](/wiki/Oxxo "Oxxo") (owned by [FEMSA](/wiki/FEMSA "FEMSA")) and some small\-scale "minisupermercados" akin to [mom and pop stores](/wiki/Mom_and_pop_store "Mom and pop store").
### Costa Rica
[thumb\|200px\|right\|A Musmanni Bakery/Convenience store in [Liberia, Costa Rica](/wiki/Liberia%2C_Costa_Rica "Liberia, Costa Rica")](/wiki/File:Musmanni_panaderia_en_Liberia_Guanacaste.jpg "Musmanni panaderia en Liberia Guanacaste.jpg")
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=August 2014}}
In [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica"), family\-owned and operated convenience stores called *[pulperías](/wiki/wikt:Pulper%C3%ADa "Pulpería")* have been common since the 1900s, and there are many of those stores in every neighbourhood.
In the 2010s, modern convenience stores were introduced, mainly by the AMPM company. Competitors launched brands such as Musmanni Mini Super (a chain of bakery stores promoted to convenience stores), Vindi (operated by AutoMercado supermarket company) and Fresh Market (operated by AMPM in a format appealing to prosperous neighborhoods).
### Finland
[thumb\|200px\|right\|[R\-Kioski](/wiki/R-Kioski "R-Kioski") in [Veikkola](/wiki/Veikkola "Veikkola"), [Kirkkonummi](/wiki/Kirkkonummi "Kirkkonummi"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland")](/wiki/File:Veikkola_Kirkkonummi_R-kioski.jpg "Veikkola Kirkkonummi R-kioski.jpg")
In [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), convenience stores are referred to as kiosks, except for those found inside service stations, which are referred to simply as stores. The biggest convenience store chain is [R\-Kioski](/wiki/R-Kioski "R-Kioski"), with over 560 kiosks across the country, which are all franchise\-licensed businesses. There are some independent convenience stores that use the word Kymppi or number 10 in their business name, which is reminiscent of a former large convenience store chain called 10\-Kioski, which vanished around the early 2000s. Kymppi is a spoken colloquial word for number 10 ("kymmenen") in Finnish.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}}
Smaller towns often have independent kiosks. Convenience stores at service stations are run by either the station's parent oil company such as [Shell](/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell "Royal Dutch Shell") or by either of the two major retail corporations in Finland, [Kesko](/wiki/Kesko "Kesko") or [S Group](/wiki/S_Group "S Group"). Virtually all staffed service stations have a small convenience store.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}}
### France
In [France](/wiki/France "France") chain convenience stores are referred to as "supérettes", implying they are mini\-supermarkets. Brands include Carrefour City, Casino Shop, Coccimarket, Daily Monop', Franprix, G20, Leader Price Express, Marché Plus, Sherpa, Sitis, Spar, Utile, Vival... (see {{ill\|Magasin de proximité\|fr\|vertical\-align\=sup}}).
Some other, independent convenience shops are referred to as "{{Interlanguage link\|Arabe du coin\|fr\|3\=Arabe du coin\|vertical\-align\=sup}}" – "Arab on the corner", due to many [Arabic\-speaking](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") immigrants form Northwest Africa who work in this sector of the economy. These shops often stay open later than the "épiceries" or groceries, even on public holidays. Shop owners consider the name improper,{{citation needed\|date\=June 2019}}{{Cite news \|last\=Oulamara \|first\=Aumer \|date\=2008\-02\-12 \|title\=Société : « arabe du coin » ou « berbère du coin » ? \|url\=https://www.lemonde.fr/le\-monde/article/2018/02/12/societe\-arabe\-du\-coin\-ou\-berbere\-du\-coin\_5996988\_4586753\.html \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-05 \|work\=LE MONDE}} especially those who come from other ethnic groups, including [Imazighen](/wiki/Imazighen "Imazighen"). (See {{ill\|Arabe du coin\|fr\|vertical\-align\=sup}} for more details on their ethnic origins.)
### Germany
[thumb\|A [Späti](/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tkauf "Spätkauf") in [Berlin\-Kreuzberg](/wiki/Kreuzberg "Kreuzberg")](/wiki/File:Sp%C3%A4tkauf_in_Berlin-Kreuzberg.jpg "Spätkauf in Berlin-Kreuzberg.jpg")
[Berliners](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") lovingly refer to the small neighbourhood shops with late opening times found throughout the city (often operated by families with immigrant roots, akin to France) as *Späti* (translating to "Lat(e)y", derived from *[Spätkauf](/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tkauf "Spätkauf"), "*late purchase").
In [North Rhine\-Westfalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia") people call the same kind of shop either *[Kiosk](/wiki/Kiosk "Kiosk")*, like the Finnish, (using the word in a way differing from the rest of Germany, where "Kiosk" usually means only stall\-like buildings or other very small window\-selling shops which are not entered by customers and which sell either newspapers and magazines or snacks and cigarettes, or a combination of these, but no household goods) or *Trinkhalle* ("drinking hall"), although they are not pubs, as the name might suggest.
A name used for market stalls and also in some regions for little shops is *Büdchen* (from *Bude*, "stall, hut, room"); where no special local name for them exists, often just the equivalents of "small shop" or "corner shop" are used ("der kleine Laden/ das [Lädchen](/wiki/Diminutive "Diminutive")/ das Lädchen an der Ecke").
Snack shops integrated into petrol stations can also have long opening hours, but in contrast to the neighbourhood *Späti*\-type shops, petrol station shops nowadays are usually part of large retail chains.
[thumb\|A typical "Tante Emma" working in a shop, 1953](/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006456_017_Kundin_beim_Einkauf.jpg "Fotothek df roe-neg 0006456 017 Kundin beim Einkauf.jpg")
"{{Interlanguage link\|Tante\-Emma\-Laden\|de}}" (aunt\-Emma\-shop) is used as a nostalgic term for old\-fashioned [general stores](/wiki/General_store "General store") (typically family owned), the historic predecessors of modern discounters and supermarkets which they were replaced by (similar to [mom\-and\-pop](/wiki/Mom-and-pop "Mom-and-pop") stores).{{Cite web \|date\=18 May 2017 \|title\=Untranslatable German Words: Tante\-Emma\-Laden \|url\=https://blogs.transparent.com/german/untranslatable\-german\-words\-tante\-emma\-laden/ \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|website\=German Language Blog {{!}} Language and Culture of the German\-Speaking World}}{{Cite web \|title\=Tante\-Emma\-Laden – DW – 09/23/2011 \|url\=https://www.dw.com/en/tante\-emma\-laden/a\-6614060 \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|website\=dw.com \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=karenanne \|date\=10 January 2018 \|title\=What is a Tante Emma Laden? A Corner Store with a Special History \|url\=https://germangirlinamerica.com/what\-is\-a\-tante\-emma\-laden/ \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|website\=A German Girl in America \|language\=en\-US}}
### India
In [India](/wiki/India "India"), "mom\-and\-pop" convenience stores are called ***kirana*** stores and constitute part of the traditional food retail system.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Minten \|first1\=Bart \|last2\=Reardon \|first2\=Thomas \|last3\=Sutradhar \|first3\=Rajib \|year\=2010 \|title\=Food Prices and Modern Retail: The Case of Delhi \|journal\=World Development \|language\=en \|volume\=38 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=1775–1787 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.worlddev.2010\.04\.002\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.585\.2560 }} Kirana are typically family\-owned stores that operate in fixed locations and carry both basic food and non\-food items.
### Indonesia
[thumb\|An [Alfamart](/wiki/Alfamart "Alfamart") convenience store in [Cileungsi](/wiki/Cileungsi "Cileungsi"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia")](/wiki/File:Alfamart_KTM_Jonggol%2C_Cileungsi_-_panoramio.jpg "Alfamart KTM Jonggol, Cileungsi - panoramio.jpg")
[thumb\|An [Indomaret](/wiki/Indomaret "Indomaret") convenience store in [Banten](/wiki/Banten "Banten"), Indonesia](/wiki/File:Indomaret_Villa_Bintaro_Regency.jpg "Indomaret Villa Bintaro Regency.jpg")
Supermarket\-styled convenience stores in [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") (commonly known as "minimarket") are mostly scattered around the towns. Due to local government restrictions in Indonesia, usually convenience stores may only be built at least 500 meters from the nearest traditional market.{{cite web\|url\=http://jateng.tribunnews.com/2014/10/05/jarak\-minimarket\-modern\-dengan\-pasar\-tradisional\-minimal\-500\-meter\|title\=Jarak Minimarket Modern dengan Pasar Tradisional Minimal 500 Meter\|website\=Tribun Jateng\|access\-date\=20 February 2017}} This allows traditional markets to continue selling local goods, but also greatly lowers the opportunities for profit by those who seek to build or own a convenience store by reducing the eligibility of property to be developed into a convenience store. This is especially true in small towns and rural areas. As a result, convenience stores in rural areas are often built side\-by\-side or at maximum within 50 meters of each other.
The two major national convenience store chains in Indonesia are [Indomaret](/wiki/Indomaret "Indomaret") and [Alfamart](/wiki/Alfamart "Alfamart"), both of which serve almost all areas within the country with around 22 and 18 thousand stores in 2023, respectively.{{cite news \|title\=Alfaria Source (AMRT) Boosts Revenue from Lawson, Buy or Sell? \|url\=https://english.kontan.co.id/news/alfaria\-source\-amrt\-boosts\-revenue\-from\-lawson\-buy\-or\-sell \|access\-date\=24 July 2024 \|work\=Kontan \|date\=23 January 2024 \|language\=en}} Foreign chains like [Family Mart](/wiki/Family_Mart "Family Mart"), [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K "Circle K") or [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson_%28store%29 "Lawson (store)"), on the other hand, have their stores in big cities and cater to a specific lifestyle instead of focusing on "convenience". To be classified as a convenience store, the store should occupy no more than 100 square meters of service area; in some local residences, the limit is 250 square meters.
The Indonesian government also regulates the convenience store license process, so it can only be bought by franchisees, using a different name and different brand, or classifying it as [cafeteria](/wiki/Cafeteria "Cafeteria").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.etalasebisnis.com/investasi/1392/ini\-persyaratan\-waralaba\-alfamart\-franchise.html\|title\=Ini Persyaratan Waralaba Alfamart (Alfamart Franchise)\|last\=PRODUCTION\|first\=VIMEDIA\|date\=7 December 2015\|newspaper\=EtalaseBisnis.com\|access\-date\=20 February 2017\|language\=en\-US}} A convenience store with a cafeteria license is only allowed to sell a maximum 10% of its service space for non\-food/beverages product. This type of convenience store often puts lawn chairs and a desk as a decoy in front of their stores, while offering the same range of products as a holder of a mini market license.
There are many small neighborhood stores, known as *[toko](/wiki/Toko_%28shop%29 "Toko (shop)") kelontong* or *[warung](/wiki/Warung "Warung")*. Some are sponsored by a network of stores, mostly owned by cigarette companies (such as DRP by [Djarum](/wiki/Djarum "Djarum"), GGSP by [Gudang Garam](/wiki/Gudang_Garam "Gudang Garam") or SRC by [Sampoerna](/wiki/Sampoerna "Sampoerna")) or tech companies (such as Mitra [Bukalapak](/wiki/Bukalapak "Bukalapak") or Mitra [Tokopedia](/wiki/Tokopedia "Tokopedia")).
### Japan
[thumb\|left\|A Lawson convenience store in [Minamisoma, Fukushima](/wiki/Minamisoma%2C_Fukushima "Minamisoma, Fukushima"), [Tohoku](/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_region "Tōhoku region"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan")](/wiki/Image:Lawson_Haramachikitahara_Shop.jpg "Lawson Haramachikitahara Shop.jpg")
{{Nihongo\|Convenience stores\|コンビニエンスストア\|konbiniensu sutoa}}, often shortened to {{Nihongo\|\|コンビニ\|'''konbini'''}}, developed at a tremendous rate in [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven") Japan, while struggling to localize their service in the 1970s to 1980s, evolved its [point of sale](/wiki/Point_of_sale "Point of sale")\-based business, until ultimately, [Seven \& I Holdings Co.](/wiki/Seven_%26_I_Holdings_Co. "Seven & I Holdings Co."), the parent company of 7\-Eleven Japan, acquired 7\-Eleven (US) from [Southland Corporation](/wiki/Southland_Corporation "Southland Corporation") in 1991\. Japanese\-style convenience stores also heavily influenced those stores in other [Asian](/wiki/Asia "Asia") regions or countries, such as [Mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China"), [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), and [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.fdfworld.com/top10/165/Top\-Ten\-Convenience\-Stores\-Around\-the\-World\|title\=Top Ten Convenience Stores Around the World\|access\-date\=30 November 2014\|archive\-date\=7 May 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507084449/http://www.fdfworld.com/top10/165/Top\-Ten\-Convenience\-Stores\-Around\-the\-World\|url\-status\=dead}}
Convenience stores rely heavily on the point of sale. Customers' ages and gender, as well as tomorrow's weather forecast, are important data. Stores place all orders online. As store floor space is limited, they must be careful in choosing what brands to sell. In many cases, several stores from the same chain do business in neighboring areas. This strategy makes distribution to each store cheaper, as well as making multiple deliveries per day possible. Generally, food goods are delivered to each store two to five times a day from factories. Since products are delivered as needed, stores do not need large stock areas.{{cite web\|url\=https://web\-japan.org/nipponia/nipponia19/en/feature/feature01\.html\|title\=NIPPONIA\|website\=web\-japan.org}}
According to The Japan Franchise Association, {{as of\|lc\=yes\|October 2021}} (data pertaining to the month of July 2021\), there are 55,931 convenience stores in Japan.{{cite web\|last\=Michel\|first\=Patrick St\|date\=11 October 2021\|title\=Japan's convenience stores look to the future\|url\=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/10/11/business/future\-of\-convenience\-stores/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011024602/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/10/11/business/future\-of\-convenience\-stores/\|archive\-date\=11 October 2021\|access\-date\=11 October 2021\|website\=\[\[The Japan Times]]\|language\=en\-US\|quote\=According to a July report from the Japan Franchise Association, the total number of convenience stores in Japan currently stands at 55,931\.}} 7\-Eleven leads the market with 12,467 stores, followed by: [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson_%28store%29 "Lawson (store)") (9,562\) and [FamilyMart](/wiki/FamilyMart "FamilyMart") (7,604\). Other operators include [Circle K Sunkus](/wiki/Circle_K_Sunkus "Circle K Sunkus") (acquired by Family Mart in 2016; now defunct), [Daily Yamazaki](/wiki/Daily_Yamazaki "Daily Yamazaki"), [Ministop](/wiki/Ministop "Ministop"), [Am/Pm Japan](/wiki/Ampm "Ampm") (acquired by Family Mart in 2009; now defunct), [Poplar](/wiki/Poplar_%28convenience_store%29 "Poplar (convenience store)"), Coco Store (acquired by Family Mart in 2015; now defunct) and Seico Mart. Many items available in larger supermarkets can be found in Japanese convenience stores, though the selection is usually smaller. As well, the following additional services are also commonly available:
* [Courier](/wiki/Courier "Courier") and [postal service](/wiki/Mail "Mail").
* [Photocopying](/wiki/Photocopying "Photocopying") and [fax](/wiki/Fax "Fax") service.
* [Automated teller machines](/wiki/Automated_teller_machine "Automated teller machine").
* Payment service for utilities and other bills and taxes.
* Ticket service for [concerts](/wiki/Concert "Concert"), [theme parks](/wiki/Amusement_park "Amusement park"), [airlines](/wiki/Airlines "Airlines") etc.
* Pre\-paid cards for [cellular phones](/wiki/Cellular_phones "Cellular phones").
Some stores also sell charging service for [electronic money](/wiki/Electronic_money "Electronic money") and ATM services for [credit card](/wiki/Credit_card "Credit card") or [consumer finance](/wiki/Consumer_finance "Consumer finance"). Items not commonly sold include: [Slurpees](/wiki/Slurpee "Slurpee"), [lottery](/wiki/Lottery "Lottery") tickets, [car](/wiki/Car "Car") supplies and [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline "Gasoline").{{Cite web\|url\=https://japan\-magazine.jnto.go.jp/en/1301\_cvs.html\|title\=Complete guide to Japanese convenience stores \| JAPAN Monthly Web Magazine\|access\-date\=31 January 2021\|archive\-date\=14 April 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414145054/https://japan\-magazine.jnto.go.jp/en/1301\_cvs.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
Konbini also offer customers the option of making **konbini payments** (often also referred to as just **konbini**), an offline payment solution that allows customers without credit or debit cards to make online purchases. A consumer can buy online services or goods, such as video games on [Steam](/wiki/Steam_%28service%29 "Steam (service)"){{cite web\|url\=https://steamcommunity.com/discussions/forum/1/616189742840853266\|title\=steam users in japan :: Help and Tips\|website\=steamcommunity.com}} or tickets for events. By selecting konbini as payment method at the checkout, the consumer receives a unique transaction code with an expiration date. Depending on the brand (i.e. 7–11 is slightly different from Family Mart), consumers will have to go to any convenience store and finalise the purchase, which can be either at the cashier or at the kiosk. Multiple providers offer konbini as checkout option for foreign companies selling online in Japan, such as [Adyen](/wiki/Adyen "Adyen"), Degica and [Ingenico](/wiki/Ingenico "Ingenico") ePayments.
In 1974, Japan had 1,000 convenience stores. In 1996, Japan had 47,000 convenience stores and the number was increasing by 1,500 annually. Peter Landers of the *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press")* said that the computerised distribution system allows Japanese convenience stores to stock a wider variety of products, allowing them to be more competitive in the marketplace. Because of this technology and the consequent ease of maintaining the right amount of stock, Japan can support one convenience store for every 2,000 people, while in the United States it is one per 8,000 people. Another contributing factor to the widespread proliferation of convenience stores is that, because Japan has a lower crime rate, store owners are not reluctant to keep stores open at late hours in the night and customers are not reluctant to shop during those times.Landers, Peter. "[Japan has a high\-tech take on the convenience store](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O5c_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=CFYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5174,5376452&dq=wawa+pennsylvania+institution&hl=en)". *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press")* at the *[Warsaw Times\-Union](/wiki/Warsaw_Times-Union "Warsaw Times-Union")*. Saturday 27 July 1996\. 10C. Retrieved from [Google News](/wiki/Google_News "Google News") (14/39\) on 1 January 2011\.
### Malaysia
In [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), **7\-Eleven** is the market leader in convenience shops, with over 2,000 shops.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hmetro.com.my/node/153103\|title\=7\-Eleven buka cawangan ke 2,000\|trans\-title\=7\-Eleven opens its 2,000th branches\|author\=Lizam Ridzuan\|language\=ms\|publisher\=Harian Metro\|date\=20 July 2016\|access\-date\=23 May 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306151029/https://www.hmetro.com.my/node/153103\|archive\-date\=6 March 2018\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business\-news/2016/07/21/7eleven\-malaysia\-opens\-its\-2000th\-store\-in\-the\-country/\|title\=7\-Eleven Malaysia opens its 2000th store in the country\|work\=The Star\|date\=21 July 2016\|access\-date\=23 May 2019}} Other convenience shops in the country are [myNEWS.com](/wiki/Mynews.com "Mynews.com"), [99 Speedmart](/wiki/99_Speedmart "99 Speedmart"), [KK Super Mart](/wiki/KK_Super_Mart "KK Super Mart"), Quick and Easy and MyMart (owned by [Mydin](/wiki/Mydin "Mydin")). FamilyMart is also found in Malaysia and as of July 2020, has opened its 200th store{{cite web \|title\=Family Mart Malaysia \|url\=https://familymart.com.my/our\-stores.html \|website\=Family Mart Malaysia \|access\-date\=6 December 2019}} in Malaysia with the goal of opening 1000 stores by 2025, bringing the 'konbini' concept to Malaysia.{{cite news \|title\=Japan's FamilyMart eyes 1,000 Malaysian stores by 2025 \|url\=http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Japan\-s\-FamilyMart\-eyes\-1\-000\-Malaysian\-stores\-by\-2025 \|access\-date\=3 December 2016 \|publisher\=Nikkei Asian Review\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203054304/http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Japan\-s\-FamilyMart\-eyes\-1\-000\-Malaysian\-stores\-by\-2025 \|archive\-date\=3 December 2016 }}
Convenience stores are very popular among Malaysians, especially urban dwellers in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") or other populated towns like [Penang](/wiki/Penang "Penang") where the population density is higher. Its 24/7 policy allows Malaysians to have easy access to necessities or as an alternative hang\-out area, especially since Malaysians love to go out for midnight supper at mamaks and eateries that also open late at night, as more and more Malaysians are beginning to work or go out late. The availability of fresh hot food or cold premade food is popular among young workers with less time to prepare food for themselves, as many have irregular work hours, especially in the city. It also eases the burden of families. Many Malaysians also enjoy the seasonal food that these stores provide. These stores can be found almost anywhere, especially in areas with a higher population density, such as city centres, condominiums, apartment complexes, office areas, residential areas, shop lots and petrol stations, although the store density is as high as Taiwan or Japan.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}}
Items sold at such convenience shops usually range from pre\-made local food like nasi lemak, onigiri, buns, snacks, toiletries, drinks, a limited amount of alcohol, newspapers, magazines, slushies, cup noodles, ice cream, hot food, [oden](/wiki/Oden "Oden"), game reload and mobile top up cards. Some also have the service of reloading Touch N' Go cards or ATMs. Most have a microwave oven and hot water boiler to heat food. Some have seasonal and limited food, desserts or special imported products and items, like FamilyMart importing strawberry Coca\-Cola from Japan.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}}
Malaysia has sundry shops that sell daily items and perishables at lower prices, but unlike convenience shops, they are not open 24/7\. Some of these sundry shops also sell traditional herbs and ingredients.
### Mexico
[thumb\|left\|An Oxxo store](/wiki/File:OxxoObreraDF.JPG "OxxoObreraDF.JPG")
[thumb\|200px\|A family run Miscelánea](/wiki/File:Miscelanea_en_Xalatlaco.jpg "Miscelanea en Xalatlaco.jpg")
[Oxxo](/wiki/Oxxo "Oxxo") is the largest chain in the country, with more than 15,000 stores around the country. Other convenience stores, such as [Tiendas Extra](/wiki/Tiendas_Extra "Tiendas Extra"), [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven"), [SuperCity](/wiki/Super_City_%28store%29 "Super City (store)"), [ampm](/wiki/Ampm "Ampm"), and [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K "Circle K"), are also found in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"). The first convenience store in the country, Super 7 (now a 7\-Eleven), was opened in 1976 in [Monterrey](/wiki/Monterrey "Monterrey"), [Nuevo León](/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n "Nuevo León").{{citation needed\|date\=December 2012}} There are also some regional chains, like Amigo Express and CB Mas, that operate in [Comarca Lagunera](/wiki/Comarca_Lagunera "Comarca Lagunera"), Super Q and El Matador in [Queretaro](/wiki/Queretaro "Queretaro"), Coyote in central Mexico, Kiosko in [Colima](/wiki/Colima "Colima") and some locations in nearby states, and JV in northeastern Mexico. Stores sell fast food like [coffee](/wiki/Coffee "Coffee"), [hot dogs](/wiki/Hot_dogs "Hot dogs"), [nachos](/wiki/Nachos "Nachos") and prepaid cellphones between MXN$20 and MXN$500, mainly [Telcel](/wiki/Telcel "Telcel") and [Movistar](/wiki/Movistar "Movistar"), [newspapers](/wiki/Newspaper "Newspaper"), [magazines](/wiki/Magazines "Magazines"), and [Panini](/wiki/Panini_Comics "Panini Comics") products and other novelties.
*Misceláneas* (literally meaning "place where miscellaneous items are sold" and otherwise called *tiendas de abarrotes* (grocery store) in some parts of the country) are smaller, family\-run convenience stores often found in central and southern Mexico. They operate in many locations, from rural communities to [suburban](/wiki/Suburban "Suburban") residential neighborhoods, usually located in front of or below the family's residence. They often fulfill the role of neighborhood meeting points and places to disseminate community news. While offering a more limited, and sometimes varied, assortment of items than corporate chains, they fill a void in areas where corporations do not operate. Usually they sell homemade snacks such as tortas and sandwiches, made by the owners. They also provide items in smaller quantities than would be offered for sale in larger stores and markets; for example, selling single cigarettes along with full packs.{{cite web\|url\=http://direccionestrategica.itam.mx/wp\-content/uploads/2010/06/MIscelaneasOK.doc \|title\=Las misceláneas en México \|author1\=Merino, María \|author2\=Mondragón, Carlos \|work\=Strategic Direction \& Planning, \[\[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México]] \|language\=es \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624053835/http://direccionestrategica.itam.mx/wp\-content/uploads/2010/06/MIscelaneasOK.doc \|archive\-date\=24 June 2016 }}
### Mongolia
In [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia "Mongolia"), convenience shops ([CU (store)](/wiki/CU_%28store%29 "CU (store)"), [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K "Circle K") etc.) are already common and continue to gain popularity, making the market increasingly saturated with retailers. Currently [CU (store)](/wiki/CU_%28store%29 "CU (store)") is the market leader, with the largest number of stores and the highest reputation among customers.
### New Zealand
{{see also\|Dairy (store)}}
In [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), convenience shops are commonly referred to as dairies and superettes. Dairies in New Zealand are generally independently owned and operated. The use of the term *dairy* to describe convenience shops was common in New Zealand by the late 1930s.{{cite book
\|title\=The Godzone Dictionary: Of Favourite New Zealand Words and Phrases
\|last\=Cryer
\|first\=Max
\|author\-link\=Max Cryer
\|page\=51
\|isbn\=978\-0908988747
\|publisher\= Exisle Publishing
\|location\=\[\[Auckland]]
\|year\=2010
}} Dairies carved out a niche in food retail by keeping longer trading hours than groceries and supermarkets – dairies were exempt from labour laws restricting trading hours and Saturday trading. With the [deregulation of trading hours](/wiki/Sunday_shopping%23New_Zealand "Sunday shopping#New Zealand") and in the wake of legislation in 1989 prohibiting sales of alcohol by dairies, the distinction between dairies, superettes and groceries has blurred.{{cite book
\|title \= Alcohol In Our Lives: Curbing the Harm
\|date \= April 2010
\|isbn \= 978\-1\-877316\-91\-3
\|publisher \= \[\[New Zealand Law Commission]]
\|chapter \= 8 New criteria for selling takeaway alcohol
\|page \= 155
\|chapter\-url \= http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/sites/default/files/publications/2010/04/Publication\_154\_464\_Part\_18\_Chapter%208%20\-%20New%20criteria%20for%20selling%20takeaway%20alcohol.pdf
\|access\-date \= 8 January 2012
\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130209170959/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/sites/default/files/publications/2010/04/Publication\_154\_464\_Part\_18\_Chapter%208%20\-%20New%20criteria%20for%20selling%20takeaway%20alcohol.pdf
\|archive\-date \= 9 February 2013
\|url\-status \= dead
\|df \= dmy\-all
}}
### Peru
Convenience stores in [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru") are typically independent corner stores called "bodegas" that include groceries, alcohol, services and phone booths. Other convenience stores are found at gas stations in urban and connecting areas on highways; examples include Listo! (owned by Primax) and Repshop ([Repsol](/wiki/Repsol "Repsol")). Recently, {{ill\|Tambo\+\|es\|vertical\-align\=sup}}, owned by [Corporación Lindley S.A.](/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n_Lindley_S.A. "Corporación Lindley S.A."), has quickly become the biggest convenience store in the country with 300 stores opened in just two years.{{cite news\|url\=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/dia\-1/aviva\-competencia\-tiendas\-conveniencia\-noticia\-496537\|title\=Tambo: ¿Cuántos locales tiene ya?\|first\=Leslie Salas\|last\=Oblitas\|newspaper\=El Comercio \|date\=13 February 2018}} Mexican\-owned [Oxxo](/wiki/Oxxo "Oxxo") has plans to expand to Peru.{{cite news\|url\=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/negocios/oxxo\-llegaria\-peru\-competir\-tambo\-noticia\-507884\|title\=¿Oxxo llegaría al Perú para competir contra Tambo\+?\|first\=Redacción\|last\=EC\|newspaper\=El Comercio \|date\=28 March 2018}}
### Poland
[Żabka](/wiki/%C5%BBabka_%28convenience_store%29 "Żabka (convenience store)") is one of the largest convenience stores in Poland. In 2022 [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński"), leader of the [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice "Law and Justice") party, said that the Polish ruling government might buy [Żabka](/wiki/%C5%BBabka_%28convenience_store%29 "Żabka (convenience store)") convenience store from [CVC Capital Partners](/wiki/CVC_Capital_Partners "CVC Capital Partners").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022\-10\-13/poland\-eyes\-grocery\-chain\-as\-it\-takes\-back\-control\-of\-economy\|title\=Poland Eyes Grocery Chain as It Takes Back Control of Economy\|newspaper\=Bloomberg \|date\=13 October 2022\|via\=www.bloomberg.com}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/10/13/poland\-could\-buy\-back\-biggest\-convenience\-store\-chain\-from\-foreign\-owners\-says\-kaczynski/\|title\=Poland could "buy back" biggest convenience store chain from foreign owners, says Kaczyński\|first\=Daniel\|last\=Tilles\|date\=13 October 2022}}
### Philippines
{{See also\|Sari\-sari store}}
There is a local version of convenience store in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), called the [sari\-sari store](/wiki/Sari-sari_store "Sari-sari store"), that is located on almost every street, corner, residential area, and other public places around the country.
Aside from local convenience stores, other popular international convenience stores are present on almost every street, especially in urban areas. [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven") is the largest convenience store chain in the country. It is run by the Philippine Seven Corporation (PSC). Its first store, located in [Quezon City](/wiki/Quezon_City "Quezon City"), opened in 1984, and has now approximately 2,285 branches.
There are also many branches of [Uncle John's](/wiki/Uncle_John%27s_%28store%29 "Uncle John's (store)"), operated by [Robinsons Convenience Stores, Inc.](/wiki/Robinsons_Malls "Robinsons Malls"); [FamilyMart](/wiki/FamilyMart "FamilyMart"), operated and franchised by [Udenna Corporation](/wiki/Udenna_Corporation "Udenna Corporation"); and [All Day Convenience Store](/wiki/All_Day_Convenience_Store "All Day Convenience Store"), owned by Filipino entrepreneur and former Philippine Senator, [Manny Villar](/wiki/Manny_Villar "Manny Villar"). [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson_%28store%29 "Lawson (store)"), [Circle\-K](/wiki/Circle-K "Circle-K") and [Alfamart](/wiki/Alfamart "Alfamart") have also opened stores in the country.
### Russia
[thumb\|left\|A typical 2020's *Pyatyorochka* store](/wiki/File:Pyaterochka_new_concept_2019_Moscow_int1.jpg "Pyaterochka new concept 2019 Moscow int1.jpg")
Major brands of convenience stores in Russia are *Pyatyorochka* ("little 5") with over 10000 shops functioning,[https://www.x5\.ru/ru/PublishingImages/Pages/Media/News/Q4\_2018\_Trading\_Update\_RUS.pdf](https://www.x5.ru/ru/PublishingImages/Pages/Media/News/Q4_2018_Trading_Update_RUS.pdf) Заявление Х5 Group на 4 квартал 2018 *Monetka* ("little coin"), "Magnit u doma", "Krasnoe i Beloe" and *Diksi*.[https://infoline.spb.ru/shop/issledovaniya\-rynkov/page.php?ID\=160773](https://infoline.spb.ru/shop/issledovaniya-rynkov/page.php?ID=160773) Исследования рынков, конец 2010\-х However, Russians may occasionally use the word "supermarket": various convenience store chains used to position themselves as "supermarkets" throughout 1990's, such as now discontinued "Sed'moy Kontinent" (translates as "*the 7th Continent*") company.
*Pyatyorochka* line of stores has self\-checkout tills, as well as *Perekryostok* line of stores. Both brands belong to X5 Group and even have a mutually compatible "club card". However, many discounts/sales in both stores require buyers to have "loyalty cards" to unlock the wares' respective discounts.
### Singapore
{{See also\|Mama shop}}
Major convenience shops in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") are [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven") owned by [Dairy Farm International Holdings](/wiki/Dairy_Farm_International_Holdings "Dairy Farm International Holdings") and Cheers owned by [NTUC Fairprice](/wiki/NTUC_Fairprice "NTUC Fairprice").Price Waterhouse Coopers. (2005/2006\). Singapore. *From Beijing to Budapest: Winning Brands, Winning Formats*, 4, p. 189\. Figures from the Singapore Department of Statistics showed that there are 338 7\-Eleven shops and 91 Cheers outlets in 2004\."Upstart Mini\-marts". (22 October 2006\). *The Sunday Times*. Other convenience shops such as Myshop and One Plus appeared in 1983\. Myshop belongs to a [Japanese company](/wiki/Japanese_company "Japanese company"), and One Plus belongs to Emporium Holdings."Convenience Stores Pose Threat to Supermarkets". (23 March 1984\). *The Business Times*.
Various reasons unique to Singapore have been given for the popularity of convenience shops. Convenience shops sell a wide range of imported goods, whereas minimarts and provision shops sell local products with a limited range of non\-Asian products. Convenience shops are situated within [housing estates](/wiki/Housing_estate "Housing estate"), thus reducing [consumers](/wiki/Consumer "Consumer")' travel time. Most [families](/wiki/Family "Family") in Singapore are dual\-income families.Loh, Choon\-Min James. (1988\). *The Adoption of A Retailing Innovation in A Newly Industrialising Country: The Modernisation of Local Provision Shops in Singapore*. United Kingdom: The British Library, p. 61\. Since both spouses work, there is greater need for [convenience](/wiki/Convenience "Convenience") in [shopping](/wiki/Shopping "Shopping") for daily necessities. The 24\-hour opening policy allows convenience shops to reach out to a larger group of consumers. First, the policy caters to the [shopping](/wiki/Shopping "Shopping") needs of consumers who work shifts or have irregular working hours."Can 24\-hr marts thrive in S'pore?" (15 May 2005\). *The Straits Times*. Secondly, the policy caters to the increasing number of Singaporeans who keep late hours. A 2005 economic review by [Price Waterhouse Coopers](/wiki/Price_Waterhouse_Coopers "Price Waterhouse Coopers") (PWC) reported that 54% of [Singaporeans](/wiki/Singaporeans "Singaporeans") stayed up past [midnight](/wiki/Midnight "Midnight").Price Waterhouse Coopers. (2005/2006\). Singapore. *From Beijing to Budapest: Winning Brands, Winning Formats*, 4, p. 193\.
#### 7\-Eleven
{{Main\|7\-Eleven}}
[thumb\|upright\|A 7\-Eleven shop under a block of flats](/wiki/Image:Uspmadeleine1a.jpg "Uspmadeleine1a.jpg")
[7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven") began the trend of convenience shops in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") when it opened its first shop in 1982 by [Jardine Matheson Group](/wiki/Jardine_Matheson_Group "Jardine Matheson Group"), under a franchise agreement with Southland Corporation of the United States."The Business Times reports that in Singapore chains of mini\-markets (or convenience shops) have rapidly sprung up to fill the gap between the large supermarkets and the neighbourhood shops (or provision shops). (1984, November 15\). *Business Times Singapore*. [Dairy Farm International Holdings](/wiki/Dairy_Farm_International_Holdings "Dairy Farm International Holdings") acquired the chain from [Jardine Matheson Group](/wiki/Jardine_Matheson_Group "Jardine Matheson Group") in 1989\."Dairy Farm reviewing 7\-Eleven businesses in Singapore and Malaysia". (12 April 1989\). *Business Times Singapore*.
The number of 7\-Eleven outlets continued to increase in 1984 while other chains were having difficulty expanding. One Plus was unable to expand due to the shortage of good sites. The original owners of the Myshop franchise, which had seven outlets, sold out to one of its [suppliers](/wiki/Suppliers "Suppliers") due to a lack of demand.
In 1985, 7\-Eleven faced difficulty in finding favourable locations and failed to meet its one\-shop\-a\-month target. The situation improved in 1986 with a new [Housing Development Board](/wiki/Housing_Development_Board "Housing Development Board") (HDB) tendering system, which allowed 7\-Eleven to secure shops without having to bid too high a price."The 7\-Eleven convenience store chain in Singapore, the franchise of which is held by Jardine Matheson, should nearly double its expected rate of opening one new store each month by the end of the year." (5 November 1986\). *Business Times Singapore*. 7\-Eleven shops are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, including Sundays and [public holidays](/wiki/Public_holidays "Public holidays").Loh, Choon\-Min James. (1988\). *The Adoption of A Retailing Innovation in A Newly Industrialising Country: The Modernisation of Local Provision Shops in Singapore*. United Kingdom: The British Library, p. 34\. This [24/7](/wiki/24/7_service "24/7 service") policy was seen as the reason that gave 7\-Eleven its edge over its competitors.
In 1990, there was a rise in the number of shop thefts in 7\-Eleven. The [shoplifters](/wiki/Shoplifting "Shoplifting") were usually [teenagers](/wiki/Teenagers "Teenagers") who stole small items such as [chocolates](/wiki/Chocolates "Chocolates"), [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarettes "Cigarettes") and [beer](/wiki/Beer "Beer")."Convenience shops hit regularly by 'grabbers{{'"}}. (4 May 1990\). *The Straits Times*. In response to the increase in the number of thefts, 7\-Eleven stepped up security measures, which successfully lowered the crime rate by 60%."Chain stores' anti\-crime moves pay off with 60% drop in crime rate". (1 December 1991\). *The Straits Times*.
#### Cheers
[frame\|right\|Notice posted at Cheers to deter robbery](/wiki/Image:Uspmadeleine1cc.jpg "Uspmadeleine1cc.jpg")
Started in 1999, Cheers is owned by local corporation [NTUC FairPrice](/wiki/NTUC_FairPrice "NTUC FairPrice")."NTUC Link Pte. Ltd. (2005\). Cheers. \[Online]. Available: {{cite web\|url\=http://www.linkpoints.com.sg/linkpoints/merchants/merchant\_subdetail.aspx?id%3D73 \|title\=NTUC LinkPoints \|access\-date\=2007\-04\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602095920/http://www.linkpoints.com.sg/linkpoints/merchants/merchant\_subdetail.aspx?id\=73 \|archive\-date\=2007\-06\-02 }}" Cheers has adopted 7\-Eleven's 24/7 model and taken similar security measures to prevent cases of shoplifting. Convenience shop owners seeking [franchising](/wiki/Franchising "Franchising") seem to prefer Cheers over 7\-Eleven, probably due to its cheaper franchise fee."7\-Eleven: Growing and getting closer to you". (19 June 2004\). *The Straits Times*.
### South Africa
In [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa")'s black [townships](/wiki/Township_%28South_Africa%29 "Township (South Africa)") *spaza shops* sell small goods, often out of the proprietors' homes. However these businesses face competition from large chain stores.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/safrica\-retail\-spaza\-idINL6N0N74GY20140420\|title \= South Africa's "spaza" shops suffer as big retail rolls in\|newspaper \= Reuters\|date \= 20 April 2014}} Spaza shops owned by immigrants have also become a source of tension in townships.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.news24\.com/news24/southafrica/news/sahrc\-slams\-soweto\-parliament\-spaza\-shop\-directive\-as\-xenophobic\-20210813\|title \= SAHRC slams 'Soweto Parliament' spaza shop directive as xenophobic}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://theconversation.com/south\-africas\-spaza\-shops\-how\-regulatory\-avoidance\-harms\-informal\-workers\-130837\|title \= South Africa's spaza shops: How regulatory avoidance harms informal workers\| date\=24 February 2020 }}
In white, [Indian](/wiki/Indian_South_Africans "Indian South Africans") and [Coloured](/wiki/Coloureds "Coloureds") areas, the *corner cafe* (called a *tea room* in Durban) is a convenience store. In white areas these were often owned by Southern European migrants.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sapeople.com/2018/08/20/trevor\-romain\-remembering\-the\-corner\-cafe/\|title \= Trevor Romain: Remembering the Corner Cafe in South Africa\|date \= 20 August 2018}}{{cite book \| last\=Rissik \| first\=D. \| title\=CultureShock! South Africa: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette \| publisher\=Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Private Limited \| series\=CultureShock! Series \| year\=2011 \| isbn\=978\-981\-4398\-66\-4 \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=YfOIAAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA177 \| access\-date\=14 April 2022 \| page\=177}} These cafes are being superseded by convenience stores that are part of fuel service stations.{{cite book \| last1\=Nurse \| first1\=J. \| last2\=Verrijdt \| first2\=C. \| title\=Laugh it Off Annual: South African Youth Culture \| publisher\=Double Storey Books \| year\=2003 \| isbn\=978\-1\-919930\-44\-2 \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4zAXg9lPBcMC\&pg\=PA64 \| access\-date\=14 April 2022 \| page\=64}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday\-times/lifestyle/2015\-07\-07\-the\-last\-corner\-caf\-in\-cape\-towns\-city\-bowl/\|title \= The last corner café in Cape Town's city bowl}}
### South Korea
Convenience stores in the [Republic of Korea](/wiki/Republic_of_Korea "Republic of Korea") date to 1982, when [Lotte](/wiki/Lotte_Corporation "Lotte Corporation") opened a store in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"). Stores saw growth after the [1988 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics "1988 Summer Olympics") with the first 7\-Eleven, and even since the 2010s where department stores and marts have struggled. As of 2016, the market leader is [CU (store)](/wiki/CU_%28store%29 "CU (store)") with a 33\.3% share, [GS25](/wiki/GS25 "GS25") with a 28\.6% share, then 7\-Eleven and [ministop](/wiki/Ministop "Ministop").
### Taiwan
Boasting more than 10,000 convenience stores in an area of 35,980 km2 and a population of 23 million, [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") has [Asia Pacific](/wiki/Asia_Pacific "Asia Pacific")'s and the world's second highest density of convenience stores per person after South Korea: one store per 2,065 people.{{Cite web \|date\=4 April 2021 \|title\=台灣便利商店密集度 全球第二 \|url\=https://money.udn.com/money/story/8888/5364233 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404074025/https://money.udn.com/money/story/8888/5364233 \|archive\-date\=4 April 2021 \|website\=經濟日報}} With 4,665 7\-Eleven stores, Taiwan also has the world's highest density of 7\-Elevens per person: one store per 4,930 people.{{Cite web \|date\=28 May 2008 \|title\=International Licensing \|url\=http://www.7\-eleven.com/AboutUs/InternationalLicensing/tabid/115/Default.aspx \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731072739/http://www.7\-eleven.com/AboutUs/InternationalLicensing/tabid/115/Default.aspx \|archive\-date\=31 July 2008}} In [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei"), it is not unusual to see two 7\-Elevens across the street or several of them within a few hundred meters of each other.
Taiwan's second largest convenience store chain is [FamilyMart](/wiki/FamilyMart "FamilyMart") with more than 3,000 locations. Also competing for customers are Hi\-Mart, a Taiwanese chain, and OK Mart, a local version of [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K "Circle K").
Because they are found everywhere, convenience stores in Taiwan provide services on behalf of financial institutions and government agencies, such as collection of city parking fees, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments. Eighty percent of urban household shoppers in Taiwan visit a convenience store each week.{{Cite web \|title\=2005 ACNielsen ShopperTrends \|url\=https://www.acnielsen.com.tw/news.asp?newsID\=82 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051020184027/http://www.acnielsen.com.tw/news.asp?newsID\=82 \|archive\-date\=20 October 2005}}
File:7 ELEVEn Outles in Sindian.jpg\|With the highest \[\[7\-Eleven]] outlet density in the world, it is not unusual for two 7\-Eleven shops to stand face\-to\-face near the same intersection in \[\[Taiwan]]. The distance between them might be less than 50 meters.
File:A 7 Eleven and a FamilyMart stores sit close by in Taipei.jpg\|It is common in Taiwan to see different brands of convenience store sit near by.
File:A 7 Eleven sits right next to a FamilyMart store in Taipei.jpg\|It is also not rare in Taiwan to see 2 convenience stores sit next to each other.
### United Kingdom
{{see also\|List of convenience shops in the United Kingdom}}
[thumb\|right\|A corner shop set from the [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 "ITV (TV network)") [soap opera](/wiki/Soap_opera "Soap opera") *[Coronation Street](/wiki/Coronation_Street "Coronation Street")*, set in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), depicting a typical British independently owned and traded corner shop](/wiki/File:Corrie_Corner_Shop.jpg "Corrie Corner Shop.jpg")
The corner shop in the United Kingdom grew from the start of the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_the_United_Kingdom "Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom"), with large populations moving from the agricultural countryside to newly built model townships and later [terraced housing](/wiki/Terraced_houses_in_the_United_Kingdom "Terraced houses in the United Kingdom") in towns and cities. Corner shops were locally owned small businesses, started by entrepreneurs who often had other careers prior to establishing, such a trading business. Many well\-known high street retail brands, such as [Marks and Spencer](/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer "Marks and Spencer"), [Sainsbury's](/wiki/Sainsbury%27s "Sainsbury's") and latterly [Tesco](/wiki/Tesco "Tesco"), originated during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era") as simple, family\-owned corner shops.
The name **corner shop** originated because such shops are traditionally located on the corner of an intersection.
The reign of the corner shop and the weekly market started to fade post–World War II, with the combination of the personal motor car and the introduction from the 1950s onwards of the American\-originated [supermarket](/wiki/Supermarket "Supermarket") format. The market shift in price and convenience led to the establishment of common trading brands operating as virtual [franchises](/wiki/Franchising "Franchising") to win back the consumer, including: [Budgens](/wiki/Budgens "Budgens"), [Costcutter](/wiki/Costcutter "Costcutter"), [Londis](/wiki/Londis_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Londis (United Kingdom)"), [Nisa](/wiki/Nisa_%28retailer%29 "Nisa (retailer)") and [SPAR](/wiki/SPAR "SPAR"). There was also a consolidation of some shops under some larger corporate\-owned brands, including [One Stop](/wiki/One_Stop "One Stop").
The primary competition to this privately owned 'corner shop' model came from the network of [consumer cooperatives](/wiki/Consumer_cooperatives "Consumer cooperatives") which were created after the success of that created by the [Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers](/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers "Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers") in 1844\. Rather than being owned by individuals, these shops were owned by their customer\-members and, owing to their popularity, the number of co\-operative shops had reached 1,439 by 1900\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.co\-operative.coop/about\-us/history\|title\=Co\-op history\|website\=www.co\-operative.coop}} Co\-operatives came about as a response to the problem of [adulterated food](/wiki/Adulterated_food "Adulterated food") which existed at the time, and later they enabled members to buy types of food that they would otherwise be unable to afford. At their peak in the 1950s, consumers' co\-operatives accounted for approximately 20%{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5294184\.stm\|title\=Co\-op rebrand sees 'divi' return\|date\=29 August 2006\|work\=BBC News}} of the UK grocery market; however with increasing competition this has decreased to around 6% in 2015\.
Due to a number of [mergers](/wiki/Mergers "Mergers") over the years, the grocery co\-operative sector in the UK is now predominately composed of the national [The Co\-operative Group](/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group "The Co-operative Group") and a few large regional co\-operative societies such as the [Midcounties Co\-operative](/wiki/Midcounties_Co-operative "Midcounties Co-operative") and [Scotmid](/wiki/Scotmid "Scotmid"). Today, the majority of [food retailing co\-operatives societies](/wiki/British_co-operative_movement "British co-operative movement") brand their convenience shops as [Co\-op Food](/wiki/Co-op_Food "Co-op Food"), and together they form the second\-largest convenience shop chain in the UK and the largest by number of shops, with one in every UK postal code.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\-32715723\|title\=Co\-op boss: Group 'let down' by former management\|work\=BBC News\|date\=13 May 2015}}
[thumb\|right\|A modern British corner shop, within the [Best\-One](/wiki/Best-One "Best-One") franchise chain](/wiki/File:Best_One_British_Corner_Shop.jpg "Best One British Corner Shop.jpg")
From the late\-1960s onwards, many such shops started to be owned by expatriate African\-born Indians, expelled from their homelands by the newly independent countries' rulers (see [Expulsion of Asians from Uganda](/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda "Expulsion of Asians from Uganda")). Under the [Shops Act 1950](/wiki/Shops_Act_1950 "Shops Act 1950"), Sunday trading had been illegal for most traders, with exceptions only allowed for small shops selling perishable items (i.e. milk, bread, butter, fresh meat and vegetables), and most shops that were not [off licences](/wiki/Off_licence "Off licence") (i.e. selling alcohol) had to close at 20:00\. The [Sunday Trading Act 1994](/wiki/Sunday_Trading_Act_1994 "Sunday Trading Act 1994") allowed large format shops over 280 square metres or 3,000 square feet in size to open on Sunday for not more than six hours despite several proposals from the citizens to remove restrictions at different times.{{Cite news \|last\=Mason \|first\=Rowena \|last2\=correspondent \|first2\=Rowena Mason Political \|date\=2016\-02\-02 \|title\=Government revives plans to amend Sunday trading laws \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/feb/02/government\-plans\-amend\-sunday\-trading\-laws \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-01 \|work\=The Guardian \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0261\-3077}}{{Cite web \|last\=Conway \|first\=Lorraine \|date\=April 2022 \|title\=Shop opening hours and Sunday trading \|url\=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05522/SN05522\.pdf}}
More recently, due to a combination of competition laws and a lack of large\-scale development space, many of the larger retail brands have now developed shop formats based around convenience shop and corner shop scale spaces, including [Sainsbury's Local](/wiki/Sainsbury%27s_Local "Sainsbury's Local"), [Little Waitrose](/wiki/Waitrose_%26_Partners%23Convenience_shop_and_little_Waitrose "Waitrose & Partners#Convenience shop and little Waitrose") and [Tesco Express](/wiki/Tesco_Express "Tesco Express").
### United States
[thumb\|Sign for a convenience store in Pittsburgh](/wiki/File:OneStopSign.jpg "OneStopSign.jpg")
In\-store convenience store sales grew 2\.4%, reaching a record $195\.0 billion in 2011\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.chainstoreage.com/article/convenience\-store\-sales\-totaled\-682\-billion\-2011/\|title\=Convenience store sales totaled $682 billion in 2011 {{!}}Chain Store Age\|date\=4 April 2012\|work\=Chain Store Age\|access\-date\=4 January 2018\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=4 January 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104195507/https://www.chainstoreage.com/article/convenience\-store\-sales\-totaled\-682\-billion\-2011/\|url\-status\=dead}} Combined with $486\.9 billion in motor fuels sales, total convenience store sales in 2011 were $681\.9 billion, or one out of every 22 dollars of the overall $15\.04 trillion U.S. [gross domestic product](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/News/Press\_Releases/2012/Pages/PR040412\.aspx\|title\=Convenience Store Sales Topped $680 Billion in 2011 – NACS Online – Media – Press Releases – 2012\|access\-date\=8 December 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912024706/http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/News/Press\_Releases/2012/Pages/PR040412\.aspx\|archive\-date\=12 September 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} In [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), "[bodega](/wiki/Bodega_%28store%29 "Bodega (store)")" has come to mean any convenience store or deli.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/nyregion/thecity/29bode.html \| work\=The New York Times \| first\=Saki \| last\=Knafo \| title\=The Classic Bodega Takes a Star Turn \| date\=29 March 2009}}
The first chain convenience store in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") was opened in [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas "Dallas, Texas") in 1927 by the Southland Ice Company, which eventually became [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven"), the largest convenience store chain.{{cite news
\|url \= http://www.japannewsreview.com/business/business/20070712page\_id\=598
\|title \= 7\-Eleven world's largest chain store
\|agency \= Japan News Review
\|date \= 12 July 2007
\|access\-date \= 16 January 2009
\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207234802/http://www.japannewsreview.com/business/business/20070712page\_id\=598
\|archive\-date \= 7 December 2008
\|url\-status \= dead
\|df \= dmy\-all
}} Stores connected to a service station developed into a trend, celebrated by some progressive architects:
In 1939,[Dairy Mart Uncovers Piece of History](http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/food-stores/4474276-1.html). Originally published in *Convenience Store News*, 16 April 2002\. Retrieved from AllBusiness.com, 19 December 2007\. {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229045345/http://www.allbusiness.com/retail\-trade/food\-stores/4474276\-1\.html \|date\=29 February 2012 }} a [dairy](/wiki/Dairy "Dairy") owner named J.J. Lawson started a store at his dairy plant near [Akron, Ohio](/wiki/Akron%2C_Ohio "Akron, Ohio"), to sell his milk. The [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson_%28store%29 "Lawson (store)")'s Milk Company grew to a chain of stores, primarily in Ohio. [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K "Circle K"), another large company\-owned convenience store chain, was founded in 1951\.
Since that time, many different convenience store [brands](/wiki/Brand "Brand") have developed, and their stores may either be [corporate](/wiki/Corporation "Corporation")\-owned or [franchises](/wiki/Franchising "Franchising"). The items offered for sale tend to be similar despite store brand, and almost always include [chips](/wiki/Potato_chip "Potato chip"), [milk](/wiki/Milk "Milk"), [coffee](/wiki/Coffee "Coffee"), [soft drinks](/wiki/Soft_drink "Soft drink"), [bread](/wiki/Bread "Bread"), [snacks](/wiki/Snack "Snack"), [ice cream](/wiki/Ice_cream "Ice cream"), [candy](/wiki/Candy "Candy"), [gum](/wiki/Chewing_gum "Chewing gum"), [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarette "Cigarette"), [lip balm](/wiki/Lip_balm "Lip balm"), [condoms](/wiki/Condom "Condom"), [phone cards](/wiki/Phone_card "Phone card"), [maps](/wiki/Map "Map"), [magazines](/wiki/Magazine "Magazine"), [newspapers](/wiki/Newspaper "Newspaper"), small [toys](/wiki/Toy "Toy"), [car](/wiki/Car "Car") supplies, [feminine hygiene](/wiki/Feminine_hygiene "Feminine hygiene") products, [cat food](/wiki/Cat_food "Cat food"), [dog food](/wiki/Dog_food "Dog food") and [toilet paper](/wiki/Toilet_paper "Toilet paper"). Other less common items include [sandwiches](/wiki/Sandwich "Sandwich"), [pizza](/wiki/Pizza "Pizza"), and [frozen food](/wiki/Frozen_food "Frozen food"). Nearly all convenience stores also have an [automated teller machine](/wiki/Automated_teller_machine "Automated teller machine") (ATM), though other banking services are usually not available. [State lottery](/wiki/State_lottery "State lottery") tickets are also available at these stores.
In 1966, the US convenience store industry first recorded $1 billion in sales. By the end of the decade, the industry had recorded $3\.5 billion a year in sales. The first 24\-hour store opened in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas") in 1963\. By the late 1960s, the number of 24\-hour convenience stores increased to meet the needs of a younger population and people who were working late night or early morning shifts.
Some convenience stores in the US also sell [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline "Gasoline"). Only 2,500 stores had self\-serve at the pump by 1969\. It was not until the 1970s that retailers realized selling gasoline could be profitable and competitive.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nacs50\.com/decades/60s/\|title\=NACS 50th Anniversary – 1960s: Developing Critical Mass\|website\=www.nacs50\.com}} At the same time, [two energy shortages in the decade](/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis "1970s energy crisis") had many service station owners stop selling fuel altogether since they made more money off of vehicle maintenance, while others decided to convert their garages into convenience stores, noting that they met a need and in some cases netted more profits than garages.
{{Quote box
\|quote \= In the gasoline service station may be seen the beginning of an important advance agent of decentralization by way of distribution and also the beginning of the establishment of the Broadacre City. Wherever the service station happens to be naturally located, these now crude and seemingly insignificant units will grow and expand into various distributing centers for merchandise of all sorts. They are already doing so in the Southwest to a great extent.
\|source \= \[\[Frank Lloyd Wright]], ''The Disappearing City'', 1932
}}
In 2011, there were approximately 47,195 gas stations with convenience stores that generated $326 billion in revenue.{{cite report\|title\=Gas Stations with Convenience Stores (code 44711/447110\) Market Research\|publisher\=\[\[NAICS]] \|date\=December 2011 }} Of the 150,000 convenience stores in the country, 120,000{{Inconsistent\|reason\=120,000 doesn't line up with 47,000}} of them are located at fuel stations, which sell approximately 80 percent of the fuels purchased in the country.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nacsonline.com/YourBusiness/FuelsReports/GasPrices\_2013/Pages/StatisticsDefinitions.aspx\|title\=Fueling America: A Snapshot of Key Facts and Figures\|website\=\[\[National Association of Convenience Stores]] \|year\=2013\|archive\-date\=8 August 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808095348/http://www.nacsonline.com/YourBusiness/FuelsReports/GasPrices\_2013/Pages/StatisticsDefinitions.aspx\|url\-status\=dead }}
Policies regarding the sale of [adult magazines](/wiki/Adult_magazine "Adult magazine") vary, but generally larger chains (such as 7\-Eleven and [Casey's General Stores](/wiki/Casey%27s_General_Store "Casey's General Store")) do not sell these items, while smaller independent stores may do so. One notable exception is fast\-growing regional chain [Sheetz](/wiki/Sheetz "Sheetz"), which until the late 2010s sold some [soft\-core pornographic](/wiki/Soft-core_pornography "Soft-core pornography") material such as *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy "Playboy")*, *[Penthouse](/wiki/Penthouse_%28magazine%29 "Penthouse (magazine)")*, and *[Playgirl](/wiki/Playgirl "Playgirl")*. Sheetz ended this practice as part of a broader decision to end sales of all [print media](/wiki/Print_media "Print media").{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2022}}
Because the laws regarding the sale of alcoholic beverages vary from state to state in the US, the availability of [beer](/wiki/Beer "Beer"), [wine](/wiki/Wine "Wine"), and [liquor](/wiki/Distilled_beverage "Distilled beverage") varies greatly. For example, while convenience stores in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska "Alaska"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), and [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") cannot sell any kind of alcohol at all, stores in [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada "Nevada"), [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico "New Mexico"), and [California](/wiki/California "California") may sell alcoholic beverages of any sort, while stores in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho "Idaho"), or [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") can sell beer and wine, but not liquor. Similar to grocery stores, convenience stores in [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") can sell beer only, not wine or liquor. [Altoona, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Altoona%2C_Pennsylvania "Altoona, Pennsylvania")–based Sheetz tried to find a [loophole](/wiki/Loophole "Loophole") in 2007 by classifying part of one of their prototype stores in Altoona as a [restaurant](/wiki/Restaurant "Restaurant"), which would permit alcohol sales.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi\-bin/stories.pl?ACCT\=104\&STORY\=/www/story/02\-01\-2007/0004518282\&EDATE\= \|title\=Sheetz, Inc. Announces Alcohol Sales in Pennsylvania \|first\= \|last\=}} State courts in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") promptly overruled this. State law requires restaurants to have on\-site consumption, but Sheetz did not do this.{{cite web\|url\=http://kdka.com/local/beer.sales.Sheetz.2\.387795\.html\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820110530/http://kdka.com/local/beer.sales.Sheetz.2\.387795\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=kdka.com – Court Rules Against Beer In Convenience Store\|archivedate\=20 August 2010}} Sheetz continues to sell alcohol in other states. In recent years, Sheetz has begun to sell both beer (in the form of walk\-in "beer caves") and wine in most of their [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") stores as well.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.inquirer.com/news/wawa\-sheetz\-alcohol\-beer\-wine\-pennsylvania\-ambler\-plcb\-20200622\.html\|title \= Convenience store chains push to sell alcohol as industry newcomers disrupt the norm\| date\=22 June 2020 }}
#### Crime
{{Main\|Convenience store crime}}
American convenience stores are often targets of [armed robbery](/wiki/Armed_robbery "Armed robbery"). In some areas of the US it is not unusual for clerks to work behind [bulletproof glass](/wiki/Bulletproof_glass "Bulletproof glass") windows, even during daylight hours. Some convenience stores may limit access inside at night, requiring customers to approach a walk\-up window to make purchases. The main dangers are that almost all convenience stores only have one person working night shift; most of the transactions are in cash; and easily resold merchandise, such as liquor, [lottery tickets](/wiki/Lottery_ticket "Lottery ticket") and [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarette "Cigarette"), are on site.
Most convenience stores have a cash drop slot into a time\-delay [safe](/wiki/Safe "Safe") to limit the amount of cash on hand. Many have installed [security cameras](/wiki/Security_camera "Security camera") to help deter robberies and [shoplifting](/wiki/Shoplifting "Shoplifting"). Because of their vulnerability to crime, nearly all convenience stores have a friendly relationship with the local [police](/wiki/Police "Police"). To reduce burglaries when the store is closed, some convenience stores have bars on the windows.
|
[
"By country\n----------",
"### Australia",
"{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=April 2024}}\nThe Australasian Association of Convenience Stores (AACS), the peak body for [Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") convenience stores, defines a convenience store as a \"retail business with the primary emphasis placed on providing the public with a convenient location to quickly purchase from an array of consumable products, predominantly food and beverages, services as well as petrol.\" The product mix includes: food to go, beverages, dispensed/barista coffee, snacks (including confectionery), tobacco, basic groceries, ice, petrol and carwash. Stores may offer services such as ATMs, \"click \\& collect\", gas bottle exchange, money transfer and lottery tickets. A key feature of convenience stores is their extended hours of operation. Many are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week.",
"The majority of convenience stores in Australia are small businesses, being either independently owned or operated under franchise or licence agreement. The industry comprises over 6,000 stores and employs well over 40,000 people as of mid\\-2018\\. The Australian convenience channel merchandise sales are valued at $8\\.4 billion (excluding petrol sales) according to the AACS State of the Industry Report 2017\\. Australia has a flourishing convenience industry with a number of well\\-known convenience brands including: 7\\-Eleven, Ampol, NightOwl, Ezymart, BP, APCO, Coles Express, On The Run, Viva Energy, Freedom Fuels and Puma.",
"### Canada",
"[right\\|200px\\|thumb\\|Entrance of a Couche\\-Tard convenience store in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\") (2006\\)](/wiki/File:Couchetard_convenience_store2.jpg \"Couchetard convenience store2.jpg\")",
"[Alimentation Couche\\-Tard](/wiki/Alimentation_Couche-Tard \"Alimentation Couche-Tard\") Inc., which operates Couche\\-Tard, Provi\\-Soir, Dépanneur 7, [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K \"Circle K\"), [Mac's](/wiki/Mac%27s_Convenience_Stores \"Mac's Convenience Stores\"), Winks, and [Becker's](/wiki/Becker%27s \"Becker's\"), is the largest convenience store chain in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") and receives its products through [Core\\-Mark International](/wiki/Core-Mark_International \"Core-Mark International\"), a North American distribution company specializing in fresh convenience.{{cite web\\|title\\=Couche\\-Tard and Core\\-Mark to join UGI\\|url\\=http://www.canadiangrocer.com/uncategorized/couche\\-tard\\-and\\-core\\-mark\\-to\\-join\\-ugi\\-42145\\|website\\=Canadian Grocer}} Another large chain is [Quickie Mart](/wiki/Quickie_Convenience_Stores \"Quickie Convenience Stores\") (whose name predates the fictitious \"[Kwik\\-E\\-Mart](/wiki/Kwik-E-Mart \"Kwik-E-Mart\")\" featured on *[The Simpsons](/wiki/The_Simpsons \"The Simpsons\")*). The world's largest convenience retailer, [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\"), has about 500 Canadian locations from [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") to [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"). Worldwide, the highest number of the chain's [Slurpee](/wiki/Slurpee \"Slurpee\") beverages are sold in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg \"Winnipeg\"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") and the city has been awarded the title of the \"Slurpee Capital of the World\" for many years running.{{cite news \\|title\\=Slurpee capital of the world \\|url\\=https://winnipegsun.com/2017/07/11/slurpee\\-capital\\-of\\-the\\-world \\|work\\=\\[\\[Winnipeg Sun]] \\|date\\=11 July 2017}} Marketing itself as \"more than just a convenience store\", there are over 260 Hasty Market locations throughout [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") and one in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\").",
"In addition to chain convenience stores, there are also many independently owned convenience stores in Canada.",
"Convenience stores are also commonly referred to as \"corner stores\", \"mini\\-marts\" or \"variety stores\" in some regions of Canada. In the French\\-speaking province of [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"), a convenience store is known as a \"**dépanneur**\" or \"dep\" for short, even among some when speaking in English.[Faculty: Charles Boberg \\| Linguistics – McGill University](http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/linguistics/faculty/boberg/Articles/n_american_survey/N_American_Survey.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318221057/http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/linguistics/faculty/boberg/Articles/n\\_american\\_survey/N\\_American\\_Survey.htm \\|date\\=18 March 2008 }}",
"[thumb\\|alt\\=Dep Montreal\\|Dépanneurs are a common sight in French\\-speaking Canada, like this one in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\") (2016\\)](/wiki/File:3951_rue_Saint-Antoine_Ouest.jpg \"3951 rue Saint-Antoine Ouest.jpg\")",
"### Chile",
"[Chilean](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\") convenience stores are typically found at gas stations in most urban and near\\-urban areas on highways. Examples include Punto/Pronto (owned by [Copec](/wiki/Empresas_Copec \"Empresas Copec\")), Spacio 1 ([Petrobras](/wiki/Petrobras \"Petrobras\"), formerly called Tigermarket and On The Run before [Esso](/wiki/Esso \"Esso\") Chile was owned by Petrobras), Va y Ven ([Terpel](/wiki/Terpel \"Terpel\")), Upa!, Upita! and Select (from [Shell](/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell \"Royal Dutch Shell\")).",
"Other brands operating mostly in downtowns and middle\\-to\\-upperclass neighborhoods are Ok! Market (owned by Unimarc), Big John and [Oxxo](/wiki/Oxxo \"Oxxo\") (owned by [FEMSA](/wiki/FEMSA \"FEMSA\")) and some small\\-scale \"minisupermercados\" akin to [mom and pop stores](/wiki/Mom_and_pop_store \"Mom and pop store\").",
"### Costa Rica",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|A Musmanni Bakery/Convenience store in [Liberia, Costa Rica](/wiki/Liberia%2C_Costa_Rica \"Liberia, Costa Rica\")](/wiki/File:Musmanni_panaderia_en_Liberia_Guanacaste.jpg \"Musmanni panaderia en Liberia Guanacaste.jpg\")\n{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=August 2014}}\nIn [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\"), family\\-owned and operated convenience stores called *[pulperías](/wiki/wikt:Pulper%C3%ADa \"Pulpería\")* have been common since the 1900s, and there are many of those stores in every neighbourhood.",
"In the 2010s, modern convenience stores were introduced, mainly by the AMPM company. Competitors launched brands such as Musmanni Mini Super (a chain of bakery stores promoted to convenience stores), Vindi (operated by AutoMercado supermarket company) and Fresh Market (operated by AMPM in a format appealing to prosperous neighborhoods).",
"### Finland",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|[R\\-Kioski](/wiki/R-Kioski \"R-Kioski\") in [Veikkola](/wiki/Veikkola \"Veikkola\"), [Kirkkonummi](/wiki/Kirkkonummi \"Kirkkonummi\"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\")](/wiki/File:Veikkola_Kirkkonummi_R-kioski.jpg \"Veikkola Kirkkonummi R-kioski.jpg\")\nIn [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), convenience stores are referred to as kiosks, except for those found inside service stations, which are referred to simply as stores. The biggest convenience store chain is [R\\-Kioski](/wiki/R-Kioski \"R-Kioski\"), with over 560 kiosks across the country, which are all franchise\\-licensed businesses. There are some independent convenience stores that use the word Kymppi or number 10 in their business name, which is reminiscent of a former large convenience store chain called 10\\-Kioski, which vanished around the early 2000s. Kymppi is a spoken colloquial word for number 10 (\"kymmenen\") in Finnish.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}",
"Smaller towns often have independent kiosks. Convenience stores at service stations are run by either the station's parent oil company such as [Shell](/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell \"Royal Dutch Shell\") or by either of the two major retail corporations in Finland, [Kesko](/wiki/Kesko \"Kesko\") or [S Group](/wiki/S_Group \"S Group\"). Virtually all staffed service stations have a small convenience store.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}",
"### France",
"In [France](/wiki/France \"France\") chain convenience stores are referred to as \"supérettes\", implying they are mini\\-supermarkets. Brands include Carrefour City, Casino Shop, Coccimarket, Daily Monop', Franprix, G20, Leader Price Express, Marché Plus, Sherpa, Sitis, Spar, Utile, Vival... (see {{ill\\|Magasin de proximité\\|fr\\|vertical\\-align\\=sup}}).",
"Some other, independent convenience shops are referred to as \"{{Interlanguage link\\|Arabe du coin\\|fr\\|3\\=Arabe du coin\\|vertical\\-align\\=sup}}\" – \"Arab on the corner\", due to many [Arabic\\-speaking](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") immigrants form Northwest Africa who work in this sector of the economy. These shops often stay open later than the \"épiceries\" or groceries, even on public holidays. Shop owners consider the name improper,{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2019}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Oulamara \\|first\\=Aumer \\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-12 \\|title\\=Société : « arabe du coin » ou « berbère du coin » ? \\|url\\=https://www.lemonde.fr/le\\-monde/article/2018/02/12/societe\\-arabe\\-du\\-coin\\-ou\\-berbere\\-du\\-coin\\_5996988\\_4586753\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-05 \\|work\\=LE MONDE}} especially those who come from other ethnic groups, including [Imazighen](/wiki/Imazighen \"Imazighen\"). (See {{ill\\|Arabe du coin\\|fr\\|vertical\\-align\\=sup}} for more details on their ethnic origins.)",
"### Germany",
"[thumb\\|A [Späti](/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tkauf \"Spätkauf\") in [Berlin\\-Kreuzberg](/wiki/Kreuzberg \"Kreuzberg\")](/wiki/File:Sp%C3%A4tkauf_in_Berlin-Kreuzberg.jpg \"Spätkauf in Berlin-Kreuzberg.jpg\")\n[Berliners](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") lovingly refer to the small neighbourhood shops with late opening times found throughout the city (often operated by families with immigrant roots, akin to France) as *Späti* (translating to \"Lat(e)y\", derived from *[Spätkauf](/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tkauf \"Spätkauf\"), \"*late purchase\").",
"In [North Rhine\\-Westfalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia \"North Rhine-Westphalia\") people call the same kind of shop either *[Kiosk](/wiki/Kiosk \"Kiosk\")*, like the Finnish, (using the word in a way differing from the rest of Germany, where \"Kiosk\" usually means only stall\\-like buildings or other very small window\\-selling shops which are not entered by customers and which sell either newspapers and magazines or snacks and cigarettes, or a combination of these, but no household goods) or *Trinkhalle* (\"drinking hall\"), although they are not pubs, as the name might suggest.",
"A name used for market stalls and also in some regions for little shops is *Büdchen* (from *Bude*, \"stall, hut, room\"); where no special local name for them exists, often just the equivalents of \"small shop\" or \"corner shop\" are used (\"der kleine Laden/ das [Lädchen](/wiki/Diminutive \"Diminutive\")/ das Lädchen an der Ecke\").",
"Snack shops integrated into petrol stations can also have long opening hours, but in contrast to the neighbourhood *Späti*\\-type shops, petrol station shops nowadays are usually part of large retail chains.\n[thumb\\|A typical \"Tante Emma\" working in a shop, 1953](/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006456_017_Kundin_beim_Einkauf.jpg \"Fotothek df roe-neg 0006456 017 Kundin beim Einkauf.jpg\")\n\"{{Interlanguage link\\|Tante\\-Emma\\-Laden\\|de}}\" (aunt\\-Emma\\-shop) is used as a nostalgic term for old\\-fashioned [general stores](/wiki/General_store \"General store\") (typically family owned), the historic predecessors of modern discounters and supermarkets which they were replaced by (similar to [mom\\-and\\-pop](/wiki/Mom-and-pop \"Mom-and-pop\") stores).{{Cite web \\|date\\=18 May 2017 \\|title\\=Untranslatable German Words: Tante\\-Emma\\-Laden \\|url\\=https://blogs.transparent.com/german/untranslatable\\-german\\-words\\-tante\\-emma\\-laden/ \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|website\\=German Language Blog {{!}} Language and Culture of the German\\-Speaking World}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tante\\-Emma\\-Laden – DW – 09/23/2011 \\|url\\=https://www.dw.com/en/tante\\-emma\\-laden/a\\-6614060 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|website\\=dw.com \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=karenanne \\|date\\=10 January 2018 \\|title\\=What is a Tante Emma Laden? A Corner Store with a Special History \\|url\\=https://germangirlinamerica.com/what\\-is\\-a\\-tante\\-emma\\-laden/ \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|website\\=A German Girl in America \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### India",
"In [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), \"mom\\-and\\-pop\" convenience stores are called ***kirana*** stores and constitute part of the traditional food retail system.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Minten \\|first1\\=Bart \\|last2\\=Reardon \\|first2\\=Thomas \\|last3\\=Sutradhar \\|first3\\=Rajib \\|year\\=2010 \\|title\\=Food Prices and Modern Retail: The Case of Delhi \\|journal\\=World Development \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=38 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=1775–1787 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.worlddev.2010\\.04\\.002\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.585\\.2560 }} Kirana are typically family\\-owned stores that operate in fixed locations and carry both basic food and non\\-food items.",
"### Indonesia",
"[thumb\\|An [Alfamart](/wiki/Alfamart \"Alfamart\") convenience store in [Cileungsi](/wiki/Cileungsi \"Cileungsi\"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\")](/wiki/File:Alfamart_KTM_Jonggol%2C_Cileungsi_-_panoramio.jpg \"Alfamart KTM Jonggol, Cileungsi - panoramio.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|An [Indomaret](/wiki/Indomaret \"Indomaret\") convenience store in [Banten](/wiki/Banten \"Banten\"), Indonesia](/wiki/File:Indomaret_Villa_Bintaro_Regency.jpg \"Indomaret Villa Bintaro Regency.jpg\")\nSupermarket\\-styled convenience stores in [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") (commonly known as \"minimarket\") are mostly scattered around the towns. Due to local government restrictions in Indonesia, usually convenience stores may only be built at least 500 meters from the nearest traditional market.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jateng.tribunnews.com/2014/10/05/jarak\\-minimarket\\-modern\\-dengan\\-pasar\\-tradisional\\-minimal\\-500\\-meter\\|title\\=Jarak Minimarket Modern dengan Pasar Tradisional Minimal 500 Meter\\|website\\=Tribun Jateng\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2017}} This allows traditional markets to continue selling local goods, but also greatly lowers the opportunities for profit by those who seek to build or own a convenience store by reducing the eligibility of property to be developed into a convenience store. This is especially true in small towns and rural areas. As a result, convenience stores in rural areas are often built side\\-by\\-side or at maximum within 50 meters of each other.",
"The two major national convenience store chains in Indonesia are [Indomaret](/wiki/Indomaret \"Indomaret\") and [Alfamart](/wiki/Alfamart \"Alfamart\"), both of which serve almost all areas within the country with around 22 and 18 thousand stores in 2023, respectively.{{cite news \\|title\\=Alfaria Source (AMRT) Boosts Revenue from Lawson, Buy or Sell? \\|url\\=https://english.kontan.co.id/news/alfaria\\-source\\-amrt\\-boosts\\-revenue\\-from\\-lawson\\-buy\\-or\\-sell \\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2024 \\|work\\=Kontan \\|date\\=23 January 2024 \\|language\\=en}} Foreign chains like [Family Mart](/wiki/Family_Mart \"Family Mart\"), [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K \"Circle K\") or [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson_%28store%29 \"Lawson (store)\"), on the other hand, have their stores in big cities and cater to a specific lifestyle instead of focusing on \"convenience\". To be classified as a convenience store, the store should occupy no more than 100 square meters of service area; in some local residences, the limit is 250 square meters.",
"The Indonesian government also regulates the convenience store license process, so it can only be bought by franchisees, using a different name and different brand, or classifying it as [cafeteria](/wiki/Cafeteria \"Cafeteria\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.etalasebisnis.com/investasi/1392/ini\\-persyaratan\\-waralaba\\-alfamart\\-franchise.html\\|title\\=Ini Persyaratan Waralaba Alfamart (Alfamart Franchise)\\|last\\=PRODUCTION\\|first\\=VIMEDIA\\|date\\=7 December 2015\\|newspaper\\=EtalaseBisnis.com\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2017\\|language\\=en\\-US}} A convenience store with a cafeteria license is only allowed to sell a maximum 10% of its service space for non\\-food/beverages product. This type of convenience store often puts lawn chairs and a desk as a decoy in front of their stores, while offering the same range of products as a holder of a mini market license.",
"There are many small neighborhood stores, known as *[toko](/wiki/Toko_%28shop%29 \"Toko (shop)\") kelontong* or *[warung](/wiki/Warung \"Warung\")*. Some are sponsored by a network of stores, mostly owned by cigarette companies (such as DRP by [Djarum](/wiki/Djarum \"Djarum\"), GGSP by [Gudang Garam](/wiki/Gudang_Garam \"Gudang Garam\") or SRC by [Sampoerna](/wiki/Sampoerna \"Sampoerna\")) or tech companies (such as Mitra [Bukalapak](/wiki/Bukalapak \"Bukalapak\") or Mitra [Tokopedia](/wiki/Tokopedia \"Tokopedia\")).",
"### Japan",
"[thumb\\|left\\|A Lawson convenience store in [Minamisoma, Fukushima](/wiki/Minamisoma%2C_Fukushima \"Minamisoma, Fukushima\"), [Tohoku](/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_region \"Tōhoku region\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\")](/wiki/Image:Lawson_Haramachikitahara_Shop.jpg \"Lawson Haramachikitahara Shop.jpg\")\n{{Nihongo\\|Convenience stores\\|コンビニエンスストア\\|konbiniensu sutoa}}, often shortened to {{Nihongo\\|\\|コンビニ\\|'''konbini'''}}, developed at a tremendous rate in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\") Japan, while struggling to localize their service in the 1970s to 1980s, evolved its [point of sale](/wiki/Point_of_sale \"Point of sale\")\\-based business, until ultimately, [Seven \\& I Holdings Co.](/wiki/Seven_%26_I_Holdings_Co. \"Seven & I Holdings Co.\"), the parent company of 7\\-Eleven Japan, acquired 7\\-Eleven (US) from [Southland Corporation](/wiki/Southland_Corporation \"Southland Corporation\") in 1991\\. Japanese\\-style convenience stores also heavily influenced those stores in other [Asian](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\") regions or countries, such as [Mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\"), [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), and [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fdfworld.com/top10/165/Top\\-Ten\\-Convenience\\-Stores\\-Around\\-the\\-World\\|title\\=Top Ten Convenience Stores Around the World\\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507084449/http://www.fdfworld.com/top10/165/Top\\-Ten\\-Convenience\\-Stores\\-Around\\-the\\-World\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Convenience stores rely heavily on the point of sale. Customers' ages and gender, as well as tomorrow's weather forecast, are important data. Stores place all orders online. As store floor space is limited, they must be careful in choosing what brands to sell. In many cases, several stores from the same chain do business in neighboring areas. This strategy makes distribution to each store cheaper, as well as making multiple deliveries per day possible. Generally, food goods are delivered to each store two to five times a day from factories. Since products are delivered as needed, stores do not need large stock areas.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://web\\-japan.org/nipponia/nipponia19/en/feature/feature01\\.html\\|title\\=NIPPONIA\\|website\\=web\\-japan.org}}",
"According to The Japan Franchise Association, {{as of\\|lc\\=yes\\|October 2021}} (data pertaining to the month of July 2021\\), there are 55,931 convenience stores in Japan.{{cite web\\|last\\=Michel\\|first\\=Patrick St\\|date\\=11 October 2021\\|title\\=Japan's convenience stores look to the future\\|url\\=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/10/11/business/future\\-of\\-convenience\\-stores/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011024602/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/10/11/business/future\\-of\\-convenience\\-stores/\\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2021\\|access\\-date\\=11 October 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Japan Times]]\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|quote\\=According to a July report from the Japan Franchise Association, the total number of convenience stores in Japan currently stands at 55,931\\.}} 7\\-Eleven leads the market with 12,467 stores, followed by: [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson_%28store%29 \"Lawson (store)\") (9,562\\) and [FamilyMart](/wiki/FamilyMart \"FamilyMart\") (7,604\\). Other operators include [Circle K Sunkus](/wiki/Circle_K_Sunkus \"Circle K Sunkus\") (acquired by Family Mart in 2016; now defunct), [Daily Yamazaki](/wiki/Daily_Yamazaki \"Daily Yamazaki\"), [Ministop](/wiki/Ministop \"Ministop\"), [Am/Pm Japan](/wiki/Ampm \"Ampm\") (acquired by Family Mart in 2009; now defunct), [Poplar](/wiki/Poplar_%28convenience_store%29 \"Poplar (convenience store)\"), Coco Store (acquired by Family Mart in 2015; now defunct) and Seico Mart. Many items available in larger supermarkets can be found in Japanese convenience stores, though the selection is usually smaller. As well, the following additional services are also commonly available:\n* [Courier](/wiki/Courier \"Courier\") and [postal service](/wiki/Mail \"Mail\").\n* [Photocopying](/wiki/Photocopying \"Photocopying\") and [fax](/wiki/Fax \"Fax\") service.\n* [Automated teller machines](/wiki/Automated_teller_machine \"Automated teller machine\").\n* Payment service for utilities and other bills and taxes.\n* Ticket service for [concerts](/wiki/Concert \"Concert\"), [theme parks](/wiki/Amusement_park \"Amusement park\"), [airlines](/wiki/Airlines \"Airlines\") etc.\n* Pre\\-paid cards for [cellular phones](/wiki/Cellular_phones \"Cellular phones\").",
"Some stores also sell charging service for [electronic money](/wiki/Electronic_money \"Electronic money\") and ATM services for [credit card](/wiki/Credit_card \"Credit card\") or [consumer finance](/wiki/Consumer_finance \"Consumer finance\"). Items not commonly sold include: [Slurpees](/wiki/Slurpee \"Slurpee\"), [lottery](/wiki/Lottery \"Lottery\") tickets, [car](/wiki/Car \"Car\") supplies and [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline \"Gasoline\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://japan\\-magazine.jnto.go.jp/en/1301\\_cvs.html\\|title\\=Complete guide to Japanese convenience stores \\| JAPAN Monthly Web Magazine\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414145054/https://japan\\-magazine.jnto.go.jp/en/1301\\_cvs.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Konbini also offer customers the option of making **konbini payments** (often also referred to as just **konbini**), an offline payment solution that allows customers without credit or debit cards to make online purchases. A consumer can buy online services or goods, such as video games on [Steam](/wiki/Steam_%28service%29 \"Steam (service)\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://steamcommunity.com/discussions/forum/1/616189742840853266\\|title\\=steam users in japan :: Help and Tips\\|website\\=steamcommunity.com}} or tickets for events. By selecting konbini as payment method at the checkout, the consumer receives a unique transaction code with an expiration date. Depending on the brand (i.e. 7–11 is slightly different from Family Mart), consumers will have to go to any convenience store and finalise the purchase, which can be either at the cashier or at the kiosk. Multiple providers offer konbini as checkout option for foreign companies selling online in Japan, such as [Adyen](/wiki/Adyen \"Adyen\"), Degica and [Ingenico](/wiki/Ingenico \"Ingenico\") ePayments.",
"In 1974, Japan had 1,000 convenience stores. In 1996, Japan had 47,000 convenience stores and the number was increasing by 1,500 annually. Peter Landers of the *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")* said that the computerised distribution system allows Japanese convenience stores to stock a wider variety of products, allowing them to be more competitive in the marketplace. Because of this technology and the consequent ease of maintaining the right amount of stock, Japan can support one convenience store for every 2,000 people, while in the United States it is one per 8,000 people. Another contributing factor to the widespread proliferation of convenience stores is that, because Japan has a lower crime rate, store owners are not reluctant to keep stores open at late hours in the night and customers are not reluctant to shop during those times.Landers, Peter. \"[Japan has a high\\-tech take on the convenience store](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O5c_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=CFYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5174,5376452&dq=wawa+pennsylvania+institution&hl=en)\". *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")* at the *[Warsaw Times\\-Union](/wiki/Warsaw_Times-Union \"Warsaw Times-Union\")*. Saturday 27 July 1996\\. 10C. Retrieved from [Google News](/wiki/Google_News \"Google News\") (14/39\\) on 1 January 2011\\.",
"### Malaysia",
"In [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"), **7\\-Eleven** is the market leader in convenience shops, with over 2,000 shops.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hmetro.com.my/node/153103\\|title\\=7\\-Eleven buka cawangan ke 2,000\\|trans\\-title\\=7\\-Eleven opens its 2,000th branches\\|author\\=Lizam Ridzuan\\|language\\=ms\\|publisher\\=Harian Metro\\|date\\=20 July 2016\\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306151029/https://www.hmetro.com.my/node/153103\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business\\-news/2016/07/21/7eleven\\-malaysia\\-opens\\-its\\-2000th\\-store\\-in\\-the\\-country/\\|title\\=7\\-Eleven Malaysia opens its 2000th store in the country\\|work\\=The Star\\|date\\=21 July 2016\\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2019}} Other convenience shops in the country are [myNEWS.com](/wiki/Mynews.com \"Mynews.com\"), [99 Speedmart](/wiki/99_Speedmart \"99 Speedmart\"), [KK Super Mart](/wiki/KK_Super_Mart \"KK Super Mart\"), Quick and Easy and MyMart (owned by [Mydin](/wiki/Mydin \"Mydin\")). FamilyMart is also found in Malaysia and as of July 2020, has opened its 200th store{{cite web \\|title\\=Family Mart Malaysia \\|url\\=https://familymart.com.my/our\\-stores.html \\|website\\=Family Mart Malaysia \\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2019}} in Malaysia with the goal of opening 1000 stores by 2025, bringing the 'konbini' concept to Malaysia.{{cite news \\|title\\=Japan's FamilyMart eyes 1,000 Malaysian stores by 2025 \\|url\\=http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Japan\\-s\\-FamilyMart\\-eyes\\-1\\-000\\-Malaysian\\-stores\\-by\\-2025 \\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2016 \\|publisher\\=Nikkei Asian Review\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203054304/http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Japan\\-s\\-FamilyMart\\-eyes\\-1\\-000\\-Malaysian\\-stores\\-by\\-2025 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2016 }}",
"Convenience stores are very popular among Malaysians, especially urban dwellers in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\") or other populated towns like [Penang](/wiki/Penang \"Penang\") where the population density is higher. Its 24/7 policy allows Malaysians to have easy access to necessities or as an alternative hang\\-out area, especially since Malaysians love to go out for midnight supper at mamaks and eateries that also open late at night, as more and more Malaysians are beginning to work or go out late. The availability of fresh hot food or cold premade food is popular among young workers with less time to prepare food for themselves, as many have irregular work hours, especially in the city. It also eases the burden of families. Many Malaysians also enjoy the seasonal food that these stores provide. These stores can be found almost anywhere, especially in areas with a higher population density, such as city centres, condominiums, apartment complexes, office areas, residential areas, shop lots and petrol stations, although the store density is as high as Taiwan or Japan.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}",
"Items sold at such convenience shops usually range from pre\\-made local food like nasi lemak, onigiri, buns, snacks, toiletries, drinks, a limited amount of alcohol, newspapers, magazines, slushies, cup noodles, ice cream, hot food, [oden](/wiki/Oden \"Oden\"), game reload and mobile top up cards. Some also have the service of reloading Touch N' Go cards or ATMs. Most have a microwave oven and hot water boiler to heat food. Some have seasonal and limited food, desserts or special imported products and items, like FamilyMart importing strawberry Coca\\-Cola from Japan.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}",
"Malaysia has sundry shops that sell daily items and perishables at lower prices, but unlike convenience shops, they are not open 24/7\\. Some of these sundry shops also sell traditional herbs and ingredients.",
"### Mexico",
"[thumb\\|left\\|An Oxxo store](/wiki/File:OxxoObreraDF.JPG \"OxxoObreraDF.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|200px\\|A family run Miscelánea](/wiki/File:Miscelanea_en_Xalatlaco.jpg \"Miscelanea en Xalatlaco.jpg\")\n[Oxxo](/wiki/Oxxo \"Oxxo\") is the largest chain in the country, with more than 15,000 stores around the country. Other convenience stores, such as [Tiendas Extra](/wiki/Tiendas_Extra \"Tiendas Extra\"), [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\"), [SuperCity](/wiki/Super_City_%28store%29 \"Super City (store)\"), [ampm](/wiki/Ampm \"Ampm\"), and [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K \"Circle K\"), are also found in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"). The first convenience store in the country, Super 7 (now a 7\\-Eleven), was opened in 1976 in [Monterrey](/wiki/Monterrey \"Monterrey\"), [Nuevo León](/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n \"Nuevo León\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2012}} There are also some regional chains, like Amigo Express and CB Mas, that operate in [Comarca Lagunera](/wiki/Comarca_Lagunera \"Comarca Lagunera\"), Super Q and El Matador in [Queretaro](/wiki/Queretaro \"Queretaro\"), Coyote in central Mexico, Kiosko in [Colima](/wiki/Colima \"Colima\") and some locations in nearby states, and JV in northeastern Mexico. Stores sell fast food like [coffee](/wiki/Coffee \"Coffee\"), [hot dogs](/wiki/Hot_dogs \"Hot dogs\"), [nachos](/wiki/Nachos \"Nachos\") and prepaid cellphones between MXN$20 and MXN$500, mainly [Telcel](/wiki/Telcel \"Telcel\") and [Movistar](/wiki/Movistar \"Movistar\"), [newspapers](/wiki/Newspaper \"Newspaper\"), [magazines](/wiki/Magazines \"Magazines\"), and [Panini](/wiki/Panini_Comics \"Panini Comics\") products and other novelties.",
"*Misceláneas* (literally meaning \"place where miscellaneous items are sold\" and otherwise called *tiendas de abarrotes* (grocery store) in some parts of the country) are smaller, family\\-run convenience stores often found in central and southern Mexico. They operate in many locations, from rural communities to [suburban](/wiki/Suburban \"Suburban\") residential neighborhoods, usually located in front of or below the family's residence. They often fulfill the role of neighborhood meeting points and places to disseminate community news. While offering a more limited, and sometimes varied, assortment of items than corporate chains, they fill a void in areas where corporations do not operate. Usually they sell homemade snacks such as tortas and sandwiches, made by the owners. They also provide items in smaller quantities than would be offered for sale in larger stores and markets; for example, selling single cigarettes along with full packs.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://direccionestrategica.itam.mx/wp\\-content/uploads/2010/06/MIscelaneasOK.doc \\|title\\=Las misceláneas en México \\|author1\\=Merino, María \\|author2\\=Mondragón, Carlos \\|work\\=Strategic Direction \\& Planning, \\[\\[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México]] \\|language\\=es \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624053835/http://direccionestrategica.itam.mx/wp\\-content/uploads/2010/06/MIscelaneasOK.doc \\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2016 }}",
"### Mongolia",
"In [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia \"Mongolia\"), convenience shops ([CU (store)](/wiki/CU_%28store%29 \"CU (store)\"), [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K \"Circle K\") etc.) are already common and continue to gain popularity, making the market increasingly saturated with retailers. Currently [CU (store)](/wiki/CU_%28store%29 \"CU (store)\") is the market leader, with the largest number of stores and the highest reputation among customers.",
"### New Zealand",
"{{see also\\|Dairy (store)}}\nIn [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), convenience shops are commonly referred to as dairies and superettes. Dairies in New Zealand are generally independently owned and operated. The use of the term *dairy* to describe convenience shops was common in New Zealand by the late 1930s.{{cite book\n\\|title\\=The Godzone Dictionary: Of Favourite New Zealand Words and Phrases\n\\|last\\=Cryer\n\\|first\\=Max\n\\|author\\-link\\=Max Cryer\n\\|page\\=51\n\\|isbn\\=978\\-0908988747\n\\|publisher\\= Exisle Publishing\n\\|location\\=\\[\\[Auckland]]\n\\|year\\=2010\n}} Dairies carved out a niche in food retail by keeping longer trading hours than groceries and supermarkets – dairies were exempt from labour laws restricting trading hours and Saturday trading. With the [deregulation of trading hours](/wiki/Sunday_shopping%23New_Zealand \"Sunday shopping#New Zealand\") and in the wake of legislation in 1989 prohibiting sales of alcohol by dairies, the distinction between dairies, superettes and groceries has blurred.{{cite book\n \\|title \\= Alcohol In Our Lives: Curbing the Harm\n \\|date \\= April 2010\n \\|isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-877316\\-91\\-3\n \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[New Zealand Law Commission]]\n \\|chapter \\= 8 New criteria for selling takeaway alcohol\n \\|page \\= 155\n \\|chapter\\-url \\= http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/sites/default/files/publications/2010/04/Publication\\_154\\_464\\_Part\\_18\\_Chapter%208%20\\-%20New%20criteria%20for%20selling%20takeaway%20alcohol.pdf\n \\|access\\-date \\= 8 January 2012\n\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130209170959/http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/sites/default/files/publications/2010/04/Publication\\_154\\_464\\_Part\\_18\\_Chapter%208%20\\-%20New%20criteria%20for%20selling%20takeaway%20alcohol.pdf\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 9 February 2013\n\\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|df \\= dmy\\-all\n}}",
"### Peru",
"Convenience stores in [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\") are typically independent corner stores called \"bodegas\" that include groceries, alcohol, services and phone booths. Other convenience stores are found at gas stations in urban and connecting areas on highways; examples include Listo! (owned by Primax) and Repshop ([Repsol](/wiki/Repsol \"Repsol\")). Recently, {{ill\\|Tambo\\+\\|es\\|vertical\\-align\\=sup}}, owned by [Corporación Lindley S.A.](/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n_Lindley_S.A. \"Corporación Lindley S.A.\"), has quickly become the biggest convenience store in the country with 300 stores opened in just two years.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/dia\\-1/aviva\\-competencia\\-tiendas\\-conveniencia\\-noticia\\-496537\\|title\\=Tambo: ¿Cuántos locales tiene ya?\\|first\\=Leslie Salas\\|last\\=Oblitas\\|newspaper\\=El Comercio \\|date\\=13 February 2018}} Mexican\\-owned [Oxxo](/wiki/Oxxo \"Oxxo\") has plans to expand to Peru.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/negocios/oxxo\\-llegaria\\-peru\\-competir\\-tambo\\-noticia\\-507884\\|title\\=¿Oxxo llegaría al Perú para competir contra Tambo\\+?\\|first\\=Redacción\\|last\\=EC\\|newspaper\\=El Comercio \\|date\\=28 March 2018}}",
"### Poland",
"[Żabka](/wiki/%C5%BBabka_%28convenience_store%29 \"Żabka (convenience store)\") is one of the largest convenience stores in Poland. In 2022 [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\"), leader of the [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice \"Law and Justice\") party, said that the Polish ruling government might buy [Żabka](/wiki/%C5%BBabka_%28convenience_store%29 \"Żabka (convenience store)\") convenience store from [CVC Capital Partners](/wiki/CVC_Capital_Partners \"CVC Capital Partners\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022\\-10\\-13/poland\\-eyes\\-grocery\\-chain\\-as\\-it\\-takes\\-back\\-control\\-of\\-economy\\|title\\=Poland Eyes Grocery Chain as It Takes Back Control of Economy\\|newspaper\\=Bloomberg \\|date\\=13 October 2022\\|via\\=www.bloomberg.com}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/10/13/poland\\-could\\-buy\\-back\\-biggest\\-convenience\\-store\\-chain\\-from\\-foreign\\-owners\\-says\\-kaczynski/\\|title\\=Poland could \"buy back\" biggest convenience store chain from foreign owners, says Kaczyński\\|first\\=Daniel\\|last\\=Tilles\\|date\\=13 October 2022}}",
"### Philippines",
"{{See also\\|Sari\\-sari store}}",
"There is a local version of convenience store in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), called the [sari\\-sari store](/wiki/Sari-sari_store \"Sari-sari store\"), that is located on almost every street, corner, residential area, and other public places around the country.",
"Aside from local convenience stores, other popular international convenience stores are present on almost every street, especially in urban areas. [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\") is the largest convenience store chain in the country. It is run by the Philippine Seven Corporation (PSC). Its first store, located in [Quezon City](/wiki/Quezon_City \"Quezon City\"), opened in 1984, and has now approximately 2,285 branches.",
"There are also many branches of [Uncle John's](/wiki/Uncle_John%27s_%28store%29 \"Uncle John's (store)\"), operated by [Robinsons Convenience Stores, Inc.](/wiki/Robinsons_Malls \"Robinsons Malls\"); [FamilyMart](/wiki/FamilyMart \"FamilyMart\"), operated and franchised by [Udenna Corporation](/wiki/Udenna_Corporation \"Udenna Corporation\"); and [All Day Convenience Store](/wiki/All_Day_Convenience_Store \"All Day Convenience Store\"), owned by Filipino entrepreneur and former Philippine Senator, [Manny Villar](/wiki/Manny_Villar \"Manny Villar\"). [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson_%28store%29 \"Lawson (store)\"), [Circle\\-K](/wiki/Circle-K \"Circle-K\") and [Alfamart](/wiki/Alfamart \"Alfamart\") have also opened stores in the country.",
"### Russia",
"[thumb\\|left\\|A typical 2020's *Pyatyorochka* store](/wiki/File:Pyaterochka_new_concept_2019_Moscow_int1.jpg \"Pyaterochka new concept 2019 Moscow int1.jpg\")",
"Major brands of convenience stores in Russia are *Pyatyorochka* (\"little 5\") with over 10000 shops functioning,[https://www.x5\\.ru/ru/PublishingImages/Pages/Media/News/Q4\\_2018\\_Trading\\_Update\\_RUS.pdf](https://www.x5.ru/ru/PublishingImages/Pages/Media/News/Q4_2018_Trading_Update_RUS.pdf) Заявление Х5 Group на 4 квартал 2018 *Monetka* (\"little coin\"), \"Magnit u doma\", \"Krasnoe i Beloe\" and *Diksi*.[https://infoline.spb.ru/shop/issledovaniya\\-rynkov/page.php?ID\\=160773](https://infoline.spb.ru/shop/issledovaniya-rynkov/page.php?ID=160773) Исследования рынков, конец 2010\\-х However, Russians may occasionally use the word \"supermarket\": various convenience store chains used to position themselves as \"supermarkets\" throughout 1990's, such as now discontinued \"Sed'moy Kontinent\" (translates as \"*the 7th Continent*\") company.",
"*Pyatyorochka* line of stores has self\\-checkout tills, as well as *Perekryostok* line of stores. Both brands belong to X5 Group and even have a mutually compatible \"club card\". However, many discounts/sales in both stores require buyers to have \"loyalty cards\" to unlock the wares' respective discounts.",
"### Singapore",
"{{See also\\|Mama shop}}\nMajor convenience shops in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") are [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\") owned by [Dairy Farm International Holdings](/wiki/Dairy_Farm_International_Holdings \"Dairy Farm International Holdings\") and Cheers owned by [NTUC Fairprice](/wiki/NTUC_Fairprice \"NTUC Fairprice\").Price Waterhouse Coopers. (2005/2006\\). Singapore. *From Beijing to Budapest: Winning Brands, Winning Formats*, 4, p. 189\\. Figures from the Singapore Department of Statistics showed that there are 338 7\\-Eleven shops and 91 Cheers outlets in 2004\\.\"Upstart Mini\\-marts\". (22 October 2006\\). *The Sunday Times*. Other convenience shops such as Myshop and One Plus appeared in 1983\\. Myshop belongs to a [Japanese company](/wiki/Japanese_company \"Japanese company\"), and One Plus belongs to Emporium Holdings.\"Convenience Stores Pose Threat to Supermarkets\". (23 March 1984\\). *The Business Times*.",
"Various reasons unique to Singapore have been given for the popularity of convenience shops. Convenience shops sell a wide range of imported goods, whereas minimarts and provision shops sell local products with a limited range of non\\-Asian products. Convenience shops are situated within [housing estates](/wiki/Housing_estate \"Housing estate\"), thus reducing [consumers](/wiki/Consumer \"Consumer\")' travel time. Most [families](/wiki/Family \"Family\") in Singapore are dual\\-income families.Loh, Choon\\-Min James. (1988\\). *The Adoption of A Retailing Innovation in A Newly Industrialising Country: The Modernisation of Local Provision Shops in Singapore*. United Kingdom: The British Library, p. 61\\. Since both spouses work, there is greater need for [convenience](/wiki/Convenience \"Convenience\") in [shopping](/wiki/Shopping \"Shopping\") for daily necessities. The 24\\-hour opening policy allows convenience shops to reach out to a larger group of consumers. First, the policy caters to the [shopping](/wiki/Shopping \"Shopping\") needs of consumers who work shifts or have irregular working hours.\"Can 24\\-hr marts thrive in S'pore?\" (15 May 2005\\). *The Straits Times*. Secondly, the policy caters to the increasing number of Singaporeans who keep late hours. A 2005 economic review by [Price Waterhouse Coopers](/wiki/Price_Waterhouse_Coopers \"Price Waterhouse Coopers\") (PWC) reported that 54% of [Singaporeans](/wiki/Singaporeans \"Singaporeans\") stayed up past [midnight](/wiki/Midnight \"Midnight\").Price Waterhouse Coopers. (2005/2006\\). Singapore. *From Beijing to Budapest: Winning Brands, Winning Formats*, 4, p. 193\\.",
"#### 7\\-Eleven",
"{{Main\\|7\\-Eleven}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|A 7\\-Eleven shop under a block of flats](/wiki/Image:Uspmadeleine1a.jpg \"Uspmadeleine1a.jpg\")",
"[7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\") began the trend of convenience shops in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") when it opened its first shop in 1982 by [Jardine Matheson Group](/wiki/Jardine_Matheson_Group \"Jardine Matheson Group\"), under a franchise agreement with Southland Corporation of the United States.\"The Business Times reports that in Singapore chains of mini\\-markets (or convenience shops) have rapidly sprung up to fill the gap between the large supermarkets and the neighbourhood shops (or provision shops). (1984, November 15\\). *Business Times Singapore*. [Dairy Farm International Holdings](/wiki/Dairy_Farm_International_Holdings \"Dairy Farm International Holdings\") acquired the chain from [Jardine Matheson Group](/wiki/Jardine_Matheson_Group \"Jardine Matheson Group\") in 1989\\.\"Dairy Farm reviewing 7\\-Eleven businesses in Singapore and Malaysia\". (12 April 1989\\). *Business Times Singapore*.",
"The number of 7\\-Eleven outlets continued to increase in 1984 while other chains were having difficulty expanding. One Plus was unable to expand due to the shortage of good sites. The original owners of the Myshop franchise, which had seven outlets, sold out to one of its [suppliers](/wiki/Suppliers \"Suppliers\") due to a lack of demand.",
"In 1985, 7\\-Eleven faced difficulty in finding favourable locations and failed to meet its one\\-shop\\-a\\-month target. The situation improved in 1986 with a new [Housing Development Board](/wiki/Housing_Development_Board \"Housing Development Board\") (HDB) tendering system, which allowed 7\\-Eleven to secure shops without having to bid too high a price.\"The 7\\-Eleven convenience store chain in Singapore, the franchise of which is held by Jardine Matheson, should nearly double its expected rate of opening one new store each month by the end of the year.\" (5 November 1986\\). *Business Times Singapore*. 7\\-Eleven shops are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, including Sundays and [public holidays](/wiki/Public_holidays \"Public holidays\").Loh, Choon\\-Min James. (1988\\). *The Adoption of A Retailing Innovation in A Newly Industrialising Country: The Modernisation of Local Provision Shops in Singapore*. United Kingdom: The British Library, p. 34\\. This [24/7](/wiki/24/7_service \"24/7 service\") policy was seen as the reason that gave 7\\-Eleven its edge over its competitors.",
"In 1990, there was a rise in the number of shop thefts in 7\\-Eleven. The [shoplifters](/wiki/Shoplifting \"Shoplifting\") were usually [teenagers](/wiki/Teenagers \"Teenagers\") who stole small items such as [chocolates](/wiki/Chocolates \"Chocolates\"), [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarettes \"Cigarettes\") and [beer](/wiki/Beer \"Beer\").\"Convenience shops hit regularly by 'grabbers{{'\"}}. (4 May 1990\\). *The Straits Times*. In response to the increase in the number of thefts, 7\\-Eleven stepped up security measures, which successfully lowered the crime rate by 60%.\"Chain stores' anti\\-crime moves pay off with 60% drop in crime rate\". (1 December 1991\\). *The Straits Times*.",
"#### Cheers",
"[frame\\|right\\|Notice posted at Cheers to deter robbery](/wiki/Image:Uspmadeleine1cc.jpg \"Uspmadeleine1cc.jpg\")\nStarted in 1999, Cheers is owned by local corporation [NTUC FairPrice](/wiki/NTUC_FairPrice \"NTUC FairPrice\").\"NTUC Link Pte. Ltd. (2005\\). Cheers. \\[Online]. Available: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.linkpoints.com.sg/linkpoints/merchants/merchant\\_subdetail.aspx?id%3D73 \\|title\\=NTUC LinkPoints \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-04\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602095920/http://www.linkpoints.com.sg/linkpoints/merchants/merchant\\_subdetail.aspx?id\\=73 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-02 }}\" Cheers has adopted 7\\-Eleven's 24/7 model and taken similar security measures to prevent cases of shoplifting. Convenience shop owners seeking [franchising](/wiki/Franchising \"Franchising\") seem to prefer Cheers over 7\\-Eleven, probably due to its cheaper franchise fee.\"7\\-Eleven: Growing and getting closer to you\". (19 June 2004\\). *The Straits Times*.",
"### South Africa",
"In [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\")'s black [townships](/wiki/Township_%28South_Africa%29 \"Township (South Africa)\") *spaza shops* sell small goods, often out of the proprietors' homes. However these businesses face competition from large chain stores.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/safrica\\-retail\\-spaza\\-idINL6N0N74GY20140420\\|title \\= South Africa's \"spaza\" shops suffer as big retail rolls in\\|newspaper \\= Reuters\\|date \\= 20 April 2014}} Spaza shops owned by immigrants have also become a source of tension in townships.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.news24\\.com/news24/southafrica/news/sahrc\\-slams\\-soweto\\-parliament\\-spaza\\-shop\\-directive\\-as\\-xenophobic\\-20210813\\|title \\= SAHRC slams 'Soweto Parliament' spaza shop directive as xenophobic}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://theconversation.com/south\\-africas\\-spaza\\-shops\\-how\\-regulatory\\-avoidance\\-harms\\-informal\\-workers\\-130837\\|title \\= South Africa's spaza shops: How regulatory avoidance harms informal workers\\| date\\=24 February 2020 }}",
"In white, [Indian](/wiki/Indian_South_Africans \"Indian South Africans\") and [Coloured](/wiki/Coloureds \"Coloureds\") areas, the *corner cafe* (called a *tea room* in Durban) is a convenience store. In white areas these were often owned by Southern European migrants.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sapeople.com/2018/08/20/trevor\\-romain\\-remembering\\-the\\-corner\\-cafe/\\|title \\= Trevor Romain: Remembering the Corner Cafe in South Africa\\|date \\= 20 August 2018}}{{cite book \\| last\\=Rissik \\| first\\=D. \\| title\\=CultureShock! South Africa: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette \\| publisher\\=Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Private Limited \\| series\\=CultureShock! Series \\| year\\=2011 \\| isbn\\=978\\-981\\-4398\\-66\\-4 \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=YfOIAAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA177 \\| access\\-date\\=14 April 2022 \\| page\\=177}} These cafes are being superseded by convenience stores that are part of fuel service stations.{{cite book \\| last1\\=Nurse \\| first1\\=J. \\| last2\\=Verrijdt \\| first2\\=C. \\| title\\=Laugh it Off Annual: South African Youth Culture \\| publisher\\=Double Storey Books \\| year\\=2003 \\| isbn\\=978\\-1\\-919930\\-44\\-2 \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4zAXg9lPBcMC\\&pg\\=PA64 \\| access\\-date\\=14 April 2022 \\| page\\=64}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday\\-times/lifestyle/2015\\-07\\-07\\-the\\-last\\-corner\\-caf\\-in\\-cape\\-towns\\-city\\-bowl/\\|title \\= The last corner café in Cape Town's city bowl}}",
"### South Korea",
"Convenience stores in the [Republic of Korea](/wiki/Republic_of_Korea \"Republic of Korea\") date to 1982, when [Lotte](/wiki/Lotte_Corporation \"Lotte Corporation\") opened a store in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\"). Stores saw growth after the [1988 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics \"1988 Summer Olympics\") with the first 7\\-Eleven, and even since the 2010s where department stores and marts have struggled. As of 2016, the market leader is [CU (store)](/wiki/CU_%28store%29 \"CU (store)\") with a 33\\.3% share, [GS25](/wiki/GS25 \"GS25\") with a 28\\.6% share, then 7\\-Eleven and [ministop](/wiki/Ministop \"Ministop\").",
"### Taiwan",
"Boasting more than 10,000 convenience stores in an area of 35,980 km2 and a population of 23 million, [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") has [Asia Pacific](/wiki/Asia_Pacific \"Asia Pacific\")'s and the world's second highest density of convenience stores per person after South Korea: one store per 2,065 people.{{Cite web \\|date\\=4 April 2021 \\|title\\=台灣便利商店密集度 全球第二 \\|url\\=https://money.udn.com/money/story/8888/5364233 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404074025/https://money.udn.com/money/story/8888/5364233 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 April 2021 \\|website\\=經濟日報}} With 4,665 7\\-Eleven stores, Taiwan also has the world's highest density of 7\\-Elevens per person: one store per 4,930 people.{{Cite web \\|date\\=28 May 2008 \\|title\\=International Licensing \\|url\\=http://www.7\\-eleven.com/AboutUs/InternationalLicensing/tabid/115/Default.aspx \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731072739/http://www.7\\-eleven.com/AboutUs/InternationalLicensing/tabid/115/Default.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=31 July 2008}} In [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\"), it is not unusual to see two 7\\-Elevens across the street or several of them within a few hundred meters of each other.",
"Taiwan's second largest convenience store chain is [FamilyMart](/wiki/FamilyMart \"FamilyMart\") with more than 3,000 locations. Also competing for customers are Hi\\-Mart, a Taiwanese chain, and OK Mart, a local version of [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K \"Circle K\").",
"Because they are found everywhere, convenience stores in Taiwan provide services on behalf of financial institutions and government agencies, such as collection of city parking fees, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments. Eighty percent of urban household shoppers in Taiwan visit a convenience store each week.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2005 ACNielsen ShopperTrends \\|url\\=https://www.acnielsen.com.tw/news.asp?newsID\\=82 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051020184027/http://www.acnielsen.com.tw/news.asp?newsID\\=82 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2005}}",
"File:7 ELEVEn Outles in Sindian.jpg\\|With the highest \\[\\[7\\-Eleven]] outlet density in the world, it is not unusual for two 7\\-Eleven shops to stand face\\-to\\-face near the same intersection in \\[\\[Taiwan]]. The distance between them might be less than 50 meters.\nFile:A 7 Eleven and a FamilyMart stores sit close by in Taipei.jpg\\|It is common in Taiwan to see different brands of convenience store sit near by.\nFile:A 7 Eleven sits right next to a FamilyMart store in Taipei.jpg\\|It is also not rare in Taiwan to see 2 convenience stores sit next to each other.",
"",
"### United Kingdom",
"{{see also\\|List of convenience shops in the United Kingdom}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A corner shop set from the [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 \"ITV (TV network)\") [soap opera](/wiki/Soap_opera \"Soap opera\") *[Coronation Street](/wiki/Coronation_Street \"Coronation Street\")*, set in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"), depicting a typical British independently owned and traded corner shop](/wiki/File:Corrie_Corner_Shop.jpg \"Corrie Corner Shop.jpg\")\nThe corner shop in the United Kingdom grew from the start of the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom\"), with large populations moving from the agricultural countryside to newly built model townships and later [terraced housing](/wiki/Terraced_houses_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Terraced houses in the United Kingdom\") in towns and cities. Corner shops were locally owned small businesses, started by entrepreneurs who often had other careers prior to establishing, such a trading business. Many well\\-known high street retail brands, such as [Marks and Spencer](/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer \"Marks and Spencer\"), [Sainsbury's](/wiki/Sainsbury%27s \"Sainsbury's\") and latterly [Tesco](/wiki/Tesco \"Tesco\"), originated during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") as simple, family\\-owned corner shops.",
"The name **corner shop** originated because such shops are traditionally located on the corner of an intersection.",
"The reign of the corner shop and the weekly market started to fade post–World War II, with the combination of the personal motor car and the introduction from the 1950s onwards of the American\\-originated [supermarket](/wiki/Supermarket \"Supermarket\") format. The market shift in price and convenience led to the establishment of common trading brands operating as virtual [franchises](/wiki/Franchising \"Franchising\") to win back the consumer, including: [Budgens](/wiki/Budgens \"Budgens\"), [Costcutter](/wiki/Costcutter \"Costcutter\"), [Londis](/wiki/Londis_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Londis (United Kingdom)\"), [Nisa](/wiki/Nisa_%28retailer%29 \"Nisa (retailer)\") and [SPAR](/wiki/SPAR \"SPAR\"). There was also a consolidation of some shops under some larger corporate\\-owned brands, including [One Stop](/wiki/One_Stop \"One Stop\").",
"The primary competition to this privately owned 'corner shop' model came from the network of [consumer cooperatives](/wiki/Consumer_cooperatives \"Consumer cooperatives\") which were created after the success of that created by the [Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers](/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers \"Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers\") in 1844\\. Rather than being owned by individuals, these shops were owned by their customer\\-members and, owing to their popularity, the number of co\\-operative shops had reached 1,439 by 1900\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.co\\-operative.coop/about\\-us/history\\|title\\=Co\\-op history\\|website\\=www.co\\-operative.coop}} Co\\-operatives came about as a response to the problem of [adulterated food](/wiki/Adulterated_food \"Adulterated food\") which existed at the time, and later they enabled members to buy types of food that they would otherwise be unable to afford. At their peak in the 1950s, consumers' co\\-operatives accounted for approximately 20%{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5294184\\.stm\\|title\\=Co\\-op rebrand sees 'divi' return\\|date\\=29 August 2006\\|work\\=BBC News}} of the UK grocery market; however with increasing competition this has decreased to around 6% in 2015\\.",
"Due to a number of [mergers](/wiki/Mergers \"Mergers\") over the years, the grocery co\\-operative sector in the UK is now predominately composed of the national [The Co\\-operative Group](/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group \"The Co-operative Group\") and a few large regional co\\-operative societies such as the [Midcounties Co\\-operative](/wiki/Midcounties_Co-operative \"Midcounties Co-operative\") and [Scotmid](/wiki/Scotmid \"Scotmid\"). Today, the majority of [food retailing co\\-operatives societies](/wiki/British_co-operative_movement \"British co-operative movement\") brand their convenience shops as [Co\\-op Food](/wiki/Co-op_Food \"Co-op Food\"), and together they form the second\\-largest convenience shop chain in the UK and the largest by number of shops, with one in every UK postal code.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\\-32715723\\|title\\=Co\\-op boss: Group 'let down' by former management\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=13 May 2015}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A modern British corner shop, within the [Best\\-One](/wiki/Best-One \"Best-One\") franchise chain](/wiki/File:Best_One_British_Corner_Shop.jpg \"Best One British Corner Shop.jpg\")\nFrom the late\\-1960s onwards, many such shops started to be owned by expatriate African\\-born Indians, expelled from their homelands by the newly independent countries' rulers (see [Expulsion of Asians from Uganda](/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda \"Expulsion of Asians from Uganda\")). Under the [Shops Act 1950](/wiki/Shops_Act_1950 \"Shops Act 1950\"), Sunday trading had been illegal for most traders, with exceptions only allowed for small shops selling perishable items (i.e. milk, bread, butter, fresh meat and vegetables), and most shops that were not [off licences](/wiki/Off_licence \"Off licence\") (i.e. selling alcohol) had to close at 20:00\\. The [Sunday Trading Act 1994](/wiki/Sunday_Trading_Act_1994 \"Sunday Trading Act 1994\") allowed large format shops over 280 square metres or 3,000 square feet in size to open on Sunday for not more than six hours despite several proposals from the citizens to remove restrictions at different times.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Mason \\|first\\=Rowena \\|last2\\=correspondent \\|first2\\=Rowena Mason Political \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-02 \\|title\\=Government revives plans to amend Sunday trading laws \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/feb/02/government\\-plans\\-amend\\-sunday\\-trading\\-laws \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-01 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Conway \\|first\\=Lorraine \\|date\\=April 2022 \\|title\\=Shop opening hours and Sunday trading \\|url\\=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05522/SN05522\\.pdf}}",
"More recently, due to a combination of competition laws and a lack of large\\-scale development space, many of the larger retail brands have now developed shop formats based around convenience shop and corner shop scale spaces, including [Sainsbury's Local](/wiki/Sainsbury%27s_Local \"Sainsbury's Local\"), [Little Waitrose](/wiki/Waitrose_%26_Partners%23Convenience_shop_and_little_Waitrose \"Waitrose & Partners#Convenience shop and little Waitrose\") and [Tesco Express](/wiki/Tesco_Express \"Tesco Express\").",
"### United States",
"[thumb\\|Sign for a convenience store in Pittsburgh](/wiki/File:OneStopSign.jpg \"OneStopSign.jpg\")\nIn\\-store convenience store sales grew 2\\.4%, reaching a record $195\\.0 billion in 2011\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.chainstoreage.com/article/convenience\\-store\\-sales\\-totaled\\-682\\-billion\\-2011/\\|title\\=Convenience store sales totaled $682 billion in 2011 {{!}}Chain Store Age\\|date\\=4 April 2012\\|work\\=Chain Store Age\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2018\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104195507/https://www.chainstoreage.com/article/convenience\\-store\\-sales\\-totaled\\-682\\-billion\\-2011/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Combined with $486\\.9 billion in motor fuels sales, total convenience store sales in 2011 were $681\\.9 billion, or one out of every 22 dollars of the overall $15\\.04 trillion U.S. [gross domestic product](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product \"Gross domestic product\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/News/Press\\_Releases/2012/Pages/PR040412\\.aspx\\|title\\=Convenience Store Sales Topped $680 Billion in 2011 – NACS Online – Media – Press Releases – 2012\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912024706/http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/News/Press\\_Releases/2012/Pages/PR040412\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), \"[bodega](/wiki/Bodega_%28store%29 \"Bodega (store)\")\" has come to mean any convenience store or deli.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/nyregion/thecity/29bode.html \\| work\\=The New York Times \\| first\\=Saki \\| last\\=Knafo \\| title\\=The Classic Bodega Takes a Star Turn \\| date\\=29 March 2009}}",
"The first chain convenience store in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") was opened in [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas \"Dallas, Texas\") in 1927 by the Southland Ice Company, which eventually became [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\"), the largest convenience store chain.{{cite news\n \\|url \\= http://www.japannewsreview.com/business/business/20070712page\\_id\\=598\n \\|title \\= 7\\-Eleven world's largest chain store\n \\|agency \\= Japan News Review\n \\|date \\= 12 July 2007\n\\|access\\-date \\= 16 January 2009\n\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207234802/http://www.japannewsreview.com/business/business/20070712page\\_id\\=598\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 7 December 2008\n\\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|df \\= dmy\\-all\n}} Stores connected to a service station developed into a trend, celebrated by some progressive architects:",
"In 1939,[Dairy Mart Uncovers Piece of History](http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/food-stores/4474276-1.html). Originally published in *Convenience Store News*, 16 April 2002\\. Retrieved from AllBusiness.com, 19 December 2007\\. {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229045345/http://www.allbusiness.com/retail\\-trade/food\\-stores/4474276\\-1\\.html \\|date\\=29 February 2012 }} a [dairy](/wiki/Dairy \"Dairy\") owner named J.J. Lawson started a store at his dairy plant near [Akron, Ohio](/wiki/Akron%2C_Ohio \"Akron, Ohio\"), to sell his milk. The [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson_%28store%29 \"Lawson (store)\")'s Milk Company grew to a chain of stores, primarily in Ohio. [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K \"Circle K\"), another large company\\-owned convenience store chain, was founded in 1951\\.",
"Since that time, many different convenience store [brands](/wiki/Brand \"Brand\") have developed, and their stores may either be [corporate](/wiki/Corporation \"Corporation\")\\-owned or [franchises](/wiki/Franchising \"Franchising\"). The items offered for sale tend to be similar despite store brand, and almost always include [chips](/wiki/Potato_chip \"Potato chip\"), [milk](/wiki/Milk \"Milk\"), [coffee](/wiki/Coffee \"Coffee\"), [soft drinks](/wiki/Soft_drink \"Soft drink\"), [bread](/wiki/Bread \"Bread\"), [snacks](/wiki/Snack \"Snack\"), [ice cream](/wiki/Ice_cream \"Ice cream\"), [candy](/wiki/Candy \"Candy\"), [gum](/wiki/Chewing_gum \"Chewing gum\"), [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarette \"Cigarette\"), [lip balm](/wiki/Lip_balm \"Lip balm\"), [condoms](/wiki/Condom \"Condom\"), [phone cards](/wiki/Phone_card \"Phone card\"), [maps](/wiki/Map \"Map\"), [magazines](/wiki/Magazine \"Magazine\"), [newspapers](/wiki/Newspaper \"Newspaper\"), small [toys](/wiki/Toy \"Toy\"), [car](/wiki/Car \"Car\") supplies, [feminine hygiene](/wiki/Feminine_hygiene \"Feminine hygiene\") products, [cat food](/wiki/Cat_food \"Cat food\"), [dog food](/wiki/Dog_food \"Dog food\") and [toilet paper](/wiki/Toilet_paper \"Toilet paper\"). Other less common items include [sandwiches](/wiki/Sandwich \"Sandwich\"), [pizza](/wiki/Pizza \"Pizza\"), and [frozen food](/wiki/Frozen_food \"Frozen food\"). Nearly all convenience stores also have an [automated teller machine](/wiki/Automated_teller_machine \"Automated teller machine\") (ATM), though other banking services are usually not available. [State lottery](/wiki/State_lottery \"State lottery\") tickets are also available at these stores.",
"In 1966, the US convenience store industry first recorded $1 billion in sales. By the end of the decade, the industry had recorded $3\\.5 billion a year in sales. The first 24\\-hour store opened in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\") in 1963\\. By the late 1960s, the number of 24\\-hour convenience stores increased to meet the needs of a younger population and people who were working late night or early morning shifts.",
"Some convenience stores in the US also sell [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline \"Gasoline\"). Only 2,500 stores had self\\-serve at the pump by 1969\\. It was not until the 1970s that retailers realized selling gasoline could be profitable and competitive.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nacs50\\.com/decades/60s/\\|title\\=NACS 50th Anniversary – 1960s: Developing Critical Mass\\|website\\=www.nacs50\\.com}} At the same time, [two energy shortages in the decade](/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis \"1970s energy crisis\") had many service station owners stop selling fuel altogether since they made more money off of vehicle maintenance, while others decided to convert their garages into convenience stores, noting that they met a need and in some cases netted more profits than garages.",
"{{Quote box\n \\|quote \\= In the gasoline service station may be seen the beginning of an important advance agent of decentralization by way of distribution and also the beginning of the establishment of the Broadacre City. Wherever the service station happens to be naturally located, these now crude and seemingly insignificant units will grow and expand into various distributing centers for merchandise of all sorts. They are already doing so in the Southwest to a great extent.\n \\|source \\= \\[\\[Frank Lloyd Wright]], ''The Disappearing City'', 1932\n}}",
"In 2011, there were approximately 47,195 gas stations with convenience stores that generated $326 billion in revenue.{{cite report\\|title\\=Gas Stations with Convenience Stores (code 44711/447110\\) Market Research\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NAICS]] \\|date\\=December 2011 }} Of the 150,000 convenience stores in the country, 120,000{{Inconsistent\\|reason\\=120,000 doesn't line up with 47,000}} of them are located at fuel stations, which sell approximately 80 percent of the fuels purchased in the country.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nacsonline.com/YourBusiness/FuelsReports/GasPrices\\_2013/Pages/StatisticsDefinitions.aspx\\|title\\=Fueling America: A Snapshot of Key Facts and Figures\\|website\\=\\[\\[National Association of Convenience Stores]] \\|year\\=2013\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808095348/http://www.nacsonline.com/YourBusiness/FuelsReports/GasPrices\\_2013/Pages/StatisticsDefinitions.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Policies regarding the sale of [adult magazines](/wiki/Adult_magazine \"Adult magazine\") vary, but generally larger chains (such as 7\\-Eleven and [Casey's General Stores](/wiki/Casey%27s_General_Store \"Casey's General Store\")) do not sell these items, while smaller independent stores may do so. One notable exception is fast\\-growing regional chain [Sheetz](/wiki/Sheetz \"Sheetz\"), which until the late 2010s sold some [soft\\-core pornographic](/wiki/Soft-core_pornography \"Soft-core pornography\") material such as *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy \"Playboy\")*, *[Penthouse](/wiki/Penthouse_%28magazine%29 \"Penthouse (magazine)\")*, and *[Playgirl](/wiki/Playgirl \"Playgirl\")*. Sheetz ended this practice as part of a broader decision to end sales of all [print media](/wiki/Print_media \"Print media\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2022}}",
"Because the laws regarding the sale of alcoholic beverages vary from state to state in the US, the availability of [beer](/wiki/Beer \"Beer\"), [wine](/wiki/Wine \"Wine\"), and [liquor](/wiki/Distilled_beverage \"Distilled beverage\") varies greatly. For example, while convenience stores in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), and [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") cannot sell any kind of alcohol at all, stores in [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada \"Nevada\"), [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\"), and [California](/wiki/California \"California\") may sell alcoholic beverages of any sort, while stores in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho \"Idaho\"), or [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\") can sell beer and wine, but not liquor. Similar to grocery stores, convenience stores in [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") can sell beer only, not wine or liquor. [Altoona, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Altoona%2C_Pennsylvania \"Altoona, Pennsylvania\")–based Sheetz tried to find a [loophole](/wiki/Loophole \"Loophole\") in 2007 by classifying part of one of their prototype stores in Altoona as a [restaurant](/wiki/Restaurant \"Restaurant\"), which would permit alcohol sales.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi\\-bin/stories.pl?ACCT\\=104\\&STORY\\=/www/story/02\\-01\\-2007/0004518282\\&EDATE\\= \\|title\\=Sheetz, Inc. Announces Alcohol Sales in Pennsylvania \\|first\\= \\|last\\=}} State courts in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\") promptly overruled this. State law requires restaurants to have on\\-site consumption, but Sheetz did not do this.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://kdka.com/local/beer.sales.Sheetz.2\\.387795\\.html\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820110530/http://kdka.com/local/beer.sales.Sheetz.2\\.387795\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=kdka.com – Court Rules Against Beer In Convenience Store\\|archivedate\\=20 August 2010}} Sheetz continues to sell alcohol in other states. In recent years, Sheetz has begun to sell both beer (in the form of walk\\-in \"beer caves\") and wine in most of their [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\") stores as well.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.inquirer.com/news/wawa\\-sheetz\\-alcohol\\-beer\\-wine\\-pennsylvania\\-ambler\\-plcb\\-20200622\\.html\\|title \\= Convenience store chains push to sell alcohol as industry newcomers disrupt the norm\\| date\\=22 June 2020 }}",
"#### Crime",
"{{Main\\|Convenience store crime}}\nAmerican convenience stores are often targets of [armed robbery](/wiki/Armed_robbery \"Armed robbery\"). In some areas of the US it is not unusual for clerks to work behind [bulletproof glass](/wiki/Bulletproof_glass \"Bulletproof glass\") windows, even during daylight hours. Some convenience stores may limit access inside at night, requiring customers to approach a walk\\-up window to make purchases. The main dangers are that almost all convenience stores only have one person working night shift; most of the transactions are in cash; and easily resold merchandise, such as liquor, [lottery tickets](/wiki/Lottery_ticket \"Lottery ticket\") and [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarette \"Cigarette\"), are on site.",
"Most convenience stores have a cash drop slot into a time\\-delay [safe](/wiki/Safe \"Safe\") to limit the amount of cash on hand. Many have installed [security cameras](/wiki/Security_camera \"Security camera\") to help deter robberies and [shoplifting](/wiki/Shoplifting \"Shoplifting\"). Because of their vulnerability to crime, nearly all convenience stores have a friendly relationship with the local [police](/wiki/Police \"Police\"). To reduce burglaries when the store is closed, some convenience stores have bars on the windows.",
""
] |
### United States
[thumb\|Sign for a convenience store in Pittsburgh](/wiki/File:OneStopSign.jpg "OneStopSign.jpg")
In\-store convenience store sales grew 2\.4%, reaching a record $195\.0 billion in 2011\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.chainstoreage.com/article/convenience\-store\-sales\-totaled\-682\-billion\-2011/\|title\=Convenience store sales totaled $682 billion in 2011 {{!}}Chain Store Age\|date\=4 April 2012\|work\=Chain Store Age\|access\-date\=4 January 2018\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=4 January 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104195507/https://www.chainstoreage.com/article/convenience\-store\-sales\-totaled\-682\-billion\-2011/\|url\-status\=dead}} Combined with $486\.9 billion in motor fuels sales, total convenience store sales in 2011 were $681\.9 billion, or one out of every 22 dollars of the overall $15\.04 trillion U.S. [gross domestic product](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/News/Press\_Releases/2012/Pages/PR040412\.aspx\|title\=Convenience Store Sales Topped $680 Billion in 2011 – NACS Online – Media – Press Releases – 2012\|access\-date\=8 December 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912024706/http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/News/Press\_Releases/2012/Pages/PR040412\.aspx\|archive\-date\=12 September 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} In [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), "[bodega](/wiki/Bodega_%28store%29 "Bodega (store)")" has come to mean any convenience store or deli.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/nyregion/thecity/29bode.html \| work\=The New York Times \| first\=Saki \| last\=Knafo \| title\=The Classic Bodega Takes a Star Turn \| date\=29 March 2009}}
The first chain convenience store in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") was opened in [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas "Dallas, Texas") in 1927 by the Southland Ice Company, which eventually became [7\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven "7-Eleven"), the largest convenience store chain.{{cite news
\|url \= http://www.japannewsreview.com/business/business/20070712page\_id\=598
\|title \= 7\-Eleven world's largest chain store
\|agency \= Japan News Review
\|date \= 12 July 2007
\|access\-date \= 16 January 2009
\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207234802/http://www.japannewsreview.com/business/business/20070712page\_id\=598
\|archive\-date \= 7 December 2008
\|url\-status \= dead
\|df \= dmy\-all
}} Stores connected to a service station developed into a trend, celebrated by some progressive architects:
In 1939,[Dairy Mart Uncovers Piece of History](http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/food-stores/4474276-1.html). Originally published in *Convenience Store News*, 16 April 2002\. Retrieved from AllBusiness.com, 19 December 2007\. {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229045345/http://www.allbusiness.com/retail\-trade/food\-stores/4474276\-1\.html \|date\=29 February 2012 }} a [dairy](/wiki/Dairy "Dairy") owner named J.J. Lawson started a store at his dairy plant near [Akron, Ohio](/wiki/Akron%2C_Ohio "Akron, Ohio"), to sell his milk. The [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson_%28store%29 "Lawson (store)")'s Milk Company grew to a chain of stores, primarily in Ohio. [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K "Circle K"), another large company\-owned convenience store chain, was founded in 1951\.
Since that time, many different convenience store [brands](/wiki/Brand "Brand") have developed, and their stores may either be [corporate](/wiki/Corporation "Corporation")\-owned or [franchises](/wiki/Franchising "Franchising"). The items offered for sale tend to be similar despite store brand, and almost always include [chips](/wiki/Potato_chip "Potato chip"), [milk](/wiki/Milk "Milk"), [coffee](/wiki/Coffee "Coffee"), [soft drinks](/wiki/Soft_drink "Soft drink"), [bread](/wiki/Bread "Bread"), [snacks](/wiki/Snack "Snack"), [ice cream](/wiki/Ice_cream "Ice cream"), [candy](/wiki/Candy "Candy"), [gum](/wiki/Chewing_gum "Chewing gum"), [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarette "Cigarette"), [lip balm](/wiki/Lip_balm "Lip balm"), [condoms](/wiki/Condom "Condom"), [phone cards](/wiki/Phone_card "Phone card"), [maps](/wiki/Map "Map"), [magazines](/wiki/Magazine "Magazine"), [newspapers](/wiki/Newspaper "Newspaper"), small [toys](/wiki/Toy "Toy"), [car](/wiki/Car "Car") supplies, [feminine hygiene](/wiki/Feminine_hygiene "Feminine hygiene") products, [cat food](/wiki/Cat_food "Cat food"), [dog food](/wiki/Dog_food "Dog food") and [toilet paper](/wiki/Toilet_paper "Toilet paper"). Other less common items include [sandwiches](/wiki/Sandwich "Sandwich"), [pizza](/wiki/Pizza "Pizza"), and [frozen food](/wiki/Frozen_food "Frozen food"). Nearly all convenience stores also have an [automated teller machine](/wiki/Automated_teller_machine "Automated teller machine") (ATM), though other banking services are usually not available. [State lottery](/wiki/State_lottery "State lottery") tickets are also available at these stores.
In 1966, the US convenience store industry first recorded $1 billion in sales. By the end of the decade, the industry had recorded $3\.5 billion a year in sales. The first 24\-hour store opened in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas") in 1963\. By the late 1960s, the number of 24\-hour convenience stores increased to meet the needs of a younger population and people who were working late night or early morning shifts.
Some convenience stores in the US also sell [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline "Gasoline"). Only 2,500 stores had self\-serve at the pump by 1969\. It was not until the 1970s that retailers realized selling gasoline could be profitable and competitive.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nacs50\.com/decades/60s/\|title\=NACS 50th Anniversary – 1960s: Developing Critical Mass\|website\=www.nacs50\.com}} At the same time, [two energy shortages in the decade](/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis "1970s energy crisis") had many service station owners stop selling fuel altogether since they made more money off of vehicle maintenance, while others decided to convert their garages into convenience stores, noting that they met a need and in some cases netted more profits than garages.
{{Quote box
\|quote \= In the gasoline service station may be seen the beginning of an important advance agent of decentralization by way of distribution and also the beginning of the establishment of the Broadacre City. Wherever the service station happens to be naturally located, these now crude and seemingly insignificant units will grow and expand into various distributing centers for merchandise of all sorts. They are already doing so in the Southwest to a great extent.
\|source \= \[\[Frank Lloyd Wright]], ''The Disappearing City'', 1932
}}
In 2011, there were approximately 47,195 gas stations with convenience stores that generated $326 billion in revenue.{{cite report\|title\=Gas Stations with Convenience Stores (code 44711/447110\) Market Research\|publisher\=\[\[NAICS]] \|date\=December 2011 }} Of the 150,000 convenience stores in the country, 120,000{{Inconsistent\|reason\=120,000 doesn't line up with 47,000}} of them are located at fuel stations, which sell approximately 80 percent of the fuels purchased in the country.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nacsonline.com/YourBusiness/FuelsReports/GasPrices\_2013/Pages/StatisticsDefinitions.aspx\|title\=Fueling America: A Snapshot of Key Facts and Figures\|website\=\[\[National Association of Convenience Stores]] \|year\=2013\|archive\-date\=8 August 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808095348/http://www.nacsonline.com/YourBusiness/FuelsReports/GasPrices\_2013/Pages/StatisticsDefinitions.aspx\|url\-status\=dead }}
Policies regarding the sale of [adult magazines](/wiki/Adult_magazine "Adult magazine") vary, but generally larger chains (such as 7\-Eleven and [Casey's General Stores](/wiki/Casey%27s_General_Store "Casey's General Store")) do not sell these items, while smaller independent stores may do so. One notable exception is fast\-growing regional chain [Sheetz](/wiki/Sheetz "Sheetz"), which until the late 2010s sold some [soft\-core pornographic](/wiki/Soft-core_pornography "Soft-core pornography") material such as *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy "Playboy")*, *[Penthouse](/wiki/Penthouse_%28magazine%29 "Penthouse (magazine)")*, and *[Playgirl](/wiki/Playgirl "Playgirl")*. Sheetz ended this practice as part of a broader decision to end sales of all [print media](/wiki/Print_media "Print media").{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2022}}
Because the laws regarding the sale of alcoholic beverages vary from state to state in the US, the availability of [beer](/wiki/Beer "Beer"), [wine](/wiki/Wine "Wine"), and [liquor](/wiki/Distilled_beverage "Distilled beverage") varies greatly. For example, while convenience stores in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska "Alaska"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), and [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") cannot sell any kind of alcohol at all, stores in [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada "Nevada"), [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico "New Mexico"), and [California](/wiki/California "California") may sell alcoholic beverages of any sort, while stores in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho "Idaho"), or [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") can sell beer and wine, but not liquor. Similar to grocery stores, convenience stores in [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") can sell beer only, not wine or liquor. [Altoona, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Altoona%2C_Pennsylvania "Altoona, Pennsylvania")–based Sheetz tried to find a [loophole](/wiki/Loophole "Loophole") in 2007 by classifying part of one of their prototype stores in Altoona as a [restaurant](/wiki/Restaurant "Restaurant"), which would permit alcohol sales.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi\-bin/stories.pl?ACCT\=104\&STORY\=/www/story/02\-01\-2007/0004518282\&EDATE\= \|title\=Sheetz, Inc. Announces Alcohol Sales in Pennsylvania \|first\= \|last\=}} State courts in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") promptly overruled this. State law requires restaurants to have on\-site consumption, but Sheetz did not do this.{{cite web\|url\=http://kdka.com/local/beer.sales.Sheetz.2\.387795\.html\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820110530/http://kdka.com/local/beer.sales.Sheetz.2\.387795\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=kdka.com – Court Rules Against Beer In Convenience Store\|archivedate\=20 August 2010}} Sheetz continues to sell alcohol in other states. In recent years, Sheetz has begun to sell both beer (in the form of walk\-in "beer caves") and wine in most of their [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") stores as well.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.inquirer.com/news/wawa\-sheetz\-alcohol\-beer\-wine\-pennsylvania\-ambler\-plcb\-20200622\.html\|title \= Convenience store chains push to sell alcohol as industry newcomers disrupt the norm\| date\=22 June 2020 }}
#### Crime
{{Main\|Convenience store crime}}
American convenience stores are often targets of [armed robbery](/wiki/Armed_robbery "Armed robbery"). In some areas of the US it is not unusual for clerks to work behind [bulletproof glass](/wiki/Bulletproof_glass "Bulletproof glass") windows, even during daylight hours. Some convenience stores may limit access inside at night, requiring customers to approach a walk\-up window to make purchases. The main dangers are that almost all convenience stores only have one person working night shift; most of the transactions are in cash; and easily resold merchandise, such as liquor, [lottery tickets](/wiki/Lottery_ticket "Lottery ticket") and [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarette "Cigarette"), are on site.
Most convenience stores have a cash drop slot into a time\-delay [safe](/wiki/Safe "Safe") to limit the amount of cash on hand. Many have installed [security cameras](/wiki/Security_camera "Security camera") to help deter robberies and [shoplifting](/wiki/Shoplifting "Shoplifting"). Because of their vulnerability to crime, nearly all convenience stores have a friendly relationship with the local [police](/wiki/Police "Police"). To reduce burglaries when the store is closed, some convenience stores have bars on the windows.
|
[
"### United States",
"[thumb\\|Sign for a convenience store in Pittsburgh](/wiki/File:OneStopSign.jpg \"OneStopSign.jpg\")\nIn\\-store convenience store sales grew 2\\.4%, reaching a record $195\\.0 billion in 2011\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.chainstoreage.com/article/convenience\\-store\\-sales\\-totaled\\-682\\-billion\\-2011/\\|title\\=Convenience store sales totaled $682 billion in 2011 {{!}}Chain Store Age\\|date\\=4 April 2012\\|work\\=Chain Store Age\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2018\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104195507/https://www.chainstoreage.com/article/convenience\\-store\\-sales\\-totaled\\-682\\-billion\\-2011/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Combined with $486\\.9 billion in motor fuels sales, total convenience store sales in 2011 were $681\\.9 billion, or one out of every 22 dollars of the overall $15\\.04 trillion U.S. [gross domestic product](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product \"Gross domestic product\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/News/Press\\_Releases/2012/Pages/PR040412\\.aspx\\|title\\=Convenience Store Sales Topped $680 Billion in 2011 – NACS Online – Media – Press Releases – 2012\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912024706/http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/News/Press\\_Releases/2012/Pages/PR040412\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), \"[bodega](/wiki/Bodega_%28store%29 \"Bodega (store)\")\" has come to mean any convenience store or deli.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/nyregion/thecity/29bode.html \\| work\\=The New York Times \\| first\\=Saki \\| last\\=Knafo \\| title\\=The Classic Bodega Takes a Star Turn \\| date\\=29 March 2009}}",
"The first chain convenience store in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") was opened in [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas \"Dallas, Texas\") in 1927 by the Southland Ice Company, which eventually became [7\\-Eleven](/wiki/7-Eleven \"7-Eleven\"), the largest convenience store chain.{{cite news\n \\|url \\= http://www.japannewsreview.com/business/business/20070712page\\_id\\=598\n \\|title \\= 7\\-Eleven world's largest chain store\n \\|agency \\= Japan News Review\n \\|date \\= 12 July 2007\n\\|access\\-date \\= 16 January 2009\n\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207234802/http://www.japannewsreview.com/business/business/20070712page\\_id\\=598\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 7 December 2008\n\\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|df \\= dmy\\-all\n}} Stores connected to a service station developed into a trend, celebrated by some progressive architects:",
"In 1939,[Dairy Mart Uncovers Piece of History](http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/food-stores/4474276-1.html). Originally published in *Convenience Store News*, 16 April 2002\\. Retrieved from AllBusiness.com, 19 December 2007\\. {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229045345/http://www.allbusiness.com/retail\\-trade/food\\-stores/4474276\\-1\\.html \\|date\\=29 February 2012 }} a [dairy](/wiki/Dairy \"Dairy\") owner named J.J. Lawson started a store at his dairy plant near [Akron, Ohio](/wiki/Akron%2C_Ohio \"Akron, Ohio\"), to sell his milk. The [Lawson](/wiki/Lawson_%28store%29 \"Lawson (store)\")'s Milk Company grew to a chain of stores, primarily in Ohio. [Circle K](/wiki/Circle_K \"Circle K\"), another large company\\-owned convenience store chain, was founded in 1951\\.",
"Since that time, many different convenience store [brands](/wiki/Brand \"Brand\") have developed, and their stores may either be [corporate](/wiki/Corporation \"Corporation\")\\-owned or [franchises](/wiki/Franchising \"Franchising\"). The items offered for sale tend to be similar despite store brand, and almost always include [chips](/wiki/Potato_chip \"Potato chip\"), [milk](/wiki/Milk \"Milk\"), [coffee](/wiki/Coffee \"Coffee\"), [soft drinks](/wiki/Soft_drink \"Soft drink\"), [bread](/wiki/Bread \"Bread\"), [snacks](/wiki/Snack \"Snack\"), [ice cream](/wiki/Ice_cream \"Ice cream\"), [candy](/wiki/Candy \"Candy\"), [gum](/wiki/Chewing_gum \"Chewing gum\"), [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarette \"Cigarette\"), [lip balm](/wiki/Lip_balm \"Lip balm\"), [condoms](/wiki/Condom \"Condom\"), [phone cards](/wiki/Phone_card \"Phone card\"), [maps](/wiki/Map \"Map\"), [magazines](/wiki/Magazine \"Magazine\"), [newspapers](/wiki/Newspaper \"Newspaper\"), small [toys](/wiki/Toy \"Toy\"), [car](/wiki/Car \"Car\") supplies, [feminine hygiene](/wiki/Feminine_hygiene \"Feminine hygiene\") products, [cat food](/wiki/Cat_food \"Cat food\"), [dog food](/wiki/Dog_food \"Dog food\") and [toilet paper](/wiki/Toilet_paper \"Toilet paper\"). Other less common items include [sandwiches](/wiki/Sandwich \"Sandwich\"), [pizza](/wiki/Pizza \"Pizza\"), and [frozen food](/wiki/Frozen_food \"Frozen food\"). Nearly all convenience stores also have an [automated teller machine](/wiki/Automated_teller_machine \"Automated teller machine\") (ATM), though other banking services are usually not available. [State lottery](/wiki/State_lottery \"State lottery\") tickets are also available at these stores.",
"In 1966, the US convenience store industry first recorded $1 billion in sales. By the end of the decade, the industry had recorded $3\\.5 billion a year in sales. The first 24\\-hour store opened in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\") in 1963\\. By the late 1960s, the number of 24\\-hour convenience stores increased to meet the needs of a younger population and people who were working late night or early morning shifts.",
"Some convenience stores in the US also sell [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline \"Gasoline\"). Only 2,500 stores had self\\-serve at the pump by 1969\\. It was not until the 1970s that retailers realized selling gasoline could be profitable and competitive.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nacs50\\.com/decades/60s/\\|title\\=NACS 50th Anniversary – 1960s: Developing Critical Mass\\|website\\=www.nacs50\\.com}} At the same time, [two energy shortages in the decade](/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis \"1970s energy crisis\") had many service station owners stop selling fuel altogether since they made more money off of vehicle maintenance, while others decided to convert their garages into convenience stores, noting that they met a need and in some cases netted more profits than garages.",
"{{Quote box\n \\|quote \\= In the gasoline service station may be seen the beginning of an important advance agent of decentralization by way of distribution and also the beginning of the establishment of the Broadacre City. Wherever the service station happens to be naturally located, these now crude and seemingly insignificant units will grow and expand into various distributing centers for merchandise of all sorts. They are already doing so in the Southwest to a great extent.\n \\|source \\= \\[\\[Frank Lloyd Wright]], ''The Disappearing City'', 1932\n}}",
"In 2011, there were approximately 47,195 gas stations with convenience stores that generated $326 billion in revenue.{{cite report\\|title\\=Gas Stations with Convenience Stores (code 44711/447110\\) Market Research\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NAICS]] \\|date\\=December 2011 }} Of the 150,000 convenience stores in the country, 120,000{{Inconsistent\\|reason\\=120,000 doesn't line up with 47,000}} of them are located at fuel stations, which sell approximately 80 percent of the fuels purchased in the country.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nacsonline.com/YourBusiness/FuelsReports/GasPrices\\_2013/Pages/StatisticsDefinitions.aspx\\|title\\=Fueling America: A Snapshot of Key Facts and Figures\\|website\\=\\[\\[National Association of Convenience Stores]] \\|year\\=2013\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808095348/http://www.nacsonline.com/YourBusiness/FuelsReports/GasPrices\\_2013/Pages/StatisticsDefinitions.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Policies regarding the sale of [adult magazines](/wiki/Adult_magazine \"Adult magazine\") vary, but generally larger chains (such as 7\\-Eleven and [Casey's General Stores](/wiki/Casey%27s_General_Store \"Casey's General Store\")) do not sell these items, while smaller independent stores may do so. One notable exception is fast\\-growing regional chain [Sheetz](/wiki/Sheetz \"Sheetz\"), which until the late 2010s sold some [soft\\-core pornographic](/wiki/Soft-core_pornography \"Soft-core pornography\") material such as *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy \"Playboy\")*, *[Penthouse](/wiki/Penthouse_%28magazine%29 \"Penthouse (magazine)\")*, and *[Playgirl](/wiki/Playgirl \"Playgirl\")*. Sheetz ended this practice as part of a broader decision to end sales of all [print media](/wiki/Print_media \"Print media\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2022}}",
"Because the laws regarding the sale of alcoholic beverages vary from state to state in the US, the availability of [beer](/wiki/Beer \"Beer\"), [wine](/wiki/Wine \"Wine\"), and [liquor](/wiki/Distilled_beverage \"Distilled beverage\") varies greatly. For example, while convenience stores in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), and [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") cannot sell any kind of alcohol at all, stores in [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada \"Nevada\"), [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\"), and [California](/wiki/California \"California\") may sell alcoholic beverages of any sort, while stores in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"), [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho \"Idaho\"), or [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\") can sell beer and wine, but not liquor. Similar to grocery stores, convenience stores in [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") can sell beer only, not wine or liquor. [Altoona, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Altoona%2C_Pennsylvania \"Altoona, Pennsylvania\")–based Sheetz tried to find a [loophole](/wiki/Loophole \"Loophole\") in 2007 by classifying part of one of their prototype stores in Altoona as a [restaurant](/wiki/Restaurant \"Restaurant\"), which would permit alcohol sales.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi\\-bin/stories.pl?ACCT\\=104\\&STORY\\=/www/story/02\\-01\\-2007/0004518282\\&EDATE\\= \\|title\\=Sheetz, Inc. Announces Alcohol Sales in Pennsylvania \\|first\\= \\|last\\=}} State courts in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\") promptly overruled this. State law requires restaurants to have on\\-site consumption, but Sheetz did not do this.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://kdka.com/local/beer.sales.Sheetz.2\\.387795\\.html\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820110530/http://kdka.com/local/beer.sales.Sheetz.2\\.387795\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=kdka.com – Court Rules Against Beer In Convenience Store\\|archivedate\\=20 August 2010}} Sheetz continues to sell alcohol in other states. In recent years, Sheetz has begun to sell both beer (in the form of walk\\-in \"beer caves\") and wine in most of their [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\") stores as well.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.inquirer.com/news/wawa\\-sheetz\\-alcohol\\-beer\\-wine\\-pennsylvania\\-ambler\\-plcb\\-20200622\\.html\\|title \\= Convenience store chains push to sell alcohol as industry newcomers disrupt the norm\\| date\\=22 June 2020 }}",
"#### Crime",
"{{Main\\|Convenience store crime}}\nAmerican convenience stores are often targets of [armed robbery](/wiki/Armed_robbery \"Armed robbery\"). In some areas of the US it is not unusual for clerks to work behind [bulletproof glass](/wiki/Bulletproof_glass \"Bulletproof glass\") windows, even during daylight hours. Some convenience stores may limit access inside at night, requiring customers to approach a walk\\-up window to make purchases. The main dangers are that almost all convenience stores only have one person working night shift; most of the transactions are in cash; and easily resold merchandise, such as liquor, [lottery tickets](/wiki/Lottery_ticket \"Lottery ticket\") and [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarette \"Cigarette\"), are on site.",
"Most convenience stores have a cash drop slot into a time\\-delay [safe](/wiki/Safe \"Safe\") to limit the amount of cash on hand. Many have installed [security cameras](/wiki/Security_camera \"Security camera\") to help deter robberies and [shoplifting](/wiki/Shoplifting \"Shoplifting\"). Because of their vulnerability to crime, nearly all convenience stores have a friendly relationship with the local [police](/wiki/Police \"Police\"). To reduce burglaries when the store is closed, some convenience stores have bars on the windows.",
""
] |
Current programs
----------------
Volley Kids: 1st\-2nd grade. This is an instructional program that meets once per week to teach the basics volleyball skills and an understanding of the game that prepares players for the league that is offered from 3rd grade through high school.
Youth Volleyball League: 3rd\-12th grade. This is an instructional league that had 5 sessions running year round. Players practice one per week and play games one per week. Coaches work on age\-appropriate skill development with the players, and help them to correctly apply their skills in games.
Metro Volleyball Club: This is a competitive, travel program that has teams ranging from regional competitors all the way up to national\-qualifying teams that travel extensively. Club season generally runs from tryouts in mid to late October until late spring, depending on the travel level of the team.
Soccer Tikes: Ages 18months \- 4 years. Tikes is an 8\-week program that is offered year round. This program introduces very basic soccer skills, as well as working on gross motor coordination, listening skills, peer interaction and most importantly fun.
Youth Soccer: Ages 5–14\. Youth Soccer runs year round in 7 week sessions. This is a very instructional league that starts with introducing the basic concepts of game play as well as developing individual skills. Players meet to up to twice per week for practice and once per week for games. Practices are designed to improve each player's foot skills and understanding of the game at their own pace and level.
High School Coed and High School Competitive League: These leagues are offered generally November–February and players participate in games once per week for an 8\-week session.
Adult Soccer: Metro currently offers both recreational and competitive coed leagues and men's leagues year round. Leagues are 8 weeks in length.
Summer, Winter Break and Spring Break Camps: Ages 5–12\. Metro offers full\-day sports camps for Summer, Spring and Winter Breaks. Campers will play a variety of sports each day as well as other activities depending on the age group of the camper. Camp hours are 8am\-4pm with early drop off and late pick up available for no extra cost. Lunch and two snacks are provided, and sibling discounts are available.
|
[
"Current programs\n----------------",
"Volley Kids: 1st\\-2nd grade. This is an instructional program that meets once per week to teach the basics volleyball skills and an understanding of the game that prepares players for the league that is offered from 3rd grade through high school.",
"Youth Volleyball League: 3rd\\-12th grade. This is an instructional league that had 5 sessions running year round. Players practice one per week and play games one per week. Coaches work on age\\-appropriate skill development with the players, and help them to correctly apply their skills in games.",
"Metro Volleyball Club: This is a competitive, travel program that has teams ranging from regional competitors all the way up to national\\-qualifying teams that travel extensively. Club season generally runs from tryouts in mid to late October until late spring, depending on the travel level of the team.",
"Soccer Tikes: Ages 18months \\- 4 years. Tikes is an 8\\-week program that is offered year round. This program introduces very basic soccer skills, as well as working on gross motor coordination, listening skills, peer interaction and most importantly fun.",
"Youth Soccer: Ages 5–14\\. Youth Soccer runs year round in 7 week sessions. This is a very instructional league that starts with introducing the basic concepts of game play as well as developing individual skills. Players meet to up to twice per week for practice and once per week for games. Practices are designed to improve each player's foot skills and understanding of the game at their own pace and level.",
"High School Coed and High School Competitive League: These leagues are offered generally November–February and players participate in games once per week for an 8\\-week session.",
"Adult Soccer: Metro currently offers both recreational and competitive coed leagues and men's leagues year round. Leagues are 8 weeks in length.",
"Summer, Winter Break and Spring Break Camps: Ages 5–12\\. Metro offers full\\-day sports camps for Summer, Spring and Winter Breaks. Campers will play a variety of sports each day as well as other activities depending on the age group of the camper. Camp hours are 8am\\-4pm with early drop off and late pick up available for no extra cost. Lunch and two snacks are provided, and sibling discounts are available.",
""
] |
The macaques
------------
The Smithsonian Primate Project names all 4,000 individuals in its study, but the show substituted the names of [iconic](/wiki/Cultural_icon "Cultural icon") characters from [Tragedy](/wiki/Tragedy "Tragedy"). Below are the names and main narrative [arcs](/wiki/Character_arc "Character arc") selected by the writers:
### Lear
Lear's kingship was threatened by [Hector](/wiki/Dark_Days_in_Monkey_City%23Hector "Dark Days in Monkey City#Hector"), an ambitious recent recruit. Lear watched as his rival forced his authority on the other monkeys, until confronting Hector with a stare. Hector backed down, but later gathered male allies from within the troop and confronted the king. Lear fought Hector in a tree, and was knocked to the ground; he survived but was [dethroned](/wiki/Dethroned "Dethroned").
When the Black Claws first attacked Fig Tree Vale, Lear played an active role in its defense. And, when Portia's baby was seen by a [feral dog](/wiki/Free-ranging_urban_dog "Free-ranging urban dog") Lear confronted it, saving his offspring. But Lear was killed by the Black Claws when they invaded in full strength.
### Gemini
Gemini and her sisterhood are the core of the troop and Gemini ruled Fig Tree Vale, her lifelong home.
{{cite web \|url\=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/dark\-days\-monkey\-city/behavior/monkey\-betrays\-his\-tribe.html \|title\= Episode 7 \- "The Stranger" \| quote\= only males transfer between troops, while females remain with the troop of their birth throughout life.}} Gemini showed advances to Hector [behind Lear's back](/wiki/Primate%23Communication "Primate#Communication") and when Hector became brutal and attacked an infant, Gemini expected Lear to act; when he did not she turned her attention to the [pretender](/wiki/Pretender "Pretender"), Hector.
While in exile, the Temple Troop met Che, whose foraging skills impressed her more than Hector's selfish consumption. Che led Gemini and the Temple Troop to the land of the humans and the troop found food, but while the troop was crossing a road one of infants was hit by a car. The merger with Che's band of wandering males gave Gemini the confidence to lead her Temple Troop back to Monkey City.
### Hector
Hector used brutality to establish himself as chief rival for Lear's throne, finally provoking the king by an attack on his queen, Gemini. Lear confronted Hector but allowed Hector to back down and grow in confidence. After building alliances with other males and gaining Gemini's attention Hector challenged Lear to battle.
Hector, triumphantly claimed the throne after dislodging Lear from the tree they had fought in. He won the advances of queen Gemini and authority over all members, including Lear.
After the second Black Claw incursion on Temple Troop territory [war](/wiki/War "War") broke out between the two tribes; Hector's troop was defeated. In exile water was scarce, but when Hector found a tap, he drank and took a bath from it, never sharing with the other members of the troop. Hector tried to lead the troop back to their home range from the bad lands, but Gemini overruled him and lead them into the [city](/wiki/City "City"). Hector was uneasy at the sight of people; as a wandering male he had seen his brother [captured](/wiki/Pet_monkey "Pet monkey"). He allowed Che's band to join his troop, despite the growing threat from Che, so that they might be strong enough to regain Fig Tree Vale.
### Portia
Portia was the lowest ranking female in the troop, and the [central character](/wiki/Central_character "Central character") in the documentary. She hoped for Lear not to lose his position to Hector, who often attacked low ranking monkeys like Portia. The program makers emphasized her fear that if Hector rose to power he would kill the babies fathered by the previous king, including her unborn baby by Lear.
{{cite web
\|url\=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/dark\-days\-monkey\-city/wallpaper/photo\-04\.html \|title\= The females live in fear that their babies will be killed by a new leader. \|publisher\=animal.discovery.com
\|access\-date\=2010\-05\-23
}}
(Hector ultimately killed no infants, and though rare macaque [infanticides](/wiki/Infanticide "Infanticide") occur,{{cite web
\|url\=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/dark\-days\-monkey\-city/behavior/
\|title\= 10\. Subordinate Monkey Antagonizes the Queen
\|access\-date\=2010\-05\-23
}}
{{cite web
\|url\=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/dark\-days\-monkey\-city/behavior/male\-monkey\-kills\-infants.html
\|title\=Male Monkey Kills the Infants? \| quote \= infanticide among macaques is quite rare because macaque parents have developed effective ways to counter it. For instance, females often mate with multiple partners so that it's unclear who the real father is
}}
some researchers say it doesn't specifically target offspring of the previous leader.
{{cite journal \|last1\= Barlett \|first1\= T.Q. \|last2\= Sussman \|first2\= R.W. \|last3\= Cheverud \|first3\= J.M. \|date\=December 1993 \|title\= Infant Killing in Primates: A Review of Observed Cases with Specific References to the Sexual Selection Hypothesis \|journal\= American Anthropologist \|volume\= 95 \|issue\= 4 \|page\= 958 \|jstor\= 683025 \|quote\= This hypothesis suggests that infant killing is a form of \[\[Sexual selection\#Viability and variations of the theory\|sexual competition]] whereby an infanticidal male gains a reproductive advantage by selectively killing the offspring of his male rivals. Despite criticisms that the evidence in support of the hypothesis is distorted by misinterpretation of data and observer bias, the sexual selection hypothesis, bolstered in part by additional reports of infanticide in a variety of species, has become entrenched \|doi\=10\.1525/aa.1993\.95\.4\.02a00090}}
)
When Portia found food, she was often displaced by Gemini, the queen of the Temple Troop and the other high ranking females. In exile Hector found a tap with dripping water, but Portia had to wait for her turn behind high ranking infants, and the tap dried up before she had a chance to use it.
Portia's fortunes improved with the arrival of Che, a wandering male who managed to join the Temple Troop after a romantic meeting with Portia.
She was the first to discover a rice field and the troop briefly had abundant food, but people soon put the troop to flight, and while crossing the road, one of the troop's infants was hit by a car. Portia held on to her own baby tightly.
When Temple Troop marched back to Monkey City Portia tried to give her son a better life by rising up the hierarchy.
{{cite web \|quote \= Female rank is socially passed on from the mother to her offspring \|url\=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/dark\-days\-monkey\-city/behavior/subordinate\-monkey\-submits\-to\-queen.html
\|title\=Subordinate Monkey Submits to Queen : Top 10 Bizarre Monkey Behavior
}}
She was constantly being bullied by Cassandra (her cousin, and a high ranked female). Portia watched as Cassandra bullied Ophelia (another low ranking female in the Temple Troop). Portia allied with Ophelia to drive Cassandra down the pecking order, and increase her own status.
### Che
Che was a wandering male who had encountered the Temple Troop many times before. He got together with Portia in the forest, and when she rejoined the troop Che joined the Temple Troop with total confidence.
While in the forest, one of Gemini's adolescent daughters was playing in the leaf litter when Che saw a [python](/wiki/Python_%28genus%29 "Python (genus)") and sounded an alarm. This ensured the troop's safety and impressed Gemini, but king Hector saw Che as a rival. Che was experienced in the bad lands and led the Temple Troop into the land of the humans. Hector was reluctant to follow, but was unwilling to leave his queen alone with Che.
Che suddenly left the Temple Troop and joined the resident city troop, who were said to be former members of his wandering band. In their second visit, the Temple Troop came into conflict with the city troop and among the fighters at the city troop's front line, was Che. As the two troops fought, Che suddenly switched again and sided with the Temple Troop, attacking the city troop. Che and Temple Troop were forced to retreat.
Just when Che was settling into the Temple Troop, his roving band of bachelor males showed up. [He knew](/wiki/Primate_cognition "Primate cognition") that the presence of the wandering males would give Hector an excuse to banish him, so, while Hector was watching, Che attacked the wandering males and drove then away. Hector was impressed—though still uneasy of Che. When the wandering males returned Che persuaded them to join the Temple Troop, swelling their army enough to fight for Fig Tree Vale.
|
[
"The macaques\n------------",
"The Smithsonian Primate Project names all 4,000 individuals in its study, but the show substituted the names of [iconic](/wiki/Cultural_icon \"Cultural icon\") characters from [Tragedy](/wiki/Tragedy \"Tragedy\"). Below are the names and main narrative [arcs](/wiki/Character_arc \"Character arc\") selected by the writers:",
"### Lear",
"Lear's kingship was threatened by [Hector](/wiki/Dark_Days_in_Monkey_City%23Hector \"Dark Days in Monkey City#Hector\"), an ambitious recent recruit. Lear watched as his rival forced his authority on the other monkeys, until confronting Hector with a stare. Hector backed down, but later gathered male allies from within the troop and confronted the king. Lear fought Hector in a tree, and was knocked to the ground; he survived but was [dethroned](/wiki/Dethroned \"Dethroned\").",
"When the Black Claws first attacked Fig Tree Vale, Lear played an active role in its defense. And, when Portia's baby was seen by a [feral dog](/wiki/Free-ranging_urban_dog \"Free-ranging urban dog\") Lear confronted it, saving his offspring. But Lear was killed by the Black Claws when they invaded in full strength.",
"### Gemini",
"Gemini and her sisterhood are the core of the troop and Gemini ruled Fig Tree Vale, her lifelong home.\n{{cite web \\|url\\=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/dark\\-days\\-monkey\\-city/behavior/monkey\\-betrays\\-his\\-tribe.html \\|title\\= Episode 7 \\- \"The Stranger\" \\| quote\\= only males transfer between troops, while females remain with the troop of their birth throughout life.}} Gemini showed advances to Hector [behind Lear's back](/wiki/Primate%23Communication \"Primate#Communication\") and when Hector became brutal and attacked an infant, Gemini expected Lear to act; when he did not she turned her attention to the [pretender](/wiki/Pretender \"Pretender\"), Hector.",
"While in exile, the Temple Troop met Che, whose foraging skills impressed her more than Hector's selfish consumption. Che led Gemini and the Temple Troop to the land of the humans and the troop found food, but while the troop was crossing a road one of infants was hit by a car. The merger with Che's band of wandering males gave Gemini the confidence to lead her Temple Troop back to Monkey City.",
"### Hector",
"Hector used brutality to establish himself as chief rival for Lear's throne, finally provoking the king by an attack on his queen, Gemini. Lear confronted Hector but allowed Hector to back down and grow in confidence. After building alliances with other males and gaining Gemini's attention Hector challenged Lear to battle.",
"Hector, triumphantly claimed the throne after dislodging Lear from the tree they had fought in. He won the advances of queen Gemini and authority over all members, including Lear.",
"After the second Black Claw incursion on Temple Troop territory [war](/wiki/War \"War\") broke out between the two tribes; Hector's troop was defeated. In exile water was scarce, but when Hector found a tap, he drank and took a bath from it, never sharing with the other members of the troop. Hector tried to lead the troop back to their home range from the bad lands, but Gemini overruled him and lead them into the [city](/wiki/City \"City\"). Hector was uneasy at the sight of people; as a wandering male he had seen his brother [captured](/wiki/Pet_monkey \"Pet monkey\"). He allowed Che's band to join his troop, despite the growing threat from Che, so that they might be strong enough to regain Fig Tree Vale.",
"### Portia",
"Portia was the lowest ranking female in the troop, and the [central character](/wiki/Central_character \"Central character\") in the documentary. She hoped for Lear not to lose his position to Hector, who often attacked low ranking monkeys like Portia. The program makers emphasized her fear that if Hector rose to power he would kill the babies fathered by the previous king, including her unborn baby by Lear.\n{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/dark\\-days\\-monkey\\-city/wallpaper/photo\\-04\\.html \\|title\\= The females live in fear that their babies will be killed by a new leader. \\|publisher\\=animal.discovery.com\n\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-23 \n}}\n (Hector ultimately killed no infants, and though rare macaque [infanticides](/wiki/Infanticide \"Infanticide\") occur,{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/dark\\-days\\-monkey\\-city/behavior/\n\\|title\\= 10\\. Subordinate Monkey Antagonizes the Queen\n\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-23 \n}}\n{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/dark\\-days\\-monkey\\-city/behavior/male\\-monkey\\-kills\\-infants.html\n\\|title\\=Male Monkey Kills the Infants? \\| quote \\= infanticide among macaques is quite rare because macaque parents have developed effective ways to counter it. For instance, females often mate with multiple partners so that it's unclear who the real father is\n}}\n some researchers say it doesn't specifically target offspring of the previous leader.\n{{cite journal \\|last1\\= Barlett \\|first1\\= T.Q. \\|last2\\= Sussman \\|first2\\= R.W. \\|last3\\= Cheverud \\|first3\\= J.M. \\|date\\=December 1993 \\|title\\= Infant Killing in Primates: A Review of Observed Cases with Specific References to the Sexual Selection Hypothesis \\|journal\\= American Anthropologist \\|volume\\= 95 \\|issue\\= 4 \\|page\\= 958 \\|jstor\\= 683025 \\|quote\\= This hypothesis suggests that infant killing is a form of \\[\\[Sexual selection\\#Viability and variations of the theory\\|sexual competition]] whereby an infanticidal male gains a reproductive advantage by selectively killing the offspring of his male rivals. Despite criticisms that the evidence in support of the hypothesis is distorted by misinterpretation of data and observer bias, the sexual selection hypothesis, bolstered in part by additional reports of infanticide in a variety of species, has become entrenched \\|doi\\=10\\.1525/aa.1993\\.95\\.4\\.02a00090}}\n)",
"When Portia found food, she was often displaced by Gemini, the queen of the Temple Troop and the other high ranking females. In exile Hector found a tap with dripping water, but Portia had to wait for her turn behind high ranking infants, and the tap dried up before she had a chance to use it.",
"Portia's fortunes improved with the arrival of Che, a wandering male who managed to join the Temple Troop after a romantic meeting with Portia.",
"She was the first to discover a rice field and the troop briefly had abundant food, but people soon put the troop to flight, and while crossing the road, one of the troop's infants was hit by a car. Portia held on to her own baby tightly.",
"When Temple Troop marched back to Monkey City Portia tried to give her son a better life by rising up the hierarchy.\n{{cite web \\|quote \\= Female rank is socially passed on from the mother to her offspring \\|url\\=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/dark\\-days\\-monkey\\-city/behavior/subordinate\\-monkey\\-submits\\-to\\-queen.html\n\\|title\\=Subordinate Monkey Submits to Queen : Top 10 Bizarre Monkey Behavior\n}}\n She was constantly being bullied by Cassandra (her cousin, and a high ranked female). Portia watched as Cassandra bullied Ophelia (another low ranking female in the Temple Troop). Portia allied with Ophelia to drive Cassandra down the pecking order, and increase her own status.",
"### Che",
"Che was a wandering male who had encountered the Temple Troop many times before. He got together with Portia in the forest, and when she rejoined the troop Che joined the Temple Troop with total confidence.",
"While in the forest, one of Gemini's adolescent daughters was playing in the leaf litter when Che saw a [python](/wiki/Python_%28genus%29 \"Python (genus)\") and sounded an alarm. This ensured the troop's safety and impressed Gemini, but king Hector saw Che as a rival. Che was experienced in the bad lands and led the Temple Troop into the land of the humans. Hector was reluctant to follow, but was unwilling to leave his queen alone with Che.",
"Che suddenly left the Temple Troop and joined the resident city troop, who were said to be former members of his wandering band. In their second visit, the Temple Troop came into conflict with the city troop and among the fighters at the city troop's front line, was Che. As the two troops fought, Che suddenly switched again and sided with the Temple Troop, attacking the city troop. Che and Temple Troop were forced to retreat.",
"Just when Che was settling into the Temple Troop, his roving band of bachelor males showed up. [He knew](/wiki/Primate_cognition \"Primate cognition\") that the presence of the wandering males would give Hector an excuse to banish him, so, while Hector was watching, Che attacked the wandering males and drove then away. Hector was impressed—though still uneasy of Che. When the wandering males returned Che persuaded them to join the Temple Troop, swelling their army enough to fight for Fig Tree Vale.",
""
] |
Nominations
-----------
### Democratic Party nomination
{{Main\|1892 Democratic National Convention}}
| [65px\|center\|link\=Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic Party (United States)](/wiki/File:Democratic_Disc.svg "Democratic Disc.svg")**1892 Democratic Party ticket** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [{{color\|white\|Grover Cleveland}}](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland") | [{{color\|white\|Adlai Stevenson}}](/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I "Adlai Stevenson I") |
| ***for President*** | ***for Vice President*** |
| [center\|200x200px](/wiki/File:StephenGroverCleveland.jpg "StephenGroverCleveland.jpg") | [center\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Adlai_Stevenson_I_by_Saroney_c1892-crop.jpg "Adlai Stevenson I by Saroney c1892-crop.jpg") |
| [22nd](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of presidents of the United States")[President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States")(1885–1889\) | First Assistant [United States Postmaster General](/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General "United States Postmaster General")(1885–1889\) |
| [**Campaign**](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1892_presidential_campaign "Grover Cleveland 1892 presidential campaign") | |
| [400px](/wiki/File:1892DemocraticPoster.png "1892DemocraticPoster.png") | |
|
By the beginning of 1892, many Americans were ready to return to Cleveland's policies. Although he was the clear front\-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination, he was far from the universal choice of the party's supporters; many, such as the journalists [Henry Watterson](/wiki/Henry_Watterson "Henry Watterson") and [Charles Anderson Dana](/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana "Charles Anderson Dana"), thought that if nominated, he would lose in November, but few could challenge him effectively. Though he had remained relatively quiet on the issue of silver versus gold, often deferring to bimetalism, Senate Democrats in January 1891 voted for free coinage of silver. Furious, he sent a letter to Ellery Anderson, who headed the New York Reform Club, to condemn the party's apparent drift towards inflation and agrarian control, the "dangerous and reckless experiment of free, unlimited coinage of silver at our mints." Advisors warned that such statements might alienate potential supporters in the South and West and risk his chances for the nomination, but Cleveland felt that being right on the issue was more important than the nomination. After making his position clear, he worked to focus his campaign on tariff reform, hoping that the silver issue would dissipate.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pg 1710–1711
A challenger emerged in the form of [David B. Hill](/wiki/David_B._Hill "David B. Hill"), former governor of and incumbent senator from New York. In favor of bimetalism and tariff reform, Hill hoped to make inroads with Cleveland's supporters while appealing to those in the South and Midwest who were not keen on nominating Cleveland for a third consecutive time. Hill had unofficially begun to run for president as early as 1890, and even offered former Postmaster General [Donald M. Dickinson](/wiki/Donald_M._Dickinson "Donald M. Dickinson") his support for the vice\-presidential nomination. But he was not able to escape his past association with [Tammany Hall](/wiki/Tammany_Hall "Tammany Hall"), and lack of confidence in his ability to defeat Cleveland for the nomination kept Hill from attaining the support he needed. By the time of the convention, Cleveland could count on the support of a majority of the state Democratic parties, though his native New York remained pledged to Hill.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pg 1711–1714
In a narrow first\-ballot victory, Cleveland received 617\.33 votes, barely 10 more than needed, to 114 for Hill, 103 for Governor [Horace Boies](/wiki/Horace_Boies "Horace Boies") of Iowa, a populist and former Republican, and the rest scattered. Although the Cleveland forces preferred [Isaac P. Gray](/wiki/Isaac_P._Gray "Isaac P. Gray") of Indiana for vice president, Cleveland directed his own support to the convention favorite, [Adlai E. Stevenson I](/wiki/Adlai_E._Stevenson_I "Adlai E. Stevenson I") of Illinois.William DeGregorio, *The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents*, Gramercy 1997 As a supporter of using paper [greenbacks](/wiki/United_States_Note "United States Note") and [free silver](/wiki/Free_silver "Free silver") to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in rural districts, Stevenson balanced the ticket, as Cleveland supported [hard money](/wiki/Hard_money_%28policy%29 "Hard money (policy)") and the [gold standard](/wiki/Gold_standard "Gold standard"). At the same time, it was hoped that his nomination represented a promise not to ignore regulars, and so potentially get Hill and Tammany Hall to support the Democratic ticket to their fullest in the election.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP\_Adlai\_Stevenson.htm \|title\=VP Adlai Stevenson \|website\=Senate.gov \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}}History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, p. 1719–1720
### Republican Party nomination
{{Main\|1892 Republican National Convention}}
| [65px\|center\|link\=Republican Party (United States)\|Republican Party (United States)](/wiki/File:Republican_Disc.svg "Republican Disc.svg")**1892 Republican Party ticket** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [{{color\|white\|Benjamin Harrison}}](/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison "Benjamin Harrison") | [{{color\|white\|Whitelaw Reid}}](/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid "Whitelaw Reid") |
| ***for President*** | ***for Vice President*** |
| [center\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg "Benjamin Harrison, head and shoulders bw photo, 1896.jpg") | [center\|200x200px](/wiki/File:WhitelawReidbyRockwoodCropped.jpg "WhitelawReidbyRockwoodCropped.jpg") |
| [23rd](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of presidents of the United States")[President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States")(1889–1893\) | [28th](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France%23List_of_United_States_Chiefs_of_Mission_in_Paris "United States Ambassador to France#List of United States Chiefs of Mission in Paris")[U.S. Ambassador to France](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France "United States Ambassador to France")(1889–1892\) |
| [400px](/wiki/File:1892RepublicanPoster.png "1892RepublicanPoster.png") | |
|
Harrison's administration was widely viewed as unsuccessful, and as a result, [Thomas C. Platt](/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt "Thomas C. Platt") (a [political boss](/wiki/Political_boss "Political boss") in New York) and other disaffected party leaders mounted a dump\-Harrison movement coalescing around veteran candidate [James G. Blaine](/wiki/James_G._Blaine "James G. Blaine") from Maine, a favorite of Republican party regulars. Blaine had been the Republican nominee in 1884, losing to Cleveland.
Privately, Harrison did not want to be renominated for the presidency, but he remained opposed to the nomination of Blaine, who he was convinced intended to run, and thought himself the only candidate capable of preventing that. But Blaine did not want another fight for the nomination and rematch against Cleveland in the general election. His health had begun to fail, and three of his children had recently died ([Walker](/wiki/Walker_Blaine "Walker Blaine") and Alice in 1890, and Emmons in 1892\). Blaine refused to run actively, but the cryptic nature of his responses to a draft effort fueled speculation that he was not averse to such a movement. For his part, Harrison curtly demanded that he either renounce his supporters or resign as secretary of state, with Blaine doing the latter a scant three days before the National Convention. A boom began to build around the "draft Blaine" effort, with supporters hoping to cause a break toward their candidate.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1706–1708
Senator [John Sherman](/wiki/John_Sherman "John Sherman") of Ohio, who had been the leading candidate for the nomination at the 1888 Republican Convention before Harrison won it, was also brought up as a possible challenger. But like Blaine, he was averse to another bitter battle for the nomination and "like the rebels down South, \[I] want to be let alone." This inevitably turned attention to Ohio Governor [William McKinley](/wiki/William_McKinley "William McKinley"), who was indecisive about his intentions despite his ill feeling toward Harrison and popularity among the Republican base. Although not averse to receiving the nomination, he did not expect to win it either. But should Blaine and Harrison fail to win the nomination after a number of ballots, he felt he could be brought forth as a harmony candidate. Despite the urging of Republican power broker [Mark Hanna](/wiki/Mark_Hanna "Mark Hanna"), McKinley did not put himself forward as a candidate, afraid of offending Harrison's and Blaine's supporters, while also feeling that the coming election would not favor the Republicans.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1706–1707
In any case, Harrison's forces had the nomination locked up by the time delegates met in [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis "Minneapolis"), Minnesota, on June 7–10, 1892\. Richard Thomas of Indiana delivered Harrison's nominating speech. Harrison was nominated on the first ballot with 535\.17 votes to 182 for McKinley, 181\.83 for Blaine, and the rest scattered. McKinley protested when the Ohio delegation threw its entire vote in his name, despite not being formally nominated, but [Joseph B. Foraker](/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker "Joseph B. Foraker"), who headed the delegation, managed to silence him on a point of order.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1716 With the ballots counted, many observers were surprised at the strength of the McKinley vote, which almost overtook Blaine's. [Whitelaw Reid](/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid "Whitelaw Reid") of New York, editor of the *[New York Tribune](/wiki/New_York_Tribune "New York Tribune")* and recent [United States Ambassador to France](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France "United States Ambassador to France"), was nominated for vice president. The incumbent vice president, [Levi P. Morton](/wiki/Levi_P._Morton "Levi P. Morton"), was supported by many at the convention, including Reid himself, but Morton did not wish to serve another term, as he was more interested in positioning himself to run for [governor of New York](/wiki/Governor_of_New_York "Governor of New York") in 1894\. Harrison did not want Morton on the ticket either.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2024}}
### People's Party nomination
| [85x85px](/wiki/File:People%27s_Party_logo.svg "People's Party logo.svg") **1892 People's Party ticket** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [{{color\|white\|James B. Weaver}}](/wiki/James_B._Weaver "James B. Weaver") | [{{color\|white\|James G. Field}}](/wiki/James_G._Field "James G. Field") |
| ***for President*** | ***for Vice President*** |
| [center\|200x200px](/wiki/File:James_B._Weaver_1892.jpg "James B. Weaver 1892.jpg") | [center\|200x200px](/wiki/File:James_G._Field.jpg "James G. Field.jpg") |
| [U.S. Representative](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives")for [Iowa's 6th](/wiki/Iowa%27s_6th_congressional_district "Iowa's 6th congressional district")(1879–1881 \& 1885–1889\) | [13th](/wiki/List_of_Attorneys_General_of_Virginia "List of Attorneys General of Virginia")[Attorney General of Virginia](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia "Attorney General of Virginia")(1877–1882\) |
|
Populist candidates:
* [James B. Weaver](/wiki/James_B._Weaver "James B. Weaver"), former U.S. representative from [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa "Iowa")
* [James H. Kyle](/wiki/James_H._Kyle "James H. Kyle"), U.S. senator from [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota "South Dakota")
* [Leonidas L. Polk](/wiki/Leonidas_L._Polk "Leonidas L. Polk"), former representative from [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") *(died)*
* [Walter Q. Gresham](/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham "Walter Q. Gresham"), Appellate judge from [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana")
[thumb\|right\|300px\|Weaver/Field campaign poster](/wiki/File:1892PopulistPoster.png "1892PopulistPoster.png")
On May 19, 1891, the National Union Conference was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, to discuss the formation of a new political party. The conference held another meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, on February 22, 1892\. [Mary Elizabeth Lease](/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Lease "Mary Elizabeth Lease"), [William A. Peffer](/wiki/William_A._Peffer "William A. Peffer"), [Jerry Simpson](/wiki/Jerry_Simpson "Jerry Simpson"), and [James B. Weaver](/wiki/James_B._Weaver "James B. Weaver") toured the south in support of the agrarian third party. The Supreme Council of the [Farmers' Alliance](/wiki/Farmers%27_Alliance "Farmers' Alliance") met in November and said it would support whatever the St. Louis convention did. 860 delegates, 246 from the Farmers' Alliance and 82 from the [Knights of Labor](/wiki/Knights_of_Labor "Knights of Labor"), attended the convention. It adopted a declaration of union and independence, but did not form a new party due to opposition from [Leonidas F. Livingston](/wiki/Leonidas_F._Livingston "Leonidas F. Livingston") and southern southerners.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=96\-98}}
Another convention was held in Omaha, Nebraska, on July 4, with 1,366 in attendance despite initially planning for 1,776\.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=99\-101}} [Alva Adams](/wiki/Alva_Adams_%28governor%29 "Alva Adams (governor)"), [Edward Bellamy](/wiki/Edward_Bellamy "Edward Bellamy"), Robert Beverly, [Marion Cannon](/wiki/Marion_Cannon "Marion Cannon"), [Ignatius L. Donnelly](/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly "Ignatius L. Donnelly"), [James G. Field](/wiki/James_G._Field "James G. Field"), [Walter Q. Gresham](/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham "Walter Q. Gresham"), [James H. Kyle](/wiki/James_H._Kyle "James H. Kyle"), C. W. Macune, Mann Page, [Leonidas L. Polk](/wiki/Leonidas_L._Polk "Leonidas L. Polk"), [Terence V. Powderly](/wiki/Terence_V._Powderly "Terence V. Powderly"), [Leland Stanford](/wiki/Leland_Stanford "Leland Stanford"), [William M. Stewart](/wiki/William_M._Stewart "William M. Stewart"), [Alson Streeter](/wiki/Alson_Streeter "Alson Streeter"), Ben Terrell, [Thomas E. Watson](/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson "Thomas E. Watson"), Weaver, and [Charles Van Wyck](/wiki/Charles_Van_Wyck "Charles Van Wyck") were speculated as possible presidential candidates.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=106}}
Polk was the initial front\-runner for the presidential nomination. He had been instrumental in the party's formation and greatly appealed to its agrarian base, but unexpectedly died in Washington, D.C., on June 11\. Gresham, an appellate judge, had made a number of rulings against the railroads that made him a favorite of some farmer and labor groups, and it was felt that his rather dignified image would make the Populists appear as more than minor contenders. He had been considered for the Republican presidential nomination in 1884 and 1888\. Both Democrats and Republicans feared his nomination for this reason, and while Gresham toyed with the idea, he ultimately was not ready to make a complete break with the two parties, declining petitions for his nomination up to and during the Populist Convention. Gresham later endorsed Grover Cleveland for president.History of American Presidential Elections Volume II 1848–1896; Schlesinger; Pgs 1721–1722{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=106}}
Weaver, the [Greenback Party](/wiki/Greenback_Party "Greenback Party")'s 1880 presidential nominee,{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=107}} was nominated for president on the first ballot, now lacking any serious opposition. While his nomination brought with it significant campaigning experience from over several decades, he also had a longer track record that Republicans and Democrats could criticize, and alienated many potential supporters in the South, having participated in [Sherman's March to the Sea](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea "Sherman's March to the Sea"). [James G. Field](/wiki/James_G._Field "James G. Field") of Virginia was nominated for vice president in an attempt to rectify this problem while also attaining the regional balance often seen in Republican and Democratic tickets.History of American Presidential Elections Volume II 1848–1896; Schlesinger; Pgs 1722–1723
| **Presidential Ballot**{{Cite news \|date\=July 5, 1892 \|title\=Weaver. The Man from Iowa Nominated on the First Ballot. \|pages\=1 \|work\=The Colorado Daily Chieftain \|url\=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/ \|access\-date\=December 28, 2022}}{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=108}} | | **Vice Presidential Ballot**{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=109}} | |
| Ballot | 1st | Ballot | 1st |
| [James B. Weaver](/wiki/James_B._Weaver "James B. Weaver") | 995 | [James G. Field](/wiki/James_G._Field "James G. Field") | 733 |
| [James H. Kyle](/wiki/James_H._Kyle "James H. Kyle") | 265 | Ben Stockton Terrell | 554 |
| Seymour F. Norton | 1 |
| [Mann Page](/wiki/Mann_Page "Mann Page") | 1 |
| [Leland Stanford](/wiki/Leland_Stanford "Leland Stanford") | 1 |
{{hidden
\| style \= border:1px dashed red; width: 65%;
\| headerstyle \= background: \#ccccff; font\-size: 130%;
\| contentstyle \= text\-align: center; color:black; font\-size: 80%;
\| header \= Populist Convention Balloting by State Delegation
\| content \=
File:1892PopulistPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png\|'''1st Presidential Ballot'''
File:1892PopulistVicePresidentialNomination1stBallot.png\|'''1st Vice Presidential Ballot'''
}}
The Populist platform called for nationalization of the telegraph, telephone, and railroads, free coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and creation of postal savings banks.
### Prohibition Party nomination
| **1892 Prohibition Party ticket** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [{{color\|white\|John Bidwell}}](/wiki/John_Bidwell "John Bidwell") | [{{color\|white\|James B. Cranfill}}](/wiki/James_B._Cranfill "James B. Cranfill") |
| ***for President*** | ***for Vice President*** |
| [center\|200x200px](/wiki/File:John_Bidwell_circa_1890_3x4.jpg "John Bidwell circa 1890 3x4.jpg") | [center\|200x200px](/wiki/File:James_B._Cranfill_3x4.jpg "James B. Cranfill 3x4.jpg") |
| [U.S. Representative](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives")for [California's 3rd](/wiki/California%27s_3rd_congressional_district "California's 3rd congressional district")(1865–1867\) | Pastorfrom [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") |
Prohibition candidates:
* [John Bidwell](/wiki/John_Bidwell "John Bidwell"), former U.S. representative from [California](/wiki/California "California")
* [Gideon T. Stewart](/wiki/Gideon_T._Stewart "Gideon T. Stewart"), Prohibition Party Chairman from [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio")
* [William Jennings Demorest](/wiki/William_Jennings_Demorest "William Jennings Demorest"), magazine publisher from [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)")
#### Candidates gallery
File:John Bidwell circa 1890 3x4\.jpg\|{{center\|'''\[\[John Bidwell]]'''\<br /\>from \[\[California]]}}
File:Gideon T. Stewart.png\|{{center\|Prohibition Party Chairman\<br /\>'''\[\[Gideon T. Stewart]]'''\<br /\>from \[\[Ohio]]}}
File:WJenningsDemorest.jpg\|{{center\|Magazine Publisher\<br /\>'''\[\[William Jennings Demorest]]'''\<br /\>from \[\[New York (state)\|New York]]}}
[thumb\|300px\|right\|National Prohibition Convention, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1892\.](/wiki/File:National_Prohibition_Convention_1892.jpg "National Prohibition Convention 1892.jpg")
The sixth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in [Music Hall](/wiki/Music_Hall_%28Cincinnati%29 "Music Hall (Cincinnati)") in [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati"), Ohio from June 29 to 30, 1892\. There were 972 delegates present from all states except Louisiana and South Carolina.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=110\-111}}
Two major stories about the convention loomed before it assembled. In the first place, some members of the national committee sought to merge the Prohibition and Populist parties. While there appeared a likelihood that the merger would materialize, it was clear that it was not going to happen by the time that the convention convened. Secondly, the southern states sent a number of black delegates. Cincinnati hotels refused to serve meals to blacks and whites at the same time, and several hotels refused service to the black delegates altogether.
[John Bidwell](/wiki/John_Bidwell "John Bidwell"), [Gideon T. Stewart](/wiki/Gideon_T._Stewart "Gideon T. Stewart"), and [William Jennings Demorest](/wiki/William_Jennings_Demorest "William Jennings Demorest") sought the party's presidential nomination and a poll of delegates by the *[New York Herald](/wiki/New_York_Herald "New York Herald")* showed Bidwell with the most support. [John St. John](/wiki/John_St._John_%28American_politician%29 "John St. John (American politician)"), the party's 1884 nominee, nominated Bidwell.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=113\-114}} Bidwell won the nomination on the first ballot. Prior to the convention, the race was thought to be close between Bidwell and Demorest, but the New York delegation became irritated with Demorest and voted for Bidwell 73–7\. [James B. Cranfill](/wiki/James_B._Cranfill "James B. Cranfill") from Texas was nominated for vice\-president on the first ballot with 417 votes to 351 for [Joshua Levering](/wiki/Joshua_Levering "Joshua Levering") from Maryland and 45 for others.{{Cite book \|last\=Hinshaw \|first\=Seth \|title\=Ohio Elects the President: Our State's Role in Presidential Elections 1804\-1996 \|publisher\=Book Masters \|year\=2000 \|location\=Mansfield \|pages\=62}}
| **Presidential Ballot**{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=114}} | |
| Ballot | 1st |
| [John Bidwell](/wiki/John_Bidwell "John Bidwell") | 590 |
| [Gideon T. Stewart](/wiki/Gideon_T._Stewart "Gideon T. Stewart") | 179 |
| [William Jennings Demorest](/wiki/William_Jennings_Demorest "William Jennings Demorest") | 139 |
| H. Clay Bascom | 3 |
### Socialist Labor Party nomination
The [Socialist Labor](/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America "Socialist Labor Party of America") national convention was held in New York City on August 28, 1892\.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=118}} Despite running on a platform that called for the abolition of the positions of president and vice\-president, decided to nominate candidates for those positions. [Simon Wing](/wiki/Simon_Wing "Simon Wing") and [Charles Matchett](/wiki/Charles_Matchett "Charles Matchett") were selected as the party's presidential and vice presidential nominees.{{Cite news \|date\=August 29, 1892 \|title\=Named Wing For President \|pages\=2 \|work\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]] \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/349834774/?terms\=Simon%20Wing%20Charles%20Matchett\&match\=1 \|access\-date\=May 13, 2022 \|quote\=It was unanimously resolved to nominate a Presidential ticket and the following candidates were put up: President, Simon Wing of Boston; Vice\-President, Charles H. Matchett of Brooklyn.}} They were on the ballot in five states: Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.{{Cite book \|title\=Guide to U.S. Elections \|publisher\=\[\[CQ Press]] \|year\=2010 \|isbn\=978\-1\-60426\-536\-1 \|editor\-last\=Kalb \|editor\-first\=Deborah \|location\=Washington, DC \|pages\=804}}
### Woman suffrage
Wyoming had become a state in 1890 and had included woman suffrage in its state constitution. Thus, Wyoming women were able to vote in the 1892 presidential election, the first time that any American women were able to do so.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=227\-228}} Wyoming's African American women became the first Black women in the nation to vote in a presidential election in 1892\.{{Cite web \|last\=Taylor \|first\=Suzi \|title\=Subject Guides \& Tutorials: Women's Suffrage in Wyoming: Voting \|url\=https://gowyld.libguides.com/wyomingwomenssuffrage/voting \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-22 \|website\=gowyld.libguides.com \|language\=en}}
A "national nominating convention of woman suffragists" met on September 21, 1892, and nominated notorious suffrage and former free\-love advocate [Victoria Woodhull](/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull "Victoria Woodhull") for president and [Marietta Stow](/wiki/Marietta_Stow "Marietta Stow") for vice president.*Daily Public Ledger.* (Maysville, Ky.), [23 Sept. 1892](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069117/1892-09-23/ed-1/seq-3/). *Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers*. Lib. of Congress. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069117/1892\-09\-23/ed\-1/seq\-3/](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069117/1892-09-23/ed-1/seq-3/) Both had been nominated for these positions before, Woodhull in 1872{{Cite web \|title\=The First Woman To Run For President: Victoria Woodhull (U.S. National Park Service) \|url\=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the\-first\-woman\-to\-run\-for\-president\-victoria\-woodhull.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-23 \|website\=www.nps.gov \|language\=en}} and Stow in 1884\. Both had been nominated by the National Equal Rights Party, which did not nominate a ballot in 1892; instead, the woman suffrage nominating convention, headed by Anna M. Parker and consisting of 50 delegates from 29 states, stepped in.
Women in most states were not yet allowed to vote in 1892, but the convention's platform urged "election officers throughout the country to allow them to cast a ballot this fall."*The Morning Call.* (San Francisco \[Calif.]), [23 Sept. 1892](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94052989/1892-09-23/ed-1/seq-1/). *Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers*. Lib. of Congress. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94052989/1892\-09\-23/ed\-1/seq\-1/](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94052989/1892-09-23/ed-1/seq-1/) They were not successful in this, and it was almost 30 more years until the Nineteenth Amendment prohibited discrimination in voting on the basis of sex.
|
[
"Nominations\n-----------",
"### Democratic Party nomination",
"{{Main\\|1892 Democratic National Convention}}",
"",
"| [65px\\|center\\|link\\=Democratic Party (United States)\\|Democratic Party (United States)](/wiki/File:Democratic_Disc.svg \"Democratic Disc.svg\")**1892 Democratic Party ticket** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [{{color\\|white\\|Grover Cleveland}}](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland \"Grover Cleveland\") | [{{color\\|white\\|Adlai Stevenson}}](/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I \"Adlai Stevenson I\") |\n| ***for President*** | ***for Vice President*** |\n| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:StephenGroverCleveland.jpg \"StephenGroverCleveland.jpg\") | [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Adlai_Stevenson_I_by_Saroney_c1892-crop.jpg \"Adlai Stevenson I by Saroney c1892-crop.jpg\") |\n| [22nd](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States \"List of presidents of the United States\")[President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\")(1885–1889\\) | First Assistant [United States Postmaster General](/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General \"United States Postmaster General\")(1885–1889\\) |\n| [**Campaign**](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1892_presidential_campaign \"Grover Cleveland 1892 presidential campaign\") | |\n| [400px](/wiki/File:1892DemocraticPoster.png \"1892DemocraticPoster.png\") | |\n|",
"By the beginning of 1892, many Americans were ready to return to Cleveland's policies. Although he was the clear front\\-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination, he was far from the universal choice of the party's supporters; many, such as the journalists [Henry Watterson](/wiki/Henry_Watterson \"Henry Watterson\") and [Charles Anderson Dana](/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana \"Charles Anderson Dana\"), thought that if nominated, he would lose in November, but few could challenge him effectively. Though he had remained relatively quiet on the issue of silver versus gold, often deferring to bimetalism, Senate Democrats in January 1891 voted for free coinage of silver. Furious, he sent a letter to Ellery Anderson, who headed the New York Reform Club, to condemn the party's apparent drift towards inflation and agrarian control, the \"dangerous and reckless experiment of free, unlimited coinage of silver at our mints.\" Advisors warned that such statements might alienate potential supporters in the South and West and risk his chances for the nomination, but Cleveland felt that being right on the issue was more important than the nomination. After making his position clear, he worked to focus his campaign on tariff reform, hoping that the silver issue would dissipate.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pg 1710–1711",
"A challenger emerged in the form of [David B. Hill](/wiki/David_B._Hill \"David B. Hill\"), former governor of and incumbent senator from New York. In favor of bimetalism and tariff reform, Hill hoped to make inroads with Cleveland's supporters while appealing to those in the South and Midwest who were not keen on nominating Cleveland for a third consecutive time. Hill had unofficially begun to run for president as early as 1890, and even offered former Postmaster General [Donald M. Dickinson](/wiki/Donald_M._Dickinson \"Donald M. Dickinson\") his support for the vice\\-presidential nomination. But he was not able to escape his past association with [Tammany Hall](/wiki/Tammany_Hall \"Tammany Hall\"), and lack of confidence in his ability to defeat Cleveland for the nomination kept Hill from attaining the support he needed. By the time of the convention, Cleveland could count on the support of a majority of the state Democratic parties, though his native New York remained pledged to Hill.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pg 1711–1714",
"In a narrow first\\-ballot victory, Cleveland received 617\\.33 votes, barely 10 more than needed, to 114 for Hill, 103 for Governor [Horace Boies](/wiki/Horace_Boies \"Horace Boies\") of Iowa, a populist and former Republican, and the rest scattered. Although the Cleveland forces preferred [Isaac P. Gray](/wiki/Isaac_P._Gray \"Isaac P. Gray\") of Indiana for vice president, Cleveland directed his own support to the convention favorite, [Adlai E. Stevenson I](/wiki/Adlai_E._Stevenson_I \"Adlai E. Stevenson I\") of Illinois.William DeGregorio, *The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents*, Gramercy 1997 As a supporter of using paper [greenbacks](/wiki/United_States_Note \"United States Note\") and [free silver](/wiki/Free_silver \"Free silver\") to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in rural districts, Stevenson balanced the ticket, as Cleveland supported [hard money](/wiki/Hard_money_%28policy%29 \"Hard money (policy)\") and the [gold standard](/wiki/Gold_standard \"Gold standard\"). At the same time, it was hoped that his nomination represented a promise not to ignore regulars, and so potentially get Hill and Tammany Hall to support the Democratic ticket to their fullest in the election.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP\\_Adlai\\_Stevenson.htm \\|title\\=VP Adlai Stevenson \\|website\\=Senate.gov \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}}History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, p. 1719–1720",
"### Republican Party nomination",
"{{Main\\|1892 Republican National Convention}}",
"",
"| [65px\\|center\\|link\\=Republican Party (United States)\\|Republican Party (United States)](/wiki/File:Republican_Disc.svg \"Republican Disc.svg\")**1892 Republican Party ticket** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [{{color\\|white\\|Benjamin Harrison}}](/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison \"Benjamin Harrison\") | [{{color\\|white\\|Whitelaw Reid}}](/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid \"Whitelaw Reid\") |\n| ***for President*** | ***for Vice President*** |\n| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg \"Benjamin Harrison, head and shoulders bw photo, 1896.jpg\") | [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:WhitelawReidbyRockwoodCropped.jpg \"WhitelawReidbyRockwoodCropped.jpg\") |\n| [23rd](/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States \"List of presidents of the United States\")[President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\")(1889–1893\\) | [28th](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France%23List_of_United_States_Chiefs_of_Mission_in_Paris \"United States Ambassador to France#List of United States Chiefs of Mission in Paris\")[U.S. Ambassador to France](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France \"United States Ambassador to France\")(1889–1892\\) |\n| [400px](/wiki/File:1892RepublicanPoster.png \"1892RepublicanPoster.png\") | |\n|",
"Harrison's administration was widely viewed as unsuccessful, and as a result, [Thomas C. Platt](/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt \"Thomas C. Platt\") (a [political boss](/wiki/Political_boss \"Political boss\") in New York) and other disaffected party leaders mounted a dump\\-Harrison movement coalescing around veteran candidate [James G. Blaine](/wiki/James_G._Blaine \"James G. Blaine\") from Maine, a favorite of Republican party regulars. Blaine had been the Republican nominee in 1884, losing to Cleveland.",
"Privately, Harrison did not want to be renominated for the presidency, but he remained opposed to the nomination of Blaine, who he was convinced intended to run, and thought himself the only candidate capable of preventing that. But Blaine did not want another fight for the nomination and rematch against Cleveland in the general election. His health had begun to fail, and three of his children had recently died ([Walker](/wiki/Walker_Blaine \"Walker Blaine\") and Alice in 1890, and Emmons in 1892\\). Blaine refused to run actively, but the cryptic nature of his responses to a draft effort fueled speculation that he was not averse to such a movement. For his part, Harrison curtly demanded that he either renounce his supporters or resign as secretary of state, with Blaine doing the latter a scant three days before the National Convention. A boom began to build around the \"draft Blaine\" effort, with supporters hoping to cause a break toward their candidate.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1706–1708",
"Senator [John Sherman](/wiki/John_Sherman \"John Sherman\") of Ohio, who had been the leading candidate for the nomination at the 1888 Republican Convention before Harrison won it, was also brought up as a possible challenger. But like Blaine, he was averse to another bitter battle for the nomination and \"like the rebels down South, \\[I] want to be let alone.\" This inevitably turned attention to Ohio Governor [William McKinley](/wiki/William_McKinley \"William McKinley\"), who was indecisive about his intentions despite his ill feeling toward Harrison and popularity among the Republican base. Although not averse to receiving the nomination, he did not expect to win it either. But should Blaine and Harrison fail to win the nomination after a number of ballots, he felt he could be brought forth as a harmony candidate. Despite the urging of Republican power broker [Mark Hanna](/wiki/Mark_Hanna \"Mark Hanna\"), McKinley did not put himself forward as a candidate, afraid of offending Harrison's and Blaine's supporters, while also feeling that the coming election would not favor the Republicans.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1706–1707",
"In any case, Harrison's forces had the nomination locked up by the time delegates met in [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\"), Minnesota, on June 7–10, 1892\\. Richard Thomas of Indiana delivered Harrison's nominating speech. Harrison was nominated on the first ballot with 535\\.17 votes to 182 for McKinley, 181\\.83 for Blaine, and the rest scattered. McKinley protested when the Ohio delegation threw its entire vote in his name, despite not being formally nominated, but [Joseph B. Foraker](/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker \"Joseph B. Foraker\"), who headed the delegation, managed to silence him on a point of order.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1716 With the ballots counted, many observers were surprised at the strength of the McKinley vote, which almost overtook Blaine's. [Whitelaw Reid](/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid \"Whitelaw Reid\") of New York, editor of the *[New York Tribune](/wiki/New_York_Tribune \"New York Tribune\")* and recent [United States Ambassador to France](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France \"United States Ambassador to France\"), was nominated for vice president. The incumbent vice president, [Levi P. Morton](/wiki/Levi_P._Morton \"Levi P. Morton\"), was supported by many at the convention, including Reid himself, but Morton did not wish to serve another term, as he was more interested in positioning himself to run for [governor of New York](/wiki/Governor_of_New_York \"Governor of New York\") in 1894\\. Harrison did not want Morton on the ticket either.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"### People's Party nomination",
"",
"| [85x85px](/wiki/File:People%27s_Party_logo.svg \"People's Party logo.svg\") **1892 People's Party ticket** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [{{color\\|white\\|James B. Weaver}}](/wiki/James_B._Weaver \"James B. Weaver\") | [{{color\\|white\\|James G. Field}}](/wiki/James_G._Field \"James G. Field\") |\n| ***for President*** | ***for Vice President*** |\n| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:James_B._Weaver_1892.jpg \"James B. Weaver 1892.jpg\") | [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:James_G._Field.jpg \"James G. Field.jpg\") |\n| [U.S. Representative](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\")for [Iowa's 6th](/wiki/Iowa%27s_6th_congressional_district \"Iowa's 6th congressional district\")(1879–1881 \\& 1885–1889\\) | [13th](/wiki/List_of_Attorneys_General_of_Virginia \"List of Attorneys General of Virginia\")[Attorney General of Virginia](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia \"Attorney General of Virginia\")(1877–1882\\) |\n|",
"Populist candidates:\n* [James B. Weaver](/wiki/James_B._Weaver \"James B. Weaver\"), former U.S. representative from [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\")\n* [James H. Kyle](/wiki/James_H._Kyle \"James H. Kyle\"), U.S. senator from [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota \"South Dakota\")\n* [Leonidas L. Polk](/wiki/Leonidas_L._Polk \"Leonidas L. Polk\"), former representative from [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\") *(died)*\n* [Walter Q. Gresham](/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham \"Walter Q. Gresham\"), Appellate judge from [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\")",
"[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Weaver/Field campaign poster](/wiki/File:1892PopulistPoster.png \"1892PopulistPoster.png\")\nOn May 19, 1891, the National Union Conference was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, to discuss the formation of a new political party. The conference held another meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, on February 22, 1892\\. [Mary Elizabeth Lease](/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Lease \"Mary Elizabeth Lease\"), [William A. Peffer](/wiki/William_A._Peffer \"William A. Peffer\"), [Jerry Simpson](/wiki/Jerry_Simpson \"Jerry Simpson\"), and [James B. Weaver](/wiki/James_B._Weaver \"James B. Weaver\") toured the south in support of the agrarian third party. The Supreme Council of the [Farmers' Alliance](/wiki/Farmers%27_Alliance \"Farmers' Alliance\") met in November and said it would support whatever the St. Louis convention did. 860 delegates, 246 from the Farmers' Alliance and 82 from the [Knights of Labor](/wiki/Knights_of_Labor \"Knights of Labor\"), attended the convention. It adopted a declaration of union and independence, but did not form a new party due to opposition from [Leonidas F. Livingston](/wiki/Leonidas_F._Livingston \"Leonidas F. Livingston\") and southern southerners.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=96\\-98}}",
"Another convention was held in Omaha, Nebraska, on July 4, with 1,366 in attendance despite initially planning for 1,776\\.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=99\\-101}} [Alva Adams](/wiki/Alva_Adams_%28governor%29 \"Alva Adams (governor)\"), [Edward Bellamy](/wiki/Edward_Bellamy \"Edward Bellamy\"), Robert Beverly, [Marion Cannon](/wiki/Marion_Cannon \"Marion Cannon\"), [Ignatius L. Donnelly](/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly \"Ignatius L. Donnelly\"), [James G. Field](/wiki/James_G._Field \"James G. Field\"), [Walter Q. Gresham](/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham \"Walter Q. Gresham\"), [James H. Kyle](/wiki/James_H._Kyle \"James H. Kyle\"), C. W. Macune, Mann Page, [Leonidas L. Polk](/wiki/Leonidas_L._Polk \"Leonidas L. Polk\"), [Terence V. Powderly](/wiki/Terence_V._Powderly \"Terence V. Powderly\"), [Leland Stanford](/wiki/Leland_Stanford \"Leland Stanford\"), [William M. Stewart](/wiki/William_M._Stewart \"William M. Stewart\"), [Alson Streeter](/wiki/Alson_Streeter \"Alson Streeter\"), Ben Terrell, [Thomas E. Watson](/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson \"Thomas E. Watson\"), Weaver, and [Charles Van Wyck](/wiki/Charles_Van_Wyck \"Charles Van Wyck\") were speculated as possible presidential candidates.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=106}}",
"Polk was the initial front\\-runner for the presidential nomination. He had been instrumental in the party's formation and greatly appealed to its agrarian base, but unexpectedly died in Washington, D.C., on June 11\\. Gresham, an appellate judge, had made a number of rulings against the railroads that made him a favorite of some farmer and labor groups, and it was felt that his rather dignified image would make the Populists appear as more than minor contenders. He had been considered for the Republican presidential nomination in 1884 and 1888\\. Both Democrats and Republicans feared his nomination for this reason, and while Gresham toyed with the idea, he ultimately was not ready to make a complete break with the two parties, declining petitions for his nomination up to and during the Populist Convention. Gresham later endorsed Grover Cleveland for president.History of American Presidential Elections Volume II 1848–1896; Schlesinger; Pgs 1721–1722{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=106}}",
"Weaver, the [Greenback Party](/wiki/Greenback_Party \"Greenback Party\")'s 1880 presidential nominee,{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=107}} was nominated for president on the first ballot, now lacking any serious opposition. While his nomination brought with it significant campaigning experience from over several decades, he also had a longer track record that Republicans and Democrats could criticize, and alienated many potential supporters in the South, having participated in [Sherman's March to the Sea](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea \"Sherman's March to the Sea\"). [James G. Field](/wiki/James_G._Field \"James G. Field\") of Virginia was nominated for vice president in an attempt to rectify this problem while also attaining the regional balance often seen in Republican and Democratic tickets.History of American Presidential Elections Volume II 1848–1896; Schlesinger; Pgs 1722–1723",
"",
"| **Presidential Ballot**{{Cite news \\|date\\=July 5, 1892 \\|title\\=Weaver. The Man from Iowa Nominated on the First Ballot. \\|pages\\=1 \\|work\\=The Colorado Daily Chieftain \\|url\\=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 28, 2022}}{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=108}} | | **Vice Presidential Ballot**{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=109}} | |\n| Ballot | 1st | Ballot | 1st |\n| [James B. Weaver](/wiki/James_B._Weaver \"James B. Weaver\") | 995 | [James G. Field](/wiki/James_G._Field \"James G. Field\") | 733 |\n| [James H. Kyle](/wiki/James_H._Kyle \"James H. Kyle\") | 265 | Ben Stockton Terrell | 554 |\n| Seymour F. Norton | 1 |\n| [Mann Page](/wiki/Mann_Page \"Mann Page\") | 1 |\n| [Leland Stanford](/wiki/Leland_Stanford \"Leland Stanford\") | 1 |",
"{{hidden\n\\| style \\= border:1px dashed red; width: 65%;\n\\| headerstyle \\= background: \\#ccccff; font\\-size: 130%;\n\\| contentstyle \\= text\\-align: center; color:black; font\\-size: 80%;\n\\| header \\= Populist Convention Balloting by State Delegation\n\\| content \\= \nFile:1892PopulistPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png\\|'''1st Presidential Ballot'''\nFile:1892PopulistVicePresidentialNomination1stBallot.png\\|'''1st Vice Presidential Ballot'''",
"}}",
"The Populist platform called for nationalization of the telegraph, telephone, and railroads, free coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and creation of postal savings banks.",
"### Prohibition Party nomination",
"",
"| **1892 Prohibition Party ticket** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [{{color\\|white\\|John Bidwell}}](/wiki/John_Bidwell \"John Bidwell\") | [{{color\\|white\\|James B. Cranfill}}](/wiki/James_B._Cranfill \"James B. Cranfill\") |\n| ***for President*** | ***for Vice President*** |\n| [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:John_Bidwell_circa_1890_3x4.jpg \"John Bidwell circa 1890 3x4.jpg\") | [center\\|200x200px](/wiki/File:James_B._Cranfill_3x4.jpg \"James B. Cranfill 3x4.jpg\") |\n| [U.S. Representative](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\")for [California's 3rd](/wiki/California%27s_3rd_congressional_district \"California's 3rd congressional district\")(1865–1867\\) | Pastorfrom [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") |",
"Prohibition candidates:\n* [John Bidwell](/wiki/John_Bidwell \"John Bidwell\"), former U.S. representative from [California](/wiki/California \"California\")\n* [Gideon T. Stewart](/wiki/Gideon_T._Stewart \"Gideon T. Stewart\"), Prohibition Party Chairman from [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\")\n* [William Jennings Demorest](/wiki/William_Jennings_Demorest \"William Jennings Demorest\"), magazine publisher from [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\")",
"#### Candidates gallery",
"",
"File:John Bidwell circa 1890 3x4\\.jpg\\|{{center\\|'''\\[\\[John Bidwell]]'''\\<br /\\>from \\[\\[California]]}}\nFile:Gideon T. Stewart.png\\|{{center\\|Prohibition Party Chairman\\<br /\\>'''\\[\\[Gideon T. Stewart]]'''\\<br /\\>from \\[\\[Ohio]]}}\nFile:WJenningsDemorest.jpg\\|{{center\\|Magazine Publisher\\<br /\\>'''\\[\\[William Jennings Demorest]]'''\\<br /\\>from \\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]]}}",
"",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|National Prohibition Convention, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1892\\.](/wiki/File:National_Prohibition_Convention_1892.jpg \"National Prohibition Convention 1892.jpg\")\nThe sixth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in [Music Hall](/wiki/Music_Hall_%28Cincinnati%29 \"Music Hall (Cincinnati)\") in [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati \"Cincinnati\"), Ohio from June 29 to 30, 1892\\. There were 972 delegates present from all states except Louisiana and South Carolina.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=110\\-111}}",
"Two major stories about the convention loomed before it assembled. In the first place, some members of the national committee sought to merge the Prohibition and Populist parties. While there appeared a likelihood that the merger would materialize, it was clear that it was not going to happen by the time that the convention convened. Secondly, the southern states sent a number of black delegates. Cincinnati hotels refused to serve meals to blacks and whites at the same time, and several hotels refused service to the black delegates altogether.",
"[John Bidwell](/wiki/John_Bidwell \"John Bidwell\"), [Gideon T. Stewart](/wiki/Gideon_T._Stewart \"Gideon T. Stewart\"), and [William Jennings Demorest](/wiki/William_Jennings_Demorest \"William Jennings Demorest\") sought the party's presidential nomination and a poll of delegates by the *[New York Herald](/wiki/New_York_Herald \"New York Herald\")* showed Bidwell with the most support. [John St. John](/wiki/John_St._John_%28American_politician%29 \"John St. John (American politician)\"), the party's 1884 nominee, nominated Bidwell.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=113\\-114}} Bidwell won the nomination on the first ballot. Prior to the convention, the race was thought to be close between Bidwell and Demorest, but the New York delegation became irritated with Demorest and voted for Bidwell 73–7\\. [James B. Cranfill](/wiki/James_B._Cranfill \"James B. Cranfill\") from Texas was nominated for vice\\-president on the first ballot with 417 votes to 351 for [Joshua Levering](/wiki/Joshua_Levering \"Joshua Levering\") from Maryland and 45 for others.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hinshaw \\|first\\=Seth \\|title\\=Ohio Elects the President: Our State's Role in Presidential Elections 1804\\-1996 \\|publisher\\=Book Masters \\|year\\=2000 \\|location\\=Mansfield \\|pages\\=62}}",
"",
"| **Presidential Ballot**{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=114}} | |\n| Ballot | 1st |\n| [John Bidwell](/wiki/John_Bidwell \"John Bidwell\") | 590 |\n| [Gideon T. Stewart](/wiki/Gideon_T._Stewart \"Gideon T. Stewart\") | 179 |\n| [William Jennings Demorest](/wiki/William_Jennings_Demorest \"William Jennings Demorest\") | 139 |\n| H. Clay Bascom | 3 |",
"### Socialist Labor Party nomination",
"The [Socialist Labor](/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America \"Socialist Labor Party of America\") national convention was held in New York City on August 28, 1892\\.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=118}} Despite running on a platform that called for the abolition of the positions of president and vice\\-president, decided to nominate candidates for those positions. [Simon Wing](/wiki/Simon_Wing \"Simon Wing\") and [Charles Matchett](/wiki/Charles_Matchett \"Charles Matchett\") were selected as the party's presidential and vice presidential nominees.{{Cite news \\|date\\=August 29, 1892 \\|title\\=Named Wing For President \\|pages\\=2 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]] \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/image/349834774/?terms\\=Simon%20Wing%20Charles%20Matchett\\&match\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=May 13, 2022 \\|quote\\=It was unanimously resolved to nominate a Presidential ticket and the following candidates were put up: President, Simon Wing of Boston; Vice\\-President, Charles H. Matchett of Brooklyn.}} They were on the ballot in five states: Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Guide to U.S. Elections \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CQ Press]] \\|year\\=2010 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-60426\\-536\\-1 \\|editor\\-last\\=Kalb \\|editor\\-first\\=Deborah \\|location\\=Washington, DC \\|pages\\=804}}",
"### Woman suffrage",
"Wyoming had become a state in 1890 and had included woman suffrage in its state constitution. Thus, Wyoming women were able to vote in the 1892 presidential election, the first time that any American women were able to do so.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=227\\-228}} Wyoming's African American women became the first Black women in the nation to vote in a presidential election in 1892\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Taylor \\|first\\=Suzi \\|title\\=Subject Guides \\& Tutorials: Women's Suffrage in Wyoming: Voting \\|url\\=https://gowyld.libguides.com/wyomingwomenssuffrage/voting \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-22 \\|website\\=gowyld.libguides.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"A \"national nominating convention of woman suffragists\" met on September 21, 1892, and nominated notorious suffrage and former free\\-love advocate [Victoria Woodhull](/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull \"Victoria Woodhull\") for president and [Marietta Stow](/wiki/Marietta_Stow \"Marietta Stow\") for vice president.*Daily Public Ledger.* (Maysville, Ky.), [23 Sept. 1892](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069117/1892-09-23/ed-1/seq-3/). *Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers*. Lib. of Congress. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069117/1892\\-09\\-23/ed\\-1/seq\\-3/](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069117/1892-09-23/ed-1/seq-3/) Both had been nominated for these positions before, Woodhull in 1872{{Cite web \\|title\\=The First Woman To Run For President: Victoria Woodhull (U.S. National Park Service) \\|url\\=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the\\-first\\-woman\\-to\\-run\\-for\\-president\\-victoria\\-woodhull.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-23 \\|website\\=www.nps.gov \\|language\\=en}} and Stow in 1884\\. Both had been nominated by the National Equal Rights Party, which did not nominate a ballot in 1892; instead, the woman suffrage nominating convention, headed by Anna M. Parker and consisting of 50 delegates from 29 states, stepped in.",
"Women in most states were not yet allowed to vote in 1892, but the convention's platform urged \"election officers throughout the country to allow them to cast a ballot this fall.\"*The Morning Call.* (San Francisco \\[Calif.]), [23 Sept. 1892](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94052989/1892-09-23/ed-1/seq-1/). *Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers*. Lib. of Congress. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94052989/1892\\-09\\-23/ed\\-1/seq\\-1/](https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94052989/1892-09-23/ed-1/seq-1/) They were not successful in this, and it was almost 30 more years until the Nineteenth Amendment prohibited discrimination in voting on the basis of sex.",
""
] |
General election
----------------
### Campaign
{{Main\|Grover Cleveland 1892 presidential campaign}}
[thumb\|225px\|Cleveland/Stevenson poster.](/wiki/File:1892ClevelandStevenson.png "1892ClevelandStevenson.png")
On July 27, [James S. Clarkson](/wiki/James_S._Clarkson "James S. Clarkson"), who opposed Harrison's renomination, was replaced as chair of the [Republican National Committee](/wiki/Republican_National_Committee "Republican National Committee") by [William James Campbell](/wiki/William_James_Campbell "William James Campbell"). Campbell resigned on July 6, and [Thomas H. Carter](/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter "Thomas H. Carter") was selected to replace him on July 16\.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=122\-124}} It was believed that [Calvin S. Brice](/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice "Calvin S. Brice"), the current chair of the [Democratic National Committee](/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee "Democratic National Committee"), would seek reelection, but he declined and [William F. Harrity](/wiki/William_F._Harrity "William F. Harrity") was selected without opposition. [Donald M. Dickinson](/wiki/Donald_M._Dickinson "Donald M. Dickinson") was selected to chair the DNC's campaign committee.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=130\-132}}
Campbell, J.N. Huston, E. Rosewater, R.G. Evans, and [Henry Clay Payne](/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne "Henry Clay Payne") managed Harrison's campaign in the west. [William Brookfield](/wiki/William_Brookfield_%28politician%29 "William Brookfield (politician)") and Charles W. Hacket led his campaign in New York.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=125\-126}} Edward Murphy and [William F. Sheehan](/wiki/William_F._Sheehan "William F. Sheehan") were selected to lead Cleveland's campaign in New York despite Cleveland's opposition. Murphy and Sheehan were opponents of Cleveland, but [William Collins Whitney](/wiki/William_Collins_Whitney "William Collins Whitney") argued that they should be given the positions for party unity.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=133\-134}}
The Republicans launched their national campaign on June 21, in New York City at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall"). The Democrats launched their campaign at two meetings. Tammany Hall held one on July 4, and the Democrats held another one at [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden "Madison Square Garden") on July 20\.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=143\-144}} The Prohibitionists launched their campaign in San Francisco on August 4\.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=199}}
The tariff issue dominated this rather lackluster campaign. Harrison defended the protectionist [McKinley Tariff](/wiki/McKinley_Tariff "McKinley Tariff") passed during his term. For his part, Cleveland assured voters that he opposed absolute free trade and would continue his campaign for a reduction in the tariff. Cleveland also denounced the [Lodge Bill](/wiki/Lodge_Bill "Lodge Bill"), a [voting rights](/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States "Voting rights in the United States") bill that sought to protect the rights of African American voters in the South.Sig Synnestvedt, *The White Response to Black Emancipation: Second\-class Citizenship in the United States Since Reconstruction.* (1972\). p 41\.
Harrison initially planned on conducting a speaking tour in New York, but chose to care for his ill wife [Caroline Harrison](/wiki/Caroline_Harrison "Caroline Harrison"). Reid conducted tours of Illinois, Ohio, and New York. McKinley extensively campaigned for Harrison from Iowa to Maine. Stevenson launched his campaign activities in his hometown of Bloomington, Illinois, and traveled across Delaware, North Carolina, and Virginia for sixteen days.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=167\-169}} Weaver started campaigning in July and conducted a tour of the western and southern United States.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=179\-180; 187}}
The campaign took a somber turn when, in October, Caroline died. Despite the ill health that had plagued Mrs. Harrison since her youth and had worsened in the last decade, she often accompanied Mr. Harrison on official travels. On one such trip, to California in the spring of 1891, she caught a cold. It quickly deepened into her chest, and she was eventually diagnosed with [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis"). A summer in the [Adirondack Mountains](/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains "Adirondack Mountains") failed to restore her to health. An invalid the last six months of her life, she died in the White House on October 25, 1892, just two weeks before the national election. As a result, all of the candidates ceased campaigning.
#### Fusion
The Democrats and Populists conducted a partial fusion campaign in Oregon by having Democratic elector [Robert A. Miller](/wiki/Robert_A._Miller_%28Oregon_politician%29 "Robert A. Miller (Oregon politician)") drop out and the [Democratic Party of Oregon](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon "Democratic Party of Oregon") endorsed Populist elector I. Nathan Pierce in his place. The Democrats believed that the Populists would do the same for two electors, but the Populists refused.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=181\-182}} The [Minnesota Democratic Party](/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party "Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party") initially announced that it would not conduct a fusion campaign, but later withdrew four of its electors in favor of Populist electors.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=184}}
The [Nevada Democratic Party](/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party "Nevada Democratic Party") passed a resolution at its convention stating that it would not support the party's presidential nominee if they did not support free silver. A majority of the party supported Weaver while a minority ran electors pledged to Cleveland. The [Silver Party](/wiki/Silver_Party "Silver Party") voted to have its Nevada presidential electors support the Populists. The [Nevada Republican Party](/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party "Nevada Republican Party") held a convention to select its presidential electors, but party chair Enoch Strother and 49 delegates left the convention after a caucus showed free silver delegates held a majority. These delegates nominated electors pledged to Harrison while the 85 silver delegates endorsed the Silver Party's electors.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=182\-183}}
The [Wyoming Democratic Party](/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party "Wyoming Democratic Party") endorsed the Populist electors in exchange for the Populists supporting the Democratic state candidates. The [North Dakota Democratic Party](/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party "North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party") endorsed the Independent Party's electors, who were pledged to Weaver, in exchange for the Independent Party supporting its state candidates. The [Kansas Democratic Party](/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party "Kansas Democratic Party") made an agreement with the Populists in which the Democrats would run candidates for some state and federal offices while leaving the rest, including presidential electors, to the Populists.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=184\-186}}
The [Republican Party of Louisiana](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana "Republican Party of Louisiana") agreed to divide the electors between five for Harrison and three for Weaver. The [Republican Party of Florida](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida "Republican Party of Florida") did not nominate any electors and its members supported Weaver.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=195}}
### Results
[right\|thumb\|400px\|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Harrison (Republican), and shades of green are for Weaver (Populist).](/wiki/File:PresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif "PresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif")
The margin in the popular vote for Cleveland was 400,000, the largest since Grant's re\-election in [1872](/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election "1872 United States presidential election"). The Democrats won the presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time since [1856](/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election "1856 United States presidential election"). President Harrison's re\-election bid was a decisive loss in both the popular and electoral count, unlike President Cleveland's re\-election bid four years earlier, in which he won the popular vote, but lost the electoral vote.
This was the second time that a party lost re\-election after a single four\-year term, which would not occur again until 1980, and for Republicans until 2020\. At the county level, Cleveland fared much better than Harrison. The Republicans' vote was not nearly as widespread as the Democrats'. In 1892, it was still a sectionally based party mainly situated in the East, Midwest, and West and was barely visible south of the [Mason–Dixon line](/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line "Mason–Dixon line"). In the South, the party was holding on in only a few counties. In [East Tennessee](/wiki/East_Tennessee "East Tennessee") and [tidewater Virginia](/wiki/Tidewater_Virginia "Tidewater Virginia"), the vote at the county level showed some strength, but it barely existed in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas.Presidential Elections, 1789–2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data, Donald R. Deskins, Jr., Hanes Walton, Jr., and Sherman C. Puckett, pg. 250
Additionally, Cleveland was the third of only five presidents to win re\-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections. The other four are [Andrew Jackson](/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") in [1832](/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election "1832 United States presidential election"), [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison") in [1812](/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election "1812 United States presidential election"), Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944, and Barack Obama in 2012\. As of 2020, Cleveland was the fourth of seven presidential nominees to win a significant number of electoral votes in at least three elections, the others being Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, William Jennings Bryan, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Richard Nixon. Of these, Jackson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt also won the popular vote in at least three elections. Jefferson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt were also their respective party's nominees for three consecutive elections.
In a continuation of its collapse there during the [1890 congressional elections](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections%2C_1890 "United States House of Representatives elections, 1890"), the Republican Party even struggled in its Midwestern strongholds, where general electoral troubles from economic woes were acutely exacerbated by the promotion of [temperance](/wiki/Temperance_movement "Temperance movement") laws and, in Wisconsin and Illinois, the aggressive support of state politicians for [English\-only](/wiki/English-only_movement "English-only movement") compulsory education laws. Such policies, which particularly in the case of the latter were associated with an upwelling of [nativist](/wiki/Nativism_%28politics%29 "Nativism (politics)") and [anti\-Catholic](/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States "Anti-Catholicism in the United States") attitudes amongst their supporters, resulted in the defection of large sections of immigrant communities, especially Germans, to the Democratic Party. Cleveland carried Wisconsin and Illinois with their 36 combined electoral votes, a Democratic victory not seen in those states since [1852](/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election "1852 United States presidential election")Counting the Votes; [Wisconsin](http://www.countingthevotes.com/wisconsin) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101231737/http://www.countingthevotes.com/wisconsin \|date\=January 1, 2017 }} and [1856](/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election "1856 United States presidential election")Counting the Votes; [Illinois](http://www.countingthevotes.com/illinois) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110085559/http://www.countingthevotes.com/illinois \|date\=January 10, 2017 }} respectively, and which would not be repeated until Woodrow Wilson's election in [1912](/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election "1912 United States presidential election"). While not as dramatic a loss as in 1890, it would take until the next election cycle for more moderate Republican leaders to pick up the pieces left by the reformist crusaders and bring alienated immigrants back to the fold.[Jensen, Richard J.](/wiki/Jensen%2C_Richard_J. "Jensen, Richard J.") [*The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896*](https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Winning_of_the_Midwest_Social_and_Po.html?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC), ch. 4: *Iowa, Wet or Dry?* \& ch. 5: *Education, the Tariff, and the Melting Pot*. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971\. pp. 89\-153\.
Of the 2,683 counties making returns, Cleveland won in 1,389 (51\.77%), Harrison carried 1,017 (37\.91%), while Weaver placed first in 276 (10\.29%). One county (0\.04%) split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison.
Populist James B. Weaver, calling for free coinage of silver and an inflationary monetary policy, received such strong support in the West that he became the only third\-party nominee between 1860 and 1912 to carry a single state. The Democratic Party did not have a presidential ticket on the ballot in the states of Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, North Dakota, or Wyoming, and Weaver won the first four of these states.Nathan Fine, *Farmer and Labor Parties in the United States, 1828–1928\.* New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1928; pg. 79\. Weaver also performed well in the [South](/wiki/American_South "American South") as he won counties in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. Populists did best in Alabama, where electoral chicanery probably carried the day for the Democrats.[Charles W. Calhoun](/wiki/Charles_W._Calhoun "Charles W. Calhoun") (ed.), *The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America.* Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Rowman \& Littlefield Publishers, 2006; pg. 295\.
The Prohibition ticket received 270,879 votes, or 2\.2% nationwide. It was the largest total vote and the highest percentage of the vote received by any Prohibition presidential candidate.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=235}}
Wyoming, having attained statehood two years earlier, became the first state to allow women to vote in a presidential election since [1804](/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election "1804 United States presidential election"). (Propertied unmarried women in New Jersey had the right to vote under the state's original constitution, but this was rescinded in 1807\.) Wyoming was also one of six states (along with North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, and Idaho) participating in their first presidential election. This was the most new states voting since the [first election](/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election"). The 0\.09% difference between the tipping point state (Illinois) and the national popular vote is tied with [1932](/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election "1932 United States presidential election") for the smallest in history.
The election witnessed many states splitting their electoral votes. Electors from the state of Michigan were selected using the congressional district method (the winner in each congressional district wins one electoral vote, the winner of the state wins two electoral votes). This resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: nine for Harrison and five for Cleveland.[1892 Presidential Election Results](https://web.archive.org/web/20060603003849/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1892&f=0&off=0&elect=0) In California, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: eight for Cleveland and one for Harrison. In Ohio, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: 22 for Harrison and one for Cleveland.
Cleveland was the first Democratic presidential nominee to win Illinois since 1856 and Wisconsin since 1852\.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=243}}
61 of 67 counties in New England, where Connecticut was the only state won by Cleveland, supported Harrison. Weaver placed fourth, behind the Prohibitionists, in every New England state. 3% of the vote in New England went to third parties, with the Prohibitionists accounting for 70% of it. 343 of the counties in the upper south supported Cleveland, 165 supported Harrison, and 2 supported Weaver. 619 counties in the deep south supported Cleveland, 47 supported Weaver, 32 supported Harrison, and 8 supported fusion electors.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=237\-240}} Harrison won 226 counties, Cleveland won 206, and Weaver won 1 in the midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=242}}
[File: United States Electoral College 1892\.svg](/wiki/File:United_States_Electoral_College_1892.svg "United States Electoral College 1892.svg")
{{start U.S. presidential ticket box\| pv\_footnote\=\| ev\_footnote\=}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\| name\=\[\[Grover Cleveland]]\| party\=\[\[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic]]\| state\=\[\[New York (state)\|New York]]\| pv\=5,553,898\| pv\_pct\=46\.02%\| ev\=277\| vp\_name\=\[\[Adlai E. Stevenson I]]\| vp\_state\=\[\[Illinois]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\| name\=\[\[Benjamin Harrison]] (incumbent)\| party\=\[\[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]]\| state\=\[\[Indiana]]\| pv\=5,190,819\| pv\_pct\=43\.01%\| ev\=145\| vp\_name\=\[\[Whitelaw Reid]]\| vp\_state\=New York}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\| name\=\[\[James B. Weaver]]\| party\=\[\[People's Party (United States)\|Populist]]\| state\=\[\[Iowa]]\| pv\=1,026,595\| pv\_pct\=8\.51%\| ev\=22\| vp\_name\=\[\[James G. Field]]\| vp\_state\=\[\[Virginia]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\| name\=\[\[John Bidwell]]\| party\=\[\[Prohibition Party\|Prohibition]]\| state\=\[\[California]]\| pv\=270,879\| pv\_pct\=2\.24%\| ev\=0\| vp\_name\=\[\[James Cranfill]]\| vp\_state\=\[\[Texas]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\| name\=\[\[Simon Wing]]\| party\=\[\[Socialist Labor Party of America\|Socialist Labor]]\| state\=\[\[Massachusetts]]\| pv\=21,173\| pv\_pct\=0\.18%\| ev\=0\| vp\_name\=\[\[Charles Matchett]]\| vp\_state\=New York}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box other\| footnote\=\| pv\=4,673\| pv\_pct\=0\.04%\| }}
{{end U.S. presidential ticket box\| pv\=12,068,037\| ev\=444\| to\_win\=223}}
**Source (Popular Vote):** {{Leip PV source 2\| year\=1892\| as of\=July 27, 2005}}
**Source (Electoral Vote):** {{National Archives EV source\| year\=1892\| as of\=July 31, 2005}}
{{bar box
\|title\=Popular vote
\|titlebar\=\#ddd
\|width\=600px
\|barwidth\=410px
\|bars\=
{{bar percent\|'''Cleveland'''\|{{party color\|Democratic Party (US)}}\|46\.02}}
{{bar percent\|Harrison\|{{party color\|Republican Party (US)}}\|43\.01}}
{{bar percent\|Weaver\|\#0BDA51\|8\.51}}
{{bar percent\|Bidwell\|\#ff9955\|2\.24}}
{{bar percent\|Others\|\#777777\|0\.22}}
}}
{{bar box
\|title\=Electoral vote
\|titlebar\=\#ddd
\|width\=600px
\|barwidth\=410px
\|bars\=
{{bar percent\|'''Cleveland'''\|{{party color\|Democratic Party (US)}}\|62\.39}}
{{bar percent\|Harrison\|{{party color\|Republican Party (US)}}\|32\.66}}
{{bar percent\|Weaver\|\#0BDA51\|4\.95}}
}}
### Geography of results
[650px\|thumb\|left](/wiki/File:1892_Electoral_Map.png "1892 Electoral Map.png")
File:1892 United States presidential election results map by county.svg\|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
#### Cartographic gallery
File:PresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\|Map of presidential election results by county
File:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\|Map of Democratic presidential election results by county
File:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\|Map of Republican presidential election results by county
File:PopulistPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\|Map of Populist presidential election results by county
File:OtherPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\|Map of "Other" presidential election results by county
File:CartogramPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.png\|\[\[Cartogram]] of presidential election results by county
File:CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.png\|Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county
File:CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.png\|Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county
File:CartogramPopulistPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.png\|Cartogram of Populist presidential election results by county
File:CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.png\|Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county
### Results by state
Source: Data from [Walter Dean Burnham](/wiki/Walter_Dean_Burnham "Walter Dean Burnham"), *Presidential ballots, 1836–1892* (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955\) pp 247–57\.{{cite web\|url\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year\=1892\&datatype\=national\&def\=1\&f\=0\&off\=0\&elect\=0\|title\=1892 Presidential General Election Data – National\|website\=Uselectionatlas.org\|access\-date\=May 7, 2013}}
States/districts won by [Cleveland](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland")/[Stevenson](/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I "Adlai Stevenson I") |
States/districts won by [Harrison](/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison "Benjamin Harrison")/[Reid](/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid "Whitelaw Reid") |
States/districts won by [Weaver](/wiki/James_B._Weaver "James B. Weaver")/[Field](/wiki/James_G._Field "James G. Field") |
| | | Grover ClevelandDemocratic | | | Benjamin HarrisonRepublican | | | James WeaverPopulist | | | John BidwellProhibition | | | Simon WingSocialist Labor | | | Margin | | State Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| State | electoralvotes | \# | % | electoralvotes | \# | % | electoralvotes | \# | % | electoralvotes | \# | % | electoralvotes | \# | % | electoralvotes | \# | % | \# | state/dist. |
[Alabama](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama "1892 United States presidential election in Alabama") |
11 |
138,135 |
59\.40 |
11 |
9,184 |
3\.95 |
\- |
84,984 |
36\.55 |
\- |
240 |
0\.10 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
53,151 |
22\.86 |
232,543 |
AL |
[Arkansas](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas "1892 United States presidential election in Arkansas") |
8 |
87,834 |
59\.30 |
8 |
47,072 |
31\.78 |
\- |
11,831 |
7\.99 |
\- |
113 |
0\.08 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
40,762 |
27\.52 |
148,117 |
AR |
[California](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_California "1892 United States presidential election in California") |
9 |
118,174 |
43\.83 |
8 |
118,027 |
43\.78 |
1 |
25,311 |
9\.39 |
\- |
8,096 |
3\.00 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
147 |
0\.05 |
269,609 |
CA |
[Colorado](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado "1892 United States presidential election in Colorado") |
4 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
38,620 |
41\.13 |
\- |
53,584 |
57\.07 |
4 |
1,687 |
1\.80 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-14,964 |
\-15\.94 |
93,891 |
CO |
[Connecticut](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut "1892 United States presidential election in Connecticut") |
6 |
82,395 |
50\.06 |
6 |
77,032 |
46\.80 |
\- |
809 |
0\.49 |
\- |
4,026 |
2\.45 |
\- |
333 |
0\.20 |
\- |
5,363 |
3\.26 |
164,595 |
CT |
[Delaware](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware "1892 United States presidential election in Delaware") |
3 |
18,581 |
49\.90 |
3 |
18,077 |
48\.55 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
564 |
1\.51 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
504 |
1\.35 |
37,235 |
DE |
[Florida](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida "1892 United States presidential election in Florida") |
4 |
30,153 |
85\.01 |
4 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
4,843 |
13\.65 |
\- |
475 |
1\.34 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
25,310 |
71\.35 |
35,471 |
FL |
[Georgia](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia "1892 United States presidential election in Georgia") |
13 |
129,446 |
58\.01 |
13 |
48,408 |
21\.70 |
\- |
41,939 |
18\.80 |
\- |
988 |
0\.44 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
81,038 |
36\.32 |
223,126 |
GA |
[Idaho](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho "1892 United States presidential election in Idaho") |
3 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
8,599 |
44\.31 |
\- |
10,520 |
54\.21 |
3 |
288 |
1\.48 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-1,921 |
\-9\.90 |
19,407 |
ID |
[Illinois](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois "1892 United States presidential election in Illinois") |
24 |
426,281 |
48\.79 |
24 |
399,288 |
45\.70 |
\- |
22,207 |
2\.54 |
\- |
25,871 |
2\.96 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
26,993 |
3\.09 |
873,647 |
IL |
[Indiana](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana "1892 United States presidential election in Indiana") |
15 |
262,740 |
47\.46 |
15 |
255,615 |
46\.17 |
\- |
22,208 |
4\.01 |
\- |
13,050 |
2\.36 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
7,125 |
1\.29 |
553,613 |
IN |
[Iowa](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa "1892 United States presidential election in Iowa") |
13 |
196,367 |
44\.31 |
\- |
219,795 |
49\.60 |
13 |
20,595 |
4\.65 |
\- |
6,402 |
1\.44 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-23,428 |
\-5\.29 |
443,159 |
IA |
[Kansas](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas "1892 United States presidential election in Kansas") |
10 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
157,241 |
48\.40 |
\- |
163,111 |
50\.20 |
10 |
4,553 |
1\.40 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-5,870 |
\-1\.81 |
324,905 |
KS |
[Kentucky](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky "1892 United States presidential election in Kentucky") |
13 |
175,461 |
51\.48 |
13 |
135,462 |
39\.74 |
\- |
23,500 |
6\.89 |
\- |
6,441 |
1\.89 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
39,999 |
11\.73 |
340,864 |
KY |
[Louisiana](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana "1892 United States presidential election in Louisiana") |
8 |
87,926 |
76\.53 |
8 |
26,963 |
23\.47 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
60,963 |
53\.06 |
114,889 |
LA |
[Maine](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine "1892 United States presidential election in Maine") |
6 |
48,049 |
41\.26 |
\- |
62,936 |
54\.05 |
6 |
2,396 |
2\.06 |
\- |
3,066 |
2\.63 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-14,887 |
\-12\.78 |
116,451 |
ME |
[Maryland](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland "1892 United States presidential election in Maryland") |
8 |
113,866 |
53\.39 |
8 |
92,736 |
43\.48 |
\- |
796 |
0\.37 |
\- |
5,877 |
2\.76 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
21,130 |
9\.91 |
213,275 |
MD |
[Massachusetts](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts "1892 United States presidential election in Massachusetts") |
15 |
176,813 |
45\.22 |
\- |
202,814 |
51\.87 |
15 |
3,210 |
0\.82 |
\- |
7,539 |
1\.93 |
\- |
649 |
0\.17 |
\- |
\-26,001 |
\-6\.65 |
391,028 |
MA |
[Michigan](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
2 |
201,624 |
43\.26 |
\- |
222,708 |
47\.79 |
2 |
19,931 |
4\.28 |
\- |
20,857 |
4\.48 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-21,084 |
\-4\.52 |
466,045 |
MI |
[MI\-1](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
19,990 |
51\.33 |
1 |
18,323 |
47\.05 |
\- |
291 |
0\.75 |
\- |
340 |
0\.87 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
1,667 |
4\.28 |
38,944 |
MI\-1 |
[MI\-2](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
22,427 |
47\.67 |
1 |
20,947 |
44\.89 |
\- |
1,072 |
2\.30 |
\- |
2,401 |
5\.15 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
1,480 |
3\.17 |
46,667 |
MI\-2 |
[MI\-3](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
15,750 |
37\.01 |
\- |
21,233 |
49\.98 |
1 |
2,938 |
6\.92 |
\- |
2,562 |
6\.03 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-5,477 |
\-12\.89 |
42,483 |
MI\-3 |
[MI\-4](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
20,084 |
46\.16 |
\- |
21,402 |
49\.19 |
1 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
2,024 |
4\.65 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-1,381 |
\-3\.17 |
43,510 |
MI\-4 |
[MI\-5](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
20,187 |
47\.72 |
1 |
18,173 |
42\.96 |
\- |
1,980 |
4\.68 |
\- |
1,967 |
4\.65 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
2,014 |
4\.76 |
42,307 |
MI\-5 |
[MI\-6](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
19,500 |
43\.16 |
\- |
21,324 |
47\.19 |
1 |
2,070 |
4\.58 |
\- |
2,286 |
5\.06 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-1,734 |
\-3\.84 |
45,180 |
MI\-6 |
[MI\-7](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
15,984 |
46\.57 |
1 |
15,723 |
45\.80 |
\- |
1,842 |
5\.37 |
\- |
777 |
2\.26 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
201 |
0\.59 |
34,326 |
MI\-7 |
[MI\-8](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
15,298 |
44\.55 |
\- |
16,672 |
48\.55 |
1 |
1,149 |
3\.35 |
\- |
1,218 |
3\.35 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-1,374 |
\-4\.00 |
34,337 |
MI\-8 |
[MI\-9](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
12,853 |
43\.36 |
\- |
14,036 |
47\.35 |
1 |
1,062 |
3\.58 |
\- |
1,693 |
5\.71 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-1,183 |
\-3\.99 |
29,664 |
MI\-9 |
[MI\-10](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
14,972 |
47\.91 |
1 |
14,370 |
45\.98 |
\- |
1,167 |
3\.73 |
\- |
741 |
2\.37 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
602 |
1\.93 |
31,250 |
MI\-10 |
[MI\-11](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
12,743 |
35\.16 |
\- |
18,379 |
50\.75 |
1 |
3,143 |
8\.68 |
\- |
1,961 |
5\.41 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-5,645 |
\-15\.59 |
36,217 |
MI\-11 |
[MI\-12](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan "1892 United States presidential election in Michigan") |
1 |
16,888 |
42\.68 |
\- |
18,811 |
50\.06 |
1 |
1,023 |
2\.59 |
\- |
1,851 |
4\.68 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-2,923 |
\-7\.39 |
39,573 |
MI\-12 |
[Minnesota](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota "1892 United States presidential election in Minnesota") |
9 |
100,920 |
37\.76 |
\- |
122,823 |
45\.96 |
9 |
29,313 |
10\.97 |
\- |
14,182 |
5\.31 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-21,903 |
\-8\.20 |
267,238 |
MN |
[Mississippi](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi "1892 United States presidential election in Mississippi") |
9 |
40,030 |
76\.22 |
9 |
1,398 |
2\.66 |
\- |
10,118 |
19\.27 |
\- |
973 |
1\.85 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
29,912 |
56\.95 |
52,519 |
MS |
[Missouri](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri "1892 United States presidential election in Missouri") |
17 |
268,400 |
49\.56 |
17 |
227,646 |
42\.03 |
\- |
41,204 |
7\.61 |
\- |
4,333 |
0\.80 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
40,754 |
7\.52 |
541,583 |
MO |
[Montana](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana "1892 United States presidential election in Montana") |
3 |
17,690 |
39\.79 |
\- |
18,871 |
42\.44 |
3 |
7,338 |
16\.50 |
\- |
562 |
1\.26 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-1,181 |
\-2\.66 |
44,461 |
MT |
[Nebraska](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska "1892 United States presidential election in Nebraska") |
8 |
24,943 |
12\.46 |
\- |
87,213 |
43\.56 |
8 |
83,134 |
41\.53 |
\- |
4,902 |
2\.45 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-4,079 |
\-2\.04 |
200,192 |
NE |
[Nevada](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada "1892 United States presidential election in Nevada") |
3 |
714 |
6\.56 |
\- |
2,811 |
25\.84 |
\- |
7,264 |
66\.78 |
3 |
89 |
0\.82 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-4,453 |
\-40\.94 |
10,878 |
NV |
[New Hampshire](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire "1892 United States presidential election in New Hampshire") |
4 |
42,081 |
47\.11 |
\- |
45,658 |
51\.11 |
4 |
293 |
0\.33 |
\- |
1,297 |
1\.45 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-3,577 |
\-4\.00 |
89,329 |
NH |
[New Jersey](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey "1892 United States presidential election in New Jersey") |
10 |
171,066 |
50\.67 |
10 |
156,101 |
46\.24 |
\- |
985 |
0\.29 |
\- |
8,134 |
2\.41 |
\- |
1,337 |
0\.40 |
\- |
14,965 |
4\.43 |
337,623 |
NJ |
[New York](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York "1892 United States presidential election in New York") |
36 |
654,868 |
48\.99 |
36 |
609,350 |
45\.58 |
\- |
16,429 |
1\.23 |
\- |
38,190 |
2\.86 |
\- |
17,956 |
1\.34 |
\- |
45,518 |
3\.41 |
1,336,793 |
NY |
[North Carolina](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina "1892 United States presidential election in North Carolina") |
11 |
132,951 |
47\.44 |
11 |
100,346 |
35\.80 |
\- |
44,336 |
15\.82 |
\- |
2,637 |
0\.94 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
32,605 |
11\.63 |
280,270 |
NC |
[North Dakota](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota "1892 United States presidential election in North Dakota") |
3 |
0 |
0\.00 |
1 |
17,519 |
48\.50 |
1 |
17,700 |
49\.01 |
1 |
899 |
2\.49 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-181 |
\-0\.50 |
36,118 |
ND |
[Ohio](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio "1892 United States presidential election in Ohio") |
23 |
404,115 |
47\.53 |
1 |
405,187 |
47\.66 |
22 |
14,850 |
1\.75 |
\- |
26,012 |
3\.06 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-1,072 |
\-0\.13 |
850,164 |
OH |
[Oregon](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon "1892 United States presidential election in Oregon") |
4 |
14,243 |
18\.15 |
\- |
35,002 |
44\.59 |
3 |
26,965 |
34\.35 |
1 |
2,281 |
2\.91 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-8,037 |
\-10\.24 |
78,491 |
OR |
[Pennsylvania](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania "1892 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania") |
32 |
452,264 |
45\.09 |
\- |
516,011 |
51\.45 |
32 |
8,714 |
0\.87 |
\- |
25,123 |
2\.50 |
\- |
898 |
0\.09 |
\- |
\-63,747 |
\-6\.36 |
1,003,010 |
PA |
[Rhode Island](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island "1892 United States presidential election in Rhode Island") |
4 |
24,336 |
45\.75 |
\- |
26,975 |
50\.71 |
4 |
228 |
0\.43 |
\- |
1,654 |
3\.11 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-2,639 |
\-4\.96 |
53,196 |
RI |
[South Carolina](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina "1892 United States presidential election in South Carolina") |
9 |
54,680 |
77\.56 |
9 |
13,345 |
18\.93 |
\- |
2,407 |
3\.41 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
41,335 |
58\.63 |
70,504 |
SC |
[South Dakota](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota "1892 United States presidential election in South Dakota") |
4 |
9,081 |
12\.88 |
\- |
34,888 |
49\.48 |
4 |
26,544 |
37\.64 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-8,344 |
\-11\.83 |
70,513 |
SD |
[Tennessee](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee "1892 United States presidential election in Tennessee") |
12 |
136,468 |
51\.36 |
12 |
100,537 |
37\.83 |
\- |
23,918 |
9\.00 |
\- |
4,809 |
1\.81 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
35,931 |
13\.52 |
265,732 |
TN |
[Texas](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas "1892 United States presidential election in Texas") |
15 |
239,148 |
56\.65 |
15 |
81,144 |
19\.22 |
\- |
99,688 |
23\.61 |
\- |
2,165 |
0\.51 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
139,460 |
33\.04 |
422,145 |
TX |
[Vermont](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont "1892 United States presidential election in Vermont") |
4 |
16,325 |
29\.26 |
\- |
37,992 |
68\.09 |
4 |
44 |
0\.08 |
\- |
1,424 |
2\.55 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-21,667 |
\-38\.83 |
55,796 |
VT |
[Virginia](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia "1892 United States presidential election in Virginia") |
12 |
164,136 |
56\.17 |
12 |
113,098 |
38\.70 |
\- |
12,275 |
4\.20 |
\- |
2,729 |
0\.93 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
51,038 |
17\.46 |
292,238 |
VA |
[Washington](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_%28state%29 "1892 United States presidential election in Washington (state)") |
4 |
29,802 |
33\.88 |
\- |
36,460 |
41\.45 |
4 |
19,165 |
21\.79 |
\- |
2,542 |
2\.89 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-6,658 |
\-7\.57 |
87,969 |
WA |
[West Virginia](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia "1892 United States presidential election in West Virginia") |
6 |
84,467 |
49\.37 |
6 |
80,292 |
46\.93 |
\- |
4,167 |
2\.44 |
\- |
2,153 |
1\.26 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
4,175 |
2\.44 |
171,079 |
WV |
[Wisconsin](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin "1892 United States presidential election in Wisconsin") |
12 |
177,325 |
47\.72 |
12 |
171,101 |
46\.05 |
\- |
10,019 |
2\.70 |
\- |
13,136 |
3\.54 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
6,224 |
1\.68 |
371,581 |
WI |
[Wyoming](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming "1892 United States presidential election in Wyoming") |
3 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
8,454 |
50\.52 |
3 |
7,722 |
46\.14 |
\- |
530 |
3\.17 |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\- |
\-732 |
\-4\.37 |
16,735 |
WY || TOTALS: | 444 | 5,553,898 | 46\.02 | 277 | 5,190,799 | 43\.01 | 145 | 1,026,595 | 8\.51 | 22 | 270,889 | 2\.24 | \- | 21,173 | 0\.18 | \- | 363,099 | 3\.01 | 12,068,027 | US |
### States that flipped from Republican to Democratic
* [California](/wiki/California "California")
* [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois")
* [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana")
* [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)")
* [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin")
### States that flipped from Republican to Populist
* [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado")
* [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas")
* [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada "Nevada")
### Close states
Margin of victory less than 1% (35 electoral votes):
1. **California, 0\.05% (147 votes)**
2. **Ohio, 0\.13% (1,072 votes)**
3. **North Dakota, 0\.50% (181 votes)**
Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (158 electoral votes):
1. **Indiana, 1\.29% (7,125 votes)**
2. **Delaware, 1\.35% (504 votes)**
3. **Wisconsin, 1\.68% (6,224 votes)**
4. **Kansas, 1\.81% (5,870 votes)**
5. **Nebraska, 2\.04% (4,079 votes)**
6. **West Virginia, 2\.44% (4,175 votes)**
7. **Montana, 2\.66% (1,181 votes)**
8. **Illinois, 3\.09% (26,993 votes)** (tipping point state)
9. **Connecticut, 3\.26% (5,363 votes)**
10. **New York, 3\.41% (45,518 votes)**
11. **New Hampshire, 4\.00% (3,577 votes)**
12. **Wyoming, 4\.37% (732 votes)** (margin over James Weaver)
13. **New Jersey, 4\.43% (14,965 votes)**
14. **Michigan, 4\.52% (21,084 votes)**
15. **Rhode Island, 4\.96% (2,639 votes)**
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (101 electoral votes):
1. **Iowa, 5\.29% (23,428 votes)**
2. **Pennsylvania, 6\.36% (63,747 votes)**
3. **Massachusetts, 6\.65% (26,001 votes)**
4. **Missouri, 7\.52% (40,754 votes)**
5. **Washington, 7\.57% (6,658 votes)**
6. **Minnesota, 8\.20% (21,903 votes)**
7. **Idaho, 9\.90% (1,921 votes)**
8. **Maryland, 9\.91% (21,130 votes)**
|
[
"General election\n----------------",
"### Campaign",
"{{Main\\|Grover Cleveland 1892 presidential campaign}}\n[thumb\\|225px\\|Cleveland/Stevenson poster.](/wiki/File:1892ClevelandStevenson.png \"1892ClevelandStevenson.png\")",
"On July 27, [James S. Clarkson](/wiki/James_S._Clarkson \"James S. Clarkson\"), who opposed Harrison's renomination, was replaced as chair of the [Republican National Committee](/wiki/Republican_National_Committee \"Republican National Committee\") by [William James Campbell](/wiki/William_James_Campbell \"William James Campbell\"). Campbell resigned on July 6, and [Thomas H. Carter](/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter \"Thomas H. Carter\") was selected to replace him on July 16\\.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=122\\-124}} It was believed that [Calvin S. Brice](/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice \"Calvin S. Brice\"), the current chair of the [Democratic National Committee](/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee \"Democratic National Committee\"), would seek reelection, but he declined and [William F. Harrity](/wiki/William_F._Harrity \"William F. Harrity\") was selected without opposition. [Donald M. Dickinson](/wiki/Donald_M._Dickinson \"Donald M. Dickinson\") was selected to chair the DNC's campaign committee.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=130\\-132}}",
"Campbell, J.N. Huston, E. Rosewater, R.G. Evans, and [Henry Clay Payne](/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne \"Henry Clay Payne\") managed Harrison's campaign in the west. [William Brookfield](/wiki/William_Brookfield_%28politician%29 \"William Brookfield (politician)\") and Charles W. Hacket led his campaign in New York.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=125\\-126}} Edward Murphy and [William F. Sheehan](/wiki/William_F._Sheehan \"William F. Sheehan\") were selected to lead Cleveland's campaign in New York despite Cleveland's opposition. Murphy and Sheehan were opponents of Cleveland, but [William Collins Whitney](/wiki/William_Collins_Whitney \"William Collins Whitney\") argued that they should be given the positions for party unity.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=133\\-134}}",
"The Republicans launched their national campaign on June 21, in New York City at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\"). The Democrats launched their campaign at two meetings. Tammany Hall held one on July 4, and the Democrats held another one at [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden \"Madison Square Garden\") on July 20\\.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=143\\-144}} The Prohibitionists launched their campaign in San Francisco on August 4\\.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=199}}",
"The tariff issue dominated this rather lackluster campaign. Harrison defended the protectionist [McKinley Tariff](/wiki/McKinley_Tariff \"McKinley Tariff\") passed during his term. For his part, Cleveland assured voters that he opposed absolute free trade and would continue his campaign for a reduction in the tariff. Cleveland also denounced the [Lodge Bill](/wiki/Lodge_Bill \"Lodge Bill\"), a [voting rights](/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States \"Voting rights in the United States\") bill that sought to protect the rights of African American voters in the South.Sig Synnestvedt, *The White Response to Black Emancipation: Second\\-class Citizenship in the United States Since Reconstruction.* (1972\\). p 41\\.",
"Harrison initially planned on conducting a speaking tour in New York, but chose to care for his ill wife [Caroline Harrison](/wiki/Caroline_Harrison \"Caroline Harrison\"). Reid conducted tours of Illinois, Ohio, and New York. McKinley extensively campaigned for Harrison from Iowa to Maine. Stevenson launched his campaign activities in his hometown of Bloomington, Illinois, and traveled across Delaware, North Carolina, and Virginia for sixteen days.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=167\\-169}} Weaver started campaigning in July and conducted a tour of the western and southern United States.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=179\\-180; 187}}",
"The campaign took a somber turn when, in October, Caroline died. Despite the ill health that had plagued Mrs. Harrison since her youth and had worsened in the last decade, she often accompanied Mr. Harrison on official travels. On one such trip, to California in the spring of 1891, she caught a cold. It quickly deepened into her chest, and she was eventually diagnosed with [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\"). A summer in the [Adirondack Mountains](/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains \"Adirondack Mountains\") failed to restore her to health. An invalid the last six months of her life, she died in the White House on October 25, 1892, just two weeks before the national election. As a result, all of the candidates ceased campaigning.",
"#### Fusion",
"The Democrats and Populists conducted a partial fusion campaign in Oregon by having Democratic elector [Robert A. Miller](/wiki/Robert_A._Miller_%28Oregon_politician%29 \"Robert A. Miller (Oregon politician)\") drop out and the [Democratic Party of Oregon](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon \"Democratic Party of Oregon\") endorsed Populist elector I. Nathan Pierce in his place. The Democrats believed that the Populists would do the same for two electors, but the Populists refused.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=181\\-182}} The [Minnesota Democratic Party](/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party \"Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party\") initially announced that it would not conduct a fusion campaign, but later withdrew four of its electors in favor of Populist electors.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=184}}",
"The [Nevada Democratic Party](/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party \"Nevada Democratic Party\") passed a resolution at its convention stating that it would not support the party's presidential nominee if they did not support free silver. A majority of the party supported Weaver while a minority ran electors pledged to Cleveland. The [Silver Party](/wiki/Silver_Party \"Silver Party\") voted to have its Nevada presidential electors support the Populists. The [Nevada Republican Party](/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party \"Nevada Republican Party\") held a convention to select its presidential electors, but party chair Enoch Strother and 49 delegates left the convention after a caucus showed free silver delegates held a majority. These delegates nominated electors pledged to Harrison while the 85 silver delegates endorsed the Silver Party's electors.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=182\\-183}}",
"The [Wyoming Democratic Party](/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party \"Wyoming Democratic Party\") endorsed the Populist electors in exchange for the Populists supporting the Democratic state candidates. The [North Dakota Democratic Party](/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party \"North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party\") endorsed the Independent Party's electors, who were pledged to Weaver, in exchange for the Independent Party supporting its state candidates. The [Kansas Democratic Party](/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party \"Kansas Democratic Party\") made an agreement with the Populists in which the Democrats would run candidates for some state and federal offices while leaving the rest, including presidential electors, to the Populists.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=184\\-186}}",
"The [Republican Party of Louisiana](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana \"Republican Party of Louisiana\") agreed to divide the electors between five for Harrison and three for Weaver. The [Republican Party of Florida](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida \"Republican Party of Florida\") did not nominate any electors and its members supported Weaver.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=195}}",
"### Results",
"[right\\|thumb\\|400px\\|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Harrison (Republican), and shades of green are for Weaver (Populist).](/wiki/File:PresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif \"PresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\")\nThe margin in the popular vote for Cleveland was 400,000, the largest since Grant's re\\-election in [1872](/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election \"1872 United States presidential election\"). The Democrats won the presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time since [1856](/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election \"1856 United States presidential election\"). President Harrison's re\\-election bid was a decisive loss in both the popular and electoral count, unlike President Cleveland's re\\-election bid four years earlier, in which he won the popular vote, but lost the electoral vote.",
"This was the second time that a party lost re\\-election after a single four\\-year term, which would not occur again until 1980, and for Republicans until 2020\\. At the county level, Cleveland fared much better than Harrison. The Republicans' vote was not nearly as widespread as the Democrats'. In 1892, it was still a sectionally based party mainly situated in the East, Midwest, and West and was barely visible south of the [Mason–Dixon line](/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line \"Mason–Dixon line\"). In the South, the party was holding on in only a few counties. In [East Tennessee](/wiki/East_Tennessee \"East Tennessee\") and [tidewater Virginia](/wiki/Tidewater_Virginia \"Tidewater Virginia\"), the vote at the county level showed some strength, but it barely existed in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas.Presidential Elections, 1789–2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data, Donald R. Deskins, Jr., Hanes Walton, Jr., and Sherman C. Puckett, pg. 250",
"Additionally, Cleveland was the third of only five presidents to win re\\-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections. The other four are [Andrew Jackson](/wiki/Andrew_Jackson \"Andrew Jackson\") in [1832](/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election \"1832 United States presidential election\"), [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison \"James Madison\") in [1812](/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election \"1812 United States presidential election\"), Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944, and Barack Obama in 2012\\. As of 2020, Cleveland was the fourth of seven presidential nominees to win a significant number of electoral votes in at least three elections, the others being Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, William Jennings Bryan, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Richard Nixon. Of these, Jackson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt also won the popular vote in at least three elections. Jefferson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt were also their respective party's nominees for three consecutive elections.",
"In a continuation of its collapse there during the [1890 congressional elections](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections%2C_1890 \"United States House of Representatives elections, 1890\"), the Republican Party even struggled in its Midwestern strongholds, where general electoral troubles from economic woes were acutely exacerbated by the promotion of [temperance](/wiki/Temperance_movement \"Temperance movement\") laws and, in Wisconsin and Illinois, the aggressive support of state politicians for [English\\-only](/wiki/English-only_movement \"English-only movement\") compulsory education laws. Such policies, which particularly in the case of the latter were associated with an upwelling of [nativist](/wiki/Nativism_%28politics%29 \"Nativism (politics)\") and [anti\\-Catholic](/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States \"Anti-Catholicism in the United States\") attitudes amongst their supporters, resulted in the defection of large sections of immigrant communities, especially Germans, to the Democratic Party. Cleveland carried Wisconsin and Illinois with their 36 combined electoral votes, a Democratic victory not seen in those states since [1852](/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election \"1852 United States presidential election\")Counting the Votes; [Wisconsin](http://www.countingthevotes.com/wisconsin) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101231737/http://www.countingthevotes.com/wisconsin \\|date\\=January 1, 2017 }} and [1856](/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election \"1856 United States presidential election\")Counting the Votes; [Illinois](http://www.countingthevotes.com/illinois) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110085559/http://www.countingthevotes.com/illinois \\|date\\=January 10, 2017 }} respectively, and which would not be repeated until Woodrow Wilson's election in [1912](/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election \"1912 United States presidential election\"). While not as dramatic a loss as in 1890, it would take until the next election cycle for more moderate Republican leaders to pick up the pieces left by the reformist crusaders and bring alienated immigrants back to the fold.[Jensen, Richard J.](/wiki/Jensen%2C_Richard_J. \"Jensen, Richard J.\") [*The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896*](https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Winning_of_the_Midwest_Social_and_Po.html?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC), ch. 4: *Iowa, Wet or Dry?* \\& ch. 5: *Education, the Tariff, and the Melting Pot*. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971\\. pp. 89\\-153\\.",
"Of the 2,683 counties making returns, Cleveland won in 1,389 (51\\.77%), Harrison carried 1,017 (37\\.91%), while Weaver placed first in 276 (10\\.29%). One county (0\\.04%) split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison.",
"Populist James B. Weaver, calling for free coinage of silver and an inflationary monetary policy, received such strong support in the West that he became the only third\\-party nominee between 1860 and 1912 to carry a single state. The Democratic Party did not have a presidential ticket on the ballot in the states of Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, North Dakota, or Wyoming, and Weaver won the first four of these states.Nathan Fine, *Farmer and Labor Parties in the United States, 1828–1928\\.* New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1928; pg. 79\\. Weaver also performed well in the [South](/wiki/American_South \"American South\") as he won counties in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. Populists did best in Alabama, where electoral chicanery probably carried the day for the Democrats.[Charles W. Calhoun](/wiki/Charles_W._Calhoun \"Charles W. Calhoun\") (ed.), *The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America.* Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Rowman \\& Littlefield Publishers, 2006; pg. 295\\.",
"The Prohibition ticket received 270,879 votes, or 2\\.2% nationwide. It was the largest total vote and the highest percentage of the vote received by any Prohibition presidential candidate.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=235}}",
"Wyoming, having attained statehood two years earlier, became the first state to allow women to vote in a presidential election since [1804](/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election \"1804 United States presidential election\"). (Propertied unmarried women in New Jersey had the right to vote under the state's original constitution, but this was rescinded in 1807\\.) Wyoming was also one of six states (along with North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, and Idaho) participating in their first presidential election. This was the most new states voting since the [first election](/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election \"1788–89 United States presidential election\"). The 0\\.09% difference between the tipping point state (Illinois) and the national popular vote is tied with [1932](/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election \"1932 United States presidential election\") for the smallest in history.",
"The election witnessed many states splitting their electoral votes. Electors from the state of Michigan were selected using the congressional district method (the winner in each congressional district wins one electoral vote, the winner of the state wins two electoral votes). This resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: nine for Harrison and five for Cleveland.[1892 Presidential Election Results](https://web.archive.org/web/20060603003849/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1892&f=0&off=0&elect=0) In California, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: eight for Cleveland and one for Harrison. In Ohio, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: 22 for Harrison and one for Cleveland.",
"Cleveland was the first Democratic presidential nominee to win Illinois since 1856 and Wisconsin since 1852\\.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=243}}",
"61 of 67 counties in New England, where Connecticut was the only state won by Cleveland, supported Harrison. Weaver placed fourth, behind the Prohibitionists, in every New England state. 3% of the vote in New England went to third parties, with the Prohibitionists accounting for 70% of it. 343 of the counties in the upper south supported Cleveland, 165 supported Harrison, and 2 supported Weaver. 619 counties in the deep south supported Cleveland, 47 supported Weaver, 32 supported Harrison, and 8 supported fusion electors.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=237\\-240}} Harrison won 226 counties, Cleveland won 206, and Weaver won 1 in the midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=242}}",
"[File: United States Electoral College 1892\\.svg](/wiki/File:United_States_Electoral_College_1892.svg \"United States Electoral College 1892.svg\")",
"{{start U.S. presidential ticket box\\| pv\\_footnote\\=\\| ev\\_footnote\\=}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\\=\\[\\[Grover Cleveland]]\\| party\\=\\[\\[Democratic Party (United States)\\|Democratic]]\\| state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\\| pv\\=5,553,898\\| pv\\_pct\\=46\\.02%\\| ev\\=277\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Adlai E. Stevenson I]]\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Illinois]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\\=\\[\\[Benjamin Harrison]] (incumbent)\\| party\\=\\[\\[Republican Party (United States)\\|Republican]]\\| state\\=\\[\\[Indiana]]\\| pv\\=5,190,819\\| pv\\_pct\\=43\\.01%\\| ev\\=145\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Whitelaw Reid]]\\| vp\\_state\\=New York}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\\=\\[\\[James B. Weaver]]\\| party\\=\\[\\[People's Party (United States)\\|Populist]]\\| state\\=\\[\\[Iowa]]\\| pv\\=1,026,595\\| pv\\_pct\\=8\\.51%\\| ev\\=22\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[James G. Field]]\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Virginia]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\\=\\[\\[John Bidwell]]\\| party\\=\\[\\[Prohibition Party\\|Prohibition]]\\| state\\=\\[\\[California]]\\| pv\\=270,879\\| pv\\_pct\\=2\\.24%\\| ev\\=0\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[James Cranfill]]\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Texas]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\\=\\[\\[Simon Wing]]\\| party\\=\\[\\[Socialist Labor Party of America\\|Socialist Labor]]\\| state\\=\\[\\[Massachusetts]]\\| pv\\=21,173\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.18%\\| ev\\=0\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Charles Matchett]]\\| vp\\_state\\=New York}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box other\\| footnote\\=\\| pv\\=4,673\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.04%\\| }}\n{{end U.S. presidential ticket box\\| pv\\=12,068,037\\| ev\\=444\\| to\\_win\\=223}}",
"**Source (Popular Vote):** {{Leip PV source 2\\| year\\=1892\\| as of\\=July 27, 2005}}",
"**Source (Electoral Vote):** {{National Archives EV source\\| year\\=1892\\| as of\\=July 31, 2005}}",
"{{bar box\n\\|title\\=Popular vote\n\\|titlebar\\=\\#ddd\n\\|width\\=600px\n\\|barwidth\\=410px\n\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\|'''Cleveland'''\\|{{party color\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\|46\\.02}}\n{{bar percent\\|Harrison\\|{{party color\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\|43\\.01}}\n{{bar percent\\|Weaver\\|\\#0BDA51\\|8\\.51}}\n{{bar percent\\|Bidwell\\|\\#ff9955\\|2\\.24}}\n{{bar percent\\|Others\\|\\#777777\\|0\\.22}}\n}}\n{{bar box\n\\|title\\=Electoral vote\n\\|titlebar\\=\\#ddd\n\\|width\\=600px\n\\|barwidth\\=410px\n\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\|'''Cleveland'''\\|{{party color\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\|62\\.39}}\n{{bar percent\\|Harrison\\|{{party color\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\|32\\.66}}\n{{bar percent\\|Weaver\\|\\#0BDA51\\|4\\.95}}\n}}",
"### Geography of results",
"[650px\\|thumb\\|left](/wiki/File:1892_Electoral_Map.png \"1892 Electoral Map.png\")",
"File:1892 United States presidential election results map by county.svg\\|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote",
"",
"#### Cartographic gallery",
"",
"File:PresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\\|Map of presidential election results by county\nFile:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\\|Map of Democratic presidential election results by county\nFile:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\\|Map of Republican presidential election results by county\nFile:PopulistPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\\|Map of Populist presidential election results by county\nFile:OtherPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\\|Map of \"Other\" presidential election results by county\nFile:CartogramPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.png\\|\\[\\[Cartogram]] of presidential election results by county\nFile:CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.png\\|Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county\nFile:CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.png\\|Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county\nFile:CartogramPopulistPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.png\\|Cartogram of Populist presidential election results by county\nFile:CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.png\\|Cartogram of \"other\" presidential election results by county",
"",
"### Results by state",
"Source: Data from [Walter Dean Burnham](/wiki/Walter_Dean_Burnham \"Walter Dean Burnham\"), *Presidential ballots, 1836–1892* (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955\\) pp 247–57\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year\\=1892\\&datatype\\=national\\&def\\=1\\&f\\=0\\&off\\=0\\&elect\\=0\\|title\\=1892 Presidential General Election Data – National\\|website\\=Uselectionatlas.org\\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2013}}",
"States/districts won by [Cleveland](/wiki/Grover_Cleveland \"Grover Cleveland\")/[Stevenson](/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I \"Adlai Stevenson I\") |\n States/districts won by [Harrison](/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison \"Benjamin Harrison\")/[Reid](/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid \"Whitelaw Reid\") |\n States/districts won by [Weaver](/wiki/James_B._Weaver \"James B. Weaver\")/[Field](/wiki/James_G._Field \"James G. Field\") |",
"| | | Grover ClevelandDemocratic | | | Benjamin HarrisonRepublican | | | James WeaverPopulist | | | John BidwellProhibition | | | Simon WingSocialist Labor | | | Margin | | State Total | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| State | electoralvotes | \\# | % | electoralvotes | \\# | % | electoralvotes | \\# | % | electoralvotes | \\# | % | electoralvotes | \\# | % | electoralvotes | \\# | % | \\# | state/dist. |",
"[Alabama](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama \"1892 United States presidential election in Alabama\") |\n 11 |\n 138,135 |\n 59\\.40 |\n 11 |\n 9,184 |\n 3\\.95 |\n \\- |\n 84,984 |\n 36\\.55 |\n \\- |\n 240 |\n 0\\.10 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 53,151 |\n 22\\.86 |\n 232,543 |\n AL |\n [Arkansas](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas \"1892 United States presidential election in Arkansas\") |\n 8 |\n 87,834 |\n 59\\.30 |\n 8 |\n 47,072 |\n 31\\.78 |\n \\- |\n 11,831 |\n 7\\.99 |\n \\- |\n 113 |\n 0\\.08 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 40,762 |\n 27\\.52 |\n 148,117 |\n AR |\n [California](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_California \"1892 United States presidential election in California\") |\n 9 |\n 118,174 |\n 43\\.83 |\n 8 |\n 118,027 |\n 43\\.78 |\n 1 |\n 25,311 |\n 9\\.39 |\n \\- |\n 8,096 |\n 3\\.00 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 147 |\n 0\\.05 |\n 269,609 |\n CA |\n [Colorado](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado \"1892 United States presidential election in Colorado\") |\n 4 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 38,620 |\n 41\\.13 |\n \\- |\n 53,584 |\n 57\\.07 |\n 4 |\n 1,687 |\n 1\\.80 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-14,964 |\n \\-15\\.94 |\n 93,891 |\n CO |\n [Connecticut](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut \"1892 United States presidential election in Connecticut\") |\n 6 |\n 82,395 |\n 50\\.06 |\n 6 |\n 77,032 |\n 46\\.80 |\n \\- |\n 809 |\n 0\\.49 |\n \\- |\n 4,026 |\n 2\\.45 |\n \\- |\n 333 |\n 0\\.20 |\n \\- |\n 5,363 |\n 3\\.26 |\n 164,595 |\n CT |\n [Delaware](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware \"1892 United States presidential election in Delaware\") |\n 3 |\n 18,581 |\n 49\\.90 |\n 3 |\n 18,077 |\n 48\\.55 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 564 |\n 1\\.51 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 504 |\n 1\\.35 |\n 37,235 |\n DE |\n [Florida](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida \"1892 United States presidential election in Florida\") |\n 4 |\n 30,153 |\n 85\\.01 |\n 4 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 4,843 |\n 13\\.65 |\n \\- |\n 475 |\n 1\\.34 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 25,310 |\n 71\\.35 |\n 35,471 |\n FL |\n [Georgia](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia \"1892 United States presidential election in Georgia\") |\n 13 |\n 129,446 |\n 58\\.01 |\n 13 |\n 48,408 |\n 21\\.70 |\n \\- |\n 41,939 |\n 18\\.80 |\n \\- |\n 988 |\n 0\\.44 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 81,038 |\n 36\\.32 |\n 223,126 |\n GA |\n [Idaho](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho \"1892 United States presidential election in Idaho\") |\n 3 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 8,599 |\n 44\\.31 |\n \\- |\n 10,520 |\n 54\\.21 |\n 3 |\n 288 |\n 1\\.48 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-1,921 |\n \\-9\\.90 |\n 19,407 |\n ID |\n [Illinois](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois \"1892 United States presidential election in Illinois\") |\n 24 |\n 426,281 |\n 48\\.79 |\n 24 |\n 399,288 |\n 45\\.70 |\n \\- |\n 22,207 |\n 2\\.54 |\n \\- |\n 25,871 |\n 2\\.96 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 26,993 |\n 3\\.09 |\n 873,647 |\n IL |\n [Indiana](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana \"1892 United States presidential election in Indiana\") |\n 15 |\n 262,740 |\n 47\\.46 |\n 15 |\n 255,615 |\n 46\\.17 |\n \\- |\n 22,208 |\n 4\\.01 |\n \\- |\n 13,050 |\n 2\\.36 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 7,125 |\n 1\\.29 |\n 553,613 |\n IN |\n [Iowa](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa \"1892 United States presidential election in Iowa\") |\n 13 |\n 196,367 |\n 44\\.31 |\n \\- |\n 219,795 |\n 49\\.60 |\n 13 |\n 20,595 |\n 4\\.65 |\n \\- |\n 6,402 |\n 1\\.44 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-23,428 |\n \\-5\\.29 |\n 443,159 |\n IA |\n [Kansas](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas \"1892 United States presidential election in Kansas\") |\n 10 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 157,241 |\n 48\\.40 |\n \\- |\n 163,111 |\n 50\\.20 |\n 10 |\n 4,553 |\n 1\\.40 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-5,870 |\n \\-1\\.81 |\n 324,905 |\n KS |\n [Kentucky](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky \"1892 United States presidential election in Kentucky\") |\n 13 |\n 175,461 |\n 51\\.48 |\n 13 |\n 135,462 |\n 39\\.74 |\n \\- |\n 23,500 |\n 6\\.89 |\n \\- |\n 6,441 |\n 1\\.89 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 39,999 |\n 11\\.73 |\n 340,864 |\n KY |\n [Louisiana](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana \"1892 United States presidential election in Louisiana\") |\n 8 |\n 87,926 |\n 76\\.53 |\n 8 |\n 26,963 |\n 23\\.47 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 60,963 |\n 53\\.06 |\n 114,889 |\n LA |\n [Maine](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine \"1892 United States presidential election in Maine\") |\n 6 |\n 48,049 |\n 41\\.26 |\n \\- |\n 62,936 |\n 54\\.05 |\n 6 |\n 2,396 |\n 2\\.06 |\n \\- |\n 3,066 |\n 2\\.63 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-14,887 |\n \\-12\\.78 |\n 116,451 |\n ME |\n [Maryland](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland \"1892 United States presidential election in Maryland\") |\n 8 |\n 113,866 |\n 53\\.39 |\n 8 |\n 92,736 |\n 43\\.48 |\n \\- |\n 796 |\n 0\\.37 |\n \\- |\n 5,877 |\n 2\\.76 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 21,130 |\n 9\\.91 |\n 213,275 |\n MD |\n [Massachusetts](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts \"1892 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\") |\n 15 |\n 176,813 |\n 45\\.22 |\n \\- |\n 202,814 |\n 51\\.87 |\n 15 |\n 3,210 |\n 0\\.82 |\n \\- |\n 7,539 |\n 1\\.93 |\n \\- |\n 649 |\n 0\\.17 |\n \\- |\n \\-26,001 |\n \\-6\\.65 |\n 391,028 |\n MA |\n [Michigan](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 2 |\n 201,624 |\n 43\\.26 |\n \\- |\n 222,708 |\n 47\\.79 |\n 2 |\n 19,931 |\n 4\\.28 |\n \\- |\n 20,857 |\n 4\\.48 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-21,084 |\n \\-4\\.52 |\n 466,045 |\n MI |\n [MI\\-1](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 19,990 |\n 51\\.33 |\n 1 |\n 18,323 |\n 47\\.05 |\n \\- |\n 291 |\n 0\\.75 |\n \\- |\n 340 |\n 0\\.87 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 1,667 |\n 4\\.28 |\n 38,944 |\n MI\\-1 |\n [MI\\-2](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 22,427 |\n 47\\.67 |\n 1 |\n 20,947 |\n 44\\.89 |\n \\- |\n 1,072 |\n 2\\.30 |\n \\- |\n 2,401 |\n 5\\.15 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 1,480 |\n 3\\.17 |\n 46,667 |\n MI\\-2 |\n [MI\\-3](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 15,750 |\n 37\\.01 |\n \\- |\n 21,233 |\n 49\\.98 |\n 1 |\n 2,938 |\n 6\\.92 |\n \\- |\n 2,562 |\n 6\\.03 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-5,477 |\n \\-12\\.89 |\n 42,483 |\n MI\\-3 |\n [MI\\-4](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 20,084 |\n 46\\.16 |\n \\- |\n 21,402 |\n 49\\.19 |\n 1 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 2,024 |\n 4\\.65 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-1,381 |\n \\-3\\.17 |\n 43,510 |\n MI\\-4 |\n [MI\\-5](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 20,187 |\n 47\\.72 |\n 1 |\n 18,173 |\n 42\\.96 |\n \\- |\n 1,980 |\n 4\\.68 |\n \\- |\n 1,967 |\n 4\\.65 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 2,014 |\n 4\\.76 |\n 42,307 |\n MI\\-5 |\n [MI\\-6](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 19,500 |\n 43\\.16 |\n \\- |\n 21,324 |\n 47\\.19 |\n 1 |\n 2,070 |\n 4\\.58 |\n \\- |\n 2,286 |\n 5\\.06 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-1,734 |\n \\-3\\.84 |\n 45,180 |\n MI\\-6 |\n [MI\\-7](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 15,984 |\n 46\\.57 |\n 1 |\n 15,723 |\n 45\\.80 |\n \\- |\n 1,842 |\n 5\\.37 |\n \\- |\n 777 |\n 2\\.26 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 201 |\n 0\\.59 |\n 34,326 |\n MI\\-7 |\n [MI\\-8](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 15,298 |\n 44\\.55 |\n \\- |\n 16,672 |\n 48\\.55 |\n 1 |\n 1,149 |\n 3\\.35 |\n \\- |\n 1,218 |\n 3\\.35 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-1,374 |\n \\-4\\.00 |\n 34,337 |\n MI\\-8 |\n [MI\\-9](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 12,853 |\n 43\\.36 |\n \\- |\n 14,036 |\n 47\\.35 |\n 1 |\n 1,062 |\n 3\\.58 |\n \\- |\n 1,693 |\n 5\\.71 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-1,183 |\n \\-3\\.99 |\n 29,664 |\n MI\\-9 |\n [MI\\-10](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 14,972 |\n 47\\.91 |\n 1 |\n 14,370 |\n 45\\.98 |\n \\- |\n 1,167 |\n 3\\.73 |\n \\- |\n 741 |\n 2\\.37 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 602 |\n 1\\.93 |\n 31,250 |\n MI\\-10 |\n [MI\\-11](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 12,743 |\n 35\\.16 |\n \\- |\n 18,379 |\n 50\\.75 |\n 1 |\n 3,143 |\n 8\\.68 |\n \\- |\n 1,961 |\n 5\\.41 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-5,645 |\n \\-15\\.59 |\n 36,217 |\n MI\\-11 |\n [MI\\-12](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan \"1892 United States presidential election in Michigan\") |\n 1 |\n 16,888 |\n 42\\.68 |\n \\- |\n 18,811 |\n 50\\.06 |\n 1 |\n 1,023 |\n 2\\.59 |\n \\- |\n 1,851 |\n 4\\.68 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-2,923 |\n \\-7\\.39 |\n 39,573 |\n MI\\-12 |\n [Minnesota](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota \"1892 United States presidential election in Minnesota\") |\n 9 |\n 100,920 |\n 37\\.76 |\n \\- |\n 122,823 |\n 45\\.96 |\n 9 |\n 29,313 |\n 10\\.97 |\n \\- |\n 14,182 |\n 5\\.31 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-21,903 |\n \\-8\\.20 |\n 267,238 |\n MN |\n [Mississippi](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi \"1892 United States presidential election in Mississippi\") |\n 9 |\n 40,030 |\n 76\\.22 |\n 9 |\n 1,398 |\n 2\\.66 |\n \\- |\n 10,118 |\n 19\\.27 |\n \\- |\n 973 |\n 1\\.85 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 29,912 |\n 56\\.95 |\n 52,519 |\n MS |\n [Missouri](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri \"1892 United States presidential election in Missouri\") |\n 17 |\n 268,400 |\n 49\\.56 |\n 17 |\n 227,646 |\n 42\\.03 |\n \\- |\n 41,204 |\n 7\\.61 |\n \\- |\n 4,333 |\n 0\\.80 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 40,754 |\n 7\\.52 |\n 541,583 |\n MO |\n [Montana](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana \"1892 United States presidential election in Montana\") |\n 3 |\n 17,690 |\n 39\\.79 |\n \\- |\n 18,871 |\n 42\\.44 |\n 3 |\n 7,338 |\n 16\\.50 |\n \\- |\n 562 |\n 1\\.26 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-1,181 |\n \\-2\\.66 |\n 44,461 |\n MT |\n [Nebraska](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska \"1892 United States presidential election in Nebraska\") |\n 8 |\n 24,943 |\n 12\\.46 |\n \\- |\n 87,213 |\n 43\\.56 |\n 8 |\n 83,134 |\n 41\\.53 |\n \\- |\n 4,902 |\n 2\\.45 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-4,079 |\n \\-2\\.04 |\n 200,192 |\n NE |\n [Nevada](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada \"1892 United States presidential election in Nevada\") |\n 3 |\n 714 |\n 6\\.56 |\n \\- |\n 2,811 |\n 25\\.84 |\n \\- |\n 7,264 |\n 66\\.78 |\n 3 |\n 89 |\n 0\\.82 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-4,453 |\n \\-40\\.94 |\n 10,878 |\n NV |\n [New Hampshire](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire \"1892 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\") |\n 4 |\n 42,081 |\n 47\\.11 |\n \\- |\n 45,658 |\n 51\\.11 |\n 4 |\n 293 |\n 0\\.33 |\n \\- |\n 1,297 |\n 1\\.45 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-3,577 |\n \\-4\\.00 |\n 89,329 |\n NH |\n [New Jersey](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey \"1892 United States presidential election in New Jersey\") |\n 10 |\n 171,066 |\n 50\\.67 |\n 10 |\n 156,101 |\n 46\\.24 |\n \\- |\n 985 |\n 0\\.29 |\n \\- |\n 8,134 |\n 2\\.41 |\n \\- |\n 1,337 |\n 0\\.40 |\n \\- |\n 14,965 |\n 4\\.43 |\n 337,623 |\n NJ |\n [New York](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York \"1892 United States presidential election in New York\") |\n 36 |\n 654,868 |\n 48\\.99 |\n 36 |\n 609,350 |\n 45\\.58 |\n \\- |\n 16,429 |\n 1\\.23 |\n \\- |\n 38,190 |\n 2\\.86 |\n \\- |\n 17,956 |\n 1\\.34 |\n \\- |\n 45,518 |\n 3\\.41 |\n 1,336,793 |\n NY |\n [North Carolina](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina \"1892 United States presidential election in North Carolina\") |\n 11 |\n 132,951 |\n 47\\.44 |\n 11 |\n 100,346 |\n 35\\.80 |\n \\- |\n 44,336 |\n 15\\.82 |\n \\- |\n 2,637 |\n 0\\.94 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 32,605 |\n 11\\.63 |\n 280,270 |\n NC |\n [North Dakota](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota \"1892 United States presidential election in North Dakota\") |\n 3 |\n 0 |\n 0\\.00 |\n 1 |\n 17,519 |\n 48\\.50 |\n 1 |\n 17,700 |\n 49\\.01 |\n 1 |\n 899 |\n 2\\.49 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-181 |\n \\-0\\.50 |\n 36,118 |\n ND |\n [Ohio](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio \"1892 United States presidential election in Ohio\") |\n 23 |\n 404,115 |\n 47\\.53 |\n 1 |\n 405,187 |\n 47\\.66 |\n 22 |\n 14,850 |\n 1\\.75 |\n \\- |\n 26,012 |\n 3\\.06 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-1,072 |\n \\-0\\.13 |\n 850,164 |\n OH |\n [Oregon](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon \"1892 United States presidential election in Oregon\") |\n 4 |\n 14,243 |\n 18\\.15 |\n \\- |\n 35,002 |\n 44\\.59 |\n 3 |\n 26,965 |\n 34\\.35 |\n 1 |\n 2,281 |\n 2\\.91 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-8,037 |\n \\-10\\.24 |\n 78,491 |\n OR |\n [Pennsylvania](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania \"1892 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\") |\n 32 |\n 452,264 |\n 45\\.09 |\n \\- |\n 516,011 |\n 51\\.45 |\n 32 |\n 8,714 |\n 0\\.87 |\n \\- |\n 25,123 |\n 2\\.50 |\n \\- |\n 898 |\n 0\\.09 |\n \\- |\n \\-63,747 |\n \\-6\\.36 |\n 1,003,010 |\n PA |\n [Rhode Island](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island \"1892 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\") |\n 4 |\n 24,336 |\n 45\\.75 |\n \\- |\n 26,975 |\n 50\\.71 |\n 4 |\n 228 |\n 0\\.43 |\n \\- |\n 1,654 |\n 3\\.11 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-2,639 |\n \\-4\\.96 |\n 53,196 |\n RI |\n [South Carolina](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina \"1892 United States presidential election in South Carolina\") |\n 9 |\n 54,680 |\n 77\\.56 |\n 9 |\n 13,345 |\n 18\\.93 |\n \\- |\n 2,407 |\n 3\\.41 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 41,335 |\n 58\\.63 |\n 70,504 |\n SC |\n [South Dakota](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota \"1892 United States presidential election in South Dakota\") |\n 4 |\n 9,081 |\n 12\\.88 |\n \\- |\n 34,888 |\n 49\\.48 |\n 4 |\n 26,544 |\n 37\\.64 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-8,344 |\n \\-11\\.83 |\n 70,513 |\n SD |\n [Tennessee](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee \"1892 United States presidential election in Tennessee\") |\n 12 |\n 136,468 |\n 51\\.36 |\n 12 |\n 100,537 |\n 37\\.83 |\n \\- |\n 23,918 |\n 9\\.00 |\n \\- |\n 4,809 |\n 1\\.81 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 35,931 |\n 13\\.52 |\n 265,732 |\n TN |\n [Texas](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas \"1892 United States presidential election in Texas\") |\n 15 |\n 239,148 |\n 56\\.65 |\n 15 |\n 81,144 |\n 19\\.22 |\n \\- |\n 99,688 |\n 23\\.61 |\n \\- |\n 2,165 |\n 0\\.51 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 139,460 |\n 33\\.04 |\n 422,145 |\n TX |\n [Vermont](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont \"1892 United States presidential election in Vermont\") |\n 4 |\n 16,325 |\n 29\\.26 |\n \\- |\n 37,992 |\n 68\\.09 |\n 4 |\n 44 |\n 0\\.08 |\n \\- |\n 1,424 |\n 2\\.55 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-21,667 |\n \\-38\\.83 |\n 55,796 |\n VT |\n [Virginia](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia \"1892 United States presidential election in Virginia\") |\n 12 |\n 164,136 |\n 56\\.17 |\n 12 |\n 113,098 |\n 38\\.70 |\n \\- |\n 12,275 |\n 4\\.20 |\n \\- |\n 2,729 |\n 0\\.93 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 51,038 |\n 17\\.46 |\n 292,238 |\n VA |\n [Washington](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_%28state%29 \"1892 United States presidential election in Washington (state)\") |\n 4 |\n 29,802 |\n 33\\.88 |\n \\- |\n 36,460 |\n 41\\.45 |\n 4 |\n 19,165 |\n 21\\.79 |\n \\- |\n 2,542 |\n 2\\.89 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-6,658 |\n \\-7\\.57 |\n 87,969 |\n WA |\n [West Virginia](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia \"1892 United States presidential election in West Virginia\") |\n 6 |\n 84,467 |\n 49\\.37 |\n 6 |\n 80,292 |\n 46\\.93 |\n \\- |\n 4,167 |\n 2\\.44 |\n \\- |\n 2,153 |\n 1\\.26 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 4,175 |\n 2\\.44 |\n 171,079 |\n WV |\n [Wisconsin](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin \"1892 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\") |\n 12 |\n 177,325 |\n 47\\.72 |\n 12 |\n 171,101 |\n 46\\.05 |\n \\- |\n 10,019 |\n 2\\.70 |\n \\- |\n 13,136 |\n 3\\.54 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 6,224 |\n 1\\.68 |\n 371,581 |\n WI |\n [Wyoming](/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming \"1892 United States presidential election in Wyoming\") |\n 3 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n 8,454 |\n 50\\.52 |\n 3 |\n 7,722 |\n 46\\.14 |\n \\- |\n 530 |\n 3\\.17 |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\- |\n \\-732 |\n \\-4\\.37 |\n 16,735 |\n WY || TOTALS: | 444 | 5,553,898 | 46\\.02 | 277 | 5,190,799 | 43\\.01 | 145 | 1,026,595 | 8\\.51 | 22 | 270,889 | 2\\.24 | \\- | 21,173 | 0\\.18 | \\- | 363,099 | 3\\.01 | 12,068,027 | US |",
"",
"### States that flipped from Republican to Democratic",
"* [California](/wiki/California \"California\")\n* [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\")\n* [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\")\n* [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\")\n* [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\")",
"### States that flipped from Republican to Populist",
"* [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\")\n* [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\")\n* [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada \"Nevada\")",
"### Close states",
"Margin of victory less than 1% (35 electoral votes):\n1. **California, 0\\.05% (147 votes)**\n2. **Ohio, 0\\.13% (1,072 votes)**\n3. **North Dakota, 0\\.50% (181 votes)**",
"Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (158 electoral votes):\n1. **Indiana, 1\\.29% (7,125 votes)**\n2. **Delaware, 1\\.35% (504 votes)**\n3. **Wisconsin, 1\\.68% (6,224 votes)**\n4. **Kansas, 1\\.81% (5,870 votes)**\n5. **Nebraska, 2\\.04% (4,079 votes)**\n6. **West Virginia, 2\\.44% (4,175 votes)**\n7. **Montana, 2\\.66% (1,181 votes)**\n8. **Illinois, 3\\.09% (26,993 votes)** (tipping point state)\n9. **Connecticut, 3\\.26% (5,363 votes)**\n10. **New York, 3\\.41% (45,518 votes)**\n11. **New Hampshire, 4\\.00% (3,577 votes)**\n12. **Wyoming, 4\\.37% (732 votes)** (margin over James Weaver)\n13. **New Jersey, 4\\.43% (14,965 votes)**\n14. **Michigan, 4\\.52% (21,084 votes)**\n15. **Rhode Island, 4\\.96% (2,639 votes)**",
"Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (101 electoral votes):\n1. **Iowa, 5\\.29% (23,428 votes)**\n2. **Pennsylvania, 6\\.36% (63,747 votes)**\n3. **Massachusetts, 6\\.65% (26,001 votes)**\n4. **Missouri, 7\\.52% (40,754 votes)**\n5. **Washington, 7\\.57% (6,658 votes)**\n6. **Minnesota, 8\\.20% (21,903 votes)**\n7. **Idaho, 9\\.90% (1,921 votes)**\n8. **Maryland, 9\\.91% (21,130 votes)**",
""
] |
### Results
[right\|thumb\|400px\|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Harrison (Republican), and shades of green are for Weaver (Populist).](/wiki/File:PresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif "PresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif")
The margin in the popular vote for Cleveland was 400,000, the largest since Grant's re\-election in [1872](/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election "1872 United States presidential election"). The Democrats won the presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time since [1856](/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election "1856 United States presidential election"). President Harrison's re\-election bid was a decisive loss in both the popular and electoral count, unlike President Cleveland's re\-election bid four years earlier, in which he won the popular vote, but lost the electoral vote.
This was the second time that a party lost re\-election after a single four\-year term, which would not occur again until 1980, and for Republicans until 2020\. At the county level, Cleveland fared much better than Harrison. The Republicans' vote was not nearly as widespread as the Democrats'. In 1892, it was still a sectionally based party mainly situated in the East, Midwest, and West and was barely visible south of the [Mason–Dixon line](/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line "Mason–Dixon line"). In the South, the party was holding on in only a few counties. In [East Tennessee](/wiki/East_Tennessee "East Tennessee") and [tidewater Virginia](/wiki/Tidewater_Virginia "Tidewater Virginia"), the vote at the county level showed some strength, but it barely existed in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas.Presidential Elections, 1789–2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data, Donald R. Deskins, Jr., Hanes Walton, Jr., and Sherman C. Puckett, pg. 250
Additionally, Cleveland was the third of only five presidents to win re\-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections. The other four are [Andrew Jackson](/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") in [1832](/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election "1832 United States presidential election"), [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison") in [1812](/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election "1812 United States presidential election"), Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944, and Barack Obama in 2012\. As of 2020, Cleveland was the fourth of seven presidential nominees to win a significant number of electoral votes in at least three elections, the others being Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, William Jennings Bryan, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Richard Nixon. Of these, Jackson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt also won the popular vote in at least three elections. Jefferson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt were also their respective party's nominees for three consecutive elections.
In a continuation of its collapse there during the [1890 congressional elections](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections%2C_1890 "United States House of Representatives elections, 1890"), the Republican Party even struggled in its Midwestern strongholds, where general electoral troubles from economic woes were acutely exacerbated by the promotion of [temperance](/wiki/Temperance_movement "Temperance movement") laws and, in Wisconsin and Illinois, the aggressive support of state politicians for [English\-only](/wiki/English-only_movement "English-only movement") compulsory education laws. Such policies, which particularly in the case of the latter were associated with an upwelling of [nativist](/wiki/Nativism_%28politics%29 "Nativism (politics)") and [anti\-Catholic](/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States "Anti-Catholicism in the United States") attitudes amongst their supporters, resulted in the defection of large sections of immigrant communities, especially Germans, to the Democratic Party. Cleveland carried Wisconsin and Illinois with their 36 combined electoral votes, a Democratic victory not seen in those states since [1852](/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election "1852 United States presidential election")Counting the Votes; [Wisconsin](http://www.countingthevotes.com/wisconsin) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101231737/http://www.countingthevotes.com/wisconsin \|date\=January 1, 2017 }} and [1856](/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election "1856 United States presidential election")Counting the Votes; [Illinois](http://www.countingthevotes.com/illinois) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110085559/http://www.countingthevotes.com/illinois \|date\=January 10, 2017 }} respectively, and which would not be repeated until Woodrow Wilson's election in [1912](/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election "1912 United States presidential election"). While not as dramatic a loss as in 1890, it would take until the next election cycle for more moderate Republican leaders to pick up the pieces left by the reformist crusaders and bring alienated immigrants back to the fold.[Jensen, Richard J.](/wiki/Jensen%2C_Richard_J. "Jensen, Richard J.") [*The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896*](https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Winning_of_the_Midwest_Social_and_Po.html?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC), ch. 4: *Iowa, Wet or Dry?* \& ch. 5: *Education, the Tariff, and the Melting Pot*. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971\. pp. 89\-153\.
Of the 2,683 counties making returns, Cleveland won in 1,389 (51\.77%), Harrison carried 1,017 (37\.91%), while Weaver placed first in 276 (10\.29%). One county (0\.04%) split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison.
Populist James B. Weaver, calling for free coinage of silver and an inflationary monetary policy, received such strong support in the West that he became the only third\-party nominee between 1860 and 1912 to carry a single state. The Democratic Party did not have a presidential ticket on the ballot in the states of Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, North Dakota, or Wyoming, and Weaver won the first four of these states.Nathan Fine, *Farmer and Labor Parties in the United States, 1828–1928\.* New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1928; pg. 79\. Weaver also performed well in the [South](/wiki/American_South "American South") as he won counties in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. Populists did best in Alabama, where electoral chicanery probably carried the day for the Democrats.[Charles W. Calhoun](/wiki/Charles_W._Calhoun "Charles W. Calhoun") (ed.), *The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America.* Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Rowman \& Littlefield Publishers, 2006; pg. 295\.
The Prohibition ticket received 270,879 votes, or 2\.2% nationwide. It was the largest total vote and the highest percentage of the vote received by any Prohibition presidential candidate.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=235}}
Wyoming, having attained statehood two years earlier, became the first state to allow women to vote in a presidential election since [1804](/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election "1804 United States presidential election"). (Propertied unmarried women in New Jersey had the right to vote under the state's original constitution, but this was rescinded in 1807\.) Wyoming was also one of six states (along with North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, and Idaho) participating in their first presidential election. This was the most new states voting since the [first election](/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election"). The 0\.09% difference between the tipping point state (Illinois) and the national popular vote is tied with [1932](/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election "1932 United States presidential election") for the smallest in history.
The election witnessed many states splitting their electoral votes. Electors from the state of Michigan were selected using the congressional district method (the winner in each congressional district wins one electoral vote, the winner of the state wins two electoral votes). This resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: nine for Harrison and five for Cleveland.[1892 Presidential Election Results](https://web.archive.org/web/20060603003849/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1892&f=0&off=0&elect=0) In California, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: eight for Cleveland and one for Harrison. In Ohio, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: 22 for Harrison and one for Cleveland.
Cleveland was the first Democratic presidential nominee to win Illinois since 1856 and Wisconsin since 1852\.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=243}}
61 of 67 counties in New England, where Connecticut was the only state won by Cleveland, supported Harrison. Weaver placed fourth, behind the Prohibitionists, in every New England state. 3% of the vote in New England went to third parties, with the Prohibitionists accounting for 70% of it. 343 of the counties in the upper south supported Cleveland, 165 supported Harrison, and 2 supported Weaver. 619 counties in the deep south supported Cleveland, 47 supported Weaver, 32 supported Harrison, and 8 supported fusion electors.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=237\-240}} Harrison won 226 counties, Cleveland won 206, and Weaver won 1 in the midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.{{sfn\|Knoles\|1971\|p\=242}}
[File: United States Electoral College 1892\.svg](/wiki/File:United_States_Electoral_College_1892.svg "United States Electoral College 1892.svg")
{{start U.S. presidential ticket box\| pv\_footnote\=\| ev\_footnote\=}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\| name\=\[\[Grover Cleveland]]\| party\=\[\[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic]]\| state\=\[\[New York (state)\|New York]]\| pv\=5,553,898\| pv\_pct\=46\.02%\| ev\=277\| vp\_name\=\[\[Adlai E. Stevenson I]]\| vp\_state\=\[\[Illinois]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\| name\=\[\[Benjamin Harrison]] (incumbent)\| party\=\[\[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]]\| state\=\[\[Indiana]]\| pv\=5,190,819\| pv\_pct\=43\.01%\| ev\=145\| vp\_name\=\[\[Whitelaw Reid]]\| vp\_state\=New York}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\| name\=\[\[James B. Weaver]]\| party\=\[\[People's Party (United States)\|Populist]]\| state\=\[\[Iowa]]\| pv\=1,026,595\| pv\_pct\=8\.51%\| ev\=22\| vp\_name\=\[\[James G. Field]]\| vp\_state\=\[\[Virginia]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\| name\=\[\[John Bidwell]]\| party\=\[\[Prohibition Party\|Prohibition]]\| state\=\[\[California]]\| pv\=270,879\| pv\_pct\=2\.24%\| ev\=0\| vp\_name\=\[\[James Cranfill]]\| vp\_state\=\[\[Texas]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\| name\=\[\[Simon Wing]]\| party\=\[\[Socialist Labor Party of America\|Socialist Labor]]\| state\=\[\[Massachusetts]]\| pv\=21,173\| pv\_pct\=0\.18%\| ev\=0\| vp\_name\=\[\[Charles Matchett]]\| vp\_state\=New York}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box other\| footnote\=\| pv\=4,673\| pv\_pct\=0\.04%\| }}
{{end U.S. presidential ticket box\| pv\=12,068,037\| ev\=444\| to\_win\=223}}
**Source (Popular Vote):** {{Leip PV source 2\| year\=1892\| as of\=July 27, 2005}}
**Source (Electoral Vote):** {{National Archives EV source\| year\=1892\| as of\=July 31, 2005}}
{{bar box
\|title\=Popular vote
\|titlebar\=\#ddd
\|width\=600px
\|barwidth\=410px
\|bars\=
{{bar percent\|'''Cleveland'''\|{{party color\|Democratic Party (US)}}\|46\.02}}
{{bar percent\|Harrison\|{{party color\|Republican Party (US)}}\|43\.01}}
{{bar percent\|Weaver\|\#0BDA51\|8\.51}}
{{bar percent\|Bidwell\|\#ff9955\|2\.24}}
{{bar percent\|Others\|\#777777\|0\.22}}
}}
{{bar box
\|title\=Electoral vote
\|titlebar\=\#ddd
\|width\=600px
\|barwidth\=410px
\|bars\=
{{bar percent\|'''Cleveland'''\|{{party color\|Democratic Party (US)}}\|62\.39}}
{{bar percent\|Harrison\|{{party color\|Republican Party (US)}}\|32\.66}}
{{bar percent\|Weaver\|\#0BDA51\|4\.95}}
}}
|
[
"### Results",
"[right\\|thumb\\|400px\\|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Harrison (Republican), and shades of green are for Weaver (Populist).](/wiki/File:PresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif \"PresidentialCounty1892Colorbrewer.gif\")\nThe margin in the popular vote for Cleveland was 400,000, the largest since Grant's re\\-election in [1872](/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election \"1872 United States presidential election\"). The Democrats won the presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time since [1856](/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election \"1856 United States presidential election\"). President Harrison's re\\-election bid was a decisive loss in both the popular and electoral count, unlike President Cleveland's re\\-election bid four years earlier, in which he won the popular vote, but lost the electoral vote.",
"This was the second time that a party lost re\\-election after a single four\\-year term, which would not occur again until 1980, and for Republicans until 2020\\. At the county level, Cleveland fared much better than Harrison. The Republicans' vote was not nearly as widespread as the Democrats'. In 1892, it was still a sectionally based party mainly situated in the East, Midwest, and West and was barely visible south of the [Mason–Dixon line](/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line \"Mason–Dixon line\"). In the South, the party was holding on in only a few counties. In [East Tennessee](/wiki/East_Tennessee \"East Tennessee\") and [tidewater Virginia](/wiki/Tidewater_Virginia \"Tidewater Virginia\"), the vote at the county level showed some strength, but it barely existed in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas.Presidential Elections, 1789–2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data, Donald R. Deskins, Jr., Hanes Walton, Jr., and Sherman C. Puckett, pg. 250",
"Additionally, Cleveland was the third of only five presidents to win re\\-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections. The other four are [Andrew Jackson](/wiki/Andrew_Jackson \"Andrew Jackson\") in [1832](/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election \"1832 United States presidential election\"), [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison \"James Madison\") in [1812](/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election \"1812 United States presidential election\"), Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944, and Barack Obama in 2012\\. As of 2020, Cleveland was the fourth of seven presidential nominees to win a significant number of electoral votes in at least three elections, the others being Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, William Jennings Bryan, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Richard Nixon. Of these, Jackson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt also won the popular vote in at least three elections. Jefferson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt were also their respective party's nominees for three consecutive elections.",
"In a continuation of its collapse there during the [1890 congressional elections](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections%2C_1890 \"United States House of Representatives elections, 1890\"), the Republican Party even struggled in its Midwestern strongholds, where general electoral troubles from economic woes were acutely exacerbated by the promotion of [temperance](/wiki/Temperance_movement \"Temperance movement\") laws and, in Wisconsin and Illinois, the aggressive support of state politicians for [English\\-only](/wiki/English-only_movement \"English-only movement\") compulsory education laws. Such policies, which particularly in the case of the latter were associated with an upwelling of [nativist](/wiki/Nativism_%28politics%29 \"Nativism (politics)\") and [anti\\-Catholic](/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States \"Anti-Catholicism in the United States\") attitudes amongst their supporters, resulted in the defection of large sections of immigrant communities, especially Germans, to the Democratic Party. Cleveland carried Wisconsin and Illinois with their 36 combined electoral votes, a Democratic victory not seen in those states since [1852](/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election \"1852 United States presidential election\")Counting the Votes; [Wisconsin](http://www.countingthevotes.com/wisconsin) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101231737/http://www.countingthevotes.com/wisconsin \\|date\\=January 1, 2017 }} and [1856](/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election \"1856 United States presidential election\")Counting the Votes; [Illinois](http://www.countingthevotes.com/illinois) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110085559/http://www.countingthevotes.com/illinois \\|date\\=January 10, 2017 }} respectively, and which would not be repeated until Woodrow Wilson's election in [1912](/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election \"1912 United States presidential election\"). While not as dramatic a loss as in 1890, it would take until the next election cycle for more moderate Republican leaders to pick up the pieces left by the reformist crusaders and bring alienated immigrants back to the fold.[Jensen, Richard J.](/wiki/Jensen%2C_Richard_J. \"Jensen, Richard J.\") [*The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896*](https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Winning_of_the_Midwest_Social_and_Po.html?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC), ch. 4: *Iowa, Wet or Dry?* \\& ch. 5: *Education, the Tariff, and the Melting Pot*. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971\\. pp. 89\\-153\\.",
"Of the 2,683 counties making returns, Cleveland won in 1,389 (51\\.77%), Harrison carried 1,017 (37\\.91%), while Weaver placed first in 276 (10\\.29%). One county (0\\.04%) split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison.",
"Populist James B. Weaver, calling for free coinage of silver and an inflationary monetary policy, received such strong support in the West that he became the only third\\-party nominee between 1860 and 1912 to carry a single state. The Democratic Party did not have a presidential ticket on the ballot in the states of Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, North Dakota, or Wyoming, and Weaver won the first four of these states.Nathan Fine, *Farmer and Labor Parties in the United States, 1828–1928\\.* New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1928; pg. 79\\. Weaver also performed well in the [South](/wiki/American_South \"American South\") as he won counties in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. Populists did best in Alabama, where electoral chicanery probably carried the day for the Democrats.[Charles W. Calhoun](/wiki/Charles_W._Calhoun \"Charles W. Calhoun\") (ed.), *The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America.* Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Rowman \\& Littlefield Publishers, 2006; pg. 295\\.",
"The Prohibition ticket received 270,879 votes, or 2\\.2% nationwide. It was the largest total vote and the highest percentage of the vote received by any Prohibition presidential candidate.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=235}}",
"Wyoming, having attained statehood two years earlier, became the first state to allow women to vote in a presidential election since [1804](/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election \"1804 United States presidential election\"). (Propertied unmarried women in New Jersey had the right to vote under the state's original constitution, but this was rescinded in 1807\\.) Wyoming was also one of six states (along with North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, and Idaho) participating in their first presidential election. This was the most new states voting since the [first election](/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election \"1788–89 United States presidential election\"). The 0\\.09% difference between the tipping point state (Illinois) and the national popular vote is tied with [1932](/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election \"1932 United States presidential election\") for the smallest in history.",
"The election witnessed many states splitting their electoral votes. Electors from the state of Michigan were selected using the congressional district method (the winner in each congressional district wins one electoral vote, the winner of the state wins two electoral votes). This resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: nine for Harrison and five for Cleveland.[1892 Presidential Election Results](https://web.archive.org/web/20060603003849/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1892&f=0&off=0&elect=0) In California, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: eight for Cleveland and one for Harrison. In Ohio, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: 22 for Harrison and one for Cleveland.",
"Cleveland was the first Democratic presidential nominee to win Illinois since 1856 and Wisconsin since 1852\\.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=243}}",
"61 of 67 counties in New England, where Connecticut was the only state won by Cleveland, supported Harrison. Weaver placed fourth, behind the Prohibitionists, in every New England state. 3% of the vote in New England went to third parties, with the Prohibitionists accounting for 70% of it. 343 of the counties in the upper south supported Cleveland, 165 supported Harrison, and 2 supported Weaver. 619 counties in the deep south supported Cleveland, 47 supported Weaver, 32 supported Harrison, and 8 supported fusion electors.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=237\\-240}} Harrison won 226 counties, Cleveland won 206, and Weaver won 1 in the midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.{{sfn\\|Knoles\\|1971\\|p\\=242}}",
"[File: United States Electoral College 1892\\.svg](/wiki/File:United_States_Electoral_College_1892.svg \"United States Electoral College 1892.svg\")",
"{{start U.S. presidential ticket box\\| pv\\_footnote\\=\\| ev\\_footnote\\=}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\\=\\[\\[Grover Cleveland]]\\| party\\=\\[\\[Democratic Party (United States)\\|Democratic]]\\| state\\=\\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\\| pv\\=5,553,898\\| pv\\_pct\\=46\\.02%\\| ev\\=277\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Adlai E. Stevenson I]]\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Illinois]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\\=\\[\\[Benjamin Harrison]] (incumbent)\\| party\\=\\[\\[Republican Party (United States)\\|Republican]]\\| state\\=\\[\\[Indiana]]\\| pv\\=5,190,819\\| pv\\_pct\\=43\\.01%\\| ev\\=145\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Whitelaw Reid]]\\| vp\\_state\\=New York}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\\=\\[\\[James B. Weaver]]\\| party\\=\\[\\[People's Party (United States)\\|Populist]]\\| state\\=\\[\\[Iowa]]\\| pv\\=1,026,595\\| pv\\_pct\\=8\\.51%\\| ev\\=22\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[James G. Field]]\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Virginia]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\\=\\[\\[John Bidwell]]\\| party\\=\\[\\[Prohibition Party\\|Prohibition]]\\| state\\=\\[\\[California]]\\| pv\\=270,879\\| pv\\_pct\\=2\\.24%\\| ev\\=0\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[James Cranfill]]\\| vp\\_state\\=\\[\\[Texas]]}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box row\\| name\\=\\[\\[Simon Wing]]\\| party\\=\\[\\[Socialist Labor Party of America\\|Socialist Labor]]\\| state\\=\\[\\[Massachusetts]]\\| pv\\=21,173\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.18%\\| ev\\=0\\| vp\\_name\\=\\[\\[Charles Matchett]]\\| vp\\_state\\=New York}}\n{{U.S. presidential ticket box other\\| footnote\\=\\| pv\\=4,673\\| pv\\_pct\\=0\\.04%\\| }}\n{{end U.S. presidential ticket box\\| pv\\=12,068,037\\| ev\\=444\\| to\\_win\\=223}}",
"**Source (Popular Vote):** {{Leip PV source 2\\| year\\=1892\\| as of\\=July 27, 2005}}",
"**Source (Electoral Vote):** {{National Archives EV source\\| year\\=1892\\| as of\\=July 31, 2005}}",
"{{bar box\n\\|title\\=Popular vote\n\\|titlebar\\=\\#ddd\n\\|width\\=600px\n\\|barwidth\\=410px\n\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\|'''Cleveland'''\\|{{party color\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\|46\\.02}}\n{{bar percent\\|Harrison\\|{{party color\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\|43\\.01}}\n{{bar percent\\|Weaver\\|\\#0BDA51\\|8\\.51}}\n{{bar percent\\|Bidwell\\|\\#ff9955\\|2\\.24}}\n{{bar percent\\|Others\\|\\#777777\\|0\\.22}}\n}}\n{{bar box\n\\|title\\=Electoral vote\n\\|titlebar\\=\\#ddd\n\\|width\\=600px\n\\|barwidth\\=410px\n\\|bars\\=\n{{bar percent\\|'''Cleveland'''\\|{{party color\\|Democratic Party (US)}}\\|62\\.39}}\n{{bar percent\\|Harrison\\|{{party color\\|Republican Party (US)}}\\|32\\.66}}\n{{bar percent\\|Weaver\\|\\#0BDA51\\|4\\.95}}\n}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The French Open is played during two weeks in late May and early June, and has been chronologically the second of the four [Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29 "Grand Slam (tennis)") tournaments of the tennis [season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 "Season (sports)") since 1987\. The event was not held from 1915 to 1919 because of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), and after a one\-year lapse in 1940, was unofficially held from 1941 to 1945 because of World War II.{{cite web\|work\=rolandgarros.com\|publisher\=\[\[IBM]], \[\[Fédération Française de Tennis]]\|title\=Event Guide / History / Past Winners 1891 – 2011\| url \=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en\_FR/about/history/winners.html\| access\-date \=2016\-03\-05}} The national body that organizes this event is the [French Tennis Federation](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Tennis "Fédération Française de Tennis") (FFT).
The [Racing Club de France](/wiki/Racing_M%C3%A9tro_92_Paris "Racing Métro 92 Paris") and the [Stade Français](/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais "Stade Français") of Paris alternated hosting the event before the competition was moved in [1928](/wiki/1928_French_Championships_%28tennis%29 "1928 French Championships (tennis)") to the newly built Stade Roland Garros, where it has been played since. The tournament was reserved for members of French tennis clubs until the first edition open to international players took place in [1925](/wiki/1925_French_Championships_%28tennis%29 "1925 French Championships (tennis)").{{cite news\|last\=Lewis\|first\=Gabrielle\|work\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|publisher\=BBC\|title\=French Open history\| url \=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/french\_open/1947109\.stm\| date\=2002\-05\-23\|access\-date \=2009\-07\-01}} From 1941 to 1944, the tournament took place under [Vichy regime](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France"), won two times by [Alice Weiwers](/wiki/Alice_Weiwers "Alice Weiwers") and once by [Simone Iribarne Lafargue](/wiki/Simone_Iribarne_Lafargue "Simone Iribarne Lafargue"), and [Raymonde Jones Veber](/wiki/Raymonde_Jones_Veber "Raymonde Jones Veber"). Those editions are not counted by the FFT in the tournament's history, and were retroactively named *Tournoi de France*. In 1945, under the [Provisional Government of the French Republic](/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic "Provisional Government of the French Republic"), the champion was [Lolette Payot](/wiki/Lolette_Payot "Lolette Payot"). Even if it was organised by the French Lawn Tennis Federation, the 1945 event is also not counted by the FFT in the tournament's history.
The women's singles rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. The event has always been contested in a [knockout](/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament "Single-elimination tournament") format. Records show that matches have always been played as the [best\-of\-three sets](/wiki/Tennis_score%23Scoring_a_set "Tennis score#Scoring a set") format. The [lingering death](/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis%23Lingering_death "Glossary of tennis#Lingering death") best\-of\-twelve points [tie\-break](/wiki/Tiebreak_%28tennis%29 "Tiebreak (tennis)") was introduced in 1973 for the first two sets.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en\_FR/content/rg\_spirit/record\_breakers.html\|title\=Record Breakers\|publisher\=\[\[IBM]], \[\[Fédération Française de Tennis]]\|work\=roland\-garros.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-05}}
The champion receives a miniature replica of the *Coupe Suzanne Lenglen (Suzanne Lenglen Cup)*, named after [Suzanne Lenglen](/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen "Suzanne Lenglen"). In 2010, the winner received prize money of [€](/wiki/Euro "Euro")1,120,000\.{{cite web\|work\=rolandgarros.com \|publisher\=\[\[IBM]], \[\[Fédération Française de Tennis]] \|title\=Event Guide / Prize Money \|url\=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en\_FR/about/prizemoney.html \|access\-date\=2009\-07\-04 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630081653/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en\_FR/about/prizemoney.html \|archive\-date\=June 30, 2009 }}
In the French National Championship, which was when the tournament was reserved to members of French tennis clubs and French nationals, [Adine Masson](/wiki/Adine_Masson "Adine Masson") (1897–1899, 1902–1903\) holds the record for most titles in women's singles with five victories. The record for most consecutive titles is four by [Jeanne Matthey](/wiki/Jeanne_Matthey "Jeanne Matthey") (1909–1912\) and Lenglen (1920–1923\), all of whose titles came during the club\-members\-only era.
In the French International Championships, that came after the tournament opened to international competitors but before the open era, [Helen Wills Moody](/wiki/Helen_Wills "Helen Wills") (1928–1930, 1932\) holds the record for most titles at four. The record for most consecutive titles during this period is three by Wills Moody (1928–1930\) and [Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling](/wiki/Hilde_Krahwinkel_Sperling "Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling") (1935–1937\).
During the French Open, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, the record for most titles is held by [Chris Evert](/wiki/Chris_Evert "Chris Evert") with seven (1974–1975, 1979–1980, 1983, 1985–1986\). The record for most consecutive titles during the Open Era is three by [Monica Seles](/wiki/Monica_Seles "Monica Seles") (1990–1992\) and [Justine Henin](/wiki/Justine_Henin "Justine Henin") (2005–2007\).
This event has been won without losing a set in the Open Era by [Evonne Goolagong](/wiki/Evonne_Goolagong_Cawley "Evonne Goolagong Cawley") in 1971, [Billie Jean King](/wiki/Billie_Jean_King "Billie Jean King") in 1972, Evert in 1974, [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf "Steffi Graf") in 1988, [Arantxa Sánchez Vicario](/wiki/Arantxa_S%C3%A1nchez_Vicario "Arantxa Sánchez Vicario") in 1994, Henin in 2006 and 2007, and [Iga Świątek](/wiki/Iga_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tek "Iga Świątek") in 2020\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The French Open is played during two weeks in late May and early June, and has been chronologically the second of the four [Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29 \"Grand Slam (tennis)\") tournaments of the tennis [season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\") since 1987\\. The event was not held from 1915 to 1919 because of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), and after a one\\-year lapse in 1940, was unofficially held from 1941 to 1945 because of World War II.{{cite web\\|work\\=rolandgarros.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IBM]], \\[\\[Fédération Française de Tennis]]\\|title\\=Event Guide / History / Past Winners 1891 – 2011\\| url \\=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en\\_FR/about/history/winners.html\\| access\\-date \\=2016\\-03\\-05}} The national body that organizes this event is the [French Tennis Federation](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Tennis \"Fédération Française de Tennis\") (FFT).",
"The [Racing Club de France](/wiki/Racing_M%C3%A9tro_92_Paris \"Racing Métro 92 Paris\") and the [Stade Français](/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais \"Stade Français\") of Paris alternated hosting the event before the competition was moved in [1928](/wiki/1928_French_Championships_%28tennis%29 \"1928 French Championships (tennis)\") to the newly built Stade Roland Garros, where it has been played since. The tournament was reserved for members of French tennis clubs until the first edition open to international players took place in [1925](/wiki/1925_French_Championships_%28tennis%29 \"1925 French Championships (tennis)\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Lewis\\|first\\=Gabrielle\\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|title\\=French Open history\\| url \\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/french\\_open/1947109\\.stm\\| date\\=2002\\-05\\-23\\|access\\-date \\=2009\\-07\\-01}} From 1941 to 1944, the tournament took place under [Vichy regime](/wiki/Vichy_France \"Vichy France\"), won two times by [Alice Weiwers](/wiki/Alice_Weiwers \"Alice Weiwers\") and once by [Simone Iribarne Lafargue](/wiki/Simone_Iribarne_Lafargue \"Simone Iribarne Lafargue\"), and [Raymonde Jones Veber](/wiki/Raymonde_Jones_Veber \"Raymonde Jones Veber\"). Those editions are not counted by the FFT in the tournament's history, and were retroactively named *Tournoi de France*. In 1945, under the [Provisional Government of the French Republic](/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic \"Provisional Government of the French Republic\"), the champion was [Lolette Payot](/wiki/Lolette_Payot \"Lolette Payot\"). Even if it was organised by the French Lawn Tennis Federation, the 1945 event is also not counted by the FFT in the tournament's history.",
"The women's singles rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. The event has always been contested in a [knockout](/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament \"Single-elimination tournament\") format. Records show that matches have always been played as the [best\\-of\\-three sets](/wiki/Tennis_score%23Scoring_a_set \"Tennis score#Scoring a set\") format. The [lingering death](/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis%23Lingering_death \"Glossary of tennis#Lingering death\") best\\-of\\-twelve points [tie\\-break](/wiki/Tiebreak_%28tennis%29 \"Tiebreak (tennis)\") was introduced in 1973 for the first two sets.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en\\_FR/content/rg\\_spirit/record\\_breakers.html\\|title\\=Record Breakers\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IBM]], \\[\\[Fédération Française de Tennis]]\\|work\\=roland\\-garros.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-05}}",
"The champion receives a miniature replica of the *Coupe Suzanne Lenglen (Suzanne Lenglen Cup)*, named after [Suzanne Lenglen](/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen \"Suzanne Lenglen\"). In 2010, the winner received prize money of [€](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\")1,120,000\\.{{cite web\\|work\\=rolandgarros.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IBM]], \\[\\[Fédération Française de Tennis]] \\|title\\=Event Guide / Prize Money \\|url\\=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en\\_FR/about/prizemoney.html \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630081653/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en\\_FR/about/prizemoney.html \\|archive\\-date\\=June 30, 2009 }}",
"In the French National Championship, which was when the tournament was reserved to members of French tennis clubs and French nationals, [Adine Masson](/wiki/Adine_Masson \"Adine Masson\") (1897–1899, 1902–1903\\) holds the record for most titles in women's singles with five victories. The record for most consecutive titles is four by [Jeanne Matthey](/wiki/Jeanne_Matthey \"Jeanne Matthey\") (1909–1912\\) and Lenglen (1920–1923\\), all of whose titles came during the club\\-members\\-only era.",
"In the French International Championships, that came after the tournament opened to international competitors but before the open era, [Helen Wills Moody](/wiki/Helen_Wills \"Helen Wills\") (1928–1930, 1932\\) holds the record for most titles at four. The record for most consecutive titles during this period is three by Wills Moody (1928–1930\\) and [Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling](/wiki/Hilde_Krahwinkel_Sperling \"Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling\") (1935–1937\\).",
"During the French Open, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, the record for most titles is held by [Chris Evert](/wiki/Chris_Evert \"Chris Evert\") with seven (1974–1975, 1979–1980, 1983, 1985–1986\\). The record for most consecutive titles during the Open Era is three by [Monica Seles](/wiki/Monica_Seles \"Monica Seles\") (1990–1992\\) and [Justine Henin](/wiki/Justine_Henin \"Justine Henin\") (2005–2007\\).",
"This event has been won without losing a set in the Open Era by [Evonne Goolagong](/wiki/Evonne_Goolagong_Cawley \"Evonne Goolagong Cawley\") in 1971, [Billie Jean King](/wiki/Billie_Jean_King \"Billie Jean King\") in 1972, Evert in 1974, [Steffi Graf](/wiki/Steffi_Graf \"Steffi Graf\") in 1988, [Arantxa Sánchez Vicario](/wiki/Arantxa_S%C3%A1nchez_Vicario \"Arantxa Sánchez Vicario\") in 1994, Henin in 2006 and 2007, and [Iga Świątek](/wiki/Iga_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tek \"Iga Świątek\") in 2020\\.",
""
] |
List of dragons
---------------
### Typhon
{{Main\|Typhon}}
[thumb\|right\|280px\|[Zeus](/wiki/Zeus "Zeus") aiming his thunderbolt at a winged and snake\-footed Typhon. [Chalcidian](/wiki/Chalcidia "Chalcidia") black\-figured [hydria](/wiki/Hydria "Hydria") (c. 540–530 BC), [Staatliche Antikensammlungen](/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen "Staatliche Antikensammlungen") (Inv. 596\).Ogden 2013a, [p. 69](https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA69); Gantz, p. 50; *LIMC* [Typhon 14](http://www.iconiclimc.ch/visitors/treesearch.php?source=100&term=%22Typhon+14%22).](/wiki/File:Zeus_Typhon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_596.jpg "Zeus Typhon Staatliche Antikensammlungen 596.jpg")
Typhon was a fearsome monster of [Greek mythology](/wiki/Greek_mythology "Greek mythology"), the last son of [Gaia.](/wiki/Gaia_%28mythology%29 "Gaia (mythology)") He is usually envisioned as humanoid from the waist up, serpentine below, almost the size of a mountain. With his mate [Echidna](/wiki/Echidna_%28mythology%29 "Echidna (mythology)"), he would father many monsters. Later, he would attempt to overthrow Zeus for the title of ruler of the cosmos. Zeus would hurl an enormous rock on him to beat him. Typhon is a reptilian dragon with legs and wings, and he breathes fire from his mouth and eyes.
### Ladon
{{Main\|Ladon (mythology)}}
[thumb\|Mosaic of the third century BC from Kaulon ([Magna Graecia](/wiki/Magna_Graecia "Magna Graecia"), southern Italy)\|alt\=Mosaico del III secolo a.C. proveniente da Kaulon](/wiki/File:Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg "Reggio calabria museo nazionale mosaico da kaulon.jpg")
Ladon was the serpent\-like drakon (dragon, a word more commonly used) that twined round the tree in the Garden of the [Hesperides](/wiki/Hesperides "Hesperides") and guarded the [golden apples](/wiki/Golden_apple "Golden apple"). Ladon was also said to have as many as one hundred heads. He was overcome and possibly slain by Heracles. After a few years, the Argonauts passed by the same spot, on their chthonic return journey from Colchis at the opposite end of the world, and heard the lament of "shining" Aigle, one of the Hesperides, and viewed the still\-twitching Ladon (*Argonautica*, book iv). The creature is associated with the constellation [Draco](/wiki/Draco_%28constellation%29 "Draco (constellation)").
Ladon was given several parentages, each of which placed him at an archaic level in Greek myth: the offspring of "[Ceto](/wiki/Ceto "Ceto"), joined in love with [Phorcys](/wiki/Phorcys "Phorcys")" ([Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod "Hesiod"), *Theogony* 333\) or of [Typhon](/wiki/Typhon "Typhon"), who was himself serpent\-like from the waist down, and [Echidna](/wiki/Echidna_%28mythology%29 "Echidna (mythology)") (*[Bibliotheke](/wiki/Bibliotheca_%28Pseudo-Apollodorus%29 "Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)")* 2\.113; [Hyginus](/wiki/Hyginus "Hyginus"), Preface to *Fabulae*) or of [Gaia](/wiki/Gaia_%28mythology%29 "Gaia (mythology)") herself, or in her Olympian manifestation, [Hera](/wiki/Hera "Hera"): "The Dragon which guarded the golden apples was the brother of the [Nemean lion](/wiki/Nemean_lion "Nemean lion")," asserted Ptolemy Hephaestion (recorded in his New History V, lost but epitomized in [Photius](/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople "Photios I of Constantinople"), *Myriobiblion* 190\).
### Lernaean Hydra
{{Main\|Lernaean Hydra}}
The Lernaean Hydra was a dragon\-like water serpent with fatally venomous breath, blood and fangs, a daughter of [Typhon](/wiki/Typhon "Typhon") and [Echidna](/wiki/Echidna_%28mythology%29 "Echidna (mythology)"). The creature was said to have anywhere between five and 100 heads, although most sources put the number somewhere between seven and nine. For each head cut off, one or two more grew back in its place. It had an immortal head which would remain alive after it was cut off. Some accounts claim that the immortal head was made of gold. It lived in a [swamp](/wiki/Swamp "Swamp") near [Lerna](/wiki/Lerna "Lerna") and frequently terrorized the townsfolk until it was slain by [Heracles](/wiki/Heracles "Heracles"), who cut the heads off, with the help of his nephew [Iolaus](/wiki/Iolaus "Iolaus"), who then singed the oozing stump with a blazing firebrand to prevent any new heads from growing, as the second of his [Twelve Labors](/wiki/Twelve_Labors "Twelve Labors"). [Hera](/wiki/Hera "Hera") sent a giant crab to distract [Heracles](/wiki/Heracles "Heracles"), but he simply crushed it under his foot. [Hera](/wiki/Hera "Hera") then placed it in the heavens as the constellation [Cancer](/wiki/Cancer_%28constellation%29 "Cancer (constellation)"). After slaying the serpent, Heracles buried the immortal head under a rock and dipped his arrows in the creature's blood to make them fatal to his enemies. In one version, the poisoned arrows would eventually prove to be the undoing of his [centaur](/wiki/Centaur "Centaur") tutor [Chiron](/wiki/Chiron "Chiron"), who was placed in the heavens as the constellation [Centaurus](/wiki/Centaurus "Centaurus"). In another version, he would never be able to use these arrows because of his fear of the poison spreading through the land and poisoning the water and crops.
### Pytho or Python and Delphyne
{{Main\|Python (mythology)}}
In Greek mythology Python was the earth\-dragon of Delphi, always represented in the vase\-paintings and by sculptors as a [serpent](/wiki/Serpent_%28symbolism%29 "Serpent (symbolism)"). Various myths represented Python as being either male or female (a [drakaina](/wiki/Drakaina_%28mythology%29 "Drakaina (mythology)")). Python was the chthonic enemy of Apollo, who slew it and remade its former home his own oracle, the most famous in Greece. In some myths the dragon was called [Delphyne](/wiki/Delphyne "Delphyne"). Delphyne was often pictured as being half girl and half snake.
There are various versions of Python's birth and death at the hands of Apollo. In the earliest, the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, little detail is given about Apollo's combat with the serpent or its parentage. The version related by Hyginus*Fabulae* 140\. holds that when Zeus lay with the goddess Leto, and she was to deliver Artemis and Apollo, Hera sent Python to pursue her throughout the lands, so that she could not be delivered wherever the sun shone. Thus when the infant was grown he pursued the python, making his way straight for Mount Parnassus where the serpent dwelled, and chased it to the oracle of Gaia at Delphi, and dared to penetrate the sacred precinct and kill it with his arrows beside the rock cleft where the priestess sat on her tripod. The priestess of the [oracle](/wiki/Oracle "Oracle") at [Delphi](/wiki/Delphi "Delphi") became known as the [Pythia](/wiki/Pythia "Pythia"), after the place\-name Pytho, which was named after the rotting (πύθειν) of the serpent's corpse after it was slain.
### The Colchian dragon
{{Main\|Jason\#The arrival in Colchis}}
[right\|thumb\|Jason fights the dragon on Colchis.](/wiki/File:Gayley_classic-myths_1898_fig040.png "Gayley classic-myths 1898 fig040.png")
Known as *Drakôn Kolkhikos*, ({{lang\-el\|Δρακων Κολχικος}}, {{lang\-ka\|კოლხური დრაკონი\|tr}}, *Dragon of Colchis*) this immense serpent, a child of [Typhon](/wiki/Typhon "Typhon") and [Echidna](/wiki/Echidna_%28mythology%29 "Echidna (mythology)"), guarded the [Golden Fleece](/wiki/Golden_Fleece "Golden Fleece") at [Colchis](/wiki/Colchis "Colchis").["A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"](https://books.google.com/books?id=ok4pAAAAYAAJ&dq=jason+argonauts&pg=PA280) It was said to never sleep, rest, or lower its vigilance. According to Ovid's *Metamorphoses*, the monster had a crest and three tongues.{{cite book\|last\=Morford\|first\=Mark\|author2\=Robert Lenardon\|title\=Classical Mythology\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|location\=New York\|year\=2003\|edition\=7\|pages\=581}} When [Jason](/wiki/Jason "Jason") went to retrieve the Fleece, the witch [Medea](/wiki/Medea "Medea") put the dragon to sleep with her magic and drugs, or perhaps [Orpheus](/wiki/Orpheus "Orpheus") lulled it to sleep with his [lyre](/wiki/Lyre "Lyre"). Afterwards, Medea herself had dragons pull her chariot.
### The Ismenian dragon
{{Main\|Cadmus}}
The Ismenian Serpent, of the [spring of Ismene](/wiki/Ismene_%28daughter_of_Asopus%29 "Ismene (daughter of Asopus)") at [Thebes, Greece](/wiki/Thebes%2C_Greece "Thebes, Greece"), was slain by the hero Cadmus.[Theoi.com: Drakon Ismenios](http://www.theoi.com/Ther/DrakonIsmenios.html); excerpts of Greek myth in translation. It was the offspring of [Ares](/wiki/Ares "Ares"), who later turned the hero into a [serpent](/wiki/Snake "Snake").Maehly, J., *Die Schlange im Mythus und Cultus der classischen Voelker*, publ. Buchdruckerei von C. Schultze, Baseln, 1867\.
### Helios' dragons
According to [Apollodorus](/wiki/Bibliotheca_%28Pseudo-Apollodorus%29 "Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)"), the sun god [Helios](/wiki/Helios "Helios") had a chariot, drawn by "winged dragons", which he gave to his granddaughter [Medea](/wiki/Medea "Medea").[Apollodorus](/wiki/Bibliotheca_%28Pseudo-Apollodorus%29 "Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)"), [1\.9\.28](http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.9.28).
### Scythian Dracaena
{{Main article\|Scythian genealogical myth\|Snake\-Legged Goddess}}
She was a woman from the waist up with a serpent's tail in place of legs.
When [Heracles](/wiki/Heracles "Heracles") was traveling through Scythia with the cattle of [Geryon](/wiki/Geryon "Geryon"), she stole some of the herd when the hero was sleeping. When Heracles woke he searched for them, visiting every part of the country, and he came to the land called the Hylaea ({{lang\-el\|Ὑλαίην}}), and there he found in a cave the creature, which was the queen of that country. She insisted the hero mate with her before she would return them. He did so and through her became the ancestor of an ancient line of Scythian kings.[Herodotus Histories 4\.8\.3 \- 4\.10\.3](http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.9.1) It may have identified with the [Echidna](/wiki/Echidna_%28mythology%29 "Echidna (mythology)").
### Gigantomachian Dragon
A dragon that was thrown at [Athena](/wiki/Athena "Athena") during the [Gigantomachy](/wiki/Gigantomachy "Gigantomachy"). She threw it into the sky where it became the [constellation Draco](/wiki/Draco_%28constellation%29 "Draco (constellation)").[Hyginus](/wiki/Hyginus "Hyginus"), *[De Astronomica](/wiki/De_Astronomica "De Astronomica")* [2\.3](http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/hyginus/hyginus2.shtml).
### Trojan Dragons
Two huge sea\-serpents from [Tenedos](/wiki/Tenedos "Tenedos") sent by various gods to kill [Laocoön](/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n "Laocoön") and his sons in order to stop him from telling his people that the Wooden Horse was a trap.
|
[
"List of dragons\n---------------",
"### Typhon",
"{{Main\\|Typhon}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|280px\\|[Zeus](/wiki/Zeus \"Zeus\") aiming his thunderbolt at a winged and snake\\-footed Typhon. [Chalcidian](/wiki/Chalcidia \"Chalcidia\") black\\-figured [hydria](/wiki/Hydria \"Hydria\") (c. 540–530 BC), [Staatliche Antikensammlungen](/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen \"Staatliche Antikensammlungen\") (Inv. 596\\).Ogden 2013a, [p. 69](https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA69); Gantz, p. 50; *LIMC* [Typhon 14](http://www.iconiclimc.ch/visitors/treesearch.php?source=100&term=%22Typhon+14%22).](/wiki/File:Zeus_Typhon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_596.jpg \"Zeus Typhon Staatliche Antikensammlungen 596.jpg\")",
"Typhon was a fearsome monster of [Greek mythology](/wiki/Greek_mythology \"Greek mythology\"), the last son of [Gaia.](/wiki/Gaia_%28mythology%29 \"Gaia (mythology)\") He is usually envisioned as humanoid from the waist up, serpentine below, almost the size of a mountain. With his mate [Echidna](/wiki/Echidna_%28mythology%29 \"Echidna (mythology)\"), he would father many monsters. Later, he would attempt to overthrow Zeus for the title of ruler of the cosmos. Zeus would hurl an enormous rock on him to beat him. Typhon is a reptilian dragon with legs and wings, and he breathes fire from his mouth and eyes.",
"### Ladon",
"{{Main\\|Ladon (mythology)}}\n[thumb\\|Mosaic of the third century BC from Kaulon ([Magna Graecia](/wiki/Magna_Graecia \"Magna Graecia\"), southern Italy)\\|alt\\=Mosaico del III secolo a.C. proveniente da Kaulon](/wiki/File:Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg \"Reggio calabria museo nazionale mosaico da kaulon.jpg\")",
"Ladon was the serpent\\-like drakon (dragon, a word more commonly used) that twined round the tree in the Garden of the [Hesperides](/wiki/Hesperides \"Hesperides\") and guarded the [golden apples](/wiki/Golden_apple \"Golden apple\"). Ladon was also said to have as many as one hundred heads. He was overcome and possibly slain by Heracles. After a few years, the Argonauts passed by the same spot, on their chthonic return journey from Colchis at the opposite end of the world, and heard the lament of \"shining\" Aigle, one of the Hesperides, and viewed the still\\-twitching Ladon (*Argonautica*, book iv). The creature is associated with the constellation [Draco](/wiki/Draco_%28constellation%29 \"Draco (constellation)\").\nLadon was given several parentages, each of which placed him at an archaic level in Greek myth: the offspring of \"[Ceto](/wiki/Ceto \"Ceto\"), joined in love with [Phorcys](/wiki/Phorcys \"Phorcys\")\" ([Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod \"Hesiod\"), *Theogony* 333\\) or of [Typhon](/wiki/Typhon \"Typhon\"), who was himself serpent\\-like from the waist down, and [Echidna](/wiki/Echidna_%28mythology%29 \"Echidna (mythology)\") (*[Bibliotheke](/wiki/Bibliotheca_%28Pseudo-Apollodorus%29 \"Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)\")* 2\\.113; [Hyginus](/wiki/Hyginus \"Hyginus\"), Preface to *Fabulae*) or of [Gaia](/wiki/Gaia_%28mythology%29 \"Gaia (mythology)\") herself, or in her Olympian manifestation, [Hera](/wiki/Hera \"Hera\"): \"The Dragon which guarded the golden apples was the brother of the [Nemean lion](/wiki/Nemean_lion \"Nemean lion\"),\" asserted Ptolemy Hephaestion (recorded in his New History V, lost but epitomized in [Photius](/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople \"Photios I of Constantinople\"), *Myriobiblion* 190\\).",
"### Lernaean Hydra",
"{{Main\\|Lernaean Hydra}}",
"The Lernaean Hydra was a dragon\\-like water serpent with fatally venomous breath, blood and fangs, a daughter of [Typhon](/wiki/Typhon \"Typhon\") and [Echidna](/wiki/Echidna_%28mythology%29 \"Echidna (mythology)\"). The creature was said to have anywhere between five and 100 heads, although most sources put the number somewhere between seven and nine. For each head cut off, one or two more grew back in its place. It had an immortal head which would remain alive after it was cut off. Some accounts claim that the immortal head was made of gold. It lived in a [swamp](/wiki/Swamp \"Swamp\") near [Lerna](/wiki/Lerna \"Lerna\") and frequently terrorized the townsfolk until it was slain by [Heracles](/wiki/Heracles \"Heracles\"), who cut the heads off, with the help of his nephew [Iolaus](/wiki/Iolaus \"Iolaus\"), who then singed the oozing stump with a blazing firebrand to prevent any new heads from growing, as the second of his [Twelve Labors](/wiki/Twelve_Labors \"Twelve Labors\"). [Hera](/wiki/Hera \"Hera\") sent a giant crab to distract [Heracles](/wiki/Heracles \"Heracles\"), but he simply crushed it under his foot. [Hera](/wiki/Hera \"Hera\") then placed it in the heavens as the constellation [Cancer](/wiki/Cancer_%28constellation%29 \"Cancer (constellation)\"). After slaying the serpent, Heracles buried the immortal head under a rock and dipped his arrows in the creature's blood to make them fatal to his enemies. In one version, the poisoned arrows would eventually prove to be the undoing of his [centaur](/wiki/Centaur \"Centaur\") tutor [Chiron](/wiki/Chiron \"Chiron\"), who was placed in the heavens as the constellation [Centaurus](/wiki/Centaurus \"Centaurus\"). In another version, he would never be able to use these arrows because of his fear of the poison spreading through the land and poisoning the water and crops.",
"### Pytho or Python and Delphyne",
"{{Main\\|Python (mythology)}}",
"In Greek mythology Python was the earth\\-dragon of Delphi, always represented in the vase\\-paintings and by sculptors as a [serpent](/wiki/Serpent_%28symbolism%29 \"Serpent (symbolism)\"). Various myths represented Python as being either male or female (a [drakaina](/wiki/Drakaina_%28mythology%29 \"Drakaina (mythology)\")). Python was the chthonic enemy of Apollo, who slew it and remade its former home his own oracle, the most famous in Greece. In some myths the dragon was called [Delphyne](/wiki/Delphyne \"Delphyne\"). Delphyne was often pictured as being half girl and half snake.",
"There are various versions of Python's birth and death at the hands of Apollo. In the earliest, the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, little detail is given about Apollo's combat with the serpent or its parentage. The version related by Hyginus*Fabulae* 140\\. holds that when Zeus lay with the goddess Leto, and she was to deliver Artemis and Apollo, Hera sent Python to pursue her throughout the lands, so that she could not be delivered wherever the sun shone. Thus when the infant was grown he pursued the python, making his way straight for Mount Parnassus where the serpent dwelled, and chased it to the oracle of Gaia at Delphi, and dared to penetrate the sacred precinct and kill it with his arrows beside the rock cleft where the priestess sat on her tripod. The priestess of the [oracle](/wiki/Oracle \"Oracle\") at [Delphi](/wiki/Delphi \"Delphi\") became known as the [Pythia](/wiki/Pythia \"Pythia\"), after the place\\-name Pytho, which was named after the rotting (πύθειν) of the serpent's corpse after it was slain.",
"### The Colchian dragon",
"{{Main\\|Jason\\#The arrival in Colchis}}\n[right\\|thumb\\|Jason fights the dragon on Colchis.](/wiki/File:Gayley_classic-myths_1898_fig040.png \"Gayley classic-myths 1898 fig040.png\")",
"Known as *Drakôn Kolkhikos*, ({{lang\\-el\\|Δρακων Κολχικος}}, {{lang\\-ka\\|კოლხური დრაკონი\\|tr}}, *Dragon of Colchis*) this immense serpent, a child of [Typhon](/wiki/Typhon \"Typhon\") and [Echidna](/wiki/Echidna_%28mythology%29 \"Echidna (mythology)\"), guarded the [Golden Fleece](/wiki/Golden_Fleece \"Golden Fleece\") at [Colchis](/wiki/Colchis \"Colchis\").[\"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=ok4pAAAAYAAJ&dq=jason+argonauts&pg=PA280) It was said to never sleep, rest, or lower its vigilance. According to Ovid's *Metamorphoses*, the monster had a crest and three tongues.{{cite book\\|last\\=Morford\\|first\\=Mark\\|author2\\=Robert Lenardon\\|title\\=Classical Mythology\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|location\\=New York\\|year\\=2003\\|edition\\=7\\|pages\\=581}} When [Jason](/wiki/Jason \"Jason\") went to retrieve the Fleece, the witch [Medea](/wiki/Medea \"Medea\") put the dragon to sleep with her magic and drugs, or perhaps [Orpheus](/wiki/Orpheus \"Orpheus\") lulled it to sleep with his [lyre](/wiki/Lyre \"Lyre\"). Afterwards, Medea herself had dragons pull her chariot.",
"### The Ismenian dragon",
"{{Main\\|Cadmus}}",
"The Ismenian Serpent, of the [spring of Ismene](/wiki/Ismene_%28daughter_of_Asopus%29 \"Ismene (daughter of Asopus)\") at [Thebes, Greece](/wiki/Thebes%2C_Greece \"Thebes, Greece\"), was slain by the hero Cadmus.[Theoi.com: Drakon Ismenios](http://www.theoi.com/Ther/DrakonIsmenios.html); excerpts of Greek myth in translation. It was the offspring of [Ares](/wiki/Ares \"Ares\"), who later turned the hero into a [serpent](/wiki/Snake \"Snake\").Maehly, J., *Die Schlange im Mythus und Cultus der classischen Voelker*, publ. Buchdruckerei von C. Schultze, Baseln, 1867\\.",
"### Helios' dragons",
"According to [Apollodorus](/wiki/Bibliotheca_%28Pseudo-Apollodorus%29 \"Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)\"), the sun god [Helios](/wiki/Helios \"Helios\") had a chariot, drawn by \"winged dragons\", which he gave to his granddaughter [Medea](/wiki/Medea \"Medea\").[Apollodorus](/wiki/Bibliotheca_%28Pseudo-Apollodorus%29 \"Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)\"), [1\\.9\\.28](http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.9.28).",
"### Scythian Dracaena",
"{{Main article\\|Scythian genealogical myth\\|Snake\\-Legged Goddess}}",
"She was a woman from the waist up with a serpent's tail in place of legs. \nWhen [Heracles](/wiki/Heracles \"Heracles\") was traveling through Scythia with the cattle of [Geryon](/wiki/Geryon \"Geryon\"), she stole some of the herd when the hero was sleeping. When Heracles woke he searched for them, visiting every part of the country, and he came to the land called the Hylaea ({{lang\\-el\\|Ὑλαίην}}), and there he found in a cave the creature, which was the queen of that country. She insisted the hero mate with her before she would return them. He did so and through her became the ancestor of an ancient line of Scythian kings.[Herodotus Histories 4\\.8\\.3 \\- 4\\.10\\.3](http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.9.1) It may have identified with the [Echidna](/wiki/Echidna_%28mythology%29 \"Echidna (mythology)\").",
"### Gigantomachian Dragon",
"A dragon that was thrown at [Athena](/wiki/Athena \"Athena\") during the [Gigantomachy](/wiki/Gigantomachy \"Gigantomachy\"). She threw it into the sky where it became the [constellation Draco](/wiki/Draco_%28constellation%29 \"Draco (constellation)\").[Hyginus](/wiki/Hyginus \"Hyginus\"), *[De Astronomica](/wiki/De_Astronomica \"De Astronomica\")* [2\\.3](http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/hyginus/hyginus2.shtml).",
"### Trojan Dragons",
"Two huge sea\\-serpents from [Tenedos](/wiki/Tenedos \"Tenedos\") sent by various gods to kill [Laocoön](/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n \"Laocoön\") and his sons in order to stop him from telling his people that the Wooden Horse was a trap.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
Time: The 9th to 10th centuries
Place: The land of the [Polabian Slavs](/wiki/Polabian_Slavs "Polabian Slavs"), between the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea "Baltic Sea") coast and the [Elbe River](/wiki/Elbe "Elbe").
*Note*: Certain elements of the plot below are conjectural, owing to the paucity of documentation of the 1872 project, and are taken from the plots of Minkus' [ballet](/wiki/Mlada_%28ballet%29 "Mlada (ballet)") (1879\) and Rimsky\-Korsakov's [complete operatic setting](/wiki/Mlada_%28Rimsky-Korsakov%29 "Mlada (Rimsky-Korsakov)") (1890\).
### Act 1
*The castle of Mstivoy, Prince of Retra*
Voyslava has killed Mlada, Yaromir's bride, to have him for herself. With the help of Morena, the goddess of the underworld, she has captivated Yaromir. But he sees the murder in his dreams.
### Act 2
*The plain near Retra on the banks of [Lake Dolinskoye](/wiki/Tollensesee "Tollensesee")*
At the midsummer festival the people dance, however the spirit of Mlada intervenes between Yaromir and Voyslava.
### Act 3
*Night. A gorge on Mount Triglav*
By night Mlada leads Yaromir up Mount [Triglav](/wiki/Triglav_%28mythology%29 "Triglav (mythology)"), where the dead gather, before the [Witches' Sabbath](/wiki/Sabbath_%28witchcraft%29 "Sabbath (witchcraft)") in which Yaromir is shown a vision of [Cleopatra](/wiki/Cleopatra "Cleopatra").
### Act 4
*Outside the Temple of Radegast in Retra*
Yaromir, at the Temple of [Radegast](/wiki/Radegast_%28god%29 "Radegast (god)"), is shown by the spirits that Voyslava is guilty. She confesses her sin and he kills her. Morena, with whom Voyslava had made a compact, destroys the temple and the city of Retra, but Yaromir is united with Mlada in heaven.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"Time: The 9th to 10th centuries\nPlace: The land of the [Polabian Slavs](/wiki/Polabian_Slavs \"Polabian Slavs\"), between the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea \"Baltic Sea\") coast and the [Elbe River](/wiki/Elbe \"Elbe\").\n*Note*: Certain elements of the plot below are conjectural, owing to the paucity of documentation of the 1872 project, and are taken from the plots of Minkus' [ballet](/wiki/Mlada_%28ballet%29 \"Mlada (ballet)\") (1879\\) and Rimsky\\-Korsakov's [complete operatic setting](/wiki/Mlada_%28Rimsky-Korsakov%29 \"Mlada (Rimsky-Korsakov)\") (1890\\).",
"### Act 1",
"*The castle of Mstivoy, Prince of Retra*",
"Voyslava has killed Mlada, Yaromir's bride, to have him for herself. With the help of Morena, the goddess of the underworld, she has captivated Yaromir. But he sees the murder in his dreams.",
"### Act 2",
"*The plain near Retra on the banks of [Lake Dolinskoye](/wiki/Tollensesee \"Tollensesee\")*",
"At the midsummer festival the people dance, however the spirit of Mlada intervenes between Yaromir and Voyslava.",
"### Act 3",
"*Night. A gorge on Mount Triglav*",
"By night Mlada leads Yaromir up Mount [Triglav](/wiki/Triglav_%28mythology%29 \"Triglav (mythology)\"), where the dead gather, before the [Witches' Sabbath](/wiki/Sabbath_%28witchcraft%29 \"Sabbath (witchcraft)\") in which Yaromir is shown a vision of [Cleopatra](/wiki/Cleopatra \"Cleopatra\").",
"### Act 4",
"*Outside the Temple of Radegast in Retra*",
"Yaromir, at the Temple of [Radegast](/wiki/Radegast_%28god%29 \"Radegast (god)\"), is shown by the spirits that Voyslava is guilty. She confesses her sin and he kills her. Morena, with whom Voyslava had made a compact, destroys the temple and the city of Retra, but Yaromir is united with Mlada in heaven.",
""
] |
Life
----
Leahy, named for father Patrick Leahy, civil engineer and [county surveyor](/wiki/County_surveyor "County surveyor") of [Cork](/wiki/County_Cork "County Cork"), was born near [Thurles](/wiki/Thurles "Thurles"), [County Tipperary](/wiki/County_Tipperary "County Tipperary"), on 31 May 1806, and was educated at [Maynooth](/wiki/Maynooth "Maynooth").
On his ordination he became Roman Catholic curate of a small parish in the diocese of [Cashel](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cashel "Archbishop of Cashel"). He was soon appointed professor of theology and scripture[R. C. Diocese Of Cashel \& Emly, 1836](http://www.from-ireland.net/county/article/R.-C.-Diocese-Of-Cashel-%26-Emly,-1836/Tipperary) in [St. Patrick's College](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_College%2C_Thurles "St. Patrick's College, Thurles") at Thurles, and shortly afterwards president of that institution. On 22 August 1850 he was one of the secretaries of the synod or national council of Thurles, and was afterwards appointed parish priest of Thurles and vicar\-general of the diocese of Cashel.
When the catholic university was opened in Dublin in 1854, he was selected for the office of vice\-rector under Dr. [J. H. (afterwards Cardinal) Newman](/wiki/John_Henry_Newman "John Henry Newman"), the rector, and filled a professor's chair. He was elected archbishop of Cashel 27 April 1857 and consecrated on 29 June. In 1866 and 1867 he was deputed, with the Bishop of Clonfert, to conduct the negotiations with [Lord Mayo](/wiki/Lord_Mayo "Lord Mayo"), the chief secretary for Ireland, with respect to the proposed endowment of the Roman Catholic university.
He was a strong advocate of the cause of temperance, and enforced the Sunday closing of the public\-houses in his diocese. Owing to his energy the fine cathedral at Thurles was built at a cost of 45,000 pounds.
He died at the episcopal residence near Thurles 26 January 1875, and was buried in Thurles Cathedral on 3 February.
A statue to Leahy was erected in the grounds of Thurles cathedral in 1911\. In June 2019 in an act of vandalism, the head of the statue was removed; [Appeal for return of stolen statue head in Thurles.RTE](https://www.rte.ie/news/munster/2019/1201/1096354-thurles-statue-appeal/) it was restored in December 2023\.{{cite news \|last1\=Dundon \|first1\=Noel \|title\=Restored Archbishop Leahy statue revealed in Tipperary \|url\=https://www.tipperarylive.ie/news/home/1379311/restored\-archbishop\-leahy\-statue\-revealed\-in\-tipperary.html \|access\-date\=25 December 2023 \|publisher\=Tipperary Live \|date\=25 December 2023}}
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Leahy, named for father Patrick Leahy, civil engineer and [county surveyor](/wiki/County_surveyor \"County surveyor\") of [Cork](/wiki/County_Cork \"County Cork\"), was born near [Thurles](/wiki/Thurles \"Thurles\"), [County Tipperary](/wiki/County_Tipperary \"County Tipperary\"), on 31 May 1806, and was educated at [Maynooth](/wiki/Maynooth \"Maynooth\").",
"On his ordination he became Roman Catholic curate of a small parish in the diocese of [Cashel](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cashel \"Archbishop of Cashel\"). He was soon appointed professor of theology and scripture[R. C. Diocese Of Cashel \\& Emly, 1836](http://www.from-ireland.net/county/article/R.-C.-Diocese-Of-Cashel-%26-Emly,-1836/Tipperary) in [St. Patrick's College](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_College%2C_Thurles \"St. Patrick's College, Thurles\") at Thurles, and shortly afterwards president of that institution. On 22 August 1850 he was one of the secretaries of the synod or national council of Thurles, and was afterwards appointed parish priest of Thurles and vicar\\-general of the diocese of Cashel.",
"When the catholic university was opened in Dublin in 1854, he was selected for the office of vice\\-rector under Dr. [J. H. (afterwards Cardinal) Newman](/wiki/John_Henry_Newman \"John Henry Newman\"), the rector, and filled a professor's chair. He was elected archbishop of Cashel 27 April 1857 and consecrated on 29 June. In 1866 and 1867 he was deputed, with the Bishop of Clonfert, to conduct the negotiations with [Lord Mayo](/wiki/Lord_Mayo \"Lord Mayo\"), the chief secretary for Ireland, with respect to the proposed endowment of the Roman Catholic university.",
"He was a strong advocate of the cause of temperance, and enforced the Sunday closing of the public\\-houses in his diocese. Owing to his energy the fine cathedral at Thurles was built at a cost of 45,000 pounds.",
"He died at the episcopal residence near Thurles 26 January 1875, and was buried in Thurles Cathedral on 3 February.",
"A statue to Leahy was erected in the grounds of Thurles cathedral in 1911\\. In June 2019 in an act of vandalism, the head of the statue was removed; [Appeal for return of stolen statue head in Thurles.RTE](https://www.rte.ie/news/munster/2019/1201/1096354-thurles-statue-appeal/) it was restored in December 2023\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Dundon \\|first1\\=Noel \\|title\\=Restored Archbishop Leahy statue revealed in Tipperary \\|url\\=https://www.tipperarylive.ie/news/home/1379311/restored\\-archbishop\\-leahy\\-statue\\-revealed\\-in\\-tipperary.html \\|access\\-date\\=25 December 2023 \\|publisher\\=Tipperary Live \\|date\\=25 December 2023}}",
""
] |
Partial\-order planner
----------------------
A *partial\-order planner* is an [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm "Algorithm") or [program](/wiki/Computer_program "Computer program") which will construct a partial\-order plan and search for a solution. The input is the problem description, consisting of descriptions of the *initial state*, the *goal* and possible *actions*.
The problem can be interpreted as a [search problem](/wiki/Search_algorithm "Search algorithm") where the set of possible partial\-order plans is the search space. The initial state would be the plan with the open preconditions equal to the goal conditions. The final state would be any plan with no open preconditions, i.e. a solution.
The initial state is the starting conditions, and can be thought of as the preconditions to the task at hand. For a task of setting the table, the initial state could be a clear table. The goal is simply the final action that needs to be accomplished, for example setting the table. The operators of the algorithm are the actions by which the task is accomplished. For this example there may be two operators: lay (tablecloth), and place (glasses, plates, and silverware).
### Plan space
The [plan space](/wiki/Plan_space "Plan space") of the algorithm is constrained between its start and finish. The algorithm starts, producing the initial state and finishes when all parts of the goal have been achieved. In the setting a table example, two types of actions exist that must be addressed: the put\-out and lay operators. Four unsolved operators also exist: Action 1, lay\-tablecloth, Action 2, Put\-out (plates), Action 3, Put\-out (silverware), and Action 4, Put\-out (glasses). However, a threat arises if Action 2, 3, or 4 comes before Action 1\. This threat is that the precondition to the start of the algorithm will be unsatisfied as the table will no longer be clear. Thus, constraints exist that must be added to the algorithm that force Actions 2, 3, and 4 to come after Action 1\. Once these steps are completed, the algorithm will finish and the goal will have been completed.
### Threats
As seen in the algorithm presented above, partial\-order planning can encounter certain threats, meaning [orderings](/wiki/Orderings "Orderings") that threaten to break connected actions, thus potentially destroying the entire plan. There are two ways to resolve threats:
* [Promotion](/wiki/Promotion_%28rank%29 "Promotion (rank)")
* [Demotion](/wiki/Demotion "Demotion")
[Promotion](/wiki/Promotion_%28rank%29 "Promotion (rank)") orders the possible threat after the connection it threatens. [Demotion](/wiki/Demotion "Demotion") orders the possible threat before the connection it threatens.
Partial\-order planning algorithms are known for being both sound and complete, with sound being defined as the total ordering of the algorithm, and complete being defined as the capability to find a solution, given that a solution does in fact exist.
|
[
"Partial\\-order planner\n----------------------",
"A *partial\\-order planner* is an [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm \"Algorithm\") or [program](/wiki/Computer_program \"Computer program\") which will construct a partial\\-order plan and search for a solution. The input is the problem description, consisting of descriptions of the *initial state*, the *goal* and possible *actions*.",
"The problem can be interpreted as a [search problem](/wiki/Search_algorithm \"Search algorithm\") where the set of possible partial\\-order plans is the search space. The initial state would be the plan with the open preconditions equal to the goal conditions. The final state would be any plan with no open preconditions, i.e. a solution.",
"The initial state is the starting conditions, and can be thought of as the preconditions to the task at hand. For a task of setting the table, the initial state could be a clear table. The goal is simply the final action that needs to be accomplished, for example setting the table. The operators of the algorithm are the actions by which the task is accomplished. For this example there may be two operators: lay (tablecloth), and place (glasses, plates, and silverware).",
"### Plan space",
"The [plan space](/wiki/Plan_space \"Plan space\") of the algorithm is constrained between its start and finish. The algorithm starts, producing the initial state and finishes when all parts of the goal have been achieved. In the setting a table example, two types of actions exist that must be addressed: the put\\-out and lay operators. Four unsolved operators also exist: Action 1, lay\\-tablecloth, Action 2, Put\\-out (plates), Action 3, Put\\-out (silverware), and Action 4, Put\\-out (glasses). However, a threat arises if Action 2, 3, or 4 comes before Action 1\\. This threat is that the precondition to the start of the algorithm will be unsatisfied as the table will no longer be clear. Thus, constraints exist that must be added to the algorithm that force Actions 2, 3, and 4 to come after Action 1\\. Once these steps are completed, the algorithm will finish and the goal will have been completed.",
"### Threats",
"As seen in the algorithm presented above, partial\\-order planning can encounter certain threats, meaning [orderings](/wiki/Orderings \"Orderings\") that threaten to break connected actions, thus potentially destroying the entire plan. There are two ways to resolve threats: \n* [Promotion](/wiki/Promotion_%28rank%29 \"Promotion (rank)\")\n* [Demotion](/wiki/Demotion \"Demotion\")",
"[Promotion](/wiki/Promotion_%28rank%29 \"Promotion (rank)\") orders the possible threat after the connection it threatens. [Demotion](/wiki/Demotion \"Demotion\") orders the possible threat before the connection it threatens.",
"Partial\\-order planning algorithms are known for being both sound and complete, with sound being defined as the total ordering of the algorithm, and complete being defined as the capability to find a solution, given that a solution does in fact exist.",
""
] |
Solo career
-----------
After Ted \& Sheri left Word Records, they decided to try solo careers. Moffet signed with EMI Gospel. Winn bankrolled the production of a song he wrote entitled "God Believes in You." He hired his own radio promoter and the song rose to \# 23 on Billboard's Hot Gospel Songs chart and earned him a contract with Shanachie Entertainment. Aside from the track "Moving Forward," Winn wrote all of the material and brought in guest artists such as Vanessa Bell Armstrong, DeWayne Woods, Jonathan Nelson and Myron Butler for the ensuing "Balance" CD. The contemporary gospel album received high marks in the gospel community upon its autumn 2009 release. "It’s an impressive" debut," E.J. Gaines wrote on the Gospel Pundit blog. Gospelflava.com's Gerard Bronner called it, "worth the wait.”
In between music projects, Winn founded Veracity Entertainment, a music publishing administration company that represents and manages songwriters and producers. Among the songs that Veracity's clients have written and produced are T\-Pain's "Can’t Believe It" (co\-written by David \`Preach’ Balfour), Trey Songz’ "Simply Amazing (written by Christopher \`C4’ Umana), Vashawn Mitchell’s “Nobody Greater" (written by Darius Paulk), Earnest Pugh's "Rain on Us" (written by Daniel Moore Sr. and Daniel Moore II) and "Cold As Winter" that was written and produced by Christopher \`C4’ Umana and Uforo \`Taktix’ Ebong for Lupe Fiasco.
In December 2012, Winn performed a new song "You Are the Reason" on BET's "Bobby Jones Gospel" program and announced that he was working on a sophomore CD entitled, "Perspective," due for release in late 2013\.
Among his songs are "In and Out", which was featured on the Top Ten singles of 2012 and released as an album on iTunes in 2013\.
In 2014, he released the single "Love to Dream Of", featuring Justin Timberlake \& Ella Maijo. On March 14, 2015, he released "Love to Dream", which was followed by the top ten hit "Love to Dream of". On May 18, 2017, he released the single "All I Want" featuring Kiiara.
In 2018, he released his second studio album: "Dreams from the West", in early 2018, and his first solo album: "Mornings With Marvin".
|
[
"Solo career\n-----------",
"After Ted \\& Sheri left Word Records, they decided to try solo careers. Moffet signed with EMI Gospel. Winn bankrolled the production of a song he wrote entitled \"God Believes in You.\" He hired his own radio promoter and the song rose to \\# 23 on Billboard's Hot Gospel Songs chart and earned him a contract with Shanachie Entertainment. Aside from the track \"Moving Forward,\" Winn wrote all of the material and brought in guest artists such as Vanessa Bell Armstrong, DeWayne Woods, Jonathan Nelson and Myron Butler for the ensuing \"Balance\" CD. The contemporary gospel album received high marks in the gospel community upon its autumn 2009 release. \"It’s an impressive\" debut,\" E.J. Gaines wrote on the Gospel Pundit blog. Gospelflava.com's Gerard Bronner called it, \"worth the wait.”",
"In between music projects, Winn founded Veracity Entertainment, a music publishing administration company that represents and manages songwriters and producers. Among the songs that Veracity's clients have written and produced are T\\-Pain's \"Can’t Believe It\" (co\\-written by David \\`Preach’ Balfour), Trey Songz’ \"Simply Amazing (written by Christopher \\`C4’ Umana), Vashawn Mitchell’s “Nobody Greater\" (written by Darius Paulk), Earnest Pugh's \"Rain on Us\" (written by Daniel Moore Sr. and Daniel Moore II) and \"Cold As Winter\" that was written and produced by Christopher \\`C4’ Umana and Uforo \\`Taktix’ Ebong for Lupe Fiasco.",
"In December 2012, Winn performed a new song \"You Are the Reason\" on BET's \"Bobby Jones Gospel\" program and announced that he was working on a sophomore CD entitled, \"Perspective,\" due for release in late 2013\\.",
"Among his songs are \"In and Out\", which was featured on the Top Ten singles of 2012 and released as an album on iTunes in 2013\\.",
"In 2014, he released the single \"Love to Dream Of\", featuring Justin Timberlake \\& Ella Maijo. On March 14, 2015, he released \"Love to Dream\", which was followed by the top ten hit \"Love to Dream of\". On May 18, 2017, he released the single \"All I Want\" featuring Kiiara.",
"In 2018, he released his second studio album: \"Dreams from the West\", in early 2018, and his first solo album: \"Mornings With Marvin\".",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1990 driving protest
On 6 November 1990, 47 Saudi women in [Riyadh](/wiki/Riyadh "Riyadh") drove their cars in protest against the driving ban.{{cite encyclopedia \|last\=Altorki \|first\=Soraya \|editor1\-last\=Joseph\|editor1\-first\=Suad\|encyclopedia\=Gender and Citizenship in the Middle East \|title\=Citizenship in Saudi Arabia\|url\={{google books \|plainurl\=y \|id\=z0NONcPkiDYC\|page\=215\-236}} \|date\=2000 \|publisher\= Syracuse University Press\|isbn\=9780815628651}} They were imprisoned for one day, had their passports confiscated, and some of them lost their jobs as a result of their activism.
### 2007–2008 petition and YouTube video
In September 2007, the [Association for the Protection and Defense of Women's Rights in Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Defense_of_Women%27s_Rights_in_Saudi_Arabia "Association for the Protection and Defense of Women's Rights in Saudi Arabia"), co\-founded by [Wajeha al\-Huwaider](/wiki/Wajeha_al-Huwaider "Wajeha al-Huwaider") and Fawzia al\-Uyyouni, submitted a 1,100\-signature petition to [King Abdullah](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia") asking for women to be allowed to drive.
On [International Women's Day](/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day "International Women's Day") 2008, al\-Huwaider filmed herself driving, for which she received international media attention after the video was posted on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"). Al\-Huwaider's drive began within a residential compound, where women are permitted to drive since roadways inside the compound are not considered to be public roads, but she left the compound and drove along a main highway. Al\-Huwaider expressed the hope that the ban on women driving would be lifted by International Women's Day in 2009\.
In June–July 2007, a [Gallup](/wiki/Gallup_%28company%29 "Gallup (company)") poll found that the majority of Saudi men and women thought that women should be allowed to drive.{{cite web \|author\=Gallup \|title\=Saudi Arabia: Majorities Support Women's Rights \|url\=https://news.gallup.com/poll/103441/saudi\-arabia\-majorities\-support\-womens\-rights.aspx \|website\=Gallup.com \|language\=en\-us \|date\=21 December 2007}}
### 2011–2014 campaign
[thumb\|Poster for the Saudi Arabia's \#women2drive Movement, artwork by [Carlos Latuff](/wiki/Carlos_Latuff "Carlos Latuff")](/wiki/File:New_Saudi_Arabia%27s_traffic_sign_%28women2drive%29.gif "New Saudi Arabia's traffic sign (women2drive).gif")
In 2011, a group of women including [Manal al\-Sharif](/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif "Manal al-Sharif") started a [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") campaign named "Teach me how to drive so I can protect myself" or Women2Drive that says that women should be allowed to drive. The women said that their campaign was inspired by the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring").
[thumb\| [Loujain al\-Hathloul](/wiki/Loujain_al-Hathloul "Loujain al-Hathloul") was arrested for driving a car, as she was at the UAE\-Saudi border.](/wiki/File:Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg "Loujain Alhathloul.jpg")
The campaign called for women to start driving from 17 June 2011\. {{As of\|2011\|05\|21}}, about 12,000 readers of the Facebook page had expressed their support. Al\-Sharif described the action as acting within women's rights, and "not protesting". Wajeha al\-Huwaider was impressed by the campaign and decided to help.
A woman from [Jeddah](/wiki/Jeddah "Jeddah"), Najla Hariri, started driving in the second week of May 2011, stating "Before in Saudi, you never heard about protests. \[But] after what has happened in the Middle East, we started to accept a group of people going outside and saying what they want in a loud voice, and this has had an impact on me."
#### Subaru
In mid\-2011, as [Subaru](/wiki/Subaru "Subaru") vehicles tend to be marketed heavily towards women (in the US), several Saudi women groups including [Saudi Women for Driving](/wiki/Saudi_Women_for_Driving "Saudi Women for Driving") asked the parent company of Subaru, [Fuji Heavy Industries](/wiki/Fuji_Heavy_Industries "Fuji Heavy Industries"), to stop selling motor vehicles in countries where women cannot drive.[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2011\-06\-22/saudi\-women\-call\-on\-subaru\-to\-leave\-kingdom\-over\-driving\-ban.html](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2011-06-22/saudi-women-call-on-subaru-to-leave-kingdom-over-driving-ban.html) "Saudi Women Call on 'Progressive' Subaru to Leave Kingdom Over Driving Ban", Bloomberg, 22 June 2011, Retrieved 24 January 2016\.
#### Manal al\-Sharif
{{main\|Manal al\-Sharif\#2011 women driving campaign}}
{{external media\| float \= right\| width \= 240px \| video1 \= \[https://www.c\-span.org/video/?429968\-2/qa\-manal\-alsharif ''Q\&A'' interview with al\-Sharif on her book ''Daring to Drive: A Saudi Woman's Awakening'', July 16, 2017], \[\[C\-SPAN]]}}
The following week, al\-Huwaider filmed al\-Sharif driving a car as part of the campaign. The video was posted on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") and [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"). Al\-Sharif was detained and released on 21 May and rearrested the following day. On 30 May, al\-Sharif was released on [bail](/wiki/Bail "Bail"), on the conditions of returning for questioning if requested, not driving and not talking to the media. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* and *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press")* associated the women's driving campaign with the wider pattern of the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring") and the long duration of al\-Sharif's detention with Saudi authorities' fear of protests.
#### Late May – early June
On 23 May, another woman was detained for driving a car. She drove with two women passengers in [Ar Rass](/wiki/Ar_Rass "Ar Rass") and was detained by traffic police in the presence of the [Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice (CPVPV)](/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_%28Saudi_Arabia%29 "Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)"). She was released after signing a statement that she would not drive again. In reaction to al\-Sharif's arrest, several more Saudi women published videos of themselves driving during the following days.
[Wajnat Rahbini](/wiki/Wajnat_Rahbini "Wajnat Rahbini"), a Saudi actress famous in the Arab world for playing in the satirical comedy *[Tash ma Tash](/wiki/Tash_ma_Tash "Tash ma Tash")*, broadcast annually during [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan"), drove her car "in defiance of a long\-standing ban on female driving" on 4 June in Jeddah. She was detained after exiting her car and released the following day without bail.
#### 17 June 2011
On 17 June, about 30 to 50 women drove cars in towns in Saudi Arabia, including Maha al\-Qahtani and Eman Nafjan in Riyadh, and other women in Jeddah and [Dammam](/wiki/Dammam "Dammam"). When she drove for a second time the same day, al\-Qahtani was given a ticket for driving without a Saudi Arabian licence. Al\-Qahtani was pleased to receive the ticket, stating to a *[Time magazine](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* journalist travelling with her, "It's a ticket. Write this down. I am the first Saudi woman to get a traffic ticket."
*[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* stated that "police appeared to be under orders not to intervene" during women's drives on 17 June.
#### Late June 2011
[thumb\|Cartoon for Saudi Arabia's Women to drive Movement by [Carlos Latuff](/wiki/Carlos_Latuff "Carlos Latuff")](/wiki/File:Women2drive_by_Latuff.gif "Women2drive by Latuff.gif")
Two Saudi women were photographed by [Thomson Reuters](/wiki/Thomson_Reuters "Thomson Reuters") after driving in Riyadh on 22 June.
On 29 June, five women driving in Jeddah were arrested. The Saudi Arabian blogger [Eman al\-Nafjan](/wiki/Eman_al-Nafjan "Eman al-Nafjan") described the arrests as "the first big pushback from authorities". She claimed that the June drives were more significant than the 1990 protest, stating, "When actually the 1990 protest was only fourteen cars that had 47 passengers, \[from] June 17th and onwards there have been about seventy documented cases of women driving."
#### July–September
In July, Princess [al\-Taweel](/wiki/Al-Taweel_of_Saudi_Arabia "Al-Taweel of Saudi Arabia"), [niece\-in\-law](/wiki/Niece-in-law "Niece-in-law") of [Abdullah of Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia"), spoke about her opposition to the women driving ban on the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") (US) radio station [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR") and called for women to have equal rights in [the workforce](/wiki/Labor_rights "Labor rights"), in the [legal system](/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia "Legal system of Saudi Arabia"), and in [education](/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia "Education in Saudi Arabia"). She described these [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia "Human rights in Saudi Arabia") as more important than the right to drive. In response to criticisms of women's rights campaigns, she described her approach as "evolution not revolution".
At the end of September, Shaima Jastania was sentenced to 10 lashes for having driven a car in Jeddah. The sentence was announced shortly after [King Abdullah](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia") decreed that women would be able to participate in the [2015 Saudi Arabian municipal elections](/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections%2C_2015 "Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2015") and be appointed to the [Consultative Assembly](/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia "Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia"); King Abdullah overturned the sentence.
#### November
On 15 November 2011, Manal al\-Sharif filed charges in the [Grievances Board](/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia%23Court_structure "Legal system of Saudi Arabia#Court structure"), a non\-[Sharia](/wiki/Sharia "Sharia") specialized court, against the [General Directorate of Traffic](/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Traffic%2C_Saudi_Arabia "General Directorate of Traffic, Saudi Arabia") for the rejection of her application for a driver's licence. Al\-Sharif had applied for a licence in May 2011\. The lawsuit was transferred to the [Ministry of Interior](/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior "Ministry of Interior").
#### December
In early December, a member of the [Consultative Assembly](/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia "Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia"), Kamal Subhi, submitted a report to the Assembly saying that lifting the ban would cause prostitution, pornography, homosexuality and divorce and the "end of virginity". The head of the Assembly told women campaigners that he was "still open to hearing the case for lifting the ban".
#### February 2012
On 4 February, [Samar Badawi](/wiki/Samar_Badawi "Samar Badawi"), a human rights activist who had driven regularly since June 2011 and helped other women drivers with police and court procedures, filed similar charges to those of Manal al\-Sharif, objecting to the rejection of her own driving licence application. Badawi was asked by the Grievances Board to "follow\-up in a week". The women to drive campaign circulated an email about the court case.
#### June 2012
On 29 June 2012, to celebrate the anniversary of the June 2011 driving campaign launch, a member of the *My Right to Dignity* women's rights campaign drove her car in Riyadh. She stated that she had driven about 30–40 times in 2011 and that about 100 Saudi women had driven regularly since June 2011\.
#### October 2013
In October 2013, there was a campaign calling for women to defy the ban in a protest drive on 26 October, which gained support from some prominent women activists.{{cite web \|url\=http://english.al\-akhbar.com/content/driving\-damages\-womens\-ovaries\-saudi\-cleric \|title\=Driving damages women's ovaries: Saudi cleric \|publisher\=Al Ahuderhbar English \|date\=29 September 2013 \|access\-date\=10 August 2014 \|archive\-date\=29 October 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185052/http://english.al\-akhbar.com/content/driving\-damages\-womens\-ovaries\-saudi\-cleric \|url\-status\=dead }} In response, the campaign's website ([www.oct26driving.org](https://web.archive.org/web/20140419080325/http://www.oct26driving.org/)) was blocked within Saudi Arabia and Sheikh [Saleh al\-Lohaidan](/wiki/Saleh_al-Lohaidan "Saleh al-Lohaidan"), one of Saudi Arabia's top clerics, said women who drive risk damaging their ovaries and bearing children with clinical problems. Interior ministry employees had also contacted leaders of the campaign individually to tell them not to drive.{{Cite news \|title\=Saudi Arabian women vow to keep up campaign against driving ban \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/saudia\-arabian\-women\-drivers\-campaign\-ban \|date\=2013\-10\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20131028151947/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/saudia\-arabian\-women\-drivers\-campaign\-ban \|archive\-date\=28 October 2013 \|access\-date\=2014\-08\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|location\=\[\[Riyadh]] \|agency\=\[\[Reuters]]}} However, despite this discouragement and a heavy police presence, as of Sunday 27 October Saudi activists had posted 12 films on YouTube said to be of women driving on Saturday, and said some other women had also driven but without recording their exploits on video or in photographs. Also a YouTube film made by Hisham Alfageeh and other male Saudi comedians went viral on Saturday to support the women's driving campaign, parodying the [Bob Marley](/wiki/Bob_Marley "Bob Marley") song "No Woman No Cry" as "No Woman No Drive".
**Loujain Al\-Hathloul**
On 30 November 2014, [Loujain Al\-Hathloul](/wiki/Loujain_Alhathloul "Loujain Alhathloul") made her move toward the Women to drive Movement in Saudi Arabia. As known, Saudi women are not able to have a driver's license, but Al\-Hathloul previously obtained a driver's license from the United Arab Emirates. She filmed her experience of driving from the United Arab of Emirates with the intention of crossing the border back to Saudi Arabia. As a part of the support of the issue of the Saudi ban on women drivers. Al\-Hathloul filmed herself driving on 26 October 2014\. Her videos had over 800,000 views, a hashtag on Twitter, and also over 3,000 comments on YouTube.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs\-trending\-30316837\|title\=Saudi Women Driving blog 'arrest'\|work\=BBC News \|date\=3 December 2014 }} The public opinion with Al\-Hathloul's case was divided to two groups, one group was supportive to what Loujain did, and the other one was not. Al\-Hathloul tweeted her followers about her journey from the beginning. When she arrived at the border of Saudi Arabia she tweeted that she was stopped by a Saudi customs officer at the border. Al\-Hathloul tweeted to her followers to keep them up with her and said: "Twenty\-four hours spent on the border of Saudi." She also tweeted: "They won't give me back my passport and they won't let me pass through and no word from the Ministry of Interior. Complete silence from all the officials." Loujain Al\-Hathloul was arrested after she filmed her attempt to defy the ban of driving for Saudis Women. She was arrested for 73 days.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/saudi\-arabia\-frees\-two\-women\-after\-73\-days\-jail\-driving\-1487804\|title\=Saudi Arabia frees two women after 73 days in jail for driving\|date\=13 February 2015 }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/13/world/middleeast/saudi\-women\-free\-after\-73\-days\-in\-jail\-for\-driving.html\|title\=Saudi Women Free After 73 Days in Jail for Driving\|date\=12 February 2015\|publisher\=Robert Mackey}}
**Prince Mohammed bin Salman**
[Prince Mohammed bin Salman](/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman "Mohammad bin Salman") talked about the Ban of Saudi Women Driving in an interview and he said that "Saudi Arabia is not ready for women drivers".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/saudi\-arabia\-is\-not\-ready\-for\-women\-drivers\-says\-deputy\-crown\-prince\-mohammed\-bin\-salman\-a7004611\.html\|title\=Saudi Arabia is 'not ready' for women drivers\|date\=28 April 2016\|website\=Saudi Arabia is 'not ready' for women drivers}} The prince Mohammed also said that "Women driving is not a religious issue as much as it is an issue that relates to the community itself that either accepts it or refuses it." However, he was later seen as the figure behind the removal of the driving ban in September 2017\.{{cite news\|title\=Saudi Arabia will finally allow women to drive\|url\=https://www.economist.com/news/middle\-east\-and\-africa/21729721\-bigger\-changes\-are\-needed\-ultraconservative\-kingdom\-saudi\-arabia\-will\|newspaper\=\[\[The Economist]]\|date\=27 September 2017}}
### Lifting of ban 2017–2018
On 26 September 2017, [King Salman](/wiki/King_Salman "King Salman") issued a statement recognizing the right of Saudi women to drive in keeping with [Sharia](/wiki/Sharia "Sharia"). Licenses were set to be issued to women starting on 24 June 2018\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-41408195\|title\=Saudi Arabia driving ban on women to be lifted\|date\=27 September 2017\|work\=bbc\|access\-date\=27 September 2017}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/26/saudi\-arabias\-king\-issues\-order\-allowing\-women\-to\-drive\|title\=Saudi Arabia to allow women to obtain driving licenses\|date\=27 September 2017\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=27 September 2017}} Saudi authorities also contacted women to drive campaigners. Around 15–18 May 2018, [Loujain al\-Hathloul](/wiki/Loujain_Alhathloul "Loujain Alhathloul"), [Eman al\-Nafjan](/wiki/Eman_al-Nafjan "Eman al-Nafjan"), [Aisha Al\-Mana](/wiki/Aisha_Al-Mana "Aisha Al-Mana"), [Aziza al\-Yousef](/wiki/Aziza_al-Yousef "Aziza al-Yousef"), [Madeha al\-Ajroush](/wiki/Madeha_al-Ajroush "Madeha al-Ajroush"), and several other women and two men also involved in the women to drive movement and the [anti male\-guardianship campaign](/wiki/Anti_male-guardianship_campaign "Anti male-guardianship campaign") were detained by Saudi authorities. [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") interpreted the purpose of the arrests as frightening "anyone expressing skepticism about the crown prince's rights agenda".
On 24 June 2018, as promised by Saudi authorities, several women received driving licences and started driving their cars. Many of the women to drive movement and anti male\-guardianship women activists, including Loujain al\-Hathloul, remained in detention as part of the [2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists](/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Saudi_crackdown_on_feminists "2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists"). {{As of\|2018\|08\|23}}, twelve remained in detention without any legal charges laid against them and without legal representation.
In late November 2018, the Women to Drive campaigners detained in [Dhahban Central Prison](/wiki/Dhahban_Central_Prison "Dhahban Central Prison") were tortured. According to Human Rights Watch, several of the women were lashed and given electric shocks, one was "made to hang for long periods of time from the ceiling" and one tried several times to commit suicide.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi\-arabia\-accused\-of\-torturing\-women\-activists\-in\-widening\-crackdown\-on\-dissent\-1542743107\|title\=Saudi Arabia Accused of Torturing Women's\-Rights Activists in Widening Crackdown on Dissent\|newspaper\=Wall Street Journal \|date\=20 November 2018 }} {{As of\|2018\|11\|21}}, the women had been publicly accused of "undermining state security and aiding enemies of the state" but had not yet been charged.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/21/saudi\-arabia\-accused\-torturing\-womens\-right\-to\-drive\-activists/\|title\=Saudi Arabia accused of torturing women's right\-to\-drive activists in prison\|last\=Ensor\|first\=Josie\|date\=21 November 2018\|work\=The Telegraph\|access\-date\=2 January 2019\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0307\-1235}}
{{As of\|2018\|11\|20}}, according to the Saudi newspaper *[Okaz](/wiki/Okaz "Okaz")*, the women were to be tried at the [Specialized Criminal Court](/wiki/Specialized_Criminal_Court_%28Saudi_Arabia%29 "Specialized Criminal Court (Saudi Arabia)"), with prosecutors calling for prison terms of up to 20 years.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/20/saudi\-arabia\-detained\-women\-reported\-tortured\|title\=Saudi Arabia: Detained Women Reported Tortured\|date\=20 November 2018\|website\=Human Rights Watch\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2 January 2019}}
In late March 2019, the women presented their defence and described physical and sexual abuse they had endured in captivity. Aziza al\-Yousef, Dr Rokaya Mohareb and Eman al\-Nafjan were released on bail.{{cite web \| last\=Michaelson \| first\=Ruth \| title\=Saudi Arabia bails three women on trial for human rights activism \| website\=the Guardian \| date\=28 March 2019 \| url\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/28/saudi\-arabia\-releases\-three\-human\-rights\-activists\-on\-bail \| access\-date\=28 March 2019}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1990 driving protest",
"On 6 November 1990, 47 Saudi women in [Riyadh](/wiki/Riyadh \"Riyadh\") drove their cars in protest against the driving ban.{{cite encyclopedia \\|last\\=Altorki \\|first\\=Soraya \\|editor1\\-last\\=Joseph\\|editor1\\-first\\=Suad\\|encyclopedia\\=Gender and Citizenship in the Middle East \\|title\\=Citizenship in Saudi Arabia\\|url\\={{google books \\|plainurl\\=y \\|id\\=z0NONcPkiDYC\\|page\\=215\\-236}} \\|date\\=2000 \\|publisher\\= Syracuse University Press\\|isbn\\=9780815628651}} They were imprisoned for one day, had their passports confiscated, and some of them lost their jobs as a result of their activism.",
"### 2007–2008 petition and YouTube video",
"In September 2007, the [Association for the Protection and Defense of Women's Rights in Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Defense_of_Women%27s_Rights_in_Saudi_Arabia \"Association for the Protection and Defense of Women's Rights in Saudi Arabia\"), co\\-founded by [Wajeha al\\-Huwaider](/wiki/Wajeha_al-Huwaider \"Wajeha al-Huwaider\") and Fawzia al\\-Uyyouni, submitted a 1,100\\-signature petition to [King Abdullah](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Abdullah of Saudi Arabia\") asking for women to be allowed to drive.",
"On [International Women's Day](/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day \"International Women's Day\") 2008, al\\-Huwaider filmed herself driving, for which she received international media attention after the video was posted on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\"). Al\\-Huwaider's drive began within a residential compound, where women are permitted to drive since roadways inside the compound are not considered to be public roads, but she left the compound and drove along a main highway. Al\\-Huwaider expressed the hope that the ban on women driving would be lifted by International Women's Day in 2009\\.",
"In June–July 2007, a [Gallup](/wiki/Gallup_%28company%29 \"Gallup (company)\") poll found that the majority of Saudi men and women thought that women should be allowed to drive.{{cite web \\|author\\=Gallup \\|title\\=Saudi Arabia: Majorities Support Women's Rights \\|url\\=https://news.gallup.com/poll/103441/saudi\\-arabia\\-majorities\\-support\\-womens\\-rights.aspx \\|website\\=Gallup.com \\|language\\=en\\-us \\|date\\=21 December 2007}}",
"### 2011–2014 campaign",
"[thumb\\|Poster for the Saudi Arabia's \\#women2drive Movement, artwork by [Carlos Latuff](/wiki/Carlos_Latuff \"Carlos Latuff\")](/wiki/File:New_Saudi_Arabia%27s_traffic_sign_%28women2drive%29.gif \"New Saudi Arabia's traffic sign (women2drive).gif\")\nIn 2011, a group of women including [Manal al\\-Sharif](/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif \"Manal al-Sharif\") started a [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") campaign named \"Teach me how to drive so I can protect myself\" or Women2Drive that says that women should be allowed to drive. The women said that their campaign was inspired by the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring \"Arab Spring\").\n[thumb\\| [Loujain al\\-Hathloul](/wiki/Loujain_al-Hathloul \"Loujain al-Hathloul\") was arrested for driving a car, as she was at the UAE\\-Saudi border.](/wiki/File:Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg \"Loujain Alhathloul.jpg\")\nThe campaign called for women to start driving from 17 June 2011\\. {{As of\\|2011\\|05\\|21}}, about 12,000 readers of the Facebook page had expressed their support. Al\\-Sharif described the action as acting within women's rights, and \"not protesting\". Wajeha al\\-Huwaider was impressed by the campaign and decided to help.",
"A woman from [Jeddah](/wiki/Jeddah \"Jeddah\"), Najla Hariri, started driving in the second week of May 2011, stating \"Before in Saudi, you never heard about protests. \\[But] after what has happened in the Middle East, we started to accept a group of people going outside and saying what they want in a loud voice, and this has had an impact on me.\"",
"#### Subaru",
"In mid\\-2011, as [Subaru](/wiki/Subaru \"Subaru\") vehicles tend to be marketed heavily towards women (in the US), several Saudi women groups including [Saudi Women for Driving](/wiki/Saudi_Women_for_Driving \"Saudi Women for Driving\") asked the parent company of Subaru, [Fuji Heavy Industries](/wiki/Fuji_Heavy_Industries \"Fuji Heavy Industries\"), to stop selling motor vehicles in countries where women cannot drive.[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2011\\-06\\-22/saudi\\-women\\-call\\-on\\-subaru\\-to\\-leave\\-kingdom\\-over\\-driving\\-ban.html](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2011-06-22/saudi-women-call-on-subaru-to-leave-kingdom-over-driving-ban.html) \"Saudi Women Call on 'Progressive' Subaru to Leave Kingdom Over Driving Ban\", Bloomberg, 22 June 2011, Retrieved 24 January 2016\\.",
"#### Manal al\\-Sharif",
"{{main\\|Manal al\\-Sharif\\#2011 women driving campaign}}\n{{external media\\| float \\= right\\| width \\= 240px \\| video1 \\= \\[https://www.c\\-span.org/video/?429968\\-2/qa\\-manal\\-alsharif ''Q\\&A'' interview with al\\-Sharif on her book ''Daring to Drive: A Saudi Woman's Awakening'', July 16, 2017], \\[\\[C\\-SPAN]]}}\nThe following week, al\\-Huwaider filmed al\\-Sharif driving a car as part of the campaign. The video was posted on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") and [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"). Al\\-Sharif was detained and released on 21 May and rearrested the following day. On 30 May, al\\-Sharif was released on [bail](/wiki/Bail \"Bail\"), on the conditions of returning for questioning if requested, not driving and not talking to the media. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* and *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")* associated the women's driving campaign with the wider pattern of the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring \"Arab Spring\") and the long duration of al\\-Sharif's detention with Saudi authorities' fear of protests.",
"#### Late May – early June",
"On 23 May, another woman was detained for driving a car. She drove with two women passengers in [Ar Rass](/wiki/Ar_Rass \"Ar Rass\") and was detained by traffic police in the presence of the [Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice (CPVPV)](/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_%28Saudi_Arabia%29 \"Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)\"). She was released after signing a statement that she would not drive again. In reaction to al\\-Sharif's arrest, several more Saudi women published videos of themselves driving during the following days.",
"[Wajnat Rahbini](/wiki/Wajnat_Rahbini \"Wajnat Rahbini\"), a Saudi actress famous in the Arab world for playing in the satirical comedy *[Tash ma Tash](/wiki/Tash_ma_Tash \"Tash ma Tash\")*, broadcast annually during [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan \"Ramadan\"), drove her car \"in defiance of a long\\-standing ban on female driving\" on 4 June in Jeddah. She was detained after exiting her car and released the following day without bail.",
"#### 17 June 2011",
"On 17 June, about 30 to 50 women drove cars in towns in Saudi Arabia, including Maha al\\-Qahtani and Eman Nafjan in Riyadh, and other women in Jeddah and [Dammam](/wiki/Dammam \"Dammam\"). When she drove for a second time the same day, al\\-Qahtani was given a ticket for driving without a Saudi Arabian licence. Al\\-Qahtani was pleased to receive the ticket, stating to a *[Time magazine](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* journalist travelling with her, \"It's a ticket. Write this down. I am the first Saudi woman to get a traffic ticket.\"",
"*[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* stated that \"police appeared to be under orders not to intervene\" during women's drives on 17 June.",
"#### Late June 2011",
"[thumb\\|Cartoon for Saudi Arabia's Women to drive Movement by [Carlos Latuff](/wiki/Carlos_Latuff \"Carlos Latuff\")](/wiki/File:Women2drive_by_Latuff.gif \"Women2drive by Latuff.gif\")",
"Two Saudi women were photographed by [Thomson Reuters](/wiki/Thomson_Reuters \"Thomson Reuters\") after driving in Riyadh on 22 June.",
"On 29 June, five women driving in Jeddah were arrested. The Saudi Arabian blogger [Eman al\\-Nafjan](/wiki/Eman_al-Nafjan \"Eman al-Nafjan\") described the arrests as \"the first big pushback from authorities\". She claimed that the June drives were more significant than the 1990 protest, stating, \"When actually the 1990 protest was only fourteen cars that had 47 passengers, \\[from] June 17th and onwards there have been about seventy documented cases of women driving.\"",
"#### July–September",
"In July, Princess [al\\-Taweel](/wiki/Al-Taweel_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Al-Taweel of Saudi Arabia\"), [niece\\-in\\-law](/wiki/Niece-in-law \"Niece-in-law\") of [Abdullah of Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Abdullah of Saudi Arabia\"), spoke about her opposition to the women driving ban on the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") (US) radio station [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\") and called for women to have equal rights in [the workforce](/wiki/Labor_rights \"Labor rights\"), in the [legal system](/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Legal system of Saudi Arabia\"), and in [education](/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia \"Education in Saudi Arabia\"). She described these [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia \"Human rights in Saudi Arabia\") as more important than the right to drive. In response to criticisms of women's rights campaigns, she described her approach as \"evolution not revolution\".",
"At the end of September, Shaima Jastania was sentenced to 10 lashes for having driven a car in Jeddah. The sentence was announced shortly after [King Abdullah](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Abdullah of Saudi Arabia\") decreed that women would be able to participate in the [2015 Saudi Arabian municipal elections](/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections%2C_2015 \"Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2015\") and be appointed to the [Consultative Assembly](/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia\"); King Abdullah overturned the sentence.",
"#### November",
"On 15 November 2011, Manal al\\-Sharif filed charges in the [Grievances Board](/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia%23Court_structure \"Legal system of Saudi Arabia#Court structure\"), a non\\-[Sharia](/wiki/Sharia \"Sharia\") specialized court, against the [General Directorate of Traffic](/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Traffic%2C_Saudi_Arabia \"General Directorate of Traffic, Saudi Arabia\") for the rejection of her application for a driver's licence. Al\\-Sharif had applied for a licence in May 2011\\. The lawsuit was transferred to the [Ministry of Interior](/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior \"Ministry of Interior\").",
"#### December",
"In early December, a member of the [Consultative Assembly](/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia\"), Kamal Subhi, submitted a report to the Assembly saying that lifting the ban would cause prostitution, pornography, homosexuality and divorce and the \"end of virginity\". The head of the Assembly told women campaigners that he was \"still open to hearing the case for lifting the ban\".",
"#### February 2012",
"On 4 February, [Samar Badawi](/wiki/Samar_Badawi \"Samar Badawi\"), a human rights activist who had driven regularly since June 2011 and helped other women drivers with police and court procedures, filed similar charges to those of Manal al\\-Sharif, objecting to the rejection of her own driving licence application. Badawi was asked by the Grievances Board to \"follow\\-up in a week\". The women to drive campaign circulated an email about the court case.",
"#### June 2012",
"On 29 June 2012, to celebrate the anniversary of the June 2011 driving campaign launch, a member of the *My Right to Dignity* women's rights campaign drove her car in Riyadh. She stated that she had driven about 30–40 times in 2011 and that about 100 Saudi women had driven regularly since June 2011\\.",
"#### October 2013",
"In October 2013, there was a campaign calling for women to defy the ban in a protest drive on 26 October, which gained support from some prominent women activists.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://english.al\\-akhbar.com/content/driving\\-damages\\-womens\\-ovaries\\-saudi\\-cleric \\|title\\=Driving damages women's ovaries: Saudi cleric \\|publisher\\=Al Ahuderhbar English \\|date\\=29 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185052/http://english.al\\-akhbar.com/content/driving\\-damages\\-womens\\-ovaries\\-saudi\\-cleric \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In response, the campaign's website ([www.oct26driving.org](https://web.archive.org/web/20140419080325/http://www.oct26driving.org/)) was blocked within Saudi Arabia and Sheikh [Saleh al\\-Lohaidan](/wiki/Saleh_al-Lohaidan \"Saleh al-Lohaidan\"), one of Saudi Arabia's top clerics, said women who drive risk damaging their ovaries and bearing children with clinical problems. Interior ministry employees had also contacted leaders of the campaign individually to tell them not to drive.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Saudi Arabian women vow to keep up campaign against driving ban \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/saudia\\-arabian\\-women\\-drivers\\-campaign\\-ban \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20131028151947/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/saudia\\-arabian\\-women\\-drivers\\-campaign\\-ban \\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Riyadh]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]}} However, despite this discouragement and a heavy police presence, as of Sunday 27 October Saudi activists had posted 12 films on YouTube said to be of women driving on Saturday, and said some other women had also driven but without recording their exploits on video or in photographs. Also a YouTube film made by Hisham Alfageeh and other male Saudi comedians went viral on Saturday to support the women's driving campaign, parodying the [Bob Marley](/wiki/Bob_Marley \"Bob Marley\") song \"No Woman No Cry\" as \"No Woman No Drive\".",
"**Loujain Al\\-Hathloul**",
"On 30 November 2014, [Loujain Al\\-Hathloul](/wiki/Loujain_Alhathloul \"Loujain Alhathloul\") made her move toward the Women to drive Movement in Saudi Arabia. As known, Saudi women are not able to have a driver's license, but Al\\-Hathloul previously obtained a driver's license from the United Arab Emirates. She filmed her experience of driving from the United Arab of Emirates with the intention of crossing the border back to Saudi Arabia. As a part of the support of the issue of the Saudi ban on women drivers. Al\\-Hathloul filmed herself driving on 26 October 2014\\. Her videos had over 800,000 views, a hashtag on Twitter, and also over 3,000 comments on YouTube.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs\\-trending\\-30316837\\|title\\=Saudi Women Driving blog 'arrest'\\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=3 December 2014 }} The public opinion with Al\\-Hathloul's case was divided to two groups, one group was supportive to what Loujain did, and the other one was not. Al\\-Hathloul tweeted her followers about her journey from the beginning. When she arrived at the border of Saudi Arabia she tweeted that she was stopped by a Saudi customs officer at the border. Al\\-Hathloul tweeted to her followers to keep them up with her and said: \"Twenty\\-four hours spent on the border of Saudi.\" She also tweeted: \"They won't give me back my passport and they won't let me pass through and no word from the Ministry of Interior. Complete silence from all the officials.\" Loujain Al\\-Hathloul was arrested after she filmed her attempt to defy the ban of driving for Saudis Women. She was arrested for 73 days.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/saudi\\-arabia\\-frees\\-two\\-women\\-after\\-73\\-days\\-jail\\-driving\\-1487804\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia frees two women after 73 days in jail for driving\\|date\\=13 February 2015 }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/13/world/middleeast/saudi\\-women\\-free\\-after\\-73\\-days\\-in\\-jail\\-for\\-driving.html\\|title\\=Saudi Women Free After 73 Days in Jail for Driving\\|date\\=12 February 2015\\|publisher\\=Robert Mackey}}",
"**Prince Mohammed bin Salman**",
"[Prince Mohammed bin Salman](/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman \"Mohammad bin Salman\") talked about the Ban of Saudi Women Driving in an interview and he said that \"Saudi Arabia is not ready for women drivers\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/saudi\\-arabia\\-is\\-not\\-ready\\-for\\-women\\-drivers\\-says\\-deputy\\-crown\\-prince\\-mohammed\\-bin\\-salman\\-a7004611\\.html\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia is 'not ready' for women drivers\\|date\\=28 April 2016\\|website\\=Saudi Arabia is 'not ready' for women drivers}} The prince Mohammed also said that \"Women driving is not a religious issue as much as it is an issue that relates to the community itself that either accepts it or refuses it.\" However, he was later seen as the figure behind the removal of the driving ban in September 2017\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia will finally allow women to drive\\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/news/middle\\-east\\-and\\-africa/21729721\\-bigger\\-changes\\-are\\-needed\\-ultraconservative\\-kingdom\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-will\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Economist]]\\|date\\=27 September 2017}}",
"### Lifting of ban 2017–2018",
"On 26 September 2017, [King Salman](/wiki/King_Salman \"King Salman\") issued a statement recognizing the right of Saudi women to drive in keeping with [Sharia](/wiki/Sharia \"Sharia\"). Licenses were set to be issued to women starting on 24 June 2018\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-41408195\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia driving ban on women to be lifted\\|date\\=27 September 2017\\|work\\=bbc\\|access\\-date\\=27 September 2017}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/26/saudi\\-arabias\\-king\\-issues\\-order\\-allowing\\-women\\-to\\-drive\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia to allow women to obtain driving licenses\\|date\\=27 September 2017\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=27 September 2017}} Saudi authorities also contacted women to drive campaigners. Around 15–18 May 2018, [Loujain al\\-Hathloul](/wiki/Loujain_Alhathloul \"Loujain Alhathloul\"), [Eman al\\-Nafjan](/wiki/Eman_al-Nafjan \"Eman al-Nafjan\"), [Aisha Al\\-Mana](/wiki/Aisha_Al-Mana \"Aisha Al-Mana\"), [Aziza al\\-Yousef](/wiki/Aziza_al-Yousef \"Aziza al-Yousef\"), [Madeha al\\-Ajroush](/wiki/Madeha_al-Ajroush \"Madeha al-Ajroush\"), and several other women and two men also involved in the women to drive movement and the [anti male\\-guardianship campaign](/wiki/Anti_male-guardianship_campaign \"Anti male-guardianship campaign\") were detained by Saudi authorities. [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") interpreted the purpose of the arrests as frightening \"anyone expressing skepticism about the crown prince's rights agenda\".",
"On 24 June 2018, as promised by Saudi authorities, several women received driving licences and started driving their cars. Many of the women to drive movement and anti male\\-guardianship women activists, including Loujain al\\-Hathloul, remained in detention as part of the [2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists](/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Saudi_crackdown_on_feminists \"2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists\"). {{As of\\|2018\\|08\\|23}}, twelve remained in detention without any legal charges laid against them and without legal representation.",
"In late November 2018, the Women to Drive campaigners detained in [Dhahban Central Prison](/wiki/Dhahban_Central_Prison \"Dhahban Central Prison\") were tortured. According to Human Rights Watch, several of the women were lashed and given electric shocks, one was \"made to hang for long periods of time from the ceiling\" and one tried several times to commit suicide.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi\\-arabia\\-accused\\-of\\-torturing\\-women\\-activists\\-in\\-widening\\-crackdown\\-on\\-dissent\\-1542743107\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia Accused of Torturing Women's\\-Rights Activists in Widening Crackdown on Dissent\\|newspaper\\=Wall Street Journal \\|date\\=20 November 2018 }} {{As of\\|2018\\|11\\|21}}, the women had been publicly accused of \"undermining state security and aiding enemies of the state\" but had not yet been charged.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/21/saudi\\-arabia\\-accused\\-torturing\\-womens\\-right\\-to\\-drive\\-activists/\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia accused of torturing women's right\\-to\\-drive activists in prison\\|last\\=Ensor\\|first\\=Josie\\|date\\=21 November 2018\\|work\\=The Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=2 January 2019\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0307\\-1235}}",
"{{As of\\|2018\\|11\\|20}}, according to the Saudi newspaper *[Okaz](/wiki/Okaz \"Okaz\")*, the women were to be tried at the [Specialized Criminal Court](/wiki/Specialized_Criminal_Court_%28Saudi_Arabia%29 \"Specialized Criminal Court (Saudi Arabia)\"), with prosecutors calling for prison terms of up to 20 years.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/20/saudi\\-arabia\\-detained\\-women\\-reported\\-tortured\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia: Detained Women Reported Tortured\\|date\\=20 November 2018\\|website\\=Human Rights Watch\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2 January 2019}}",
"In late March 2019, the women presented their defence and described physical and sexual abuse they had endured in captivity. Aziza al\\-Yousef, Dr Rokaya Mohareb and Eman al\\-Nafjan were released on bail.{{cite web \\| last\\=Michaelson \\| first\\=Ruth \\| title\\=Saudi Arabia bails three women on trial for human rights activism \\| website\\=the Guardian \\| date\\=28 March 2019 \\| url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/28/saudi\\-arabia\\-releases\\-three\\-human\\-rights\\-activists\\-on\\-bail \\| access\\-date\\=28 March 2019}}",
""
] |
### 2011–2014 campaign
[thumb\|Poster for the Saudi Arabia's \#women2drive Movement, artwork by [Carlos Latuff](/wiki/Carlos_Latuff "Carlos Latuff")](/wiki/File:New_Saudi_Arabia%27s_traffic_sign_%28women2drive%29.gif "New Saudi Arabia's traffic sign (women2drive).gif")
In 2011, a group of women including [Manal al\-Sharif](/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif "Manal al-Sharif") started a [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") campaign named "Teach me how to drive so I can protect myself" or Women2Drive that says that women should be allowed to drive. The women said that their campaign was inspired by the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring").
[thumb\| [Loujain al\-Hathloul](/wiki/Loujain_al-Hathloul "Loujain al-Hathloul") was arrested for driving a car, as she was at the UAE\-Saudi border.](/wiki/File:Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg "Loujain Alhathloul.jpg")
The campaign called for women to start driving from 17 June 2011\. {{As of\|2011\|05\|21}}, about 12,000 readers of the Facebook page had expressed their support. Al\-Sharif described the action as acting within women's rights, and "not protesting". Wajeha al\-Huwaider was impressed by the campaign and decided to help.
A woman from [Jeddah](/wiki/Jeddah "Jeddah"), Najla Hariri, started driving in the second week of May 2011, stating "Before in Saudi, you never heard about protests. \[But] after what has happened in the Middle East, we started to accept a group of people going outside and saying what they want in a loud voice, and this has had an impact on me."
#### Subaru
In mid\-2011, as [Subaru](/wiki/Subaru "Subaru") vehicles tend to be marketed heavily towards women (in the US), several Saudi women groups including [Saudi Women for Driving](/wiki/Saudi_Women_for_Driving "Saudi Women for Driving") asked the parent company of Subaru, [Fuji Heavy Industries](/wiki/Fuji_Heavy_Industries "Fuji Heavy Industries"), to stop selling motor vehicles in countries where women cannot drive.[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2011\-06\-22/saudi\-women\-call\-on\-subaru\-to\-leave\-kingdom\-over\-driving\-ban.html](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2011-06-22/saudi-women-call-on-subaru-to-leave-kingdom-over-driving-ban.html) "Saudi Women Call on 'Progressive' Subaru to Leave Kingdom Over Driving Ban", Bloomberg, 22 June 2011, Retrieved 24 January 2016\.
#### Manal al\-Sharif
{{main\|Manal al\-Sharif\#2011 women driving campaign}}
{{external media\| float \= right\| width \= 240px \| video1 \= \[https://www.c\-span.org/video/?429968\-2/qa\-manal\-alsharif ''Q\&A'' interview with al\-Sharif on her book ''Daring to Drive: A Saudi Woman's Awakening'', July 16, 2017], \[\[C\-SPAN]]}}
The following week, al\-Huwaider filmed al\-Sharif driving a car as part of the campaign. The video was posted on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") and [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"). Al\-Sharif was detained and released on 21 May and rearrested the following day. On 30 May, al\-Sharif was released on [bail](/wiki/Bail "Bail"), on the conditions of returning for questioning if requested, not driving and not talking to the media. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* and *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press")* associated the women's driving campaign with the wider pattern of the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring") and the long duration of al\-Sharif's detention with Saudi authorities' fear of protests.
#### Late May – early June
On 23 May, another woman was detained for driving a car. She drove with two women passengers in [Ar Rass](/wiki/Ar_Rass "Ar Rass") and was detained by traffic police in the presence of the [Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice (CPVPV)](/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_%28Saudi_Arabia%29 "Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)"). She was released after signing a statement that she would not drive again. In reaction to al\-Sharif's arrest, several more Saudi women published videos of themselves driving during the following days.
[Wajnat Rahbini](/wiki/Wajnat_Rahbini "Wajnat Rahbini"), a Saudi actress famous in the Arab world for playing in the satirical comedy *[Tash ma Tash](/wiki/Tash_ma_Tash "Tash ma Tash")*, broadcast annually during [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan"), drove her car "in defiance of a long\-standing ban on female driving" on 4 June in Jeddah. She was detained after exiting her car and released the following day without bail.
#### 17 June 2011
On 17 June, about 30 to 50 women drove cars in towns in Saudi Arabia, including Maha al\-Qahtani and Eman Nafjan in Riyadh, and other women in Jeddah and [Dammam](/wiki/Dammam "Dammam"). When she drove for a second time the same day, al\-Qahtani was given a ticket for driving without a Saudi Arabian licence. Al\-Qahtani was pleased to receive the ticket, stating to a *[Time magazine](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* journalist travelling with her, "It's a ticket. Write this down. I am the first Saudi woman to get a traffic ticket."
*[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* stated that "police appeared to be under orders not to intervene" during women's drives on 17 June.
#### Late June 2011
[thumb\|Cartoon for Saudi Arabia's Women to drive Movement by [Carlos Latuff](/wiki/Carlos_Latuff "Carlos Latuff")](/wiki/File:Women2drive_by_Latuff.gif "Women2drive by Latuff.gif")
Two Saudi women were photographed by [Thomson Reuters](/wiki/Thomson_Reuters "Thomson Reuters") after driving in Riyadh on 22 June.
On 29 June, five women driving in Jeddah were arrested. The Saudi Arabian blogger [Eman al\-Nafjan](/wiki/Eman_al-Nafjan "Eman al-Nafjan") described the arrests as "the first big pushback from authorities". She claimed that the June drives were more significant than the 1990 protest, stating, "When actually the 1990 protest was only fourteen cars that had 47 passengers, \[from] June 17th and onwards there have been about seventy documented cases of women driving."
#### July–September
In July, Princess [al\-Taweel](/wiki/Al-Taweel_of_Saudi_Arabia "Al-Taweel of Saudi Arabia"), [niece\-in\-law](/wiki/Niece-in-law "Niece-in-law") of [Abdullah of Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia"), spoke about her opposition to the women driving ban on the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") (US) radio station [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR") and called for women to have equal rights in [the workforce](/wiki/Labor_rights "Labor rights"), in the [legal system](/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia "Legal system of Saudi Arabia"), and in [education](/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia "Education in Saudi Arabia"). She described these [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia "Human rights in Saudi Arabia") as more important than the right to drive. In response to criticisms of women's rights campaigns, she described her approach as "evolution not revolution".
At the end of September, Shaima Jastania was sentenced to 10 lashes for having driven a car in Jeddah. The sentence was announced shortly after [King Abdullah](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia") decreed that women would be able to participate in the [2015 Saudi Arabian municipal elections](/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections%2C_2015 "Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2015") and be appointed to the [Consultative Assembly](/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia "Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia"); King Abdullah overturned the sentence.
#### November
On 15 November 2011, Manal al\-Sharif filed charges in the [Grievances Board](/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia%23Court_structure "Legal system of Saudi Arabia#Court structure"), a non\-[Sharia](/wiki/Sharia "Sharia") specialized court, against the [General Directorate of Traffic](/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Traffic%2C_Saudi_Arabia "General Directorate of Traffic, Saudi Arabia") for the rejection of her application for a driver's licence. Al\-Sharif had applied for a licence in May 2011\. The lawsuit was transferred to the [Ministry of Interior](/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior "Ministry of Interior").
#### December
In early December, a member of the [Consultative Assembly](/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia "Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia"), Kamal Subhi, submitted a report to the Assembly saying that lifting the ban would cause prostitution, pornography, homosexuality and divorce and the "end of virginity". The head of the Assembly told women campaigners that he was "still open to hearing the case for lifting the ban".
#### February 2012
On 4 February, [Samar Badawi](/wiki/Samar_Badawi "Samar Badawi"), a human rights activist who had driven regularly since June 2011 and helped other women drivers with police and court procedures, filed similar charges to those of Manal al\-Sharif, objecting to the rejection of her own driving licence application. Badawi was asked by the Grievances Board to "follow\-up in a week". The women to drive campaign circulated an email about the court case.
#### June 2012
On 29 June 2012, to celebrate the anniversary of the June 2011 driving campaign launch, a member of the *My Right to Dignity* women's rights campaign drove her car in Riyadh. She stated that she had driven about 30–40 times in 2011 and that about 100 Saudi women had driven regularly since June 2011\.
#### October 2013
In October 2013, there was a campaign calling for women to defy the ban in a protest drive on 26 October, which gained support from some prominent women activists.{{cite web \|url\=http://english.al\-akhbar.com/content/driving\-damages\-womens\-ovaries\-saudi\-cleric \|title\=Driving damages women's ovaries: Saudi cleric \|publisher\=Al Ahuderhbar English \|date\=29 September 2013 \|access\-date\=10 August 2014 \|archive\-date\=29 October 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185052/http://english.al\-akhbar.com/content/driving\-damages\-womens\-ovaries\-saudi\-cleric \|url\-status\=dead }} In response, the campaign's website ([www.oct26driving.org](https://web.archive.org/web/20140419080325/http://www.oct26driving.org/)) was blocked within Saudi Arabia and Sheikh [Saleh al\-Lohaidan](/wiki/Saleh_al-Lohaidan "Saleh al-Lohaidan"), one of Saudi Arabia's top clerics, said women who drive risk damaging their ovaries and bearing children with clinical problems. Interior ministry employees had also contacted leaders of the campaign individually to tell them not to drive.{{Cite news \|title\=Saudi Arabian women vow to keep up campaign against driving ban \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/saudia\-arabian\-women\-drivers\-campaign\-ban \|date\=2013\-10\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20131028151947/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/saudia\-arabian\-women\-drivers\-campaign\-ban \|archive\-date\=28 October 2013 \|access\-date\=2014\-08\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|location\=\[\[Riyadh]] \|agency\=\[\[Reuters]]}} However, despite this discouragement and a heavy police presence, as of Sunday 27 October Saudi activists had posted 12 films on YouTube said to be of women driving on Saturday, and said some other women had also driven but without recording their exploits on video or in photographs. Also a YouTube film made by Hisham Alfageeh and other male Saudi comedians went viral on Saturday to support the women's driving campaign, parodying the [Bob Marley](/wiki/Bob_Marley "Bob Marley") song "No Woman No Cry" as "No Woman No Drive".
**Loujain Al\-Hathloul**
On 30 November 2014, [Loujain Al\-Hathloul](/wiki/Loujain_Alhathloul "Loujain Alhathloul") made her move toward the Women to drive Movement in Saudi Arabia. As known, Saudi women are not able to have a driver's license, but Al\-Hathloul previously obtained a driver's license from the United Arab Emirates. She filmed her experience of driving from the United Arab of Emirates with the intention of crossing the border back to Saudi Arabia. As a part of the support of the issue of the Saudi ban on women drivers. Al\-Hathloul filmed herself driving on 26 October 2014\. Her videos had over 800,000 views, a hashtag on Twitter, and also over 3,000 comments on YouTube.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs\-trending\-30316837\|title\=Saudi Women Driving blog 'arrest'\|work\=BBC News \|date\=3 December 2014 }} The public opinion with Al\-Hathloul's case was divided to two groups, one group was supportive to what Loujain did, and the other one was not. Al\-Hathloul tweeted her followers about her journey from the beginning. When she arrived at the border of Saudi Arabia she tweeted that she was stopped by a Saudi customs officer at the border. Al\-Hathloul tweeted to her followers to keep them up with her and said: "Twenty\-four hours spent on the border of Saudi." She also tweeted: "They won't give me back my passport and they won't let me pass through and no word from the Ministry of Interior. Complete silence from all the officials." Loujain Al\-Hathloul was arrested after she filmed her attempt to defy the ban of driving for Saudis Women. She was arrested for 73 days.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/saudi\-arabia\-frees\-two\-women\-after\-73\-days\-jail\-driving\-1487804\|title\=Saudi Arabia frees two women after 73 days in jail for driving\|date\=13 February 2015 }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/13/world/middleeast/saudi\-women\-free\-after\-73\-days\-in\-jail\-for\-driving.html\|title\=Saudi Women Free After 73 Days in Jail for Driving\|date\=12 February 2015\|publisher\=Robert Mackey}}
**Prince Mohammed bin Salman**
[Prince Mohammed bin Salman](/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman "Mohammad bin Salman") talked about the Ban of Saudi Women Driving in an interview and he said that "Saudi Arabia is not ready for women drivers".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/saudi\-arabia\-is\-not\-ready\-for\-women\-drivers\-says\-deputy\-crown\-prince\-mohammed\-bin\-salman\-a7004611\.html\|title\=Saudi Arabia is 'not ready' for women drivers\|date\=28 April 2016\|website\=Saudi Arabia is 'not ready' for women drivers}} The prince Mohammed also said that "Women driving is not a religious issue as much as it is an issue that relates to the community itself that either accepts it or refuses it." However, he was later seen as the figure behind the removal of the driving ban in September 2017\.{{cite news\|title\=Saudi Arabia will finally allow women to drive\|url\=https://www.economist.com/news/middle\-east\-and\-africa/21729721\-bigger\-changes\-are\-needed\-ultraconservative\-kingdom\-saudi\-arabia\-will\|newspaper\=\[\[The Economist]]\|date\=27 September 2017}}
|
[
"### 2011–2014 campaign",
"[thumb\\|Poster for the Saudi Arabia's \\#women2drive Movement, artwork by [Carlos Latuff](/wiki/Carlos_Latuff \"Carlos Latuff\")](/wiki/File:New_Saudi_Arabia%27s_traffic_sign_%28women2drive%29.gif \"New Saudi Arabia's traffic sign (women2drive).gif\")\nIn 2011, a group of women including [Manal al\\-Sharif](/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif \"Manal al-Sharif\") started a [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") campaign named \"Teach me how to drive so I can protect myself\" or Women2Drive that says that women should be allowed to drive. The women said that their campaign was inspired by the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring \"Arab Spring\").\n[thumb\\| [Loujain al\\-Hathloul](/wiki/Loujain_al-Hathloul \"Loujain al-Hathloul\") was arrested for driving a car, as she was at the UAE\\-Saudi border.](/wiki/File:Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg \"Loujain Alhathloul.jpg\")\nThe campaign called for women to start driving from 17 June 2011\\. {{As of\\|2011\\|05\\|21}}, about 12,000 readers of the Facebook page had expressed their support. Al\\-Sharif described the action as acting within women's rights, and \"not protesting\". Wajeha al\\-Huwaider was impressed by the campaign and decided to help.",
"A woman from [Jeddah](/wiki/Jeddah \"Jeddah\"), Najla Hariri, started driving in the second week of May 2011, stating \"Before in Saudi, you never heard about protests. \\[But] after what has happened in the Middle East, we started to accept a group of people going outside and saying what they want in a loud voice, and this has had an impact on me.\"",
"#### Subaru",
"In mid\\-2011, as [Subaru](/wiki/Subaru \"Subaru\") vehicles tend to be marketed heavily towards women (in the US), several Saudi women groups including [Saudi Women for Driving](/wiki/Saudi_Women_for_Driving \"Saudi Women for Driving\") asked the parent company of Subaru, [Fuji Heavy Industries](/wiki/Fuji_Heavy_Industries \"Fuji Heavy Industries\"), to stop selling motor vehicles in countries where women cannot drive.[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2011\\-06\\-22/saudi\\-women\\-call\\-on\\-subaru\\-to\\-leave\\-kingdom\\-over\\-driving\\-ban.html](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2011-06-22/saudi-women-call-on-subaru-to-leave-kingdom-over-driving-ban.html) \"Saudi Women Call on 'Progressive' Subaru to Leave Kingdom Over Driving Ban\", Bloomberg, 22 June 2011, Retrieved 24 January 2016\\.",
"#### Manal al\\-Sharif",
"{{main\\|Manal al\\-Sharif\\#2011 women driving campaign}}\n{{external media\\| float \\= right\\| width \\= 240px \\| video1 \\= \\[https://www.c\\-span.org/video/?429968\\-2/qa\\-manal\\-alsharif ''Q\\&A'' interview with al\\-Sharif on her book ''Daring to Drive: A Saudi Woman's Awakening'', July 16, 2017], \\[\\[C\\-SPAN]]}}\nThe following week, al\\-Huwaider filmed al\\-Sharif driving a car as part of the campaign. The video was posted on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") and [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"). Al\\-Sharif was detained and released on 21 May and rearrested the following day. On 30 May, al\\-Sharif was released on [bail](/wiki/Bail \"Bail\"), on the conditions of returning for questioning if requested, not driving and not talking to the media. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* and *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")* associated the women's driving campaign with the wider pattern of the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring \"Arab Spring\") and the long duration of al\\-Sharif's detention with Saudi authorities' fear of protests.",
"#### Late May – early June",
"On 23 May, another woman was detained for driving a car. She drove with two women passengers in [Ar Rass](/wiki/Ar_Rass \"Ar Rass\") and was detained by traffic police in the presence of the [Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice (CPVPV)](/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_%28Saudi_Arabia%29 \"Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)\"). She was released after signing a statement that she would not drive again. In reaction to al\\-Sharif's arrest, several more Saudi women published videos of themselves driving during the following days.",
"[Wajnat Rahbini](/wiki/Wajnat_Rahbini \"Wajnat Rahbini\"), a Saudi actress famous in the Arab world for playing in the satirical comedy *[Tash ma Tash](/wiki/Tash_ma_Tash \"Tash ma Tash\")*, broadcast annually during [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan \"Ramadan\"), drove her car \"in defiance of a long\\-standing ban on female driving\" on 4 June in Jeddah. She was detained after exiting her car and released the following day without bail.",
"#### 17 June 2011",
"On 17 June, about 30 to 50 women drove cars in towns in Saudi Arabia, including Maha al\\-Qahtani and Eman Nafjan in Riyadh, and other women in Jeddah and [Dammam](/wiki/Dammam \"Dammam\"). When she drove for a second time the same day, al\\-Qahtani was given a ticket for driving without a Saudi Arabian licence. Al\\-Qahtani was pleased to receive the ticket, stating to a *[Time magazine](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* journalist travelling with her, \"It's a ticket. Write this down. I am the first Saudi woman to get a traffic ticket.\"",
"*[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* stated that \"police appeared to be under orders not to intervene\" during women's drives on 17 June.",
"#### Late June 2011",
"[thumb\\|Cartoon for Saudi Arabia's Women to drive Movement by [Carlos Latuff](/wiki/Carlos_Latuff \"Carlos Latuff\")](/wiki/File:Women2drive_by_Latuff.gif \"Women2drive by Latuff.gif\")",
"Two Saudi women were photographed by [Thomson Reuters](/wiki/Thomson_Reuters \"Thomson Reuters\") after driving in Riyadh on 22 June.",
"On 29 June, five women driving in Jeddah were arrested. The Saudi Arabian blogger [Eman al\\-Nafjan](/wiki/Eman_al-Nafjan \"Eman al-Nafjan\") described the arrests as \"the first big pushback from authorities\". She claimed that the June drives were more significant than the 1990 protest, stating, \"When actually the 1990 protest was only fourteen cars that had 47 passengers, \\[from] June 17th and onwards there have been about seventy documented cases of women driving.\"",
"#### July–September",
"In July, Princess [al\\-Taweel](/wiki/Al-Taweel_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Al-Taweel of Saudi Arabia\"), [niece\\-in\\-law](/wiki/Niece-in-law \"Niece-in-law\") of [Abdullah of Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Abdullah of Saudi Arabia\"), spoke about her opposition to the women driving ban on the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") (US) radio station [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\") and called for women to have equal rights in [the workforce](/wiki/Labor_rights \"Labor rights\"), in the [legal system](/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Legal system of Saudi Arabia\"), and in [education](/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia \"Education in Saudi Arabia\"). She described these [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia \"Human rights in Saudi Arabia\") as more important than the right to drive. In response to criticisms of women's rights campaigns, she described her approach as \"evolution not revolution\".",
"At the end of September, Shaima Jastania was sentenced to 10 lashes for having driven a car in Jeddah. The sentence was announced shortly after [King Abdullah](/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Abdullah of Saudi Arabia\") decreed that women would be able to participate in the [2015 Saudi Arabian municipal elections](/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections%2C_2015 \"Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2015\") and be appointed to the [Consultative Assembly](/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia\"); King Abdullah overturned the sentence.",
"#### November",
"On 15 November 2011, Manal al\\-Sharif filed charges in the [Grievances Board](/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia%23Court_structure \"Legal system of Saudi Arabia#Court structure\"), a non\\-[Sharia](/wiki/Sharia \"Sharia\") specialized court, against the [General Directorate of Traffic](/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Traffic%2C_Saudi_Arabia \"General Directorate of Traffic, Saudi Arabia\") for the rejection of her application for a driver's licence. Al\\-Sharif had applied for a licence in May 2011\\. The lawsuit was transferred to the [Ministry of Interior](/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior \"Ministry of Interior\").",
"#### December",
"In early December, a member of the [Consultative Assembly](/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia \"Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia\"), Kamal Subhi, submitted a report to the Assembly saying that lifting the ban would cause prostitution, pornography, homosexuality and divorce and the \"end of virginity\". The head of the Assembly told women campaigners that he was \"still open to hearing the case for lifting the ban\".",
"#### February 2012",
"On 4 February, [Samar Badawi](/wiki/Samar_Badawi \"Samar Badawi\"), a human rights activist who had driven regularly since June 2011 and helped other women drivers with police and court procedures, filed similar charges to those of Manal al\\-Sharif, objecting to the rejection of her own driving licence application. Badawi was asked by the Grievances Board to \"follow\\-up in a week\". The women to drive campaign circulated an email about the court case.",
"#### June 2012",
"On 29 June 2012, to celebrate the anniversary of the June 2011 driving campaign launch, a member of the *My Right to Dignity* women's rights campaign drove her car in Riyadh. She stated that she had driven about 30–40 times in 2011 and that about 100 Saudi women had driven regularly since June 2011\\.",
"#### October 2013",
"In October 2013, there was a campaign calling for women to defy the ban in a protest drive on 26 October, which gained support from some prominent women activists.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://english.al\\-akhbar.com/content/driving\\-damages\\-womens\\-ovaries\\-saudi\\-cleric \\|title\\=Driving damages women's ovaries: Saudi cleric \\|publisher\\=Al Ahuderhbar English \\|date\\=29 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185052/http://english.al\\-akhbar.com/content/driving\\-damages\\-womens\\-ovaries\\-saudi\\-cleric \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In response, the campaign's website ([www.oct26driving.org](https://web.archive.org/web/20140419080325/http://www.oct26driving.org/)) was blocked within Saudi Arabia and Sheikh [Saleh al\\-Lohaidan](/wiki/Saleh_al-Lohaidan \"Saleh al-Lohaidan\"), one of Saudi Arabia's top clerics, said women who drive risk damaging their ovaries and bearing children with clinical problems. Interior ministry employees had also contacted leaders of the campaign individually to tell them not to drive.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Saudi Arabian women vow to keep up campaign against driving ban \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/saudia\\-arabian\\-women\\-drivers\\-campaign\\-ban \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20131028151947/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/saudia\\-arabian\\-women\\-drivers\\-campaign\\-ban \\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Riyadh]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]}} However, despite this discouragement and a heavy police presence, as of Sunday 27 October Saudi activists had posted 12 films on YouTube said to be of women driving on Saturday, and said some other women had also driven but without recording their exploits on video or in photographs. Also a YouTube film made by Hisham Alfageeh and other male Saudi comedians went viral on Saturday to support the women's driving campaign, parodying the [Bob Marley](/wiki/Bob_Marley \"Bob Marley\") song \"No Woman No Cry\" as \"No Woman No Drive\".",
"**Loujain Al\\-Hathloul**",
"On 30 November 2014, [Loujain Al\\-Hathloul](/wiki/Loujain_Alhathloul \"Loujain Alhathloul\") made her move toward the Women to drive Movement in Saudi Arabia. As known, Saudi women are not able to have a driver's license, but Al\\-Hathloul previously obtained a driver's license from the United Arab Emirates. She filmed her experience of driving from the United Arab of Emirates with the intention of crossing the border back to Saudi Arabia. As a part of the support of the issue of the Saudi ban on women drivers. Al\\-Hathloul filmed herself driving on 26 October 2014\\. Her videos had over 800,000 views, a hashtag on Twitter, and also over 3,000 comments on YouTube.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs\\-trending\\-30316837\\|title\\=Saudi Women Driving blog 'arrest'\\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=3 December 2014 }} The public opinion with Al\\-Hathloul's case was divided to two groups, one group was supportive to what Loujain did, and the other one was not. Al\\-Hathloul tweeted her followers about her journey from the beginning. When she arrived at the border of Saudi Arabia she tweeted that she was stopped by a Saudi customs officer at the border. Al\\-Hathloul tweeted to her followers to keep them up with her and said: \"Twenty\\-four hours spent on the border of Saudi.\" She also tweeted: \"They won't give me back my passport and they won't let me pass through and no word from the Ministry of Interior. Complete silence from all the officials.\" Loujain Al\\-Hathloul was arrested after she filmed her attempt to defy the ban of driving for Saudis Women. She was arrested for 73 days.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/saudi\\-arabia\\-frees\\-two\\-women\\-after\\-73\\-days\\-jail\\-driving\\-1487804\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia frees two women after 73 days in jail for driving\\|date\\=13 February 2015 }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/13/world/middleeast/saudi\\-women\\-free\\-after\\-73\\-days\\-in\\-jail\\-for\\-driving.html\\|title\\=Saudi Women Free After 73 Days in Jail for Driving\\|date\\=12 February 2015\\|publisher\\=Robert Mackey}}",
"**Prince Mohammed bin Salman**",
"[Prince Mohammed bin Salman](/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman \"Mohammad bin Salman\") talked about the Ban of Saudi Women Driving in an interview and he said that \"Saudi Arabia is not ready for women drivers\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/saudi\\-arabia\\-is\\-not\\-ready\\-for\\-women\\-drivers\\-says\\-deputy\\-crown\\-prince\\-mohammed\\-bin\\-salman\\-a7004611\\.html\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia is 'not ready' for women drivers\\|date\\=28 April 2016\\|website\\=Saudi Arabia is 'not ready' for women drivers}} The prince Mohammed also said that \"Women driving is not a religious issue as much as it is an issue that relates to the community itself that either accepts it or refuses it.\" However, he was later seen as the figure behind the removal of the driving ban in September 2017\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Saudi Arabia will finally allow women to drive\\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/news/middle\\-east\\-and\\-africa/21729721\\-bigger\\-changes\\-are\\-needed\\-ultraconservative\\-kingdom\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-will\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Economist]]\\|date\\=27 September 2017}}",
""
] |
Hebrew tav
----------
|[Orthographic](/wiki/Orthography "Orthography") variants
|Various print fonts
[Cursive
Hebrew](/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew "Cursive Hebrew")
[Rashi
script](/wiki/Rashi_script "Rashi script")
| Serif | [Sans\-serif](/wiki/Sans-serif "Sans-serif") | [Monospaced](/wiki/Monospaced "Monospaced") |
|ת
ת
ת
[26px](/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg "Hebrew letter Taf handwriting.svg")
[40px](/wiki/File:Taf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg "Taf (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg")
Hebrew spelling: {{Script/Hebrew\|תָּיו, תָּי״ו}}
### Hebrew pronunciation
The letter *tav* in [Modern Hebrew](/wiki/Modern_Hebrew "Modern Hebrew") usually represents a [voiceless alveolar plosive](/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive "Voiceless alveolar plosive"): {{IPA\|/t/}}.
#### Variations on written form and pronunciation
The letter *tav* is one of the six letters that can receive a [dagesh kal](/wiki/Dagesh_kal "Dagesh kal") diacritic; the others are [bet](/wiki/Beth_%28letter%29 "Beth (letter)"), [gimel](/wiki/Gimel "Gimel"), [dalet](/wiki/Dalet "Dalet"), [kaph](/wiki/Kaph "Kaph") and [pe](/wiki/Pe_%28Semitic_letter%29 "Pe (Semitic letter)"). Bet, kaph and pe have their sound values changed in modern Hebrew from the fricative to the plosive, by adding a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, the other three do not change their pronunciation with or without a dagesh, but they have had alternate pronunciations at other times and places.
In traditional [Ashkenazi](/wiki/Ashkenazi "Ashkenazi") pronunciation, tav represents an {{IPA\|/s/}} without the [dagesh](/wiki/Dagesh "Dagesh") and has the plosive form when it has the dagesh. Among [Yemen](/wiki/Yemenite_Jews "Yemenite Jews") and some [Sephardi](/wiki/Sephardi "Sephardi") areas, tav without a dagesh represented a [voiceless dental fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative "Voiceless dental fricative") {{IPA\|/θ/}}—a pronunciation hailed by the [Sfath Emeth](/wiki/Bension_Kohen "Bension Kohen") work as wholly authentic, while the tav with the dagesh is the plosive {{IPA\|/t/}}. In traditional [Italian](/wiki/Italian_Jews "Italian Jews") pronunciation, tav without a dagesh is sometimes {{IPA\|/d/}}.{{clarify\|date\=February 2017}}
Tav with a [geresh](/wiki/Geresh "Geresh") ({{Script/Hebrew\|ת׳}}) is sometimes used in order to represent the TH digraph in loanwords.
### Significance of tav
In [gematria](/wiki/Gematria%23Values_table "Gematria#Values table"), tav represents the number 400, the largest single number that can be represented without using the *{{transl\|he\|sophit}}* (final) forms (see [kaph](/wiki/Kaph "Kaph"), [mem](/wiki/Mem "Mem"), [nun](/wiki/Nun_%28letter%29 "Nun (letter)"), [pe](/wiki/Pe_%28Semitic_letter%29 "Pe (Semitic letter)"), and [tzade](/wiki/Tzade "Tzade")).
In representing names from foreign languages, a *[geresh](/wiki/Hebrew_numerals%23Gershayim "Hebrew numerals#Gershayim")* can also be placed after the tav ({{lang\|he\|ת׳}}), making it represent {{IPAslink\|θ}}. (See also: [Hebraization of English](/wiki/Hebraization_of_English "Hebraization of English"))
#### In Judaism
Tav is the last letter of the Hebrew word *emet*, which means '[truth](/wiki/Truth "Truth")'. The [midrash](/wiki/Midrash "Midrash") explains that *emet* is made up of the first, middle, and last letters of the [Hebrew alphabet](/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet "Hebrew alphabet") ([aleph](/wiki/Aleph "Aleph"), [mem](/wiki/Mem "Mem"), and tav: {{lang\|he\|אמת}}). *Sheqer* ({{lang\|he\|rtl\=yes\|שקר}}, falsehood), on the other hand, is made up of the 19th, 20th, and 21st (and penultimate) letters.
Thus, truth is all\-encompassing, while falsehood is narrow and deceiving. In [Jewish mythology](/wiki/Jewish_mythology "Jewish mythology") it was the word *emet* that was carved into the head of the [Golem](/wiki/Golem "Golem") which ultimately gave it life. But when the letter *aleph* was erased from the golem's forehead, what was left was "*met*"—dead. And so the golem died.
[Ezekiel](/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel "Book of Ezekiel") 9:4 depicts a vision in which the *tav* plays a [Passover](/wiki/Passover "Passover") role similar to the blood on the lintel and doorposts of a Hebrew home in Egypt.*Exodus* 12:7,12\. In Ezekiel's vision, the Lord has his angels separate the demographic wheat from the chaff by going through Jerusalem, the capital city of ancient Israel, and inscribing a mark, a tav, "upon the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the abominations that be done in the midst thereof."
In Ezekiel's vision, then, the Lord is counting tav\-marked Israelites as worthwhile to spare, but counts the people worthy of annihilation who lack the tav and the critical attitude it signifies. In other words, looking askance at a culture marked by dire moral decline is a kind of [shibboleth](/wiki/Shibboleth "Shibboleth") for loyalty and zeal for God.Cf. the New Testament's condemnation of lukewarmness in *Revelation* 3:15\-16
#### Sayings with taf
״מאל״ף עד תי״ו״, "From aleph to taf" describes something from beginning to end, the Hebrew equivalent of the English "From A to Z."
|
[
"Hebrew tav\n----------",
"",
"|[Orthographic](/wiki/Orthography \"Orthography\") variants",
"|Various print fonts",
"[Cursive \nHebrew](/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew \"Cursive Hebrew\")",
"[Rashi \nscript](/wiki/Rashi_script \"Rashi script\")",
"| Serif | [Sans\\-serif](/wiki/Sans-serif \"Sans-serif\") | [Monospaced](/wiki/Monospaced \"Monospaced\") |\n|ת",
"ת",
"ת",
"[26px](/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg \"Hebrew letter Taf handwriting.svg\")",
"[40px](/wiki/File:Taf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg \"Taf (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg\")",
"Hebrew spelling: {{Script/Hebrew\\|תָּיו, תָּי״ו}}",
"### Hebrew pronunciation",
"The letter *tav* in [Modern Hebrew](/wiki/Modern_Hebrew \"Modern Hebrew\") usually represents a [voiceless alveolar plosive](/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive \"Voiceless alveolar plosive\"): {{IPA\\|/t/}}.",
"#### Variations on written form and pronunciation",
"The letter *tav* is one of the six letters that can receive a [dagesh kal](/wiki/Dagesh_kal \"Dagesh kal\") diacritic; the others are [bet](/wiki/Beth_%28letter%29 \"Beth (letter)\"), [gimel](/wiki/Gimel \"Gimel\"), [dalet](/wiki/Dalet \"Dalet\"), [kaph](/wiki/Kaph \"Kaph\") and [pe](/wiki/Pe_%28Semitic_letter%29 \"Pe (Semitic letter)\"). Bet, kaph and pe have their sound values changed in modern Hebrew from the fricative to the plosive, by adding a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, the other three do not change their pronunciation with or without a dagesh, but they have had alternate pronunciations at other times and places.",
"In traditional [Ashkenazi](/wiki/Ashkenazi \"Ashkenazi\") pronunciation, tav represents an {{IPA\\|/s/}} without the [dagesh](/wiki/Dagesh \"Dagesh\") and has the plosive form when it has the dagesh. Among [Yemen](/wiki/Yemenite_Jews \"Yemenite Jews\") and some [Sephardi](/wiki/Sephardi \"Sephardi\") areas, tav without a dagesh represented a [voiceless dental fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative \"Voiceless dental fricative\") {{IPA\\|/θ/}}—a pronunciation hailed by the [Sfath Emeth](/wiki/Bension_Kohen \"Bension Kohen\") work as wholly authentic, while the tav with the dagesh is the plosive {{IPA\\|/t/}}. In traditional [Italian](/wiki/Italian_Jews \"Italian Jews\") pronunciation, tav without a dagesh is sometimes {{IPA\\|/d/}}.{{clarify\\|date\\=February 2017}}",
"Tav with a [geresh](/wiki/Geresh \"Geresh\") ({{Script/Hebrew\\|ת׳}}) is sometimes used in order to represent the TH digraph in loanwords.",
"### Significance of tav",
"In [gematria](/wiki/Gematria%23Values_table \"Gematria#Values table\"), tav represents the number 400, the largest single number that can be represented without using the *{{transl\\|he\\|sophit}}* (final) forms (see [kaph](/wiki/Kaph \"Kaph\"), [mem](/wiki/Mem \"Mem\"), [nun](/wiki/Nun_%28letter%29 \"Nun (letter)\"), [pe](/wiki/Pe_%28Semitic_letter%29 \"Pe (Semitic letter)\"), and [tzade](/wiki/Tzade \"Tzade\")).",
"In representing names from foreign languages, a *[geresh](/wiki/Hebrew_numerals%23Gershayim \"Hebrew numerals#Gershayim\")* can also be placed after the tav ({{lang\\|he\\|ת׳}}), making it represent {{IPAslink\\|θ}}. (See also: [Hebraization of English](/wiki/Hebraization_of_English \"Hebraization of English\"))",
"#### In Judaism",
"Tav is the last letter of the Hebrew word *emet*, which means '[truth](/wiki/Truth \"Truth\")'. The [midrash](/wiki/Midrash \"Midrash\") explains that *emet* is made up of the first, middle, and last letters of the [Hebrew alphabet](/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet \"Hebrew alphabet\") ([aleph](/wiki/Aleph \"Aleph\"), [mem](/wiki/Mem \"Mem\"), and tav: {{lang\\|he\\|אמת}}). *Sheqer* ({{lang\\|he\\|rtl\\=yes\\|שקר}}, falsehood), on the other hand, is made up of the 19th, 20th, and 21st (and penultimate) letters.",
"Thus, truth is all\\-encompassing, while falsehood is narrow and deceiving. In [Jewish mythology](/wiki/Jewish_mythology \"Jewish mythology\") it was the word *emet* that was carved into the head of the [Golem](/wiki/Golem \"Golem\") which ultimately gave it life. But when the letter *aleph* was erased from the golem's forehead, what was left was \"*met*\"—dead. And so the golem died.",
"[Ezekiel](/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel \"Book of Ezekiel\") 9:4 depicts a vision in which the *tav* plays a [Passover](/wiki/Passover \"Passover\") role similar to the blood on the lintel and doorposts of a Hebrew home in Egypt.*Exodus* 12:7,12\\. In Ezekiel's vision, the Lord has his angels separate the demographic wheat from the chaff by going through Jerusalem, the capital city of ancient Israel, and inscribing a mark, a tav, \"upon the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the abominations that be done in the midst thereof.\"",
"In Ezekiel's vision, then, the Lord is counting tav\\-marked Israelites as worthwhile to spare, but counts the people worthy of annihilation who lack the tav and the critical attitude it signifies. In other words, looking askance at a culture marked by dire moral decline is a kind of [shibboleth](/wiki/Shibboleth \"Shibboleth\") for loyalty and zeal for God.Cf. the New Testament's condemnation of lukewarmness in *Revelation* 3:15\\-16",
"#### Sayings with taf",
"״מאל״ף עד תי״ו״, \"From aleph to taf\" describes something from beginning to end, the Hebrew equivalent of the English \"From A to Z.\"",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Dallas Stars
Jokinen was drafted by the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars "Dallas Stars") in the sixth round, 192nd overall, at the [2001 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2001_NHL_Entry_Draft "2001 NHL Entry Draft"). He spent four seasons before his NHL debut playing for [Oulun Kärpät](/wiki/Oulun_K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t "Oulun Kärpät") of the [SM\-liiga](/wiki/Liiga "Liiga"), the top Finnish league.
In his rookie year in [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NHL_season "2005–06 NHL season"), Jokinen gained a great reputation as a top shootout specialist in the NHL.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/stars/2006\-01\-31\-jokinen\-shootouts\_x.htm\|title\=Shootout is Jokinen's specialty\|access\-date\=2006\-09\-21\|newspaper\=USA Today\|author\=Kevin Allen \| date\=January 31, 2006}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/stanleycup2006/storyview.html?/story/stanleycup2006/national/2006/04/22/Sports/jokinen\-dallasstars060422\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829070741/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/stanleycup2006/storyview.html?/story/stanleycup2006/national/2006/04/22/Sports/jokinen\-dallasstars060422\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 29, 2006\|title\=Star not lost without shootout\|access\-date\=2006\-09\-21\|publisher\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\|year\=2006}} Until being stopped by [Vesa Toskala](/wiki/Vesa_Toskala "Vesa Toskala"), he was a remarkable nine\-for\-nine in shootouts before his first unsuccessful attempt.
[left\|190px\|thumb\|Jokinen with the [Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") in [2009](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NHL_season "2008–09 NHL season")](/wiki/File:Jokinen_2009-02-26_498v1_wiki.jpg "Jokinen 2009-02-26 498v1 wiki.jpg")
On November 16, 2007, Jokinen scored four goals against the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche "Colorado Avalanche") in a 6–1 win.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.hockey\-reference.com/boxscores/200711160DAL.html\|title\=Colorado Avalanche at Dallas Stars Box Score — November 16, 2007}}
### Tampa Bay Lightning and Carolina Hurricanes
At the [NHL trade deadline](/wiki/NHL_trade_deadline "NHL trade deadline"), on February 26, 2008, Jokinen was traded to the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning "Tampa Bay Lightning") (along with [Mike Smith](/wiki/Mike_Smith_%28ice_hockey%2C_born_1982%29 "Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)"), [Jeff Halpern](/wiki/Jeff_Halpern "Jeff Halpern") and a [2009](/wiki/2009_NHL_Entry_Draft "2009 NHL Entry Draft") fourth\-round draft pick) in exchange for [Brad Richards](/wiki/Brad_Richards "Brad Richards") and [Johan Holmqvist](/wiki/Johan_Holmqvist "Johan Holmqvist"). Jokinen finished with 16 goals and 42 points.
On February 4, 2009, Jokinen was placed on waivers by the Lightning and later, on February 7, 2009, was traded to the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") in exchange for [Wade Brookbank](/wiki/Wade_Brookbank "Wade Brookbank"), [Josef Melichar](/wiki/Josef_Melichar "Josef Melichar") and a 2009 fourth\-round draft pick.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\=408243\|title\=Hurricanes acquire Jussi Jokinen from Tampa Bay \|access\-date\=2009\-02\-07\|publisher\=National Hockey League\|year\=2009}} During the [2009 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2009_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2009 Stanley Cup playoffs"), on April 21, he scored the latest regulation game\-winning goal in NHL playoff history, with 0\.2 seconds remaining in the third period, as the Hurricanes defeated the [New Jersey Devils](/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils "New Jersey Devils") 4–3 in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Quarter\-finals.{{cite web\| title \= Wild finish has Devils, 'Canes all tied up \| url \= http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\=419533 \| publisher \= \[\[National Hockey League]] \| date \= 2009\-04\-21 \| access\-date \= 2009\-04\-21}}
On June 29, 2009, the Hurricanes signed Jokinen to a two\-year, $3\.4 million contract ($1\.5 million in 2009–10 and $1\.9 million in 2010–11\).{{cite web\|url\=http://hurricanes.nhl.com/team/app?articleid\=432159\&page\=NewsPage\&service\=page \|title\=Canes Agree to Terms with Jokinen on Two\-Year Deal \|publisher\=carolinahurricanes.com \|date\=2009\-06\-29 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701021421/http://hurricanes.nhl.com/team/app/?service\=page\&page\=NewsPage\&articleid\=432159 \|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-01 }} As of November 19, 2009, Jokinen had scored a total of 25 goals in 46 shootout attempts, with an impressive 54\.3% success rate. Eight of those shootout goals were game\-winners.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\=506624 \|title\=Jokinen's deft shootout skills set him apart \|publisher\=\[\[National Hockey League]] \|date\=2009\-11\-19 \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-19 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122161143/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\=506624 \|archive\-date\=2009\-11\-22 }}
Jokinen re\-signed with his former Finnish club Kärpät during the [2012–13 NHL lockout](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_NHL_lockout "2012–13 NHL lockout") and committed himself to remain with the club until the resumption of the NHL season in January 2013\.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.rotoworld.com/headlines/nhl/167943/jussi\-jokinen\-signs\-new\-contract\-with\-karpat?rw\=1 \| title \= Jussi Jokinen signs new contract with Karpat \| publisher \= \[\[Rotowire]] \| date \= 2012\-11\-05 \| access\-date \= 2012\-11\-15}}
[thumb\|During the [2013 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2013_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2013 Stanley Cup playoffs") \| 200px](/wiki/File:Jussi_Jokinen_2013-05-24.JPG "Jussi Jokinen 2013-05-24.JPG")
### Pittsburgh Penguins
On March 26, 2013, Jokinen was placed on waivers by Hurricanes. On April 3, 2013, Jokinen was traded to the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins "Pittsburgh Penguins") in exchange for a conditional sixth\- or seventh\-round pick in [2013](/wiki/2013_NHL_Entry_Draft "2013 NHL Entry Draft").{{cite news\|first\=Rob\|last\=Rossi\|title\=Penguins add Carolina forward Jokinen\|url\=http://triblive.com/sports/penguins/3773869\-74/jokinen\-penguins\-carolina\|date\=April 3, 2013\|newspaper\=Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review}} In his first game with the Penguins, Jokinen scored Pittsburgh's lone goal in regulation and tallied the only shootout goal for the team in a 2–1 victory over the [New York Rangers](/wiki/New_York_Rangers "New York Rangers").{{cite web\| url \= http://penguins.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=664360 \| title \= Endgame: Penguins 2, Rangers 1 (SO) \| publisher \= \[\[Pittsburgh Penguins]] \| date \= 2013\-04\-05 \| access\-date \= 2013\-04\-05}} During the [2013–14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NHL_season "2013–14 NHL season"), on October 8, 2013, Jokinen scored his first hat\-trick with the Penguins in a 5–2 win over his former team, the Carolina Hurricanes. Jokinen enjoyed his most productive season since 2010, totaling 21 goals and 57 points in 81 games with the Penguins, playing alongside [Evgeni Malkin](/wiki/Evgeni_Malkin "Evgeni Malkin") for most of the season.
### Florida Panthers
On July 1, 2014, as an unrestricted free agent, Jokinen signed a four\-year, $16 million contract with the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers "Florida Panthers").{{cite news\| url \= http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/07/01/4212742/florida\-panthers\-sign\-free\-agents.html \| title \= Florida Panthers sign six free agents \| newspaper \= \[\[The Miami Herald]] \| date \= 2014\-07\-01 \| access\-date \= 2014\-07\-01}} During his second season with the club, Jokinen scored 18 goals and 60 points, the second\-best offensive output of his career. During six playoff games, Jokinen contributed one goal and three assists.
### Final NHL season
On June 30, 2017, following the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season "2016–17 NHL season") and with one\-year remaining on his contract, Jokinen was bought\-out by the Panthers.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Panthers\-Buy\-Out\-Jussi\-Jokinen\-432012633\.html \| title \= Panthers buy out Jussi Jokinen \| publisher \= \[\[NBC Miami]] \| date \= 2017\-07\-01 \| access\-date \= 2017\-07\-07}} On July 7, 2017, as a free agent, Jokinen signed a one\-year, $1\.1 million contract with the [Edmonton Oilers](/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers "Edmonton Oilers").{{cite web\| url \= https://www.tsn.ca/oilers\-sign\-jokinen\-to\-one\-year\-deal\-1\.799093 \| title \= Oilers sign Jokinen to one\-year deal \| publisher \= \[\[The Sports Network]] \| date \= 2017\-07\-07 \| access\-date \= 2017\-07\-07}} In the [2017–18 season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season "2017–18 NHL season"), he struggled to find his role with Edmonton, adding just 1 assist in 14 games. On November 14, 2017, he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for [Mike Cammalleri](/wiki/Michael_Cammalleri "Michael Cammalleri").{{cite web\| url \= https://www.coppernblue.com/2017/11/14/16653126/oilers\-acquire\-mike\-cammalleri\-for\-jussi\-jokinen\-edmonton\-oilers\-trade\-nhl\-news\-la\-kings\-rumors \| title \= Oilers Acquire Mike Cammalleri for Jussi Jokinen \| publisher \= Copper and Blue \| date \= 2017\-11\-14 \| access\-date \= 2017\-11\-14}} Jokinen recorded 1 goal and 4 assists in 18 games for the club.
On January 16, 2018, Jokinen was placed on waivers by the Kings,{{cite web\|title\=Kings place F Jokinen on waivers\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/kings\-place\-f\-jokinen\-on\-waivers\-1\.969586\|website\=TSN\|access\-date\=January 17, 2018\|date\=January 16, 2018}} and was then claimed off waivers by the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets "Columbus Blue Jackets") on January 17\.{{cite web\|title\=Blue Jackets Claim Veteran Forward Jussi Jokinen Off Waivers\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/bluejackets/news/blue\-jackets\-claim\-jussi\-jokinen\-off\-waivers/c\-295019754\|publisher\=National Hockey League\|access\-date\=January 17, 2018\|date\=January 17, 2018}} On February 26, 2018, Jokinen and [Tyler Motte](/wiki/Tyler_Motte "Tyler Motte") were traded to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks "Vancouver Canucks") in exchange for [Thomas Vanek](/wiki/Thomas_Vanek "Thomas Vanek").{{cite web\|title\=Canucks acquire Motte \& Jokinen from Blue Jackets\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/canucks/news/vancouver\-canucks\-tyler\-motte\-jussi\-jokinen/c\-296386006\|publisher\=National Hockey League\|access\-date\=February 26, 2018\|date\=February 26, 2018}} As a result of this trade, Jokinen became the fourth player in NHL history, behind [Dennis O'Brien](/wiki/Dennis_O%27Brien_%28ice_hockey%29 "Dennis O'Brien (ice hockey)"), [Dave McLlwain](/wiki/Dave_McLlwain "Dave McLlwain") and [Mark Arcobello](/wiki/Mark_Arcobello "Mark Arcobello"), to play for four different NHL teams in a single season. He also joins the exclusive club of scoring at least a point in each of the four different hockey clubs he played for in one NHL season, along with O'Brien and Arcobello.{{cite web\|title\=Blue Jackets acquire forward Thomas Vanek\|url\=http://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\_/id/22587588/columbus\-blue\-jackets\-acquire\-forward\-thomas\-vanek\|publisher\=ESPN\|access\-date\=February 26, 2018\|date\=February 26, 2018}}
### Return to Europe
Having completed his NHL career, Jokinen returned to Europe in signing with [EHC Kloten](/wiki/EHC_Kloten "EHC Kloten") of the [Swiss League](/wiki/Swiss_League "Swiss League"). He registered 12 points through just 7 games before returning to his original Finnish club, Oulun Kärpät.
After three further seasons in the Liiga, Jokinen announced his retirement on May 18, 2021, ending a career spanning 20 seasons.{{cite web\| url \= https://karpat.fi/jussi\-jokisen\-pelaajaura\-paatokseen/ \| title \= Jussi Jokinen playing career completed \| publisher \= \[\[Oulun Kärpät]] \| date \= 18 May 2021 \| accessdate \= 18 May 2021 \| language \= Finnish}}
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Dallas Stars",
"Jokinen was drafted by the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars \"Dallas Stars\") in the sixth round, 192nd overall, at the [2001 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2001_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2001 NHL Entry Draft\"). He spent four seasons before his NHL debut playing for [Oulun Kärpät](/wiki/Oulun_K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t \"Oulun Kärpät\") of the [SM\\-liiga](/wiki/Liiga \"Liiga\"), the top Finnish league.",
"In his rookie year in [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NHL_season \"2005–06 NHL season\"), Jokinen gained a great reputation as a top shootout specialist in the NHL.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/stars/2006\\-01\\-31\\-jokinen\\-shootouts\\_x.htm\\|title\\=Shootout is Jokinen's specialty\\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-09\\-21\\|newspaper\\=USA Today\\|author\\=Kevin Allen \\| date\\=January 31, 2006}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/stanleycup2006/storyview.html?/story/stanleycup2006/national/2006/04/22/Sports/jokinen\\-dallasstars060422\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829070741/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/stanleycup2006/storyview.html?/story/stanleycup2006/national/2006/04/22/Sports/jokinen\\-dallasstars060422\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 29, 2006\\|title\\=Star not lost without shootout\\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-09\\-21\\|publisher\\=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\\|year\\=2006}} Until being stopped by [Vesa Toskala](/wiki/Vesa_Toskala \"Vesa Toskala\"), he was a remarkable nine\\-for\\-nine in shootouts before his first unsuccessful attempt.\n[left\\|190px\\|thumb\\|Jokinen with the [Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") in [2009](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NHL_season \"2008–09 NHL season\")](/wiki/File:Jokinen_2009-02-26_498v1_wiki.jpg \"Jokinen 2009-02-26 498v1 wiki.jpg\")\nOn November 16, 2007, Jokinen scored four goals against the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\") in a 6–1 win.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hockey\\-reference.com/boxscores/200711160DAL.html\\|title\\=Colorado Avalanche at Dallas Stars Box Score — November 16, 2007}}",
"### Tampa Bay Lightning and Carolina Hurricanes",
"At the [NHL trade deadline](/wiki/NHL_trade_deadline \"NHL trade deadline\"), on February 26, 2008, Jokinen was traded to the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\") (along with [Mike Smith](/wiki/Mike_Smith_%28ice_hockey%2C_born_1982%29 \"Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)\"), [Jeff Halpern](/wiki/Jeff_Halpern \"Jeff Halpern\") and a [2009](/wiki/2009_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2009 NHL Entry Draft\") fourth\\-round draft pick) in exchange for [Brad Richards](/wiki/Brad_Richards \"Brad Richards\") and [Johan Holmqvist](/wiki/Johan_Holmqvist \"Johan Holmqvist\"). Jokinen finished with 16 goals and 42 points.",
"On February 4, 2009, Jokinen was placed on waivers by the Lightning and later, on February 7, 2009, was traded to the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") in exchange for [Wade Brookbank](/wiki/Wade_Brookbank \"Wade Brookbank\"), [Josef Melichar](/wiki/Josef_Melichar \"Josef Melichar\") and a 2009 fourth\\-round draft pick.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\\=408243\\|title\\=Hurricanes acquire Jussi Jokinen from Tampa Bay \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-07\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\|year\\=2009}} During the [2009 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2009_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2009 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), on April 21, he scored the latest regulation game\\-winning goal in NHL playoff history, with 0\\.2 seconds remaining in the third period, as the Hurricanes defeated the [New Jersey Devils](/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils \"New Jersey Devils\") 4–3 in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Quarter\\-finals.{{cite web\\| title \\= Wild finish has Devils, 'Canes all tied up \\| url \\= http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\\=419533 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[National Hockey League]] \\| date \\= 2009\\-04\\-21 \\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-04\\-21}}",
"On June 29, 2009, the Hurricanes signed Jokinen to a two\\-year, $3\\.4 million contract ($1\\.5 million in 2009–10 and $1\\.9 million in 2010–11\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://hurricanes.nhl.com/team/app?articleid\\=432159\\&page\\=NewsPage\\&service\\=page \\|title\\=Canes Agree to Terms with Jokinen on Two\\-Year Deal \\|publisher\\=carolinahurricanes.com \\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701021421/http://hurricanes.nhl.com/team/app/?service\\=page\\&page\\=NewsPage\\&articleid\\=432159 \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-01 }} As of November 19, 2009, Jokinen had scored a total of 25 goals in 46 shootout attempts, with an impressive 54\\.3% success rate. Eight of those shootout goals were game\\-winners.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\\=506624 \\|title\\=Jokinen's deft shootout skills set him apart \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Hockey League]] \\|date\\=2009\\-11\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-19 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122161143/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\\=506624 \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-22 }}",
"Jokinen re\\-signed with his former Finnish club Kärpät during the [2012–13 NHL lockout](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_NHL_lockout \"2012–13 NHL lockout\") and committed himself to remain with the club until the resumption of the NHL season in January 2013\\.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.rotoworld.com/headlines/nhl/167943/jussi\\-jokinen\\-signs\\-new\\-contract\\-with\\-karpat?rw\\=1 \\| title \\= Jussi Jokinen signs new contract with Karpat \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Rotowire]] \\| date \\= 2012\\-11\\-05 \\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-11\\-15}}",
"[thumb\\|During the [2013 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2013_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2013 Stanley Cup playoffs\") \\| 200px](/wiki/File:Jussi_Jokinen_2013-05-24.JPG \"Jussi Jokinen 2013-05-24.JPG\")",
"### Pittsburgh Penguins",
"On March 26, 2013, Jokinen was placed on waivers by Hurricanes. On April 3, 2013, Jokinen was traded to the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\") in exchange for a conditional sixth\\- or seventh\\-round pick in [2013](/wiki/2013_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2013 NHL Entry Draft\").{{cite news\\|first\\=Rob\\|last\\=Rossi\\|title\\=Penguins add Carolina forward Jokinen\\|url\\=http://triblive.com/sports/penguins/3773869\\-74/jokinen\\-penguins\\-carolina\\|date\\=April 3, 2013\\|newspaper\\=Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review}} In his first game with the Penguins, Jokinen scored Pittsburgh's lone goal in regulation and tallied the only shootout goal for the team in a 2–1 victory over the [New York Rangers](/wiki/New_York_Rangers \"New York Rangers\").{{cite web\\| url \\= http://penguins.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=664360 \\| title \\= Endgame: Penguins 2, Rangers 1 (SO) \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Pittsburgh Penguins]] \\| date \\= 2013\\-04\\-05 \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-04\\-05}} During the [2013–14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NHL_season \"2013–14 NHL season\"), on October 8, 2013, Jokinen scored his first hat\\-trick with the Penguins in a 5–2 win over his former team, the Carolina Hurricanes. Jokinen enjoyed his most productive season since 2010, totaling 21 goals and 57 points in 81 games with the Penguins, playing alongside [Evgeni Malkin](/wiki/Evgeni_Malkin \"Evgeni Malkin\") for most of the season.",
"### Florida Panthers",
"On July 1, 2014, as an unrestricted free agent, Jokinen signed a four\\-year, $16 million contract with the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers \"Florida Panthers\").{{cite news\\| url \\= http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/07/01/4212742/florida\\-panthers\\-sign\\-free\\-agents.html \\| title \\= Florida Panthers sign six free agents \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Miami Herald]] \\| date \\= 2014\\-07\\-01 \\| access\\-date \\= 2014\\-07\\-01}} During his second season with the club, Jokinen scored 18 goals and 60 points, the second\\-best offensive output of his career. During six playoff games, Jokinen contributed one goal and three assists.",
"### Final NHL season",
"On June 30, 2017, following the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\") and with one\\-year remaining on his contract, Jokinen was bought\\-out by the Panthers.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Panthers\\-Buy\\-Out\\-Jussi\\-Jokinen\\-432012633\\.html \\| title \\= Panthers buy out Jussi Jokinen \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[NBC Miami]] \\| date \\= 2017\\-07\\-01 \\| access\\-date \\= 2017\\-07\\-07}} On July 7, 2017, as a free agent, Jokinen signed a one\\-year, $1\\.1 million contract with the [Edmonton Oilers](/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers \"Edmonton Oilers\").{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.tsn.ca/oilers\\-sign\\-jokinen\\-to\\-one\\-year\\-deal\\-1\\.799093 \\| title \\= Oilers sign Jokinen to one\\-year deal \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Sports Network]] \\| date \\= 2017\\-07\\-07 \\| access\\-date \\= 2017\\-07\\-07}} In the [2017–18 season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season \"2017–18 NHL season\"), he struggled to find his role with Edmonton, adding just 1 assist in 14 games. On November 14, 2017, he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for [Mike Cammalleri](/wiki/Michael_Cammalleri \"Michael Cammalleri\").{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.coppernblue.com/2017/11/14/16653126/oilers\\-acquire\\-mike\\-cammalleri\\-for\\-jussi\\-jokinen\\-edmonton\\-oilers\\-trade\\-nhl\\-news\\-la\\-kings\\-rumors \\| title \\= Oilers Acquire Mike Cammalleri for Jussi Jokinen \\| publisher \\= Copper and Blue \\| date \\= 2017\\-11\\-14 \\| access\\-date \\= 2017\\-11\\-14}} Jokinen recorded 1 goal and 4 assists in 18 games for the club.",
"On January 16, 2018, Jokinen was placed on waivers by the Kings,{{cite web\\|title\\=Kings place F Jokinen on waivers\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/kings\\-place\\-f\\-jokinen\\-on\\-waivers\\-1\\.969586\\|website\\=TSN\\|access\\-date\\=January 17, 2018\\|date\\=January 16, 2018}} and was then claimed off waivers by the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") on January 17\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Blue Jackets Claim Veteran Forward Jussi Jokinen Off Waivers\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/bluejackets/news/blue\\-jackets\\-claim\\-jussi\\-jokinen\\-off\\-waivers/c\\-295019754\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\|access\\-date\\=January 17, 2018\\|date\\=January 17, 2018}} On February 26, 2018, Jokinen and [Tyler Motte](/wiki/Tyler_Motte \"Tyler Motte\") were traded to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") in exchange for [Thomas Vanek](/wiki/Thomas_Vanek \"Thomas Vanek\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Canucks acquire Motte \\& Jokinen from Blue Jackets\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/canucks/news/vancouver\\-canucks\\-tyler\\-motte\\-jussi\\-jokinen/c\\-296386006\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2018\\|date\\=February 26, 2018}} As a result of this trade, Jokinen became the fourth player in NHL history, behind [Dennis O'Brien](/wiki/Dennis_O%27Brien_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Dennis O'Brien (ice hockey)\"), [Dave McLlwain](/wiki/Dave_McLlwain \"Dave McLlwain\") and [Mark Arcobello](/wiki/Mark_Arcobello \"Mark Arcobello\"), to play for four different NHL teams in a single season. He also joins the exclusive club of scoring at least a point in each of the four different hockey clubs he played for in one NHL season, along with O'Brien and Arcobello.{{cite web\\|title\\=Blue Jackets acquire forward Thomas Vanek\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\\_/id/22587588/columbus\\-blue\\-jackets\\-acquire\\-forward\\-thomas\\-vanek\\|publisher\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2018\\|date\\=February 26, 2018}}",
"### Return to Europe",
"Having completed his NHL career, Jokinen returned to Europe in signing with [EHC Kloten](/wiki/EHC_Kloten \"EHC Kloten\") of the [Swiss League](/wiki/Swiss_League \"Swiss League\"). He registered 12 points through just 7 games before returning to his original Finnish club, Oulun Kärpät.",
"After three further seasons in the Liiga, Jokinen announced his retirement on May 18, 2021, ending a career spanning 20 seasons.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://karpat.fi/jussi\\-jokisen\\-pelaajaura\\-paatokseen/ \\| title \\= Jussi Jokinen playing career completed \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Oulun Kärpät]] \\| date \\= 18 May 2021 \\| accessdate \\= 18 May 2021 \\| language \\= Finnish}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") licensed the station on April 16, 1986, as WJCU to [Elmira](/wiki/Elmira%2C_New_York "Elmira, New York"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)")\-area radio personality Joel Clawson and local engineer William Sitzman. Two Trumansburg businessmen also were silent partners in the venture.{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2009}}
About three months later, the FCC approved a callsign change to WPIE, which was chosen in honor of Clawson's wife, a baker.
The station signed on in 1989, airing an [easy listening](/wiki/Easy_listening "Easy listening") format that featured music from abroad obtained by Sitzman's programming company. Some of the music was not available commercially in the United States, and gave an alternative to common pop music heard in the US. Some of the music was also from custom recording sessions.
[left\|150px\|This is an example of the original WPIE logo](/wiki/Image:WPIEoldlogo.jpeg "WPIEoldlogo.jpeg")
The studio was in a former [gasoline station](/wiki/Gasoline_station "Gasoline station") in the [hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%28place%29 "Hamlet (place)") of [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_New_York "Jacksonville, New York"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)"), about midway between Trumansburg and [Ithaca](/wiki/Ithaca%2C_New_York "Ithaca, New York") on [Route 96](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_96 "New York State Route 96"). One of the gas station's tanks had leaked several years earlier, rendering the water at the studio unpotable.
In 1991, WPIE began airing [Northeast Satellite Entertainment](/wiki/Northeast_Satellite_Entertainment "Northeast Satellite Entertainment")'s [adult contemporary](/wiki/Adult_contemporary "Adult contemporary") programming at night. The station began adding limited AC songs to the regular daytime format around that time.
The station began airing [Trumansburg](/wiki/Trumansburg%2C_New_York "Trumansburg, New York") High School football and basketball games, as well as South Seneca High School football, in 1992\. Sports coverage was expanded the next year, when the Elmira\-based Pembrook Pines Media Group bought the station.
The new owner brought a new format, [country music](/wiki/Country_music "Country music"), which garnered the station more listeners and advertisers.{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2009}}
The station's sports coverage also attracted listeners. The high\-school sports coverage, which featured [Lansing](/wiki/Lansing_%28town%29%2C_New_York "Lansing (town), New York") instead of South Seneca after 1993, was complemented by [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") [baseball](/wiki/Baseball "Baseball"), [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills "Buffalo Bills") [football](/wiki/Football_%28American%29 "Football (American)"), [Motor Racing Network](/wiki/Motor_Racing_Network "Motor Racing Network"), and [Syracuse University](/wiki/Syracuse_University "Syracuse University") [football](/wiki/American_football "American football") and [basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball"). The Yankees were an immediate hit as they had not been on the air in the Ithaca market since the 1980s despite their popularity in the community.
Within a couple of years, the station moved into a new studio at its tower site, off Seneca Road in Trumansburg.
In the late 1990s, Pembrook Pines switched WPIE to an all\-sports format, featuring [ESPN Radio](/wiki/ESPN_Radio "ESPN Radio"), and moved its main studio into its Elmira headquarters, which included the studios of all\-sports [WELM](/wiki/WELM "WELM"), easy\-listening [WEHH](/wiki/WLVY_%28AM%29 "WLVY (AM)"), [urban contemporary](/wiki/Urban_contemporary "Urban contemporary") [WLVY](/wiki/WCIH_%28FM%29 "WCIH (FM)") and country [WOKN](/wiki/WOKN "WOKN"), all of which serve the Elmira\-[Corning](/wiki/Corning_%28city%29%2C_New_York "Corning (city), New York") market rather than Ithaca.
Originally, WPIE and WELM aired different satellite\-delivered programming with the exception of major sports broadcasts. Eventually, the stations began simulcasting, splitting only for WPIE's Ithaca\-area local sports broadcasts.
In 2007, the station resumed its affiliation with Syracuse University. WPIE has also aired some [Ithaca College](/wiki/Ithaca_College "Ithaca College") sports and Ithaca High School sports.
In August 2010, WPIE entered a joint sales agreement with Taughannock Media, later Vizella Media, owned by former [WIII](/wiki/WIII_%28FM%29 "WIII (FM)")/[WKRT](/wiki/WYBY "WYBY") manager Todd Mallinson and his wife, in anticipation of selling the station. The station dropped the Buffalo Bills in favor of the [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets "New York Jets") in the fall of 2010\.
In November 2010, WPIE was purchased by Taughannock Media, later Vizella Media, and moved its studio and offices to a new facility in Lansing, NY, though the towers and transmitter remain in Trumansburg. Many improvements had been made, including new studio and remote broadcasting equipment and transmitter upgrades. Shortly after relocating, the station added an afternoon local sports talk show \- "Between the Lines" \- to its programming lineup.
In January 2011, WPIE became the flagship home of Cornell Wrestling broadcasts. In September 2011, it added local high school and local football sports talk show "Game Day" to its fall lineup on Saturday mornings.
WPIE airs nearly 70 high school play\-by\-play broadcasts throughout the year, including regular season and postseason football, soccer, basketball, hockey, baseball, and lacrosse games. Past broadcasts have included numerous state championships, including titles for Lansing baseball (2012\), Newark Valley football (2016\), Moravia boys basketball (2017\), Watkins Glen girls basketball (2017\), Lansing boys soccer (2017 and 2018\), Marathon boys soccer (2019\), Newfield boys basketball (2022\).
In November 2013, WPIE added an FM translator on 107\.1 MHz, in addition to 1160 AM. WPIE rebranded as ESPN Ithaca 1160/107\.1\.
In June 2017, ESPN Ithaca added an FM translator on 107\.1 MHz near Watkins Glen.
ESPN Ithaca is an 24\-time award winner by the New York State Broadcasters Association for Excellence in Broadcasting.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") licensed the station on April 16, 1986, as WJCU to [Elmira](/wiki/Elmira%2C_New_York \"Elmira, New York\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\")\\-area radio personality Joel Clawson and local engineer William Sitzman. Two Trumansburg businessmen also were silent partners in the venture.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2009}}",
"About three months later, the FCC approved a callsign change to WPIE, which was chosen in honor of Clawson's wife, a baker.",
"The station signed on in 1989, airing an [easy listening](/wiki/Easy_listening \"Easy listening\") format that featured music from abroad obtained by Sitzman's programming company. Some of the music was not available commercially in the United States, and gave an alternative to common pop music heard in the US. Some of the music was also from custom recording sessions.",
"[left\\|150px\\|This is an example of the original WPIE logo](/wiki/Image:WPIEoldlogo.jpeg \"WPIEoldlogo.jpeg\")",
"The studio was in a former [gasoline station](/wiki/Gasoline_station \"Gasoline station\") in the [hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%28place%29 \"Hamlet (place)\") of [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_New_York \"Jacksonville, New York\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"), about midway between Trumansburg and [Ithaca](/wiki/Ithaca%2C_New_York \"Ithaca, New York\") on [Route 96](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_96 \"New York State Route 96\"). One of the gas station's tanks had leaked several years earlier, rendering the water at the studio unpotable.",
"In 1991, WPIE began airing [Northeast Satellite Entertainment](/wiki/Northeast_Satellite_Entertainment \"Northeast Satellite Entertainment\")'s [adult contemporary](/wiki/Adult_contemporary \"Adult contemporary\") programming at night. The station began adding limited AC songs to the regular daytime format around that time.",
"The station began airing [Trumansburg](/wiki/Trumansburg%2C_New_York \"Trumansburg, New York\") High School football and basketball games, as well as South Seneca High School football, in 1992\\. Sports coverage was expanded the next year, when the Elmira\\-based Pembrook Pines Media Group bought the station.",
"The new owner brought a new format, [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\"), which garnered the station more listeners and advertisers.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2009}}",
"The station's sports coverage also attracted listeners. The high\\-school sports coverage, which featured [Lansing](/wiki/Lansing_%28town%29%2C_New_York \"Lansing (town), New York\") instead of South Seneca after 1993, was complemented by [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") [baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\"), [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills \"Buffalo Bills\") [football](/wiki/Football_%28American%29 \"Football (American)\"), [Motor Racing Network](/wiki/Motor_Racing_Network \"Motor Racing Network\"), and [Syracuse University](/wiki/Syracuse_University \"Syracuse University\") [football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") and [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\"). The Yankees were an immediate hit as they had not been on the air in the Ithaca market since the 1980s despite their popularity in the community.",
"Within a couple of years, the station moved into a new studio at its tower site, off Seneca Road in Trumansburg.",
"In the late 1990s, Pembrook Pines switched WPIE to an all\\-sports format, featuring [ESPN Radio](/wiki/ESPN_Radio \"ESPN Radio\"), and moved its main studio into its Elmira headquarters, which included the studios of all\\-sports [WELM](/wiki/WELM \"WELM\"), easy\\-listening [WEHH](/wiki/WLVY_%28AM%29 \"WLVY (AM)\"), [urban contemporary](/wiki/Urban_contemporary \"Urban contemporary\") [WLVY](/wiki/WCIH_%28FM%29 \"WCIH (FM)\") and country [WOKN](/wiki/WOKN \"WOKN\"), all of which serve the Elmira\\-[Corning](/wiki/Corning_%28city%29%2C_New_York \"Corning (city), New York\") market rather than Ithaca.",
"Originally, WPIE and WELM aired different satellite\\-delivered programming with the exception of major sports broadcasts. Eventually, the stations began simulcasting, splitting only for WPIE's Ithaca\\-area local sports broadcasts.",
"In 2007, the station resumed its affiliation with Syracuse University. WPIE has also aired some [Ithaca College](/wiki/Ithaca_College \"Ithaca College\") sports and Ithaca High School sports.",
"In August 2010, WPIE entered a joint sales agreement with Taughannock Media, later Vizella Media, owned by former [WIII](/wiki/WIII_%28FM%29 \"WIII (FM)\")/[WKRT](/wiki/WYBY \"WYBY\") manager Todd Mallinson and his wife, in anticipation of selling the station. The station dropped the Buffalo Bills in favor of the [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets \"New York Jets\") in the fall of 2010\\.",
"In November 2010, WPIE was purchased by Taughannock Media, later Vizella Media, and moved its studio and offices to a new facility in Lansing, NY, though the towers and transmitter remain in Trumansburg. Many improvements had been made, including new studio and remote broadcasting equipment and transmitter upgrades. Shortly after relocating, the station added an afternoon local sports talk show \\- \"Between the Lines\" \\- to its programming lineup.",
"In January 2011, WPIE became the flagship home of Cornell Wrestling broadcasts. In September 2011, it added local high school and local football sports talk show \"Game Day\" to its fall lineup on Saturday mornings.",
"WPIE airs nearly 70 high school play\\-by\\-play broadcasts throughout the year, including regular season and postseason football, soccer, basketball, hockey, baseball, and lacrosse games. Past broadcasts have included numerous state championships, including titles for Lansing baseball (2012\\), Newark Valley football (2016\\), Moravia boys basketball (2017\\), Watkins Glen girls basketball (2017\\), Lansing boys soccer (2017 and 2018\\), Marathon boys soccer (2019\\), Newfield boys basketball (2022\\).",
"In November 2013, WPIE added an FM translator on 107\\.1 MHz, in addition to 1160 AM. WPIE rebranded as ESPN Ithaca 1160/107\\.1\\.",
"In June 2017, ESPN Ithaca added an FM translator on 107\\.1 MHz near Watkins Glen.",
"ESPN Ithaca is an 24\\-time award winner by the New York State Broadcasters Association for Excellence in Broadcasting.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He was born 1959 in [Adana](/wiki/Adana "Adana") as the first son of [Hacı Sabancı](/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Sabanc%C4%B1 "Hacı Sabancı") (1935–1998\), son of [Hacı Ömer Sabancı](/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_%C3%96mer_Sabanc%C4%B1 "Hacı Ömer Sabancı") (1906–1966\), the founder of Turkey's second\-largest industrial and financial conglomerate [Sabancı Holding](/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Holding "Sabancı Holding"). After finishing the high school at Tarsus American College in [Tarsus](/wiki/Tarsus_%28city%29 "Tarsus (city)"), [province Mersin](/wiki/Mersin_province "Mersin province"), he was educated in Economics at the [University of Delaware](/wiki/University_of_Delaware "University of Delaware") in [Newark, Delaware](/wiki/Newark%2C_Delaware "Newark, Delaware"), [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States").
Ömer Sabancı worked first in a number of family\-owned companies in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). Upon returning to Turkey, he was promoted to the top management in [SaSA](/wiki/SaSA "SaSA"), and held this position for 15 years. In 2000, he initiated a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture "Joint venture") with [DuPont](/wiki/DuPont "DuPont") for [polyester](/wiki/Polyester "Polyester") fabric production, and became president of the newly founded [DupontSA](/wiki/DupontSA "DupontSA").
Ömer Sabancı was elected chairman of the Turkish Businesspeople Association (TÜSİAD) on January 22, 2004, and his term ended in January 2007\. He is also president of the European Association of [Synthetic fibers](/wiki/Synthetic_fiber "Synthetic fiber") Industrialists (CIRFS), headquartered in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium").
He has left his duties in the [Sabancı Holding](/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Holding "Sabancı Holding"), the family business, but is still a major shareholder. He has started his own businesses. He has made partnerships with Demir Sabanci and Yalcin Sabanci. They have founded Doysa VIP Air, Inc., a private jet charter company. He has shares in Odesa Polymer,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.odesapolymer.com/ \|title\=Home \|website\=odesapolymer.com}} a company which produces and exports Turkey's only recyclable foldable crates. They are manufactured at Odesa Polymer's plant, located at Duzce Industrial Zone, directed by Dr. [Naim H. Alemdaroglu](/wiki/Naim_H._Alemdaroglu "Naim H. Alemdaroglu"). Furthermore, he owns an electronic retailing company, Electroworld Turkey. He has been listed as a billionaire by *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. The majority of his wealth comes from his stakes in the family company [Sabancı Holding](/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Holding "Sabancı Holding") and its subsidiary, the largest private bank in Turkey, [Akbank](/wiki/Akbank "Akbank"). He also has stakes in several subsidiaries of Sabancı Holding.
He married Arzu in 1986 and has three children; Hacı Sabancı (born 1987\), Hakan Sabancı (born 1991\), and Kerim Sabancı (born 1996\). Hacı, after finishing Saint\-Benoit French high school, continued education at Tufts University in the US and achieved his bachelor's degree in economics.{{Cite web\|title\=Hacı Sabancı Website\|url\=http://hacisabanci.com/homepage}}
He is the elder brother of the late [Mehmet Sabancı](/wiki/Mehmet_Sabanc%C4%B1 "Mehmet Sabancı") and Demet Çetindoğan.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He was born 1959 in [Adana](/wiki/Adana \"Adana\") as the first son of [Hacı Sabancı](/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Sabanc%C4%B1 \"Hacı Sabancı\") (1935–1998\\), son of [Hacı Ömer Sabancı](/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_%C3%96mer_Sabanc%C4%B1 \"Hacı Ömer Sabancı\") (1906–1966\\), the founder of Turkey's second\\-largest industrial and financial conglomerate [Sabancı Holding](/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Holding \"Sabancı Holding\"). After finishing the high school at Tarsus American College in [Tarsus](/wiki/Tarsus_%28city%29 \"Tarsus (city)\"), [province Mersin](/wiki/Mersin_province \"Mersin province\"), he was educated in Economics at the [University of Delaware](/wiki/University_of_Delaware \"University of Delaware\") in [Newark, Delaware](/wiki/Newark%2C_Delaware \"Newark, Delaware\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").",
"Ömer Sabancı worked first in a number of family\\-owned companies in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"). Upon returning to Turkey, he was promoted to the top management in [SaSA](/wiki/SaSA \"SaSA\"), and held this position for 15 years. In 2000, he initiated a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture \"Joint venture\") with [DuPont](/wiki/DuPont \"DuPont\") for [polyester](/wiki/Polyester \"Polyester\") fabric production, and became president of the newly founded [DupontSA](/wiki/DupontSA \"DupontSA\").",
"Ömer Sabancı was elected chairman of the Turkish Businesspeople Association (TÜSİAD) on January 22, 2004, and his term ended in January 2007\\. He is also president of the European Association of [Synthetic fibers](/wiki/Synthetic_fiber \"Synthetic fiber\") Industrialists (CIRFS), headquartered in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\").",
"He has left his duties in the [Sabancı Holding](/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Holding \"Sabancı Holding\"), the family business, but is still a major shareholder. He has started his own businesses. He has made partnerships with Demir Sabanci and Yalcin Sabanci. They have founded Doysa VIP Air, Inc., a private jet charter company. He has shares in Odesa Polymer,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.odesapolymer.com/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=odesapolymer.com}} a company which produces and exports Turkey's only recyclable foldable crates. They are manufactured at Odesa Polymer's plant, located at Duzce Industrial Zone, directed by Dr. [Naim H. Alemdaroglu](/wiki/Naim_H._Alemdaroglu \"Naim H. Alemdaroglu\"). Furthermore, he owns an electronic retailing company, Electroworld Turkey. He has been listed as a billionaire by *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")*. The majority of his wealth comes from his stakes in the family company [Sabancı Holding](/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Holding \"Sabancı Holding\") and its subsidiary, the largest private bank in Turkey, [Akbank](/wiki/Akbank \"Akbank\"). He also has stakes in several subsidiaries of Sabancı Holding.",
"He married Arzu in 1986 and has three children; Hacı Sabancı (born 1987\\), Hakan Sabancı (born 1991\\), and Kerim Sabancı (born 1996\\). Hacı, after finishing Saint\\-Benoit French high school, continued education at Tufts University in the US and achieved his bachelor's degree in economics.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Hacı Sabancı Website\\|url\\=http://hacisabanci.com/homepage}}",
"He is the elder brother of the late [Mehmet Sabancı](/wiki/Mehmet_Sabanc%C4%B1 \"Mehmet Sabancı\") and Demet Çetindoğan.",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
Born 2 October 1935 in India ([Allahabad](/wiki/Allahabad "Allahabad")) to British parents he returned home to the UK whilst still a young boy. Always attracted to sports Kinder made his school teams for Football and Cricket but it was whilst he was in the RAF that his sporting talents were identified. He went on to box for the RAF at Fly Weight.
After leaving the RAF, moving his career into tailoring and getting married, sport took back seat. In his 30s went back into sport with Badminton but it was in his early 40s Squash became the sport of choice. Combining training with playing 5\-7 games of squash per week, his standard grew from club level, though regional to English national and world standard. He has played at national and international level in O55, O60, O65, O70, O75 and O80's categories.[Tournaments. Past winners. Vets Squash Winners](http://www.gbvs.co.uk/tournaments/past_winners.html%7CGB){{Dead link\|date\=March 2024}}
Since his 40s Kinder has continuously played at the highest levels of squash, travelling the world to participate in and win many tournaments, including the British Open in 1992 (Over\-55s) and in 2005 (Over\-70s). Kinder was also a committed county player for Avon. He won 15 county titles in the over 45, 55, and 60 age groups. At the age of 58, in a single year, Kinder played for Avon county team in the over 35, 45 and 55 age groups.
Suffering a serious heart attack in his early 60s could have brought an abrupt end to his sporting life style. However, Kinder went back to Squash and re\-established his position by competing in European and World Championships.
From the 1990s to the 2020's, Kinder was a member of the Veterans Squash Rackets Club of Great Britain {{Cite web \|title\=The Veterans Squash Rackets Club of Great Britain \|url\=http://www.gbvs.co.uk/officers.html \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-06 \|website\=www.gbvs.co.uk}} winning 9 Singles and 22 Doubles titles in age categories from O55 to O80s. Indeed Kinder and his long term playing partner John Woodliffe had such a successful partnership that the Veterans Squash Rackets Club of Great Britain renamed the 0ver 75 Doubles trophy "The Kinder/Woodliffe Cup".
Kinder finally retired from squash in the spring of 2022 following the competitive squash hiatus during the global Covid pandemic. Kinder continued to keep fit with squash training routines and pilates.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"Born 2 October 1935 in India ([Allahabad](/wiki/Allahabad \"Allahabad\")) to British parents he returned home to the UK whilst still a young boy. Always attracted to sports Kinder made his school teams for Football and Cricket but it was whilst he was in the RAF that his sporting talents were identified. He went on to box for the RAF at Fly Weight.",
"After leaving the RAF, moving his career into tailoring and getting married, sport took back seat. In his 30s went back into sport with Badminton but it was in his early 40s Squash became the sport of choice. Combining training with playing 5\\-7 games of squash per week, his standard grew from club level, though regional to English national and world standard. He has played at national and international level in O55, O60, O65, O70, O75 and O80's categories.[Tournaments. Past winners. Vets Squash Winners](http://www.gbvs.co.uk/tournaments/past_winners.html%7CGB){{Dead link\\|date\\=March 2024}}",
"Since his 40s Kinder has continuously played at the highest levels of squash, travelling the world to participate in and win many tournaments, including the British Open in 1992 (Over\\-55s) and in 2005 (Over\\-70s). Kinder was also a committed county player for Avon. He won 15 county titles in the over 45, 55, and 60 age groups. At the age of 58, in a single year, Kinder played for Avon county team in the over 35, 45 and 55 age groups.",
"Suffering a serious heart attack in his early 60s could have brought an abrupt end to his sporting life style. However, Kinder went back to Squash and re\\-established his position by competing in European and World Championships.",
"From the 1990s to the 2020's, Kinder was a member of the Veterans Squash Rackets Club of Great Britain {{Cite web \\|title\\=The Veterans Squash Rackets Club of Great Britain \\|url\\=http://www.gbvs.co.uk/officers.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-06 \\|website\\=www.gbvs.co.uk}} winning 9 Singles and 22 Doubles titles in age categories from O55 to O80s. Indeed Kinder and his long term playing partner John Woodliffe had such a successful partnership that the Veterans Squash Rackets Club of Great Britain renamed the 0ver 75 Doubles trophy \"The Kinder/Woodliffe Cup\".",
"Kinder finally retired from squash in the spring of 2022 following the competitive squash hiatus during the global Covid pandemic. Kinder continued to keep fit with squash training routines and pilates.",
""
] |
History
-------
F2i SGR was established on 23 January 2007\.
In May 2008 F2i finalized its first acquisition, by purchasing a 15\.7% in [Alerion Clean Power](/wiki/Alerion_Clean_Power "Alerion Clean Power") S.p.A. (the share will then be sold in December 2017\).
After this, it acquired stakes in [Enel Stoccaggi](/wiki/Enel_Stoccaggi "Enel Stoccaggi") from [Enel](/wiki/Enel "Enel") (49%) (the share will then be sold in February 2012\) and [Infrastrutture CIS](/wiki/Infrastrutture_CIS "Infrastrutture CIS") (26%).
In 2009 F2i closes the collection of the First Fund, which comes to an endowment of 1\.85 billion euros and became a shareholder of HFV (49\.8%), Interporto Rivalta Scrivia (22\.7%) and Enel Rete Gas (80%), through F2i Reti Italia S.r.l., for overall shareholdings of €550 million.
In July 2010, through F2i Rete Idrica Italiana S.p.A., it took over a 24% stake in San Giacomo S.r.l., the majority shareholder of IREN Acqua, for the establishment of a pole that would invest in water networks by exploiting the liberalisation of the sector: Iren held the remaining shares. The stake reached 40% in the months after.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2022}}
In October 2010, F2i acquired a 65% stake in GESAC for €150 million (via [2i Aeroporti](/wiki/2i_Aeroporti "2i Aeroporti"))[BAA announces sale of Naples International Airport](http://www.ferrovial.com/en/Press-Room/Announcements/BAA-announces-sale-of-Naples-International-Airport?_afrLoop=18052374924435259&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#%40%3Fkeywords%3D%26_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26tipoContenido%3DNOTICIAS%26_afrLoop%3D18052374924435259%26_afrLoop%3D18052374924435259%26title%3DBAA%2Bannounces%2Bsale%2Bof%2BNaples%2BInternational%2BAirport%26description%3D%26urlFriendly%3DBAA-announces-sale-of-Naples-International-Airport%26dDocName%3DNOT_BAA_ANNOUNCES_SALE_OF_NAPL%26cloud%3D%26wcnav.model%3D%25252Foracle%25252Fwebcenter%25252Fportalapp%25252Fnavigations%25252Fnavegacion_en%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dp8ww3orpp_57){{Dead link\|date\=November 2022 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} \- GESAC being the handling company that controls Naples\-Capodichino Airport \- and a 54% stake in Software Design, a company specialised in airport software. In October 2017, F2i will increase its stake in GESAC to 87%.
In December 2010, alongside Finavias S.r.l. ([AXA](/wiki/AXA "AXA") group) F2i invested €255 million for a 100% stake in [E.ON Rete](/wiki/E.ON_Rete "E.ON Rete"), a company belonging to the [E.ON](/wiki/E.ON "E.ON") group, that is active in natural gas distribution in Italy with circa 600,000 clients in 300 Municipalities and a grid which extends for 9,100 kilometres. After this operation, F2i gained control of 50,000 kilometres of grid, over 2\.7 million clients and a 15\.8% market share.
In May 2011, [a consortium](/wiki/Metroweb_Italia "Metroweb Italia") made up of F2i (87\.5%) and [Intesa Sanpaolo](/wiki/Intesa_Sanpaolo "Intesa Sanpaolo") (12\.5%) took over 100% stake in [Metroweb](/wiki/Metroweb "Metroweb"), a telecommunications company that controls a 330,000\-kilometre\-long optical fibre network covering an area of over 2\.7 million inhabitants, mainly in the Municipality of [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") and partially in the rest of [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy"). In September 2012 Intesa Sanpaolo sold the 12\.5% stake to F2i for €20 million.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.group.intesasanpaolo.com/scriptIsir0/si09/contentData/view/content\-ref?id\=CNT\-04\-00000000BFFE1\|title\=INTESA SANPAOLO TRANSFERS 12\.5% OF F2i RETI TLC TO THE F2i FUND\|date\=13 September 2012\|access\-date\=16 March 2016\|publisher\=Intesa Sanpaolo / F2i}}
On 6 June 2011, alongside AXA, F2i acquired a 100% stake in G6 Rete Gas [F2i and AXA Private Equity acquire G6 Rete Gas from GDF Suez Energia Italia](http://www.privateequitywire.co.uk/2011/06/08/117576/f2i-and-axa-private-equity-acquire-g6-rete-gas-gdf-suez-energia-italia)(owned by [GDF Suez](/wiki/GDF_Suez "GDF Suez")) for €772 million; G6 Rete Gas is active in methane gas distribution with 990,000 clients and 4 billion cubic metres of methane delivered through 13,000 kilometres of pipes. After this operation, F2i gained control of more than 18\-20% of the gas distribution market.
On 29 December 2011 it completed the acquisition of 29\.75% of SEA, the management company of Milan Malpensa and Linate airports, and indirectly became a shareholder of SACBO, the management company of Bergamo Orio al Serio Airport.[Sea: F2i completa l'acquisizione del 29,75%](https://web.archive.org/web/20191030105048/https:/www.trend-online.com/ansa/fta69271/), trend\-online.com.
At the end of 2012 F2i acquired a further 14\.52% stake in SEA and invested in SAGAT, the management company of Turin Caselle Airport.[Sea, la Provincia vende la quota a F2i](https://st.ilsole24ore.com/art/finanza-e-mercati/2012-12-28/provincia-vende-quota-064052.shtml?uuid=Ab6zpdFH), sole24ore.com[La Sagat ha una nuova società di maggioranza, F2i acquisisce il 52,4%](https://www.torinotoday.it/economia/maggioranza-sagat-f2i.html), torinotoday.it
In 2013 F2i became a minority shareholder in Aeroporto di Bologna S.p.A., the airport management company of the airport with the same name.[L'aeroporto di Ronchi diventa privato, il 55% delle quote al fondo f2i](https://www.rainews.it/tgr/fvg/articoli/2019/01/fvg-aeroporto-ronchi-cessione-quote-4952045b-2cd4-42ce-b565-120f885e8211.html)*,* rainews.it
On 21 October 2014, Vito Gamberale resigned as CEO at F2i. On the same day, F2i's Board of Directors co\-opted and subsequently appointed [Renato Ravanelli](/wiki/Renato_Ravanelli "Renato Ravanelli") Chief Executive Officer and Carlo Michelini, former Senior Partner and Chief Investment Officer, General Manager of F2i.[F2i: BoD named Renato Ravanelli as CEO](https://www.avionews.it/item/1163471-f2i-bod-named-renato-ravanelli-as-ceo.html), avionews.it
In 2015 49% shares of [2i Aeroporti](/wiki/2i_Aeroporti "2i Aeroporti") was sold to a consortium formed by [Ardian](/wiki/Ardian_%28company%29 "Ardian (company)") and [Crédit Agricole Assurances](/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_Assurances "Crédit Agricole Assurances") (a [Crédit Agricole](/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole "Crédit Agricole") subsidiary).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ardian.com/sites/default/files/press/Press%20Release%20F2I%20Aeroporti%20ENG\_20150206\.pdf\|title\=F2i CHOOSES ARDIAN AND CREDIT AGRICOLE ASSURANCES TO PURSUE ITS DEVELOPMENT IN THE AIRPORT INDUSTRY\|date\=6 February 2015\|access\-date\=15 March 2016\|publisher\=Ardian, Crédit Agricole Assurances and F2i SGR}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-italy\-airports\-idUSBREA4L0O320140522\|title\=Exclusive: Italy's F2i to sell stake in airport holding company\|date\=22 May 2014\|access\-date\=15 March 2016\|work\=Reuters}}
In October 2015, F2i and Enel Green Power signed an agreement to create an equal joint venture in the photovoltaic segment which gave birth to EF Solare Italia, which in November 2016 became the national leader in the photovoltaic sector. In December 2018, F2i became the sole shareholder of the company, acquiring the 50% stake previously owned by the Enel Group.{{Cite web \|url\=http://taiyangnews.info/business/f2i\-acquires\-enels\-50\-stake\-in\-italian\-jv/ \|title\=F2i Acquires Enel's 50% Stake In Italian JV \|website\=TaiyangNews }}{{Dead link\|date\=March 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
In March 2016, a consortium led by F2i acquired, through F2i Healthcare, 37\.3% of KOS, one of the main players in the Italian long\-term care sector.
In December 2016 acquired 72\.5% of So.Ge.A.Al (Alghero Airport).
In 2017, F2i acquired, through 2i Fiber (80% F2i and 20% Marguerite), Infracom, Mc\-Link and KPNQWEST Italia, aiming to integrate them into a single platform: in 2018 the acquired companies merge into a newco, IRIDEOS.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.marguerite.com/2017/06/f2i\-and\-marguerite\-purchase\-94\-12\-of\-infracom\-from\-abertis\-group/\|title\=F2i and Marguerite purchase 94\.12% of Infracom from Abertis Group \| website\=Marguerite\|date\=19 June 2017 }}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.marguerite.com/2017/09/f2i\-and\-marguerite\-acquire\-control\-of\-kpnqwest\-italia/ \|title\=F2i and Marguerite acquire control of KPNQWEST Italia \| website\=Marguerite\|date\=27 September 2017 }} Irideos will be sold to the Asterion fund in December 2022\.
In November 2017, Massimiliano Cesare succeeded Leone Pattofatto as president.[Massimiliano Cesare è il nuovo presidente di F2i](https://www.corrierecomunicazioni.it/digital-economy/massimiliano-cesare-e-il-nuovo-presidente-di-f2i/), corrierecomunicazioni.it
Towards the end of 2017, F2i entered the vegetable biomass power generation sector acquiring 100% of Sanmarco Bioenergie.
In 2018, thanks to the acquisition of the entire vegetable biomass plant portfolio from the Enel Group, F2i became one of the main players in the renewables sector and a leader in Italy.[F2i purchases portfolio of vegetable biomass plants of the Enel Group](https://www.privateequitywire.co.uk/2018/06/28/265864/f2i-purchases-portfolio-vegetable-biomass-plants-enel-group)
In July 2018, F2i acquires RTR, a European leader in the production of renewable energies by solar plants with 134 plants in Italy for a total capacity of 334 MWp.
In October 2018, F2i gave birth to the first independent operator of telecommunication towers, after a successful OPA on EI Towers launched in 2017 through 2i Towers (60% F2i and 40% Mediaset).{{Cite web\|url\=https://telecomguru.co.in/misc/first\-italian\-independent\-operator\-of\-telecommunication\-towers\-is\-born/3945\|title\=First Italian independent operator of telecommunication towers is born}}
In November 2018, through Farmacie Italiane (61\.2% owned by F2i Third Fund), F2i completed the take over of Gruppo Farmacrimi.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.f2isgr.it/en/media/press\-releases/f2i\-completes\-the\-take\-over\-of\-gruppo\-farmacrimi.html\|title\=F2i completes the take over of Gruppo Farmacrimi \- F2i Sgr}}
In December 2018, it acquired full control of EF Solare.[Enel Green Power sells 50% stake in joint venture EF Solare Italia to F2i](https://www.enel.com/media/explore/search-press-releases/press/2018/12/enel-green-power-sells-50-stake-in-joint-venture-ef-solare-italia-to-f2i-), enel.com
In June 2019, F2i and EI Towers acquired Italian broadcaster Persidera.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news\-insights/trending/CS9NzLSWm\_\-gVjLjUNsMJw2\|title\=F2i, EI Towers acquire Italian broadcaster Persidera \| website\=S\&P Global Market Intelligence}}
In July 2019, through 2i Aeroporti (51% owned by F2i), F2i acquired 55% of Trieste Airport – Aeroporto Friuli Venezia Giulia.
In August 2019 F2i created F2i Holding Portuale, the infrastructure fund's port group.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.portseurope.com/f2i\-creates\-f2i\-holding\-portuale\-for\-possible\-further\-port\-infrastructure\-activity/\|title\=F2i creates F2i Holding Portuale for possible further port infrastructure activity \- PortSEurope\|date\=2 August 2019 }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.f2isgr.it/en/media/press\-releases/f2i\-holding\-portuale\-has\-been\-created.html \|title\=F2i Holding Portuale has been created \- F2i Sgr}}
Early November 2019 F2i divested its assets in Software Design and SIA.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news/it\-software/sita\-buys\-italian\-it\-firm.html \|title\=SITA buys Italian IT firm \- Passenger Terminal Today\|date\=7 November 2019 }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://bebeez.it/en/2019/11/06/cdp\-equity\-and\-poste\-italiane\-take\-full\-control\-of\-payment\-services\-group\-sia\-f2i\-and\-hat\-to\-cash\-rich\-checks\-less\-happy\-are\-instead\-the\-banks/ \|title\=Cdp Equity and Poste Italiane take full control of payment services group SIA. F2i and HAT to cash rich checks. Less happy are instead the banks \- BeBeez.it}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.unquote.com/southern\-europe/official\-record/3017164/f2i\-hat\-sell\-stakes\-in\-sia\-to\-cdp\-equity\-in\-eur32bn\-deal \|title\=F2i, Hat sell stakes in Sia to CDP Equity in €3\.2bn deal \| website\=Unquote}}
In December 2019, through EF Solare, F2i acquired Spanish solar energy company Renovalia, raising its operational renewable energy portfolio to 1GW and becoming European leader of the sector.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.energycentral.com/news/italian\-investment\-fund\-f2i\-acquires\-renovalia \|title\=Italian investment fund F2i acquires Renovalia \| website\=Energy Central}}
In April 2020 F2i announced its first investment through the Ania F2i Fund, acquiring a 92\.5% stake in CFI – Compagnia Ferroviaria Italiana, Italy's third largest freight operator.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.railjournal.com/financial/investment\-fund\-takes\-92\-5\-stake\-in\-italian\-freight\-operator/ \|title\=Investment fund takes 92\.5% stake in Italian freight operator \- International Railway Journal}}
In August 2020 F2i presented its First Integrated Sustainability Report.[Integrated Sustainability Report](https://www.f2isgr.it/static/upload/f2i/f2i_report-esg_integrated-sustainability_executive_summary.pdf)
In October 2020, F2i SGR, together with Asterion Industrial Partners, completed the acquisition of Sorgenia, thus creating an integrated provider of [energy transition](/wiki/Energy_transition "Energy transition") technologies, with an installed capacity of around 4,800 Megawatts.{{Cite web\|url\=https://renewablesnow.com/news/f2i\-asterion\-conclude\-acquisition\-of\-italian\-utility\-sorgenia\-716384/\|title\=F2i, Asterion conclude acquisition of Italian utility Sorgenia \| website\=Renewablesnow}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.swfinstitute.org/news/81884/f2i\-sgr\-and\-asterion\-industrial\-partners\-finalize\-sorgenia\-transaction \|title\=F2i SGR and Asterion Industrial Partners Finalize Sorgenia Transaction \| website\=Swfinstitute}}
On 23 October 2020 F2i signed an agreement to acquire 80% of Geasar S.p.A., the [Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport](/wiki/Olbia_Costa_Smeralda_Airport "Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport") management company, from Alisarda S.p.A.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/italian\-infrastructure\-fund\-f2i\-buys\-80\-in\-sardinias\-olbia\-airport\-2020\-10\-23 \|title\=Italian infrastructure fund F2i buys 80% in Sardinia's Olbia airport}}{{Citation needed\|date\=September 2023}}
At the beginning of 2021 F2i signed an agreement for the sale to Crédit Agricole Assurances of a 30% stake in EF Solare Italia, keeping the remaining 70%.{{Cite web \|url\=https://bebeez.it/2021/01/11/ufficiale\-credit\-agricole\-assurances\-si\-compra\-f2i\-30\-delloperatore\-fotovoltaico\-ef\-solare\-deal\-600\-mln\-euro/ \|title\=E' ufficiale, Crédit Agricole Assurances si compra da F2i il 30% dell'operatore fotovoltaico EF Solare. Deal da 600 mln euro \- BeBeez.it \|access\-date\=5 February 2021 \|archive\-date\=22 January 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122155414/https://bebeez.it/2021/01/11/ufficiale\-credit\-agricole\-assurances\-si\-compra\-f2i\-30\-delloperatore\-fotovoltaico\-ef\-solare\-deal\-600\-mln\-euro/ \|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.solareb2b.it/credit\-agricole\-assurances\-ef\-solare/ \|title\=Crédit Agricole Assurances acquisisce il 30% dell'operatore FV EF Solare}}
It also signed an agreement with Edison for the sale of its stake (70%) in E2i Energie Speciali.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/economia/news/edison\_acquistato\_il\_70\_di\_e2i\_energie\_speciali\_e\_risolta\_partnership\_con\_f2i\-5700484\.html \|title\=Edison, acquistato il 70% di E2i Energie Speciali e risolta partnership con F2i}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.adnkronos.com/edison\-compra\-il\-70\-di\-e2i\-energie\-speciali\_4Tke6B2zkbOd5YKg4QuDlU \|title\=Edison compra il 70% di E2i Energie Speciali}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.repubblica.it/economia/rapporti/energitalia/lascossa/2021/01/14/news/edison\_firmati\_gli\_accordi\_con\_f2i\_per\_l\_acquisto\_del\_70\_di\_e2i\_energie\_speciali\_e\_con\_2i\_rete\_gas\_per\_la\_cessione\_di\_infr\-282496693/ \|title\=Edison: accordo con F2I per l'acquisto del 70% di E2I Energie Speciali \- la Repubblica}}
In February 2021, F2i completed the acquisition of 80 per cent of Geasar SpA, the management company of Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport, by F2i Ligantia, thus creating \- with Alghero \- the North Sardinia Airport Hub.[Blackrock Infrastructure joins F2i in the acquisition of 80% of the Olbia Costa Smeralda airport](https://bebeez.it/en/private-equity-en/blackrock-infrastructure-joins-f2i-in-the-acquisition-of-80-of-the-olbia-costa-smeralda-airport/), bebeez.it
In May 2021, F2i announced the launch of the Sustainable Infrastructure Fund (Fifth Fund), which marks F2i's entry into new areas of focus in its investment strategy with a focus on: energy transition, circular economy, digitalisation and social and health infrastructure. With this transaction, F2i exceeds EUR 6 billion in assets under management.[F2i Sgr announces the Launch of the Fondo per le Infrastrutture Sostenibili](https://www.f2isgr.it/en/media/press-releases/f2i-sgr-annuncia-il-lancio-del-fondo-per-le-infrastrutture-sostenibili.html), f2isgr.it
F2i Holding Port in July 2021 acquires CMP, the terminal operator of the port of Monfalcone. The acquisition, to be carried out by FHP, which is controlled by the F2i Third Fund (42%) and the F2i\-ANIA Fund (58%), consolidates its leadership in the bulk cargo port sector.[F2i acquires Compagnia portuale di Monfalcone from TO Delta Grop](https://www.portseurope.com/f2i-acquires-compagnia-portuale-di-monfalcone-from-to-delta-grop/). Ports Europe
In August 2021, F2i \- through its Sustainable Infrastructure Fund \- acquired 70% of ReLIfe, the largest private operator active in the reuse and energy recovery of paper and plastic packaging.[F2i, completata acquisizione dell'operatore di economia circolare ReLife](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2021/11/26/f2i-completata-acquisizione-delloperatore-di-economia-circolare-relife/MTE1XzIwMjEtMTEtMjZfVExC), finanza.lastampa.it
In the same month, the Group announced the acquisition of Ital Gas Storage, operating in the natural gas storage business, with an initial 51% sale, enriching its portfolio with a further strategic infrastructure for the energy transition.[Italy infrastructure fund F2I clinches deal to buy Ital Gas Storage](https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/italy-infrastructure-fund-f2i-clinches-deal-to-buy-ital-gas-storage-2021-08-10), nasdaq.com
In March 2022, F2i announced that it had participated \- through 2i Aeroporti \- in the capital increase of Skyports, a leading global operator in the design and management of Vertiports and drone delivery and inspection services.[I fondi F2I e Ardian investono nei vertiporti di Skyports](https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/i-fondi-f2i-e-ardian-investono-vertiporti-skyports-AEh44hNB) \- Il Sole 24 ORE
In May 2022, the Fund reached an agreement to acquire Althea Group Spa, a leading Italian private operator in the integrated management of biomedical infrastructure. The acquisition of Althea is the third investment made in just a few months by F2i on behalf of the Fund for Sustainable Infrastructure.[Althea a new beginning](https://www.althea-group.com/blog/2022/05/11/althea-acquired-by-f2i/), Althea\-group.com
In August 2022, F2i exceeded EUR 7 billion in funding through the launch of its first Infrastructure Debt fund with a target amount of EUR 500 million.[F2i sgr signs first closing for its first infrastructure private debt fund at 310 mln euro and reaches 7 bn euro in total AuM](https://bebeez.it/en/private-debt-en/f2i-sgr-sign-first-closing-for-its-first-infrastructure-private-debt-fund-at-310-mln-euro-and-reaches-7-bn-euro-in-total-aum/), bebeez.com
In October 2022, the third Integrated Sustainability Report is presented, highlighting the progress made in environmental, economic and social performance, not only by F2i sgr, but also by its portfolio companies.[F2i Sgr presents its third Consolidated Sustainability Report](https://www.f2isgr.it/en/media/press-releases/f2i-sgr-presenta-il-terzo-rapporto-di-sostenibilita-integrato.html), f2isgr.it
F2i sgr's first Infrastructure Debt Fund launched two sustainable investment activities in December 2022\.[F2i, Infrastructure Debt Fund 1 supporta sviluppo Open Fiber e Falck Renewables](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2022/12/01/f2i-infrastructure-debt-fund-1-supporta-sviluppo-open-fiber-e-falck-renewables/MTczXzIwMjItMTItMDFfVExC), finanza.lastampa.it
In March 2023, Nord Sardegna Aeroporti was established, a single management company for the two airports in northern Sardinia, bringing together the management companies of Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport (GEASAR SpA) and Alghero Fertilia Riviera del Corallo Airport (SOGEAAL SpA).[Nasce Nord Sardegna Aeroporti, Olbia e Alghero si uniscono](https://www.ansa.it/sardegna/notizie/2023/03/21/nasce-nord-sardegna-aeroporti-olbia-e-alghero-si-uniscono_89239462-fa63-4a40-802d-eff60b665222.html)
In July 2023, IDF1 surpassed the EUR 200 million investment threshold by signing three new financing transactions in strategic sectors, again with a focus on sustainability.[F2i SGR, fondo IDF1 supera 200 milioni di investimenti con tre nuove operazioni](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2023/07/03/f2i-sgr-fondo-idf1-supera-200-milioni-di-investimenti-con-tre-nuove-operazioni/MTM3XzIwMjMtMDctMDNfVExC)
In the following month, August 2023, IDF1 carried out a further financing transaction in the same strategic sector to support Veritas Spa's circular economy and water network improvement projects.[F2i, 37 milioni di finanziamento a Veritas per piano investimenti](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2023/08/09/f2i-37-milioni-di-finanziamento-a-veritas-per-piano-investimenti/OTdfMjAyMy0wOC0wOV9UTEI)
In November 2023, F2i closing of 3 new transactions in Europe by IDF1, reaching more than €310 million of invested capital in 12 months, which represent 75% of the funds raised to date. The investments are focused on digital infrastructure and sustainable mobility, financing operators active mainly in Central and Western Europe in the sectors of telco towers, data centers and leasing of electric traction railway locomotives. Testo della nota.[F2i, IDF1 supera 310 milioni di capitale investito con tre nuove operazioni](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2023/11/13/f2i-idf1-supera-310-milioni-di-capitale-investito-con-tre-nuove-operazioni/NjFfMjAyMy0xMS0xM19UTEI), La Stampa
In December 2023, F2i closed the fundraising of the Sustainable Infrastructure Fund (Fund V), with an endowment of EUR 1\.563 billion, exceeding the initial target of EUR 1\.5 billion. The total funding of the five funds managed by F2i thus reaches 7\.4 billion euros.[F2i, raccolti 1,563 miliardi dal Fondo per le Infrastrutture Sostenibili](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2023/12/19/f2i-raccolti-1-563-miliardi-dal-fondo-per-le-infrastrutture-sostenibili/MTQzXzIwMjMtMTItMTlfVExC), *La Stampa*
In order to support anti\-violence centres and organisations that work in Italy to prevent and combat gender\-based violence and violence against minors, in January 2024 F2i donated EUR 500,000 to the Una Nessuna Centomila Foundation."[F2i, 500 mila euro per i centri antiviolenza di Fondazione Una Nessuna Centomila](https://www.corriere.it/economia/aziende/24_gennaio_09/f2i-500-mila-euro-centri-antiviolenza-fondazione-nessuna-centomila-f2d51330-aefa-11ee-a0bf-e207f02bcbec.shtml#)", *Corriere*"[F2i sostiene la Fondazione Una Nessuna Centomila con 500 mila euro](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2024/01/09/f2i-sostiene-la-fondazione-una-nessuna-centomila-con-500-mila-euro/ODNfMjAyNC0wMS0wOV9UTEI)", *La Stampa*
In January 2024 F2i hits the funding target of F2i–Rete Digitale: It will invest 1 billion in NetCo, Tim's national fixed network alongside KKR and Mef.["F2i conclude raccolta per fondo che investirà 1 miliardo di euro in NetCo TIM"](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2024/01/19/f2i-conclude-raccolta-per-fondo-che-investira-1-miliardo-di-euro-in-netco-tim/ODNfMjAyNC0wMS0xOV9UTEI), *La Stampa*
|
[
"History\n-------",
"F2i SGR was established on 23 January 2007\\.",
"In May 2008 F2i finalized its first acquisition, by purchasing a 15\\.7% in [Alerion Clean Power](/wiki/Alerion_Clean_Power \"Alerion Clean Power\") S.p.A. (the share will then be sold in December 2017\\).",
"After this, it acquired stakes in [Enel Stoccaggi](/wiki/Enel_Stoccaggi \"Enel Stoccaggi\") from [Enel](/wiki/Enel \"Enel\") (49%) (the share will then be sold in February 2012\\) and [Infrastrutture CIS](/wiki/Infrastrutture_CIS \"Infrastrutture CIS\") (26%).",
"In 2009 F2i closes the collection of the First Fund, which comes to an endowment of 1\\.85 billion euros and became a shareholder of HFV (49\\.8%), Interporto Rivalta Scrivia (22\\.7%) and Enel Rete Gas (80%), through F2i Reti Italia S.r.l., for overall shareholdings of €550 million.",
"In July 2010, through F2i Rete Idrica Italiana S.p.A., it took over a 24% stake in San Giacomo S.r.l., the majority shareholder of IREN Acqua, for the establishment of a pole that would invest in water networks by exploiting the liberalisation of the sector: Iren held the remaining shares. The stake reached 40% in the months after.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2022}}",
"In October 2010, F2i acquired a 65% stake in GESAC for €150 million (via [2i Aeroporti](/wiki/2i_Aeroporti \"2i Aeroporti\"))[BAA announces sale of Naples International Airport](http://www.ferrovial.com/en/Press-Room/Announcements/BAA-announces-sale-of-Naples-International-Airport?_afrLoop=18052374924435259&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#%40%3Fkeywords%3D%26_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26tipoContenido%3DNOTICIAS%26_afrLoop%3D18052374924435259%26_afrLoop%3D18052374924435259%26title%3DBAA%2Bannounces%2Bsale%2Bof%2BNaples%2BInternational%2BAirport%26description%3D%26urlFriendly%3DBAA-announces-sale-of-Naples-International-Airport%26dDocName%3DNOT_BAA_ANNOUNCES_SALE_OF_NAPL%26cloud%3D%26wcnav.model%3D%25252Foracle%25252Fwebcenter%25252Fportalapp%25252Fnavigations%25252Fnavegacion_en%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dp8ww3orpp_57){{Dead link\\|date\\=November 2022 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} \\- GESAC being the handling company that controls Naples\\-Capodichino Airport \\- and a 54% stake in Software Design, a company specialised in airport software. In October 2017, F2i will increase its stake in GESAC to 87%.",
"In December 2010, alongside Finavias S.r.l. ([AXA](/wiki/AXA \"AXA\") group) F2i invested €255 million for a 100% stake in [E.ON Rete](/wiki/E.ON_Rete \"E.ON Rete\"), a company belonging to the [E.ON](/wiki/E.ON \"E.ON\") group, that is active in natural gas distribution in Italy with circa 600,000 clients in 300 Municipalities and a grid which extends for 9,100 kilometres. After this operation, F2i gained control of 50,000 kilometres of grid, over 2\\.7 million clients and a 15\\.8% market share.",
"In May 2011, [a consortium](/wiki/Metroweb_Italia \"Metroweb Italia\") made up of F2i (87\\.5%) and [Intesa Sanpaolo](/wiki/Intesa_Sanpaolo \"Intesa Sanpaolo\") (12\\.5%) took over 100% stake in [Metroweb](/wiki/Metroweb \"Metroweb\"), a telecommunications company that controls a 330,000\\-kilometre\\-long optical fibre network covering an area of over 2\\.7 million inhabitants, mainly in the Municipality of [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") and partially in the rest of [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy \"Lombardy\"). In September 2012 Intesa Sanpaolo sold the 12\\.5% stake to F2i for €20 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.group.intesasanpaolo.com/scriptIsir0/si09/contentData/view/content\\-ref?id\\=CNT\\-04\\-00000000BFFE1\\|title\\=INTESA SANPAOLO TRANSFERS 12\\.5% OF F2i RETI TLC TO THE F2i FUND\\|date\\=13 September 2012\\|access\\-date\\=16 March 2016\\|publisher\\=Intesa Sanpaolo / F2i}}",
"On 6 June 2011, alongside AXA, F2i acquired a 100% stake in G6 Rete Gas [F2i and AXA Private Equity acquire G6 Rete Gas from GDF Suez Energia Italia](http://www.privateequitywire.co.uk/2011/06/08/117576/f2i-and-axa-private-equity-acquire-g6-rete-gas-gdf-suez-energia-italia)(owned by [GDF Suez](/wiki/GDF_Suez \"GDF Suez\")) for €772 million; G6 Rete Gas is active in methane gas distribution with 990,000 clients and 4 billion cubic metres of methane delivered through 13,000 kilometres of pipes. After this operation, F2i gained control of more than 18\\-20% of the gas distribution market.",
"On 29 December 2011 it completed the acquisition of 29\\.75% of SEA, the management company of Milan Malpensa and Linate airports, and indirectly became a shareholder of SACBO, the management company of Bergamo Orio al Serio Airport.[Sea: F2i completa l'acquisizione del 29,75%](https://web.archive.org/web/20191030105048/https:/www.trend-online.com/ansa/fta69271/), trend\\-online.com.",
"At the end of 2012 F2i acquired a further 14\\.52% stake in SEA and invested in SAGAT, the management company of Turin Caselle Airport.[Sea, la Provincia vende la quota a F2i](https://st.ilsole24ore.com/art/finanza-e-mercati/2012-12-28/provincia-vende-quota-064052.shtml?uuid=Ab6zpdFH), sole24ore.com[La Sagat ha una nuova società di maggioranza, F2i acquisisce il 52,4%](https://www.torinotoday.it/economia/maggioranza-sagat-f2i.html), torinotoday.it",
"In 2013 F2i became a minority shareholder in Aeroporto di Bologna S.p.A., the airport management company of the airport with the same name.[L'aeroporto di Ronchi diventa privato, il 55% delle quote al fondo f2i](https://www.rainews.it/tgr/fvg/articoli/2019/01/fvg-aeroporto-ronchi-cessione-quote-4952045b-2cd4-42ce-b565-120f885e8211.html)*,* rainews.it",
"On 21 October 2014, Vito Gamberale resigned as CEO at F2i. On the same day, F2i's Board of Directors co\\-opted and subsequently appointed [Renato Ravanelli](/wiki/Renato_Ravanelli \"Renato Ravanelli\") Chief Executive Officer and Carlo Michelini, former Senior Partner and Chief Investment Officer, General Manager of F2i.[F2i: BoD named Renato Ravanelli as CEO](https://www.avionews.it/item/1163471-f2i-bod-named-renato-ravanelli-as-ceo.html), avionews.it",
"In 2015 49% shares of [2i Aeroporti](/wiki/2i_Aeroporti \"2i Aeroporti\") was sold to a consortium formed by [Ardian](/wiki/Ardian_%28company%29 \"Ardian (company)\") and [Crédit Agricole Assurances](/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_Assurances \"Crédit Agricole Assurances\") (a [Crédit Agricole](/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole \"Crédit Agricole\") subsidiary).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ardian.com/sites/default/files/press/Press%20Release%20F2I%20Aeroporti%20ENG\\_20150206\\.pdf\\|title\\=F2i CHOOSES ARDIAN AND CREDIT AGRICOLE ASSURANCES TO PURSUE ITS DEVELOPMENT IN THE AIRPORT INDUSTRY\\|date\\=6 February 2015\\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2016\\|publisher\\=Ardian, Crédit Agricole Assurances and F2i SGR}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-italy\\-airports\\-idUSBREA4L0O320140522\\|title\\=Exclusive: Italy's F2i to sell stake in airport holding company\\|date\\=22 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2016\\|work\\=Reuters}}",
"In October 2015, F2i and Enel Green Power signed an agreement to create an equal joint venture in the photovoltaic segment which gave birth to EF Solare Italia, which in November 2016 became the national leader in the photovoltaic sector. In December 2018, F2i became the sole shareholder of the company, acquiring the 50% stake previously owned by the Enel Group.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://taiyangnews.info/business/f2i\\-acquires\\-enels\\-50\\-stake\\-in\\-italian\\-jv/ \\|title\\=F2i Acquires Enel's 50% Stake In Italian JV \\|website\\=TaiyangNews }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=March 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"In March 2016, a consortium led by F2i acquired, through F2i Healthcare, 37\\.3% of KOS, one of the main players in the Italian long\\-term care sector.",
"In December 2016 acquired 72\\.5% of So.Ge.A.Al (Alghero Airport).",
"In 2017, F2i acquired, through 2i Fiber (80% F2i and 20% Marguerite), Infracom, Mc\\-Link and KPNQWEST Italia, aiming to integrate them into a single platform: in 2018 the acquired companies merge into a newco, IRIDEOS.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marguerite.com/2017/06/f2i\\-and\\-marguerite\\-purchase\\-94\\-12\\-of\\-infracom\\-from\\-abertis\\-group/\\|title\\=F2i and Marguerite purchase 94\\.12% of Infracom from Abertis Group \\| website\\=Marguerite\\|date\\=19 June 2017 }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marguerite.com/2017/09/f2i\\-and\\-marguerite\\-acquire\\-control\\-of\\-kpnqwest\\-italia/ \\|title\\=F2i and Marguerite acquire control of KPNQWEST Italia \\| website\\=Marguerite\\|date\\=27 September 2017 }} Irideos will be sold to the Asterion fund in December 2022\\.",
"In November 2017, Massimiliano Cesare succeeded Leone Pattofatto as president.[Massimiliano Cesare è il nuovo presidente di F2i](https://www.corrierecomunicazioni.it/digital-economy/massimiliano-cesare-e-il-nuovo-presidente-di-f2i/), corrierecomunicazioni.it",
"Towards the end of 2017, F2i entered the vegetable biomass power generation sector acquiring 100% of Sanmarco Bioenergie.",
"In 2018, thanks to the acquisition of the entire vegetable biomass plant portfolio from the Enel Group, F2i became one of the main players in the renewables sector and a leader in Italy.[F2i purchases portfolio of vegetable biomass plants of the Enel Group](https://www.privateequitywire.co.uk/2018/06/28/265864/f2i-purchases-portfolio-vegetable-biomass-plants-enel-group)",
"In July 2018, F2i acquires RTR, a European leader in the production of renewable energies by solar plants with 134 plants in Italy for a total capacity of 334 MWp.",
"In October 2018, F2i gave birth to the first independent operator of telecommunication towers, after a successful OPA on EI Towers launched in 2017 through 2i Towers (60% F2i and 40% Mediaset).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://telecomguru.co.in/misc/first\\-italian\\-independent\\-operator\\-of\\-telecommunication\\-towers\\-is\\-born/3945\\|title\\=First Italian independent operator of telecommunication towers is born}}",
"In November 2018, through Farmacie Italiane (61\\.2% owned by F2i Third Fund), F2i completed the take over of Gruppo Farmacrimi.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.f2isgr.it/en/media/press\\-releases/f2i\\-completes\\-the\\-take\\-over\\-of\\-gruppo\\-farmacrimi.html\\|title\\=F2i completes the take over of Gruppo Farmacrimi \\- F2i Sgr}}",
"In December 2018, it acquired full control of EF Solare.[Enel Green Power sells 50% stake in joint venture EF Solare Italia to F2i](https://www.enel.com/media/explore/search-press-releases/press/2018/12/enel-green-power-sells-50-stake-in-joint-venture-ef-solare-italia-to-f2i-), enel.com",
"In June 2019, F2i and EI Towers acquired Italian broadcaster Persidera.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news\\-insights/trending/CS9NzLSWm\\_\\-gVjLjUNsMJw2\\|title\\=F2i, EI Towers acquire Italian broadcaster Persidera \\| website\\=S\\&P Global Market Intelligence}}",
"In July 2019, through 2i Aeroporti (51% owned by F2i), F2i acquired 55% of Trieste Airport – Aeroporto Friuli Venezia Giulia.",
"In August 2019 F2i created F2i Holding Portuale, the infrastructure fund's port group.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.portseurope.com/f2i\\-creates\\-f2i\\-holding\\-portuale\\-for\\-possible\\-further\\-port\\-infrastructure\\-activity/\\|title\\=F2i creates F2i Holding Portuale for possible further port infrastructure activity \\- PortSEurope\\|date\\=2 August 2019 }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.f2isgr.it/en/media/press\\-releases/f2i\\-holding\\-portuale\\-has\\-been\\-created.html \\|title\\=F2i Holding Portuale has been created \\- F2i Sgr}}",
"Early November 2019 F2i divested its assets in Software Design and SIA.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news/it\\-software/sita\\-buys\\-italian\\-it\\-firm.html \\|title\\=SITA buys Italian IT firm \\- Passenger Terminal Today\\|date\\=7 November 2019 }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://bebeez.it/en/2019/11/06/cdp\\-equity\\-and\\-poste\\-italiane\\-take\\-full\\-control\\-of\\-payment\\-services\\-group\\-sia\\-f2i\\-and\\-hat\\-to\\-cash\\-rich\\-checks\\-less\\-happy\\-are\\-instead\\-the\\-banks/ \\|title\\=Cdp Equity and Poste Italiane take full control of payment services group SIA. F2i and HAT to cash rich checks. Less happy are instead the banks \\- BeBeez.it}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.unquote.com/southern\\-europe/official\\-record/3017164/f2i\\-hat\\-sell\\-stakes\\-in\\-sia\\-to\\-cdp\\-equity\\-in\\-eur32bn\\-deal \\|title\\=F2i, Hat sell stakes in Sia to CDP Equity in €3\\.2bn deal \\| website\\=Unquote}}",
"In December 2019, through EF Solare, F2i acquired Spanish solar energy company Renovalia, raising its operational renewable energy portfolio to 1GW and becoming European leader of the sector.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.energycentral.com/news/italian\\-investment\\-fund\\-f2i\\-acquires\\-renovalia \\|title\\=Italian investment fund F2i acquires Renovalia \\| website\\=Energy Central}}",
"In April 2020 F2i announced its first investment through the Ania F2i Fund, acquiring a 92\\.5% stake in CFI – Compagnia Ferroviaria Italiana, Italy's third largest freight operator.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.railjournal.com/financial/investment\\-fund\\-takes\\-92\\-5\\-stake\\-in\\-italian\\-freight\\-operator/ \\|title\\=Investment fund takes 92\\.5% stake in Italian freight operator \\- International Railway Journal}}",
"In August 2020 F2i presented its First Integrated Sustainability Report.[Integrated Sustainability Report](https://www.f2isgr.it/static/upload/f2i/f2i_report-esg_integrated-sustainability_executive_summary.pdf)",
"In October 2020, F2i SGR, together with Asterion Industrial Partners, completed the acquisition of Sorgenia, thus creating an integrated provider of [energy transition](/wiki/Energy_transition \"Energy transition\") technologies, with an installed capacity of around 4,800 Megawatts.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://renewablesnow.com/news/f2i\\-asterion\\-conclude\\-acquisition\\-of\\-italian\\-utility\\-sorgenia\\-716384/\\|title\\=F2i, Asterion conclude acquisition of Italian utility Sorgenia \\| website\\=Renewablesnow}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.swfinstitute.org/news/81884/f2i\\-sgr\\-and\\-asterion\\-industrial\\-partners\\-finalize\\-sorgenia\\-transaction \\|title\\=F2i SGR and Asterion Industrial Partners Finalize Sorgenia Transaction \\| website\\=Swfinstitute}}",
"On 23 October 2020 F2i signed an agreement to acquire 80% of Geasar S.p.A., the [Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport](/wiki/Olbia_Costa_Smeralda_Airport \"Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport\") management company, from Alisarda S.p.A.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/italian\\-infrastructure\\-fund\\-f2i\\-buys\\-80\\-in\\-sardinias\\-olbia\\-airport\\-2020\\-10\\-23 \\|title\\=Italian infrastructure fund F2i buys 80% in Sardinia's Olbia airport}}{{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2023}}",
"At the beginning of 2021 F2i signed an agreement for the sale to Crédit Agricole Assurances of a 30% stake in EF Solare Italia, keeping the remaining 70%.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://bebeez.it/2021/01/11/ufficiale\\-credit\\-agricole\\-assurances\\-si\\-compra\\-f2i\\-30\\-delloperatore\\-fotovoltaico\\-ef\\-solare\\-deal\\-600\\-mln\\-euro/ \\|title\\=E' ufficiale, Crédit Agricole Assurances si compra da F2i il 30% dell'operatore fotovoltaico EF Solare. Deal da 600 mln euro \\- BeBeez.it \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 January 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122155414/https://bebeez.it/2021/01/11/ufficiale\\-credit\\-agricole\\-assurances\\-si\\-compra\\-f2i\\-30\\-delloperatore\\-fotovoltaico\\-ef\\-solare\\-deal\\-600\\-mln\\-euro/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.solareb2b.it/credit\\-agricole\\-assurances\\-ef\\-solare/ \\|title\\=Crédit Agricole Assurances acquisisce il 30% dell'operatore FV EF Solare}}",
"It also signed an agreement with Edison for the sale of its stake (70%) in E2i Energie Speciali.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/economia/news/edison\\_acquistato\\_il\\_70\\_di\\_e2i\\_energie\\_speciali\\_e\\_risolta\\_partnership\\_con\\_f2i\\-5700484\\.html \\|title\\=Edison, acquistato il 70% di E2i Energie Speciali e risolta partnership con F2i}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.adnkronos.com/edison\\-compra\\-il\\-70\\-di\\-e2i\\-energie\\-speciali\\_4Tke6B2zkbOd5YKg4QuDlU \\|title\\=Edison compra il 70% di E2i Energie Speciali}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.repubblica.it/economia/rapporti/energitalia/lascossa/2021/01/14/news/edison\\_firmati\\_gli\\_accordi\\_con\\_f2i\\_per\\_l\\_acquisto\\_del\\_70\\_di\\_e2i\\_energie\\_speciali\\_e\\_con\\_2i\\_rete\\_gas\\_per\\_la\\_cessione\\_di\\_infr\\-282496693/ \\|title\\=Edison: accordo con F2I per l'acquisto del 70% di E2I Energie Speciali \\- la Repubblica}}",
"In February 2021, F2i completed the acquisition of 80 per cent of Geasar SpA, the management company of Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport, by F2i Ligantia, thus creating \\- with Alghero \\- the North Sardinia Airport Hub.[Blackrock Infrastructure joins F2i in the acquisition of 80% of the Olbia Costa Smeralda airport](https://bebeez.it/en/private-equity-en/blackrock-infrastructure-joins-f2i-in-the-acquisition-of-80-of-the-olbia-costa-smeralda-airport/), bebeez.it",
"In May 2021, F2i announced the launch of the Sustainable Infrastructure Fund (Fifth Fund), which marks F2i's entry into new areas of focus in its investment strategy with a focus on: energy transition, circular economy, digitalisation and social and health infrastructure. With this transaction, F2i exceeds EUR 6 billion in assets under management.[F2i Sgr announces the Launch of the Fondo per le Infrastrutture Sostenibili](https://www.f2isgr.it/en/media/press-releases/f2i-sgr-annuncia-il-lancio-del-fondo-per-le-infrastrutture-sostenibili.html), f2isgr.it",
"F2i Holding Port in July 2021 acquires CMP, the terminal operator of the port of Monfalcone. The acquisition, to be carried out by FHP, which is controlled by the F2i Third Fund (42%) and the F2i\\-ANIA Fund (58%), consolidates its leadership in the bulk cargo port sector.[F2i acquires Compagnia portuale di Monfalcone from TO Delta Grop](https://www.portseurope.com/f2i-acquires-compagnia-portuale-di-monfalcone-from-to-delta-grop/). Ports Europe",
"In August 2021, F2i \\- through its Sustainable Infrastructure Fund \\- acquired 70% of ReLIfe, the largest private operator active in the reuse and energy recovery of paper and plastic packaging.[F2i, completata acquisizione dell'operatore di economia circolare ReLife](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2021/11/26/f2i-completata-acquisizione-delloperatore-di-economia-circolare-relife/MTE1XzIwMjEtMTEtMjZfVExC), finanza.lastampa.it",
"In the same month, the Group announced the acquisition of Ital Gas Storage, operating in the natural gas storage business, with an initial 51% sale, enriching its portfolio with a further strategic infrastructure for the energy transition.[Italy infrastructure fund F2I clinches deal to buy Ital Gas Storage](https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/italy-infrastructure-fund-f2i-clinches-deal-to-buy-ital-gas-storage-2021-08-10), nasdaq.com",
"In March 2022, F2i announced that it had participated \\- through 2i Aeroporti \\- in the capital increase of Skyports, a leading global operator in the design and management of Vertiports and drone delivery and inspection services.[I fondi F2I e Ardian investono nei vertiporti di Skyports](https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/i-fondi-f2i-e-ardian-investono-vertiporti-skyports-AEh44hNB) \\- Il Sole 24 ORE",
"In May 2022, the Fund reached an agreement to acquire Althea Group Spa, a leading Italian private operator in the integrated management of biomedical infrastructure. The acquisition of Althea is the third investment made in just a few months by F2i on behalf of the Fund for Sustainable Infrastructure.[Althea a new beginning](https://www.althea-group.com/blog/2022/05/11/althea-acquired-by-f2i/), Althea\\-group.com",
"In August 2022, F2i exceeded EUR 7 billion in funding through the launch of its first Infrastructure Debt fund with a target amount of EUR 500 million.[F2i sgr signs first closing for its first infrastructure private debt fund at 310 mln euro and reaches 7 bn euro in total AuM](https://bebeez.it/en/private-debt-en/f2i-sgr-sign-first-closing-for-its-first-infrastructure-private-debt-fund-at-310-mln-euro-and-reaches-7-bn-euro-in-total-aum/), bebeez.com",
"In October 2022, the third Integrated Sustainability Report is presented, highlighting the progress made in environmental, economic and social performance, not only by F2i sgr, but also by its portfolio companies.[F2i Sgr presents its third Consolidated Sustainability Report](https://www.f2isgr.it/en/media/press-releases/f2i-sgr-presenta-il-terzo-rapporto-di-sostenibilita-integrato.html), f2isgr.it",
"F2i sgr's first Infrastructure Debt Fund launched two sustainable investment activities in December 2022\\.[F2i, Infrastructure Debt Fund 1 supporta sviluppo Open Fiber e Falck Renewables](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2022/12/01/f2i-infrastructure-debt-fund-1-supporta-sviluppo-open-fiber-e-falck-renewables/MTczXzIwMjItMTItMDFfVExC), finanza.lastampa.it",
"In March 2023, Nord Sardegna Aeroporti was established, a single management company for the two airports in northern Sardinia, bringing together the management companies of Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport (GEASAR SpA) and Alghero Fertilia Riviera del Corallo Airport (SOGEAAL SpA).[Nasce Nord Sardegna Aeroporti, Olbia e Alghero si uniscono](https://www.ansa.it/sardegna/notizie/2023/03/21/nasce-nord-sardegna-aeroporti-olbia-e-alghero-si-uniscono_89239462-fa63-4a40-802d-eff60b665222.html)",
"In July 2023, IDF1 surpassed the EUR 200 million investment threshold by signing three new financing transactions in strategic sectors, again with a focus on sustainability.[F2i SGR, fondo IDF1 supera 200 milioni di investimenti con tre nuove operazioni](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2023/07/03/f2i-sgr-fondo-idf1-supera-200-milioni-di-investimenti-con-tre-nuove-operazioni/MTM3XzIwMjMtMDctMDNfVExC)",
"In the following month, August 2023, IDF1 carried out a further financing transaction in the same strategic sector to support Veritas Spa's circular economy and water network improvement projects.[F2i, 37 milioni di finanziamento a Veritas per piano investimenti](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2023/08/09/f2i-37-milioni-di-finanziamento-a-veritas-per-piano-investimenti/OTdfMjAyMy0wOC0wOV9UTEI)",
"In November 2023, F2i closing of 3 new transactions in Europe by IDF1, reaching more than €310 million of invested capital in 12 months, which represent 75% of the funds raised to date. The investments are focused on digital infrastructure and sustainable mobility, financing operators active mainly in Central and Western Europe in the sectors of telco towers, data centers and leasing of electric traction railway locomotives. Testo della nota.[F2i, IDF1 supera 310 milioni di capitale investito con tre nuove operazioni](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2023/11/13/f2i-idf1-supera-310-milioni-di-capitale-investito-con-tre-nuove-operazioni/NjFfMjAyMy0xMS0xM19UTEI), La Stampa",
"In December 2023, F2i closed the fundraising of the Sustainable Infrastructure Fund (Fund V), with an endowment of EUR 1\\.563 billion, exceeding the initial target of EUR 1\\.5 billion. The total funding of the five funds managed by F2i thus reaches 7\\.4 billion euros.[F2i, raccolti 1,563 miliardi dal Fondo per le Infrastrutture Sostenibili](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2023/12/19/f2i-raccolti-1-563-miliardi-dal-fondo-per-le-infrastrutture-sostenibili/MTQzXzIwMjMtMTItMTlfVExC), *La Stampa*",
"In order to support anti\\-violence centres and organisations that work in Italy to prevent and combat gender\\-based violence and violence against minors, in January 2024 F2i donated EUR 500,000 to the Una Nessuna Centomila Foundation.\"[F2i, 500 mila euro per i centri antiviolenza di Fondazione Una Nessuna Centomila](https://www.corriere.it/economia/aziende/24_gennaio_09/f2i-500-mila-euro-centri-antiviolenza-fondazione-nessuna-centomila-f2d51330-aefa-11ee-a0bf-e207f02bcbec.shtml#)\", *Corriere*\"[F2i sostiene la Fondazione Una Nessuna Centomila con 500 mila euro](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2024/01/09/f2i-sostiene-la-fondazione-una-nessuna-centomila-con-500-mila-euro/ODNfMjAyNC0wMS0wOV9UTEI)\", *La Stampa*",
"In January 2024 F2i hits the funding target of F2i–Rete Digitale: It will invest 1 billion in NetCo, Tim's national fixed network alongside KKR and Mef.[\"F2i conclude raccolta per fondo che investirà 1 miliardo di euro in NetCo TIM\"](https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2024/01/19/f2i-conclude-raccolta-per-fondo-che-investira-1-miliardo-di-euro-in-netco-tim/ODNfMjAyNC0wMS0xOV9UTEI), *La Stampa*",
""
] |
The meeting itself
------------------
There was a large turnout of Members of Parliament to the meeting, which began at 11 AM on 19 October in the [Carlton Club](/wiki/Carlton_Club "Carlton Club").Michael Kinnear, *The Fall of Lloyd George*, Macmillan, 1973, pp. 124–5\. Many of those arriving at the meeting were still shocked by recently learning of the Newport result. It was noted that Chamberlain was rather coldly received, in contrast to Law and Baldwin."Carlton Club Meeting", *The Times*, 20 October 1922, p. 12\. Although the meeting was private, a report was issued to the press by [Conservative Central Office](/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters "Conservative Campaign Headquarters") immediately after.
According to this report, Chamberlain as chair began by complaining that the "storm of attack and criticism" over the [Chanak Crisis](/wiki/Chanak_Crisis "Chanak Crisis") had weakened Britain's influence and undermined its authority. Chamberlain referred to the imminent general election and the need to unify the party, saying that the Coalition could not continue as it was and a critical decision was needed. Explaining that the real fight was not between Conservative and Liberal but between those who stand for individual freedom and those who are for the socialisation of the state, he asserted that it was not a moment to break with old allies and that it would be impossible to get a majority against the Labour Party without cooperation with the Liberals. He then rejected the idea of "half\-hearted cooperation" in which the Conservatives would split with the Liberals after the election if they were able to form a government on their own. Chamberlain concluded that it would be arbitrary and mad to split from the Liberals "in face of the danger which confronts us".
Chamberlain was followed by [Stanley Baldwin](/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin "Stanley Baldwin"), who put forward the views of the anti\-coalition ministers. He openly threatened to stand as an Independent Conservative in the election if the coalition continued and criticised the decision to call an election without consulting the party. Baldwin referred to the description of Lloyd George as "a dynamic force" and noted that the result of that force was the destruction of his own Liberal Party; he feared that the same destruction would be visited on the Conservative Party in time. As evidence he referred to the fact that both he and Chamberlain were prepared to "go into the wilderness" should the meeting go against them, a division he attributed to Lloyd George personally. This was famously summed up in his phrase: "a dynamic force can be a terrible thing".
Veteran MP Captain [Ernest Pretyman](/wiki/Ernest_George_Pretyman "Ernest George Pretyman") spoke next, opposing the Coalition and asserting that the issues of the day could "best be met by Conservative principles rather than by a Coalition of which many members are very doubtful". Believing that the Conservative Party should come out on its own, he moved a resolution:
{{cquote\|That this meeting of Conservative members of the House of Commons declares its opinion that the Conservative Party, whilst willing to cooperate with Coalition Liberals, fights the election as an independent party, with its own leader and its own programme.}}
The motion was seconded by [George Lane\-Fox](/wiki/George_Lane-Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Bingley "George Lane-Fox, 1st Baron Bingley"), who said that it was impossible for a coalition to have principles. He believed it would be wrong to pretend to the electors that the Conservative Party was independent when it was intended that the Coalition would continue as before. [Frank Mildmay](/wiki/Francis_Bingham_Mildmay%2C_1st_Baron_Mildmay_of_Flete "Francis Bingham Mildmay, 1st Baron Mildmay of Flete") regarded some of the criticism of Lloyd George as unfair and unpatriotic but referred to a previous speech by Chamberlain that declared that the Government should not go into an election as a coalition. He referred to his history as a [Liberal Unionist](/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party "Liberal Unionist Party") and paid tribute to the measures introduced by Conservatives and Liberal Unionists in Coalition governments but appealed for "real true fidelity to the principles" of the [Unionist Party](/wiki/Unionist_Party_%28UK%29 "Unionist Party (UK)"). Sir [Henry Craik](/wiki/Sir_Henry_Craik%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Henry Craik, 1st Baronet") also spoke in support of fighting the election independently, believing the party had not fully exercised its influence in Government.
### Bonar Law
Law then spoke, admitting it was only at the last minute he decided to come to the meeting. He described the idea of the Coalition fighting and winning an election and the Conservatives then asking Lloyd George to resign in favour of Chamberlain as dishonourable since winning the election would be a mandate for Lloyd George. Law had no fear of a Labour Government being elected and thought continuing the Coalition would help Labour by making it the only credible opposition. He then described the split in the Conservative Party in which many members had refused to stand as Coalition supporters and said that carrying out Chamberlain's intentions would repeat what happened when [Robert Peel](/wiki/Robert_Peel "Robert Peel") repealed the [Corn Laws](/wiki/Corn_Laws "Corn Laws"): a split in which "the body that is cast off will slowly become the Conservative Party, but it will take a generation before it gets back to the influence which the party ought to have". He concluded by referring to the replacement of Asquith by Lloyd George because of the loss of confidence in Asquith's ability to win the war and stated that he had the same feeling now about Lloyd George.
One section of Law's speech was suppressed from the official report. In it Law accepted that he was "an opportunist" and that the smashing of the Liberal Party by Lloyd George "did not disturb me a bit".Michael Kinnear, *The Fall of Lloyd George*, Macmillan, 1973, pp. 128–9\.
Law was followed by [the Earl of Balfour](/wiki/Arthur_Balfour "Arthur Balfour"), the former Prime Minister, who made a speech in support of the Coalition. He dismissed the suggestion that Lloyd George was insinuating Liberal principles onto the Conservative ministers and believed that breaking up the Coalition would destroy the machinery that would best tackle future political issues and artificially revive the two\-party system. He concluded by strongly urging the meeting to support its leader, at which there were cries of "Bonar Law!". Colonel Leslie Wilson, the [Chief Whip](/wiki/Chief_Whip "Chief Whip") of the Conservative Party and a junior Minister in the Coalition, said that it would be impossible for any member of the Government to take the course proposed by Chamberlain; if asked at the election whether he would serve under Lloyd George if the Conservatives won a majority, his answer would have to be 'No'.
After [James Fitzalan Hope](/wiki/James_Hope%2C_1st_Baron_Rankeillour "James Hope, 1st Baron Rankeillour") made an attempt to adjourn the meeting until the following day, Sir [A. Shirley Benn](/wiki/Arthur_Shirley_Benn%2C_1st_Baron_Glenravel "Arthur Shirley Benn, 1st Baron Glenravel") spoke of his recollection that the Coalition was to last one Parliament only. [Lord Hugh Cecil](/wiki/Hugh_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Quickswood "Hugh Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood") urged a straight vote on whether there should be a Conservative policy supporting a Conservative Prime Minister, or a Coalition policy supporting Lloyd George. Chamberlain intervened from the Chair to accept that proposition and accepted that Pretyman's motion embodied it. He persuaded James Fitzalan Hope to withdraw his motion for an adjournment and then began to put Pretyman's motion to the vote. [Wilfrid Ashley](/wiki/Wilfrid_Ashley%2C_1st_Baron_Mount_Temple "Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple") quickly intervened to point out that those supporting the motion were in favour of a Conservative Prime Minister and a Conservative government.The source for this section is the official report of the meeting, as printed in *The Times*, 20 October 1922, pp. 8–9\.
|
[
"The meeting itself\n------------------",
"There was a large turnout of Members of Parliament to the meeting, which began at 11 AM on 19 October in the [Carlton Club](/wiki/Carlton_Club \"Carlton Club\").Michael Kinnear, *The Fall of Lloyd George*, Macmillan, 1973, pp. 124–5\\. Many of those arriving at the meeting were still shocked by recently learning of the Newport result. It was noted that Chamberlain was rather coldly received, in contrast to Law and Baldwin.\"Carlton Club Meeting\", *The Times*, 20 October 1922, p. 12\\. Although the meeting was private, a report was issued to the press by [Conservative Central Office](/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters \"Conservative Campaign Headquarters\") immediately after.",
"According to this report, Chamberlain as chair began by complaining that the \"storm of attack and criticism\" over the [Chanak Crisis](/wiki/Chanak_Crisis \"Chanak Crisis\") had weakened Britain's influence and undermined its authority. Chamberlain referred to the imminent general election and the need to unify the party, saying that the Coalition could not continue as it was and a critical decision was needed. Explaining that the real fight was not between Conservative and Liberal but between those who stand for individual freedom and those who are for the socialisation of the state, he asserted that it was not a moment to break with old allies and that it would be impossible to get a majority against the Labour Party without cooperation with the Liberals. He then rejected the idea of \"half\\-hearted cooperation\" in which the Conservatives would split with the Liberals after the election if they were able to form a government on their own. Chamberlain concluded that it would be arbitrary and mad to split from the Liberals \"in face of the danger which confronts us\".",
"Chamberlain was followed by [Stanley Baldwin](/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin \"Stanley Baldwin\"), who put forward the views of the anti\\-coalition ministers. He openly threatened to stand as an Independent Conservative in the election if the coalition continued and criticised the decision to call an election without consulting the party. Baldwin referred to the description of Lloyd George as \"a dynamic force\" and noted that the result of that force was the destruction of his own Liberal Party; he feared that the same destruction would be visited on the Conservative Party in time. As evidence he referred to the fact that both he and Chamberlain were prepared to \"go into the wilderness\" should the meeting go against them, a division he attributed to Lloyd George personally. This was famously summed up in his phrase: \"a dynamic force can be a terrible thing\".",
"Veteran MP Captain [Ernest Pretyman](/wiki/Ernest_George_Pretyman \"Ernest George Pretyman\") spoke next, opposing the Coalition and asserting that the issues of the day could \"best be met by Conservative principles rather than by a Coalition of which many members are very doubtful\". Believing that the Conservative Party should come out on its own, he moved a resolution:",
"{{cquote\\|That this meeting of Conservative members of the House of Commons declares its opinion that the Conservative Party, whilst willing to cooperate with Coalition Liberals, fights the election as an independent party, with its own leader and its own programme.}}",
"The motion was seconded by [George Lane\\-Fox](/wiki/George_Lane-Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Bingley \"George Lane-Fox, 1st Baron Bingley\"), who said that it was impossible for a coalition to have principles. He believed it would be wrong to pretend to the electors that the Conservative Party was independent when it was intended that the Coalition would continue as before. [Frank Mildmay](/wiki/Francis_Bingham_Mildmay%2C_1st_Baron_Mildmay_of_Flete \"Francis Bingham Mildmay, 1st Baron Mildmay of Flete\") regarded some of the criticism of Lloyd George as unfair and unpatriotic but referred to a previous speech by Chamberlain that declared that the Government should not go into an election as a coalition. He referred to his history as a [Liberal Unionist](/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party \"Liberal Unionist Party\") and paid tribute to the measures introduced by Conservatives and Liberal Unionists in Coalition governments but appealed for \"real true fidelity to the principles\" of the [Unionist Party](/wiki/Unionist_Party_%28UK%29 \"Unionist Party (UK)\"). Sir [Henry Craik](/wiki/Sir_Henry_Craik%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Henry Craik, 1st Baronet\") also spoke in support of fighting the election independently, believing the party had not fully exercised its influence in Government.",
"### Bonar Law",
"Law then spoke, admitting it was only at the last minute he decided to come to the meeting. He described the idea of the Coalition fighting and winning an election and the Conservatives then asking Lloyd George to resign in favour of Chamberlain as dishonourable since winning the election would be a mandate for Lloyd George. Law had no fear of a Labour Government being elected and thought continuing the Coalition would help Labour by making it the only credible opposition. He then described the split in the Conservative Party in which many members had refused to stand as Coalition supporters and said that carrying out Chamberlain's intentions would repeat what happened when [Robert Peel](/wiki/Robert_Peel \"Robert Peel\") repealed the [Corn Laws](/wiki/Corn_Laws \"Corn Laws\"): a split in which \"the body that is cast off will slowly become the Conservative Party, but it will take a generation before it gets back to the influence which the party ought to have\". He concluded by referring to the replacement of Asquith by Lloyd George because of the loss of confidence in Asquith's ability to win the war and stated that he had the same feeling now about Lloyd George.",
"One section of Law's speech was suppressed from the official report. In it Law accepted that he was \"an opportunist\" and that the smashing of the Liberal Party by Lloyd George \"did not disturb me a bit\".Michael Kinnear, *The Fall of Lloyd George*, Macmillan, 1973, pp. 128–9\\.",
"Law was followed by [the Earl of Balfour](/wiki/Arthur_Balfour \"Arthur Balfour\"), the former Prime Minister, who made a speech in support of the Coalition. He dismissed the suggestion that Lloyd George was insinuating Liberal principles onto the Conservative ministers and believed that breaking up the Coalition would destroy the machinery that would best tackle future political issues and artificially revive the two\\-party system. He concluded by strongly urging the meeting to support its leader, at which there were cries of \"Bonar Law!\". Colonel Leslie Wilson, the [Chief Whip](/wiki/Chief_Whip \"Chief Whip\") of the Conservative Party and a junior Minister in the Coalition, said that it would be impossible for any member of the Government to take the course proposed by Chamberlain; if asked at the election whether he would serve under Lloyd George if the Conservatives won a majority, his answer would have to be 'No'.",
"After [James Fitzalan Hope](/wiki/James_Hope%2C_1st_Baron_Rankeillour \"James Hope, 1st Baron Rankeillour\") made an attempt to adjourn the meeting until the following day, Sir [A. Shirley Benn](/wiki/Arthur_Shirley_Benn%2C_1st_Baron_Glenravel \"Arthur Shirley Benn, 1st Baron Glenravel\") spoke of his recollection that the Coalition was to last one Parliament only. [Lord Hugh Cecil](/wiki/Hugh_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Quickswood \"Hugh Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood\") urged a straight vote on whether there should be a Conservative policy supporting a Conservative Prime Minister, or a Coalition policy supporting Lloyd George. Chamberlain intervened from the Chair to accept that proposition and accepted that Pretyman's motion embodied it. He persuaded James Fitzalan Hope to withdraw his motion for an adjournment and then began to put Pretyman's motion to the vote. [Wilfrid Ashley](/wiki/Wilfrid_Ashley%2C_1st_Baron_Mount_Temple \"Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple\") quickly intervened to point out that those supporting the motion were in favour of a Conservative Prime Minister and a Conservative government.The source for this section is the official report of the meeting, as printed in *The Times*, 20 October 1922, pp. 8–9\\.",
""
] |
Factors influencing formation and persistence
---------------------------------------------
Whereas hybridization is required for the generation of persistent hybrid genomes, it is not sufficient. For the persistence of hybrid genomes in hybrid species they need to be sufficiently reproductively isolated from their parent species to avoid species fusion. Selection on introgressed variants allows the persistence of hybrid genomes in introgressed lineages. Frequency of hybridization, viability of hybrids, and the ease at which reproductive isolation against the parent species arises or strength of selection to maintain introgressed regions are hence factors influencing the rate of formation of stable hybrid lineages.
Few general conclusions about the relative prevalence of hybridization can be drawn, as sampling is not evenly distributed, even if there is evidence for hybridization in an increasing number of taxa. One pattern that emerges is that hybridization is more frequent in plants where it occurs in 25% of the species, whereas it only occurs in 10% of animal species.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mallet J \| title \= Hybridization as an invasion of the genome \| journal \= Trends in Ecology \& Evolution \| volume \= 20 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 229–37 \| date \= May 2005 \| pmid \= 16701374 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.tree.2005\.02\.010 }} Most plants, as well as many groups of animals, lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Charlesworth D \| title \= Plant Sex Chromosomes \| journal \= Annual Review of Plant Biology \| volume \= 67 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 397–420 \| date \= April 2016 \| pmid \= 26653795 \| doi \= 10\.1146/annurev\-arplant\-043015\-111911 }} The absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes results in slower accumulation of reproductive isolation,{{cite journal \| last\=Rieseberg\|first\=Loren H.\| name\-list\-style \= vanc \|date\=2001\|title\=Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation\|journal\=Trends in Ecology \& Evolution\|volume\=16\|issue\=7\|pages\=351–358\|doi\=10\.1016/s0169\-5347(01\)02187\-5\|pmid\=11403867\|issn\=0169\-5347}}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Levin DA \| title \= The long wait for hybrid sterility in flowering plants \| journal \= The New Phytologist \| volume \= 196 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 666–70 \| date \= November 2012 \| pmid \= 22966819 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1469\-8137\.2012\.04309\.x \| doi\-access \= free }} and may hence enable hybridization between phylogenetically more distant taxa. [Haldane's rule](/wiki/w:Haldane%27s_rule "Haldane's rule"){{cite journal \| last\=Haldane\|first\=J. B. S.\| name\-list\-style \= vanc \|date\=1922\|title\=Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals\|journal\=Journal of Genetics\|language\=en\|volume\=12\|issue\=2\|pages\=101–109\|doi\=10\.1007/BF02983075\|s2cid\=32459333\|issn\=0022\-1333\|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/1428440}} states that "when F1 offspring of two different animal races one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterozygous sex". Empirical evidence supports a role for heteromorphic sex chromosomes in hybrid sterility and inviability. A closely related observation is the large X effect stating that there is a disproportionate contribution of the X/Z\-chromosome in fitness reduction of [heterogametic](/wiki/w:Heterogametic_sex "Heterogametic sex") hybrids. These patterns likely arise as recessive alleles with deleterious effects in hybrids have a stronger impacts on the heterogametic than the homogametic sex, due to [hemizygous](/wiki/w:Zygosity "Zygosity") expression.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Turelli M, Orr HA \| title \= The dominance theory of Haldane's rule \| journal \= Genetics \| volume \= 140 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 389–402 \| date \= May 1995 \| doi \= 10\.1093/genetics/140\.1\.389 \| pmid \= 7635302 \| pmc \= 1206564 }} In taxa with well\-differentiated sex chromosomes, Haldane’s rule has shown to be close to universal, and heteromorphic sex chromosomes show reduced introgression on the X in XY.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Runemark A, Eroukhmanoff F, Nava\-Bolaños A, Hermansen JS, Meier JI \| title \= Hybridization, sex\-specific genomic architecture and local adaptation \| journal \= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences \| volume \= 373 \| issue \= 1757 \| pages \= 20170419 \| date \= October 2018 \| pmid \= 30150218 \| pmc \= 6125728 \| doi \= 10\.1098/rstb.2017\.0419 }} In line with a role for heteromorphic sex chromosomes in constraining hybrid genome formation, elevated differentiation on sex chromosomes has been observed in both ZW and XY systems.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Payseur BA, Rieseberg LH \| title \= A genomic perspective on hybridization and speciation \| journal \= Molecular Ecology \| volume \= 25 \| issue \= 11 \| pages \= 2337–60 \| date \= June 2016 \| pmid \= 26836441 \| pmc \= 4915564 \| doi \= 10\.1111/mec.13557 \| bibcode \= 2016MolEc..25\.2337P }} This pattern may reflect the lower effective population sizes and higher susceptibility to drift on the sex chromosomes,{{cite book\|title\=Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits\|last\=Lynch\|first\=Michael\| name\-list\-style \= vanc \|date\=1998\|publisher\=Sinauer\|others\=Walsh, Bruce, 1957\-\|isbn\=0878934812\|location\=Sunderland, Mass.\|oclc\=37030646}} the elevated frequency of loci involved in reproductive isolation{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Masly JP, Presgraves DC \| title \= High\-resolution genome\-wide dissection of the two rules of speciation in Drosophila \| journal \= PLOS Biology \| volume \= 5 \| issue \= 9 \| pages \= e243 \| date \= September 2007 \| pmid \= 17850182 \| pmc \= 1971125 \| doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pbio.0050243 \| editor\-first \= Nick H \| editor\-last \= Barton \| doi\-access \= free }} and/or the heightened conflict on sex chromosomes.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mank JE, Hosken DJ, Wedell N \| title \= Conflict on the sex chromosomes: cause, effect, and complexity \| journal \= Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology \| volume \= 6 \| issue \= 12 \| pages \= a017715 \| date \= October 2014 \| pmid \= 25280765 \| pmc \= 4292157 \| doi \= 10\.1101/cshperspect.a017715 }} Findings of selection for uniparental inheritance of e.g. mitonuclear loci residing on the Z chromosome in hybrid Italian sparrows is consistent with compatible sex chromosomes being important for the formation of a viable hybrid genomes.
There are also several ecological factors that affect the probability of hybridization. Generally, hybridization is more frequently observed in species with external fertilization including plants but also fishes, than in internally fertilized clades. In plants, high rates of [selfing](/wiki/w:Selfing "Selfing") in some species may prevent hybridization, and breeding system may also affect the frequency of heterospecific pollen transfer.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Brys R, Vanden Broeck A, Mergeay J, Jacquemyn H \| title \= The contribution of mating system variation to reproductive isolation in two closely related Centaurium species (Gentianaceae) with a generalized flower morphology \| journal \= Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution \| volume \= 68 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 1281–93 \| date \= May 2014 \| pmid \= 24372301 \| doi \= 10\.1111/evo.12345 \| doi\-access \= free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Widmer A, Lexer C, Cozzolino S \| title \= Evolution of reproductive isolation in plants \| journal \= Heredity \| volume \= 102 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 31–8 \| date \= January 2009 \| pmid \= 18648386 \| doi \= 10\.1038/hdy.2008\.69 \| doi\-access \= free }} In fungi, hybrids can be generated by ameiotic fusion of cells or hyphae{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Schardl CL, Craven KD \| title \= Interspecific hybridization in plant\-associated fungi and oomycetes: a review \| journal \= Molecular Ecology \| volume \= 12 \| issue \= 11 \| pages \= 2861–73 \| date \= November 2003 \| pmid \= 14629368 \| doi \= 10\.1046/j.1365\-294x.2003\.01965\.x \| bibcode \= 2003MolEc..12\.2861S \| s2cid \= 25879264 \| doi\-access \= free }} in addition to mechanisms available to plants and animals. Such fusion of vegetative cells and subsequent [parasexual](/wiki/w:Parasexual_cycle "Parasexual cycle") mating with mitotic crossover may generate recombined hybrid cells.
For hybrid species to evolve, reproductive isolation against the parent species is required. The ease by which such reproductive isolation arises is thus also important for the rate at which stable hybrid species arise. [Polyploidisation](/wiki/w:Polyploidisation "Polyploidisation") and asexuality are both mechanisms that result in instantaneous isolation and may increase the rate of hybrid lineage formation. The ability to self\-pollinate may also act in favour of stabilising allopolyploid taxa by providing a compatible mate (itself) in the early stages of allopolyploid speciation when rare [cytotypes](/wiki/w:Karyotype "Karyotype") are at a reproductive disadvantage due to inter\-cytotype mating.{{cite journal \| last\=Levin\|first\=Donald A.\| name\-list\-style \= vanc \|date\=1975\|title\=Minority Cytotype Exclusion in Local Plant Populations\|journal\=Taxon\|language\=en\|volume\=24\|issue\=1\|pages\=35–43\|doi\=10\.2307/1218997\|jstor\=1218997}} Selfing is also expected to increase the likelihood of establishment for homoploid hybrids according to a modelling study,{{cite journal \| last1\=McCarthy\|first1\=Eugene M\|last2\=Asmussen\|first2\=Marjorie A\|last3\=Anderson\|first3\=Wyatt W\| name\-list\-style \= vanc \|date\=1995\|title\=A theoretical assessment of recombinational speciation\|journal\=Heredity\|language\=en\|volume\=74\|issue\=5\|pages\=502–509\|doi\=10\.1038/hdy.1995\.71\|issn\=0018\-067X\|doi\-access\=free}} and the higher probability of selfing may contribute to the higher frequency of hybrid species in plants. Fungal hybridization may result in asexual hybrid species, as *Epichloe* fungi where hybrids species are asexual while nonhybrids include both asexual and sexual species.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Charlton ND, Craven KD, Afkhami ME, Hall BA, Ghimire SR, Young CA \| title \= Interspecific hybridization and bioactive alkaloid variation increases diversity in endophytic Epichloë species of Bromus laevipes \| journal \= FEMS Microbiology Ecology \| volume \= 90 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 276–89 \| date \= October 2014 \| pmid \= 25065688 \| doi \= 10\.1111/1574\-6941\.12393 \| bibcode \= 2014FEMME..90\..276C \| doi\-access \= free }} Hybridization between strongly divergent animal taxa may also generate asexual hybrid species, as shown e.g. in the European spined loaches, *Cobitis*,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Janko K, Pačes J, Wilkinson\-Herbots H, Costa RJ, Roslein J, Drozd P, Iakovenko N, Rídl J, Hroudová M, Kočí J, Reifová R, Šlechtová V, Choleva L \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Hybrid asexuality as a primary postzygotic barrier between nascent species: On the interconnection between asexuality, hybridization and speciation \| journal \= Molecular Ecology \| volume \= 27 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 248–263 \| date \= January 2018 \| pmid \= 28987005 \| pmc \= 6849617 \| doi \= 10\.1111/mec.14377 \| bibcode \= 2018MolEc..27\..248J }} and most if not all asexual vertebrate species are of hybrid origin.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Neaves WB, Baumann P \| title \= Unisexual reproduction among vertebrates \| journal \= Trends in Genetics \| volume \= 27 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 81–8 \| date \= March 2011 \| pmid \= 21334090 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.tig.2010\.12\.002 }} Interestingly, Arctic floras harbour an unusually high proportion of allopolyploid plants,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Brochmann C, Brysting AK, Alsos IG, Borgen L, Grundt HH, Scheen AC, Elven R \|date\=2004\|title\=Polyploidy in arctic plants\|journal\=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society\|language\=en\|volume\=82\|issue\=4\|pages\=521–536\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1095\-8312\.2004\.00337\.x\|doi\-access\=free}} suggesting that these hybrid taxa could have an advantage in extreme environments, potentially through reducing the negative effects of inbreeding. Hence both genomic architecture and ecological properties may affect the probability of hybrid species formation.
For introgressed taxa, the strength of selection on introgressed variants decides whether introgressed sections will spread in the population and stable introgressed genomes will be formed. Strong selection for insecticide resistance has been shown to increase introgression of an *Anopheles gambiae* resistance allele into *A. coluzzi* malaria mosquitoes.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Norris LC, Main BJ, Lee Y, Collier TC, Fofana A, Cornel AJ, Lanzaro GC \| title \= Adaptive introgression in an African malaria mosquito coincident with the increased usage of insecticide\-treated bed nets \| journal \= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \| volume \= 112 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 815–20 \| date \= January 2015 \| pmid \= 25561525 \| pmc \= 4311837 \| doi \= 10\.1073/pnas.1418892112 \| bibcode \= 2015PNAS..112\..815N \| doi\-access \= free }} In *Heliconius* butterflies, strong selection on having the locally abundant wing colour patterns repeatedly led to fixation of alleles that introgressed from locally adapted butterflies into newly colonizing species or subspecies. Chances of fixation of beneficial introgressed variants depend on the type and strength of selection on the introgressed variant and linkage with other introgressed variants that are selected against.
|
[
"Factors influencing formation and persistence\n---------------------------------------------",
"Whereas hybridization is required for the generation of persistent hybrid genomes, it is not sufficient. For the persistence of hybrid genomes in hybrid species they need to be sufficiently reproductively isolated from their parent species to avoid species fusion. Selection on introgressed variants allows the persistence of hybrid genomes in introgressed lineages. Frequency of hybridization, viability of hybrids, and the ease at which reproductive isolation against the parent species arises or strength of selection to maintain introgressed regions are hence factors influencing the rate of formation of stable hybrid lineages.",
"Few general conclusions about the relative prevalence of hybridization can be drawn, as sampling is not evenly distributed, even if there is evidence for hybridization in an increasing number of taxa. One pattern that emerges is that hybridization is more frequent in plants where it occurs in 25% of the species, whereas it only occurs in 10% of animal species.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mallet J \\| title \\= Hybridization as an invasion of the genome \\| journal \\= Trends in Ecology \\& Evolution \\| volume \\= 20 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 229–37 \\| date \\= May 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16701374 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.tree.2005\\.02\\.010 }} Most plants, as well as many groups of animals, lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Charlesworth D \\| title \\= Plant Sex Chromosomes \\| journal \\= Annual Review of Plant Biology \\| volume \\= 67 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 397–420 \\| date \\= April 2016 \\| pmid \\= 26653795 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1146/annurev\\-arplant\\-043015\\-111911 }} The absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes results in slower accumulation of reproductive isolation,{{cite journal \\| last\\=Rieseberg\\|first\\=Loren H.\\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\|date\\=2001\\|title\\=Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation\\|journal\\=Trends in Ecology \\& Evolution\\|volume\\=16\\|issue\\=7\\|pages\\=351–358\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s0169\\-5347(01\\)02187\\-5\\|pmid\\=11403867\\|issn\\=0169\\-5347}}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Levin DA \\| title \\= The long wait for hybrid sterility in flowering plants \\| journal \\= The New Phytologist \\| volume \\= 196 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 666–70 \\| date \\= November 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22966819 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1469\\-8137\\.2012\\.04309\\.x \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} and may hence enable hybridization between phylogenetically more distant taxa. [Haldane's rule](/wiki/w:Haldane%27s_rule \"Haldane's rule\"){{cite journal \\| last\\=Haldane\\|first\\=J. B. S.\\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\|date\\=1922\\|title\\=Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals\\|journal\\=Journal of Genetics\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=12\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=101–109\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF02983075\\|s2cid\\=32459333\\|issn\\=0022\\-1333\\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/1428440}} states that \"when F1 offspring of two different animal races one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterozygous sex\". Empirical evidence supports a role for heteromorphic sex chromosomes in hybrid sterility and inviability. A closely related observation is the large X effect stating that there is a disproportionate contribution of the X/Z\\-chromosome in fitness reduction of [heterogametic](/wiki/w:Heterogametic_sex \"Heterogametic sex\") hybrids. These patterns likely arise as recessive alleles with deleterious effects in hybrids have a stronger impacts on the heterogametic than the homogametic sex, due to [hemizygous](/wiki/w:Zygosity \"Zygosity\") expression.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Turelli M, Orr HA \\| title \\= The dominance theory of Haldane's rule \\| journal \\= Genetics \\| volume \\= 140 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 389–402 \\| date \\= May 1995 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/genetics/140\\.1\\.389 \\| pmid \\= 7635302 \\| pmc \\= 1206564 }} In taxa with well\\-differentiated sex chromosomes, Haldane’s rule has shown to be close to universal, and heteromorphic sex chromosomes show reduced introgression on the X in XY.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Runemark A, Eroukhmanoff F, Nava\\-Bolaños A, Hermansen JS, Meier JI \\| title \\= Hybridization, sex\\-specific genomic architecture and local adaptation \\| journal \\= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences \\| volume \\= 373 \\| issue \\= 1757 \\| pages \\= 20170419 \\| date \\= October 2018 \\| pmid \\= 30150218 \\| pmc \\= 6125728 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1098/rstb.2017\\.0419 }} In line with a role for heteromorphic sex chromosomes in constraining hybrid genome formation, elevated differentiation on sex chromosomes has been observed in both ZW and XY systems.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Payseur BA, Rieseberg LH \\| title \\= A genomic perspective on hybridization and speciation \\| journal \\= Molecular Ecology \\| volume \\= 25 \\| issue \\= 11 \\| pages \\= 2337–60 \\| date \\= June 2016 \\| pmid \\= 26836441 \\| pmc \\= 4915564 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/mec.13557 \\| bibcode \\= 2016MolEc..25\\.2337P }} This pattern may reflect the lower effective population sizes and higher susceptibility to drift on the sex chromosomes,{{cite book\\|title\\=Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits\\|last\\=Lynch\\|first\\=Michael\\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\|date\\=1998\\|publisher\\=Sinauer\\|others\\=Walsh, Bruce, 1957\\-\\|isbn\\=0878934812\\|location\\=Sunderland, Mass.\\|oclc\\=37030646}} the elevated frequency of loci involved in reproductive isolation{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Masly JP, Presgraves DC \\| title \\= High\\-resolution genome\\-wide dissection of the two rules of speciation in Drosophila \\| journal \\= PLOS Biology \\| volume \\= 5 \\| issue \\= 9 \\| pages \\= e243 \\| date \\= September 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17850182 \\| pmc \\= 1971125 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pbio.0050243 \\| editor\\-first \\= Nick H \\| editor\\-last \\= Barton \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} and/or the heightened conflict on sex chromosomes.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mank JE, Hosken DJ, Wedell N \\| title \\= Conflict on the sex chromosomes: cause, effect, and complexity \\| journal \\= Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology \\| volume \\= 6 \\| issue \\= 12 \\| pages \\= a017715 \\| date \\= October 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25280765 \\| pmc \\= 4292157 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1101/cshperspect.a017715 }} Findings of selection for uniparental inheritance of e.g. mitonuclear loci residing on the Z chromosome in hybrid Italian sparrows is consistent with compatible sex chromosomes being important for the formation of a viable hybrid genomes.",
"There are also several ecological factors that affect the probability of hybridization. Generally, hybridization is more frequently observed in species with external fertilization including plants but also fishes, than in internally fertilized clades. In plants, high rates of [selfing](/wiki/w:Selfing \"Selfing\") in some species may prevent hybridization, and breeding system may also affect the frequency of heterospecific pollen transfer.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Brys R, Vanden Broeck A, Mergeay J, Jacquemyn H \\| title \\= The contribution of mating system variation to reproductive isolation in two closely related Centaurium species (Gentianaceae) with a generalized flower morphology \\| journal \\= Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution \\| volume \\= 68 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 1281–93 \\| date \\= May 2014 \\| pmid \\= 24372301 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/evo.12345 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Widmer A, Lexer C, Cozzolino S \\| title \\= Evolution of reproductive isolation in plants \\| journal \\= Heredity \\| volume \\= 102 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 31–8 \\| date \\= January 2009 \\| pmid \\= 18648386 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/hdy.2008\\.69 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} In fungi, hybrids can be generated by ameiotic fusion of cells or hyphae{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Schardl CL, Craven KD \\| title \\= Interspecific hybridization in plant\\-associated fungi and oomycetes: a review \\| journal \\= Molecular Ecology \\| volume \\= 12 \\| issue \\= 11 \\| pages \\= 2861–73 \\| date \\= November 2003 \\| pmid \\= 14629368 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1046/j.1365\\-294x.2003\\.01965\\.x \\| bibcode \\= 2003MolEc..12\\.2861S \\| s2cid \\= 25879264 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} in addition to mechanisms available to plants and animals. Such fusion of vegetative cells and subsequent [parasexual](/wiki/w:Parasexual_cycle \"Parasexual cycle\") mating with mitotic crossover may generate recombined hybrid cells.",
"For hybrid species to evolve, reproductive isolation against the parent species is required. The ease by which such reproductive isolation arises is thus also important for the rate at which stable hybrid species arise. [Polyploidisation](/wiki/w:Polyploidisation \"Polyploidisation\") and asexuality are both mechanisms that result in instantaneous isolation and may increase the rate of hybrid lineage formation. The ability to self\\-pollinate may also act in favour of stabilising allopolyploid taxa by providing a compatible mate (itself) in the early stages of allopolyploid speciation when rare [cytotypes](/wiki/w:Karyotype \"Karyotype\") are at a reproductive disadvantage due to inter\\-cytotype mating.{{cite journal \\| last\\=Levin\\|first\\=Donald A.\\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\|date\\=1975\\|title\\=Minority Cytotype Exclusion in Local Plant Populations\\|journal\\=Taxon\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=24\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=35–43\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1218997\\|jstor\\=1218997}} Selfing is also expected to increase the likelihood of establishment for homoploid hybrids according to a modelling study,{{cite journal \\| last1\\=McCarthy\\|first1\\=Eugene M\\|last2\\=Asmussen\\|first2\\=Marjorie A\\|last3\\=Anderson\\|first3\\=Wyatt W\\| name\\-list\\-style \\= vanc \\|date\\=1995\\|title\\=A theoretical assessment of recombinational speciation\\|journal\\=Heredity\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=74\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=502–509\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/hdy.1995\\.71\\|issn\\=0018\\-067X\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} and the higher probability of selfing may contribute to the higher frequency of hybrid species in plants. Fungal hybridization may result in asexual hybrid species, as *Epichloe* fungi where hybrids species are asexual while nonhybrids include both asexual and sexual species.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Charlton ND, Craven KD, Afkhami ME, Hall BA, Ghimire SR, Young CA \\| title \\= Interspecific hybridization and bioactive alkaloid variation increases diversity in endophytic Epichloë species of Bromus laevipes \\| journal \\= FEMS Microbiology Ecology \\| volume \\= 90 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 276–89 \\| date \\= October 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25065688 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/1574\\-6941\\.12393 \\| bibcode \\= 2014FEMME..90\\..276C \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Hybridization between strongly divergent animal taxa may also generate asexual hybrid species, as shown e.g. in the European spined loaches, *Cobitis*,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Janko K, Pačes J, Wilkinson\\-Herbots H, Costa RJ, Roslein J, Drozd P, Iakovenko N, Rídl J, Hroudová M, Kočí J, Reifová R, Šlechtová V, Choleva L \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Hybrid asexuality as a primary postzygotic barrier between nascent species: On the interconnection between asexuality, hybridization and speciation \\| journal \\= Molecular Ecology \\| volume \\= 27 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 248–263 \\| date \\= January 2018 \\| pmid \\= 28987005 \\| pmc \\= 6849617 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/mec.14377 \\| bibcode \\= 2018MolEc..27\\..248J }} and most if not all asexual vertebrate species are of hybrid origin.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Neaves WB, Baumann P \\| title \\= Unisexual reproduction among vertebrates \\| journal \\= Trends in Genetics \\| volume \\= 27 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 81–8 \\| date \\= March 2011 \\| pmid \\= 21334090 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.tig.2010\\.12\\.002 }} Interestingly, Arctic floras harbour an unusually high proportion of allopolyploid plants,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Brochmann C, Brysting AK, Alsos IG, Borgen L, Grundt HH, Scheen AC, Elven R \\|date\\=2004\\|title\\=Polyploidy in arctic plants\\|journal\\=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=82\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=521–536\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1095\\-8312\\.2004\\.00337\\.x\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} suggesting that these hybrid taxa could have an advantage in extreme environments, potentially through reducing the negative effects of inbreeding. Hence both genomic architecture and ecological properties may affect the probability of hybrid species formation.",
"For introgressed taxa, the strength of selection on introgressed variants decides whether introgressed sections will spread in the population and stable introgressed genomes will be formed. Strong selection for insecticide resistance has been shown to increase introgression of an *Anopheles gambiae* resistance allele into *A. coluzzi* malaria mosquitoes.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Norris LC, Main BJ, Lee Y, Collier TC, Fofana A, Cornel AJ, Lanzaro GC \\| title \\= Adaptive introgression in an African malaria mosquito coincident with the increased usage of insecticide\\-treated bed nets \\| journal \\= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \\| volume \\= 112 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 815–20 \\| date \\= January 2015 \\| pmid \\= 25561525 \\| pmc \\= 4311837 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1073/pnas.1418892112 \\| bibcode \\= 2015PNAS..112\\..815N \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} In *Heliconius* butterflies, strong selection on having the locally abundant wing colour patterns repeatedly led to fixation of alleles that introgressed from locally adapted butterflies into newly colonizing species or subspecies. Chances of fixation of beneficial introgressed variants depend on the type and strength of selection on the introgressed variant and linkage with other introgressed variants that are selected against.",
""
] |
Plot
----
{{Long plot\|date\=July 2024}}
In May 1986, cop Ron Hartley of [Cokeville, Wyoming](/wiki/Cokeville%2C_Wyoming "Cokeville, Wyoming"), begins to question his religious beliefs, wondering whether a just God would really allow the atrocities he witnesses in his work to happen. He stops praying and attending church services with his family, which worries his wife, Claudia and his children, Cindy and Jason.
In [Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Tucson%2C_Arizona "Tucson, Arizona"), David Young, former town marshal of Cokeville, tests a homemade bomb on an old bus, completely destroying it. He then expresses his triumph with his second wife, Doris. The two and Young's daughter from his first marriage, Penny, journey to Cokeville, where Young collects supplies to build another bomb and recruits his friends Gerald Deppe and Doyle Mendenhall to help him with the next stage of his plan.
The next day, Ron is called out of town. Meanwhile, Young's group travels to the elementary school and David announces his plan to take the school hostage and blow it up in the deluded belief that he's mathematically calculated how to die and come back to life in a "brave new world" he will control. Deppe and Mendenhall, who had assumed after an earlier demonstration that they would be setting off illegal fireworks, are horrified and refuse to participate. Young handcuffs them and leaves them in his van. Young arms the bomb and he, Doris, and Penny enter the school. When Young starts yelling at a student, Penny confronts him and refuses to help any further. She takes Young's van and drives to the town hall, where she, Deppe, and Medenhall alert the authorities.
At the school, Young takes control of Room 4\. Doris then lures the rest of the school into the room by promising a "surprise". Once all 136 students, including Cindy and Jason, and 18 teachers are inside, Young explains that the bomb is wired to a [dead man's switch](/wiki/Dead_man%27s_switch "Dead man's switch") tied to his wrist, which will detonate the bomb if anything happens to him, and threatens to shoot anyone who tries to leave. He then orders Max Excell (Alan Peterson), the school principal, to call the authorities and deliver his ransom demand: $2,000,000 for each child.
As news about the hostage situation spreads, worried parents and emergency responders gather outside the school. Ron learns about the situation and begins speeding back to Cokeville, aware that every other police officer is also out of town and he is closest. He again questions God's existence, wondering why something like this would be allowed to happen.
Inside the school, gas begins to leak from the bomb, making the children sick from the fumes. The teachers convince Young to let them open the doors and windows for ventilation. They do their best to keep the children quiet and avoid provoking Young, who grows increasingly agitated and unstable, including making a "magic square" of masking tape on the floor to keep the children away from Young and the bomb.
Eventually, Young goes to the bathroom, transferring the dead man's switch to Doris before he leaves. Doris accidentally pulls the switch with a hand gesture, triggering the bomb. The room is set on fire and fills with smoke and shrapnel as shells from Young's guns explode in the heat. The teachers quickly begin evacuating the children through the open doors and windows. Young returns from the bathroom, sees Doris on fire, and shoots her. He also shoots John Miller, a teacher, in the back before retreating to the bathroom and shooting himself. Young and Doris are the only two fatalities of the bombing; everyone else successfully evacuates.
A few days later, Jason and Cindy are recovering well from burns and other minor injuries, but their parents worry that Jason is traumatized and take him to a psychologist. After the visit, Jason confides to Ron and Claudia that there were other people in the room with them, dressed in white — angels. He identifies one of them as his deceased great\-grandmother after being shown a photograph of her and claims she told him the bomb would go off but that everything would be alright.
Ron is doubtful of Jason's story, so Claudia encourages him to look for other evidence. Ron visits other families and learns that their children likewise saw deceased relatives in the room with them shortly before the explosion. He also consults with the school principal and the investigating bomb expert, who explain a number of unlikely coincidences that contributed to everyone making it out safely. Some of the events defy logical explanation, such as wires on the bomb inexplicably being cut before it exploded, no one being hit by flying shrapnel, and the school fire alarms going off with no apparent cause in the days leading up to the bombing. Ron also learns that even though the bomb was designed to explode outward, the force of the blast was largely directed up into the ceiling, which aligns with Jason describing a ring of angels surrounding the bomb and flying upward as it went off.
Even after hearing all this, Ron remains skeptical. The following Sunday, Jason persuades Ron to attend church by refusing to attend unless Ron comes as well. Ron enters the church building, but can't bring himself to attend the meetings, admitting to Claudia that he hates the Youngs for what they did and is glad they're dead. Claudia warns him that he'll lose her and their kids if he lets doubt and anger control his life. Ron then overhears part of a lesson given by their bishop, reminding the congregation that hatred will not help anyone, as well as the children, many of whom were present during the bombing, singing in the youth room. Ron is overcome with emotion and asks God and his family to forgive him for doubting. He resumes praying and attending church.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"{{Long plot\\|date\\=July 2024}}\nIn May 1986, cop Ron Hartley of [Cokeville, Wyoming](/wiki/Cokeville%2C_Wyoming \"Cokeville, Wyoming\"), begins to question his religious beliefs, wondering whether a just God would really allow the atrocities he witnesses in his work to happen. He stops praying and attending church services with his family, which worries his wife, Claudia and his children, Cindy and Jason.",
"In [Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Tucson%2C_Arizona \"Tucson, Arizona\"), David Young, former town marshal of Cokeville, tests a homemade bomb on an old bus, completely destroying it. He then expresses his triumph with his second wife, Doris. The two and Young's daughter from his first marriage, Penny, journey to Cokeville, where Young collects supplies to build another bomb and recruits his friends Gerald Deppe and Doyle Mendenhall to help him with the next stage of his plan.",
"The next day, Ron is called out of town. Meanwhile, Young's group travels to the elementary school and David announces his plan to take the school hostage and blow it up in the deluded belief that he's mathematically calculated how to die and come back to life in a \"brave new world\" he will control. Deppe and Mendenhall, who had assumed after an earlier demonstration that they would be setting off illegal fireworks, are horrified and refuse to participate. Young handcuffs them and leaves them in his van. Young arms the bomb and he, Doris, and Penny enter the school. When Young starts yelling at a student, Penny confronts him and refuses to help any further. She takes Young's van and drives to the town hall, where she, Deppe, and Medenhall alert the authorities.",
"At the school, Young takes control of Room 4\\. Doris then lures the rest of the school into the room by promising a \"surprise\". Once all 136 students, including Cindy and Jason, and 18 teachers are inside, Young explains that the bomb is wired to a [dead man's switch](/wiki/Dead_man%27s_switch \"Dead man's switch\") tied to his wrist, which will detonate the bomb if anything happens to him, and threatens to shoot anyone who tries to leave. He then orders Max Excell (Alan Peterson), the school principal, to call the authorities and deliver his ransom demand: $2,000,000 for each child.",
"As news about the hostage situation spreads, worried parents and emergency responders gather outside the school. Ron learns about the situation and begins speeding back to Cokeville, aware that every other police officer is also out of town and he is closest. He again questions God's existence, wondering why something like this would be allowed to happen.",
"Inside the school, gas begins to leak from the bomb, making the children sick from the fumes. The teachers convince Young to let them open the doors and windows for ventilation. They do their best to keep the children quiet and avoid provoking Young, who grows increasingly agitated and unstable, including making a \"magic square\" of masking tape on the floor to keep the children away from Young and the bomb.",
"Eventually, Young goes to the bathroom, transferring the dead man's switch to Doris before he leaves. Doris accidentally pulls the switch with a hand gesture, triggering the bomb. The room is set on fire and fills with smoke and shrapnel as shells from Young's guns explode in the heat. The teachers quickly begin evacuating the children through the open doors and windows. Young returns from the bathroom, sees Doris on fire, and shoots her. He also shoots John Miller, a teacher, in the back before retreating to the bathroom and shooting himself. Young and Doris are the only two fatalities of the bombing; everyone else successfully evacuates.",
"A few days later, Jason and Cindy are recovering well from burns and other minor injuries, but their parents worry that Jason is traumatized and take him to a psychologist. After the visit, Jason confides to Ron and Claudia that there were other people in the room with them, dressed in white — angels. He identifies one of them as his deceased great\\-grandmother after being shown a photograph of her and claims she told him the bomb would go off but that everything would be alright.",
"Ron is doubtful of Jason's story, so Claudia encourages him to look for other evidence. Ron visits other families and learns that their children likewise saw deceased relatives in the room with them shortly before the explosion. He also consults with the school principal and the investigating bomb expert, who explain a number of unlikely coincidences that contributed to everyone making it out safely. Some of the events defy logical explanation, such as wires on the bomb inexplicably being cut before it exploded, no one being hit by flying shrapnel, and the school fire alarms going off with no apparent cause in the days leading up to the bombing. Ron also learns that even though the bomb was designed to explode outward, the force of the blast was largely directed up into the ceiling, which aligns with Jason describing a ring of angels surrounding the bomb and flying upward as it went off.",
"Even after hearing all this, Ron remains skeptical. The following Sunday, Jason persuades Ron to attend church by refusing to attend unless Ron comes as well. Ron enters the church building, but can't bring himself to attend the meetings, admitting to Claudia that he hates the Youngs for what they did and is glad they're dead. Claudia warns him that he'll lose her and their kids if he lets doubt and anger control his life. Ron then overhears part of a lesson given by their bishop, reminding the congregation that hatred will not help anyone, as well as the children, many of whom were present during the bombing, singing in the youth room. Ron is overcome with emotion and asks God and his family to forgive him for doubting. He resumes praying and attending church.",
""
] |
{{anchor\|Flow control}}Physical interface
------------------------------------------
In RS\-232, user data is sent as a [time\-series](/wiki/Time-series "Time-series") of [bits](/wiki/Bit "Bit"). Both [synchronous](/wiki/Synchronous_serial_communication "Synchronous serial communication") and [asynchronous](/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication "Asynchronous serial communication") transmissions are supported by the standard. In addition to the data circuits, the standard defines a number of control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and DCE. Each data or control circuit only operates in one direction, that is, signaling from a DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse. Because transmit data and receive data are separate circuits, the interface can operate in a [full duplex](/wiki/Full_duplex "Full duplex") manner, supporting concurrent data flow in both directions. The standard does not define character framing within the data stream or character encoding.
### {{anchor\|DSR}}Voltage levels
[thumb\|Diagrammatic oscilloscope trace of voltage levels for an ASCII "K" character (4Bh \= 01001011b) with 1 start bit, 8 data bits (least significant bit first), 1 stop bit. This is typical for start\-stop communications, but the standard does not dictate a character format or bit order.](/wiki/File:Rs232_oscilloscope_trace.svg "Rs232 oscilloscope trace.svg")
[thumb\|RS\-232 data line on the terminals of the receiver side (RxD) probed by an oscilloscope (for an ASCII "K" character (4Bh \= 01001011b) with 1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and no parity bits)](/wiki/File:RS232-UART_Oscilloscope_Screenshot.png "RS232-UART Oscilloscope Screenshot.png")
The RS\-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels for the data transmission and the control signal lines. Valid signals are either in the range of \+3 to \+15 volts or the range −3 to −15 volts with respect to the "Common Ground" (GND) pin; consequently, the range between −3 and \+3 volts is not a valid RS\-232 level. For data transmission lines (TxD, RxD, and their secondary channel equivalents), logic one is represented as a negative voltage and the signal condition is called "mark". Logic zero is signaled with a positive voltage and the signal condition is termed "space". Control signals have the opposite polarity: the asserted or active state is positive voltage and the de\-asserted or inactive state is negative voltage. Examples of control lines include request to send (RTS), clear to send (CTS), [data terminal ready](/wiki/Data_terminal_ready "Data terminal ready") (DTR), and data set ready (DSR).
| \+ RS\-232 logic and voltage levels | Data circuits | Control circuits | Voltage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 (space) | Asserted | \+3 to \+15 V |
| 1 (mark) | Deasserted | −15 to −3 V |
The standard specifies a maximum [open\-circuit voltage](/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage "Open-circuit voltage") of 25 volts: signal levels of ±5 V, ±10 V, ±12 V, and ±15 V are all commonly seen depending on the voltages available to the [line driver](/wiki/Line_driver "Line driver") circuit. Many RS\-232 driver chips have inbuilt [charge pump](/wiki/Charge_pump "Charge pump") circuitry to produce the required voltages from a 3 or 5 volt supply. RS\-232 drivers and receivers must be able to withstand indefinite short circuits to the ground or to any voltage level up to ±25 volts. The [slew rate](/wiki/Slew_rate "Slew rate"), or how fast the signal changes between levels, is also controlled.
Because the voltage levels are higher than logic levels typically used by integrated circuits, special intervening driver circuits are required to translate logic levels. These also protect the device's internal circuitry from short circuits or transients that may appear on the RS\-232 interface, and provide sufficient current to comply with the slew rate requirements for data transmission.
Because both ends of the RS\-232 circuit depend on the ground pin being zero volts, problems will occur when connecting machinery and computers where the voltage between the ground pin on one end, and the ground pin on the other is not zero. This may also cause a hazardous [ground loop](/wiki/Ground_loop_%28electricity%29 "Ground loop (electricity)"). Use of a common ground limits RS\-232 to applications with relatively short cables. If the two devices are far enough apart or on separate power systems, the local ground connections at either end of the cable will have differing voltages; this difference will reduce the noise margin of the signals. Balanced, differential serial connections such as [RS\-422](/wiki/RS-422 "RS-422") or [RS\-485](/wiki/RS-485 "RS-485") can tolerate larger ground voltage differences because of the differential signaling.{{cite web \|author\-last\=Wilson \|author\-first\=Michael R. \|title\=TIA/EIA\-422\-B Overview \|url\=http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN\-1031\.pdf \|work\=Application Note 1031 \|publisher\=\[\[National Semiconductor]] \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-28 \|date\=January 2000 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106194629/http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN\-1031\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2010\-01\-06}}
Unused interface signals terminated to the ground will have an undefined logic state. Where it is necessary to permanently set a control signal to a defined state, it must be connected to a voltage source that asserts the logic 1 or logic 0 levels, for example with a [pull\-up resistor](/wiki/Pull-up_resistor "Pull-up resistor"). Some devices provide test voltages on their interface connectors for this purpose.
### Connectors
RS\-232 devices may be classified as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data Circuit\-terminating Equipment (DCE); this defines at each device which wires will be sending and receiving each signal. According to the standard, male connectors have DTE pin functions, and female connectors have DCE pin functions. Other devices may have any combination of connector gender and pin definitions. Many terminals were manufactured with female connectors but were sold with a cable with male connectors at each end; the terminal with its cable satisfied the recommendations in the standard.
The standard recommends the [D\-subminiature](/wiki/D-subminiature "D-subminiature") 26\-pin connector up to revision C, and makes it mandatory as of revision D. Most devices only implement a few of the twenty signals specified in the standard, so connectors and cables with fewer pins are sufficient for most connections, more compact, and less expensive. Personal computer manufacturers replaced the [DB\-25M](/wiki/DB-25M "DB-25M") connector with the smaller [DE\-9M](/wiki/DE-9M "DE-9M") connector. This connector, with a different pinout (see [Serial port pinouts](/wiki/Serial_port_pinout "Serial port pinout")), is prevalent for personal computers and associated devices.
Presence of a 25\-pin D\-sub connector does not necessarily indicate an RS\-232\-C compliant interface. For example, on the original IBM PC, a male D\-sub was an RS\-232\-C DTE port (with a non\-standard [current loop](/wiki/Current_loop "Current loop") interface on reserved pins), but the female D\-sub connector on the same PC model was used for the [parallel "Centronics" printer port](/wiki/Parallel_port%23Centronics "Parallel port#Centronics"). Some personal computers put non\-standard voltages or signals on some pins of their serial ports.
### Cables
{{main\|Serial cable}}
The standard does not define a maximum cable length, but instead defines the maximum capacitance that a compliant drive circuit must tolerate. A widely used rule of thumb indicates that cables more than {{convert\|15\|m\|abbr\=on\|\-1}} long will have too much capacitance, unless special cables are used. By using low\-capacitance cables, communication can be maintained over larger distances up to about {{convert\|300\|m\|abbr\=on\|\-2}}.{{cite web \|url\=http://aplawrence.com/Unixart/serial.art.html \|title\=Serial Wiring \|date\=1992 \|work\=A. P. Lawrence \|author\-last\=Lawrence \|author\-first\=Tony \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-28}} For longer distances, other signal standards, such as [RS\-422](/wiki/RS-422 "RS-422"), are better suited for higher speeds.
Since the standard definitions are not always correctly applied, it is often necessary to consult documentation, test connections with a [breakout box](/wiki/Breakout_box "Breakout box"), or use trial and error to find a cable that works when interconnecting two devices. Connecting a fully standard\-compliant DCE device and DTE device would use a cable that connects identical pin numbers in each connector (a so\-called "straight cable"). "[Gender changers](/wiki/Gender_changer "Gender changer")" are available to solve gender mismatches between cables and connectors. Connecting devices with different types of connectors requires a cable that connects the corresponding pins according to the table below. Cables with 9 pins on one end and 25 on the other are common. Manufacturers of equipment with [8P8C](/wiki/8P8C "8P8C") connectors usually provide a cable with either a DB\-25 or DE\-9 connector (or sometimes interchangeable connectors so they can work with multiple devices). Poor\-quality cables can cause false signals by [crosstalk](/wiki/Crosstalk "Crosstalk") between data and control lines (such as [Ring Indicator](/wiki/%23RI "#RI")).
If a given cable will not allow a data connection, especially if a [gender changer](/wiki/Gender_changer "Gender changer") is in use, a [null modem](/wiki/Null_modem "Null modem") cable may be necessary. Gender changers and null modem cables are not mentioned in the standard, so there is no officially sanctioned design for them.
|
[
"{{anchor\\|Flow control}}Physical interface\n------------------------------------------",
"In RS\\-232, user data is sent as a [time\\-series](/wiki/Time-series \"Time-series\") of [bits](/wiki/Bit \"Bit\"). Both [synchronous](/wiki/Synchronous_serial_communication \"Synchronous serial communication\") and [asynchronous](/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication \"Asynchronous serial communication\") transmissions are supported by the standard. In addition to the data circuits, the standard defines a number of control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and DCE. Each data or control circuit only operates in one direction, that is, signaling from a DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse. Because transmit data and receive data are separate circuits, the interface can operate in a [full duplex](/wiki/Full_duplex \"Full duplex\") manner, supporting concurrent data flow in both directions. The standard does not define character framing within the data stream or character encoding.",
"### {{anchor\\|DSR}}Voltage levels",
"[thumb\\|Diagrammatic oscilloscope trace of voltage levels for an ASCII \"K\" character (4Bh \\= 01001011b) with 1 start bit, 8 data bits (least significant bit first), 1 stop bit. This is typical for start\\-stop communications, but the standard does not dictate a character format or bit order.](/wiki/File:Rs232_oscilloscope_trace.svg \"Rs232 oscilloscope trace.svg\")\n[thumb\\|RS\\-232 data line on the terminals of the receiver side (RxD) probed by an oscilloscope (for an ASCII \"K\" character (4Bh \\= 01001011b) with 1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and no parity bits)](/wiki/File:RS232-UART_Oscilloscope_Screenshot.png \"RS232-UART Oscilloscope Screenshot.png\")",
"The RS\\-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels for the data transmission and the control signal lines. Valid signals are either in the range of \\+3 to \\+15 volts or the range −3 to −15 volts with respect to the \"Common Ground\" (GND) pin; consequently, the range between −3 and \\+3 volts is not a valid RS\\-232 level. For data transmission lines (TxD, RxD, and their secondary channel equivalents), logic one is represented as a negative voltage and the signal condition is called \"mark\". Logic zero is signaled with a positive voltage and the signal condition is termed \"space\". Control signals have the opposite polarity: the asserted or active state is positive voltage and the de\\-asserted or inactive state is negative voltage. Examples of control lines include request to send (RTS), clear to send (CTS), [data terminal ready](/wiki/Data_terminal_ready \"Data terminal ready\") (DTR), and data set ready (DSR).",
"",
"| \\+ RS\\-232 logic and voltage levels | Data circuits | Control circuits | Voltage |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 0 (space) | Asserted | \\+3 to \\+15 V |\n| 1 (mark) | Deasserted | −15 to −3 V |",
"The standard specifies a maximum [open\\-circuit voltage](/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage \"Open-circuit voltage\") of 25 volts: signal levels of ±5 V, ±10 V, ±12 V, and ±15 V are all commonly seen depending on the voltages available to the [line driver](/wiki/Line_driver \"Line driver\") circuit. Many RS\\-232 driver chips have inbuilt [charge pump](/wiki/Charge_pump \"Charge pump\") circuitry to produce the required voltages from a 3 or 5 volt supply. RS\\-232 drivers and receivers must be able to withstand indefinite short circuits to the ground or to any voltage level up to ±25 volts. The [slew rate](/wiki/Slew_rate \"Slew rate\"), or how fast the signal changes between levels, is also controlled.",
"Because the voltage levels are higher than logic levels typically used by integrated circuits, special intervening driver circuits are required to translate logic levels. These also protect the device's internal circuitry from short circuits or transients that may appear on the RS\\-232 interface, and provide sufficient current to comply with the slew rate requirements for data transmission.",
"Because both ends of the RS\\-232 circuit depend on the ground pin being zero volts, problems will occur when connecting machinery and computers where the voltage between the ground pin on one end, and the ground pin on the other is not zero. This may also cause a hazardous [ground loop](/wiki/Ground_loop_%28electricity%29 \"Ground loop (electricity)\"). Use of a common ground limits RS\\-232 to applications with relatively short cables. If the two devices are far enough apart or on separate power systems, the local ground connections at either end of the cable will have differing voltages; this difference will reduce the noise margin of the signals. Balanced, differential serial connections such as [RS\\-422](/wiki/RS-422 \"RS-422\") or [RS\\-485](/wiki/RS-485 \"RS-485\") can tolerate larger ground voltage differences because of the differential signaling.{{cite web \\|author\\-last\\=Wilson \\|author\\-first\\=Michael R. \\|title\\=TIA/EIA\\-422\\-B Overview \\|url\\=http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN\\-1031\\.pdf \\|work\\=Application Note 1031 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Semiconductor]] \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-28 \\|date\\=January 2000 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106194629/http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN\\-1031\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-06}}",
"Unused interface signals terminated to the ground will have an undefined logic state. Where it is necessary to permanently set a control signal to a defined state, it must be connected to a voltage source that asserts the logic 1 or logic 0 levels, for example with a [pull\\-up resistor](/wiki/Pull-up_resistor \"Pull-up resistor\"). Some devices provide test voltages on their interface connectors for this purpose.",
"### Connectors",
"RS\\-232 devices may be classified as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data Circuit\\-terminating Equipment (DCE); this defines at each device which wires will be sending and receiving each signal. According to the standard, male connectors have DTE pin functions, and female connectors have DCE pin functions. Other devices may have any combination of connector gender and pin definitions. Many terminals were manufactured with female connectors but were sold with a cable with male connectors at each end; the terminal with its cable satisfied the recommendations in the standard.",
"The standard recommends the [D\\-subminiature](/wiki/D-subminiature \"D-subminiature\") 26\\-pin connector up to revision C, and makes it mandatory as of revision D. Most devices only implement a few of the twenty signals specified in the standard, so connectors and cables with fewer pins are sufficient for most connections, more compact, and less expensive. Personal computer manufacturers replaced the [DB\\-25M](/wiki/DB-25M \"DB-25M\") connector with the smaller [DE\\-9M](/wiki/DE-9M \"DE-9M\") connector. This connector, with a different pinout (see [Serial port pinouts](/wiki/Serial_port_pinout \"Serial port pinout\")), is prevalent for personal computers and associated devices.",
"Presence of a 25\\-pin D\\-sub connector does not necessarily indicate an RS\\-232\\-C compliant interface. For example, on the original IBM PC, a male D\\-sub was an RS\\-232\\-C DTE port (with a non\\-standard [current loop](/wiki/Current_loop \"Current loop\") interface on reserved pins), but the female D\\-sub connector on the same PC model was used for the [parallel \"Centronics\" printer port](/wiki/Parallel_port%23Centronics \"Parallel port#Centronics\"). Some personal computers put non\\-standard voltages or signals on some pins of their serial ports.",
"### Cables",
"{{main\\|Serial cable}}",
"The standard does not define a maximum cable length, but instead defines the maximum capacitance that a compliant drive circuit must tolerate. A widely used rule of thumb indicates that cables more than {{convert\\|15\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|\\-1}} long will have too much capacitance, unless special cables are used. By using low\\-capacitance cables, communication can be maintained over larger distances up to about {{convert\\|300\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|\\-2}}.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://aplawrence.com/Unixart/serial.art.html \\|title\\=Serial Wiring \\|date\\=1992 \\|work\\=A. P. Lawrence \\|author\\-last\\=Lawrence \\|author\\-first\\=Tony \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-28}} For longer distances, other signal standards, such as [RS\\-422](/wiki/RS-422 \"RS-422\"), are better suited for higher speeds.",
"Since the standard definitions are not always correctly applied, it is often necessary to consult documentation, test connections with a [breakout box](/wiki/Breakout_box \"Breakout box\"), or use trial and error to find a cable that works when interconnecting two devices. Connecting a fully standard\\-compliant DCE device and DTE device would use a cable that connects identical pin numbers in each connector (a so\\-called \"straight cable\"). \"[Gender changers](/wiki/Gender_changer \"Gender changer\")\" are available to solve gender mismatches between cables and connectors. Connecting devices with different types of connectors requires a cable that connects the corresponding pins according to the table below. Cables with 9 pins on one end and 25 on the other are common. Manufacturers of equipment with [8P8C](/wiki/8P8C \"8P8C\") connectors usually provide a cable with either a DB\\-25 or DE\\-9 connector (or sometimes interchangeable connectors so they can work with multiple devices). Poor\\-quality cables can cause false signals by [crosstalk](/wiki/Crosstalk \"Crosstalk\") between data and control lines (such as [Ring Indicator](/wiki/%23RI \"#RI\")).",
"If a given cable will not allow a data connection, especially if a [gender changer](/wiki/Gender_changer \"Gender changer\") is in use, a [null modem](/wiki/Null_modem \"Null modem\") cable may be necessary. Gender changers and null modem cables are not mentioned in the standard, so there is no officially sanctioned design for them.",
""
] |
Data and control signals
------------------------
[thumb\|Male pinout of a 9\-pin (D\-subminiature, DE\-9\) serial port commonly found on 1990s computers](/wiki/File:CAN_Connecteur.svg "CAN Connecteur.svg")
[thumb\|Male pinout of a 25\-pin serial port (D\-subminiature, DB\-25\) commonly found on 1980s computers](/wiki/File:DB-25_male.svg "DB-25 male.svg")
The following table lists commonly used RS\-232 signals (called "circuits" in the specifications) and their pin assignments on the recommended DB\-25 connectors{{cite web \|url\=https://pinoutguide.com/SerialPorts/RS232\_pinout.shtml \|title\=Serial (PC 25\) \|work\=Pinout Guide}} (see [Serial port pinouts](/wiki/Serial_port_pinout "Serial port pinout") for other commonly used connectors not defined by the standard).
| Circuit | | | Direction | | [DB\-25](/wiki/DB-25 "DB-25") pin | [DE\-9](/wiki/DE-9 "DE-9") pin (TIA\-574\) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Typical purpose | Abbreviation | DTE | DCE |
| [Data Terminal Ready](/wiki/Data_Terminal_Ready "Data Terminal Ready") | DTE is ready to receive, initiate, or continue a call. | DTR | Out | In | 20 | 4 |
| [Data Carrier Detect](/wiki/Data_Carrier_Detect "Data Carrier Detect") | DCE is receiving a carrier from a remote DCE. | DCD | In | Out | 8 | 1 |
| Data Set Ready | DCE is ready to receive and send data. | DSR | In | Out | 6 | 6 |
| Ring Indicator | DCE has detected an incoming ring signal on the telephone line. | RI | In | Out | 22 | 9 |
| Request To Send | DTE requests the DCE prepare to transmit data. | RTS | Out | In | 4 | 7 |
| Ready To Receive | DTE is ready to receive data from DCE. If in use, RTS is assumed to be always asserted. | RTR | Out | In | 4 | 7 |
| Clear To Send | DCE is ready to accept data from the DTE. | CTS | In | Out | 5 | 8 |
| Transmitted Data | Carries data from DTE to DCE. | TxD | Out | In | 2 | 3 |
| Received Data | Carries data from DCE to DTE. | RxD | In | Out | 3 | 2 |
| Common Ground | Zero voltage reference for all of the above. | GND | Common | | 7 | 5 |
| Protective Ground | Connected to chassis ground. | PG | Common | | 1 | {{n/a}} |
The signals are named from the standpoint of the DTE. [The ground pin is a common return](/wiki/Single-ended_signaling "Single-ended signaling") for the other connections, and establishes the "zero" voltage to which voltages on the other pins are referenced. The DB\-25 connector includes a second "protective ground" on pin 1; this is connected internally to equipment frame ground, and should not be connected in the cable or connector to signal ground.
### {{anchor\|RI}}Ring Indicator
[thumb\|right\|[USRobotics](/wiki/USRobotics "USRobotics") Courier external modem had a [DB\-25](/wiki/DB-25 "DB-25") connector that used the Ring Indicator signal to notify the host computer when the connected [telephone line](/wiki/Telephone_line "Telephone line") was ringing](/wiki/File:Modem_US_Robotics_Courier_Dual_Standard.jpg "Modem US Robotics Courier Dual Standard.jpg")
*Ring Indicator* (RI) is a signal sent from the DCE to the DTE device. It indicates to the terminal device that the phone line is ringing. In many computer serial ports, a [hardware interrupt](/wiki/Hardware_interrupt "Hardware interrupt") is generated when the RI signal changes state. Having support for this hardware interrupt means that a program or operating system can be informed of a change in state of the RI pin, without requiring the software to constantly "poll" the state of the pin. RI does not correspond to another signal that carries similar information the opposite way.
On an external modem the status of the Ring Indicator pin is often coupled to the "AA" (auto answer) light, which flashes if the RI signal has detected a ring. The asserted RI signal follows the ringing pattern closely, which can permit software to detect [distinctive ring](/wiki/Distinctive_ring "Distinctive ring") patterns.
The Ring Indicator signal is used by some older [uninterruptible power supplies](/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supplies "Uninterruptible power supplies") (UPSs) to signal a power failure state to the computer.
Certain personal computers can be configured for [wake\-on\-ring](/wiki/Wake-on-ring "Wake-on-ring"), allowing a computer that is suspended to answer a phone call.
### RTS, CTS, and RTR
{{further\|Flow control (data)\#Hardware flow control}}
The Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS) signals were originally defined for use with half\-duplex (one direction at a time) modems such as the [Bell 202](/wiki/Bell_202 "Bell 202"). These modems disable their transmitters when not required and must transmit a synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re\-enabled. The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a desire to transmit to the DCE, and in response the DCE asserts CTS to grant permission, once synchronization with the DCE at the far end is achieved. Such modems are no longer in common use. There is no corresponding signal that the DTE could use to temporarily halt incoming data from the DCE. Thus RS\-232's use of the RTS and CTS signals, per the older versions of the standard, is asymmetric.
This scheme is also employed in present\-day RS\-232 to [RS\-485](/wiki/RS-485 "RS-485") converters. RS\-485 is a multiple\-access bus on which only one device can transmit at a time, a concept that is not provided for in RS\-232\. The RS\-232 device asserts RTS to tell the converter to take control of the RS\-485 bus so that the converter, and thus the RS\-232 device, can send data onto the bus.
Modern communications environments use full\-duplex (both directions simultaneously) modems. In that environment, DTEs have no reason to deassert RTS. However, due to the possibility of changing line quality, delays in processing of data, etc., there is a need for symmetric, bidirectional [flow control](/wiki/Flow_control_%28data%29 "Flow control (data)").
A symmetric alternative providing flow control in both directions was developed and marketed in the late 1980s by various equipment manufacturers. It redefined the RTS signal to mean that the DTE is ready to receive data from the DCE. This scheme was eventually codified in version RS\-232\-E (actually TIA\-232\-E by that time) by defining a new signal, "RTR (Ready to Receive)", which is CCITT V.24 circuit 133\. TIA\-232\-E and the corresponding international standards were updated to show that circuit 133, when implemented, shares the same pin as RTS (Request to Send), and that when 133 is in use, RTS is assumed by the DCE to be asserted at all times.{{cite newsgroup \|title\=Re: EIA\-232 full duplex RTS/CTS flow control standard proposal \|author\-first\=Casey \|author\-last\=Leedom \|date\=1990\-02\-20 \|newsgroup\=comp.dcom.modems \|message\-id\=49249@lll\-winken.LLNL.GOV \|url\=http://groups.google.com/group/comp.dcom.modems/msg/39042605325cc765?dmode\=source \|access\-date\=2014\-02\-03}}
In this scheme, commonly called "RTS/CTS flow control" or "RTS/CTS handshaking" (though the technically correct name would be "RTR/CTS"), the DTE asserts RTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DCE, and the DCE asserts CTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DTE. Unlike the original use of RTS and CTS with half\-duplex modems, these two signals operate independently from one another. This is an example of [hardware flow control](/wiki/Hardware_flow_control "Hardware flow control"). However, "hardware flow control" in the description of the options available on an RS\-232\-equipped device does not always mean RTS/CTS handshaking.
Equipment using this protocol must be prepared to buffer some extra data, since the remote system may have begun transmitting just before the local system de\-asserts RTR.
### 3\-wire and 5\-wire RS\-232
A minimal "3\-wire" RS\-232 connection consisting only of transmit data, receive data, and ground, is commonly used when the full facilities of RS\-232 are not required. Even a two\-wire connection (data and ground) can be used if the data flow is one way (for example, a digital postal scale that periodically sends a weight reading, or a GPS receiver that periodically sends position, if no configuration via RS\-232 is necessary). When only hardware flow control is required in addition to two\-way data, the RTS and CTS lines are added in a 5\-wire version.
|
[
"Data and control signals\n------------------------",
"[thumb\\|Male pinout of a 9\\-pin (D\\-subminiature, DE\\-9\\) serial port commonly found on 1990s computers](/wiki/File:CAN_Connecteur.svg \"CAN Connecteur.svg\")\n[thumb\\|Male pinout of a 25\\-pin serial port (D\\-subminiature, DB\\-25\\) commonly found on 1980s computers](/wiki/File:DB-25_male.svg \"DB-25 male.svg\")\nThe following table lists commonly used RS\\-232 signals (called \"circuits\" in the specifications) and their pin assignments on the recommended DB\\-25 connectors{{cite web \\|url\\=https://pinoutguide.com/SerialPorts/RS232\\_pinout.shtml \\|title\\=Serial (PC 25\\) \\|work\\=Pinout Guide}} (see [Serial port pinouts](/wiki/Serial_port_pinout \"Serial port pinout\") for other commonly used connectors not defined by the standard).",
"| Circuit | | | Direction | | [DB\\-25](/wiki/DB-25 \"DB-25\") pin | [DE\\-9](/wiki/DE-9 \"DE-9\") pin (TIA\\-574\\) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Name | Typical purpose | Abbreviation | DTE | DCE |\n| [Data Terminal Ready](/wiki/Data_Terminal_Ready \"Data Terminal Ready\") | DTE is ready to receive, initiate, or continue a call. | DTR | Out | In | 20 | 4 |\n| [Data Carrier Detect](/wiki/Data_Carrier_Detect \"Data Carrier Detect\") | DCE is receiving a carrier from a remote DCE. | DCD | In | Out | 8 | 1 |\n| Data Set Ready | DCE is ready to receive and send data. | DSR | In | Out | 6 | 6 |\n| Ring Indicator | DCE has detected an incoming ring signal on the telephone line. | RI | In | Out | 22 | 9 |\n| Request To Send | DTE requests the DCE prepare to transmit data. | RTS | Out | In | 4 | 7 |\n| Ready To Receive | DTE is ready to receive data from DCE. If in use, RTS is assumed to be always asserted. | RTR | Out | In | 4 | 7 |\n| Clear To Send | DCE is ready to accept data from the DTE. | CTS | In | Out | 5 | 8 |\n| Transmitted Data | Carries data from DTE to DCE. | TxD | Out | In | 2 | 3 |\n| Received Data | Carries data from DCE to DTE. | RxD | In | Out | 3 | 2 |\n| Common Ground | Zero voltage reference for all of the above. | GND | Common | | 7 | 5 |\n| Protective Ground | Connected to chassis ground. | PG | Common | | 1 | {{n/a}} |",
"",
"The signals are named from the standpoint of the DTE. [The ground pin is a common return](/wiki/Single-ended_signaling \"Single-ended signaling\") for the other connections, and establishes the \"zero\" voltage to which voltages on the other pins are referenced. The DB\\-25 connector includes a second \"protective ground\" on pin 1; this is connected internally to equipment frame ground, and should not be connected in the cable or connector to signal ground.",
"### {{anchor\\|RI}}Ring Indicator",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[USRobotics](/wiki/USRobotics \"USRobotics\") Courier external modem had a [DB\\-25](/wiki/DB-25 \"DB-25\") connector that used the Ring Indicator signal to notify the host computer when the connected [telephone line](/wiki/Telephone_line \"Telephone line\") was ringing](/wiki/File:Modem_US_Robotics_Courier_Dual_Standard.jpg \"Modem US Robotics Courier Dual Standard.jpg\")\n*Ring Indicator* (RI) is a signal sent from the DCE to the DTE device. It indicates to the terminal device that the phone line is ringing. In many computer serial ports, a [hardware interrupt](/wiki/Hardware_interrupt \"Hardware interrupt\") is generated when the RI signal changes state. Having support for this hardware interrupt means that a program or operating system can be informed of a change in state of the RI pin, without requiring the software to constantly \"poll\" the state of the pin. RI does not correspond to another signal that carries similar information the opposite way.",
"On an external modem the status of the Ring Indicator pin is often coupled to the \"AA\" (auto answer) light, which flashes if the RI signal has detected a ring. The asserted RI signal follows the ringing pattern closely, which can permit software to detect [distinctive ring](/wiki/Distinctive_ring \"Distinctive ring\") patterns.",
"The Ring Indicator signal is used by some older [uninterruptible power supplies](/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supplies \"Uninterruptible power supplies\") (UPSs) to signal a power failure state to the computer.",
"Certain personal computers can be configured for [wake\\-on\\-ring](/wiki/Wake-on-ring \"Wake-on-ring\"), allowing a computer that is suspended to answer a phone call.",
"### RTS, CTS, and RTR",
"{{further\\|Flow control (data)\\#Hardware flow control}}",
"The Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS) signals were originally defined for use with half\\-duplex (one direction at a time) modems such as the [Bell 202](/wiki/Bell_202 \"Bell 202\"). These modems disable their transmitters when not required and must transmit a synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re\\-enabled. The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a desire to transmit to the DCE, and in response the DCE asserts CTS to grant permission, once synchronization with the DCE at the far end is achieved. Such modems are no longer in common use. There is no corresponding signal that the DTE could use to temporarily halt incoming data from the DCE. Thus RS\\-232's use of the RTS and CTS signals, per the older versions of the standard, is asymmetric.",
"This scheme is also employed in present\\-day RS\\-232 to [RS\\-485](/wiki/RS-485 \"RS-485\") converters. RS\\-485 is a multiple\\-access bus on which only one device can transmit at a time, a concept that is not provided for in RS\\-232\\. The RS\\-232 device asserts RTS to tell the converter to take control of the RS\\-485 bus so that the converter, and thus the RS\\-232 device, can send data onto the bus.",
"Modern communications environments use full\\-duplex (both directions simultaneously) modems. In that environment, DTEs have no reason to deassert RTS. However, due to the possibility of changing line quality, delays in processing of data, etc., there is a need for symmetric, bidirectional [flow control](/wiki/Flow_control_%28data%29 \"Flow control (data)\").",
"A symmetric alternative providing flow control in both directions was developed and marketed in the late 1980s by various equipment manufacturers. It redefined the RTS signal to mean that the DTE is ready to receive data from the DCE. This scheme was eventually codified in version RS\\-232\\-E (actually TIA\\-232\\-E by that time) by defining a new signal, \"RTR (Ready to Receive)\", which is CCITT V.24 circuit 133\\. TIA\\-232\\-E and the corresponding international standards were updated to show that circuit 133, when implemented, shares the same pin as RTS (Request to Send), and that when 133 is in use, RTS is assumed by the DCE to be asserted at all times.{{cite newsgroup \\|title\\=Re: EIA\\-232 full duplex RTS/CTS flow control standard proposal \\|author\\-first\\=Casey \\|author\\-last\\=Leedom \\|date\\=1990\\-02\\-20 \\|newsgroup\\=comp.dcom.modems \\|message\\-id\\=49249@lll\\-winken.LLNL.GOV \\|url\\=http://groups.google.com/group/comp.dcom.modems/msg/39042605325cc765?dmode\\=source \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-02\\-03}}",
"In this scheme, commonly called \"RTS/CTS flow control\" or \"RTS/CTS handshaking\" (though the technically correct name would be \"RTR/CTS\"), the DTE asserts RTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DCE, and the DCE asserts CTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DTE. Unlike the original use of RTS and CTS with half\\-duplex modems, these two signals operate independently from one another. This is an example of [hardware flow control](/wiki/Hardware_flow_control \"Hardware flow control\"). However, \"hardware flow control\" in the description of the options available on an RS\\-232\\-equipped device does not always mean RTS/CTS handshaking.",
"Equipment using this protocol must be prepared to buffer some extra data, since the remote system may have begun transmitting just before the local system de\\-asserts RTR.",
"### 3\\-wire and 5\\-wire RS\\-232",
"A minimal \"3\\-wire\" RS\\-232 connection consisting only of transmit data, receive data, and ground, is commonly used when the full facilities of RS\\-232 are not required. Even a two\\-wire connection (data and ground) can be used if the data flow is one way (for example, a digital postal scale that periodically sends a weight reading, or a GPS receiver that periodically sends position, if no configuration via RS\\-232 is necessary). When only hardware flow control is required in addition to two\\-way data, the RTS and CTS lines are added in a 5\\-wire version.",
""
] |
### RTS, CTS, and RTR
{{further\|Flow control (data)\#Hardware flow control}}
The Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS) signals were originally defined for use with half\-duplex (one direction at a time) modems such as the [Bell 202](/wiki/Bell_202 "Bell 202"). These modems disable their transmitters when not required and must transmit a synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re\-enabled. The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a desire to transmit to the DCE, and in response the DCE asserts CTS to grant permission, once synchronization with the DCE at the far end is achieved. Such modems are no longer in common use. There is no corresponding signal that the DTE could use to temporarily halt incoming data from the DCE. Thus RS\-232's use of the RTS and CTS signals, per the older versions of the standard, is asymmetric.
This scheme is also employed in present\-day RS\-232 to [RS\-485](/wiki/RS-485 "RS-485") converters. RS\-485 is a multiple\-access bus on which only one device can transmit at a time, a concept that is not provided for in RS\-232\. The RS\-232 device asserts RTS to tell the converter to take control of the RS\-485 bus so that the converter, and thus the RS\-232 device, can send data onto the bus.
Modern communications environments use full\-duplex (both directions simultaneously) modems. In that environment, DTEs have no reason to deassert RTS. However, due to the possibility of changing line quality, delays in processing of data, etc., there is a need for symmetric, bidirectional [flow control](/wiki/Flow_control_%28data%29 "Flow control (data)").
A symmetric alternative providing flow control in both directions was developed and marketed in the late 1980s by various equipment manufacturers. It redefined the RTS signal to mean that the DTE is ready to receive data from the DCE. This scheme was eventually codified in version RS\-232\-E (actually TIA\-232\-E by that time) by defining a new signal, "RTR (Ready to Receive)", which is CCITT V.24 circuit 133\. TIA\-232\-E and the corresponding international standards were updated to show that circuit 133, when implemented, shares the same pin as RTS (Request to Send), and that when 133 is in use, RTS is assumed by the DCE to be asserted at all times.{{cite newsgroup \|title\=Re: EIA\-232 full duplex RTS/CTS flow control standard proposal \|author\-first\=Casey \|author\-last\=Leedom \|date\=1990\-02\-20 \|newsgroup\=comp.dcom.modems \|message\-id\=49249@lll\-winken.LLNL.GOV \|url\=http://groups.google.com/group/comp.dcom.modems/msg/39042605325cc765?dmode\=source \|access\-date\=2014\-02\-03}}
In this scheme, commonly called "RTS/CTS flow control" or "RTS/CTS handshaking" (though the technically correct name would be "RTR/CTS"), the DTE asserts RTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DCE, and the DCE asserts CTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DTE. Unlike the original use of RTS and CTS with half\-duplex modems, these two signals operate independently from one another. This is an example of [hardware flow control](/wiki/Hardware_flow_control "Hardware flow control"). However, "hardware flow control" in the description of the options available on an RS\-232\-equipped device does not always mean RTS/CTS handshaking.
Equipment using this protocol must be prepared to buffer some extra data, since the remote system may have begun transmitting just before the local system de\-asserts RTR.
|
[
"### RTS, CTS, and RTR",
"{{further\\|Flow control (data)\\#Hardware flow control}}",
"The Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS) signals were originally defined for use with half\\-duplex (one direction at a time) modems such as the [Bell 202](/wiki/Bell_202 \"Bell 202\"). These modems disable their transmitters when not required and must transmit a synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re\\-enabled. The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a desire to transmit to the DCE, and in response the DCE asserts CTS to grant permission, once synchronization with the DCE at the far end is achieved. Such modems are no longer in common use. There is no corresponding signal that the DTE could use to temporarily halt incoming data from the DCE. Thus RS\\-232's use of the RTS and CTS signals, per the older versions of the standard, is asymmetric.",
"This scheme is also employed in present\\-day RS\\-232 to [RS\\-485](/wiki/RS-485 \"RS-485\") converters. RS\\-485 is a multiple\\-access bus on which only one device can transmit at a time, a concept that is not provided for in RS\\-232\\. The RS\\-232 device asserts RTS to tell the converter to take control of the RS\\-485 bus so that the converter, and thus the RS\\-232 device, can send data onto the bus.",
"Modern communications environments use full\\-duplex (both directions simultaneously) modems. In that environment, DTEs have no reason to deassert RTS. However, due to the possibility of changing line quality, delays in processing of data, etc., there is a need for symmetric, bidirectional [flow control](/wiki/Flow_control_%28data%29 \"Flow control (data)\").",
"A symmetric alternative providing flow control in both directions was developed and marketed in the late 1980s by various equipment manufacturers. It redefined the RTS signal to mean that the DTE is ready to receive data from the DCE. This scheme was eventually codified in version RS\\-232\\-E (actually TIA\\-232\\-E by that time) by defining a new signal, \"RTR (Ready to Receive)\", which is CCITT V.24 circuit 133\\. TIA\\-232\\-E and the corresponding international standards were updated to show that circuit 133, when implemented, shares the same pin as RTS (Request to Send), and that when 133 is in use, RTS is assumed by the DCE to be asserted at all times.{{cite newsgroup \\|title\\=Re: EIA\\-232 full duplex RTS/CTS flow control standard proposal \\|author\\-first\\=Casey \\|author\\-last\\=Leedom \\|date\\=1990\\-02\\-20 \\|newsgroup\\=comp.dcom.modems \\|message\\-id\\=49249@lll\\-winken.LLNL.GOV \\|url\\=http://groups.google.com/group/comp.dcom.modems/msg/39042605325cc765?dmode\\=source \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-02\\-03}}",
"In this scheme, commonly called \"RTS/CTS flow control\" or \"RTS/CTS handshaking\" (though the technically correct name would be \"RTR/CTS\"), the DTE asserts RTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DCE, and the DCE asserts CTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DTE. Unlike the original use of RTS and CTS with half\\-duplex modems, these two signals operate independently from one another. This is an example of [hardware flow control](/wiki/Hardware_flow_control \"Hardware flow control\"). However, \"hardware flow control\" in the description of the options available on an RS\\-232\\-equipped device does not always mean RTS/CTS handshaking.",
"Equipment using this protocol must be prepared to buffer some extra data, since the remote system may have begun transmitting just before the local system de\\-asserts RTR.",
""
] |
Seldom\-used features
---------------------
The EIA\-232 standard specifies connections for several features that are not used in most implementations. Their use requires 25\-pin connectors and cables.
### Signal rate selection
The DTE or DCE can specify use of a "high" or "low" signaling rate. The rates, as well as which device will select the rate, must be configured in both the DTE and DCE. The prearranged device selects the high rate by setting the Data Signal Rate Selector (DSRS, pin 23\) signal to ON. Sometimes called Data Rate Select (DRS), this signal should not be confused with the more commonly used Data Set Ready (DSR, pin 6\).
### Loopback testing
Many DCE devices have a [loopback](/wiki/Loopback "Loopback") capability used for testing. When enabled, signals are echoed back to the sender rather than being sent on to the receiver. If supported, the DTE can signal the local DCE (the one it is connected to) to enter loopback mode by setting Local Loop (LL, pin 18\) to ON, or the remote DCE (the one the local DCE is connected to) to enter loopback mode by setting Remote Loop (RL, pin 21\) to ON. The latter tests the communications link, as well as both DCEs. When the DCE is in test mode, it signals the DTE by setting Test Indicator (TI, pin 25\) to ON.
A commonly used version of loopback testing does not involve any special capability of either end. A hardware loopback is simply a wire connecting complementary pins together in the same connector (see *[loopback](/wiki/Loopback "Loopback")*).
Loopback testing is often performed with a specialized DTE called a [bit error rate tester](/wiki/Bit_error_rate_test "Bit error rate test") (or BERT).
### Timing signals
Some synchronous devices provide a [clock signal](/wiki/Clock_signal "Clock signal") to synchronize data transmission, especially at higher data rates. Two timing signals are provided by the DCE. Pin 15 is the transmitter clock (TCK), or send timing (ST); the DTE puts the next bit on the transmit data line (pin 2\) when this clock transitions from OFF to ON (so it is stable during the ON to OFF transition when the DCE registers the bit). Pin 17 is the receiver clock (RCK), or receive timing (RT); the DTE reads the next bit from the receive data line (pin 3\) when this clock transitions from ON to OFF.
Alternatively, the DTE can provide a clock signal, called transmitter timing (TT, pin 24\) for transmitted data. Data is changed when the clock transitions from OFF to ON, and read during the ON to OFF transition. TT can be used to overcome the problem of [propagation delay](/wiki/Propagation_delay "Propagation delay") in a long cable. ST must traverse a cable of unknown length and delay, clock a bit out of the DTE after another unknown delay, and return it to the DCE over the same unknown cable delay. When sending data at high speed, the data bit may not arrive in time for the ON to OFF transition of ST.
Since the relation between the transmitted bit and TT can be fixed in the DTE design, and since both signals traverse the same cable length, using TT eliminates the issue. TT may be generated by looping ST back with an appropriate phase change to align it with the transmitted data. ST loop back to TT lets the DTE use the DCE as the frequency reference, and correct the clock to data timing.
Synchronous clocking is required for such protocols as [SDLC](/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Control "Synchronous Data Link Control"), [HDLC](/wiki/HDLC "HDLC"), and [X.25](/wiki/X.25 "X.25").
### Secondary channel
A secondary data channel, identical in capability to the primary channel, can optionally be implemented by the DTE and DCE devices. Pin assignments are as follows:
| Signal | Pin |
| --- | --- |
| Common Ground | 7 (same as primary) |
| Secondary Transmitted Data (STD or S.TxD) | 14 |
| Secondary Received Data (SRD or S.RxD) | 16 |
| Secondary Request To Send (SRTS or S.RTS) | 19 |
| Secondary Clear To Send (SCTS or S.CRS) | 13 |
| Secondary Carrier Detect (SDCD or S.DCD) | 12 |
|
[
"Seldom\\-used features\n---------------------",
"The EIA\\-232 standard specifies connections for several features that are not used in most implementations. Their use requires 25\\-pin connectors and cables.",
"### Signal rate selection",
"The DTE or DCE can specify use of a \"high\" or \"low\" signaling rate. The rates, as well as which device will select the rate, must be configured in both the DTE and DCE. The prearranged device selects the high rate by setting the Data Signal Rate Selector (DSRS, pin 23\\) signal to ON. Sometimes called Data Rate Select (DRS), this signal should not be confused with the more commonly used Data Set Ready (DSR, pin 6\\).",
"### Loopback testing",
"Many DCE devices have a [loopback](/wiki/Loopback \"Loopback\") capability used for testing. When enabled, signals are echoed back to the sender rather than being sent on to the receiver. If supported, the DTE can signal the local DCE (the one it is connected to) to enter loopback mode by setting Local Loop (LL, pin 18\\) to ON, or the remote DCE (the one the local DCE is connected to) to enter loopback mode by setting Remote Loop (RL, pin 21\\) to ON. The latter tests the communications link, as well as both DCEs. When the DCE is in test mode, it signals the DTE by setting Test Indicator (TI, pin 25\\) to ON.",
"A commonly used version of loopback testing does not involve any special capability of either end. A hardware loopback is simply a wire connecting complementary pins together in the same connector (see *[loopback](/wiki/Loopback \"Loopback\")*).",
"Loopback testing is often performed with a specialized DTE called a [bit error rate tester](/wiki/Bit_error_rate_test \"Bit error rate test\") (or BERT).",
"### Timing signals",
"Some synchronous devices provide a [clock signal](/wiki/Clock_signal \"Clock signal\") to synchronize data transmission, especially at higher data rates. Two timing signals are provided by the DCE. Pin 15 is the transmitter clock (TCK), or send timing (ST); the DTE puts the next bit on the transmit data line (pin 2\\) when this clock transitions from OFF to ON (so it is stable during the ON to OFF transition when the DCE registers the bit). Pin 17 is the receiver clock (RCK), or receive timing (RT); the DTE reads the next bit from the receive data line (pin 3\\) when this clock transitions from ON to OFF.",
"Alternatively, the DTE can provide a clock signal, called transmitter timing (TT, pin 24\\) for transmitted data. Data is changed when the clock transitions from OFF to ON, and read during the ON to OFF transition. TT can be used to overcome the problem of [propagation delay](/wiki/Propagation_delay \"Propagation delay\") in a long cable. ST must traverse a cable of unknown length and delay, clock a bit out of the DTE after another unknown delay, and return it to the DCE over the same unknown cable delay. When sending data at high speed, the data bit may not arrive in time for the ON to OFF transition of ST.",
"Since the relation between the transmitted bit and TT can be fixed in the DTE design, and since both signals traverse the same cable length, using TT eliminates the issue. TT may be generated by looping ST back with an appropriate phase change to align it with the transmitted data. ST loop back to TT lets the DTE use the DCE as the frequency reference, and correct the clock to data timing.",
"Synchronous clocking is required for such protocols as [SDLC](/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Control \"Synchronous Data Link Control\"), [HDLC](/wiki/HDLC \"HDLC\"), and [X.25](/wiki/X.25 \"X.25\").",
"### Secondary channel",
"A secondary data channel, identical in capability to the primary channel, can optionally be implemented by the DTE and DCE devices. Pin assignments are as follows:",
"| Signal | Pin |\n| --- | --- |\n| Common Ground | 7 (same as primary) |\n| Secondary Transmitted Data (STD or S.TxD) | 14 |\n| Secondary Received Data (SRD or S.RxD) | 16 |\n| Secondary Request To Send (SRTS or S.RTS) | 19 |\n| Secondary Clear To Send (SCTS or S.CRS) | 13 |\n| Secondary Carrier Detect (SDCD or S.DCD) | 12 |",
"",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### British Touring Car Championship
#### Team M Mobile (1992\)
The son of a farmer, Menu was born in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva"). Like many drivers who eventually build a career in touring cars, Menu began his career in [single\-seater](/wiki/Open_wheel_car "Open wheel car") racing, reaching the [International Formula 3000](/wiki/International_Formula_3000 "International Formula 3000") championship in 1991 after two years in the [British Formula 3 Championship](/wiki/British_Formula_3_Championship "British Formula 3 Championship") and one year in the British Formula 3000 Championship, in which he finished runner\-up in 1990\. However, for the next year he returned to Great Britain to race a [BMW 3 Series](/wiki/BMW_3_Series "BMW 3 Series") in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), showing promise before being injured mid\-season in a [quadbike](/wiki/Quadbike "Quadbike") accident at Knockhill; despite only participating in half of the season, he still managed to finish 9th in the final championship standings. As a result of this accident, he was unable to jog for exercise again – he instead took up cycling as his main exercise.
#### Renault (1993–1998\)
In [1993](/wiki/1993_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1993 British Touring Car Championship season"), Menu began a six\-year association with [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") in the BTCC, who had just entered the series with the GB Motorsport run [Renault 19](/wiki/Renault_19 "Renault 19"). He finished second in a very wet round two at [Donington Park](/wiki/Donington_Park "Donington Park") behind teammate [Tim Harvey](/wiki/Tim_Harvey "Tim Harvey"). At the next round at [Oulton Park](/wiki/Oulton_Park "Oulton Park"), he crashed out of fifth place late on in the race. Menu collided with [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera "Nissan Primera") of [Tiff Needell](/wiki/Tiff_Needell "Tiff Needell") on the final lap of round eight at [Silverstone](/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit "Silverstone Circuit"), dropping Menu for seventh to eighth and forcing Needell into the pits. The Renault team missed the double header at [Knockhill](/wiki/Knockhill_Racing_Circuit "Knockhill Racing Circuit") and returned to the grid for round ten at Oulton Park. The car had been revised and Menu was sixth after the first few corners having started eighth; he went on to finish fourth behind [John Cleland](/wiki/John_Cleland_%28racing_driver%29 "John Cleland (racing driver)"). The first year of their partnership was not particularly successful, with the 19 little better than a midfield runner in the hands of Menu and reigning champion Tim Harvey. However, Menu did manage to win one race at a rain\-soaked Donington Park late in the season.
[thumb\|left\|Menu driving for [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") in the [1996 British Touring Car Championship season](/wiki/1996_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1996 British Touring Car Championship season").](/wiki/Image:Alain_Menu_1996_BTCC.jpg "Alain Menu 1996 BTCC.jpg")
For [1994](/wiki/1994_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1994 British Touring Car Championship season"), the 19 was replaced by the [Renault Laguna](/wiki/Renault_Laguna "Renault Laguna"), which proved to be a much better package all\-round. [Alfa Romeo](/wiki/Alfa_Romeo "Alfa Romeo") had dominated the first four races and Menu did not finish on the podium until Silverstone. At Oulton Park, Alfa Romeo were told to run their cars without their disputed aerodynamic aids and they left the circuit in protest. This allowed Menu to win the race from pole position and set fastest lap. He collided with [Julian Bailey](/wiki/Julian_Bailey_%28racing_driver%29 "Julian Bailey (racing driver)") at the first corner of the [British Grand Prix](/wiki/1994_British_Grand_Prix "1994 British Grand Prix") support race at Silverstone, triggering a pileup that red flagged the race. He took pole position for round fifteen at Oulton Park by nearly a second over [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW") driver [Joachim Winkelhock](/wiki/Joachim_Winkelhock "Joachim Winkelhock") but made a poor start and finished third. Menu scored four further podiums in the last four races to finish second in the championship behind [Gabriele Tarquini](/wiki/Gabriele_Tarquini "Gabriele Tarquini").
The running of the Renault team was taken over by [WilliamsF1](/wiki/WilliamsF1 "WilliamsF1") for the [1995 season](/wiki/1995_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1995 British Touring Car Championship season") and Menu was joined by former [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") driver [Will Hoy](/wiki/Will_Hoy "Will Hoy"). Despite relatively little testing, Menu qualified third for the season opener at Donington Park and went on to finish second in the race. He took pole position for the first race at [Thruxton](/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit "Thruxton Circuit") and held on to take a narrow victory over Cleland. Menu was running third in round seven at Silverstone when he was forced to retire with mechanical issues but he was able to take part in the second race of the day and he finished fourth. Third place in round nine at Oulton Park was the start of five successive mid\-season podiums that kept him second in the championship behind [Rickard Rydell](/wiki/Rickard_Rydell "Rickard Rydell") and then Cleland. Menu was third in the championship after round 21 at Snetterton but three consecutive wins finished the year and elevated him back up to second in the standings.
[thumb\|right\|Menu driving for [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") in the [1998 British Touring Car Championship season](/wiki/1998_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1998 British Touring Car Championship season").](/wiki/Image:Alain_Menu_1998_BTCC_%28cropped%29.jpg "Alain Menu 1998 BTCC (cropped).jpg")
Menu was partnered with Hoy once again in [1996](/wiki/1996_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1996 British Touring Car Championship season"). The main rival for the Renault team was [Audi Sport UK](/wiki/Audi "Audi") and their 4\-wheel drive car, driven by [Frank Biela](/wiki/Frank_Biela "Frank Biela"). The season opener at Donington Park saw Menu finish third behind teammate Hoy and Biela. Menu had to start the second race of the day from the back of the grid having failed the ride height check after race one. He recovered to seventh before having to retire with mechanical problems. Menu took pole position for the next event at Brands Hatch, but was demoted to second at the start by Biela and those positions stuck until the finish line. The next event at Thruxton saw Menu spin at Church corner in race one and ditch his car into the nearby woodland, he was unhurt but the damage left him on the sidelines for race two. Menu worked his way up into the lead of race one at Snetterton but almost immediately slowed down with car problems and retired. He took the first win of the year for Renault in the next meeting at Brands Hatch, winning both races. After this, Menu won twice more on his way to second in the championship, 92 points shy of champion Frank Biela.
He continued with Renault in [1997](/wiki/1997_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1997 British Touring Car Championship season") and was joined by [Renault Spider](/wiki/Renault_Spider "Renault Spider") champion [Jason Plato](/wiki/Jason_Plato "Jason Plato"). The car was much more competitive for that year and Menu won the first four races of the season. Rounds five and six at Thruxton took place in wet conditions and the Renaults front row lock\-out translated into two third\-placed finishes for Menu. He was nudged into a spin in round eight at Brands Hatch by [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid "Anthony Reid")'s Nissan, but was able to rejoin the race and finish fourth while Reid finished fourteenth. Menu started on pole for a wet round eleven at Donington Park, although the two Audis got a better start and led into the first corner. Menu was able to cleanly retake second from [John Bintcliffe](/wiki/John_Bintcliffe "John Bintcliffe"), despite a misted up windscreen. Contact with [James Thompson](/wiki/James_Thompson_%28racing_driver%29 "James Thompson (racing driver)") at Knockhill meant Menu retired for the first and only time that season. Just before round 19 at Thruxton, Menu pulled into the pits to fix a broken rear wheel, which meant he missed the start and he finished in a non–points classified finish for the first time that year. After the second race at Thruxton, Menu had secured the championship crown and so on the final lap of round 21 at Brands Hatch, Menu let teammate Plato through into second place to allow him to close in on Biela in the championship. Menu had taken twelve wins in a dominant car in 1997, a record that was later equalled by [Ashley Sutton](/wiki/Ashley_Sutton "Ashley Sutton") 26 years later.
[1998](/wiki/1998_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1998 British Touring Car Championship season") would see the Renault team have a large amount of sponsorship from Nescafe and Menu was once again partnered by Plato. The Renault Laguna was not as dominant as the previous season and Menu won only three races, the first which came at Thruxton in the second race of the year.
#### Ford (1999–2000\)
Menu switched to [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") in 1999{{cite news\|title\=Williams could struggle, says Menu\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/4640/\|work\=\[\[Autosport]]\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Media Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|access\-date\=25 December 2012\|date\=23 March 1999}} with 1998 championship runner\-up [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid "Anthony Reid") leaving [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan"). The [Ford Mondeo](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo "Ford Mondeo") was not successful in 1999 and Menu finished 11th in the championship with 1 win at Knockhill. Menu would win his second title in 2000 against team\-mates [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid "Anthony Reid") and [Rickard Rydell](/wiki/Rickard_Rydell "Rickard Rydell"). He would be the last driver to win the BTCC title in a Ford until Ash Sutton 23 years later.
2000 was to be the last year of the BTCC in that form; the championship had been gradually in decline and losing entrants since 1998, with 2000 only featuring 3 works teams and 12 championship contenders, as opposed to the 9 teams and 20\+ championship contenders in 1995\. The championship was reformed for 2001 with new regulations, but only two manufacturers committed to the series, and Menu, like most of the star drivers, chose to leave the series.
#### VX Racing (2007\)
On 4 October 2007, it was announced that Menu would make a one\-off return to the BTCC with which he is most closely associated. He drove a [Vauxhall Vectra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Vectra "Vauxhall Vectra") for [VX Racing](/wiki/VX_Racing "VX Racing") at the final round of the 2007 BTCC season at [Thruxton](/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit "Thruxton Circuit") to assist [Fabrizio Giovanardi](/wiki/Fabrizio_Giovanardi "Fabrizio Giovanardi") in his successful title bid.{{cite news\|last\=Meissner \|first\=Johan \|title\=Menu confirmed by Vauxhall \|url\=http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\=1476 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130204232402/http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\=1476 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=4 February 2013 \|work\=TouringCarTimes \|publisher\=Mediaempire Stockholm AB \|access\-date\=23 December 2012 \|date\=4 October 2007 }}
#### Team BMR (2014–2015\)
[thumb\|Menu driving the [Team BMR](/wiki/Warren_Scott "Warren Scott") [Volkswagen CC](/wiki/Volkswagen_CC "Volkswagen CC") at [Donington Park](/wiki/Donington_Park "Donington Park") during the [2014 British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/2014_British_Touring_Car_Championship "2014 British Touring Car Championship") season.](/wiki/File:DSC_0227_%2813252712744%29.jpg "DSC 0227 (13252712744).jpg")
On 27 January 2014, it was announced that Menu would return to the BTCC, driving a [Volkswagen CC](/wiki/Volkswagen_CC "Volkswagen CC") for [Team BMR](/wiki/Warren_Scott "Warren Scott").{{cite news\|title\=A recipe for success\|url\=http://www.teambmr.com/news/a\-recipe\-for\-success\|access\-date\=27 January 2014\|date\=27 January 2014\|archive\-date\=25 February 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225032019/http://www.teambmr.com/news/a\-recipe\-for\-success\|url\-status\=dead}} Menu struggled to find the ideal set up in the new breed NGTC Touring Car. He finished 10th in the standings with a pair of podium finishes, 2nd at Rockingham and 3rd at Silverstone.
As of 2015, Menu is no longer a driver for Team BMR, however he remained on the team's roster as a driver coach, helping to train those involved in the [British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/BTCC "BTCC"), [Renault Clio Cup](/wiki/Renault_Clio_Cup_United_Kingdom "Renault Clio Cup United Kingdom") and [Ginetta Junior Championship](/wiki/Ginetta_Junior_Championship "Ginetta Junior Championship"), but he refused to rule out driving for the team again later in the year.
### DTM
From 2001 to 2003, Menu raced for [Opel](/wiki/Opel "Opel") in the [Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters](/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Masters "Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters"), a high\-tech touring car series based in Germany. However, he achieved little success (Menu would describe his DTM years as "not very good" in a 2004 interview). While competing in the DTM, he ventured into [sports car racing](/wiki/Sports_car_racing "Sports car racing") with [Prodrive](/wiki/Prodrive "Prodrive"), competing in both the [Le Mans 24 Hours](/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans "24 Hours of Le Mans") and the [Sebring 12 Hours](/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring "12 Hours of Sebring") as well as winning one race each in both the [FIA GT Championship](/wiki/FIA_GT_Championship "FIA GT Championship") and the [American Le Mans Series](/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series "American Le Mans Series").
### World Touring Car Championship
#### Chevrolet (2005–2012\)
In 2004, Menu announced his return to production\-based touring car racing, with the fledgling [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") team, [RML](/wiki/Ray_Mallock_Ltd. "Ray Mallock Ltd.") in the [2005 World Touring Car Championship season](/wiki/2005_World_Touring_Car_Championship_season "2005 World Touring Car Championship season").{{cite news\|title\=Chevrolet signs Menu\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/40061\|work\=\[\[Autosport]]\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Publishing]]\|access\-date\=23 December 2012\|date\=1 October 2004}} Menu, and his equally highly regarded team\-mate [Nicola Larini](/wiki/Nicola_Larini "Nicola Larini"), did not expect to win races in their first year but the team's performance was still seen as a big disappointment, Menu only achieving three points finishes, his best result being a 6th at [Spa\-Francorchamps](/wiki/Circuit_de_Spa-Francorchamps "Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps").
[thumb\|left\|Menu driving the [Chevrolet Lacetti](/wiki/Chevrolet_Lacetti "Chevrolet Lacetti") WTCC car at [Brands Hatch](/wiki/Brands_Hatch "Brands Hatch") in [2008](/wiki/2008_World_Touring_Car_Championship_season "2008 World Touring Car Championship season").](/wiki/Image:Alain_Menu_2008_Brands_Hatch.jpg "Alain Menu 2008 Brands Hatch.jpg")
The team had expected to make progress up the grid in 2006, and their faith was fulfilled at a very wet [Brands Hatch](/wiki/Brands_Hatch "Brands Hatch") on 21 May when Menu won the second race of the day, scoring Chevrolet's first\-ever outright win in a [FIA](/wiki/FIA "FIA")\-accredited world championship event.
Chevrolet introduced the new [Cruze](/wiki/Chevrolet_Cruze "Chevrolet Cruze") model to the championship for [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Touring_Car_Championship_season "2009 World Touring Car Championship season").{{cite news\|last\=Glendenning\|first\=Mark\|title\=Chevrolet unveil new colours\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/72305\|work\=\[\[Autosport]]\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Media Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|access\-date\=25 December 2012\|date\=3 December 2008}} Menu crashed out of the first race of the season at the [Race of Brazil](/wiki/2009_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Brazil "2009 FIA WTCC Race of Brazil") after the collision with BMW pair [Andy Priaulx](/wiki/Andy_Priaulx "Andy Priaulx") and [Jörg Müller](/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_M%C3%BCller "Jörg Müller"). At the [Race of Morocco](/wiki/2009_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Morocco "2009 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco"), he had originally qualified second but was demoted to tenth by the stewards after his car did not restart following a mandatory visit to the weighing bay after the second phase of qualifying.{{cite news\|last\=Meissner \|first\=Johan \|title\=Alain Menu penalized and moved down \|url\=http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\=3424 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130204231817/http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\=3424 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=4 February 2013 \|work\=TouringCarTimes \|publisher\=Mediaempire Stockholm AB \|access\-date\=25 December 2012 \|date\=3 May 2009 }} He was caught up in a race one incident with Jorg Müller and Rickard Rydell which put Rydell out of the race with damage. The [Race of France](/wiki/2009_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_France "2009 FIA WTCC Race of France") saw Menu take his first win in the Chevrolet Cruze having started on the reversed grid pole for race two and winning the race from there. Menu collided with [Augusto Farfus](/wiki/Augusto_Farfus "Augusto Farfus") in race one of the [Race of Portugal](/wiki/2009_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Portugal "2009 FIA WTCC Race of Portugal") with Menu being spun into the wall. Menu's teammate Larini tagged [Tiago Monteiro](/wiki/Tiago_Monteiro "Tiago Monteiro") while the pair tried to avoid the wreckage but [Mehdi Bennani](/wiki/Mehdi_Bennani "Mehdi Bennani") collided with the stationary Chevrolet, the track was then blocked and the race red flagged. Menu took pole position at the following event, the [Race of UK](/wiki/2009_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_UK "2009 FIA WTCC Race of UK") at Brands Hatch. Having swapped places throughout the race with teammate Huff, Menu won the race to take his second win of the year. During the final qualifying session of the year for the [Race of Macau](/wiki/2009_Guia_Race_of_Macau "2009 Guia Race of Macau"), [Yvan Muller](/wiki/Yvan_Muller "Yvan Muller") lost control on cement dust that had been laid on the track following an earlier accident for James Thompson. Tarquini hit Muller's car, and the [SEAT Sport](/wiki/SEAT_Sport "SEAT Sport") pair were then hit by Menu. He finished the season tenth in the drivers' championship behind fifth placed Huff.
[thumb\|right\|Menu driving for [Chevrolet](/wiki/RML_Group "RML Group") at the [2010 FIA WTCC Race of Japan](/wiki/2010_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Japan "2010 FIA WTCC Race of Japan").](/wiki/File:Alain_Menu_2010_WTCC_Race_of_Japan_%28Free_Practice_2%29.jpg "Alain Menu 2010 WTCC Race of Japan (Free Practice 2).jpg")
He stayed with Chevrolet for the [2010 season](/wiki/2010_World_Touring_Car_Championship_season "2010 World Touring Car Championship season"), joined by Huff and new teammate Yvan Muller.{{cite news\|last\=English\|first\=Steven\|title\=Yvan Muller gets 2010 Chevrolet seat\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80295\|work\=\[\[Autosport]]\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Media Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|access\-date\=25 December 2012\|date\=22 November 2009}} Menu brought out the red flags during qualifying for the [Race of Morocco](/wiki/2010_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Morocco "2010 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco") when he crashed into the wall during Q1\. He came into contact with the wall again during race two when he tangled with [BMW Team RBM](/wiki/Racing_Bart_Mampaey "Racing Bart Mampaey") driver [Augusto Farfus](/wiki/Augusto_Farfus "Augusto Farfus"). Having been passed by [eBay Motors](/wiki/West_Surrey_Racing "West Surrey Racing") driver [Colin Turkington](/wiki/Colin_Turkington "Colin Turkington") near the end of the race one of the [Race of UK](/wiki/2010_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_UK "2010 FIA WTCC Race of UK"), Menu dropped down the order to benefit from the reversed grid for race two. He started on the front row but damaged his steering trying to pass Farfus which put an end to his race. He won only one race in 2010, the first race of the [Race of Germany](/wiki/2010_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Germany "2010 FIA WTCC Race of Germany") and he finished the year sixth in the standings, three places and 103 points down on teammate Huff while Muller was champion.
[thumb\|right\|Menu's [Michel Vaillant](/wiki/Michel_Vaillant "Michel Vaillant") color Cruze 1\.6T for the [2012 Race of Portugal](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Portugal "2012 FIA WTCC Race of Portugal") where Menu won race two of the event as Vaillant.](/wiki/File:Vaillante_Chevrolet.JPG "Vaillante Chevrolet.JPG")
Menu continued with Chevrolet for [2012](/wiki/2012_World_Touring_Car_Championship_season "2012 World Touring Car Championship season").{{cite news\|last\=Meissner \|first\=Johan \|title\=Huff, Menu and Muller confirmed for Chevrolet 2012 \|url\=http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\=6849 \|work\=TouringCarTimes \|publisher\=Mediaempire Stockholm AB \|access\-date\=25 December 2012 \|date\=7 October 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616190803/http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\=6849 \|archive\-date\=16 June 2012 \|df\=dmy }} Muller had won the first three races of the season but Menu broke this streak by winning the second race of the [Race of Spain](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Spain "2012 FIA WTCC Race of Spain"), despite going through a gravel trap after encountering oil on the circuit. He took his first pole position of the season at the [Race of Morocco](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Morocco "2012 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco") and won the first race of the day. Menu was running third in the second race of the [Race of Slovakia](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Slovakia "2012 FIA WTCC Race of Slovakia") until he dropped down the order and retired with a broken rim. The second race of the [Race of Hungary](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Hungary "2012 FIA WTCC Race of Hungary") saw Menu pull away from his teammates to chase down race leader and eventual winner [Norbert Michelisz](/wiki/Norbert_Michelisz "Norbert Michelisz") to close in on his teammates in the championship. While running third in race two of the [Race of Austria](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Austria "2012 FIA WTCC Race of Austria"), he suffered a puncture and a high speed collision with the barriers ensued in the final sector of the lap. A similar specification Chevrolet Cruze of [bamboo\-engineering](/wiki/Bamboo_Engineering "Bamboo Engineering")'s [Alex MacDowall](/wiki/Alex_MacDowall "Alex MacDowall") also had a left front puncture and came to rest in the gravel trap in close proximity to Menu's stranded car. He took up the role of comic book character [Michel Vaillant](/wiki/Michel_Vaillant "Michel Vaillant") for the [Race of Portugal](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Portugal "2012 FIA WTCC Race of Portugal"). His Chevrolet Cruze raced in special [Vaillante](/wiki/Vaillante "Vaillante") colours and he wore a special race suit and dyed his hair to look like the French comic book racer.{{cite news\|last\=Abbott\|first\=Andrew\|title\=Menu gets comic role for Portugal\|url\=http://www.touring\-cars.net/2012/05/menu\-gets\-comic\-role\-for\-portugal\|work\=Touring\-Cars.net\|publisher\=Andrew Abbott\|access\-date\=24 December 2012\|date\=28 May 2012\|archive\-date\=20 June 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620230437/http://www.touring\-cars.net/2012/05/menu\-gets\-comic\-role\-for\-portugal\|url\-status\=dead}}
Menu began a run of three successive pole positions at the [Race of United States](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_the_United_States "2012 FIA WTCC Race of the United States"), but he retired from the first race with power steering issues. He led a Chevrolet 1–2–3 from pole in the opening race of the [Race of Japan](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Japan "2012 FIA WTCC Race of Japan") and led from start to finish in race one of the [Race of China](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_China "2012 FIA WTCC Race of China"). Menu was pushed into a half spin by teammate Muller in the second race while leading, allowing Huff to go through and win. Muller finished second and Menu finished third but a post race thirty\-second penalty saw Muller drop to thirteenth in the classification and Menu was elevated to second in the championship.{{cite news\|title\=YVAN MULLER DROPPED OUT OF THE POINTS \|url\=http://www.fiawtcc.com/news/detail/id/467 \|work\=fiawtcc.com \|publisher\=\[\[Eurosport]] \|access\-date\=25 December 2012 \|date\=4 November 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023035612/http://www.fiawtcc.com/news/detail/id/467 \|archive\-date\=23 October 2013 \|df\=dmy }} Menu won the final race of the year at Macau and secured his best overall result in the WTCC with second in the drivers' championship, twelve points shy of Huff.
Prior to the [Race of Brazil](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Brazil "2012 FIA WTCC Race of Brazil"), Chevrolet announced they were ending their WTCC programme, leaving their drivers without seats for 2013\.{{cite news\|last\=Abbott\|first\=Andrew\|title\=Chevrolet announce end of WTCC programme\|url\=http://www.touring\-cars.net/2012/07/chevrolet\-announce\-end\-of\-wtcc\-programme\|work\=Touring\-Cars.net\|publisher\=Andrew Abbott\|access\-date\=25 December 2012\|date\=4 July 2012\|archive\-date\=26 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726202702/https://www.touring\-cars.net/2012/07/chevrolet\-announce\-end\-of\-wtcc\-programme\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Porsche Supercup
Having been unable to find a seat in the WTCC, Menu moved to the [Porsche Supercup](/wiki/Porsche_Supercup "Porsche Supercup") for the [2013 season](/wiki/2013_Porsche_Supercup_season "2013 Porsche Supercup season"), driving for team FACH Auto Tech.{{cite news\|last\=Hudson \|first\=Neil \|title\=Alain Menu to contest the 2013 Porsche Supercup \|url\=http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\=8643 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130412005237/http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\=8643 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=12 April 2013 \|work\=TouringCarTimes \|publisher\=Mediaempire Stockholm AB \|access\-date\=6 March 2013 \|date\=6 March 2013 }} Some sources stated that FACH Auto Tech is Menu's own team, but he declared that it is not true.
With the main sponsor of the team not supplying funds, Menu only completed one race of the season.
### Other activities
In 2006, he won the [200 km de Buenos Aires](/wiki/200_km_de_Buenos_Aires "200 km de Buenos Aires"), a round of Argentina's [TC2000](/wiki/TC2000 "TC2000") championship, with [Matias Rossi](/wiki/Matias_Rossi "Matias Rossi") driving a [Chevrolet Astra](/wiki/Chevrolet_Astra "Chevrolet Astra").{{cite news \| url \=http://www.tc2000\.com.ar/noticias\_ingles.php?id\=98 \| title \=CHEVROLET ELAION The marque's 20th TC2000 win \| publisher \= tc2000\.com.ar \| date \= 23 May 2007 \| access\-date \= 16 April 2008}} {{Dead link\|date\=October 2010\|bot\=H3llBot}}
In a 2005 poll by readers of Motorsport Magazine, Menu was voted the fourth greatest touring car driver of all time.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/february\-2005/38/top\-20\-tin\-top\-drivers\| title \= Top 20 tin\-top drivers February 2005 \- Motor Sport Magazine\| date \= 4 April 2016}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### British Touring Car Championship",
"#### Team M Mobile (1992\\)",
"The son of a farmer, Menu was born in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\"). Like many drivers who eventually build a career in touring cars, Menu began his career in [single\\-seater](/wiki/Open_wheel_car \"Open wheel car\") racing, reaching the [International Formula 3000](/wiki/International_Formula_3000 \"International Formula 3000\") championship in 1991 after two years in the [British Formula 3 Championship](/wiki/British_Formula_3_Championship \"British Formula 3 Championship\") and one year in the British Formula 3000 Championship, in which he finished runner\\-up in 1990\\. However, for the next year he returned to Great Britain to race a [BMW 3 Series](/wiki/BMW_3_Series \"BMW 3 Series\") in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), showing promise before being injured mid\\-season in a [quadbike](/wiki/Quadbike \"Quadbike\") accident at Knockhill; despite only participating in half of the season, he still managed to finish 9th in the final championship standings. As a result of this accident, he was unable to jog for exercise again – he instead took up cycling as his main exercise.",
"#### Renault (1993–1998\\)",
"In [1993](/wiki/1993_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1993 British Touring Car Championship season\"), Menu began a six\\-year association with [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") in the BTCC, who had just entered the series with the GB Motorsport run [Renault 19](/wiki/Renault_19 \"Renault 19\"). He finished second in a very wet round two at [Donington Park](/wiki/Donington_Park \"Donington Park\") behind teammate [Tim Harvey](/wiki/Tim_Harvey \"Tim Harvey\"). At the next round at [Oulton Park](/wiki/Oulton_Park \"Oulton Park\"), he crashed out of fifth place late on in the race. Menu collided with [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera \"Nissan Primera\") of [Tiff Needell](/wiki/Tiff_Needell \"Tiff Needell\") on the final lap of round eight at [Silverstone](/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit \"Silverstone Circuit\"), dropping Menu for seventh to eighth and forcing Needell into the pits. The Renault team missed the double header at [Knockhill](/wiki/Knockhill_Racing_Circuit \"Knockhill Racing Circuit\") and returned to the grid for round ten at Oulton Park. The car had been revised and Menu was sixth after the first few corners having started eighth; he went on to finish fourth behind [John Cleland](/wiki/John_Cleland_%28racing_driver%29 \"John Cleland (racing driver)\"). The first year of their partnership was not particularly successful, with the 19 little better than a midfield runner in the hands of Menu and reigning champion Tim Harvey. However, Menu did manage to win one race at a rain\\-soaked Donington Park late in the season.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Menu driving for [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") in the [1996 British Touring Car Championship season](/wiki/1996_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1996 British Touring Car Championship season\").](/wiki/Image:Alain_Menu_1996_BTCC.jpg \"Alain Menu 1996 BTCC.jpg\")\nFor [1994](/wiki/1994_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1994 British Touring Car Championship season\"), the 19 was replaced by the [Renault Laguna](/wiki/Renault_Laguna \"Renault Laguna\"), which proved to be a much better package all\\-round. [Alfa Romeo](/wiki/Alfa_Romeo \"Alfa Romeo\") had dominated the first four races and Menu did not finish on the podium until Silverstone. At Oulton Park, Alfa Romeo were told to run their cars without their disputed aerodynamic aids and they left the circuit in protest. This allowed Menu to win the race from pole position and set fastest lap. He collided with [Julian Bailey](/wiki/Julian_Bailey_%28racing_driver%29 \"Julian Bailey (racing driver)\") at the first corner of the [British Grand Prix](/wiki/1994_British_Grand_Prix \"1994 British Grand Prix\") support race at Silverstone, triggering a pileup that red flagged the race. He took pole position for round fifteen at Oulton Park by nearly a second over [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\") driver [Joachim Winkelhock](/wiki/Joachim_Winkelhock \"Joachim Winkelhock\") but made a poor start and finished third. Menu scored four further podiums in the last four races to finish second in the championship behind [Gabriele Tarquini](/wiki/Gabriele_Tarquini \"Gabriele Tarquini\").",
"The running of the Renault team was taken over by [WilliamsF1](/wiki/WilliamsF1 \"WilliamsF1\") for the [1995 season](/wiki/1995_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1995 British Touring Car Championship season\") and Menu was joined by former [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") driver [Will Hoy](/wiki/Will_Hoy \"Will Hoy\"). Despite relatively little testing, Menu qualified third for the season opener at Donington Park and went on to finish second in the race. He took pole position for the first race at [Thruxton](/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit \"Thruxton Circuit\") and held on to take a narrow victory over Cleland. Menu was running third in round seven at Silverstone when he was forced to retire with mechanical issues but he was able to take part in the second race of the day and he finished fourth. Third place in round nine at Oulton Park was the start of five successive mid\\-season podiums that kept him second in the championship behind [Rickard Rydell](/wiki/Rickard_Rydell \"Rickard Rydell\") and then Cleland. Menu was third in the championship after round 21 at Snetterton but three consecutive wins finished the year and elevated him back up to second in the standings.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Menu driving for [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") in the [1998 British Touring Car Championship season](/wiki/1998_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1998 British Touring Car Championship season\").](/wiki/Image:Alain_Menu_1998_BTCC_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Alain Menu 1998 BTCC (cropped).jpg\")\nMenu was partnered with Hoy once again in [1996](/wiki/1996_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1996 British Touring Car Championship season\"). The main rival for the Renault team was [Audi Sport UK](/wiki/Audi \"Audi\") and their 4\\-wheel drive car, driven by [Frank Biela](/wiki/Frank_Biela \"Frank Biela\"). The season opener at Donington Park saw Menu finish third behind teammate Hoy and Biela. Menu had to start the second race of the day from the back of the grid having failed the ride height check after race one. He recovered to seventh before having to retire with mechanical problems. Menu took pole position for the next event at Brands Hatch, but was demoted to second at the start by Biela and those positions stuck until the finish line. The next event at Thruxton saw Menu spin at Church corner in race one and ditch his car into the nearby woodland, he was unhurt but the damage left him on the sidelines for race two. Menu worked his way up into the lead of race one at Snetterton but almost immediately slowed down with car problems and retired. He took the first win of the year for Renault in the next meeting at Brands Hatch, winning both races. After this, Menu won twice more on his way to second in the championship, 92 points shy of champion Frank Biela.",
"He continued with Renault in [1997](/wiki/1997_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1997 British Touring Car Championship season\") and was joined by [Renault Spider](/wiki/Renault_Spider \"Renault Spider\") champion [Jason Plato](/wiki/Jason_Plato \"Jason Plato\"). The car was much more competitive for that year and Menu won the first four races of the season. Rounds five and six at Thruxton took place in wet conditions and the Renaults front row lock\\-out translated into two third\\-placed finishes for Menu. He was nudged into a spin in round eight at Brands Hatch by [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid \"Anthony Reid\")'s Nissan, but was able to rejoin the race and finish fourth while Reid finished fourteenth. Menu started on pole for a wet round eleven at Donington Park, although the two Audis got a better start and led into the first corner. Menu was able to cleanly retake second from [John Bintcliffe](/wiki/John_Bintcliffe \"John Bintcliffe\"), despite a misted up windscreen. Contact with [James Thompson](/wiki/James_Thompson_%28racing_driver%29 \"James Thompson (racing driver)\") at Knockhill meant Menu retired for the first and only time that season. Just before round 19 at Thruxton, Menu pulled into the pits to fix a broken rear wheel, which meant he missed the start and he finished in a non–points classified finish for the first time that year. After the second race at Thruxton, Menu had secured the championship crown and so on the final lap of round 21 at Brands Hatch, Menu let teammate Plato through into second place to allow him to close in on Biela in the championship. Menu had taken twelve wins in a dominant car in 1997, a record that was later equalled by [Ashley Sutton](/wiki/Ashley_Sutton \"Ashley Sutton\") 26 years later.",
"[1998](/wiki/1998_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1998 British Touring Car Championship season\") would see the Renault team have a large amount of sponsorship from Nescafe and Menu was once again partnered by Plato. The Renault Laguna was not as dominant as the previous season and Menu won only three races, the first which came at Thruxton in the second race of the year.",
"#### Ford (1999–2000\\)",
"Menu switched to [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") in 1999{{cite news\\|title\\=Williams could struggle, says Menu\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/4640/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Autosport]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Media Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|access\\-date\\=25 December 2012\\|date\\=23 March 1999}} with 1998 championship runner\\-up [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid \"Anthony Reid\") leaving [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\"). The [Ford Mondeo](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo \"Ford Mondeo\") was not successful in 1999 and Menu finished 11th in the championship with 1 win at Knockhill. Menu would win his second title in 2000 against team\\-mates [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid \"Anthony Reid\") and [Rickard Rydell](/wiki/Rickard_Rydell \"Rickard Rydell\"). He would be the last driver to win the BTCC title in a Ford until Ash Sutton 23 years later.",
"2000 was to be the last year of the BTCC in that form; the championship had been gradually in decline and losing entrants since 1998, with 2000 only featuring 3 works teams and 12 championship contenders, as opposed to the 9 teams and 20\\+ championship contenders in 1995\\. The championship was reformed for 2001 with new regulations, but only two manufacturers committed to the series, and Menu, like most of the star drivers, chose to leave the series.",
"#### VX Racing (2007\\)",
"On 4 October 2007, it was announced that Menu would make a one\\-off return to the BTCC with which he is most closely associated. He drove a [Vauxhall Vectra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Vectra \"Vauxhall Vectra\") for [VX Racing](/wiki/VX_Racing \"VX Racing\") at the final round of the 2007 BTCC season at [Thruxton](/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit \"Thruxton Circuit\") to assist [Fabrizio Giovanardi](/wiki/Fabrizio_Giovanardi \"Fabrizio Giovanardi\") in his successful title bid.{{cite news\\|last\\=Meissner \\|first\\=Johan \\|title\\=Menu confirmed by Vauxhall \\|url\\=http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\\=1476 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130204232402/http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\\=1476 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=4 February 2013 \\|work\\=TouringCarTimes \\|publisher\\=Mediaempire Stockholm AB \\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2012 \\|date\\=4 October 2007 }}",
"#### Team BMR (2014–2015\\)",
"[thumb\\|Menu driving the [Team BMR](/wiki/Warren_Scott \"Warren Scott\") [Volkswagen CC](/wiki/Volkswagen_CC \"Volkswagen CC\") at [Donington Park](/wiki/Donington_Park \"Donington Park\") during the [2014 British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/2014_British_Touring_Car_Championship \"2014 British Touring Car Championship\") season.](/wiki/File:DSC_0227_%2813252712744%29.jpg \"DSC 0227 (13252712744).jpg\")\nOn 27 January 2014, it was announced that Menu would return to the BTCC, driving a [Volkswagen CC](/wiki/Volkswagen_CC \"Volkswagen CC\") for [Team BMR](/wiki/Warren_Scott \"Warren Scott\").{{cite news\\|title\\=A recipe for success\\|url\\=http://www.teambmr.com/news/a\\-recipe\\-for\\-success\\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2014\\|date\\=27 January 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=25 February 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225032019/http://www.teambmr.com/news/a\\-recipe\\-for\\-success\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Menu struggled to find the ideal set up in the new breed NGTC Touring Car. He finished 10th in the standings with a pair of podium finishes, 2nd at Rockingham and 3rd at Silverstone.",
"As of 2015, Menu is no longer a driver for Team BMR, however he remained on the team's roster as a driver coach, helping to train those involved in the [British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/BTCC \"BTCC\"), [Renault Clio Cup](/wiki/Renault_Clio_Cup_United_Kingdom \"Renault Clio Cup United Kingdom\") and [Ginetta Junior Championship](/wiki/Ginetta_Junior_Championship \"Ginetta Junior Championship\"), but he refused to rule out driving for the team again later in the year.",
"### DTM",
"From 2001 to 2003, Menu raced for [Opel](/wiki/Opel \"Opel\") in the [Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters](/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Masters \"Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters\"), a high\\-tech touring car series based in Germany. However, he achieved little success (Menu would describe his DTM years as \"not very good\" in a 2004 interview). While competing in the DTM, he ventured into [sports car racing](/wiki/Sports_car_racing \"Sports car racing\") with [Prodrive](/wiki/Prodrive \"Prodrive\"), competing in both the [Le Mans 24 Hours](/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans \"24 Hours of Le Mans\") and the [Sebring 12 Hours](/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring \"12 Hours of Sebring\") as well as winning one race each in both the [FIA GT Championship](/wiki/FIA_GT_Championship \"FIA GT Championship\") and the [American Le Mans Series](/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series \"American Le Mans Series\").",
"### World Touring Car Championship",
"#### Chevrolet (2005–2012\\)",
"In 2004, Menu announced his return to production\\-based touring car racing, with the fledgling [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") team, [RML](/wiki/Ray_Mallock_Ltd. \"Ray Mallock Ltd.\") in the [2005 World Touring Car Championship season](/wiki/2005_World_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"2005 World Touring Car Championship season\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Chevrolet signs Menu\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/40061\\|work\\=\\[\\[Autosport]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Publishing]]\\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2012\\|date\\=1 October 2004}} Menu, and his equally highly regarded team\\-mate [Nicola Larini](/wiki/Nicola_Larini \"Nicola Larini\"), did not expect to win races in their first year but the team's performance was still seen as a big disappointment, Menu only achieving three points finishes, his best result being a 6th at [Spa\\-Francorchamps](/wiki/Circuit_de_Spa-Francorchamps \"Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\").",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Menu driving the [Chevrolet Lacetti](/wiki/Chevrolet_Lacetti \"Chevrolet Lacetti\") WTCC car at [Brands Hatch](/wiki/Brands_Hatch \"Brands Hatch\") in [2008](/wiki/2008_World_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"2008 World Touring Car Championship season\").](/wiki/Image:Alain_Menu_2008_Brands_Hatch.jpg \"Alain Menu 2008 Brands Hatch.jpg\")\nThe team had expected to make progress up the grid in 2006, and their faith was fulfilled at a very wet [Brands Hatch](/wiki/Brands_Hatch \"Brands Hatch\") on 21 May when Menu won the second race of the day, scoring Chevrolet's first\\-ever outright win in a [FIA](/wiki/FIA \"FIA\")\\-accredited world championship event.",
"Chevrolet introduced the new [Cruze](/wiki/Chevrolet_Cruze \"Chevrolet Cruze\") model to the championship for [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"2009 World Touring Car Championship season\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Glendenning\\|first\\=Mark\\|title\\=Chevrolet unveil new colours\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/72305\\|work\\=\\[\\[Autosport]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Media Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|access\\-date\\=25 December 2012\\|date\\=3 December 2008}} Menu crashed out of the first race of the season at the [Race of Brazil](/wiki/2009_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Brazil \"2009 FIA WTCC Race of Brazil\") after the collision with BMW pair [Andy Priaulx](/wiki/Andy_Priaulx \"Andy Priaulx\") and [Jörg Müller](/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_M%C3%BCller \"Jörg Müller\"). At the [Race of Morocco](/wiki/2009_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Morocco \"2009 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco\"), he had originally qualified second but was demoted to tenth by the stewards after his car did not restart following a mandatory visit to the weighing bay after the second phase of qualifying.{{cite news\\|last\\=Meissner \\|first\\=Johan \\|title\\=Alain Menu penalized and moved down \\|url\\=http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\\=3424 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130204231817/http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\\=3424 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=4 February 2013 \\|work\\=TouringCarTimes \\|publisher\\=Mediaempire Stockholm AB \\|access\\-date\\=25 December 2012 \\|date\\=3 May 2009 }} He was caught up in a race one incident with Jorg Müller and Rickard Rydell which put Rydell out of the race with damage. The [Race of France](/wiki/2009_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_France \"2009 FIA WTCC Race of France\") saw Menu take his first win in the Chevrolet Cruze having started on the reversed grid pole for race two and winning the race from there. Menu collided with [Augusto Farfus](/wiki/Augusto_Farfus \"Augusto Farfus\") in race one of the [Race of Portugal](/wiki/2009_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Portugal \"2009 FIA WTCC Race of Portugal\") with Menu being spun into the wall. Menu's teammate Larini tagged [Tiago Monteiro](/wiki/Tiago_Monteiro \"Tiago Monteiro\") while the pair tried to avoid the wreckage but [Mehdi Bennani](/wiki/Mehdi_Bennani \"Mehdi Bennani\") collided with the stationary Chevrolet, the track was then blocked and the race red flagged. Menu took pole position at the following event, the [Race of UK](/wiki/2009_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_UK \"2009 FIA WTCC Race of UK\") at Brands Hatch. Having swapped places throughout the race with teammate Huff, Menu won the race to take his second win of the year. During the final qualifying session of the year for the [Race of Macau](/wiki/2009_Guia_Race_of_Macau \"2009 Guia Race of Macau\"), [Yvan Muller](/wiki/Yvan_Muller \"Yvan Muller\") lost control on cement dust that had been laid on the track following an earlier accident for James Thompson. Tarquini hit Muller's car, and the [SEAT Sport](/wiki/SEAT_Sport \"SEAT Sport\") pair were then hit by Menu. He finished the season tenth in the drivers' championship behind fifth placed Huff.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Menu driving for [Chevrolet](/wiki/RML_Group \"RML Group\") at the [2010 FIA WTCC Race of Japan](/wiki/2010_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Japan \"2010 FIA WTCC Race of Japan\").](/wiki/File:Alain_Menu_2010_WTCC_Race_of_Japan_%28Free_Practice_2%29.jpg \"Alain Menu 2010 WTCC Race of Japan (Free Practice 2).jpg\")\nHe stayed with Chevrolet for the [2010 season](/wiki/2010_World_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"2010 World Touring Car Championship season\"), joined by Huff and new teammate Yvan Muller.{{cite news\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Steven\\|title\\=Yvan Muller gets 2010 Chevrolet seat\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80295\\|work\\=\\[\\[Autosport]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Media Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|access\\-date\\=25 December 2012\\|date\\=22 November 2009}} Menu brought out the red flags during qualifying for the [Race of Morocco](/wiki/2010_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Morocco \"2010 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco\") when he crashed into the wall during Q1\\. He came into contact with the wall again during race two when he tangled with [BMW Team RBM](/wiki/Racing_Bart_Mampaey \"Racing Bart Mampaey\") driver [Augusto Farfus](/wiki/Augusto_Farfus \"Augusto Farfus\"). Having been passed by [eBay Motors](/wiki/West_Surrey_Racing \"West Surrey Racing\") driver [Colin Turkington](/wiki/Colin_Turkington \"Colin Turkington\") near the end of the race one of the [Race of UK](/wiki/2010_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_UK \"2010 FIA WTCC Race of UK\"), Menu dropped down the order to benefit from the reversed grid for race two. He started on the front row but damaged his steering trying to pass Farfus which put an end to his race. He won only one race in 2010, the first race of the [Race of Germany](/wiki/2010_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Germany \"2010 FIA WTCC Race of Germany\") and he finished the year sixth in the standings, three places and 103 points down on teammate Huff while Muller was champion.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Menu's [Michel Vaillant](/wiki/Michel_Vaillant \"Michel Vaillant\") color Cruze 1\\.6T for the [2012 Race of Portugal](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Portugal \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of Portugal\") where Menu won race two of the event as Vaillant.](/wiki/File:Vaillante_Chevrolet.JPG \"Vaillante Chevrolet.JPG\")\nMenu continued with Chevrolet for [2012](/wiki/2012_World_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"2012 World Touring Car Championship season\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Meissner \\|first\\=Johan \\|title\\=Huff, Menu and Muller confirmed for Chevrolet 2012 \\|url\\=http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\\=6849 \\|work\\=TouringCarTimes \\|publisher\\=Mediaempire Stockholm AB \\|access\\-date\\=25 December 2012 \\|date\\=7 October 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616190803/http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\\=6849 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2012 \\|df\\=dmy }} Muller had won the first three races of the season but Menu broke this streak by winning the second race of the [Race of Spain](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Spain \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of Spain\"), despite going through a gravel trap after encountering oil on the circuit. He took his first pole position of the season at the [Race of Morocco](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Morocco \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco\") and won the first race of the day. Menu was running third in the second race of the [Race of Slovakia](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Slovakia \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of Slovakia\") until he dropped down the order and retired with a broken rim. The second race of the [Race of Hungary](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Hungary \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of Hungary\") saw Menu pull away from his teammates to chase down race leader and eventual winner [Norbert Michelisz](/wiki/Norbert_Michelisz \"Norbert Michelisz\") to close in on his teammates in the championship. While running third in race two of the [Race of Austria](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Austria \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of Austria\"), he suffered a puncture and a high speed collision with the barriers ensued in the final sector of the lap. A similar specification Chevrolet Cruze of [bamboo\\-engineering](/wiki/Bamboo_Engineering \"Bamboo Engineering\")'s [Alex MacDowall](/wiki/Alex_MacDowall \"Alex MacDowall\") also had a left front puncture and came to rest in the gravel trap in close proximity to Menu's stranded car. He took up the role of comic book character [Michel Vaillant](/wiki/Michel_Vaillant \"Michel Vaillant\") for the [Race of Portugal](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Portugal \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of Portugal\"). His Chevrolet Cruze raced in special [Vaillante](/wiki/Vaillante \"Vaillante\") colours and he wore a special race suit and dyed his hair to look like the French comic book racer.{{cite news\\|last\\=Abbott\\|first\\=Andrew\\|title\\=Menu gets comic role for Portugal\\|url\\=http://www.touring\\-cars.net/2012/05/menu\\-gets\\-comic\\-role\\-for\\-portugal\\|work\\=Touring\\-Cars.net\\|publisher\\=Andrew Abbott\\|access\\-date\\=24 December 2012\\|date\\=28 May 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620230437/http://www.touring\\-cars.net/2012/05/menu\\-gets\\-comic\\-role\\-for\\-portugal\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Menu began a run of three successive pole positions at the [Race of United States](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_the_United_States \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of the United States\"), but he retired from the first race with power steering issues. He led a Chevrolet 1–2–3 from pole in the opening race of the [Race of Japan](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Japan \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of Japan\") and led from start to finish in race one of the [Race of China](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_China \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of China\"). Menu was pushed into a half spin by teammate Muller in the second race while leading, allowing Huff to go through and win. Muller finished second and Menu finished third but a post race thirty\\-second penalty saw Muller drop to thirteenth in the classification and Menu was elevated to second in the championship.{{cite news\\|title\\=YVAN MULLER DROPPED OUT OF THE POINTS \\|url\\=http://www.fiawtcc.com/news/detail/id/467 \\|work\\=fiawtcc.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Eurosport]] \\|access\\-date\\=25 December 2012 \\|date\\=4 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023035612/http://www.fiawtcc.com/news/detail/id/467 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 October 2013 \\|df\\=dmy }} Menu won the final race of the year at Macau and secured his best overall result in the WTCC with second in the drivers' championship, twelve points shy of Huff.",
"Prior to the [Race of Brazil](/wiki/2012_FIA_WTCC_Race_of_Brazil \"2012 FIA WTCC Race of Brazil\"), Chevrolet announced they were ending their WTCC programme, leaving their drivers without seats for 2013\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Abbott\\|first\\=Andrew\\|title\\=Chevrolet announce end of WTCC programme\\|url\\=http://www.touring\\-cars.net/2012/07/chevrolet\\-announce\\-end\\-of\\-wtcc\\-programme\\|work\\=Touring\\-Cars.net\\|publisher\\=Andrew Abbott\\|access\\-date\\=25 December 2012\\|date\\=4 July 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726202702/https://www.touring\\-cars.net/2012/07/chevrolet\\-announce\\-end\\-of\\-wtcc\\-programme\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Porsche Supercup",
"Having been unable to find a seat in the WTCC, Menu moved to the [Porsche Supercup](/wiki/Porsche_Supercup \"Porsche Supercup\") for the [2013 season](/wiki/2013_Porsche_Supercup_season \"2013 Porsche Supercup season\"), driving for team FACH Auto Tech.{{cite news\\|last\\=Hudson \\|first\\=Neil \\|title\\=Alain Menu to contest the 2013 Porsche Supercup \\|url\\=http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\\=8643 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130412005237/http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\\=8643 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2013 \\|work\\=TouringCarTimes \\|publisher\\=Mediaempire Stockholm AB \\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2013 \\|date\\=6 March 2013 }} Some sources stated that FACH Auto Tech is Menu's own team, but he declared that it is not true.\nWith the main sponsor of the team not supplying funds, Menu only completed one race of the season.",
"### Other activities",
"In 2006, he won the [200 km de Buenos Aires](/wiki/200_km_de_Buenos_Aires \"200 km de Buenos Aires\"), a round of Argentina's [TC2000](/wiki/TC2000 \"TC2000\") championship, with [Matias Rossi](/wiki/Matias_Rossi \"Matias Rossi\") driving a [Chevrolet Astra](/wiki/Chevrolet_Astra \"Chevrolet Astra\").{{cite news \\| url \\=http://www.tc2000\\.com.ar/noticias\\_ingles.php?id\\=98 \\| title \\=CHEVROLET ELAION The marque's 20th TC2000 win \\| publisher \\= tc2000\\.com.ar \\| date \\= 23 May 2007 \\| access\\-date \\= 16 April 2008}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2010\\|bot\\=H3llBot}}",
"In a 2005 poll by readers of Motorsport Magazine, Menu was voted the fourth greatest touring car driver of all time.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/february\\-2005/38/top\\-20\\-tin\\-top\\-drivers\\| title \\= Top 20 tin\\-top drivers February 2005 \\- Motor Sport Magazine\\| date \\= 4 April 2016}}",
""
] |
### British Touring Car Championship
#### Team M Mobile (1992\)
The son of a farmer, Menu was born in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva"). Like many drivers who eventually build a career in touring cars, Menu began his career in [single\-seater](/wiki/Open_wheel_car "Open wheel car") racing, reaching the [International Formula 3000](/wiki/International_Formula_3000 "International Formula 3000") championship in 1991 after two years in the [British Formula 3 Championship](/wiki/British_Formula_3_Championship "British Formula 3 Championship") and one year in the British Formula 3000 Championship, in which he finished runner\-up in 1990\. However, for the next year he returned to Great Britain to race a [BMW 3 Series](/wiki/BMW_3_Series "BMW 3 Series") in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), showing promise before being injured mid\-season in a [quadbike](/wiki/Quadbike "Quadbike") accident at Knockhill; despite only participating in half of the season, he still managed to finish 9th in the final championship standings. As a result of this accident, he was unable to jog for exercise again – he instead took up cycling as his main exercise.
#### Renault (1993–1998\)
In [1993](/wiki/1993_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1993 British Touring Car Championship season"), Menu began a six\-year association with [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") in the BTCC, who had just entered the series with the GB Motorsport run [Renault 19](/wiki/Renault_19 "Renault 19"). He finished second in a very wet round two at [Donington Park](/wiki/Donington_Park "Donington Park") behind teammate [Tim Harvey](/wiki/Tim_Harvey "Tim Harvey"). At the next round at [Oulton Park](/wiki/Oulton_Park "Oulton Park"), he crashed out of fifth place late on in the race. Menu collided with [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera "Nissan Primera") of [Tiff Needell](/wiki/Tiff_Needell "Tiff Needell") on the final lap of round eight at [Silverstone](/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit "Silverstone Circuit"), dropping Menu for seventh to eighth and forcing Needell into the pits. The Renault team missed the double header at [Knockhill](/wiki/Knockhill_Racing_Circuit "Knockhill Racing Circuit") and returned to the grid for round ten at Oulton Park. The car had been revised and Menu was sixth after the first few corners having started eighth; he went on to finish fourth behind [John Cleland](/wiki/John_Cleland_%28racing_driver%29 "John Cleland (racing driver)"). The first year of their partnership was not particularly successful, with the 19 little better than a midfield runner in the hands of Menu and reigning champion Tim Harvey. However, Menu did manage to win one race at a rain\-soaked Donington Park late in the season.
[thumb\|left\|Menu driving for [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") in the [1996 British Touring Car Championship season](/wiki/1996_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1996 British Touring Car Championship season").](/wiki/Image:Alain_Menu_1996_BTCC.jpg "Alain Menu 1996 BTCC.jpg")
For [1994](/wiki/1994_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1994 British Touring Car Championship season"), the 19 was replaced by the [Renault Laguna](/wiki/Renault_Laguna "Renault Laguna"), which proved to be a much better package all\-round. [Alfa Romeo](/wiki/Alfa_Romeo "Alfa Romeo") had dominated the first four races and Menu did not finish on the podium until Silverstone. At Oulton Park, Alfa Romeo were told to run their cars without their disputed aerodynamic aids and they left the circuit in protest. This allowed Menu to win the race from pole position and set fastest lap. He collided with [Julian Bailey](/wiki/Julian_Bailey_%28racing_driver%29 "Julian Bailey (racing driver)") at the first corner of the [British Grand Prix](/wiki/1994_British_Grand_Prix "1994 British Grand Prix") support race at Silverstone, triggering a pileup that red flagged the race. He took pole position for round fifteen at Oulton Park by nearly a second over [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW") driver [Joachim Winkelhock](/wiki/Joachim_Winkelhock "Joachim Winkelhock") but made a poor start and finished third. Menu scored four further podiums in the last four races to finish second in the championship behind [Gabriele Tarquini](/wiki/Gabriele_Tarquini "Gabriele Tarquini").
The running of the Renault team was taken over by [WilliamsF1](/wiki/WilliamsF1 "WilliamsF1") for the [1995 season](/wiki/1995_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1995 British Touring Car Championship season") and Menu was joined by former [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") driver [Will Hoy](/wiki/Will_Hoy "Will Hoy"). Despite relatively little testing, Menu qualified third for the season opener at Donington Park and went on to finish second in the race. He took pole position for the first race at [Thruxton](/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit "Thruxton Circuit") and held on to take a narrow victory over Cleland. Menu was running third in round seven at Silverstone when he was forced to retire with mechanical issues but he was able to take part in the second race of the day and he finished fourth. Third place in round nine at Oulton Park was the start of five successive mid\-season podiums that kept him second in the championship behind [Rickard Rydell](/wiki/Rickard_Rydell "Rickard Rydell") and then Cleland. Menu was third in the championship after round 21 at Snetterton but three consecutive wins finished the year and elevated him back up to second in the standings.
[thumb\|right\|Menu driving for [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") in the [1998 British Touring Car Championship season](/wiki/1998_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1998 British Touring Car Championship season").](/wiki/Image:Alain_Menu_1998_BTCC_%28cropped%29.jpg "Alain Menu 1998 BTCC (cropped).jpg")
Menu was partnered with Hoy once again in [1996](/wiki/1996_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1996 British Touring Car Championship season"). The main rival for the Renault team was [Audi Sport UK](/wiki/Audi "Audi") and their 4\-wheel drive car, driven by [Frank Biela](/wiki/Frank_Biela "Frank Biela"). The season opener at Donington Park saw Menu finish third behind teammate Hoy and Biela. Menu had to start the second race of the day from the back of the grid having failed the ride height check after race one. He recovered to seventh before having to retire with mechanical problems. Menu took pole position for the next event at Brands Hatch, but was demoted to second at the start by Biela and those positions stuck until the finish line. The next event at Thruxton saw Menu spin at Church corner in race one and ditch his car into the nearby woodland, he was unhurt but the damage left him on the sidelines for race two. Menu worked his way up into the lead of race one at Snetterton but almost immediately slowed down with car problems and retired. He took the first win of the year for Renault in the next meeting at Brands Hatch, winning both races. After this, Menu won twice more on his way to second in the championship, 92 points shy of champion Frank Biela.
He continued with Renault in [1997](/wiki/1997_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1997 British Touring Car Championship season") and was joined by [Renault Spider](/wiki/Renault_Spider "Renault Spider") champion [Jason Plato](/wiki/Jason_Plato "Jason Plato"). The car was much more competitive for that year and Menu won the first four races of the season. Rounds five and six at Thruxton took place in wet conditions and the Renaults front row lock\-out translated into two third\-placed finishes for Menu. He was nudged into a spin in round eight at Brands Hatch by [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid "Anthony Reid")'s Nissan, but was able to rejoin the race and finish fourth while Reid finished fourteenth. Menu started on pole for a wet round eleven at Donington Park, although the two Audis got a better start and led into the first corner. Menu was able to cleanly retake second from [John Bintcliffe](/wiki/John_Bintcliffe "John Bintcliffe"), despite a misted up windscreen. Contact with [James Thompson](/wiki/James_Thompson_%28racing_driver%29 "James Thompson (racing driver)") at Knockhill meant Menu retired for the first and only time that season. Just before round 19 at Thruxton, Menu pulled into the pits to fix a broken rear wheel, which meant he missed the start and he finished in a non–points classified finish for the first time that year. After the second race at Thruxton, Menu had secured the championship crown and so on the final lap of round 21 at Brands Hatch, Menu let teammate Plato through into second place to allow him to close in on Biela in the championship. Menu had taken twelve wins in a dominant car in 1997, a record that was later equalled by [Ashley Sutton](/wiki/Ashley_Sutton "Ashley Sutton") 26 years later.
[1998](/wiki/1998_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season "1998 British Touring Car Championship season") would see the Renault team have a large amount of sponsorship from Nescafe and Menu was once again partnered by Plato. The Renault Laguna was not as dominant as the previous season and Menu won only three races, the first which came at Thruxton in the second race of the year.
#### Ford (1999–2000\)
Menu switched to [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") in 1999{{cite news\|title\=Williams could struggle, says Menu\|url\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/4640/\|work\=\[\[Autosport]]\|publisher\=\[\[Haymarket Media Group\|Haymarket Publications]]\|access\-date\=25 December 2012\|date\=23 March 1999}} with 1998 championship runner\-up [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid "Anthony Reid") leaving [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan"). The [Ford Mondeo](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo "Ford Mondeo") was not successful in 1999 and Menu finished 11th in the championship with 1 win at Knockhill. Menu would win his second title in 2000 against team\-mates [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid "Anthony Reid") and [Rickard Rydell](/wiki/Rickard_Rydell "Rickard Rydell"). He would be the last driver to win the BTCC title in a Ford until Ash Sutton 23 years later.
2000 was to be the last year of the BTCC in that form; the championship had been gradually in decline and losing entrants since 1998, with 2000 only featuring 3 works teams and 12 championship contenders, as opposed to the 9 teams and 20\+ championship contenders in 1995\. The championship was reformed for 2001 with new regulations, but only two manufacturers committed to the series, and Menu, like most of the star drivers, chose to leave the series.
#### VX Racing (2007\)
On 4 October 2007, it was announced that Menu would make a one\-off return to the BTCC with which he is most closely associated. He drove a [Vauxhall Vectra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Vectra "Vauxhall Vectra") for [VX Racing](/wiki/VX_Racing "VX Racing") at the final round of the 2007 BTCC season at [Thruxton](/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit "Thruxton Circuit") to assist [Fabrizio Giovanardi](/wiki/Fabrizio_Giovanardi "Fabrizio Giovanardi") in his successful title bid.{{cite news\|last\=Meissner \|first\=Johan \|title\=Menu confirmed by Vauxhall \|url\=http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\=1476 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130204232402/http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\=1476 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=4 February 2013 \|work\=TouringCarTimes \|publisher\=Mediaempire Stockholm AB \|access\-date\=23 December 2012 \|date\=4 October 2007 }}
#### Team BMR (2014–2015\)
[thumb\|Menu driving the [Team BMR](/wiki/Warren_Scott "Warren Scott") [Volkswagen CC](/wiki/Volkswagen_CC "Volkswagen CC") at [Donington Park](/wiki/Donington_Park "Donington Park") during the [2014 British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/2014_British_Touring_Car_Championship "2014 British Touring Car Championship") season.](/wiki/File:DSC_0227_%2813252712744%29.jpg "DSC 0227 (13252712744).jpg")
On 27 January 2014, it was announced that Menu would return to the BTCC, driving a [Volkswagen CC](/wiki/Volkswagen_CC "Volkswagen CC") for [Team BMR](/wiki/Warren_Scott "Warren Scott").{{cite news\|title\=A recipe for success\|url\=http://www.teambmr.com/news/a\-recipe\-for\-success\|access\-date\=27 January 2014\|date\=27 January 2014\|archive\-date\=25 February 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225032019/http://www.teambmr.com/news/a\-recipe\-for\-success\|url\-status\=dead}} Menu struggled to find the ideal set up in the new breed NGTC Touring Car. He finished 10th in the standings with a pair of podium finishes, 2nd at Rockingham and 3rd at Silverstone.
As of 2015, Menu is no longer a driver for Team BMR, however he remained on the team's roster as a driver coach, helping to train those involved in the [British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/BTCC "BTCC"), [Renault Clio Cup](/wiki/Renault_Clio_Cup_United_Kingdom "Renault Clio Cup United Kingdom") and [Ginetta Junior Championship](/wiki/Ginetta_Junior_Championship "Ginetta Junior Championship"), but he refused to rule out driving for the team again later in the year.
|
[
"### British Touring Car Championship",
"#### Team M Mobile (1992\\)",
"The son of a farmer, Menu was born in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\"). Like many drivers who eventually build a career in touring cars, Menu began his career in [single\\-seater](/wiki/Open_wheel_car \"Open wheel car\") racing, reaching the [International Formula 3000](/wiki/International_Formula_3000 \"International Formula 3000\") championship in 1991 after two years in the [British Formula 3 Championship](/wiki/British_Formula_3_Championship \"British Formula 3 Championship\") and one year in the British Formula 3000 Championship, in which he finished runner\\-up in 1990\\. However, for the next year he returned to Great Britain to race a [BMW 3 Series](/wiki/BMW_3_Series \"BMW 3 Series\") in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), showing promise before being injured mid\\-season in a [quadbike](/wiki/Quadbike \"Quadbike\") accident at Knockhill; despite only participating in half of the season, he still managed to finish 9th in the final championship standings. As a result of this accident, he was unable to jog for exercise again – he instead took up cycling as his main exercise.",
"#### Renault (1993–1998\\)",
"In [1993](/wiki/1993_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1993 British Touring Car Championship season\"), Menu began a six\\-year association with [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") in the BTCC, who had just entered the series with the GB Motorsport run [Renault 19](/wiki/Renault_19 \"Renault 19\"). He finished second in a very wet round two at [Donington Park](/wiki/Donington_Park \"Donington Park\") behind teammate [Tim Harvey](/wiki/Tim_Harvey \"Tim Harvey\"). At the next round at [Oulton Park](/wiki/Oulton_Park \"Oulton Park\"), he crashed out of fifth place late on in the race. Menu collided with [Nissan Primera](/wiki/Nissan_Primera \"Nissan Primera\") of [Tiff Needell](/wiki/Tiff_Needell \"Tiff Needell\") on the final lap of round eight at [Silverstone](/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit \"Silverstone Circuit\"), dropping Menu for seventh to eighth and forcing Needell into the pits. The Renault team missed the double header at [Knockhill](/wiki/Knockhill_Racing_Circuit \"Knockhill Racing Circuit\") and returned to the grid for round ten at Oulton Park. The car had been revised and Menu was sixth after the first few corners having started eighth; he went on to finish fourth behind [John Cleland](/wiki/John_Cleland_%28racing_driver%29 \"John Cleland (racing driver)\"). The first year of their partnership was not particularly successful, with the 19 little better than a midfield runner in the hands of Menu and reigning champion Tim Harvey. However, Menu did manage to win one race at a rain\\-soaked Donington Park late in the season.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Menu driving for [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") in the [1996 British Touring Car Championship season](/wiki/1996_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1996 British Touring Car Championship season\").](/wiki/Image:Alain_Menu_1996_BTCC.jpg \"Alain Menu 1996 BTCC.jpg\")\nFor [1994](/wiki/1994_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1994 British Touring Car Championship season\"), the 19 was replaced by the [Renault Laguna](/wiki/Renault_Laguna \"Renault Laguna\"), which proved to be a much better package all\\-round. [Alfa Romeo](/wiki/Alfa_Romeo \"Alfa Romeo\") had dominated the first four races and Menu did not finish on the podium until Silverstone. At Oulton Park, Alfa Romeo were told to run their cars without their disputed aerodynamic aids and they left the circuit in protest. This allowed Menu to win the race from pole position and set fastest lap. He collided with [Julian Bailey](/wiki/Julian_Bailey_%28racing_driver%29 \"Julian Bailey (racing driver)\") at the first corner of the [British Grand Prix](/wiki/1994_British_Grand_Prix \"1994 British Grand Prix\") support race at Silverstone, triggering a pileup that red flagged the race. He took pole position for round fifteen at Oulton Park by nearly a second over [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\") driver [Joachim Winkelhock](/wiki/Joachim_Winkelhock \"Joachim Winkelhock\") but made a poor start and finished third. Menu scored four further podiums in the last four races to finish second in the championship behind [Gabriele Tarquini](/wiki/Gabriele_Tarquini \"Gabriele Tarquini\").",
"The running of the Renault team was taken over by [WilliamsF1](/wiki/WilliamsF1 \"WilliamsF1\") for the [1995 season](/wiki/1995_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1995 British Touring Car Championship season\") and Menu was joined by former [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") driver [Will Hoy](/wiki/Will_Hoy \"Will Hoy\"). Despite relatively little testing, Menu qualified third for the season opener at Donington Park and went on to finish second in the race. He took pole position for the first race at [Thruxton](/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit \"Thruxton Circuit\") and held on to take a narrow victory over Cleland. Menu was running third in round seven at Silverstone when he was forced to retire with mechanical issues but he was able to take part in the second race of the day and he finished fourth. Third place in round nine at Oulton Park was the start of five successive mid\\-season podiums that kept him second in the championship behind [Rickard Rydell](/wiki/Rickard_Rydell \"Rickard Rydell\") and then Cleland. Menu was third in the championship after round 21 at Snetterton but three consecutive wins finished the year and elevated him back up to second in the standings.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Menu driving for [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") in the [1998 British Touring Car Championship season](/wiki/1998_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1998 British Touring Car Championship season\").](/wiki/Image:Alain_Menu_1998_BTCC_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Alain Menu 1998 BTCC (cropped).jpg\")\nMenu was partnered with Hoy once again in [1996](/wiki/1996_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1996 British Touring Car Championship season\"). The main rival for the Renault team was [Audi Sport UK](/wiki/Audi \"Audi\") and their 4\\-wheel drive car, driven by [Frank Biela](/wiki/Frank_Biela \"Frank Biela\"). The season opener at Donington Park saw Menu finish third behind teammate Hoy and Biela. Menu had to start the second race of the day from the back of the grid having failed the ride height check after race one. He recovered to seventh before having to retire with mechanical problems. Menu took pole position for the next event at Brands Hatch, but was demoted to second at the start by Biela and those positions stuck until the finish line. The next event at Thruxton saw Menu spin at Church corner in race one and ditch his car into the nearby woodland, he was unhurt but the damage left him on the sidelines for race two. Menu worked his way up into the lead of race one at Snetterton but almost immediately slowed down with car problems and retired. He took the first win of the year for Renault in the next meeting at Brands Hatch, winning both races. After this, Menu won twice more on his way to second in the championship, 92 points shy of champion Frank Biela.",
"He continued with Renault in [1997](/wiki/1997_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1997 British Touring Car Championship season\") and was joined by [Renault Spider](/wiki/Renault_Spider \"Renault Spider\") champion [Jason Plato](/wiki/Jason_Plato \"Jason Plato\"). The car was much more competitive for that year and Menu won the first four races of the season. Rounds five and six at Thruxton took place in wet conditions and the Renaults front row lock\\-out translated into two third\\-placed finishes for Menu. He was nudged into a spin in round eight at Brands Hatch by [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid \"Anthony Reid\")'s Nissan, but was able to rejoin the race and finish fourth while Reid finished fourteenth. Menu started on pole for a wet round eleven at Donington Park, although the two Audis got a better start and led into the first corner. Menu was able to cleanly retake second from [John Bintcliffe](/wiki/John_Bintcliffe \"John Bintcliffe\"), despite a misted up windscreen. Contact with [James Thompson](/wiki/James_Thompson_%28racing_driver%29 \"James Thompson (racing driver)\") at Knockhill meant Menu retired for the first and only time that season. Just before round 19 at Thruxton, Menu pulled into the pits to fix a broken rear wheel, which meant he missed the start and he finished in a non–points classified finish for the first time that year. After the second race at Thruxton, Menu had secured the championship crown and so on the final lap of round 21 at Brands Hatch, Menu let teammate Plato through into second place to allow him to close in on Biela in the championship. Menu had taken twelve wins in a dominant car in 1997, a record that was later equalled by [Ashley Sutton](/wiki/Ashley_Sutton \"Ashley Sutton\") 26 years later.",
"[1998](/wiki/1998_British_Touring_Car_Championship_season \"1998 British Touring Car Championship season\") would see the Renault team have a large amount of sponsorship from Nescafe and Menu was once again partnered by Plato. The Renault Laguna was not as dominant as the previous season and Menu won only three races, the first which came at Thruxton in the second race of the year.",
"#### Ford (1999–2000\\)",
"Menu switched to [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") in 1999{{cite news\\|title\\=Williams could struggle, says Menu\\|url\\=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/4640/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Autosport]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Haymarket Media Group\\|Haymarket Publications]]\\|access\\-date\\=25 December 2012\\|date\\=23 March 1999}} with 1998 championship runner\\-up [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid \"Anthony Reid\") leaving [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\"). The [Ford Mondeo](/wiki/Ford_Mondeo \"Ford Mondeo\") was not successful in 1999 and Menu finished 11th in the championship with 1 win at Knockhill. Menu would win his second title in 2000 against team\\-mates [Anthony Reid](/wiki/Anthony_Reid \"Anthony Reid\") and [Rickard Rydell](/wiki/Rickard_Rydell \"Rickard Rydell\"). He would be the last driver to win the BTCC title in a Ford until Ash Sutton 23 years later.",
"2000 was to be the last year of the BTCC in that form; the championship had been gradually in decline and losing entrants since 1998, with 2000 only featuring 3 works teams and 12 championship contenders, as opposed to the 9 teams and 20\\+ championship contenders in 1995\\. The championship was reformed for 2001 with new regulations, but only two manufacturers committed to the series, and Menu, like most of the star drivers, chose to leave the series.",
"#### VX Racing (2007\\)",
"On 4 October 2007, it was announced that Menu would make a one\\-off return to the BTCC with which he is most closely associated. He drove a [Vauxhall Vectra](/wiki/Vauxhall_Vectra \"Vauxhall Vectra\") for [VX Racing](/wiki/VX_Racing \"VX Racing\") at the final round of the 2007 BTCC season at [Thruxton](/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit \"Thruxton Circuit\") to assist [Fabrizio Giovanardi](/wiki/Fabrizio_Giovanardi \"Fabrizio Giovanardi\") in his successful title bid.{{cite news\\|last\\=Meissner \\|first\\=Johan \\|title\\=Menu confirmed by Vauxhall \\|url\\=http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\\=1476 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130204232402/http://www.touringcartimes.com/article.php?id\\=1476 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=4 February 2013 \\|work\\=TouringCarTimes \\|publisher\\=Mediaempire Stockholm AB \\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2012 \\|date\\=4 October 2007 }}",
"#### Team BMR (2014–2015\\)",
"[thumb\\|Menu driving the [Team BMR](/wiki/Warren_Scott \"Warren Scott\") [Volkswagen CC](/wiki/Volkswagen_CC \"Volkswagen CC\") at [Donington Park](/wiki/Donington_Park \"Donington Park\") during the [2014 British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/2014_British_Touring_Car_Championship \"2014 British Touring Car Championship\") season.](/wiki/File:DSC_0227_%2813252712744%29.jpg \"DSC 0227 (13252712744).jpg\")\nOn 27 January 2014, it was announced that Menu would return to the BTCC, driving a [Volkswagen CC](/wiki/Volkswagen_CC \"Volkswagen CC\") for [Team BMR](/wiki/Warren_Scott \"Warren Scott\").{{cite news\\|title\\=A recipe for success\\|url\\=http://www.teambmr.com/news/a\\-recipe\\-for\\-success\\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2014\\|date\\=27 January 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=25 February 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225032019/http://www.teambmr.com/news/a\\-recipe\\-for\\-success\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Menu struggled to find the ideal set up in the new breed NGTC Touring Car. He finished 10th in the standings with a pair of podium finishes, 2nd at Rockingham and 3rd at Silverstone.",
"As of 2015, Menu is no longer a driver for Team BMR, however he remained on the team's roster as a driver coach, helping to train those involved in the [British Touring Car Championship](/wiki/BTCC \"BTCC\"), [Renault Clio Cup](/wiki/Renault_Clio_Cup_United_Kingdom \"Renault Clio Cup United Kingdom\") and [Ginetta Junior Championship](/wiki/Ginetta_Junior_Championship \"Ginetta Junior Championship\"), but he refused to rule out driving for the team again later in the year.",
""
] |
Mathematics
-----------
The "raw" transform Mojette definition is this:
proj(b,p,q)\=\\sum\_{k}^{}\\sum\_{l}^{}f(k,l)\\Delta(b\+kq\-pl)
| \\Delta(b) \= 1 | if \\,\\ b \= 0 |
| \\Delta(b) \= 0 | otherwise |
The following figure 1 helps to explain the “raw” transform Mojette.
[thumb\|Figure 1 : 4x4 grid with 16 pixels, 4 projections and 22 bins](/wiki/File:Mojette.png "Mojette.png")
We start with the function f represented by 16 pixels from p1 to p16\. The possible values of the function at the point (k, l) are different according to the applications. This can be a binary value of 0 or 1 that it often used to differentiate the object and the background. This can be a ternary value as in the Mojette game. This can be also a finite set of integers value from 0 to (n\-1\), or more often we take a set of cardinality equal to a power of 2 or a prime number. But it can be integers and real numbers with an infinite number of possibilities, even though this idea has never been used.
With the index "k" as "kolumn" and “l” as a “line”, we define a Cartesian coordinate system. But here we will only need the integer coordinates. On Figure 2, we have arbitrarily chosen the left bottom point as the origin (0,0\) and the direction of the two axes. The coordinates of each pixel are denoted in red on Figure 2\.
[thumb\|Figure 2 : Mark of 4x4 grid and projections](/wiki/File:Figure_2.PNG "Figure 2.PNG")
For the projections, the coordinate system is derived from the one of the grid. Indeed, it meets two requirements:
1\) The pixel (0,0\) is always projected on the point 0 of the projection (this is a consequence of linearity of the Mojette operator)
2\) The direction of the projection is fixed "counterclockwise" as in trigonometry when going from 0 ° to 180 °.
Altogether, it necessarily gives the positions of the bins like the ones in blue color on the Figure 2\.
Let’s head back to the formula (1\): the red dots correspond to the index (k, l) and the blue dots to the index b. The only elements remaining to clarify are the (p, q) values.
These two values (p, q) are precisely those characterizing the Mojette Transform. They define the projection angle. Figure 3 shows colored arrows corresponding with the color code to the projection indexed by (p, q). For the 90° angle, the projection is shown below the grid for convenience but the direction is upward. Table 1 shows the correspondence between the angles in degrees and the values of p and q.
[thumb\|Figure 3: Projections of direction (p, q) of the 4x4 grid](/wiki/File:Figure_3_MOJETTE.PNG "Figure 3 MOJETTE.PNG")
| 0° | p\=1 | q\=0 | b\-l\=0 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 45° | p\=1 | q\=1 | b\+k\-l\=0 |
| 90° | p\=0 | q\=1 | b\+k\=0 |
| 135° | p\=\-1 | q\=1 | b\+k\+l\=0 |
{{center\|1\=''Table 1 : The correspondence of the angles projections with direction equation b \+ qk \- pl {{\=}} 0''}}
The only valid Mojette angles are given by the following rules:
1. An angle is given by the direction of projection in line and column
2. A direction is composed of two integers (p, q) with gcd (p, q) \= 1
3. An angle is always between 0 and 180 °, which means that q is never negative
These rules ensure the uniqueness in the correspondence of an angle and (p, q) values. For example, the 45 ° angle, the Rule 2 forbid to define the angle pairs (2,2\) or (3,3\) and Rule 3 prohibits to use (\-2, \-2\) and (\-1, \-1\). Only the angle (p \= 1, q \= 1\) satisfies the three rules.
|
[
"Mathematics\n-----------",
"The \"raw\" transform Mojette definition is this:",
"proj(b,p,q)\\=\\\\sum\\_{k}^{}\\\\sum\\_{l}^{}f(k,l)\\\\Delta(b\\+kq\\-pl)",
"| \\\\Delta(b) \\= 1 | if \\\\,\\\\ b \\= 0 |\n| \\\\Delta(b) \\= 0 | otherwise |",
"The following figure 1 helps to explain the “raw” transform Mojette.",
"[thumb\\|Figure 1 : 4x4 grid with 16 pixels, 4 projections and 22 bins](/wiki/File:Mojette.png \"Mojette.png\")",
"We start with the function f represented by 16 pixels from p1 to p16\\. The possible values of the function at the point (k, l) are different according to the applications. This can be a binary value of 0 or 1 that it often used to differentiate the object and the background. This can be a ternary value as in the Mojette game. This can be also a finite set of integers value from 0 to (n\\-1\\), or more often we take a set of cardinality equal to a power of 2 or a prime number. But it can be integers and real numbers with an infinite number of possibilities, even though this idea has never been used.",
"With the index \"k\" as \"kolumn\" and “l” as a “line”, we define a Cartesian coordinate system. But here we will only need the integer coordinates. On Figure 2, we have arbitrarily chosen the left bottom point as the origin (0,0\\) and the direction of the two axes. The coordinates of each pixel are denoted in red on Figure 2\\.",
"[thumb\\|Figure 2 : Mark of 4x4 grid and projections](/wiki/File:Figure_2.PNG \"Figure 2.PNG\")",
"For the projections, the coordinate system is derived from the one of the grid. Indeed, it meets two requirements:\n1\\) The pixel (0,0\\) is always projected on the point 0 of the projection (this is a consequence of linearity of the Mojette operator)\n2\\) The direction of the projection is fixed \"counterclockwise\" as in trigonometry when going from 0 ° to 180 °.",
"Altogether, it necessarily gives the positions of the bins like the ones in blue color on the Figure 2\\.\nLet’s head back to the formula (1\\): the red dots correspond to the index (k, l) and the blue dots to the index b. The only elements remaining to clarify are the (p, q) values.",
"These two values (p, q) are precisely those characterizing the Mojette Transform. They define the projection angle. Figure 3 shows colored arrows corresponding with the color code to the projection indexed by (p, q). For the 90° angle, the projection is shown below the grid for convenience but the direction is upward. Table 1 shows the correspondence between the angles in degrees and the values of p and q.",
"[thumb\\|Figure 3: Projections of direction (p, q) of the 4x4 grid](/wiki/File:Figure_3_MOJETTE.PNG \"Figure 3 MOJETTE.PNG\")",
"",
"| 0° | p\\=1 | q\\=0 | b\\-l\\=0 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 45° | p\\=1 | q\\=1 | b\\+k\\-l\\=0 |\n| 90° | p\\=0 | q\\=1 | b\\+k\\=0 |\n| 135° | p\\=\\-1 | q\\=1 | b\\+k\\+l\\=0 |",
"{{center\\|1\\=''Table 1 : The correspondence of the angles projections with direction equation b \\+ qk \\- pl {{\\=}} 0''}}",
"The only valid Mojette angles are given by the following rules:\n1. An angle is given by the direction of projection in line and column\n2. A direction is composed of two integers (p, q) with gcd (p, q) \\= 1\n3. An angle is always between 0 and 180 °, which means that q is never negative",
"These rules ensure the uniqueness in the correspondence of an angle and (p, q) values. For example, the 45 ° angle, the Rule 2 forbid to define the angle pairs (2,2\\) or (3,3\\) and Rule 3 prohibits to use (\\-2, \\-2\\) and (\\-1, \\-1\\). Only the angle (p \\= 1, q \\= 1\\) satisfies the three rules.",
""
] |
Applications and achievements
-----------------------------
### The distributed storage disk or network
The most important area of application using the "Mojette Transform" is distributed storage. Particularly, this method is used in [RozoFS](/wiki/RozoFS "RozoFS"), an open\-source [distributed file system](/wiki/Clustered_file_system%23Distributed_file_systems "Clustered file system#Distributed file systems"). In this application, the "Mojette Transform" is used as an [erasure code](/wiki/Erasure_code "Erasure code") in order to provide reliability, while significantly reducing the total amount of stored data when compared to classical techniques like [replication](/wiki/Replication_%28computing%29 "Replication (computing)") (typically by a factor of 2\). Thus, it significantly reduces the cost of the storage cluster in terms of hardware, maintenance or energy consumption for example.
In 2010, Pierre Evenou, research engineer of the IVC team IRCCyN laboratory, decided to create the start\-up Fizians (currently known as Rozo Systems) using this application. The start\-up offers storage solutions in cloud computing, virtualization, storage servers, file servers, backup and archiving.
### Networks packets transfer
Thanks to the redundancy of the transform, sent packets can be fragmented without loss. Additionally, the fact of using only additions and subtractions increases the speed of information transmission. Finally, the information cannot be reconstructed without having the initial angle of the projections, so it also provides data security.
This application has been selected by Thales Cholet for its ad hoc network (using wireless network and terminals to transmit messages between them) in order to secure the information and has multiple paths between the source and destination. In 2002, the start\-up PIBI has used this technology to provide secure Internet payment services.
### The Medical tomography
In the field of medical imaging, the properties of the “Transform Mojette” create a direct mapping and solve the missing wedge problem. However, the image acquisition using the Mojette transform has not been yet developed. The problem of obtaining exact “Mojette” values while using approximated data acquisition has been studied but has to be continued. Besides, the post\-processing of medical images is doing well since data acquisition is already done.
These results are used by the company Keosys in 2001 with Jerome Fortineau and the company Qualiformed created in 2006 by Stephen Beaumont. Prof. Guédon and the IRCCyN laboratory were heavily involved in the creation of these two companies. The companies have already financed several PhD students and participated in research projects in order to continue the development of the application in medical tomography. The results have led to apply patents and implementation on their equipment of image processing.
### The watermarking and image encryption
Cryptography and watermarking were also part of the research conducted in the IRCCyN laboratory. It provides solutions for security and authentication.
In cryptography, the instability of the transformed Mojette secures data. The fact that the transform is exact encrypts information and allows no deviation even minimal. For watermarking, the transform is very effective in fingerprinting. By inserting "Mojette Transform" marks in images, one can authenticate documents using the same properties as in cryptography.
|
[
"Applications and achievements\n-----------------------------",
"### The distributed storage disk or network",
"The most important area of application using the \"Mojette Transform\" is distributed storage. Particularly, this method is used in [RozoFS](/wiki/RozoFS \"RozoFS\"), an open\\-source [distributed file system](/wiki/Clustered_file_system%23Distributed_file_systems \"Clustered file system#Distributed file systems\"). In this application, the \"Mojette Transform\" is used as an [erasure code](/wiki/Erasure_code \"Erasure code\") in order to provide reliability, while significantly reducing the total amount of stored data when compared to classical techniques like [replication](/wiki/Replication_%28computing%29 \"Replication (computing)\") (typically by a factor of 2\\). Thus, it significantly reduces the cost of the storage cluster in terms of hardware, maintenance or energy consumption for example.",
"In 2010, Pierre Evenou, research engineer of the IVC team IRCCyN laboratory, decided to create the start\\-up Fizians (currently known as Rozo Systems) using this application. The start\\-up offers storage solutions in cloud computing, virtualization, storage servers, file servers, backup and archiving.",
"### Networks packets transfer",
"Thanks to the redundancy of the transform, sent packets can be fragmented without loss. Additionally, the fact of using only additions and subtractions increases the speed of information transmission. Finally, the information cannot be reconstructed without having the initial angle of the projections, so it also provides data security.",
"This application has been selected by Thales Cholet for its ad hoc network (using wireless network and terminals to transmit messages between them) in order to secure the information and has multiple paths between the source and destination. In 2002, the start\\-up PIBI has used this technology to provide secure Internet payment services.",
"### The Medical tomography",
"In the field of medical imaging, the properties of the “Transform Mojette” create a direct mapping and solve the missing wedge problem. However, the image acquisition using the Mojette transform has not been yet developed. The problem of obtaining exact “Mojette” values while using approximated data acquisition has been studied but has to be continued. Besides, the post\\-processing of medical images is doing well since data acquisition is already done.",
"These results are used by the company Keosys in 2001 with Jerome Fortineau and the company Qualiformed created in 2006 by Stephen Beaumont. Prof. Guédon and the IRCCyN laboratory were heavily involved in the creation of these two companies. The companies have already financed several PhD students and participated in research projects in order to continue the development of the application in medical tomography. The results have led to apply patents and implementation on their equipment of image processing.",
"### The watermarking and image encryption",
"Cryptography and watermarking were also part of the research conducted in the IRCCyN laboratory. It provides solutions for security and authentication.",
"In cryptography, the instability of the transformed Mojette secures data. The fact that the transform is exact encrypts information and allows no deviation even minimal. For watermarking, the transform is very effective in fingerprinting. By inserting \"Mojette Transform\" marks in images, one can authenticate documents using the same properties as in cryptography.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1920s
The Young Communist League of Canada first organized on July 22, 1922, under the direction of the [Communist Party of Canada](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada "Communist Party of Canada"). It was formally established as the youth wing of the Communist Party of Canada in 1923, at a convention in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"). The YCL later became affiliated with the [Young Communist International](/wiki/Young_Communist_International "Young Communist International").{{cite book\|title\=Report on Labour Organization in Canada\|year\=1931\|page\=163\|publisher\=\[\[Employment and Social Development Canada\|Department of Labour]]\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=GEqnF\-4o3WEC\|via\=Google Books\|quotation\=The Young Communist League of Canada was organized on July 22, 1922, under the auspices of the Communist Party, and subsequently became an affiliated section of the Young Communist International, with headquarters in Moscow.}}
Originally known as the **Young Workers League** (**YWL**) due to the [War Measures Act](/wiki/War_Measures_Act "War Measures Act") proscription of communist and other radical organizations in Canada, the lifting of the act in late 1923 saw the name change to its current form. [Leslie Morris](/wiki/Leslie_Morris "Leslie Morris") was the League's first General Secretary (serving from 1923 to 1924\.) The League soon became a member of the [Young Communist International](/wiki/Young_Communist_International "Young Communist International") (YCI), an international association of similar bodies from around the world. Notably, the YCI included the [USSR's](/wiki/USSR "USSR") [Komsomol](/wiki/Komsomol "Komsomol") which served as the model for all other member organizations.
According to early organizer Dave Kashtan, the YCL "served as an educational organization for young workers and students, educating young people 'in the spirit of socialism'."Kirk Niergarth, ed. Dave Kashtan "Fight For Life: Dave Kastan's Memories of Depression Era Youth Work." (Canada: Labour /Le Travail, Fall 2005\), "Choices" Some of the League's earliest organized efforts took place in major cities such as Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg and Vancouver, finding notable success among the youth of immigrant communities.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2013}} The interest of young people in the YCL reflected the times. The recent success of the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution") (which established the USSR) and the Western response to it had great impact on some Canadian workers. Although Canada's economy was in a boom, some youth could still remember the post\-war unemployment and misery which abounded immediately after the First World War.
The YCL's stated purpose was to organize young workers and students toward achieving better working conditions and an enhanced quality of life; though its constitution declared it to be independent and without party affiliation, it publicly supported the policies of the Communist Party of Canada. According to Kashtan, who became a YCL organizer at age 17, "We believed that socialism offered the only remedy for unemployment and poverty."
By 1928, the League operated 40 schools in Canada with an attendance of 2,000 children.{{Cite web\|url\=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/CommunistPartyofCanada.htm\|title\=The Quebec History Encyclopedia: "Communist Party of Canada", 1948\|first\=Claude\|last\=Bélanger\|website\=faculty.marianopolis.edu}} YCL organizers in Montreal around that time included [Fred Rose](/wiki/Fred_Rose_%28politician%29 "Fred Rose (politician)") and [Sam Carr](/wiki/Sam_Carr "Sam Carr"), who would later become leaders of Canadian Communism.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.historyofrights.com/bios/carr.html \|title\=Sam Carr \|publisher\=Historyofrights.com \|access\-date\=October 9, 2012 \|archive\-date\=February 9, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209173854/http://www.historyofrights.com/bios/carr.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
### 1930s
The onset of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") inflicted great suffering and hardship on Canadians. The YCL noted in its seventh national convention of August 1934, noted the conditions of "unemployment, hunger and misery".{{Cite book\|url\=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/canada/buck\-tim/30years/ch09\.htm\|last\=Buck\|first\=Tim\|title\=Thirty Years – 1922–1952: The story of the Communist Movement in Canada\|location\=Toronto\|publisher\=Progress Books\|date\=1952\|chapter\= 9\|website\=www.marxists.org}}
[left\|thumb\|Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars in [Kamloops, British Columbia](/wiki/Kamloops%2C_British_Columbia "Kamloops, British Columbia")](/wiki/File:Kamloops_on_to_Ottawa.jpg "Kamloops on to Ottawa.jpg")
Although the total membership was never large, the YCL's influence and activities in youth movements during the Great Depression were notable.Maurice Rush, *We Have a Glowing Drew: Recollections of working\-class and people's struggles in BC, 1935–1995,* (Canada: Centre for Socialist Education, 1996\), 30\. YCL members were involved with unemployed movements, peace activism, trade union activism and campus organizations.
Under the slogan "Work and Wages", YCL members worked to organize the unemployed who populated [relief camps](/wiki/Relief_Camp "Relief Camp") across the country. "The leading preoccupation of the YCL when I became secretary," [Maurice Rush](/wiki/Maurice_Rush "Maurice Rush") says in his autobiography, "was to organize unemployed youth".Rush, 31\. Like many other observers, Rush (who was leader of the YCL in British Columbia after 1935\) claims that the YCL was active in the [Relief Camp Workers' Unions](/wiki/Relief_Camp_Workers%27_Union "Relief Camp Workers' Union") (RCWU), and played a role in mobilizing relief camp youth to participate in the [On\-to\-Ottawa Trek](/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek "On-to-Ottawa Trek"). During the Trek, many working people opened their homes and cupboards to the protestors, sometimes sharing family relief rations.Buck, Chpt. 9 Communist women in Vancouver issued a call for a solidarity action, and five thousand working\-class women came out to a special "Mother's Day" demonstration on behalf of the camp workers and to demand the closing of the camps.
Informed by Vancouver's mayor that the limited scope of the Municipal Council was ill\-equipped to address their claims,{{cite encyclopedia\|url\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/on\-to\-ottawa\-trek\|title\=The On To Ottawa Trek\|encyclopedia\=\[\[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019}} the British Columbia branches of the YCL and the Communist Party of Canada together with the Camp Workers' Union decided to march on Ottawa, believing that only action on a national scale could motivate the [Bennett](/wiki/R._B._Bennett "R. B. Bennett") Conservative government to hear their concerns. YCL member Arthur (Slim) Evans was elected leader for the cross\-country journey.
Bennett was widely criticized for his handling of the situation. Later that year, the Bennett government fell in the election, providing impetus to the movements for public health care, education, unemployment insurance and other [social safety\-net](/wiki/Social_safety-net "Social safety-net") reforms.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thismagazine.ca/issues/2007/07/89rebellions.php\|title\=Jesse McLean, "89 Rebellions" This Magazine\|access\-date\=December 26, 2007\|archive\-date\=April 25, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425220142/http://www.thismagazine.ca/issues/2007/07/89rebellions.php\|url\-status\=dead}}
In the same period, a Pioneers movement of young children with Communist or sympathetic parents was organized with membership numbering around 6,000\. Under the leadership of the YCL, the Pioneers published its own magazine with a circulation of roughly 4,000\.
The YCL's mandate was not limited to the plight of unemployed youth. In 1935, an official Communist club was established at the University of Toronto. As British Columbia YCL leader Maurice Rush noted, "The members realized that the struggle for a decent life for the young generation of the Thirties required broad, united public action by all sections of young people. We worked tirelessly to build that unity, with considerable success.
Together with changing conditions domestically and internationally with the rise of [fascism](/wiki/Fascism "Fascism"), this led to a new conception of the YCL and its role in the struggle.
### Rise of fascism and the Canadian Youth Congress
As the 1930s progressed, Fascism was growing in Europe, Asia, and in North America itself. With the [Japanese invasion of Manchuria](/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria "Japanese invasion of Manchuria") in 1931 and [Fascist Italy's invasion of Ethiopia](/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War "Second Italo-Ethiopian War"), Canadian Communists joined those sounding a warning against the growing threat fascism presented.
Some right\-wing students at the [University of Montreal](/wiki/University_of_Montreal "University of Montreal") organized demonstrations against the League, which became violent, involving bricks being hurled.Niergarth, ibid. "Youth Against Fascism"
At the same time, "the Mayor of Montreal banned protest meetings supported by labour organizations."
Together with the Communist Party, the YCL began reaching out to youth organizations across the country. A joint youth council sprang up in Winnipeg, followed by others around the country. In May 1936, the [Canadian Youth Congress](/wiki/Canadian_Youth_Congress "Canadian Youth Congress") was founded at a national conference in Ottawa and prepared delegates for the [World Youth Congress](/wiki/World_Youth_Congress_Movement "World Youth Congress Movement") held in Geneva later that summer.{{Cite web\|url\=https://archives.mcmaster.ca/index.php/canadian\-youth\-congress\-fonds\|title\=McMaster University, Canadian Youth Congress Fonds Website\|website\=archives.mcmaster.ca}}
Among the Congress's aims was the intention to act as a lobby group on issues of peace, education and unemployment. To that end, the Ottawa conference produced the Declaration of Rights of Canadian Youth, resolutions on Canadian youth and world peace, and the proposed Canadian Youth Act. [RCMP](/wiki/RCMP "RCMP") security bulletins show leading members of the YCL to have been enthusiastic proponents of the Congress and among its key organizers.Niergarth (2005\), "Introduction" As the likelihood of war increased, efforts to mobilize Canadian youth for peace took center stage alongside efforts to pass the "Youth Bill", a document which sought economic protection for youth and the repeal of the Military Service Act.
At its peak, the CYC had a constituent membership of over 400,000 and its annual national conferences were attended by over 700 young people.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.cyberus.ca/\~rklatta/fCYC.html\|title\=Ruth Lata, They Tried: the story of the Canadian Youth Congress\|website\=www.cyberus.ca}} The second Canadian Youth Congress in Montreal in May 1937 saw a drive to broaden the scope of the movement and to increase participation among French\-Canadian youth. British Columbia organized their own BC Youth Congress, which was initiated by the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in conjunction with the League.Rush (1996\), 32\. Annual conferences were held from 1936 to 1940 where CYC members continued to speak out against the rising tide of fascism until 1942\.
[Antifascism](/wiki/Antifascism "Antifascism") became a major position of the Congress, and Congress representatives became involved in activities that supported [Loyalist Spain](/wiki/Loyalist_Spain "Loyalist Spain") which the YCL strongly championed.
### Spanish Civil War
The first major battle against fascism occurred in Spain, when [General Franco](/wiki/General_Franco "General Franco") mobilized his troops against the democratically elected government of the Spanish Republic; inciting the Spanish Civil War. Assistance to the Spanish Republican forces came from around the world, including Canada.
Throughout the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War"), the YCL joined with other organizations to organize the [Mackenzie\-Papineau Battalion](/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion "Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion") in which YCL members fought with Republican troops. With the assistance of the Communist Party of Canada, 1200 Canadians made their way to Spain.
But help came in all forms. For example, YCLers active in the Workers Sports Association helped organize support:
> The majority of the members (of the Workers Sports Association) were young needle trades union members.{{nbsp}}... The largest crowd ever at the games in Fletcher's Field took place at a soccer game between the Toronto and Montreal WSA clubs in support of Dr. Norman Bethune's Blood Unit in Spain. Many thousands of Montrealers rallied to give their support to the struggle to "Save Democracy in Spain."Niergarth (2005\), "Workers Sports"
Actions like this earned the WSA the attention of the police in cities like Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver, where WSA clubs were under police surveillance. "A boxing event was arbitrarily cancelled. In Toronto, hall owners were warned that their hall licences would be cancelled should the premises be rented for WSA functions. A police raid of the Vancouver WSA club led to the confiscation of its membership lists and the club's equipment." In BC, League members organized "Girls Brigades" to raise aid for Spain, a solidarity effort which won worldwide attention.
After the Spanish Civil War, the YCL continued its anti\-fascist actions and published a newspaper, "[The Young Worker](/wiki/The_Young_Worker "The Young Worker")" until the League and the Communist Party were banned in 1940\. Canadian Communists re\-organized themselves as the [Labor\-Progressive Party](/wiki/Labor-Progressive_Party "Labor-Progressive Party") while the YCL became the **National Federation of Labor Youth**.
The NFLY was not formed as an explicitly [Marxist](/wiki/Marxist "Marxist")\-oriented organization, but instead based on the concept of the '[popular front](/wiki/Popular_front "Popular front").' In some instances it merged with chapters of the [Co\-operative Commonwealth Youth Movement](/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Youth_Movement "Co-operative Commonwealth Youth Movement"), the youth wing of the social democratic [Co\-operative Commonwealth Federation](/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation "Co-operative Commonwealth Federation"). This policy was contrary to that of the CCF and resulted in the expulsion of numerous Communists from the party's ranks. While the new NFLY grew rapidly, the Federation reconsidered this approach after the war and re\-oriented itself as a communist youth organization. In November 1945, the NFLY was a founding member of the [World Federation of Democratic Youth](/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth "World Federation of Democratic Youth").
### Post\-World War II, Korea and the Cold War
The NFLY along with the LPP faced repression throughout the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"). The NFLY attempted to fight growing [anti\-Communist](/wiki/Anti-Communism "Anti-Communism") sentiment and isolation through efforts in the peace movement, including a campaign against the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War").{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
Their efforts at this time included supporting the Canada\-wide protest known as the [Candy bar protest](/wiki/Candy_bar_protest "Candy bar protest").{{Cite web \| url\=https://torontoist.com/2016/02/historicist\-the\-candy\-bar\-strike/ \|title \= Historicist: The Candy Bar Strike\|date \= February 20, 2016}} The price of a candy bar in 1947 was 5 cents,{{Cite web \|url\=http://ladysmithhistoricalsociety.org/history.html \|title\=LadySmith Historical Society \|access\-date\=December 26, 2007 \|archive\-date\=August 20, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820095216/http://ladysmithhistoricalsociety.org/history.html \|url\-status\=dead }} but when the end of wartime price controls saw a three cent price increase, young people protested. According to CBC news, "Young people informally affiliated with the National Federation of Labor Youth flood\[ed] the streets bearing placards protesting the 3\-cent candy bar price hike to 8\-cents each."{{Cite web \|url\=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC\-1\-69\-696\-4040\-10/on\_this\_day/life\_society/candy\_bar\_price\_hike \|title\=CBC News \|access\-date\=December 26, 2007 \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2006 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614040032/http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC\-1\-69\-696\-4040\-10/on\_this\_day/life\_society/candy\_bar\_price\_hike \|url\-status\=dead }} Young people across Vancouver Island protested outside confectionery shops, and demonstrations were not limited to big cities. On April 30, 1947, approximately 200 children stormed the Victoria legislature demanding action. A day later in Toronto, students from three different secondary schools staged a mass protest. In [Fredericton](/wiki/Fredericton "Fredericton"), children combined their sugar rations to make large masses of homemade fudge. There was a demonstration in every major city. "The kids' national boycott of more expensive candy was no laughing matter for stunned proprietors who watched their sales fall eighty percent overnight. Child pickets besieged storeowners with whistles, armbands and placards bearing slogans like 'Don't be a Sucker! Don't Buy 8 Cent Bars!'"{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.travestyproductions.com/film\_five\_cent.html\|title\=The Five Cent War, Travesty Productions\|access\-date\=December 26, 2007\|archive\-date\=May 17, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517095148/http://www.travestyproductions.com/film\_five\_cent.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
A cross\-country protest was planned for May 3\. The protest was quelled, however, by the *[Toronto Telegram](/wiki/Toronto_Telegram "Toronto Telegram")**s accusations that the National Federation of Labor Youth was a communist front determined to "plant a few of the seeds of Marxism."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1947\-dont\-be\-a\-sucker\-dont\-buy\-8\-cent\-bars\|title\=1947: 'Don't be a sucker! Don't buy 8\-cent bars!' \|publisher\=CBC Archives\|access\-date\=May 12, 2017}}***
Around the same time, the Federation also launched a campaign in support of [Julius and Ethel Rosenberg](/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg "Julius and Ethel Rosenberg") and worked with organizations like the [Student Christian Movement](/wiki/Student_Christian_Movement_of_Canada "Student Christian Movement of Canada") to bring youth to the [World Festival of Youth and Students](/wiki/World_Festival_of_Youth_and_Students "World Festival of Youth and Students") in Prague (1947\), Budapest (1949\), Berlin (1951\), Bucharest (1953\), Warsaw (1955\), and Moscow (1957\).{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
### End of the Cold War
In 1958, a divide appeared at the Labor\-Progressive Party congress following the [1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary](/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution "1956 Hungarian Revolution"), [Nikita Khrushchev](/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev "Nikita Khrushchev")'s [Secret Speech](/wiki/Secret_Speech "Secret Speech") and allegations by [J.B. Salsberg](/wiki/J.B._Salsberg "J.B. Salsberg") about [anti\-Semitism in the Soviet Union under Stalin and Khrushchev](/wiki/Stalinism_and_antisemitism "Stalinism and antisemitism"). Following the divide and the lifting of relevant prohibitions, the party reformed as the Communist Party of Canada while the NFLY re\-organized as the Socialist Youth League of Canada **and began publishing a newspaper called *Scan*. At the May 1960 meeting, the SYL voted to change its name to the** Young Communist League'''.
### Cuban Revolution, Vietnam War and YCL
In 1968, the Communist Party of Canada officially restarted the Young Communist League.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
[left\|thumb\|A delegation from the YCL travelled to [North Vietnam](/wiki/North_Vietnam "North Vietnam") to interview [Ho Chi Minh](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh "Ho Chi Minh").{{when\|date\=January 2022}}](/wiki/File:Hochimin_ycl.jpg "Hochimin ycl.jpg")
Unlike the NFLY, the new YCL was largely sidelined by more radical youth groups aligned with the [New Left](/wiki/New_Left "New Left"). This was especially true in the student movement, where it was unable to play an effective role in preventing the dissolution of the Canadian Student Union in the late 1960s.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}} With offices across the country, the YCL resumed publishing The Young Worker*, which became* New Horizons*.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}*
### 1980s
The YCL benefited from the proposals of the USSR which were understood as calling for an end the arms race and for disarmament by the resurgent and broad anti\-war movement in the early 1980s. The League changed the name of its publication to Rebel Youth*, following the Cuban revolutionary youth group by that name.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}} The 80s also saw renewal of YCL leadership in many areas, leading to a more open and active approach by the League to youth struggles.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}*
The YCL also supported the developments in El Salvador and Nicaragua, sending a delegation to help with the 1989 Nicaraguan coffee harvest. The YCL also sent a member on a fact\-finding mission to Palestine about the situation in the Gaza strip. Several members also toured the Soviet Union, and the YCL organized for the 1985 and 1989 youth festivals in Moscow and Pyongyang, respectively.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
But the late 1980s were also a time of growing political and ideological disagreement within the League over the new policies of the Soviet Union, with [Glasnost](/wiki/Glasnost "Glasnost") and [Perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika "Perestroika"). But they were also a time when the YCL began to fight for queer\-rights and take a more militant pro\-feminist standpoint.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
### Ten\-year liquidation
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=February 2024}}
1990 saw a major debate develop in the YCL around the changes in the international socialist movement that were taking place at that time. This had also lead to a deep crisis in the CPC that followed the counter\-revolution or [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union "Dissolution of the Soviet Union"). The Communist Party of Canada began an internal debate which would later be described as a struggle for control of the party{{cite encyclopedia\|url\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/communist\-party\-of\-canada\|title\=Communist Party of Canada\|encyclopedia\=The Canadian Encyclopedia\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019}} or a bitter internal factional fight leading to a split. By the end of the split, the group nominally led by [George Hewison](/wiki/George_Hewison "George Hewison") had formed the [Cecil\-Ross Society](/wiki/Cecil-Ross_Society "Cecil-Ross Society") while those asserting to be the "Leninist core of the Party" retained the name of the CPC. The Cecil\-Ross Society advocated the transformation of the CPC into a broad\-left political organization. Until the time of their agreed separation, both sides attempted to direct the Party and its associated political and financial assets.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}} The initial battles of the ideological dispute over the future of the Communist Party of Canada were quickly carried into the YCL. Here the Hewison group's effort attempted to wind\-down the YCL and build a new organization known as "Rebel Youth".{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
Merle Terlesky's leadership saw the closing of the central YCL office after he returned from a 3\-month trip to the USSR in 1991\. Seeing little interest across the country in carrying on any form of youth organization, he did little to rebuild after the divisive convention. When Terlesky spoke at a YCL\-USA convention and informed them that the YCL Canada has given up on Marxist and Leninist ideals, it was not received well. For a short time Terlesky even attended meetings of the I.S. ( International Socialists) in Toronto after the YCL ended, and then quit the Toronto left scene entirely and returned to his home province of Alberta. Shortly after, Terlesky denounced his involvement in Communist politics, as well as his queer\-positive and pro\-feminist views and became involved in the right\-wing populist Reform Party of Canada, anti\-abortion groups.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
Terlesky's leadership appeared to have marked an end to the Canada's organized communist youth. While some members joined the Cecil\-Ross organization, many former YCLers simply left communist politics altogether. A smaller core group of former YCLers chose to stay with the CPC, putting most of their efforts into rebuilding the party. In a few short years, the YCL had gone from a dynamic and active youth organisation to not existing. For the next eleven years, from 1992 to 2003, there would be no active YCL in Canada.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
### Reorganization
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=February 2024}}
While the break\-up and dissolution of the Young Communist League of Canada in the early 1990s was widely understood as a symbolic of a permanent defeat of Leninist ideas in the youth and student movement, both the currency of revolutionary politics among Canadian youth and the YCL's inactivity proved to be temporary.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
The 1990s saw a major push of student activism as labour and social movements were invigorated to fight the massive cut backs initiated by the governing Liberal Party of Canada. In Quebec, the 1995 referendum exposed the crisis of confederation, which the communists argued was rooted in the capitalist inequality of nations and included the oppression of aboriginal nations. Indigenous youth were at the fore\-front of the rise in aboriginal militancy from the east to the west with the so\-called [Oka Crisis](/wiki/Oka_Crisis "Oka Crisis") on Mohawk land, and the [Guftason Lake Standoff](/wiki/Guftason_Lake_Standoff "Guftason Lake Standoff") in uncieded Secwepemc territory.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}} On the other hand, the problems of ideological clarity which had not been resolved in the 1980s continued. Opportunist ideas such as anarchism had filled the gap left by the Leninist left with a strong hostility to political parties, which intersected with opportunist social democratic ideas rejecting revolutionary change.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}} In fall of 2003 a conference in Vancouver was held which formed a Young Communist League Preparatory Committee. In 2004–2005, the YCL was among a leading group which came together to organized a delegation to the 16th World Youth Festival in Caracas. Soon after the YCL requested to be readmitted to the World Federation of Democratic Youth, and began re\-organizing in Quebec.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
### Rebuilding convention
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=February 2024}}
In March 2007 the Young Communist League of Canada held a small three\-day convention in Toronto, the 24th Central Convention of the YCL and the first since the 1991 dissolution.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}} The convention adopted the framework for the re\-establishment of the YCL especially a Constitution continuing the principles of democratic centralism. A Declaration of Unity and Resistance recognized among other things the dynamic and militant contribution of youth in the movement; the urgency of united action against war, environmental and ecological crisis; the multi\-national character of Canada; the necessity for socialism; and the relationship of the YCL with the CPC.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
Current policies and campaigns
------------------------------
At its 2007 Convention, the YCL laid\-out a 12\-point agenda in its "Declaration of Unity and Resistance"{{cite web \|title\=Declaration of Unity and Resistance \|url\=https://ycl\-ljc.ca/declaration\-of\-unity\-and\-resistance/ \|website\=Young Communist League \|access\-date\=May 28, 2019}} stating that its short\-term goal was to help build youth resistance, and its long\-term goal was to build socialism. The 12 immediate points of resistance are:
Peace
Jobs
Free, Accessible, Quality Education
Equality
A Democratic Solution to the National Question
Organize Young Workers
Internationalism and Solidarity
Freedom and Democracy
Stop Privatization! Protect and Expand Social Services
Defend and expand Canada's sovereignty including indigenous sovereignty and self\-determination for Quebec
Culture and Leisure
Environmental Sustainability
The YCL organizes regular summer camps, schools, conferences and seminars on topical issues like the economic crisis and youth.
The YCL joined the [World Federation of Democratic Youth](/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth "World Federation of Democratic Youth") (WFDY) on 3 February 2008\.YCL February 2008 bulletin: YCL accepted at WFDY General council meeting February 1–3 in Lisbon, Portugal
Recent central conventions
--------------------------
The Young Communist League held its 25th Central Convention in September 2010 at the University of Toronto.{{fact\|date\=November 2023}} In May 2014 the YCL held its 26th Central Convention, again at the University of Toronto. The purpose of the convention was to elaborate the YCL\-LJC's policy on current questions, debate updates to the constitution, set an organizational plan of work, elect a renewed central leadership, and develop a united, militant and activist strategy for the youth fightback. The slogan of the Convention adopted was "with militancy and unity we will build the youth and student fightback".{{fact\|date\=November 2023}} 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. In order to reverse the attacks and shift to a counter\-offensive it is necessary that these struggles develop further and move beyond spontaneous protest towards an even broader united, militant and organized extra\-parliamentary fightback with the labour movement at its core.''{{fact\|date\=November 2023}}
Concerning Canada, the delegates outlined the role played by the YCL\-LJC in the fightback against austerity and neo\-liberal policies imposed by federal and provincial governments. Outlining what they characterized the end of the "honeymoon" between certain labour and social movements and the Trudeau government, the young communists insisted on what they see as the importance to mobilize for a fundamental change in favour of policies that guarantee the interests of the youth and the people instead of the interests of the monopolies. The delegates passed a series of votes criticizing what they described as the corporate policies of the Trudeau government and shared their concerns about the danger of the rise of the ultra\-right and of fascism. They supported what they labeled "a democratic and voluntary solution to the national inequality moving from the actual status quo based on the genocide of indigenous nations and the oppression of Québec and Acadian nations.".{{cite web \|title\=After the 27th Central Convention of the YCL\-LJC, now is the time to organize! \|url\=https://ycl\-ljc.ca/about/central\-convention\-reports/27th\-central\-conv/208\-after\-the\-27th\-central\-convention\-of\-the\-ycl\-ljc\-now\-is\-time\-to\-organize \|publisher\=Young Communist League of Canada \|date\=May 2017 \|access\-date\=February 22, 2022 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003815/https://ycl\-ljc.ca/about/central\-convention\-reports/27th\-central\-conv/208\-after\-the\-27th\-central\-convention\-of\-the\-ycl\-ljc\-now\-is\-time\-to\-organize \|archivedate\=December 8, 2017 \|language\=en\-CA }}
In August 2020, following the cancellation of the 28th Central Convention due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), an "Extraordinary Convention" was held. The convention sought to address the worsening health crisis, as well as immediate issues of organizing both within the League and surrounding the worsening environmental crisis, housing crisis, and issues surrounding police brutality and racism. In addition to drafting a new political resolution and plan of work, a new Central Committee and Central Executive Committee was elected. Due to the passing of Pierre Fontaine, longtime leader of the [Parti communiste du Québec](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Quebec "Communist Party of Quebec"), and his succession by then\-YCL\-LJC General Secretary Adrien Welsh, a new General Secretary was due to be elected; this position was filled by Toronto club organizer Ivan Byard.{{Cite web\|title\=Extraordinary Convention of the YCL\-LJC: the youth will not pay for the crisis of capitalism! – Rebel Youth – Jeunesse Militante\|date\=August 26, 2020 \|url\=https://ry\-jm.ycl\-ljc.ca/extraordinary\-convention\-of\-the\-ycl\-ljc\-the\-youth\-will\-not\-pay\-for\-the\-crisis\-of\-capitalism/\|access\-date\=August 26, 2020\|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1920s",
"The Young Communist League of Canada first organized on July 22, 1922, under the direction of the [Communist Party of Canada](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada \"Communist Party of Canada\"). It was formally established as the youth wing of the Communist Party of Canada in 1923, at a convention in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"). The YCL later became affiliated with the [Young Communist International](/wiki/Young_Communist_International \"Young Communist International\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Report on Labour Organization in Canada\\|year\\=1931\\|page\\=163\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Employment and Social Development Canada\\|Department of Labour]]\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=GEqnF\\-4o3WEC\\|via\\=Google Books\\|quotation\\=The Young Communist League of Canada was organized on July 22, 1922, under the auspices of the Communist Party, and subsequently became an affiliated section of the Young Communist International, with headquarters in Moscow.}}",
"Originally known as the **Young Workers League** (**YWL**) due to the [War Measures Act](/wiki/War_Measures_Act \"War Measures Act\") proscription of communist and other radical organizations in Canada, the lifting of the act in late 1923 saw the name change to its current form. [Leslie Morris](/wiki/Leslie_Morris \"Leslie Morris\") was the League's first General Secretary (serving from 1923 to 1924\\.) The League soon became a member of the [Young Communist International](/wiki/Young_Communist_International \"Young Communist International\") (YCI), an international association of similar bodies from around the world. Notably, the YCI included the [USSR's](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\") [Komsomol](/wiki/Komsomol \"Komsomol\") which served as the model for all other member organizations.",
"According to early organizer Dave Kashtan, the YCL \"served as an educational organization for young workers and students, educating young people 'in the spirit of socialism'.\"Kirk Niergarth, ed. Dave Kashtan \"Fight For Life: Dave Kastan's Memories of Depression Era Youth Work.\" (Canada: Labour /Le Travail, Fall 2005\\), \"Choices\" Some of the League's earliest organized efforts took place in major cities such as Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg and Vancouver, finding notable success among the youth of immigrant communities.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2013}} The interest of young people in the YCL reflected the times. The recent success of the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\") (which established the USSR) and the Western response to it had great impact on some Canadian workers. Although Canada's economy was in a boom, some youth could still remember the post\\-war unemployment and misery which abounded immediately after the First World War.",
"The YCL's stated purpose was to organize young workers and students toward achieving better working conditions and an enhanced quality of life; though its constitution declared it to be independent and without party affiliation, it publicly supported the policies of the Communist Party of Canada. According to Kashtan, who became a YCL organizer at age 17, \"We believed that socialism offered the only remedy for unemployment and poverty.\"",
"By 1928, the League operated 40 schools in Canada with an attendance of 2,000 children.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/CommunistPartyofCanada.htm\\|title\\=The Quebec History Encyclopedia: \"Communist Party of Canada\", 1948\\|first\\=Claude\\|last\\=Bélanger\\|website\\=faculty.marianopolis.edu}} YCL organizers in Montreal around that time included [Fred Rose](/wiki/Fred_Rose_%28politician%29 \"Fred Rose (politician)\") and [Sam Carr](/wiki/Sam_Carr \"Sam Carr\"), who would later become leaders of Canadian Communism.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.historyofrights.com/bios/carr.html \\|title\\=Sam Carr \\|publisher\\=Historyofrights.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 9, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209173854/http://www.historyofrights.com/bios/carr.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### 1930s",
"The onset of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") inflicted great suffering and hardship on Canadians. The YCL noted in its seventh national convention of August 1934, noted the conditions of \"unemployment, hunger and misery\".{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/canada/buck\\-tim/30years/ch09\\.htm\\|last\\=Buck\\|first\\=Tim\\|title\\=Thirty Years – 1922–1952: The story of the Communist Movement in Canada\\|location\\=Toronto\\|publisher\\=Progress Books\\|date\\=1952\\|chapter\\= 9\\|website\\=www.marxists.org}}",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars in [Kamloops, British Columbia](/wiki/Kamloops%2C_British_Columbia \"Kamloops, British Columbia\")](/wiki/File:Kamloops_on_to_Ottawa.jpg \"Kamloops on to Ottawa.jpg\")",
"Although the total membership was never large, the YCL's influence and activities in youth movements during the Great Depression were notable.Maurice Rush, *We Have a Glowing Drew: Recollections of working\\-class and people's struggles in BC, 1935–1995,* (Canada: Centre for Socialist Education, 1996\\), 30\\. YCL members were involved with unemployed movements, peace activism, trade union activism and campus organizations.",
"Under the slogan \"Work and Wages\", YCL members worked to organize the unemployed who populated [relief camps](/wiki/Relief_Camp \"Relief Camp\") across the country. \"The leading preoccupation of the YCL when I became secretary,\" [Maurice Rush](/wiki/Maurice_Rush \"Maurice Rush\") says in his autobiography, \"was to organize unemployed youth\".Rush, 31\\. Like many other observers, Rush (who was leader of the YCL in British Columbia after 1935\\) claims that the YCL was active in the [Relief Camp Workers' Unions](/wiki/Relief_Camp_Workers%27_Union \"Relief Camp Workers' Union\") (RCWU), and played a role in mobilizing relief camp youth to participate in the [On\\-to\\-Ottawa Trek](/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek \"On-to-Ottawa Trek\"). During the Trek, many working people opened their homes and cupboards to the protestors, sometimes sharing family relief rations.Buck, Chpt. 9 Communist women in Vancouver issued a call for a solidarity action, and five thousand working\\-class women came out to a special \"Mother's Day\" demonstration on behalf of the camp workers and to demand the closing of the camps.",
"Informed by Vancouver's mayor that the limited scope of the Municipal Council was ill\\-equipped to address their claims,{{cite encyclopedia\\|url\\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/on\\-to\\-ottawa\\-trek\\|title\\=The On To Ottawa Trek\\|encyclopedia\\=\\[\\[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019}} the British Columbia branches of the YCL and the Communist Party of Canada together with the Camp Workers' Union decided to march on Ottawa, believing that only action on a national scale could motivate the [Bennett](/wiki/R._B._Bennett \"R. B. Bennett\") Conservative government to hear their concerns. YCL member Arthur (Slim) Evans was elected leader for the cross\\-country journey.",
"Bennett was widely criticized for his handling of the situation. Later that year, the Bennett government fell in the election, providing impetus to the movements for public health care, education, unemployment insurance and other [social safety\\-net](/wiki/Social_safety-net \"Social safety-net\") reforms.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thismagazine.ca/issues/2007/07/89rebellions.php\\|title\\=Jesse McLean, \"89 Rebellions\" This Magazine\\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425220142/http://www.thismagazine.ca/issues/2007/07/89rebellions.php\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In the same period, a Pioneers movement of young children with Communist or sympathetic parents was organized with membership numbering around 6,000\\. Under the leadership of the YCL, the Pioneers published its own magazine with a circulation of roughly 4,000\\.",
"The YCL's mandate was not limited to the plight of unemployed youth. In 1935, an official Communist club was established at the University of Toronto. As British Columbia YCL leader Maurice Rush noted, \"The members realized that the struggle for a decent life for the young generation of the Thirties required broad, united public action by all sections of young people. We worked tirelessly to build that unity, with considerable success.",
"Together with changing conditions domestically and internationally with the rise of [fascism](/wiki/Fascism \"Fascism\"), this led to a new conception of the YCL and its role in the struggle.",
"### Rise of fascism and the Canadian Youth Congress",
"As the 1930s progressed, Fascism was growing in Europe, Asia, and in North America itself. With the [Japanese invasion of Manchuria](/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria \"Japanese invasion of Manchuria\") in 1931 and [Fascist Italy's invasion of Ethiopia](/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War \"Second Italo-Ethiopian War\"), Canadian Communists joined those sounding a warning against the growing threat fascism presented.",
"Some right\\-wing students at the [University of Montreal](/wiki/University_of_Montreal \"University of Montreal\") organized demonstrations against the League, which became violent, involving bricks being hurled.Niergarth, ibid. \"Youth Against Fascism\" \nAt the same time, \"the Mayor of Montreal banned protest meetings supported by labour organizations.\"",
"Together with the Communist Party, the YCL began reaching out to youth organizations across the country. A joint youth council sprang up in Winnipeg, followed by others around the country. In May 1936, the [Canadian Youth Congress](/wiki/Canadian_Youth_Congress \"Canadian Youth Congress\") was founded at a national conference in Ottawa and prepared delegates for the [World Youth Congress](/wiki/World_Youth_Congress_Movement \"World Youth Congress Movement\") held in Geneva later that summer.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://archives.mcmaster.ca/index.php/canadian\\-youth\\-congress\\-fonds\\|title\\=McMaster University, Canadian Youth Congress Fonds Website\\|website\\=archives.mcmaster.ca}}",
"Among the Congress's aims was the intention to act as a lobby group on issues of peace, education and unemployment. To that end, the Ottawa conference produced the Declaration of Rights of Canadian Youth, resolutions on Canadian youth and world peace, and the proposed Canadian Youth Act. [RCMP](/wiki/RCMP \"RCMP\") security bulletins show leading members of the YCL to have been enthusiastic proponents of the Congress and among its key organizers.Niergarth (2005\\), \"Introduction\" As the likelihood of war increased, efforts to mobilize Canadian youth for peace took center stage alongside efforts to pass the \"Youth Bill\", a document which sought economic protection for youth and the repeal of the Military Service Act.",
"At its peak, the CYC had a constituent membership of over 400,000 and its annual national conferences were attended by over 700 young people.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cyberus.ca/\\~rklatta/fCYC.html\\|title\\=Ruth Lata, They Tried: the story of the Canadian Youth Congress\\|website\\=www.cyberus.ca}} The second Canadian Youth Congress in Montreal in May 1937 saw a drive to broaden the scope of the movement and to increase participation among French\\-Canadian youth. British Columbia organized their own BC Youth Congress, which was initiated by the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in conjunction with the League.Rush (1996\\), 32\\. Annual conferences were held from 1936 to 1940 where CYC members continued to speak out against the rising tide of fascism until 1942\\.",
"[Antifascism](/wiki/Antifascism \"Antifascism\") became a major position of the Congress, and Congress representatives became involved in activities that supported [Loyalist Spain](/wiki/Loyalist_Spain \"Loyalist Spain\") which the YCL strongly championed.",
"### Spanish Civil War",
"The first major battle against fascism occurred in Spain, when [General Franco](/wiki/General_Franco \"General Franco\") mobilized his troops against the democratically elected government of the Spanish Republic; inciting the Spanish Civil War. Assistance to the Spanish Republican forces came from around the world, including Canada.",
"Throughout the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\"), the YCL joined with other organizations to organize the [Mackenzie\\-Papineau Battalion](/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion \"Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion\") in which YCL members fought with Republican troops. With the assistance of the Communist Party of Canada, 1200 Canadians made their way to Spain.",
"But help came in all forms. For example, YCLers active in the Workers Sports Association helped organize support:",
"",
"> The majority of the members (of the Workers Sports Association) were young needle trades union members.{{nbsp}}... The largest crowd ever at the games in Fletcher's Field took place at a soccer game between the Toronto and Montreal WSA clubs in support of Dr. Norman Bethune's Blood Unit in Spain. Many thousands of Montrealers rallied to give their support to the struggle to \"Save Democracy in Spain.\"Niergarth (2005\\), \"Workers Sports\"",
"Actions like this earned the WSA the attention of the police in cities like Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver, where WSA clubs were under police surveillance. \"A boxing event was arbitrarily cancelled. In Toronto, hall owners were warned that their hall licences would be cancelled should the premises be rented for WSA functions. A police raid of the Vancouver WSA club led to the confiscation of its membership lists and the club's equipment.\" In BC, League members organized \"Girls Brigades\" to raise aid for Spain, a solidarity effort which won worldwide attention.",
"After the Spanish Civil War, the YCL continued its anti\\-fascist actions and published a newspaper, \"[The Young Worker](/wiki/The_Young_Worker \"The Young Worker\")\" until the League and the Communist Party were banned in 1940\\. Canadian Communists re\\-organized themselves as the [Labor\\-Progressive Party](/wiki/Labor-Progressive_Party \"Labor-Progressive Party\") while the YCL became the **National Federation of Labor Youth**.",
"The NFLY was not formed as an explicitly [Marxist](/wiki/Marxist \"Marxist\")\\-oriented organization, but instead based on the concept of the '[popular front](/wiki/Popular_front \"Popular front\").' In some instances it merged with chapters of the [Co\\-operative Commonwealth Youth Movement](/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Youth_Movement \"Co-operative Commonwealth Youth Movement\"), the youth wing of the social democratic [Co\\-operative Commonwealth Federation](/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation \"Co-operative Commonwealth Federation\"). This policy was contrary to that of the CCF and resulted in the expulsion of numerous Communists from the party's ranks. While the new NFLY grew rapidly, the Federation reconsidered this approach after the war and re\\-oriented itself as a communist youth organization. In November 1945, the NFLY was a founding member of the [World Federation of Democratic Youth](/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth \"World Federation of Democratic Youth\").",
"### Post\\-World War II, Korea and the Cold War",
"The NFLY along with the LPP faced repression throughout the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"). The NFLY attempted to fight growing [anti\\-Communist](/wiki/Anti-Communism \"Anti-Communism\") sentiment and isolation through efforts in the peace movement, including a campaign against the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\").{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}",
"Their efforts at this time included supporting the Canada\\-wide protest known as the [Candy bar protest](/wiki/Candy_bar_protest \"Candy bar protest\").{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://torontoist.com/2016/02/historicist\\-the\\-candy\\-bar\\-strike/ \\|title \\= Historicist: The Candy Bar Strike\\|date \\= February 20, 2016}} The price of a candy bar in 1947 was 5 cents,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ladysmithhistoricalsociety.org/history.html \\|title\\=LadySmith Historical Society \\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 20, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820095216/http://ladysmithhistoricalsociety.org/history.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} but when the end of wartime price controls saw a three cent price increase, young people protested. According to CBC news, \"Young people informally affiliated with the National Federation of Labor Youth flood\\[ed] the streets bearing placards protesting the 3\\-cent candy bar price hike to 8\\-cents each.\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC\\-1\\-69\\-696\\-4040\\-10/on\\_this\\_day/life\\_society/candy\\_bar\\_price\\_hike \\|title\\=CBC News \\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2006 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614040032/http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC\\-1\\-69\\-696\\-4040\\-10/on\\_this\\_day/life\\_society/candy\\_bar\\_price\\_hike \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Young people across Vancouver Island protested outside confectionery shops, and demonstrations were not limited to big cities. On April 30, 1947, approximately 200 children stormed the Victoria legislature demanding action. A day later in Toronto, students from three different secondary schools staged a mass protest. In [Fredericton](/wiki/Fredericton \"Fredericton\"), children combined their sugar rations to make large masses of homemade fudge. There was a demonstration in every major city. \"The kids' national boycott of more expensive candy was no laughing matter for stunned proprietors who watched their sales fall eighty percent overnight. Child pickets besieged storeowners with whistles, armbands and placards bearing slogans like 'Don't be a Sucker! Don't Buy 8 Cent Bars!'\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.travestyproductions.com/film\\_five\\_cent.html\\|title\\=The Five Cent War, Travesty Productions\\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=May 17, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517095148/http://www.travestyproductions.com/film\\_five\\_cent.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"A cross\\-country protest was planned for May 3\\. The protest was quelled, however, by the *[Toronto Telegram](/wiki/Toronto_Telegram \"Toronto Telegram\")**s accusations that the National Federation of Labor Youth was a communist front determined to \"plant a few of the seeds of Marxism.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1947\\-dont\\-be\\-a\\-sucker\\-dont\\-buy\\-8\\-cent\\-bars\\|title\\=1947: 'Don't be a sucker! Don't buy 8\\-cent bars!' \\|publisher\\=CBC Archives\\|access\\-date\\=May 12, 2017}}***",
"Around the same time, the Federation also launched a campaign in support of [Julius and Ethel Rosenberg](/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg \"Julius and Ethel Rosenberg\") and worked with organizations like the [Student Christian Movement](/wiki/Student_Christian_Movement_of_Canada \"Student Christian Movement of Canada\") to bring youth to the [World Festival of Youth and Students](/wiki/World_Festival_of_Youth_and_Students \"World Festival of Youth and Students\") in Prague (1947\\), Budapest (1949\\), Berlin (1951\\), Bucharest (1953\\), Warsaw (1955\\), and Moscow (1957\\).{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}\n### End of the Cold War",
"In 1958, a divide appeared at the Labor\\-Progressive Party congress following the [1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary](/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution \"1956 Hungarian Revolution\"), [Nikita Khrushchev](/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev \"Nikita Khrushchev\")'s [Secret Speech](/wiki/Secret_Speech \"Secret Speech\") and allegations by [J.B. Salsberg](/wiki/J.B._Salsberg \"J.B. Salsberg\") about [anti\\-Semitism in the Soviet Union under Stalin and Khrushchev](/wiki/Stalinism_and_antisemitism \"Stalinism and antisemitism\"). Following the divide and the lifting of relevant prohibitions, the party reformed as the Communist Party of Canada while the NFLY re\\-organized as the Socialist Youth League of Canada **and began publishing a newspaper called *Scan*. At the May 1960 meeting, the SYL voted to change its name to the** Young Communist League'''.\n### Cuban Revolution, Vietnam War and YCL",
"In 1968, the Communist Party of Canada officially restarted the Young Communist League.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}} \n[left\\|thumb\\|A delegation from the YCL travelled to [North Vietnam](/wiki/North_Vietnam \"North Vietnam\") to interview [Ho Chi Minh](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh \"Ho Chi Minh\").{{when\\|date\\=January 2022}}](/wiki/File:Hochimin_ycl.jpg \"Hochimin ycl.jpg\")\nUnlike the NFLY, the new YCL was largely sidelined by more radical youth groups aligned with the [New Left](/wiki/New_Left \"New Left\"). This was especially true in the student movement, where it was unable to play an effective role in preventing the dissolution of the Canadian Student Union in the late 1960s.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}} With offices across the country, the YCL resumed publishing The Young Worker*, which became* New Horizons*.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}*",
"### 1980s",
"The YCL benefited from the proposals of the USSR which were understood as calling for an end the arms race and for disarmament by the resurgent and broad anti\\-war movement in the early 1980s. The League changed the name of its publication to Rebel Youth*, following the Cuban revolutionary youth group by that name.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}} The 80s also saw renewal of YCL leadership in many areas, leading to a more open and active approach by the League to youth struggles.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}*",
"The YCL also supported the developments in El Salvador and Nicaragua, sending a delegation to help with the 1989 Nicaraguan coffee harvest. The YCL also sent a member on a fact\\-finding mission to Palestine about the situation in the Gaza strip. Several members also toured the Soviet Union, and the YCL organized for the 1985 and 1989 youth festivals in Moscow and Pyongyang, respectively.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}\nBut the late 1980s were also a time of growing political and ideological disagreement within the League over the new policies of the Soviet Union, with [Glasnost](/wiki/Glasnost \"Glasnost\") and [Perestroika](/wiki/Perestroika \"Perestroika\"). But they were also a time when the YCL began to fight for queer\\-rights and take a more militant pro\\-feminist standpoint.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}\n### Ten\\-year liquidation",
"{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=February 2024}}\n1990 saw a major debate develop in the YCL around the changes in the international socialist movement that were taking place at that time. This had also lead to a deep crisis in the CPC that followed the counter\\-revolution or [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Dissolution of the Soviet Union\"). The Communist Party of Canada began an internal debate which would later be described as a struggle for control of the party{{cite encyclopedia\\|url\\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/communist\\-party\\-of\\-canada\\|title\\=Communist Party of Canada\\|encyclopedia\\=The Canadian Encyclopedia\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019}} or a bitter internal factional fight leading to a split. By the end of the split, the group nominally led by [George Hewison](/wiki/George_Hewison \"George Hewison\") had formed the [Cecil\\-Ross Society](/wiki/Cecil-Ross_Society \"Cecil-Ross Society\") while those asserting to be the \"Leninist core of the Party\" retained the name of the CPC. The Cecil\\-Ross Society advocated the transformation of the CPC into a broad\\-left political organization. Until the time of their agreed separation, both sides attempted to direct the Party and its associated political and financial assets.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}} The initial battles of the ideological dispute over the future of the Communist Party of Canada were quickly carried into the YCL. Here the Hewison group's effort attempted to wind\\-down the YCL and build a new organization known as \"Rebel Youth\".{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}\nMerle Terlesky's leadership saw the closing of the central YCL office after he returned from a 3\\-month trip to the USSR in 1991\\. Seeing little interest across the country in carrying on any form of youth organization, he did little to rebuild after the divisive convention. When Terlesky spoke at a YCL\\-USA convention and informed them that the YCL Canada has given up on Marxist and Leninist ideals, it was not received well. For a short time Terlesky even attended meetings of the I.S. ( International Socialists) in Toronto after the YCL ended, and then quit the Toronto left scene entirely and returned to his home province of Alberta. Shortly after, Terlesky denounced his involvement in Communist politics, as well as his queer\\-positive and pro\\-feminist views and became involved in the right\\-wing populist Reform Party of Canada, anti\\-abortion groups.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}\nTerlesky's leadership appeared to have marked an end to the Canada's organized communist youth. While some members joined the Cecil\\-Ross organization, many former YCLers simply left communist politics altogether. A smaller core group of former YCLers chose to stay with the CPC, putting most of their efforts into rebuilding the party. In a few short years, the YCL had gone from a dynamic and active youth organisation to not existing. For the next eleven years, from 1992 to 2003, there would be no active YCL in Canada.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}\n### Reorganization",
"{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=February 2024}}\nWhile the break\\-up and dissolution of the Young Communist League of Canada in the early 1990s was widely understood as a symbolic of a permanent defeat of Leninist ideas in the youth and student movement, both the currency of revolutionary politics among Canadian youth and the YCL's inactivity proved to be temporary.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}\nThe 1990s saw a major push of student activism as labour and social movements were invigorated to fight the massive cut backs initiated by the governing Liberal Party of Canada. In Quebec, the 1995 referendum exposed the crisis of confederation, which the communists argued was rooted in the capitalist inequality of nations and included the oppression of aboriginal nations. Indigenous youth were at the fore\\-front of the rise in aboriginal militancy from the east to the west with the so\\-called [Oka Crisis](/wiki/Oka_Crisis \"Oka Crisis\") on Mohawk land, and the [Guftason Lake Standoff](/wiki/Guftason_Lake_Standoff \"Guftason Lake Standoff\") in uncieded Secwepemc territory.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}} On the other hand, the problems of ideological clarity which had not been resolved in the 1980s continued. Opportunist ideas such as anarchism had filled the gap left by the Leninist left with a strong hostility to political parties, which intersected with opportunist social democratic ideas rejecting revolutionary change.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}} In fall of 2003 a conference in Vancouver was held which formed a Young Communist League Preparatory Committee. In 2004–2005, the YCL was among a leading group which came together to organized a delegation to the 16th World Youth Festival in Caracas. Soon after the YCL requested to be readmitted to the World Federation of Democratic Youth, and began re\\-organizing in Quebec.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}\n### Rebuilding convention",
"{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=February 2024}}\nIn March 2007 the Young Communist League of Canada held a small three\\-day convention in Toronto, the 24th Central Convention of the YCL and the first since the 1991 dissolution.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}} The convention adopted the framework for the re\\-establishment of the YCL especially a Constitution continuing the principles of democratic centralism. A Declaration of Unity and Resistance recognized among other things the dynamic and militant contribution of youth in the movement; the urgency of united action against war, environmental and ecological crisis; the multi\\-national character of Canada; the necessity for socialism; and the relationship of the YCL with the CPC.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}\nCurrent policies and campaigns\n------------------------------",
"At its 2007 Convention, the YCL laid\\-out a 12\\-point agenda in its \"Declaration of Unity and Resistance\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Declaration of Unity and Resistance \\|url\\=https://ycl\\-ljc.ca/declaration\\-of\\-unity\\-and\\-resistance/ \\|website\\=Young Communist League \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2019}} stating that its short\\-term goal was to help build youth resistance, and its long\\-term goal was to build socialism. The 12 immediate points of resistance are: \n Peace\n Jobs\n Free, Accessible, Quality Education\n Equality\n A Democratic Solution to the National Question\n Organize Young Workers\n Internationalism and Solidarity\n Freedom and Democracy\n Stop Privatization! Protect and Expand Social Services\n Defend and expand Canada's sovereignty including indigenous sovereignty and self\\-determination for Quebec\n Culture and Leisure\n Environmental Sustainability\nThe YCL organizes regular summer camps, schools, conferences and seminars on topical issues like the economic crisis and youth.\nThe YCL joined the [World Federation of Democratic Youth](/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth \"World Federation of Democratic Youth\") (WFDY) on 3 February 2008\\.YCL February 2008 bulletin: YCL accepted at WFDY General council meeting February 1–3 in Lisbon, Portugal\nRecent central conventions\n--------------------------",
"The Young Communist League held its 25th Central Convention in September 2010 at the University of Toronto.{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}} In May 2014 the YCL held its 26th Central Convention, again at the University of Toronto. The purpose of the convention was to elaborate the YCL\\-LJC's policy on current questions, debate updates to the constitution, set an organizational plan of work, elect a renewed central leadership, and develop a united, militant and activist strategy for the youth fightback. The slogan of the Convention adopted was \"with militancy and unity we will build the youth and student fightback\".{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}} 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. In order to reverse the attacks and shift to a counter\\-offensive it is necessary that these struggles develop further and move beyond spontaneous protest towards an even broader united, militant and organized extra\\-parliamentary fightback with the labour movement at its core.''{{fact\\|date\\=November 2023}}",
"Concerning Canada, the delegates outlined the role played by the YCL\\-LJC in the fightback against austerity and neo\\-liberal policies imposed by federal and provincial governments. Outlining what they characterized the end of the \"honeymoon\" between certain labour and social movements and the Trudeau government, the young communists insisted on what they see as the importance to mobilize for a fundamental change in favour of policies that guarantee the interests of the youth and the people instead of the interests of the monopolies. The delegates passed a series of votes criticizing what they described as the corporate policies of the Trudeau government and shared their concerns about the danger of the rise of the ultra\\-right and of fascism. They supported what they labeled \"a democratic and voluntary solution to the national inequality moving from the actual status quo based on the genocide of indigenous nations and the oppression of Québec and Acadian nations.\".{{cite web \\|title\\=After the 27th Central Convention of the YCL\\-LJC, now is the time to organize! \\|url\\=https://ycl\\-ljc.ca/about/central\\-convention\\-reports/27th\\-central\\-conv/208\\-after\\-the\\-27th\\-central\\-convention\\-of\\-the\\-ycl\\-ljc\\-now\\-is\\-time\\-to\\-organize \\|publisher\\=Young Communist League of Canada \\|date\\=May 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=February 22, 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003815/https://ycl\\-ljc.ca/about/central\\-convention\\-reports/27th\\-central\\-conv/208\\-after\\-the\\-27th\\-central\\-convention\\-of\\-the\\-ycl\\-ljc\\-now\\-is\\-time\\-to\\-organize \\|archivedate\\=December 8, 2017 \\|language\\=en\\-CA }}",
"In August 2020, following the cancellation of the 28th Central Convention due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), an \"Extraordinary Convention\" was held. The convention sought to address the worsening health crisis, as well as immediate issues of organizing both within the League and surrounding the worsening environmental crisis, housing crisis, and issues surrounding police brutality and racism. In addition to drafting a new political resolution and plan of work, a new Central Committee and Central Executive Committee was elected. Due to the passing of Pierre Fontaine, longtime leader of the [Parti communiste du Québec](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Quebec \"Communist Party of Quebec\"), and his succession by then\\-YCL\\-LJC General Secretary Adrien Welsh, a new General Secretary was due to be elected; this position was filled by Toronto club organizer Ivan Byard.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Extraordinary Convention of the YCL\\-LJC: the youth will not pay for the crisis of capitalism! – Rebel Youth – Jeunesse Militante\\|date\\=August 26, 2020 \\|url\\=https://ry\\-jm.ycl\\-ljc.ca/extraordinary\\-convention\\-of\\-the\\-ycl\\-ljc\\-the\\-youth\\-will\\-not\\-pay\\-for\\-the\\-crisis\\-of\\-capitalism/\\|access\\-date\\=August 26, 2020\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
### 1930s
The onset of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") inflicted great suffering and hardship on Canadians. The YCL noted in its seventh national convention of August 1934, noted the conditions of "unemployment, hunger and misery".{{Cite book\|url\=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/canada/buck\-tim/30years/ch09\.htm\|last\=Buck\|first\=Tim\|title\=Thirty Years – 1922–1952: The story of the Communist Movement in Canada\|location\=Toronto\|publisher\=Progress Books\|date\=1952\|chapter\= 9\|website\=www.marxists.org}}
[left\|thumb\|Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars in [Kamloops, British Columbia](/wiki/Kamloops%2C_British_Columbia "Kamloops, British Columbia")](/wiki/File:Kamloops_on_to_Ottawa.jpg "Kamloops on to Ottawa.jpg")
Although the total membership was never large, the YCL's influence and activities in youth movements during the Great Depression were notable.Maurice Rush, *We Have a Glowing Drew: Recollections of working\-class and people's struggles in BC, 1935–1995,* (Canada: Centre for Socialist Education, 1996\), 30\. YCL members were involved with unemployed movements, peace activism, trade union activism and campus organizations.
Under the slogan "Work and Wages", YCL members worked to organize the unemployed who populated [relief camps](/wiki/Relief_Camp "Relief Camp") across the country. "The leading preoccupation of the YCL when I became secretary," [Maurice Rush](/wiki/Maurice_Rush "Maurice Rush") says in his autobiography, "was to organize unemployed youth".Rush, 31\. Like many other observers, Rush (who was leader of the YCL in British Columbia after 1935\) claims that the YCL was active in the [Relief Camp Workers' Unions](/wiki/Relief_Camp_Workers%27_Union "Relief Camp Workers' Union") (RCWU), and played a role in mobilizing relief camp youth to participate in the [On\-to\-Ottawa Trek](/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek "On-to-Ottawa Trek"). During the Trek, many working people opened their homes and cupboards to the protestors, sometimes sharing family relief rations.Buck, Chpt. 9 Communist women in Vancouver issued a call for a solidarity action, and five thousand working\-class women came out to a special "Mother's Day" demonstration on behalf of the camp workers and to demand the closing of the camps.
Informed by Vancouver's mayor that the limited scope of the Municipal Council was ill\-equipped to address their claims,{{cite encyclopedia\|url\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/on\-to\-ottawa\-trek\|title\=The On To Ottawa Trek\|encyclopedia\=\[\[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]\|access\-date\=September 10, 2019}} the British Columbia branches of the YCL and the Communist Party of Canada together with the Camp Workers' Union decided to march on Ottawa, believing that only action on a national scale could motivate the [Bennett](/wiki/R._B._Bennett "R. B. Bennett") Conservative government to hear their concerns. YCL member Arthur (Slim) Evans was elected leader for the cross\-country journey.
Bennett was widely criticized for his handling of the situation. Later that year, the Bennett government fell in the election, providing impetus to the movements for public health care, education, unemployment insurance and other [social safety\-net](/wiki/Social_safety-net "Social safety-net") reforms.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thismagazine.ca/issues/2007/07/89rebellions.php\|title\=Jesse McLean, "89 Rebellions" This Magazine\|access\-date\=December 26, 2007\|archive\-date\=April 25, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425220142/http://www.thismagazine.ca/issues/2007/07/89rebellions.php\|url\-status\=dead}}
In the same period, a Pioneers movement of young children with Communist or sympathetic parents was organized with membership numbering around 6,000\. Under the leadership of the YCL, the Pioneers published its own magazine with a circulation of roughly 4,000\.
The YCL's mandate was not limited to the plight of unemployed youth. In 1935, an official Communist club was established at the University of Toronto. As British Columbia YCL leader Maurice Rush noted, "The members realized that the struggle for a decent life for the young generation of the Thirties required broad, united public action by all sections of young people. We worked tirelessly to build that unity, with considerable success.
Together with changing conditions domestically and internationally with the rise of [fascism](/wiki/Fascism "Fascism"), this led to a new conception of the YCL and its role in the struggle.
|
[
"### 1930s",
"The onset of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") inflicted great suffering and hardship on Canadians. The YCL noted in its seventh national convention of August 1934, noted the conditions of \"unemployment, hunger and misery\".{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/canada/buck\\-tim/30years/ch09\\.htm\\|last\\=Buck\\|first\\=Tim\\|title\\=Thirty Years – 1922–1952: The story of the Communist Movement in Canada\\|location\\=Toronto\\|publisher\\=Progress Books\\|date\\=1952\\|chapter\\= 9\\|website\\=www.marxists.org}}",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars in [Kamloops, British Columbia](/wiki/Kamloops%2C_British_Columbia \"Kamloops, British Columbia\")](/wiki/File:Kamloops_on_to_Ottawa.jpg \"Kamloops on to Ottawa.jpg\")",
"Although the total membership was never large, the YCL's influence and activities in youth movements during the Great Depression were notable.Maurice Rush, *We Have a Glowing Drew: Recollections of working\\-class and people's struggles in BC, 1935–1995,* (Canada: Centre for Socialist Education, 1996\\), 30\\. YCL members were involved with unemployed movements, peace activism, trade union activism and campus organizations.",
"Under the slogan \"Work and Wages\", YCL members worked to organize the unemployed who populated [relief camps](/wiki/Relief_Camp \"Relief Camp\") across the country. \"The leading preoccupation of the YCL when I became secretary,\" [Maurice Rush](/wiki/Maurice_Rush \"Maurice Rush\") says in his autobiography, \"was to organize unemployed youth\".Rush, 31\\. Like many other observers, Rush (who was leader of the YCL in British Columbia after 1935\\) claims that the YCL was active in the [Relief Camp Workers' Unions](/wiki/Relief_Camp_Workers%27_Union \"Relief Camp Workers' Union\") (RCWU), and played a role in mobilizing relief camp youth to participate in the [On\\-to\\-Ottawa Trek](/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek \"On-to-Ottawa Trek\"). During the Trek, many working people opened their homes and cupboards to the protestors, sometimes sharing family relief rations.Buck, Chpt. 9 Communist women in Vancouver issued a call for a solidarity action, and five thousand working\\-class women came out to a special \"Mother's Day\" demonstration on behalf of the camp workers and to demand the closing of the camps.",
"Informed by Vancouver's mayor that the limited scope of the Municipal Council was ill\\-equipped to address their claims,{{cite encyclopedia\\|url\\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/on\\-to\\-ottawa\\-trek\\|title\\=The On To Ottawa Trek\\|encyclopedia\\=\\[\\[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2019}} the British Columbia branches of the YCL and the Communist Party of Canada together with the Camp Workers' Union decided to march on Ottawa, believing that only action on a national scale could motivate the [Bennett](/wiki/R._B._Bennett \"R. B. Bennett\") Conservative government to hear their concerns. YCL member Arthur (Slim) Evans was elected leader for the cross\\-country journey.",
"Bennett was widely criticized for his handling of the situation. Later that year, the Bennett government fell in the election, providing impetus to the movements for public health care, education, unemployment insurance and other [social safety\\-net](/wiki/Social_safety-net \"Social safety-net\") reforms.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thismagazine.ca/issues/2007/07/89rebellions.php\\|title\\=Jesse McLean, \"89 Rebellions\" This Magazine\\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425220142/http://www.thismagazine.ca/issues/2007/07/89rebellions.php\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In the same period, a Pioneers movement of young children with Communist or sympathetic parents was organized with membership numbering around 6,000\\. Under the leadership of the YCL, the Pioneers published its own magazine with a circulation of roughly 4,000\\.",
"The YCL's mandate was not limited to the plight of unemployed youth. In 1935, an official Communist club was established at the University of Toronto. As British Columbia YCL leader Maurice Rush noted, \"The members realized that the struggle for a decent life for the young generation of the Thirties required broad, united public action by all sections of young people. We worked tirelessly to build that unity, with considerable success.",
"Together with changing conditions domestically and internationally with the rise of [fascism](/wiki/Fascism \"Fascism\"), this led to a new conception of the YCL and its role in the struggle.",
""
] |
### Spanish Civil War
The first major battle against fascism occurred in Spain, when [General Franco](/wiki/General_Franco "General Franco") mobilized his troops against the democratically elected government of the Spanish Republic; inciting the Spanish Civil War. Assistance to the Spanish Republican forces came from around the world, including Canada.
Throughout the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War"), the YCL joined with other organizations to organize the [Mackenzie\-Papineau Battalion](/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion "Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion") in which YCL members fought with Republican troops. With the assistance of the Communist Party of Canada, 1200 Canadians made their way to Spain.
But help came in all forms. For example, YCLers active in the Workers Sports Association helped organize support:
> The majority of the members (of the Workers Sports Association) were young needle trades union members.{{nbsp}}... The largest crowd ever at the games in Fletcher's Field took place at a soccer game between the Toronto and Montreal WSA clubs in support of Dr. Norman Bethune's Blood Unit in Spain. Many thousands of Montrealers rallied to give their support to the struggle to "Save Democracy in Spain."Niergarth (2005\), "Workers Sports"
Actions like this earned the WSA the attention of the police in cities like Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver, where WSA clubs were under police surveillance. "A boxing event was arbitrarily cancelled. In Toronto, hall owners were warned that their hall licences would be cancelled should the premises be rented for WSA functions. A police raid of the Vancouver WSA club led to the confiscation of its membership lists and the club's equipment." In BC, League members organized "Girls Brigades" to raise aid for Spain, a solidarity effort which won worldwide attention.
After the Spanish Civil War, the YCL continued its anti\-fascist actions and published a newspaper, "[The Young Worker](/wiki/The_Young_Worker "The Young Worker")" until the League and the Communist Party were banned in 1940\. Canadian Communists re\-organized themselves as the [Labor\-Progressive Party](/wiki/Labor-Progressive_Party "Labor-Progressive Party") while the YCL became the **National Federation of Labor Youth**.
The NFLY was not formed as an explicitly [Marxist](/wiki/Marxist "Marxist")\-oriented organization, but instead based on the concept of the '[popular front](/wiki/Popular_front "Popular front").' In some instances it merged with chapters of the [Co\-operative Commonwealth Youth Movement](/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Youth_Movement "Co-operative Commonwealth Youth Movement"), the youth wing of the social democratic [Co\-operative Commonwealth Federation](/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation "Co-operative Commonwealth Federation"). This policy was contrary to that of the CCF and resulted in the expulsion of numerous Communists from the party's ranks. While the new NFLY grew rapidly, the Federation reconsidered this approach after the war and re\-oriented itself as a communist youth organization. In November 1945, the NFLY was a founding member of the [World Federation of Democratic Youth](/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth "World Federation of Democratic Youth").
|
[
"### Spanish Civil War",
"The first major battle against fascism occurred in Spain, when [General Franco](/wiki/General_Franco \"General Franco\") mobilized his troops against the democratically elected government of the Spanish Republic; inciting the Spanish Civil War. Assistance to the Spanish Republican forces came from around the world, including Canada.",
"Throughout the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\"), the YCL joined with other organizations to organize the [Mackenzie\\-Papineau Battalion](/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion \"Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion\") in which YCL members fought with Republican troops. With the assistance of the Communist Party of Canada, 1200 Canadians made their way to Spain.",
"But help came in all forms. For example, YCLers active in the Workers Sports Association helped organize support:",
"",
"> The majority of the members (of the Workers Sports Association) were young needle trades union members.{{nbsp}}... The largest crowd ever at the games in Fletcher's Field took place at a soccer game between the Toronto and Montreal WSA clubs in support of Dr. Norman Bethune's Blood Unit in Spain. Many thousands of Montrealers rallied to give their support to the struggle to \"Save Democracy in Spain.\"Niergarth (2005\\), \"Workers Sports\"",
"Actions like this earned the WSA the attention of the police in cities like Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver, where WSA clubs were under police surveillance. \"A boxing event was arbitrarily cancelled. In Toronto, hall owners were warned that their hall licences would be cancelled should the premises be rented for WSA functions. A police raid of the Vancouver WSA club led to the confiscation of its membership lists and the club's equipment.\" In BC, League members organized \"Girls Brigades\" to raise aid for Spain, a solidarity effort which won worldwide attention.",
"After the Spanish Civil War, the YCL continued its anti\\-fascist actions and published a newspaper, \"[The Young Worker](/wiki/The_Young_Worker \"The Young Worker\")\" until the League and the Communist Party were banned in 1940\\. Canadian Communists re\\-organized themselves as the [Labor\\-Progressive Party](/wiki/Labor-Progressive_Party \"Labor-Progressive Party\") while the YCL became the **National Federation of Labor Youth**.",
"The NFLY was not formed as an explicitly [Marxist](/wiki/Marxist \"Marxist\")\\-oriented organization, but instead based on the concept of the '[popular front](/wiki/Popular_front \"Popular front\").' In some instances it merged with chapters of the [Co\\-operative Commonwealth Youth Movement](/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Youth_Movement \"Co-operative Commonwealth Youth Movement\"), the youth wing of the social democratic [Co\\-operative Commonwealth Federation](/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation \"Co-operative Commonwealth Federation\"). This policy was contrary to that of the CCF and resulted in the expulsion of numerous Communists from the party's ranks. While the new NFLY grew rapidly, the Federation reconsidered this approach after the war and re\\-oriented itself as a communist youth organization. In November 1945, the NFLY was a founding member of the [World Federation of Democratic Youth](/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth \"World Federation of Democratic Youth\").",
""
] |
Life
----
Born Kathleen Annie Josephine Madden at 14 Bridge Street, [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 "Cork (city)"), Ireland, the only daughter of banker Paul J. Madden (who was [Mayor of Cork](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Cork "Lord Mayor of Cork") in 1885–1886, and a friend of [Charles Stuart Parnell](/wiki/Charles_Stuart_Parnell "Charles Stuart Parnell")) and Eliza Madden (born Dwyer). She was educated privately at her family home, Wood's Gift, Blackrock Road.
By the end of the 19th century she was contributing short stories to various British and American publications, such as [Pall Mall Magazine](/wiki/Pall_Mall_Magazine "Pall Mall Magazine"), [Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine](/wiki/Blackwood%27s_Magazine "Blackwood's Magazine"), [Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine "Harper's Magazine"), [Windsor Magazine](/wiki/Windsor_Magazine "Windsor Magazine") and others.
On 16 February 1901, five weeks after her father's death, she married the writer [Ernest Temple Thurston](/wiki/E._Temple_Thurston "E. Temple Thurston") (1879\-1933\). They separated in 1907 and were divorced in 1910 on grounds of his adultery and desertion. The suit went undefended. Thurston "complained that she was making more money by her books than he was, that her personality dominated his, and had said that he wanted to leave her."{{Citation \|title\=Divorce Case \|date\=8 April 1910 \|work\=\[\[Irish Times]] \|page\=4}}
### Reception of work
Katherine Thurston's novels achieved success in Britain and the United States. Her best\-known work was a [political thriller](/wiki/Thriller_fiction "Thriller fiction") entitled *[John Chilcote, M.P.](/wiki/The_Masquerader_%28novel%29 "The Masquerader (novel)")* (published in 1904 as *The Masquerader* in the United States). It was on the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")* bestseller list for two years, ranking as third best\-selling book for 1904 and seventh best in 1905\. Her next book, *The Gambler*, came out in 1905 and it too made the US best\-selling lists for that year. This was the first time the *New York Times* had recorded any author, female or male, as having two top\-ten books in a single year.
In 1910, Thurston was back on the bestseller list at No. 4 with her novel *Max*, the story of a young Russian princess, who flees disguised as a boy to the [Montmartre Quarter](/wiki/Montmartre_Quarter "Montmartre Quarter") of [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), on the night before her arranged marriage. Her 1908 novel *The Fly on the Wheel*, about illicit love, was described by writer [Megan Nolan](/wiki/Megan_Nolan "Megan Nolan") in 2022 as a "lost classic of Irish fiction".{{Cite web \|last\=Nolan \|first\=Megan \|author\-link\=Megan Nolan \|date\=15 October 2022 \|title\=Fly on the Wheel: Megan Nolan on a lost classic of Irish fiction \|url\=https://www.rte.ie/culture/2022/0728/1312819\-fly\-on\-the\-wheel\-megan\-nolan\-on\-a\-lost\-classic\-of\-irish\-fiction/ \|access\-date\=15 October 2022 \|publisher\=RTÉ}}
### Adaptations
*John Chilcote, M.P.* was adapted for the stage by American playwright [John Hunter Booth](/wiki/John_Hunter_Booth "John Hunter Booth") and opened on [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") in 1917\.
It was filmed four times: the first was a [silent film](/wiki/Silent_film "Silent film") by [American Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A8res "Pathé Frères") under the title *The Compact* (1912\) and starring [Crane Wilbur](/wiki/Crane_Wilbur "Crane Wilbur"); the second a 1920 Russian/French co\-production entitled *Chlen parlamenta*. Two more films were made using the American book title *The Masquerader*: in [1922](/wiki/The_Masquerader_%281922_film%29 "The Masquerader (1922 film)") and then by the [Samuel Goldwyn Company](/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn_Company "Samuel Goldwyn Company") in [1933](/wiki/The_Masquerader_%281933_film%29 "The Masquerader (1933 film)") as a "[talkie](/wiki/Talkie "Talkie")" starring [Ronald Colman](/wiki/Ronald_Colman "Ronald Colman").
### Death and legacy
Thurston had been dealing with [epilepsy](/wiki/Epilepsy "Epilepsy"), and her blossoming career was cut short when she was found dead at the age of 37 in her hotel room in Cork. The official enquiry on 6 September 1911 gave the cause of death as [asphyxia](/wiki/Asphyxia "Asphyxia") as result of a seizure.{{Citation \|title\=Death of Writer \|date\=7 September 1911 \|work\=\[\[Irish Times]] \|page\=7}} She had been due to remarry later that month to Dr A. T. Bulkeley Gavin. She was buried in [St. Joseph's Cemetery, Cork](/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cemetery%2C_Cork "St. Joseph's Cemetery, Cork").
An account of her final years, her publishing history, and her relations with Bulkeley Gavin are the subject of *The Sensational Katherine Cecil Thurston* (2006\), a published thesis by C. M. Copeland. She wrote it while studying at Napier University, Edinburgh.{{Cite book \|last\=Copeland \|first\=Caroline \|url\=http://www.napier.ac.uk/\~/media/worktribe/output\-239836/copelandpdf.pdf \|title\=The Sensational Katherine Cecil Thurston: An Investigation into the Life and Publishing History of a 'New Woman' Author \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=©Caroline Copeland 2007 \|pages\=various \|access\-date\=11 April 2016}}
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Born Kathleen Annie Josephine Madden at 14 Bridge Street, [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\"), Ireland, the only daughter of banker Paul J. Madden (who was [Mayor of Cork](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Cork \"Lord Mayor of Cork\") in 1885–1886, and a friend of [Charles Stuart Parnell](/wiki/Charles_Stuart_Parnell \"Charles Stuart Parnell\")) and Eliza Madden (born Dwyer). She was educated privately at her family home, Wood's Gift, Blackrock Road.",
"By the end of the 19th century she was contributing short stories to various British and American publications, such as [Pall Mall Magazine](/wiki/Pall_Mall_Magazine \"Pall Mall Magazine\"), [Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine](/wiki/Blackwood%27s_Magazine \"Blackwood's Magazine\"), [Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine \"Harper's Magazine\"), [Windsor Magazine](/wiki/Windsor_Magazine \"Windsor Magazine\") and others.",
"On 16 February 1901, five weeks after her father's death, she married the writer [Ernest Temple Thurston](/wiki/E._Temple_Thurston \"E. Temple Thurston\") (1879\\-1933\\). They separated in 1907 and were divorced in 1910 on grounds of his adultery and desertion. The suit went undefended. Thurston \"complained that she was making more money by her books than he was, that her personality dominated his, and had said that he wanted to leave her.\"{{Citation \\|title\\=Divorce Case \\|date\\=8 April 1910 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Times]] \\|page\\=4}}",
"### Reception of work",
"Katherine Thurston's novels achieved success in Britain and the United States. Her best\\-known work was a [political thriller](/wiki/Thriller_fiction \"Thriller fiction\") entitled *[John Chilcote, M.P.](/wiki/The_Masquerader_%28novel%29 \"The Masquerader (novel)\")* (published in 1904 as *The Masquerader* in the United States). It was on the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")* bestseller list for two years, ranking as third best\\-selling book for 1904 and seventh best in 1905\\. Her next book, *The Gambler*, came out in 1905 and it too made the US best\\-selling lists for that year. This was the first time the *New York Times* had recorded any author, female or male, as having two top\\-ten books in a single year.",
"In 1910, Thurston was back on the bestseller list at No. 4 with her novel *Max*, the story of a young Russian princess, who flees disguised as a boy to the [Montmartre Quarter](/wiki/Montmartre_Quarter \"Montmartre Quarter\") of [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), on the night before her arranged marriage. Her 1908 novel *The Fly on the Wheel*, about illicit love, was described by writer [Megan Nolan](/wiki/Megan_Nolan \"Megan Nolan\") in 2022 as a \"lost classic of Irish fiction\".{{Cite web \\|last\\=Nolan \\|first\\=Megan \\|author\\-link\\=Megan Nolan \\|date\\=15 October 2022 \\|title\\=Fly on the Wheel: Megan Nolan on a lost classic of Irish fiction \\|url\\=https://www.rte.ie/culture/2022/0728/1312819\\-fly\\-on\\-the\\-wheel\\-megan\\-nolan\\-on\\-a\\-lost\\-classic\\-of\\-irish\\-fiction/ \\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2022 \\|publisher\\=RTÉ}}",
"### Adaptations",
"*John Chilcote, M.P.* was adapted for the stage by American playwright [John Hunter Booth](/wiki/John_Hunter_Booth \"John Hunter Booth\") and opened on [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") in 1917\\.",
"It was filmed four times: the first was a [silent film](/wiki/Silent_film \"Silent film\") by [American Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A8res \"Pathé Frères\") under the title *The Compact* (1912\\) and starring [Crane Wilbur](/wiki/Crane_Wilbur \"Crane Wilbur\"); the second a 1920 Russian/French co\\-production entitled *Chlen parlamenta*. Two more films were made using the American book title *The Masquerader*: in [1922](/wiki/The_Masquerader_%281922_film%29 \"The Masquerader (1922 film)\") and then by the [Samuel Goldwyn Company](/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn_Company \"Samuel Goldwyn Company\") in [1933](/wiki/The_Masquerader_%281933_film%29 \"The Masquerader (1933 film)\") as a \"[talkie](/wiki/Talkie \"Talkie\")\" starring [Ronald Colman](/wiki/Ronald_Colman \"Ronald Colman\").",
"### Death and legacy",
"Thurston had been dealing with [epilepsy](/wiki/Epilepsy \"Epilepsy\"), and her blossoming career was cut short when she was found dead at the age of 37 in her hotel room in Cork. The official enquiry on 6 September 1911 gave the cause of death as [asphyxia](/wiki/Asphyxia \"Asphyxia\") as result of a seizure.{{Citation \\|title\\=Death of Writer \\|date\\=7 September 1911 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Times]] \\|page\\=7}} She had been due to remarry later that month to Dr A. T. Bulkeley Gavin. She was buried in [St. Joseph's Cemetery, Cork](/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cemetery%2C_Cork \"St. Joseph's Cemetery, Cork\").",
"An account of her final years, her publishing history, and her relations with Bulkeley Gavin are the subject of *The Sensational Katherine Cecil Thurston* (2006\\), a published thesis by C. M. Copeland. She wrote it while studying at Napier University, Edinburgh.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Copeland \\|first\\=Caroline \\|url\\=http://www.napier.ac.uk/\\~/media/worktribe/output\\-239836/copelandpdf.pdf \\|title\\=The Sensational Katherine Cecil Thurston: An Investigation into the Life and Publishing History of a 'New Woman' Author \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=©Caroline Copeland 2007 \\|pages\\=various \\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2016}}",
""
] |
Career
------
In 1978, J.John studied theology at [St John's Theological College, Nottingham, England](/wiki/St_John%27s_College%2C_Nottingham "St John's College, Nottingham"). In 1979, J.John worked at the Christian Renewal Centre in Northern Ireland.[Guest Speaker J. John](http://www.renewalcc.com/podcast/2012/03/09/guest-speaker-j-john/) at Christian Renewal Centre; published 9 March 2012; retrieved 12 August 2015\. During this time he took part in reconciliation work as a member of the community, including mission work and prison work.[Funding crisis threatens work of prison ministry](http://www.christiantoday.com/article/funding.crisis.threatens.work.of.prison.ministry/26111.htm) at Christian Media Corporation; published 10 June 2010; retrieved 23 October 2015\.
The following year, J.John was appointed as the evangelist at [St Nicholas' Church](/wiki/St_Nicholas%27_Church%2C_Nottingham "St Nicholas' Church, Nottingham") in [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham%2C_England "Nottingham, England"), England, under the leadership of David and Joyce Huggett. Whilst overseeing the evangelism work within the church and in Nottingham, he also began working as an itinerant evangelist. J.John spoke at colleges, youth events and churches. In 1998, J.John received a Lambeth MA from Archbishop George Carey, in recognition of Church Growth and Evangelism.{{cite web \|date\=September 5, 2019 \|title\=J.John celebrates 40 years of ministry 'God has been gracious over decades' \|url\=https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/j\-john\-celebrates\-40\-years\-of\-ministry\-god\-has\-been\-gracious\-over\-decades \|access\-date\=July 22, 2024 \|website\=Premier Christian}} In February 2003, J.John was appointed an [honorary Canon](/wiki/Canon_%28title%29%23Honorary_canons "Canon (title)#Honorary canons") of [Coventry Cathedral](/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral "Coventry Cathedral").{{cite web \|title\=J. John \|url\=https://www.cslewisinstitute.org/?speaker\=j\-john \|access\-date\=26 July 2024 \|website\=CSLewisInstitute.org \|publisher\=CS Lewis Institute}}{{cite web \|title\=J John Hopes to Pack 'em in Again \|url\=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry\-news/j\-john\-hopes\-pack\-em\-3153880 \|access\-date\=26 July 2024 \|website\=www.coventrytelegraph.net\|date\=5 November 2003 }} J.John is known for his Christmas sermons, which are popular in the United Kingdom.{{cite web \|title\=Christmas crowds flock to J John Preacher \`star' pulls in punters \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/christmas\-crowds\-flock\-to\-j\-john\-preacher\-star\-pulls\-in\-punters\-1389135\.html \|access\-date\=24 September 2024 \|website\=www.independent.co.uk\|date\=11 December 1994 }}
In 2023, at the height of the [Mike Pilavachi](/wiki/Mike_Pilavachi "Mike Pilavachi") scandal, J.John received backlash for a comment he made supporting him.{{Cite news \|last\=Swerling \|first\=Gabriella \|date\=2023\-07\-17 \|title\=Backlash as church leaders praise Soul Survivor's Mike Pilavachi \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/07/17/backlash\-church\-leaders\-praise\-soul\-survivor\-mike\-pilavachi/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-30 \|work\=The Telegraph \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0307\-1235}}{{Cite news \|last\=Swerling \|first\=Gabriella \|date\=2023\-07\-15 \|title\=The abuse scandal leaving a trail of destruction across Christianity \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/07/15/soul\-survivor\-explained\-matt\-redman\-mike\-pilavachi/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-30 \|work\=The Telegraph \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0307\-1235}}
### just10
In January 1998 J.John began teaching the [Ten Commandments](/wiki/Ten_Commandments "Ten Commandments") through a ten\-week course called *just10*.{{Cite web \|url\=https://just10\.org/history/\| title\= just10 History \|website\=www.just10\.org \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-21}} The series is aimed at people from all walks of life {{Cite web \|url\=https://inspiremagazine.org.uk/j\-john\-relaunches\-just10\-teaching\-series\-on\-ten\-commandments/\| title\= J John relaunches just10 teaching series on Ten Commandments \|website\=www.inspiremagazine.org.uk \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-21}} and aims to show that following the 10 laws given to [Moses](/wiki/Moses "Moses") by God.{{cite web \|title\=Exodus 20:1\-17 \|url\=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search\=Exodus\+20%3A1\-17\&version\=ESV \|website\=www.biblegateway.com}}{{cite web \|title\=Deuteronomy 5:4\-21 \|url\=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search\=Deuteronomy\+5%3A4\-21\&version\=ESV \|website\=www.biblegateway.com}} *just10* is split into 10 segments, with each segment focusing on a different commandment.
*just10* was originally named *TEN* and the original series was filmed in front of a live audience at [Capitol Studios](/wiki/Capitol_Studios "Capitol Studios"). Over the years, just10 has developed into a just10 Toolkit, two separate DVD courses for Churches and for Small Groups (2010\),{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.christianpost.com/news/hundreds\-of\-churches\-using\-new\-ten\-commandments\-rewritten\-by\-popular\-pastor\-71156/\| title\=Hundreds of Churches Using 'New' Ten Commandments Rewritten by Popular Pastor \|website\=www.christianpost.com \| date\=9 March 2012 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06}} just10 for Kids, an online resource and book (2013\). The latest version of the series and book were released in 2023\.
In 2017, J.John hosted the first *JustOne* event at [Emirates Stadium](/wiki/Emirates_Stadium "Emirates Stadium"), home of [Arsenal Football Club](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") in London.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/14\-july/news/uk/who\-s\-steering\-emirates\-stadium\-mission\-crowd\-is\-asked\| title\=Who's steering, Emirates Stadium mission crowd is asked \|website\=www.churchtimes.co.uk \|access\-date\=2019\-08\-22}}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.premierchristianity.com/Past\-Issues/2017/June\-2017/J.John\-Why\-I\-want\-to\-fill\-the\-Emirates\-stadium\-with\-40\-000\-people\-on\-July\-8 \|title\=J.John: Why I want to fill the Emirates stadium with 40,000 people on July 8 \|last\=Premier \|date\=2017\-05\-26 \|website\=Premier Christianity \|access\-date\=2019\-08\-22}} The name is derived from J.John's *just10* course; the focus of the event is 'Just One Day, Just One Message, and Just One Invitation'. The second *JustOne* event took place at [Priestfield Stadium](/wiki/Priestfield_Stadium "Priestfield Stadium") on 9 June 2018\. Over 100 churches partnered to make the event possible.{{Cite web \|url\=https://justone.co.uk/priestfield/ \|title\=Priestfield \|last\=justonedev \|website\=JustOne \|access\-date\=2019\-08\-22}}
A presentation that J.John delivered at [Liberty University](/wiki/Liberty_University "Liberty University") in [Lynchburg, Virginia](/wiki/Lynchburg%2C_Virginia "Lynchburg, Virginia"), has been featured on the daily *[Focus on the Family](/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family "Focus on the Family")* radio broadcast with [Jim Daly](/wiki/Jim_Daly_%28evangelist%29 "Jim Daly (evangelist)").["Gaining a New Perspective on Life"](https://www.focusonthefamily.com/episodes/broadcast/gaining-a-new-perspective-on-life/), April 24, 2023\. Broadcast Archives, *Focus on the Family*. Retrieved 24 June 2023\.
### Philo Trust
J.John established Philo Trust as a charity in 1980 in Nottingham, which in 1997 moved to [Chorleywood](/wiki/Chorleywood "Chorleywood"), England.{{cite web \|title\=The Philo Trust – Humanitarian, Mutual Aid, Social Action Associations, Abbots Langley – Infobel United Kingdom, (Id: 86869141001\) – Phone directory \|url\=http://www.infobel.com/en/uk/the\_philo\_trust/rickmansworth/86869141001/businessdetails.aspx \|work\=infobel.com}} The purpose of Philo Trust is to support J.John in his ministry ("philo" is the [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language") word for brotherly love). Philo Trust has a number of associates, including [Christine Caine](/wiki/Christine_Caine "Christine Caine") and [Andrew White](/wiki/Andrew_White_%28priest%29 "Andrew White (priest)"), who are also supported by the trust.
### Television
J.John has a weekly television and radio series called *Today with J.John*.{{cite web \|title\=Today with J.John \|url\=https://canonjjohn.com/watch/ \|website\=Canon J.John (official website)\|access\-date\=29 July 2024}} The series features a mixture of his sermons and Facing the Canon {{cite web \|title\=Facing The Canon \|url\=https://canonjjohn.com/category/facing\-the\-canon/ \|website\=www.canonjjohn.com\|access\-date\=24 September 2024}} interviews and is broadcast on [GOD TV](/wiki/GOD_TV "GOD TV"),{{cite web \|title\=Canon J. John \|url\=https://www.god.tv/ministries/j\-john/ \|website\=God TV\|access\-date\=29 July 2024}} Shine TV,{{cite web \|title\=Today with J. John \|url\=https://www.shinetv.co.nz/today\-with\-j\-john \|website\=Shine TV\|access\-date\=29 July 2024}} Revelation TV,{{cite web \|title\=Today with J. John \|url\=https://revelationtv.com/watch\-video/today\-with\-j\-john\-81571 \|website\=Revelation TV\|access\-date\=29 July 2024}} Branch FM, [UCB](/wiki/United_Christian_Broadcasters "United Christian Broadcasters") Ireland.{{cite web \|title\=Canon J. John \|url\=https://www.ucbireland.ie/tag/j\-john/ \|website\=UCB Ireland\|access\-date\=29 July 2024}} Guest have included [Justin Welby](/wiki/Justin_Welby "Justin Welby") (The Archbishop of Canterbury), [Jackie Pullinger](/wiki/Jackie_Pullinger "Jackie Pullinger"), Professor [N.T. Wright](/wiki/N.T._Wright "N.T. Wright"), Professor [John Lennox](/wiki/John_Lennox "John Lennox"), [Greg Laurie](/wiki/Greg_Laurie "Greg Laurie"), [Christine Caine](/wiki/Christine_Caine "Christine Caine"), and many others.
### Newspapers
J.John has been published in *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*{{cite web \|title\=Why schadenfreude is not always harmless fun \|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why\-schadenfreude\-is\-not\-always\-harmless\-fun\-0xf0thzpz \|url\-access\=subscription \|publisher\=Times Media Ltd \|access\-date\=28 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722154049/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why\-schadenfreude\-is\-not\-always\-harmless\-fun\-0xf0thzpz \|archive\-date\=22 July 2023 \|date\=8 July 2023}} and the *[Daily Mirror](/wiki/Daily_Mirror "Daily Mirror")*{{cite web \|title\=Six reasons why I believe Halloween is far from harmless \|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/opinion/news\-opinion/reverend\-j\-john\-six\-reasons\-2486777 \|website\=Mirror \|publisher\=\[\[Reach plc]] \|access\-date\=28 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128010341/https://www.mirror.co.uk/opinion/news\-opinion/reverend\-j\-john\-six\-reasons\-2486777 \|archive\-date\=28 November 2021 \|date\=30 October 2014 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|title\=Reverend J. John \|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/j\-john/ \|website\=Mirror \|publisher\=\[\[Reach plc]] \|access\-date\=28 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106091211/http://www.mirror.co.uk:80/authors/j\-john/ \|archive\-date\=6 November 2016}} on faith\-related matters.
### Publications
J.John has authored over 60 books since 1988\.[The Ten Commandments: Are they still relevant?](http://www.christiantoday.com/article/the.ten.commandments.are.they.still.relevant/26504.htm) at *Christian Today*; published 16 August 2010; retrieved 23 June 2015\. Select publications include:{{div col\|colwidth\=30em}}
* *A Christmas Compendium (2005\)* {{cite book \|title\=A Christmas Compendium \|isbn\=0826487491 }} ISBN 0826487491
* *26 Steps to Heaven* (2007\) {{cite book \|title\=26 Steps to Heaven \|isbn\=0340954361 }} ISBN 0340954361
* *The Happiness Secret: Finding True Contentment* (2011\) {{cite book \|title\=The Happiness Secret: Finding True Contentment \|isbn\=0993375758 }} ISBN 0993375758
* *The Return: Grace and the Prodigal* (2011\) {{cite book \|title\=The Return: Grace and the Prodigal \|isbn\=0340995149 }} ISBN 0340995149
* *just10* (2013\) {{cite book \|title\=just10 \|isbn\=0957389094 }} ISBN 0957389094
* *The Natural Evangelism Course* (2014\) {{cite web \|url\=https://www.amazon.com/Natural\-Evangelism\-Course\-J\-John\-ebook/dp/B00NXM8DHO \|title\=The Natural Evangelism Course \|website\=Amazon.com \|access\-date\=July 22, 2024}} ASIN B00NXM8DHO
* *The Life: A Portrait of Jesus* (2015 edition) {{cite book \|title\=The Life: A Portrait of Jesus \|isbn\=1860246095 }} ISBN 1860246095
* *Knowing God* (2017\) {{cite book \|title\=Knowing God \|isbn\=0993375782 }} ISBN 0993375782
* *The Christmas Story* (2018\) {{cite book \|title\=The Christmas Story \|isbn\=1912326027 }} ISBN 1912326027
* *The Easter Story* (2018\) {{cite book \|title\=The Easter Story \|isbn\=1912326000 }} ISBN 1912326000
* *Jesus Christ − The Truth* (2019\) {{cite book \|title\=Jesus Christ − The Truth \|isbn\=1912326035 }} ISBN 1912326035
* *That's a Good Question!* (2019\) {{cite book \|title\=That's a Good Question! \|isbn\=1912326043 }} ISBN 1912326043
{{div col end}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 1978, J.John studied theology at [St John's Theological College, Nottingham, England](/wiki/St_John%27s_College%2C_Nottingham \"St John's College, Nottingham\"). In 1979, J.John worked at the Christian Renewal Centre in Northern Ireland.[Guest Speaker J. John](http://www.renewalcc.com/podcast/2012/03/09/guest-speaker-j-john/) at Christian Renewal Centre; published 9 March 2012; retrieved 12 August 2015\\. During this time he took part in reconciliation work as a member of the community, including mission work and prison work.[Funding crisis threatens work of prison ministry](http://www.christiantoday.com/article/funding.crisis.threatens.work.of.prison.ministry/26111.htm) at Christian Media Corporation; published 10 June 2010; retrieved 23 October 2015\\.",
"The following year, J.John was appointed as the evangelist at [St Nicholas' Church](/wiki/St_Nicholas%27_Church%2C_Nottingham \"St Nicholas' Church, Nottingham\") in [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham%2C_England \"Nottingham, England\"), England, under the leadership of David and Joyce Huggett. Whilst overseeing the evangelism work within the church and in Nottingham, he also began working as an itinerant evangelist. J.John spoke at colleges, youth events and churches. In 1998, J.John received a Lambeth MA from Archbishop George Carey, in recognition of Church Growth and Evangelism.{{cite web \\|date\\=September 5, 2019 \\|title\\=J.John celebrates 40 years of ministry 'God has been gracious over decades' \\|url\\=https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/j\\-john\\-celebrates\\-40\\-years\\-of\\-ministry\\-god\\-has\\-been\\-gracious\\-over\\-decades \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2024 \\|website\\=Premier Christian}} In February 2003, J.John was appointed an [honorary Canon](/wiki/Canon_%28title%29%23Honorary_canons \"Canon (title)#Honorary canons\") of [Coventry Cathedral](/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral \"Coventry Cathedral\").{{cite web \\|title\\=J. John \\|url\\=https://www.cslewisinstitute.org/?speaker\\=j\\-john \\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2024 \\|website\\=CSLewisInstitute.org \\|publisher\\=CS Lewis Institute}}{{cite web \\|title\\=J John Hopes to Pack 'em in Again \\|url\\=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry\\-news/j\\-john\\-hopes\\-pack\\-em\\-3153880 \\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2024 \\|website\\=www.coventrytelegraph.net\\|date\\=5 November 2003 }} J.John is known for his Christmas sermons, which are popular in the United Kingdom.{{cite web \\|title\\=Christmas crowds flock to J John Preacher \\`star' pulls in punters \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/christmas\\-crowds\\-flock\\-to\\-j\\-john\\-preacher\\-star\\-pulls\\-in\\-punters\\-1389135\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2024 \\|website\\=www.independent.co.uk\\|date\\=11 December 1994 }}",
"In 2023, at the height of the [Mike Pilavachi](/wiki/Mike_Pilavachi \"Mike Pilavachi\") scandal, J.John received backlash for a comment he made supporting him.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Swerling \\|first\\=Gabriella \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-17 \\|title\\=Backlash as church leaders praise Soul Survivor's Mike Pilavachi \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/07/17/backlash\\-church\\-leaders\\-praise\\-soul\\-survivor\\-mike\\-pilavachi/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-30 \\|work\\=The Telegraph \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0307\\-1235}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Swerling \\|first\\=Gabriella \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-15 \\|title\\=The abuse scandal leaving a trail of destruction across Christianity \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/07/15/soul\\-survivor\\-explained\\-matt\\-redman\\-mike\\-pilavachi/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-30 \\|work\\=The Telegraph \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0307\\-1235}}",
"### just10",
"In January 1998 J.John began teaching the [Ten Commandments](/wiki/Ten_Commandments \"Ten Commandments\") through a ten\\-week course called *just10*.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://just10\\.org/history/\\| title\\= just10 History \\|website\\=www.just10\\.org \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-21}} The series is aimed at people from all walks of life {{Cite web \\|url\\=https://inspiremagazine.org.uk/j\\-john\\-relaunches\\-just10\\-teaching\\-series\\-on\\-ten\\-commandments/\\| title\\= J John relaunches just10 teaching series on Ten Commandments \\|website\\=www.inspiremagazine.org.uk \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-21}} and aims to show that following the 10 laws given to [Moses](/wiki/Moses \"Moses\") by God.{{cite web \\|title\\=Exodus 20:1\\-17 \\|url\\=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search\\=Exodus\\+20%3A1\\-17\\&version\\=ESV \\|website\\=www.biblegateway.com}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Deuteronomy 5:4\\-21 \\|url\\=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search\\=Deuteronomy\\+5%3A4\\-21\\&version\\=ESV \\|website\\=www.biblegateway.com}} *just10* is split into 10 segments, with each segment focusing on a different commandment.",
"*just10* was originally named *TEN* and the original series was filmed in front of a live audience at [Capitol Studios](/wiki/Capitol_Studios \"Capitol Studios\"). Over the years, just10 has developed into a just10 Toolkit, two separate DVD courses for Churches and for Small Groups (2010\\),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.christianpost.com/news/hundreds\\-of\\-churches\\-using\\-new\\-ten\\-commandments\\-rewritten\\-by\\-popular\\-pastor\\-71156/\\| title\\=Hundreds of Churches Using 'New' Ten Commandments Rewritten by Popular Pastor \\|website\\=www.christianpost.com \\| date\\=9 March 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06}} just10 for Kids, an online resource and book (2013\\). The latest version of the series and book were released in 2023\\.",
"In 2017, J.John hosted the first *JustOne* event at [Emirates Stadium](/wiki/Emirates_Stadium \"Emirates Stadium\"), home of [Arsenal Football Club](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") in London.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/14\\-july/news/uk/who\\-s\\-steering\\-emirates\\-stadium\\-mission\\-crowd\\-is\\-asked\\| title\\=Who's steering, Emirates Stadium mission crowd is asked \\|website\\=www.churchtimes.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-22}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.premierchristianity.com/Past\\-Issues/2017/June\\-2017/J.John\\-Why\\-I\\-want\\-to\\-fill\\-the\\-Emirates\\-stadium\\-with\\-40\\-000\\-people\\-on\\-July\\-8 \\|title\\=J.John: Why I want to fill the Emirates stadium with 40,000 people on July 8 \\|last\\=Premier \\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-26 \\|website\\=Premier Christianity \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-22}} The name is derived from J.John's *just10* course; the focus of the event is 'Just One Day, Just One Message, and Just One Invitation'. The second *JustOne* event took place at [Priestfield Stadium](/wiki/Priestfield_Stadium \"Priestfield Stadium\") on 9 June 2018\\. Over 100 churches partnered to make the event possible.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://justone.co.uk/priestfield/ \\|title\\=Priestfield \\|last\\=justonedev \\|website\\=JustOne \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-22}}",
"A presentation that J.John delivered at [Liberty University](/wiki/Liberty_University \"Liberty University\") in [Lynchburg, Virginia](/wiki/Lynchburg%2C_Virginia \"Lynchburg, Virginia\"), has been featured on the daily *[Focus on the Family](/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family \"Focus on the Family\")* radio broadcast with [Jim Daly](/wiki/Jim_Daly_%28evangelist%29 \"Jim Daly (evangelist)\").[\"Gaining a New Perspective on Life\"](https://www.focusonthefamily.com/episodes/broadcast/gaining-a-new-perspective-on-life/), April 24, 2023\\. Broadcast Archives, *Focus on the Family*. Retrieved 24 June 2023\\.",
"### Philo Trust",
"J.John established Philo Trust as a charity in 1980 in Nottingham, which in 1997 moved to [Chorleywood](/wiki/Chorleywood \"Chorleywood\"), England.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Philo Trust – Humanitarian, Mutual Aid, Social Action Associations, Abbots Langley – Infobel United Kingdom, (Id: 86869141001\\) – Phone directory \\|url\\=http://www.infobel.com/en/uk/the\\_philo\\_trust/rickmansworth/86869141001/businessdetails.aspx \\|work\\=infobel.com}} The purpose of Philo Trust is to support J.John in his ministry (\"philo\" is the [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\") word for brotherly love). Philo Trust has a number of associates, including [Christine Caine](/wiki/Christine_Caine \"Christine Caine\") and [Andrew White](/wiki/Andrew_White_%28priest%29 \"Andrew White (priest)\"), who are also supported by the trust.",
"### Television",
"J.John has a weekly television and radio series called *Today with J.John*.{{cite web \\|title\\=Today with J.John \\|url\\=https://canonjjohn.com/watch/ \\|website\\=Canon J.John (official website)\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2024}} The series features a mixture of his sermons and Facing the Canon {{cite web \\|title\\=Facing The Canon \\|url\\=https://canonjjohn.com/category/facing\\-the\\-canon/ \\|website\\=www.canonjjohn.com\\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2024}} interviews and is broadcast on [GOD TV](/wiki/GOD_TV \"GOD TV\"),{{cite web \\|title\\=Canon J. John \\|url\\=https://www.god.tv/ministries/j\\-john/ \\|website\\=God TV\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2024}} Shine TV,{{cite web \\|title\\=Today with J. John \\|url\\=https://www.shinetv.co.nz/today\\-with\\-j\\-john \\|website\\=Shine TV\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2024}} Revelation TV,{{cite web \\|title\\=Today with J. John \\|url\\=https://revelationtv.com/watch\\-video/today\\-with\\-j\\-john\\-81571 \\|website\\=Revelation TV\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2024}} Branch FM, [UCB](/wiki/United_Christian_Broadcasters \"United Christian Broadcasters\") Ireland.{{cite web \\|title\\=Canon J. John \\|url\\=https://www.ucbireland.ie/tag/j\\-john/ \\|website\\=UCB Ireland\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2024}} Guest have included [Justin Welby](/wiki/Justin_Welby \"Justin Welby\") (The Archbishop of Canterbury), [Jackie Pullinger](/wiki/Jackie_Pullinger \"Jackie Pullinger\"), Professor [N.T. Wright](/wiki/N.T._Wright \"N.T. Wright\"), Professor [John Lennox](/wiki/John_Lennox \"John Lennox\"), [Greg Laurie](/wiki/Greg_Laurie \"Greg Laurie\"), [Christine Caine](/wiki/Christine_Caine \"Christine Caine\"), and many others.",
"### Newspapers",
"J.John has been published in *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")*{{cite web \\|title\\=Why schadenfreude is not always harmless fun \\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why\\-schadenfreude\\-is\\-not\\-always\\-harmless\\-fun\\-0xf0thzpz \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|publisher\\=Times Media Ltd \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722154049/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why\\-schadenfreude\\-is\\-not\\-always\\-harmless\\-fun\\-0xf0thzpz \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2023 \\|date\\=8 July 2023}} and the *[Daily Mirror](/wiki/Daily_Mirror \"Daily Mirror\")*{{cite web \\|title\\=Six reasons why I believe Halloween is far from harmless \\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/opinion/news\\-opinion/reverend\\-j\\-john\\-six\\-reasons\\-2486777 \\|website\\=Mirror \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reach plc]] \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128010341/https://www.mirror.co.uk/opinion/news\\-opinion/reverend\\-j\\-john\\-six\\-reasons\\-2486777 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 November 2021 \\|date\\=30 October 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Reverend J. John \\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/j\\-john/ \\|website\\=Mirror \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reach plc]] \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106091211/http://www.mirror.co.uk:80/authors/j\\-john/ \\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2016}} on faith\\-related matters.",
"### Publications",
"J.John has authored over 60 books since 1988\\.[The Ten Commandments: Are they still relevant?](http://www.christiantoday.com/article/the.ten.commandments.are.they.still.relevant/26504.htm) at *Christian Today*; published 16 August 2010; retrieved 23 June 2015\\. Select publications include:{{div col\\|colwidth\\=30em}}\n* *A Christmas Compendium (2005\\)* {{cite book \\|title\\=A Christmas Compendium \\|isbn\\=0826487491 }} ISBN 0826487491\n* *26 Steps to Heaven* (2007\\) {{cite book \\|title\\=26 Steps to Heaven \\|isbn\\=0340954361 }} ISBN 0340954361\n* *The Happiness Secret: Finding True Contentment* (2011\\) {{cite book \\|title\\=The Happiness Secret: Finding True Contentment \\|isbn\\=0993375758 }} ISBN 0993375758\n* *The Return: Grace and the Prodigal* (2011\\) {{cite book \\|title\\=The Return: Grace and the Prodigal \\|isbn\\=0340995149 }} ISBN 0340995149\n* *just10* (2013\\) {{cite book \\|title\\=just10 \\|isbn\\=0957389094 }} ISBN 0957389094\n* *The Natural Evangelism Course* (2014\\) {{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amazon.com/Natural\\-Evangelism\\-Course\\-J\\-John\\-ebook/dp/B00NXM8DHO \\|title\\=The Natural Evangelism Course \\|website\\=Amazon.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2024}} ASIN B00NXM8DHO\n* *The Life: A Portrait of Jesus* (2015 edition) {{cite book \\|title\\=The Life: A Portrait of Jesus \\|isbn\\=1860246095 }} ISBN 1860246095\n* *Knowing God* (2017\\) {{cite book \\|title\\=Knowing God \\|isbn\\=0993375782 }} ISBN 0993375782\n* *The Christmas Story* (2018\\) {{cite book \\|title\\=The Christmas Story \\|isbn\\=1912326027 }} ISBN 1912326027\n* *The Easter Story* (2018\\) {{cite book \\|title\\=The Easter Story \\|isbn\\=1912326000 }} ISBN 1912326000\n* *Jesus Christ − The Truth* (2019\\) {{cite book \\|title\\=Jesus Christ − The Truth \\|isbn\\=1912326035 }} ISBN 1912326035\n* *That's a Good Question!* (2019\\) {{cite book \\|title\\=That's a Good Question! \\|isbn\\=1912326043 }} ISBN 1912326043\n{{div col end}}",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
Pahoia is in two SA1 statistical areas which cover {{Convert\|5\.29\|km2\|\|abbr\=on}}.{{Cite web\|title\=ArcGIS Web Application \|url\=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id\=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787\| access\-date\=20 January 2024 \|website\=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}} The SA1 areas are part of the larger Pahoia statistical area.
{{Historical populations \|2006 \|258 \|2013 \|240 \|2018 \|288 \|percentages\=pagr \|align\=left \|title\=Historical population for Pahoia \|source\=}}
Pahoia had a population of 288 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census "2018 New Zealand census"), an increase of 48 people (20\.0%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census "2013 New Zealand census"), and an increase of 30 people (11\.6%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census "2006 New Zealand census"). There were 120 households, comprising 147 males and 147 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\.0 males per female, with 57 people (19\.8%) aged under 15 years, 30 (10\.4%) aged 15 to 29, 156 (54\.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 48 (16\.7%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 99\.0% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 "Pākehā"), 8\.3% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people "Māori people"), 1\.0% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders "Pasifika New Zealanders"), and 3\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders "Asian New Zealanders"). People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58\.3% had no religion, 30\.2% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand "Christianity in New Zealand"), 1\.0% were [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand "Hinduism in New Zealand") and 2\.1% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 57 (24\.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 18 (7\.8%) people had no formal qualifications. 54 people (23\.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 120 (51\.9%) people were employed full\-time, 51 (22\.1%) were part\-time, and 3 (1\.3%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\|7013606 and 7013609}}
### Pahoia statistical area
Pahoia statistical area covers {{Convert\|112\.79\|km2\|\|abbr\=on}} and had an estimated population of {{Decimals\|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Pahoia West\|y}}\|R}}\+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Pahoia East\|y}}\|R}}\|0}} as of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|\|\|y\|y\|\|,}} with a population density of {{Decimals\|({{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Pahoia West\|y}}\|R}}\+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Pahoia East\|y}}\|R}})/112\.79\|0}} people per km2.
{{Historical populations \|2006 \|2,640 \|2013 \|2,670 \|2018 \|3,198 \|percentages\=pagr \|align\=left \|title\=Historical population for the statistical area \|source\=}}
The statistical area had a population of 3,198 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census "2018 New Zealand census"), an increase of 528 people (19\.8%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census "2013 New Zealand census"), and an increase of 558 people (21\.1%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census "2006 New Zealand census"). There were 1,161 households, comprising 1,623 males and 1,572 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\.03 males per female. The median age was 45\.6 years (compared with 37\.4 years nationally), with 648 people (20\.3%) aged under 15 years, 417 (13\.0%) aged 15 to 29, 1,662 (52\.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 468 (14\.6%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 94\.1% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 "Pākehā"), 11\.7% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people "Māori people"), 1\.5% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders "Pasifika New Zealanders"), 1\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders "Asian New Zealanders"), and 1\.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 19\.9, compared with 27\.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58\.0% had no religion, 29\.4% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand "Christianity in New Zealand"), 0\.7% had [Māori religious beliefs](/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people "Religion of Māori people"), 0\.4% were [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand "Hinduism in New Zealand"), 0\.7% were [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand "Buddhism in New Zealand") and 2\.1% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 570 (22\.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 339 (13\.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $35,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 534 people (20\.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,308 (51\.3%) people were employed full\-time, 501 (19\.6%) were part\-time, and 63 (2\.5%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\|Pahoia (190900\)\|pahoia\|Pahoia}}
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"Pahoia is in two SA1 statistical areas which cover {{Convert\\|5\\.29\\|km2\\|\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{Cite web\\|title\\=ArcGIS Web Application \\|url\\=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id\\=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787\\| access\\-date\\=20 January 2024 \\|website\\=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}} The SA1 areas are part of the larger Pahoia statistical area.",
"{{Historical populations \\|2006 \\|258 \\|2013 \\|240 \\|2018 \\|288 \\|percentages\\=pagr \\|align\\=left \\|title\\=Historical population for Pahoia \\|source\\=}}\nPahoia had a population of 288 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census \"2018 New Zealand census\"), an increase of 48 people (20\\.0%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census \"2013 New Zealand census\"), and an increase of 30 people (11\\.6%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census \"2006 New Zealand census\"). There were 120 households, comprising 147 males and 147 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\\.0 males per female, with 57 people (19\\.8%) aged under 15 years, 30 (10\\.4%) aged 15 to 29, 156 (54\\.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 48 (16\\.7%) aged 65 or older.",
"Ethnicities were 99\\.0% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 \"Pākehā\"), 8\\.3% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people \"Māori people\"), 1\\.0% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders \"Pasifika New Zealanders\"), and 3\\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders \"Asian New Zealanders\"). People may identify with more than one ethnicity.",
"Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58\\.3% had no religion, 30\\.2% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand \"Christianity in New Zealand\"), 1\\.0% were [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand \"Hinduism in New Zealand\") and 2\\.1% had other religions.",
"Of those at least 15 years old, 57 (24\\.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 18 (7\\.8%) people had no formal qualifications. 54 people (23\\.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 120 (51\\.9%) people were employed full\\-time, 51 (22\\.1%) were part\\-time, and 3 (1\\.3%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\\|7013606 and 7013609}}",
"### Pahoia statistical area",
"Pahoia statistical area covers {{Convert\\|112\\.79\\|km2\\|\\|abbr\\=on}} and had an estimated population of {{Decimals\\|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|Pahoia West\\|y}}\\|R}}\\+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|Pahoia East\\|y}}\\|R}}\\|0}} as of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|\\|\\|y\\|y\\|\\|,}} with a population density of {{Decimals\\|({{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|Pahoia West\\|y}}\\|R}}\\+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|Pahoia East\\|y}}\\|R}})/112\\.79\\|0}} people per km2.",
"{{Historical populations \\|2006 \\|2,640 \\|2013 \\|2,670 \\|2018 \\|3,198 \\|percentages\\=pagr \\|align\\=left \\|title\\=Historical population for the statistical area \\|source\\=}}\nThe statistical area had a population of 3,198 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census \"2018 New Zealand census\"), an increase of 528 people (19\\.8%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census \"2013 New Zealand census\"), and an increase of 558 people (21\\.1%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census \"2006 New Zealand census\"). There were 1,161 households, comprising 1,623 males and 1,572 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\\.03 males per female. The median age was 45\\.6 years (compared with 37\\.4 years nationally), with 648 people (20\\.3%) aged under 15 years, 417 (13\\.0%) aged 15 to 29, 1,662 (52\\.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 468 (14\\.6%) aged 65 or older.",
"Ethnicities were 94\\.1% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 \"Pākehā\"), 11\\.7% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people \"Māori people\"), 1\\.5% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders \"Pasifika New Zealanders\"), 1\\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders \"Asian New Zealanders\"), and 1\\.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.",
"The percentage of people born overseas was 19\\.9, compared with 27\\.1% nationally.",
"Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58\\.0% had no religion, 29\\.4% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand \"Christianity in New Zealand\"), 0\\.7% had [Māori religious beliefs](/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people \"Religion of Māori people\"), 0\\.4% were [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand \"Hinduism in New Zealand\"), 0\\.7% were [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand \"Buddhism in New Zealand\") and 2\\.1% had other religions.",
"Of those at least 15 years old, 570 (22\\.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 339 (13\\.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $35,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 534 people (20\\.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,308 (51\\.3%) people were employed full\\-time, 501 (19\\.6%) were part\\-time, and 63 (2\\.5%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\\|Pahoia (190900\\)\\|pahoia\\|Pahoia}}",
""
] |
History
-------
According to oral history tradition, by 1829 "Mother" [Priscilla Baltimore](/wiki/Priscilla_Baltimore "Priscilla Baltimore") led a group of eleven families, composed of both fugitive and free African Americans, to flee [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States") in [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis"), [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri "Missouri"). They crossed the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River") to the free state of Illinois, where they established a freedom village in the [American Bottoms](/wiki/American_Bottom "American Bottom"). "Mother" Baltimore was said to have purchased her freedom as an adult from her master. She also bought the freedom of members of her family. Born in Kentucky, she tracked her white father to Missouri and bought her mother's freedom from him. The earliest black families included Anderson, Sullivan, Singleton, Wilson, Cox, Wyatt, and Carper.[Carla W. Garner, "Brooklyn, Illinois (ca. 1823\- )"](http://www.blackpast.org/aah/brooklyn-illinois-ca-1823#sthash.sB8ro4v5.dpuf), *Black Past*, accessed January 15, 2015
Miranda Yancey\-Bailey, an [archeologist](/wiki/Archeologist "Archeologist") working on a 21st\-century project in Brooklyn, has found written evidence that Baltimore still lived in St. Louis in the 1830s; the first documentation of her associated with Brooklyn is from 1839\. She may have been traveling between these locations for a time.[Véronique LaCapra, "Archaeologists Dig For Clues To African\-American History In Brooklyn, Ill."](http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/archaeologists-dig-clues-african-american-history-brooklyn-ill), St. Louis Public Radio, October 13, 2014, accessed January 15, 2015
Baltimore had become a Methodist preacher and participated in the religious life of the new settlement. [William Paul Quinn](/wiki/William_Paul_Quinn "William Paul Quinn"), then a missionary of the newly formed [African Methodist Episcopal Church](/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church "African Methodist Episcopal Church") (AME), visited the settlement in 1836 and helped found the Brooklyn AME church that year. He had been assigned as a missionary that year to what was then called the Northwest, including Indiana and Ohio. Quinn was also active in planting new congregations in Kentucky and Missouri; he later became the fourth bishop of the AME Church. Brooklyn AME Church is thought to be the first AME Church west of the Appalachian Mountains. It is now known as Quinn's Chapel AME Church in his honor.
In 1837, five white [abolitionists](/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States "Abolitionism in the United States") platted the land and created an unincorporated nearly all\-black town. Thomas Osburn was one of them, and he is documented as having lived in the area for decades. Priscilla Baltimore built a house on his former land, which she occupied from 1851 to 1872\. In the 1840s and 1850s, the African\-American population of the village was about 200\.Cha\-Jua (2000\), *America's First Black Town*, pp. 45
From the beginnings of Brookyln, the ministers of the Quinn Chapel AME Church and Antioch Baptist Church (1838\) used their churches as [Underground Railroad](/wiki/Underground_Railroad "Underground Railroad") stations to aid slaves escaping to freedom in Canada. William Paul Quinn and Priscilla Baltimore visited slaves in neighboring towns to inform them of the Underground Railroad's existence, and housed slaves in the churches before sending them to the next station. At one point, Quinn was captured by Missouri slave\-catchers while on a missionary tour, but presented himself as a citizen of [British India](/wiki/British_India "British India") and was set free.Cha\-Jua, *America's First Black Town*, pp.37\-40Glennette T. Turner, *The Underground Railroad in Illinois,* Newman Educational Publishing, 2001: 25, 34, 71\). Both of these church buildings have survived.["Brooklyn, Illinois Archeology Project"](http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/Brooklyn/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202040945/http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/Brooklyn/ \|date\=December 2, 2010 }}, University of Illinois, Urbana\-Champaign, accessed October 31, 2010
On July 8, 1873, Brooklyn was incorporated. By 1880, its population included 371 African\-American and 203 European\-American residents.Cha\-Jua (2000\), *America's First Black Town*, pp. 45, 85 In the late 19th century, its residents joined in taking new industrial jobs, commuting to those in East St. Louis and nearby areas. "Blacks who migrated to what became known as Brooklyn were attracted to the possibilities of working in an industrialized settlement that would enjoy race autonomy and self\-determinism."[Vibert White, "Reviews: Small town, big vision"](http://www.lib.niu.edu/2002/ih020317.html), Sundiata Keita Cha\-Jua, *America's First Black Town: Brooklyn, Illinois, 1830\-1915*], *Illinois Heritage*, 2002, accessed October 30, 2010 In 1886, the [African\-American](/wiki/African-American "African-American") majority worked to register voters and gained political control of the village. As with most political enterprises, factions developed within the community.
Regional capital investment largely bypassed Brooklyn, taking place in the competing [East St. Louis, Illinois](/wiki/East_St._Louis%2C_Illinois "East St. Louis, Illinois"), which gained the all\-important railroad connection. Other white\-majority towns also benefited by being part of the network of investment. "\[A]lmost none of the all\-Black towns obtained a railroad."Cha\-Jua (2000\), *America's First Black Town*, pp. 41\-42 The small village soon became all black.
In 1891, then\-Mayor Evans dedicated the town's new post office with the name Lovejoy (after the abolitionist [Elijah P. Lovejoy](/wiki/Elijah_P._Lovejoy "Elijah P. Lovejoy"), who had been assassinated in [Alton, Illinois](/wiki/Alton%2C_Illinois "Alton, Illinois"), in 1837\). The later high school was also named after him. Around the turn of the 20th century, the high school had a high reputation in the area.Taylor, Joseph. "BROOKLYN, ILLINOIS, STATION ON THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD." *Negro History Bulletin* 4\.2 (1940\).
### 20th century
Black autonomy did not automatically yield unity in the village. Tensions ran high with class and color conflicts by the early decades of the twentieth century, and evidence of political corruption. In addition, with the growth in number of young, single male workers, attracted to industrial jobs, the demographics changed and family life in the village declined.[Reviews: *America's First Black Town, Brooklyn, Illinois, 1830\-1915* \& *Strangers in the Land of Paradise: The Creation of an African American Community, Buffalo, New York, 1900\-1940*. (Book Reviews/Comptes Rendus)](http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1553512/America-s-First-Black-Town.html), *Urban History Review*, March 1, 2002, accessed October 31, 2010 In 1915, two rival gangs attempting to declare themselves police chief had a shootout in front of a grocery store, resulting in three deaths. In 1933, the police chief ran an extortion ring and dissolved the city council at gunpoint, causing the county board of supervisors to replace the entire police force.{{cite book \|last1\=Schoen \|first1\=Elin \|title\=Tales of an all\-night town \|date\=1979 \|publisher\=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich \|location\=New York}}
In 1940, it was reported that the town had fewer than ten white inhabitants, but the most prosperous businesses in the town were all white\-owned. Furthermore, the local school had declined in quality. Black residents blamed a sense of fatalism.
Brooklyn was unaffected by the [black nationalism](/wiki/Black_nationalism "Black nationalism") movement in the 1960s, but in 1972, a small armed group called the United Front migrated from [East St. Louis](/wiki/East_St._Louis "East St. Louis"), professing a desire to create a sort of black nationalist [intentional community](/wiki/Intentional_community "Intentional community"). The mayor of the city, concerned that functions of city government might be usurped, deputized several men, who used the opportunity to gain social power in the city. Finally, in 1973, the mayor named a police chief in order to disarm the deputies, which resulted in one of them being shot dead after refusing to disarm. The chief was acquitted of murder in 1975\.
With the decline of industry, from the mid\-20th century on and the loss of jobs, Brooklyn has suffered high unemployment and problems similar to those of [East St. Louis](/wiki/East_St._Louis "East St. Louis"). It has struggled with persistent crime, and a limited economy and tax base. A cluster of bars and [strip clubs](/wiki/Strip_club "Strip club") provide a primary source of revenue in its limited economy. In June 2007, it was reported that three\-quarters of Brooklyn's revenue of $380,000 comes through sales tax and a $30,000 licensing fee from the adult clubs.[Angie Leventis, "Adult industry gives thousands back to tiny Brooklyn"](http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/illinoisnews/story/0EC0FE6E9E3E4279862572F5001A8511?OpenDocument) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613193223/http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/illinoisnews/story/0EC0FE6E9E3E4279862572F5001A8511?OpenDocument \|date\=June 13, 2007 }}, *St. Louis Post\-Dispatch*, June 9, 2007
|
[
"History\n-------",
"According to oral history tradition, by 1829 \"Mother\" [Priscilla Baltimore](/wiki/Priscilla_Baltimore \"Priscilla Baltimore\") led a group of eleven families, composed of both fugitive and free African Americans, to flee [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\") in [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\"), [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri \"Missouri\"). They crossed the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\") to the free state of Illinois, where they established a freedom village in the [American Bottoms](/wiki/American_Bottom \"American Bottom\"). \"Mother\" Baltimore was said to have purchased her freedom as an adult from her master. She also bought the freedom of members of her family. Born in Kentucky, she tracked her white father to Missouri and bought her mother's freedom from him. The earliest black families included Anderson, Sullivan, Singleton, Wilson, Cox, Wyatt, and Carper.[Carla W. Garner, \"Brooklyn, Illinois (ca. 1823\\- )\"](http://www.blackpast.org/aah/brooklyn-illinois-ca-1823#sthash.sB8ro4v5.dpuf), *Black Past*, accessed January 15, 2015",
"Miranda Yancey\\-Bailey, an [archeologist](/wiki/Archeologist \"Archeologist\") working on a 21st\\-century project in Brooklyn, has found written evidence that Baltimore still lived in St. Louis in the 1830s; the first documentation of her associated with Brooklyn is from 1839\\. She may have been traveling between these locations for a time.[Véronique LaCapra, \"Archaeologists Dig For Clues To African\\-American History In Brooklyn, Ill.\"](http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/archaeologists-dig-clues-african-american-history-brooklyn-ill), St. Louis Public Radio, October 13, 2014, accessed January 15, 2015",
"Baltimore had become a Methodist preacher and participated in the religious life of the new settlement. [William Paul Quinn](/wiki/William_Paul_Quinn \"William Paul Quinn\"), then a missionary of the newly formed [African Methodist Episcopal Church](/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church \"African Methodist Episcopal Church\") (AME), visited the settlement in 1836 and helped found the Brooklyn AME church that year. He had been assigned as a missionary that year to what was then called the Northwest, including Indiana and Ohio. Quinn was also active in planting new congregations in Kentucky and Missouri; he later became the fourth bishop of the AME Church. Brooklyn AME Church is thought to be the first AME Church west of the Appalachian Mountains. It is now known as Quinn's Chapel AME Church in his honor.",
"In 1837, five white [abolitionists](/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States \"Abolitionism in the United States\") platted the land and created an unincorporated nearly all\\-black town. Thomas Osburn was one of them, and he is documented as having lived in the area for decades. Priscilla Baltimore built a house on his former land, which she occupied from 1851 to 1872\\. In the 1840s and 1850s, the African\\-American population of the village was about 200\\.Cha\\-Jua (2000\\), *America's First Black Town*, pp. 45",
"From the beginnings of Brookyln, the ministers of the Quinn Chapel AME Church and Antioch Baptist Church (1838\\) used their churches as [Underground Railroad](/wiki/Underground_Railroad \"Underground Railroad\") stations to aid slaves escaping to freedom in Canada. William Paul Quinn and Priscilla Baltimore visited slaves in neighboring towns to inform them of the Underground Railroad's existence, and housed slaves in the churches before sending them to the next station. At one point, Quinn was captured by Missouri slave\\-catchers while on a missionary tour, but presented himself as a citizen of [British India](/wiki/British_India \"British India\") and was set free.Cha\\-Jua, *America's First Black Town*, pp.37\\-40Glennette T. Turner, *The Underground Railroad in Illinois,* Newman Educational Publishing, 2001: 25, 34, 71\\). Both of these church buildings have survived.[\"Brooklyn, Illinois Archeology Project\"](http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/Brooklyn/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202040945/http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/Brooklyn/ \\|date\\=December 2, 2010 }}, University of Illinois, Urbana\\-Champaign, accessed October 31, 2010",
"On July 8, 1873, Brooklyn was incorporated. By 1880, its population included 371 African\\-American and 203 European\\-American residents.Cha\\-Jua (2000\\), *America's First Black Town*, pp. 45, 85 In the late 19th century, its residents joined in taking new industrial jobs, commuting to those in East St. Louis and nearby areas. \"Blacks who migrated to what became known as Brooklyn were attracted to the possibilities of working in an industrialized settlement that would enjoy race autonomy and self\\-determinism.\"[Vibert White, \"Reviews: Small town, big vision\"](http://www.lib.niu.edu/2002/ih020317.html), Sundiata Keita Cha\\-Jua, *America's First Black Town: Brooklyn, Illinois, 1830\\-1915*], *Illinois Heritage*, 2002, accessed October 30, 2010 In 1886, the [African\\-American](/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") majority worked to register voters and gained political control of the village. As with most political enterprises, factions developed within the community.",
"Regional capital investment largely bypassed Brooklyn, taking place in the competing [East St. Louis, Illinois](/wiki/East_St._Louis%2C_Illinois \"East St. Louis, Illinois\"), which gained the all\\-important railroad connection. Other white\\-majority towns also benefited by being part of the network of investment. \"\\[A]lmost none of the all\\-Black towns obtained a railroad.\"Cha\\-Jua (2000\\), *America's First Black Town*, pp. 41\\-42 The small village soon became all black.",
"In 1891, then\\-Mayor Evans dedicated the town's new post office with the name Lovejoy (after the abolitionist [Elijah P. Lovejoy](/wiki/Elijah_P._Lovejoy \"Elijah P. Lovejoy\"), who had been assassinated in [Alton, Illinois](/wiki/Alton%2C_Illinois \"Alton, Illinois\"), in 1837\\). The later high school was also named after him. Around the turn of the 20th century, the high school had a high reputation in the area.Taylor, Joseph. \"BROOKLYN, ILLINOIS, STATION ON THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.\" *Negro History Bulletin* 4\\.2 (1940\\).",
"### 20th century",
"Black autonomy did not automatically yield unity in the village. Tensions ran high with class and color conflicts by the early decades of the twentieth century, and evidence of political corruption. In addition, with the growth in number of young, single male workers, attracted to industrial jobs, the demographics changed and family life in the village declined.[Reviews: *America's First Black Town, Brooklyn, Illinois, 1830\\-1915* \\& *Strangers in the Land of Paradise: The Creation of an African American Community, Buffalo, New York, 1900\\-1940*. (Book Reviews/Comptes Rendus)](http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1553512/America-s-First-Black-Town.html), *Urban History Review*, March 1, 2002, accessed October 31, 2010 In 1915, two rival gangs attempting to declare themselves police chief had a shootout in front of a grocery store, resulting in three deaths. In 1933, the police chief ran an extortion ring and dissolved the city council at gunpoint, causing the county board of supervisors to replace the entire police force.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Schoen \\|first1\\=Elin \\|title\\=Tales of an all\\-night town \\|date\\=1979 \\|publisher\\=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich \\|location\\=New York}}",
"In 1940, it was reported that the town had fewer than ten white inhabitants, but the most prosperous businesses in the town were all white\\-owned. Furthermore, the local school had declined in quality. Black residents blamed a sense of fatalism.",
"Brooklyn was unaffected by the [black nationalism](/wiki/Black_nationalism \"Black nationalism\") movement in the 1960s, but in 1972, a small armed group called the United Front migrated from [East St. Louis](/wiki/East_St._Louis \"East St. Louis\"), professing a desire to create a sort of black nationalist [intentional community](/wiki/Intentional_community \"Intentional community\"). The mayor of the city, concerned that functions of city government might be usurped, deputized several men, who used the opportunity to gain social power in the city. Finally, in 1973, the mayor named a police chief in order to disarm the deputies, which resulted in one of them being shot dead after refusing to disarm. The chief was acquitted of murder in 1975\\.",
"With the decline of industry, from the mid\\-20th century on and the loss of jobs, Brooklyn has suffered high unemployment and problems similar to those of [East St. Louis](/wiki/East_St._Louis \"East St. Louis\"). It has struggled with persistent crime, and a limited economy and tax base. A cluster of bars and [strip clubs](/wiki/Strip_club \"Strip club\") provide a primary source of revenue in its limited economy. In June 2007, it was reported that three\\-quarters of Brooklyn's revenue of $380,000 comes through sales tax and a $30,000 licensing fee from the adult clubs.[Angie Leventis, \"Adult industry gives thousands back to tiny Brooklyn\"](http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/illinoisnews/story/0EC0FE6E9E3E4279862572F5001A8511?OpenDocument) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613193223/http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/illinoisnews/story/0EC0FE6E9E3E4279862572F5001A8511?OpenDocument \\|date\\=June 13, 2007 }}, *St. Louis Post\\-Dispatch*, June 9, 2007",
""
] |
Race summary
------------
[thumb\|The complete route of *The Amazing Race 24*.](/wiki/File:The_Amazing_Race_24_map.png "The Amazing Race 24 map.png")
{{TAR Captionbox\|Style10}}
### Leg 1 (United States → China)
[thumb\|right\|In [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou"), teams traveled to the [Canton Tower](/wiki/Canton_Tower "Canton Tower") and rode its [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel "Ferris wheel") in order to search for their next clue.](/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Tower.jpg "Guangzhou Tower.jpg")
* Episode 1: "Back in the Saddle" (February 23, 2014\)
* Prize: Two [Express Passes](/wiki/The_Amazing_Race%23Express_Pass "The Amazing Race#Express Pass") (awarded to Jet \& Cord; one for themselves and the other to be given to another team)
* Eliminated: Natalie \& Nadiya
Locations
* [Santa Clarita, California](/wiki/Santa_Clarita%2C_California "Santa Clarita, California") ([College of the Canyons](/wiki/College_of_the_Canyons "College of the Canyons") – Cougar Stadium) (Starting Line)
* {{TAR travel\|flight}} [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") → [Guangzhou, China](/wiki/Guangzhou%2C_China "Guangzhou, China")
* Guangzhou (Jiangnan Avenue North – Precious One, Silver Gorgeous, {{small\|'''or'''}} Rich Forest \& Beauty)
* Guangzhou ([Canton Tower](/wiki/Canton_Tower "Canton Tower"))
* Guangzhou ([Haixinsha Stadium](/wiki/Haixinsha_Island_%28Tianhe_District%29 "Haixinsha Island (Tianhe District)")) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's feeling wired?}}
* Guangzhou ([Guangzhou Opera House](/wiki/Guangzhou_Opera_House "Guangzhou Opera House")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|1}}
Episode summary
* At Cougar Stadium, teams had to find one of several [UCLA Bruin Marching Band](/wiki/UCLA_Bruin_Marching_Band "UCLA Bruin Marching Band") members with the [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language") symbols for Guangzhou – **{{lang\|zh\|广州}}** – on their [shako](/wiki/Shako "Shako"), which matched the badges displayed on the shakos of the field commanders, and bring the band member to [Phil Keoghan](/wiki/Phil_Keoghan "Phil Keoghan"). The first four teams who found a band member with the correct shako received tickets on the first flight to [Guangzhou, China](/wiki/Guangzhou%2C_China "Guangzhou, China"). It arrived one hour before the second flight, which carried the remaining seven teams.
* After arriving in Guangzhou, teams went to the city's wedding boutique district and searched for one of three boutiques that had their next clue. Each store had only a limited number of clues, which directed teams to find "the building with the bubbles on top", giving them a replica "bubble", and they had to figure out that it referred to the [Canton Tower](/wiki/Canton_Tower "Canton Tower"). There, teams had to select one of the bubble cars of the [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel "Ferris wheel") located at the top of the tower and search for their clue, which was only revealed when the door to the car closed. Depending on which car they entered, the clue either informed teams to try another car or directed them to their next location: [Haixinsha Stadium](/wiki/Haixinsha_Island_%28Tianhe_District%29 "Haixinsha Island (Tianhe District)").
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's feeling wired?}} In this season's first Roadblock, one racer had to perform five aerial [somersaults](/wiki/Somersault "Somersault") while suspended {{convert\|300\|ft\|m}} in the air attached by wires to the stadium's towers in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the [Guangzhou Opera House](/wiki/Guangzhou_Opera_House "Guangzhou Opera House").
### Leg 2 (China)
[thumb\|Teams ended the second leg in [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") at [Shamian Island](/wiki/Shamian_Island "Shamian Island"), which hosts several colonial European buildings.](/wiki/File:Shamian_Island%2C_Guangzhou_%285928586397%29.jpg "Shamian Island, Guangzhou (5928586397).jpg")
* Episode 2: "Baby Bear's Soup" (March 2, 2014\)
* Prize: {{US$\|2500}} each (awarded to Brendon \& Rachel)
* Eliminated: Mark \& Mallory
Locations
* [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") ([Guangzhou Opera House](/wiki/Guangzhou_Opera_House "Guangzhou Opera House")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* Guangzhou ([Chen Clan Academy](/wiki/Chen_Clan_Ancestral_Hall "Chen Clan Ancestral Hall"))
* Guangzhou ([Gate 5 Mall](/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport_%28former%29 "Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (former)") – Edaytown Guangzhou) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's the mechanic?}}
* Guangzhou (Guangzhou Children's Activities Center)
* Guangzhou (Liwanhu Park {{small\|'''or'''}} Sauna Center) {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Featherball\|China Cup}}
* Guangzhou ([Shamian Island Promenade](/wiki/Shamian "Shamian")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|2}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams went to the [Chen Clan Academy](/wiki/Chen_Clan_Ancestral_Hall "Chen Clan Ancestral Hall"), where they had to watch a [martial arts](/wiki/Martial_arts "Martial arts") demonstration. Afterwards, the master stamped the name of their next destination in [Mandarin Chinese](/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese "Mandarin Chinese") on the foreheads of both team members.
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's the mechanic?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to correctly assemble a child's motorized car in order to receive their next clue. Caroline \& Jennifer used their Express Pass to bypass this Roadblock.
* After the Roadblock, teams had to deliver the toy car they had assembled to the Guangzhou Children's Activities Center in order to receive their next clue.
* {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Featherball\|China Cup}} This season's first Detour was a choice between Featherball or China Cup. In Featherball, teams had to play *[jianzi](/wiki/Jianzi "Jianzi")* (a game similar to [hackeysack](/wiki/Hackeysack "Hackeysack")) with two local players. Once the teams successfully volleyed the [shuttlecock](/wiki/Shuttlecock "Shuttlecock") a combined ten times, they could receive their next clue. In China Cup, each team member had to receive a traditional massage involving [cupping therapy](/wiki/Cupping_therapy "Cupping therapy") in order to receive their next clue.
* After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the [Shamian Island Promenade](/wiki/Shamian "Shamian").
### Leg 3 (China → Malaysia)
[thumb\|right\|The Roadblock in [Sabah](/wiki/Sabah "Sabah") had racers rappelling down the Kiansom Waterfall.](/wiki/File:Air_terjun_kiansom.jpg "Air terjun kiansom.jpg")
* Episode 3: "Welcome to the Jungle" (March 9, 2014\)
* Prize: A trip for two to [Budapest, Hungary](/wiki/Budapest%2C_Hungary "Budapest, Hungary") (awarded to Dave \& Connor)
* Eliminated: Joey \& Meghan
Locations
* [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") ([Shamian Island Promenade](/wiki/Shamian "Shamian")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* {{TAR travel\|flight}} Guangzhou ([Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport](/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport "Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport")) → [Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Malaysia "Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia")
* [Inanam](/wiki/Inanam "Inanam") (Kiansom Waterfall) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who will fall for this one?}}
* Kiulu ([Kampung](/wiki/Kampung "Kampung") Tompinahaton)
* {{TAR travel\|boat}} Kiulu (Kampung Tombung {{small\|'''or'''}} Kampung Linsuk) {{TAR clue\|Detour\|River Delivery\|Run Through the Jungle}}
* Kota Kinabalu ([Tanjung Aru](/wiki/Tanjung_Aru "Tanjung Aru") Water Village) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|3}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Kota Kinabalu](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu "Kota Kinabalu") in [Malaysian Borneo](/wiki/East_Malaysia "East Malaysia"). There were only two available flights with limited seats from [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") to Kota Kinabalu, so the first six teams to check in at the [airport](/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport "Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport") left three hours before the last three teams. Once there, teams had to travel to the Kiansom Waterfall in [Inanam](/wiki/Inanam "Inanam").
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who will fall for this one?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to take their [Travelocity](/wiki/Travelocity "Travelocity") [Roaming Gnome](/wiki/Where_Is_My_Gnome%3F "Where Is My Gnome?"), travel through the treetops on a safety line, and then rappel down the waterfall, collecting their next clue along the way.
* After the Roadblock, teams had to travel to [Kampung](/wiki/Kampung "Kampung") Tompinahaton in order to find their next clue.
* {{TAR clue\|Detour\|River Delivery\|Run Through the Jungle}} This leg's Detour was a choice between River Delivery or Run Through the Jungle. Teams had to first build a bamboo raft, which they used to travel down the river to their Detour choice. In River Delivery, teams had to pick up goods from a depot, carry them down river to the town of Kampung Tombung, and then deliver the goods to the village elder. In Run Through the Jungle, teams joined a [Murut](/wiki/Murut_people "Murut people") hunting guide who led them through the jungle to several fake bird targets. Using a [blowgun](/wiki/Blowgun "Blowgun"), the teams had to each successfully knock over one target. After completing either Detour task, teams were directed to return to their rafts and continue down the river before receiving their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: [Tanjung Aru](/wiki/Tanjung_Aru "Tanjung Aru") Water Village.
### Leg 4 (Malaysia)
[thumb\|right\|In [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur"), teams visited the [Petronas Towers](/wiki/Petronas_Towers "Petronas Towers"): the tallest twin buildings in the world.](/wiki/File:Petronas_Towers%2C_Kuala_Lumpur_%283323152170%29.jpg "Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur (3323152170).jpg")
* Episode 4: "Smarter, Not Harder" (March 16, 2014\)
* Prize: A trip for two to [London, England](/wiki/London%2C_England "London, England") (awarded to Jet \& Cord)
Locations
* [Kota Kinabalu](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu "Kota Kinabalu") ([Tanjung Aru](/wiki/Tanjung_Aru "Tanjung Aru") Water Village) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* Kota Kinabalu (Prince Philip Park – [Murut](/wiki/Murut_people "Murut people") [Longhouse](/wiki/Longhouse "Longhouse")) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's got a spring in their step?}}
* {{TAR travel\|flight}} Kota Kinabalu ([Kota Kinabalu International Airport](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport "Kota Kinabalu International Airport")) → [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur")
* Kuala Lumpur ([Jalan Ampang](/wiki/Jalan_Ampang "Jalan Ampang") Intersection)
* Kuala Lumpur (Traders Hotel – Skybar) {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Mix Master\|Master Mix}}
* [Gombak](/wiki/Gombak "Gombak") ([Batu Caves](/wiki/Batu_Caves "Batu Caves") – [Lord Murugan Statue](/wiki/Lord_Murugan_Statue "Lord Murugan Statue")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|4}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams had to travel by taxi to the [Murut](/wiki/Murut_people "Murut people") [Longhouse](/wiki/Longhouse "Longhouse") in Prince Philip Park, where they found their next clue.
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's got a spring in their step?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member participated in a traditional Lansaran dance, in which the they bounced on a [bamboo](/wiki/Bamboo "Bamboo") springboard with a group of locals. At the climax of the dance, the racer used the springboard to launch themselves high enough to grab a [flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Sabah "Flag of Sabah") positioned above them, which they could exchange for their next clue. If more than one team was present, team members were only allowed three jumps before another team took their turn.
* Teams were instructed to fly to [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur"). Only three flights to Kuala Lumpur were available to the teams. The first three teams to check in at the [airport](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport "Kota Kinabalu International Airport") were booked on the first flight, which left 90 minutes before the second flight that carried two teams, which itself was scheduled to leave 45 minutes before the last flight. However, the second flight suffered a 50\-minute delay, putting it a few minutes behind the third flight. Once there, teams had to travel to the [Jalan Ampang](/wiki/Jalan_Ampang "Jalan Ampang") intersection, where they found their next clue beneath the [Petronas Towers](/wiki/Petronas_Towers "Petronas Towers").
* {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Mix Master\|Master Mix}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Mix Master or Master Mix. In Mix Master, teams had to learn to [scratch](/wiki/Scratching "Scratching") on a DJ table and then perform in front of a DJ and the crowd, receiving their next clue if each team member was able to replicate a series of seven record scratches to the DJ's approval. If teams did not perform the scratching properly, they had to allow other teams in line to perform before they could try again. In Master Mix, teams had to stack seven cocktail glasses into a two\-tier pyramid and then use a stack of mixing glasses to pour differently colored cocktails into each glass simultaneously such that none of the cocktails mixed in order to receive their next clue.
* After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the [Lord Murugan Statue](/wiki/Lord_Murugan_Statue "Lord Murugan Statue") at the entrance to the [Batu Caves](/wiki/Batu_Caves "Batu Caves") in [Gombak](/wiki/Gombak "Gombak").
Additional notes
* After pouring the drinks, teams were required to deliver a tray of cocktails before receiving their clue. This element of the task was unaired.{{cite episode\|title\=Smarter, Not Harder\|series\=\[\[The Amazing Race (American TV series)\|The Amazing Race]]\|season\=24\|number\=4\|network\=\[\[CBS]]\|time\=17:06\|date\=March 16, 2014\|quote\=Then deliver a tray of cocktails to receive your next clue.}}
* This was a non\-elimination leg.
### Leg 5 (Malaysia → Sri Lanka)
[thumb\|One of the Detour choices paid tribute to the traditional angling fishermen of [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka").](/wiki/File:20160129_Sri_Lanka_4171_Ahangama_sRGB_%2825743481546%29.jpg "20160129 Sri Lanka 4171 Ahangama sRGB (25743481546).jpg")
* Episode 5: "Can't Make Fish Bite" (March 23, 2014\)
* Prize: {{US$\|5000}} each (awarded to Dave \& Connor)
* Eliminated: Margie \& Luke
Locations
* [Gombak](/wiki/Gombak "Gombak") ([Batu Caves](/wiki/Batu_Caves "Batu Caves") – [Lord Murugan Statue](/wiki/Lord_Murugan_Statue "Lord Murugan Statue")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* {{TAR travel\|flight}} [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") → [Colombo, Sri Lanka](/wiki/Colombo%2C_Sri_Lanka "Colombo, Sri Lanka")
* Colombo ([Gangaramaya Temple](/wiki/Gangaramaya_Temple "Gangaramaya Temple"))
* {{TAR travel\|train}} Colombo → [Galle](/wiki/Galle "Galle")
* [Koggala](/wiki/Koggala "Koggala") ([King Coconut](/wiki/King_coconut "King coconut") Stand)
* [Ahangama](/wiki/Ahangama "Ahangama") (Harbor {{small\|'''or'''}} School) {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Fishing Pole\|Spin Control}}
* [Nugegoda](/wiki/Nugegoda "Nugegoda") (Trendy Connections Garment Factory) {{TAR clue\|Speed Bump\|Pass with Flying Colors}} {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who wants to put the treadle to the metal?}}
* Colombo ([Colombo Rowing Club](/wiki/Colombo_Rowing_Club "Colombo Rowing Club")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|5}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Colombo, Sri Lanka](/wiki/Colombo%2C_Sri_Lanka "Colombo, Sri Lanka"). Once there, teams had to travel to the [Gangaramaya Temple](/wiki/Gangaramaya_Temple "Gangaramaya Temple"), where they donned traditional Buddhist robes before receiving a blessing from the head monk and their next clue. Teams were then directed to travel by train to [Galle](/wiki/Galle "Galle") and find their next clue at the [king coconut](/wiki/King_coconut "King coconut") stand in [Koggala](/wiki/Koggala "Koggala").
* {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Fishing Pole\|Spin Control}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Fishing Pole or Spin Control. In Fishing Pole, teams had to climb up traditional fishing stilts from which they could fish. Once each team member caught a fish, they could exchange it for their next clue. In Spin Control, teams had to learn a traditional [Kandyan dance](/wiki/Kandyan_dance "Kandyan dance") and then perform it while balancing a spinning [raban](/wiki/Raban_%28drum%29 "Raban (drum)") on a stick in order to receive their next clue.
* After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Trendy Connections Garment Factory in order to find their next clue.
* {{TAR clue\|Speed Bump\|Pass with Flying Colors}} For their Speed Bump, Brendon \& Rachel had to properly use [silk screening](/wiki/Silk_screening "Silk screening") to apply the final color to fifteen tee\-shirts bearing the [flag of Sri Lanka](/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka "Flag of Sri Lanka") before they could continue racing.
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who wants to put the treadle to the metal?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to properly sew a shirt in a garment factory. Once the floor manager approved the work, he directed the team to a [heat transfer machine](/wiki/Heat_press "Heat press"), which printed the name of their next Pit Stop onto the shirt: the [Colombo Rowing Club](/wiki/Colombo_Rowing_Club "Colombo Rowing Club").
Additional note
* After missing their flight, Margie \& Luke fell so far behind that all of the other teams had checked in at the Pit Stop by the time they arrived in [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo "Colombo"). Though Margie \& Luke traveled to all of the locations in Sri Lanka, they did not actually complete any of the tasks.{{Cite web \|title\=Exclusive: 'The Amazing Race: All\-Stars' eliminee Margie O'Donnell talks (Part 1\) \|url\=https://www.realitytvworld.com/news/exclusive\-\-the\-amazing\-race\-all\-stars\-eliminee\-margie\-odonnell\-talks\-(part\-1\)\-16112\.php \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|website\=Reality TV World}}
### Leg 6 (Sri Lanka)
[thumb\|In the Roadblock, racers had to wrangle four [tuk\-tuks](/wiki/Tuk-tuk "Tuk-tuk") into a gasoline stand amid the chaos of a Sri Lankan street.](/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_-_077_-_Tuk-tuks_waiting_for_fares_in_Kandy_%281685043688%29.jpg "Sri Lanka - 077 - Tuk-tuks waiting for fares in Kandy (1685043688).jpg")
* Episode 6: "Down and Dirty" (March 30, 2014\)
* Prize: A trip for two to [Berlin, Germany](/wiki/Berlin%2C_Germany "Berlin, Germany") (awarded to Leo \& Jamal)
Locations
* [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo "Colombo") ([Colombo Rowing Club](/wiki/Colombo_Rowing_Club "Colombo Rowing Club")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* Colombo ([Dutch Museum](/wiki/Colombo_Dutch_Museum "Colombo Dutch Museum"))
* {{TAR travel\|train}} Colombo → [Alawwa](/wiki/Alawwa "Alawwa")
* Alawwa ([CEYPETCO](/wiki/CEYPETCO "CEYPETCO") [Fuel Station](/wiki/Filling_station "Filling station")) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's ready to fill 'er up?}}
* {{TAR travel\|train}} Alawwa → [Rambukkana](/wiki/Rambukkana "Rambukkana")
* Rambukkana ([Millennium Elephant Foundation](/wiki/Millennium_Elephant_Foundation "Millennium Elephant Foundation")) {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Trunk\|Sheets}}
* [Ambepussa](/wiki/Ambepussa "Ambepussa") (Ambepussa Rest House)
* [Mount Lavinia](/wiki/Mount_Lavinia "Mount Lavinia") ([Mount Lavinia Hotel](/wiki/Mount_Lavinia_Hotel "Mount Lavinia Hotel") \- Beach) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|6}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams found their next clue at the [Dutch Museum](/wiki/Colombo_Dutch_Museum "Colombo Dutch Museum"), which directed them to travel by train to [Alawwa](/wiki/Alawwa "Alawwa") and search for their next clue at the [CEYPETCO](/wiki/CEYPETCO "CEYPETCO") [Fuel Station](/wiki/Filling_station "Filling station").
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's ready to fill 'er up?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to choose a color badge in a gas station office and then search along a line of parked [tuk\-tuks](/wiki/Tuk-tuk "Tuk-tuk") for four that had the same color marked on their windshields. They then had to lead each tuk\-tuk back to the gas station and fill their tanks with gasoline in order to receive their next clue.
* After the Roadblock, teams had to travel by train to [Rambukkana](/wiki/Rambukkana "Rambukkana") and then travel by tuk\-tuk to the [Millennium Elephant Foundation](/wiki/Millennium_Elephant_Foundation "Millennium Elephant Foundation") in order to find their next clue.
* {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Trunk\|Sheets}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Trunk or Sheets. In Trunk, teams worked with an [elephant](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant "Sri Lankan elephant") to load a truck with timber. After the teams and the elephant carried three logs to the truck, the teams gave their elephant [palm leaves](/wiki/Arecaceae "Arecaceae") and the [mahout](/wiki/Mahout "Mahout") gave them their next clue. In Sheets, teams [made paper](/wiki/Papermaking "Papermaking") using elephant dung. After collecting the dung in a wheelbarrow, teams took it to the paper mill, where it was mixed to make [pulp](/wiki/Pulp_%28paper%29 "Pulp (paper)"). After teams made five sheets of paper, they received their next clue.
* After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Ambepussa Rest House, find the "wise man", and listen to his [flute](/wiki/Flute "Flute") performance before receiving their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the beach at the [Mount Lavinia Hotel](/wiki/Mount_Lavinia_Hotel "Mount Lavinia Hotel").
Additional note
* This was a non\-elimination leg.
### Leg 7 (Sri Lanka → Italy)
[thumb\|The Roadblock in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") had racers climbing the famous [Spanish Steps](/wiki/Spanish_Steps "Spanish Steps").](/wiki/File:Rome_-_Spanish_Steps_%282914011694%29.jpg "Rome - Spanish Steps (2914011694).jpg")
* Episode 7: "The Gladiators Are Here!" (April 13, 2014\)
* Prize: A trip for two to the [Great Barrier Reef](/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef "Great Barrier Reef") in [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") (awarded to Brendon \& Rachel)
* Eliminated: Jessica \& John
Locations
* [Mount Lavinia](/wiki/Mount_Lavinia "Mount Lavinia") ([Mount Lavinia Hotel](/wiki/Mount_Lavinia_Hotel "Mount Lavinia Hotel") Beach) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* {{TAR travel\|flight}} [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo "Colombo") → [Rome, Italy](/wiki/Rome%2C_Italy "Rome, Italy")
* Rome ([Hadrian's Bridge](/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo "Ponte Sant'Angelo"))
* Rome ([Pantheon](/wiki/Pantheon%2C_Rome "Pantheon, Rome") \& [Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II](/wiki/Monumento_Nazionale_a_Vittorio_Emanuele_II "Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II")) {{TAR clue\|Speed Bump\|Just My Type}}
* Rome ([Parco del Celio](/wiki/Celio_%28rione_of_Rome%29 "Celio (rione of Rome)") {{small\|'''or'''}} [Parco del Colle Oppio](/wiki/Oppian_Hill "Oppian Hill")) {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Gladiator\|Charioteer}}
* Rome ([Piazza di Spagna](/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna "Piazza di Spagna"))
* Rome ([Spanish Steps](/wiki/Spanish_Steps "Spanish Steps") \& [Trinità dei Monti](/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0_dei_Monti "Trinità dei Monti")) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who can sum up the Spanish Steps?}}
* Rome ([Piazza del Popolo](/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo "Piazza del Popolo")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|7}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel to "The Eternal City" and find [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian")'s Bridge. Teams had to figure out that they needed to travel to [Rome, Italy](/wiki/Rome%2C_Italy "Rome, Italy"), and find the [Ponte Sant'Angelo](/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo "Ponte Sant'Angelo"), where they found their next clue.
* {{TAR clue\|Speed Bump\|Just My Type}} For their Speed Bump, Caroline \& Jennifer had to go to the [Pantheon](/wiki/Pantheon%2C_Rome "Pantheon, Rome"), pick up an antique [typewriter](/wiki/Typewriter "Typewriter"), and drop it off at the [Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II](/wiki/Monumento_Nazionale_a_Vittorio_Emanuele_II "Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II") before they could continue racing.
* {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Gladiator\|Charioteer}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Gladiator or Charioteer. For both Detour options, teams had to don ancient Roman costumes. In Gladiator, teams learned a series of sword maneuvers to "battle" a seasoned gladiator in order to receive their next clue. If teams strayed from the battle sequence they were taught, they had to start over. In Charioteer, teams raced a [radio\-controlled](/wiki/Radio-controlled_car "Radio-controlled car") chariot around a track with one team member controlling the speed and the other controlling the direction. Once teams completed five laps within one minute and thirty seconds, they received their next clue.
* After the Detour, teams were told to visit the "piazza of [John Keats](/wiki/John_Keats "John Keats")' [unhappy Roman Holiday](/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House "Keats–Shelley Memorial House")", which they had to figure out referred to the [Piazza di Spagna](/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna "Piazza di Spagna") at the base of the [Spanish Steps](/wiki/Spanish_Steps "Spanish Steps").
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who can sum up the Spanish Steps?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to get a postcard from a vendor and count the total number of the Spanish Steps. They then had to add that total to the [Roman numerals](/wiki/Roman_numeral "Roman numeral") on the *Obelisco Sallustiano* in front of the [Trinità dei Monti](/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0_dei_Monti "Trinità dei Monti"), which indicated its year of construction. They had to write down their sum in Roman numerals on the postcard and show it to a pair of [Gregory Peck](/wiki/Gregory_Peck "Gregory Peck") and [Audrey Hepburn](/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn "Audrey Hepburn") impersonators at the top of the steps. If they had the correct answer, they received their next clue. Otherwise, they had to go back down to the vendor to get a new postcard and try again.
* After the Roadblock, teams were told to head to "where the leg of the race ends and the [Via Flaminia](/wiki/Via_Flaminia "Via Flaminia") begins": the [Piazza del Popolo](/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo "Piazza del Popolo").
### Leg 8 (Italy)
[thumb\|Teams visited the historic town of [Civita di Bagnoregio](/wiki/Civita_di_Bagnoregio "Civita di Bagnoregio") for the Detour on this leg.](/wiki/File:20090414-Civit%C3%A0-di-Bagnoregio.jpg "20090414-Cività-di-Bagnoregio.jpg")
* Episode 8: "Donkeylicious" (April 20, 2014\)
* Prize: {{US$\|7500}} each (awarded to Brendon \& Rachel)
* Eliminated: Flight Time \& Big Easy
Locations
* [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") (Villa Cagiati) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* [Bagnoregio](/wiki/Bagnoregio "Bagnoregio") ([Civita di Bagnoregio](/wiki/Civita_di_Bagnoregio "Civita di Bagnoregio")) {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Donkey Run\|Donkey Build}}
* Bagnoregio (Hostaria del Ponte) {{TAR clue\|U\-Turn\|double\=yes\|Brendon \& Rachel\|Dave \& Connor\|Dave \& Connor\|Leo \& Jamal}}
* [Orvieto](/wiki/Orvieto "Orvieto") (La Badia di Orvieto) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's got the write stuff?}}
* {{TAR travel\|train}} Orvieto ([Orvieto Funicular](/wiki/Orvieto_Funicular "Orvieto Funicular"))
* Orvieto ([Piazza del Duomo](/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral "Orvieto Cathedral")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|8}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams had to drive themselves to [Civita di Bagnoregio](/wiki/Civita_di_Bagnoregio "Civita di Bagnoregio") in the Italian countryside, where they found their next clue.
* {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Donkey Run\|Donkey Build}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Donkey Run or Donkey Build. In Donkey Run, teams had to choose a pair of donkeys and then participate in the *Palio della Tonna*, a traditional donkey race. If they could make three laps before the band stopped playing, they received their next clue. In Donkey Build, teams had to build a wooden donkey\-shaped trolley using all of the pieces provided, load it with wood, and then deliver the wood to "[Geppetto](/wiki/Geppetto "Geppetto")" in order to receive their next clue. Jet \& Cord used their Express Pass to bypass this Detour.
* After the Detour, teams had to travel on foot to the Hostaria del Ponte in order to find their next clue, which directed them to La Badia di Orvieto.
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's got the write stuff?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to copy a page out of an [illuminated manuscript](/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript "Illuminated manuscript"), just as [monks](/wiki/Monk "Monk") did before the [invention of the printing press](/wiki/Invention_of_the_printing_press "Invention of the printing press"). Once they properly copied the page's [calligraphy](/wiki/Calligraphy "Calligraphy") and [gold leaf](/wiki/Gold_leaf "Gold leaf"), they received their next clue.
* After the Roadblock, teams had to ride the funicular to the Pit Stop at the [Piazza del Duomo](/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral "Orvieto Cathedral") in [Orvieto](/wiki/Orvieto "Orvieto").
Additional note
* {{TAR clue\|U\-Turn\|double\=yes\|Brendon \& Rachel\|Dave \& Connor\|Dave \& Connor\|Leo \& Jamal}} This leg featured a Double U\-Turn. Brendon \& Rachel chose to use the U\-Turn on Dave \& Connor, while Dave \& Connor chose to use the U\-Turn on Leo \& Jamal.
### Leg 9 (Italy → Switzerland)
[thumb\|The Pit Stop for this leg was at the top of [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland")'s [Mount Titlis](/wiki/Mount_Titlis "Mount Titlis").](/wiki/File:East_side_of_Titlis.jpg "East side of Titlis.jpg")
* Episode 9: "Accidental Alliance" (April 27, 2014\)
* Prize: Pair of [2015 Ford Mustangs](/wiki/Ford_Mustang_%28sixth_generation%29 "Ford Mustang (sixth generation)") (awarded to Dave \& Connor)
Locations
* [Orvieto](/wiki/Orvieto "Orvieto") ([Piazza del Duomo](/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral "Orvieto Cathedral")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* {{TAR travel\|train}} [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") → [Chiasso, Switzerland](/wiki/Chiasso%2C_Switzerland "Chiasso, Switzerland")
* [Altdorf](/wiki/Altdorf%2C_Uri "Altdorf, Uri") ([Tell Monument](/wiki/Tell_Monument "Tell Monument"))
* [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") ([Chapel Bridge](/wiki/Kapellbr%C3%BCcke "Kapellbrücke"))
* Lucerne (Hotel Schweizerhof)
* Lucerne ([Swiss Museum of Transport](/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport "Swiss Museum of Transport"))
* [Wolfenschiessen](/wiki/Wolfenschiessen "Wolfenschiessen") (Oberrickenbach)
* {{TAR travel\|gondola}} Wolfenschiessen ([Bannalpsee](/wiki/Bannalpsee "Bannalpsee")) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's ready to be milked to oblivion?}}
* {{TAR travel\|gondola}} [Engelberg](/wiki/Engelberg "Engelberg") → [Trübsee](/wiki/Tr%C3%BCbsee "Trübsee") → [Mount Titlis](/wiki/Mount_Titlis "Mount Titlis") {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|9}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel by train to [Chiasso, Switzerland](/wiki/Chiasso%2C_Switzerland "Chiasso, Switzerland"). Once there, teams had to drive to [Altdorf](/wiki/Altdorf%2C_Uri "Altdorf, Uri") and wait at the [Tell Monument](/wiki/Tell_Monument "Tell Monument") for a [William Tell](/wiki/William_Tell "William Tell") impersonator, who had their next clue. Teams were instructed to drive to [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") and find their next clue on the oldest wooden bridge in Europe: the [Chapel Bridge](/wiki/Kapellbr%C3%BCcke "Kapellbrücke"). Teams then had to travel to the Hotel Schweizerhof, don cleaning staff uniforms, and clean a room so that it matched an example room in order to receive their next clue.
* Teams then had to drive to the [Swiss Museum of Transport](/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport "Swiss Museum of Transport"), search the grounds for a marked artifact, and figure out that it was a massive drill bit for a [tunnel boring machine](/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine "Tunnel boring machine"). Teams were directed to search the museum for the [Ford Mustang](/wiki/Ford_Mustang "Ford Mustang") exhibit and pick a classic Mustang with their next clue, which instructed them to use the road signs on the museum's exhibit that listed distances to other Swiss cities and a formula included in their clue to calculate the model year of the Mustang they had chosen. Once teams had the correct answer, they received their next clue, which directed them to drive to Oberrickenbach.
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who's ready to be milked to oblivion?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to pick a [Bernese Mountain Dog](/wiki/Bernese_Mountain_Dog "Bernese Mountain Dog") with a cart containing two empty milk jugs and guide their dog to one of two [gondola](/wiki/Aerial_tramway "Aerial tramway") stations. After unloading the milk jugs and riding the gondola to the top station, they had to carry the jugs to a dairy farm and trade them for full ones. They then had to carry the full jugs back to the gondola and down to their dog, before bringing the dog and full milk jugs to the milk truck, where they received their next clue.
* After the Roadblock, teams had to travel by gondola to the top of [Mount Titlis](/wiki/Mount_Titlis "Mount Titlis") and check in at the Pit Stop.
Additional note
* This was a non\-elimination leg.
### Leg 10 (Switzerland → Spain)
[thumb\|In [Seville](/wiki/Seville "Seville"), teams visited the Patio de las Doncellas inside [Real Alcázar](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville "Alcázar of Seville") in the [Muslim section](/wiki/History_of_Seville%23Muslim_al-Andalus "History of Seville#Muslim al-Andalus") of the old city.](/wiki/File:PANO_20140718_130005.jpg "PANO 20140718 130005.jpg")
* Episode 10: "Bull Down" (May 4, 2014\)
* Prize: A trip for two to [Saint Croix](/wiki/Saint_Croix "Saint Croix") (awarded to Dave \& Connor)
* Eliminated: Jet \& Cord
Locations
* [Engelberg](/wiki/Engelberg "Engelberg") (Engelberg Cable Car Station) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* {{TAR travel\|flight}} [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zürich") → [Seville, Spain](/wiki/Seville%2C_Spain "Seville, Spain")
* Seville ([La Alameda](/wiki/Alameda_de_H%C3%A9rcules "Alameda de Hércules") – Statues of [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules "Hercules") \& [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar "Julius Caesar"))
* Seville (Melado Peluqueros) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who wants to be the Barber of Seville?}}
* Seville ([Real Alcázar](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville "Alcázar of Seville") – [Patio de las Doncellas](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville%23Patio_de_las_Doncellas "Alcázar of Seville#Patio de las Doncellas"))
* Seville (Las Teresas Café Bar) {{TAR clue\|Speed Bump\|Ham It Up}}
* Seville (Museo del Baile Flamenco {{small\|'''or'''}} [Calle Lope de Rueda](/wiki/Santa_Cruz%2C_Seville "Santa Cruz, Seville")) {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Spanish Steps\|Running with the Ballz}}
* Seville ([General Archive of the Indies](/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies "General Archive of the Indies")) {{TAR clue\|U\-Turn\|double\=yes\|Leo \& Jamal\|Jet \& Cord\|Caroline \& Jennifer\|Brendon \& Rachel\|failed2\=yes}}
* Seville ([Plaza de América](/wiki/Plaza_de_Am%C3%A9rica "Plaza de América")) (Unaired)
* Seville ([Plaza de España](/wiki/Plaza_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_Seville "Plaza de España, Seville")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|10}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Seville, Spain](/wiki/Seville%2C_Spain "Seville, Spain"). Once there, teams had to find a [bugler](/wiki/Bugle "Bugle") playing "[Reveille](/wiki/Reveille "Reveille")" beneath the statues of [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules "Hercules") and [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar "Julius Caesar") at [La Alameda](/wiki/Alameda_de_H%C3%A9rcules "Alameda de Hércules"), where they received their next clue directing them to Melado Peluqueros.
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who wants to be the Barber of Seville?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to apply shaving cream to a balloon and then use a [straight razor](/wiki/Straight_razor "Straight razor") to remove all of the shaving cream within 60 seconds in order to receive their next clue. If they popped the balloon or ran out of time, they had to start over.
* After the Roadblock, teams had to travel to the [Patio de las Doncellas](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville%23Patio_de_las_Doncellas "Alcázar of Seville#Patio de las Doncellas") in [Real Alcázar](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville "Alcázar of Seville"), where they found their next clue.
* {{TAR clue\|Speed Bump\|Ham It Up}} For their Speed Bump, Caroline \& Jennifer had to deliver six *[jamónes ibéricos](/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico "Jamón ibérico")* through the streets and alleys of Seville to Las Teresas Café Bar before they could continue racing.
* {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Spanish Steps\|Running with the Ballz}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Spanish Steps or Running with the Ballz. In Spanish Steps, teams had to learn a traditional [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco") routine and correctly perform it on stage in order to receive their next clue. In Running with the Ballz, teams wore [Bumperz](/wiki/Zorbing "Zorbing") designed to look like bulls and ran through the streets of Seville, trying to avoid other "bulls" while looking for fragments of a motto printed on several posters along the route. Once teams reached the end of the course and could recite the full motto – *"A [matador](/wiki/Matador "Matador") never thinks about his own death"* – they could receive their next clue.
* After the Detour, teams had to travel to the [General Archive of the Indies](/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies "General Archive of the Indies") in order to find their next clue, which directed them to check in at the Pit Stop: the [Plaza de España](/wiki/Plaza_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_Seville "Plaza de España, Seville").
Additional notes
* {{TAR clue\|U\-Turn\|double\=yes\|Leo \& Jamal\|Jet \& Cord\|Caroline \& Jennifer\|Brendon \& Rachel\|failed2\=yes}} This leg featured a Double U\-Turn. Leo \& Jamal chose to use the U\-Turn on Jet \& Cord, while Caroline \& Jennifer chose to use the U\-Turn on Brendon \& Rachel. However, Brendon \& Rachel had already passed the U\-Turn point and were therefore unaffected.
* In an unaired segment, teams had to travel by horse\-drawn carriage from the [Plaza de América](/wiki/Plaza_de_Am%C3%A9rica "Plaza de América") to the Pit Stop at the Plaza de España.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cbs.com/shows/amazing\_race/photos/1001474/season\-24\-episode\-10/52235/\|title\=Season 24 Episode 10\|work\=\[\[CBS]]\|access\-date\=December 24, 2022}}
### Leg 11 (Spain → England \& Wales)
[thumb\|In [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales"), racers performed the Welsh poem Roadblock high above the countryside on a 15\-minute boat ride across the [Pontcysyllte Aqueduct](/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct "Pontcysyllte Aqueduct").](/wiki/File:Pontcysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg "Pontcysyllte aqueduct arp.jpg")
* Episode 11: "Hei Ho Heidi Ho" (May 11, 2014\)
* Prize: A trip for two to [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji "Fiji") (awarded to Dave \& Connor)
* Eliminated: Leo \& Jamal
Locations
* [Seville](/wiki/Seville "Seville") ([Plaza de España](/wiki/Plaza_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_Seville "Plaza de España, Seville")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* {{TAR travel\|train}} Seville → [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid")
* {{TAR travel\|flight}} Madrid → [London, England](/wiki/London%2C_England "London, England")
* [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") ([Anfield Stadium](/wiki/Anfield_Stadium "Anfield Stadium"))
* [Froncysyllte, Wales](/wiki/Froncysyllte%2C_Wales "Froncysyllte, Wales") ([Pontcysyllte Aqueduct](/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct "Pontcysyllte Aqueduct")) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who gets a high water mark?}}
* [Tattenhall, England](/wiki/Tattenhall%2C_England "Tattenhall, England") ([Bolesworth Estate](/wiki/Bolesworth_Castle "Bolesworth Castle")) {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Shoot It\|Boot It}}
* [Peckforton](/wiki/Peckforton "Peckforton") ([Peckforton Castle](/wiki/Peckforton_Castle "Peckforton Castle")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|11}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel by train to [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid") and then fly to [London, England](/wiki/London%2C_England "London, England"). Once there, teams had to drive themselves to the [Anfield Stadium](/wiki/Anfield_Stadium "Anfield Stadium") in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"). There, each team member had to score two [penalty kicks](/wiki/Penalty_kick_%28association_football%29 "Penalty kick (association football)") against a professional [goalkeeper](/wiki/Goalkeeper_%28association_football%29 "Goalkeeper (association football)") in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the [Pontcysyllte Aqueduct](/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct "Pontcysyllte Aqueduct").
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who gets a high water mark?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to ride on one of the aqueduct's canal boats and work with a [Welsh language](/wiki/Welsh_language "Welsh language") instructor to learn one verse of the Welsh poem "Y Sipsi!". After the 15\-minute boat ride to the other side of the aqueduct, they had to recite the poem from memory in order to receive their next clue.
* After the Roadblock, teams had to drive to [Bolesworth Estate](/wiki/Bolesworth_Castle "Bolesworth Castle") in order to find their next clue.
* {{TAR clue\|Detour\|Shoot It\|Boot It}} This season's final Detour was a choice between Shoot It or Boot It. In Shoot It, teams participated in [clay pigeon shooting](/wiki/Clay_pigeon_shooting "Clay pigeon shooting") and had to hit a total of 16 clay pigeons in order to receive their next clue. In Boot It, teams participated in [boot throwing](/wiki/Wellie_wanging "Wellie wanging"). After searching through a pile of [Wellington boots](/wiki/Wellington_boot "Wellington boot") to find a pair of either size 9s or size 11s, teams had to fill them with water and throw them along a course until they reached the finish line. At the end of the course, they received their next clue.
* After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: [Peckforton Castle](/wiki/Peckforton_Castle "Peckforton Castle").
### Leg 12 (England → United States)
[thumb\|After arriving in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas"), teams performed a stunt with illusionist [David Copperfield](/wiki/David_Copperfield_%28illusionist%29 "David Copperfield (illusionist)") at the [MGM Grand](/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas "MGM Grand Las Vegas") in this last leg of the race.](/wiki/File:LasVegas-MGMgrand.jpg "LasVegas-MGMgrand.jpg")
* Episode 12: "Do You Believe in Magic?" (May 18, 2014\)
* Prize: US$1,000,000
* Winners: Dave \& Connor
* Second Place: Caroline \& Jennifer
* Third Place: Brendon \& Rachel
Locations
* [Carden](/wiki/Carden%2C_Cheshire "Carden, Cheshire") (Carden Park Luxury Hotel) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop\|start\=yes}}
* {{TAR travel\|flight}} [London](/wiki/London "London") → [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada "Las Vegas, Nevada")
* [North Las Vegas](/wiki/North_Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada "North Las Vegas, Nevada") ([Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert "Mojave Desert"))
* Las Vegas ([MGM Grand](/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas "MGM Grand Las Vegas")) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Do you believe in magic?}}
* Las Vegas ([Neon Boneyard](/wiki/Neon_Boneyard "Neon Boneyard"))
* Las Vegas ([The Mirage](/wiki/The_Mirage "The Mirage"))
* [Henderson](/wiki/Henderson%2C_Nevada "Henderson, Nevada") (Maverick Helicopters) {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who wants to be a UFO?}}
* Las Vegas ([Las Vegas Motor Speedway](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway "Las Vegas Motor Speedway")) {{TAR clue\|Pit Stop}}
Episode summary
* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada "Las Vegas, Nevada"). Once there, teams had to search outside of the [airport](/wiki/McCarran_International_Airport "McCarran International Airport") for a marked car and were driven to an isolated location in the [desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert "Mojave Desert"), where their driver simply told them to dig. Teams eventually unearthed a box containing keys that directed them to find [David Copperfield](/wiki/David_Copperfield_%28illusionist%29 "David Copperfield (illusionist)") at the [MGM Grand](/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas "MGM Grand Las Vegas").
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Do you believe in magic?}} In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member was shackled to the inside of a crate and handed keys after the crate was closed. After unlocking the shackles, racer had to retrieve [lock picks](/wiki/Lock_pick "Lock pick") while the crate was lifted off of the ground and lit on fire. Once the racer said that they were done, their partner set off a series of switches that dropped the box into a burning pile of wood and set off a fiery explosion. Copperfield then informed the partner that they had to get the fire department's assistance, and the racer in the crate appeared unharmed wearing a firefighter uniform. Copperfield then gave them their next clue.
* After the Roadblock, teams were directed to the [Neon Boneyard](/wiki/Neon_Boneyard "Neon Boneyard"). Their next clue instructed teams to remove a light bulb from a sign and take it with them to [The Mirage](/wiki/The_Mirage "The Mirage"), where they were hoisted on a window\-washing scaffold to one of the hotel's signs atop the tower. They had to replace all of the light bulbs in the sign's letter **I**. Once finished, they had to tell the employees how many bulbs they used in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to Maverick Helicopters.
* {{TAR clue\|Roadblock\|Who wants to be a UFO?}} In this season's final Roadblock, the team member who did not perform the previous Roadblock had to board a helicopter and search the [Las Vegas Strip](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip "Las Vegas Strip") for a sign at the [Aria Resort and Casino](/wiki/Aria_Resort_and_Casino "Aria Resort and Casino") that told them the name of their drop zone and location of the finish line: the [Las Vegas Motor Speedway](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway "Las Vegas Motor Speedway"). After informing their pilot, they performed a tandem skydive {{convert\|10000\|ft\|m}} onto the racetrack's infield, where they joined their partner and crossed the finish line.
|
[
"Race summary\n------------",
"[thumb\\|The complete route of *The Amazing Race 24*.](/wiki/File:The_Amazing_Race_24_map.png \"The Amazing Race 24 map.png\")\n{{TAR Captionbox\\|Style10}}",
"### Leg 1 (United States → China)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|In [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\"), teams traveled to the [Canton Tower](/wiki/Canton_Tower \"Canton Tower\") and rode its [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel \"Ferris wheel\") in order to search for their next clue.](/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Tower.jpg \"Guangzhou Tower.jpg\")\n* Episode 1: \"Back in the Saddle\" (February 23, 2014\\)\n* Prize: Two [Express Passes](/wiki/The_Amazing_Race%23Express_Pass \"The Amazing Race#Express Pass\") (awarded to Jet \\& Cord; one for themselves and the other to be given to another team)\n* Eliminated: Natalie \\& Nadiya",
"Locations\n* [Santa Clarita, California](/wiki/Santa_Clarita%2C_California \"Santa Clarita, California\") ([College of the Canyons](/wiki/College_of_the_Canyons \"College of the Canyons\") – Cougar Stadium) (Starting Line)\n* {{TAR travel\\|flight}} [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") → [Guangzhou, China](/wiki/Guangzhou%2C_China \"Guangzhou, China\")\n* Guangzhou (Jiangnan Avenue North – Precious One, Silver Gorgeous, {{small\\|'''or'''}} Rich Forest \\& Beauty)\n* Guangzhou ([Canton Tower](/wiki/Canton_Tower \"Canton Tower\"))\n* Guangzhou ([Haixinsha Stadium](/wiki/Haixinsha_Island_%28Tianhe_District%29 \"Haixinsha Island (Tianhe District)\")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's feeling wired?}}\n* Guangzhou ([Guangzhou Opera House](/wiki/Guangzhou_Opera_House \"Guangzhou Opera House\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|1}}",
"Episode summary\n* At Cougar Stadium, teams had to find one of several [UCLA Bruin Marching Band](/wiki/UCLA_Bruin_Marching_Band \"UCLA Bruin Marching Band\") members with the [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\") symbols for Guangzhou – **{{lang\\|zh\\|广州}}** – on their [shako](/wiki/Shako \"Shako\"), which matched the badges displayed on the shakos of the field commanders, and bring the band member to [Phil Keoghan](/wiki/Phil_Keoghan \"Phil Keoghan\"). The first four teams who found a band member with the correct shako received tickets on the first flight to [Guangzhou, China](/wiki/Guangzhou%2C_China \"Guangzhou, China\"). It arrived one hour before the second flight, which carried the remaining seven teams.\n* After arriving in Guangzhou, teams went to the city's wedding boutique district and searched for one of three boutiques that had their next clue. Each store had only a limited number of clues, which directed teams to find \"the building with the bubbles on top\", giving them a replica \"bubble\", and they had to figure out that it referred to the [Canton Tower](/wiki/Canton_Tower \"Canton Tower\"). There, teams had to select one of the bubble cars of the [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel \"Ferris wheel\") located at the top of the tower and search for their clue, which was only revealed when the door to the car closed. Depending on which car they entered, the clue either informed teams to try another car or directed them to their next location: [Haixinsha Stadium](/wiki/Haixinsha_Island_%28Tianhe_District%29 \"Haixinsha Island (Tianhe District)\").\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's feeling wired?}} In this season's first Roadblock, one racer had to perform five aerial [somersaults](/wiki/Somersault \"Somersault\") while suspended {{convert\\|300\\|ft\\|m}} in the air attached by wires to the stadium's towers in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the [Guangzhou Opera House](/wiki/Guangzhou_Opera_House \"Guangzhou Opera House\").",
"### Leg 2 (China)",
"[thumb\\|Teams ended the second leg in [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") at [Shamian Island](/wiki/Shamian_Island \"Shamian Island\"), which hosts several colonial European buildings.](/wiki/File:Shamian_Island%2C_Guangzhou_%285928586397%29.jpg \"Shamian Island, Guangzhou (5928586397).jpg\")\n* Episode 2: \"Baby Bear's Soup\" (March 2, 2014\\)\n* Prize: {{US$\\|2500}} each (awarded to Brendon \\& Rachel)\n* Eliminated: Mark \\& Mallory",
"Locations\n* [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") ([Guangzhou Opera House](/wiki/Guangzhou_Opera_House \"Guangzhou Opera House\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* Guangzhou ([Chen Clan Academy](/wiki/Chen_Clan_Ancestral_Hall \"Chen Clan Ancestral Hall\"))\n* Guangzhou ([Gate 5 Mall](/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport_%28former%29 \"Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (former)\") – Edaytown Guangzhou) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's the mechanic?}}\n* Guangzhou (Guangzhou Children's Activities Center)\n* Guangzhou (Liwanhu Park {{small\\|'''or'''}} Sauna Center) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Featherball\\|China Cup}}\n* Guangzhou ([Shamian Island Promenade](/wiki/Shamian \"Shamian\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|2}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams went to the [Chen Clan Academy](/wiki/Chen_Clan_Ancestral_Hall \"Chen Clan Ancestral Hall\"), where they had to watch a [martial arts](/wiki/Martial_arts \"Martial arts\") demonstration. Afterwards, the master stamped the name of their next destination in [Mandarin Chinese](/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese \"Mandarin Chinese\") on the foreheads of both team members.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's the mechanic?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to correctly assemble a child's motorized car in order to receive their next clue. Caroline \\& Jennifer used their Express Pass to bypass this Roadblock.\n* After the Roadblock, teams had to deliver the toy car they had assembled to the Guangzhou Children's Activities Center in order to receive their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Featherball\\|China Cup}} This season's first Detour was a choice between Featherball or China Cup. In Featherball, teams had to play *[jianzi](/wiki/Jianzi \"Jianzi\")* (a game similar to [hackeysack](/wiki/Hackeysack \"Hackeysack\")) with two local players. Once the teams successfully volleyed the [shuttlecock](/wiki/Shuttlecock \"Shuttlecock\") a combined ten times, they could receive their next clue. In China Cup, each team member had to receive a traditional massage involving [cupping therapy](/wiki/Cupping_therapy \"Cupping therapy\") in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the [Shamian Island Promenade](/wiki/Shamian \"Shamian\").",
"### Leg 3 (China → Malaysia)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The Roadblock in [Sabah](/wiki/Sabah \"Sabah\") had racers rappelling down the Kiansom Waterfall.](/wiki/File:Air_terjun_kiansom.jpg \"Air terjun kiansom.jpg\")\n* Episode 3: \"Welcome to the Jungle\" (March 9, 2014\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [Budapest, Hungary](/wiki/Budapest%2C_Hungary \"Budapest, Hungary\") (awarded to Dave \\& Connor)\n* Eliminated: Joey \\& Meghan",
"Locations\n* [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") ([Shamian Island Promenade](/wiki/Shamian \"Shamian\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|flight}} Guangzhou ([Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport](/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport \"Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport\")) → [Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Malaysia \"Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia\")\n* [Inanam](/wiki/Inanam \"Inanam\") (Kiansom Waterfall) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who will fall for this one?}}\n* Kiulu ([Kampung](/wiki/Kampung \"Kampung\") Tompinahaton)\n* {{TAR travel\\|boat}} Kiulu (Kampung Tombung {{small\\|'''or'''}} Kampung Linsuk) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|River Delivery\\|Run Through the Jungle}}\n* Kota Kinabalu ([Tanjung Aru](/wiki/Tanjung_Aru \"Tanjung Aru\") Water Village) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|3}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Kota Kinabalu](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu \"Kota Kinabalu\") in [Malaysian Borneo](/wiki/East_Malaysia \"East Malaysia\"). There were only two available flights with limited seats from [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") to Kota Kinabalu, so the first six teams to check in at the [airport](/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport \"Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport\") left three hours before the last three teams. Once there, teams had to travel to the Kiansom Waterfall in [Inanam](/wiki/Inanam \"Inanam\").\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who will fall for this one?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to take their [Travelocity](/wiki/Travelocity \"Travelocity\") [Roaming Gnome](/wiki/Where_Is_My_Gnome%3F \"Where Is My Gnome?\"), travel through the treetops on a safety line, and then rappel down the waterfall, collecting their next clue along the way.\n* After the Roadblock, teams had to travel to [Kampung](/wiki/Kampung \"Kampung\") Tompinahaton in order to find their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|River Delivery\\|Run Through the Jungle}} This leg's Detour was a choice between River Delivery or Run Through the Jungle. Teams had to first build a bamboo raft, which they used to travel down the river to their Detour choice. In River Delivery, teams had to pick up goods from a depot, carry them down river to the town of Kampung Tombung, and then deliver the goods to the village elder. In Run Through the Jungle, teams joined a [Murut](/wiki/Murut_people \"Murut people\") hunting guide who led them through the jungle to several fake bird targets. Using a [blowgun](/wiki/Blowgun \"Blowgun\"), the teams had to each successfully knock over one target. After completing either Detour task, teams were directed to return to their rafts and continue down the river before receiving their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: [Tanjung Aru](/wiki/Tanjung_Aru \"Tanjung Aru\") Water Village.",
"### Leg 4 (Malaysia)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|In [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\"), teams visited the [Petronas Towers](/wiki/Petronas_Towers \"Petronas Towers\"): the tallest twin buildings in the world.](/wiki/File:Petronas_Towers%2C_Kuala_Lumpur_%283323152170%29.jpg \"Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur (3323152170).jpg\")\n* Episode 4: \"Smarter, Not Harder\" (March 16, 2014\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [London, England](/wiki/London%2C_England \"London, England\") (awarded to Jet \\& Cord)",
"Locations\n* [Kota Kinabalu](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu \"Kota Kinabalu\") ([Tanjung Aru](/wiki/Tanjung_Aru \"Tanjung Aru\") Water Village) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* Kota Kinabalu (Prince Philip Park – [Murut](/wiki/Murut_people \"Murut people\") [Longhouse](/wiki/Longhouse \"Longhouse\")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's got a spring in their step?}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|flight}} Kota Kinabalu ([Kota Kinabalu International Airport](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport \"Kota Kinabalu International Airport\")) → [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\")\n* Kuala Lumpur ([Jalan Ampang](/wiki/Jalan_Ampang \"Jalan Ampang\") Intersection)\n* Kuala Lumpur (Traders Hotel – Skybar) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Mix Master\\|Master Mix}}\n* [Gombak](/wiki/Gombak \"Gombak\") ([Batu Caves](/wiki/Batu_Caves \"Batu Caves\") – [Lord Murugan Statue](/wiki/Lord_Murugan_Statue \"Lord Murugan Statue\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|4}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams had to travel by taxi to the [Murut](/wiki/Murut_people \"Murut people\") [Longhouse](/wiki/Longhouse \"Longhouse\") in Prince Philip Park, where they found their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's got a spring in their step?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member participated in a traditional Lansaran dance, in which the they bounced on a [bamboo](/wiki/Bamboo \"Bamboo\") springboard with a group of locals. At the climax of the dance, the racer used the springboard to launch themselves high enough to grab a [flag](/wiki/Flag_of_Sabah \"Flag of Sabah\") positioned above them, which they could exchange for their next clue. If more than one team was present, team members were only allowed three jumps before another team took their turn.\n* Teams were instructed to fly to [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\"). Only three flights to Kuala Lumpur were available to the teams. The first three teams to check in at the [airport](/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport \"Kota Kinabalu International Airport\") were booked on the first flight, which left 90 minutes before the second flight that carried two teams, which itself was scheduled to leave 45 minutes before the last flight. However, the second flight suffered a 50\\-minute delay, putting it a few minutes behind the third flight. Once there, teams had to travel to the [Jalan Ampang](/wiki/Jalan_Ampang \"Jalan Ampang\") intersection, where they found their next clue beneath the [Petronas Towers](/wiki/Petronas_Towers \"Petronas Towers\").\n* {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Mix Master\\|Master Mix}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Mix Master or Master Mix. In Mix Master, teams had to learn to [scratch](/wiki/Scratching \"Scratching\") on a DJ table and then perform in front of a DJ and the crowd, receiving their next clue if each team member was able to replicate a series of seven record scratches to the DJ's approval. If teams did not perform the scratching properly, they had to allow other teams in line to perform before they could try again. In Master Mix, teams had to stack seven cocktail glasses into a two\\-tier pyramid and then use a stack of mixing glasses to pour differently colored cocktails into each glass simultaneously such that none of the cocktails mixed in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the [Lord Murugan Statue](/wiki/Lord_Murugan_Statue \"Lord Murugan Statue\") at the entrance to the [Batu Caves](/wiki/Batu_Caves \"Batu Caves\") in [Gombak](/wiki/Gombak \"Gombak\").",
"Additional notes\n* After pouring the drinks, teams were required to deliver a tray of cocktails before receiving their clue. This element of the task was unaired.{{cite episode\\|title\\=Smarter, Not Harder\\|series\\=\\[\\[The Amazing Race (American TV series)\\|The Amazing Race]]\\|season\\=24\\|number\\=4\\|network\\=\\[\\[CBS]]\\|time\\=17:06\\|date\\=March 16, 2014\\|quote\\=Then deliver a tray of cocktails to receive your next clue.}}\n* This was a non\\-elimination leg.",
"### Leg 5 (Malaysia → Sri Lanka)",
"[thumb\\|One of the Detour choices paid tribute to the traditional angling fishermen of [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\").](/wiki/File:20160129_Sri_Lanka_4171_Ahangama_sRGB_%2825743481546%29.jpg \"20160129 Sri Lanka 4171 Ahangama sRGB (25743481546).jpg\")\n* Episode 5: \"Can't Make Fish Bite\" (March 23, 2014\\)\n* Prize: {{US$\\|5000}} each (awarded to Dave \\& Connor)\n* Eliminated: Margie \\& Luke",
"Locations\n* [Gombak](/wiki/Gombak \"Gombak\") ([Batu Caves](/wiki/Batu_Caves \"Batu Caves\") – [Lord Murugan Statue](/wiki/Lord_Murugan_Statue \"Lord Murugan Statue\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|flight}} [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\") → [Colombo, Sri Lanka](/wiki/Colombo%2C_Sri_Lanka \"Colombo, Sri Lanka\")\n* Colombo ([Gangaramaya Temple](/wiki/Gangaramaya_Temple \"Gangaramaya Temple\"))\n* {{TAR travel\\|train}} Colombo → [Galle](/wiki/Galle \"Galle\")\n* [Koggala](/wiki/Koggala \"Koggala\") ([King Coconut](/wiki/King_coconut \"King coconut\") Stand)\n* [Ahangama](/wiki/Ahangama \"Ahangama\") (Harbor {{small\\|'''or'''}} School) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Fishing Pole\\|Spin Control}}\n* [Nugegoda](/wiki/Nugegoda \"Nugegoda\") (Trendy Connections Garment Factory) {{TAR clue\\|Speed Bump\\|Pass with Flying Colors}} {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to put the treadle to the metal?}}\n* Colombo ([Colombo Rowing Club](/wiki/Colombo_Rowing_Club \"Colombo Rowing Club\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|5}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Colombo, Sri Lanka](/wiki/Colombo%2C_Sri_Lanka \"Colombo, Sri Lanka\"). Once there, teams had to travel to the [Gangaramaya Temple](/wiki/Gangaramaya_Temple \"Gangaramaya Temple\"), where they donned traditional Buddhist robes before receiving a blessing from the head monk and their next clue. Teams were then directed to travel by train to [Galle](/wiki/Galle \"Galle\") and find their next clue at the [king coconut](/wiki/King_coconut \"King coconut\") stand in [Koggala](/wiki/Koggala \"Koggala\").\n* {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Fishing Pole\\|Spin Control}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Fishing Pole or Spin Control. In Fishing Pole, teams had to climb up traditional fishing stilts from which they could fish. Once each team member caught a fish, they could exchange it for their next clue. In Spin Control, teams had to learn a traditional [Kandyan dance](/wiki/Kandyan_dance \"Kandyan dance\") and then perform it while balancing a spinning [raban](/wiki/Raban_%28drum%29 \"Raban (drum)\") on a stick in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Trendy Connections Garment Factory in order to find their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Speed Bump\\|Pass with Flying Colors}} For their Speed Bump, Brendon \\& Rachel had to properly use [silk screening](/wiki/Silk_screening \"Silk screening\") to apply the final color to fifteen tee\\-shirts bearing the [flag of Sri Lanka](/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka \"Flag of Sri Lanka\") before they could continue racing.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to put the treadle to the metal?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to properly sew a shirt in a garment factory. Once the floor manager approved the work, he directed the team to a [heat transfer machine](/wiki/Heat_press \"Heat press\"), which printed the name of their next Pit Stop onto the shirt: the [Colombo Rowing Club](/wiki/Colombo_Rowing_Club \"Colombo Rowing Club\").",
"Additional note\n* After missing their flight, Margie \\& Luke fell so far behind that all of the other teams had checked in at the Pit Stop by the time they arrived in [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo \"Colombo\"). Though Margie \\& Luke traveled to all of the locations in Sri Lanka, they did not actually complete any of the tasks.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Exclusive: 'The Amazing Race: All\\-Stars' eliminee Margie O'Donnell talks (Part 1\\) \\|url\\=https://www.realitytvworld.com/news/exclusive\\-\\-the\\-amazing\\-race\\-all\\-stars\\-eliminee\\-margie\\-odonnell\\-talks\\-(part\\-1\\)\\-16112\\.php \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|website\\=Reality TV World}}",
"### Leg 6 (Sri Lanka)",
"[thumb\\|In the Roadblock, racers had to wrangle four [tuk\\-tuks](/wiki/Tuk-tuk \"Tuk-tuk\") into a gasoline stand amid the chaos of a Sri Lankan street.](/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_-_077_-_Tuk-tuks_waiting_for_fares_in_Kandy_%281685043688%29.jpg \"Sri Lanka - 077 - Tuk-tuks waiting for fares in Kandy (1685043688).jpg\")\n* Episode 6: \"Down and Dirty\" (March 30, 2014\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [Berlin, Germany](/wiki/Berlin%2C_Germany \"Berlin, Germany\") (awarded to Leo \\& Jamal)",
"Locations\n* [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo \"Colombo\") ([Colombo Rowing Club](/wiki/Colombo_Rowing_Club \"Colombo Rowing Club\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* Colombo ([Dutch Museum](/wiki/Colombo_Dutch_Museum \"Colombo Dutch Museum\"))\n* {{TAR travel\\|train}} Colombo → [Alawwa](/wiki/Alawwa \"Alawwa\")\n* Alawwa ([CEYPETCO](/wiki/CEYPETCO \"CEYPETCO\") [Fuel Station](/wiki/Filling_station \"Filling station\")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's ready to fill 'er up?}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|train}} Alawwa → [Rambukkana](/wiki/Rambukkana \"Rambukkana\")\n* Rambukkana ([Millennium Elephant Foundation](/wiki/Millennium_Elephant_Foundation \"Millennium Elephant Foundation\")) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Trunk\\|Sheets}}\n* [Ambepussa](/wiki/Ambepussa \"Ambepussa\") (Ambepussa Rest House)\n* [Mount Lavinia](/wiki/Mount_Lavinia \"Mount Lavinia\") ([Mount Lavinia Hotel](/wiki/Mount_Lavinia_Hotel \"Mount Lavinia Hotel\") \\- Beach) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|6}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams found their next clue at the [Dutch Museum](/wiki/Colombo_Dutch_Museum \"Colombo Dutch Museum\"), which directed them to travel by train to [Alawwa](/wiki/Alawwa \"Alawwa\") and search for their next clue at the [CEYPETCO](/wiki/CEYPETCO \"CEYPETCO\") [Fuel Station](/wiki/Filling_station \"Filling station\").\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's ready to fill 'er up?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to choose a color badge in a gas station office and then search along a line of parked [tuk\\-tuks](/wiki/Tuk-tuk \"Tuk-tuk\") for four that had the same color marked on their windshields. They then had to lead each tuk\\-tuk back to the gas station and fill their tanks with gasoline in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Roadblock, teams had to travel by train to [Rambukkana](/wiki/Rambukkana \"Rambukkana\") and then travel by tuk\\-tuk to the [Millennium Elephant Foundation](/wiki/Millennium_Elephant_Foundation \"Millennium Elephant Foundation\") in order to find their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Trunk\\|Sheets}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Trunk or Sheets. In Trunk, teams worked with an [elephant](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant \"Sri Lankan elephant\") to load a truck with timber. After the teams and the elephant carried three logs to the truck, the teams gave their elephant [palm leaves](/wiki/Arecaceae \"Arecaceae\") and the [mahout](/wiki/Mahout \"Mahout\") gave them their next clue. In Sheets, teams [made paper](/wiki/Papermaking \"Papermaking\") using elephant dung. After collecting the dung in a wheelbarrow, teams took it to the paper mill, where it was mixed to make [pulp](/wiki/Pulp_%28paper%29 \"Pulp (paper)\"). After teams made five sheets of paper, they received their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Ambepussa Rest House, find the \"wise man\", and listen to his [flute](/wiki/Flute \"Flute\") performance before receiving their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the beach at the [Mount Lavinia Hotel](/wiki/Mount_Lavinia_Hotel \"Mount Lavinia Hotel\").",
"Additional note\n* This was a non\\-elimination leg.",
"### Leg 7 (Sri Lanka → Italy)",
"[thumb\\|The Roadblock in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") had racers climbing the famous [Spanish Steps](/wiki/Spanish_Steps \"Spanish Steps\").](/wiki/File:Rome_-_Spanish_Steps_%282914011694%29.jpg \"Rome - Spanish Steps (2914011694).jpg\")\n* Episode 7: \"The Gladiators Are Here!\" (April 13, 2014\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to the [Great Barrier Reef](/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef \"Great Barrier Reef\") in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") (awarded to Brendon \\& Rachel)\n* Eliminated: Jessica \\& John",
"Locations\n* [Mount Lavinia](/wiki/Mount_Lavinia \"Mount Lavinia\") ([Mount Lavinia Hotel](/wiki/Mount_Lavinia_Hotel \"Mount Lavinia Hotel\") Beach) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|flight}} [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo \"Colombo\") → [Rome, Italy](/wiki/Rome%2C_Italy \"Rome, Italy\")\n* Rome ([Hadrian's Bridge](/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo \"Ponte Sant'Angelo\"))\n* Rome ([Pantheon](/wiki/Pantheon%2C_Rome \"Pantheon, Rome\") \\& [Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II](/wiki/Monumento_Nazionale_a_Vittorio_Emanuele_II \"Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II\")) {{TAR clue\\|Speed Bump\\|Just My Type}}\n* Rome ([Parco del Celio](/wiki/Celio_%28rione_of_Rome%29 \"Celio (rione of Rome)\") {{small\\|'''or'''}} [Parco del Colle Oppio](/wiki/Oppian_Hill \"Oppian Hill\")) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Gladiator\\|Charioteer}}\n* Rome ([Piazza di Spagna](/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna \"Piazza di Spagna\"))\n* Rome ([Spanish Steps](/wiki/Spanish_Steps \"Spanish Steps\") \\& [Trinità dei Monti](/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0_dei_Monti \"Trinità dei Monti\")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who can sum up the Spanish Steps?}}\n* Rome ([Piazza del Popolo](/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo \"Piazza del Popolo\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|7}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel to \"The Eternal City\" and find [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\")'s Bridge. Teams had to figure out that they needed to travel to [Rome, Italy](/wiki/Rome%2C_Italy \"Rome, Italy\"), and find the [Ponte Sant'Angelo](/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo \"Ponte Sant'Angelo\"), where they found their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Speed Bump\\|Just My Type}} For their Speed Bump, Caroline \\& Jennifer had to go to the [Pantheon](/wiki/Pantheon%2C_Rome \"Pantheon, Rome\"), pick up an antique [typewriter](/wiki/Typewriter \"Typewriter\"), and drop it off at the [Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II](/wiki/Monumento_Nazionale_a_Vittorio_Emanuele_II \"Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II\") before they could continue racing.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Gladiator\\|Charioteer}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Gladiator or Charioteer. For both Detour options, teams had to don ancient Roman costumes. In Gladiator, teams learned a series of sword maneuvers to \"battle\" a seasoned gladiator in order to receive their next clue. If teams strayed from the battle sequence they were taught, they had to start over. In Charioteer, teams raced a [radio\\-controlled](/wiki/Radio-controlled_car \"Radio-controlled car\") chariot around a track with one team member controlling the speed and the other controlling the direction. Once teams completed five laps within one minute and thirty seconds, they received their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams were told to visit the \"piazza of [John Keats](/wiki/John_Keats \"John Keats\")' [unhappy Roman Holiday](/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House \"Keats–Shelley Memorial House\")\", which they had to figure out referred to the [Piazza di Spagna](/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna \"Piazza di Spagna\") at the base of the [Spanish Steps](/wiki/Spanish_Steps \"Spanish Steps\").\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who can sum up the Spanish Steps?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to get a postcard from a vendor and count the total number of the Spanish Steps. They then had to add that total to the [Roman numerals](/wiki/Roman_numeral \"Roman numeral\") on the *Obelisco Sallustiano* in front of the [Trinità dei Monti](/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0_dei_Monti \"Trinità dei Monti\"), which indicated its year of construction. They had to write down their sum in Roman numerals on the postcard and show it to a pair of [Gregory Peck](/wiki/Gregory_Peck \"Gregory Peck\") and [Audrey Hepburn](/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn \"Audrey Hepburn\") impersonators at the top of the steps. If they had the correct answer, they received their next clue. Otherwise, they had to go back down to the vendor to get a new postcard and try again.\n* After the Roadblock, teams were told to head to \"where the leg of the race ends and the [Via Flaminia](/wiki/Via_Flaminia \"Via Flaminia\") begins\": the [Piazza del Popolo](/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo \"Piazza del Popolo\").",
"### Leg 8 (Italy)",
"[thumb\\|Teams visited the historic town of [Civita di Bagnoregio](/wiki/Civita_di_Bagnoregio \"Civita di Bagnoregio\") for the Detour on this leg.](/wiki/File:20090414-Civit%C3%A0-di-Bagnoregio.jpg \"20090414-Cività-di-Bagnoregio.jpg\")\n* Episode 8: \"Donkeylicious\" (April 20, 2014\\)\n* Prize: {{US$\\|7500}} each (awarded to Brendon \\& Rachel)\n* Eliminated: Flight Time \\& Big Easy",
"Locations\n* [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") (Villa Cagiati) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* [Bagnoregio](/wiki/Bagnoregio \"Bagnoregio\") ([Civita di Bagnoregio](/wiki/Civita_di_Bagnoregio \"Civita di Bagnoregio\")) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Donkey Run\\|Donkey Build}}\n* Bagnoregio (Hostaria del Ponte) {{TAR clue\\|U\\-Turn\\|double\\=yes\\|Brendon \\& Rachel\\|Dave \\& Connor\\|Dave \\& Connor\\|Leo \\& Jamal}}\n* [Orvieto](/wiki/Orvieto \"Orvieto\") (La Badia di Orvieto) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's got the write stuff?}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|train}} Orvieto ([Orvieto Funicular](/wiki/Orvieto_Funicular \"Orvieto Funicular\"))\n* Orvieto ([Piazza del Duomo](/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral \"Orvieto Cathedral\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|8}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams had to drive themselves to [Civita di Bagnoregio](/wiki/Civita_di_Bagnoregio \"Civita di Bagnoregio\") in the Italian countryside, where they found their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Donkey Run\\|Donkey Build}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Donkey Run or Donkey Build. In Donkey Run, teams had to choose a pair of donkeys and then participate in the *Palio della Tonna*, a traditional donkey race. If they could make three laps before the band stopped playing, they received their next clue. In Donkey Build, teams had to build a wooden donkey\\-shaped trolley using all of the pieces provided, load it with wood, and then deliver the wood to \"[Geppetto](/wiki/Geppetto \"Geppetto\")\" in order to receive their next clue. Jet \\& Cord used their Express Pass to bypass this Detour.\n* After the Detour, teams had to travel on foot to the Hostaria del Ponte in order to find their next clue, which directed them to La Badia di Orvieto.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's got the write stuff?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to copy a page out of an [illuminated manuscript](/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript \"Illuminated manuscript\"), just as [monks](/wiki/Monk \"Monk\") did before the [invention of the printing press](/wiki/Invention_of_the_printing_press \"Invention of the printing press\"). Once they properly copied the page's [calligraphy](/wiki/Calligraphy \"Calligraphy\") and [gold leaf](/wiki/Gold_leaf \"Gold leaf\"), they received their next clue.\n* After the Roadblock, teams had to ride the funicular to the Pit Stop at the [Piazza del Duomo](/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral \"Orvieto Cathedral\") in [Orvieto](/wiki/Orvieto \"Orvieto\").",
"Additional note\n* {{TAR clue\\|U\\-Turn\\|double\\=yes\\|Brendon \\& Rachel\\|Dave \\& Connor\\|Dave \\& Connor\\|Leo \\& Jamal}} This leg featured a Double U\\-Turn. Brendon \\& Rachel chose to use the U\\-Turn on Dave \\& Connor, while Dave \\& Connor chose to use the U\\-Turn on Leo \\& Jamal.",
"### Leg 9 (Italy → Switzerland)",
"[thumb\\|The Pit Stop for this leg was at the top of [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\")'s [Mount Titlis](/wiki/Mount_Titlis \"Mount Titlis\").](/wiki/File:East_side_of_Titlis.jpg \"East side of Titlis.jpg\")\n* Episode 9: \"Accidental Alliance\" (April 27, 2014\\)\n* Prize: Pair of [2015 Ford Mustangs](/wiki/Ford_Mustang_%28sixth_generation%29 \"Ford Mustang (sixth generation)\") (awarded to Dave \\& Connor)",
"Locations\n* [Orvieto](/wiki/Orvieto \"Orvieto\") ([Piazza del Duomo](/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral \"Orvieto Cathedral\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|train}} [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") → [Chiasso, Switzerland](/wiki/Chiasso%2C_Switzerland \"Chiasso, Switzerland\")\n* [Altdorf](/wiki/Altdorf%2C_Uri \"Altdorf, Uri\") ([Tell Monument](/wiki/Tell_Monument \"Tell Monument\"))\n* [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne \"Lucerne\") ([Chapel Bridge](/wiki/Kapellbr%C3%BCcke \"Kapellbrücke\"))\n* Lucerne (Hotel Schweizerhof)\n* Lucerne ([Swiss Museum of Transport](/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport \"Swiss Museum of Transport\"))\n* [Wolfenschiessen](/wiki/Wolfenschiessen \"Wolfenschiessen\") (Oberrickenbach)\n* {{TAR travel\\|gondola}} Wolfenschiessen ([Bannalpsee](/wiki/Bannalpsee \"Bannalpsee\")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's ready to be milked to oblivion?}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|gondola}} [Engelberg](/wiki/Engelberg \"Engelberg\") → [Trübsee](/wiki/Tr%C3%BCbsee \"Trübsee\") → [Mount Titlis](/wiki/Mount_Titlis \"Mount Titlis\") {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|9}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel by train to [Chiasso, Switzerland](/wiki/Chiasso%2C_Switzerland \"Chiasso, Switzerland\"). Once there, teams had to drive to [Altdorf](/wiki/Altdorf%2C_Uri \"Altdorf, Uri\") and wait at the [Tell Monument](/wiki/Tell_Monument \"Tell Monument\") for a [William Tell](/wiki/William_Tell \"William Tell\") impersonator, who had their next clue. Teams were instructed to drive to [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne \"Lucerne\") and find their next clue on the oldest wooden bridge in Europe: the [Chapel Bridge](/wiki/Kapellbr%C3%BCcke \"Kapellbrücke\"). Teams then had to travel to the Hotel Schweizerhof, don cleaning staff uniforms, and clean a room so that it matched an example room in order to receive their next clue.\n* Teams then had to drive to the [Swiss Museum of Transport](/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport \"Swiss Museum of Transport\"), search the grounds for a marked artifact, and figure out that it was a massive drill bit for a [tunnel boring machine](/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine \"Tunnel boring machine\"). Teams were directed to search the museum for the [Ford Mustang](/wiki/Ford_Mustang \"Ford Mustang\") exhibit and pick a classic Mustang with their next clue, which instructed them to use the road signs on the museum's exhibit that listed distances to other Swiss cities and a formula included in their clue to calculate the model year of the Mustang they had chosen. Once teams had the correct answer, they received their next clue, which directed them to drive to Oberrickenbach.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who's ready to be milked to oblivion?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to pick a [Bernese Mountain Dog](/wiki/Bernese_Mountain_Dog \"Bernese Mountain Dog\") with a cart containing two empty milk jugs and guide their dog to one of two [gondola](/wiki/Aerial_tramway \"Aerial tramway\") stations. After unloading the milk jugs and riding the gondola to the top station, they had to carry the jugs to a dairy farm and trade them for full ones. They then had to carry the full jugs back to the gondola and down to their dog, before bringing the dog and full milk jugs to the milk truck, where they received their next clue.\n* After the Roadblock, teams had to travel by gondola to the top of [Mount Titlis](/wiki/Mount_Titlis \"Mount Titlis\") and check in at the Pit Stop.",
"Additional note\n* This was a non\\-elimination leg.",
"### Leg 10 (Switzerland → Spain)",
"[thumb\\|In [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\"), teams visited the Patio de las Doncellas inside [Real Alcázar](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville \"Alcázar of Seville\") in the [Muslim section](/wiki/History_of_Seville%23Muslim_al-Andalus \"History of Seville#Muslim al-Andalus\") of the old city.](/wiki/File:PANO_20140718_130005.jpg \"PANO 20140718 130005.jpg\")\n* Episode 10: \"Bull Down\" (May 4, 2014\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [Saint Croix](/wiki/Saint_Croix \"Saint Croix\") (awarded to Dave \\& Connor)\n* Eliminated: Jet \\& Cord",
"Locations\n* [Engelberg](/wiki/Engelberg \"Engelberg\") (Engelberg Cable Car Station) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|flight}} [Zürich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich \"Zürich\") → [Seville, Spain](/wiki/Seville%2C_Spain \"Seville, Spain\")\n* Seville ([La Alameda](/wiki/Alameda_de_H%C3%A9rcules \"Alameda de Hércules\") – Statues of [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules \"Hercules\") \\& [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar \"Julius Caesar\"))\n* Seville (Melado Peluqueros) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to be the Barber of Seville?}}\n* Seville ([Real Alcázar](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville \"Alcázar of Seville\") – [Patio de las Doncellas](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville%23Patio_de_las_Doncellas \"Alcázar of Seville#Patio de las Doncellas\"))\n* Seville (Las Teresas Café Bar) {{TAR clue\\|Speed Bump\\|Ham It Up}}\n* Seville (Museo del Baile Flamenco {{small\\|'''or'''}} [Calle Lope de Rueda](/wiki/Santa_Cruz%2C_Seville \"Santa Cruz, Seville\")) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Spanish Steps\\|Running with the Ballz}}\n* Seville ([General Archive of the Indies](/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies \"General Archive of the Indies\")) {{TAR clue\\|U\\-Turn\\|double\\=yes\\|Leo \\& Jamal\\|Jet \\& Cord\\|Caroline \\& Jennifer\\|Brendon \\& Rachel\\|failed2\\=yes}}\n* Seville ([Plaza de América](/wiki/Plaza_de_Am%C3%A9rica \"Plaza de América\")) (Unaired)\n* Seville ([Plaza de España](/wiki/Plaza_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_Seville \"Plaza de España, Seville\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|10}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Seville, Spain](/wiki/Seville%2C_Spain \"Seville, Spain\"). Once there, teams had to find a [bugler](/wiki/Bugle \"Bugle\") playing \"[Reveille](/wiki/Reveille \"Reveille\")\" beneath the statues of [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules \"Hercules\") and [Julius Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar \"Julius Caesar\") at [La Alameda](/wiki/Alameda_de_H%C3%A9rcules \"Alameda de Hércules\"), where they received their next clue directing them to Melado Peluqueros.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to be the Barber of Seville?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to apply shaving cream to a balloon and then use a [straight razor](/wiki/Straight_razor \"Straight razor\") to remove all of the shaving cream within 60 seconds in order to receive their next clue. If they popped the balloon or ran out of time, they had to start over.\n* After the Roadblock, teams had to travel to the [Patio de las Doncellas](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville%23Patio_de_las_Doncellas \"Alcázar of Seville#Patio de las Doncellas\") in [Real Alcázar](/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville \"Alcázar of Seville\"), where they found their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Speed Bump\\|Ham It Up}} For their Speed Bump, Caroline \\& Jennifer had to deliver six *[jamónes ibéricos](/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico \"Jamón ibérico\")* through the streets and alleys of Seville to Las Teresas Café Bar before they could continue racing.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Spanish Steps\\|Running with the Ballz}} This leg's Detour was a choice between Spanish Steps or Running with the Ballz. In Spanish Steps, teams had to learn a traditional [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco \"Flamenco\") routine and correctly perform it on stage in order to receive their next clue. In Running with the Ballz, teams wore [Bumperz](/wiki/Zorbing \"Zorbing\") designed to look like bulls and ran through the streets of Seville, trying to avoid other \"bulls\" while looking for fragments of a motto printed on several posters along the route. Once teams reached the end of the course and could recite the full motto – *\"A [matador](/wiki/Matador \"Matador\") never thinks about his own death\"* – they could receive their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams had to travel to the [General Archive of the Indies](/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies \"General Archive of the Indies\") in order to find their next clue, which directed them to check in at the Pit Stop: the [Plaza de España](/wiki/Plaza_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_Seville \"Plaza de España, Seville\").",
"Additional notes\n* {{TAR clue\\|U\\-Turn\\|double\\=yes\\|Leo \\& Jamal\\|Jet \\& Cord\\|Caroline \\& Jennifer\\|Brendon \\& Rachel\\|failed2\\=yes}} This leg featured a Double U\\-Turn. Leo \\& Jamal chose to use the U\\-Turn on Jet \\& Cord, while Caroline \\& Jennifer chose to use the U\\-Turn on Brendon \\& Rachel. However, Brendon \\& Rachel had already passed the U\\-Turn point and were therefore unaffected.\n* In an unaired segment, teams had to travel by horse\\-drawn carriage from the [Plaza de América](/wiki/Plaza_de_Am%C3%A9rica \"Plaza de América\") to the Pit Stop at the Plaza de España.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cbs.com/shows/amazing\\_race/photos/1001474/season\\-24\\-episode\\-10/52235/\\|title\\=Season 24 Episode 10\\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2022}}",
"### Leg 11 (Spain → England \\& Wales)",
"[thumb\\|In [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\"), racers performed the Welsh poem Roadblock high above the countryside on a 15\\-minute boat ride across the [Pontcysyllte Aqueduct](/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct \"Pontcysyllte Aqueduct\").](/wiki/File:Pontcysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg \"Pontcysyllte aqueduct arp.jpg\")\n* Episode 11: \"Hei Ho Heidi Ho\" (May 11, 2014\\)\n* Prize: A trip for two to [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji \"Fiji\") (awarded to Dave \\& Connor)\n* Eliminated: Leo \\& Jamal",
"Locations\n* [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\") ([Plaza de España](/wiki/Plaza_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_Seville \"Plaza de España, Seville\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|train}} Seville → [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\")\n* {{TAR travel\\|flight}} Madrid → [London, England](/wiki/London%2C_England \"London, England\")\n* [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\") ([Anfield Stadium](/wiki/Anfield_Stadium \"Anfield Stadium\"))\n* [Froncysyllte, Wales](/wiki/Froncysyllte%2C_Wales \"Froncysyllte, Wales\") ([Pontcysyllte Aqueduct](/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct \"Pontcysyllte Aqueduct\")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who gets a high water mark?}}\n* [Tattenhall, England](/wiki/Tattenhall%2C_England \"Tattenhall, England\") ([Bolesworth Estate](/wiki/Bolesworth_Castle \"Bolesworth Castle\")) {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Shoot It\\|Boot It}}\n* [Peckforton](/wiki/Peckforton \"Peckforton\") ([Peckforton Castle](/wiki/Peckforton_Castle \"Peckforton Castle\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|11}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel by train to [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") and then fly to [London, England](/wiki/London%2C_England \"London, England\"). Once there, teams had to drive themselves to the [Anfield Stadium](/wiki/Anfield_Stadium \"Anfield Stadium\") in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"). There, each team member had to score two [penalty kicks](/wiki/Penalty_kick_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty kick (association football)\") against a professional [goalkeeper](/wiki/Goalkeeper_%28association_football%29 \"Goalkeeper (association football)\") in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the [Pontcysyllte Aqueduct](/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct \"Pontcysyllte Aqueduct\").\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who gets a high water mark?}} In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to ride on one of the aqueduct's canal boats and work with a [Welsh language](/wiki/Welsh_language \"Welsh language\") instructor to learn one verse of the Welsh poem \"Y Sipsi!\". After the 15\\-minute boat ride to the other side of the aqueduct, they had to recite the poem from memory in order to receive their next clue.\n* After the Roadblock, teams had to drive to [Bolesworth Estate](/wiki/Bolesworth_Castle \"Bolesworth Castle\") in order to find their next clue.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Detour\\|Shoot It\\|Boot It}} This season's final Detour was a choice between Shoot It or Boot It. In Shoot It, teams participated in [clay pigeon shooting](/wiki/Clay_pigeon_shooting \"Clay pigeon shooting\") and had to hit a total of 16 clay pigeons in order to receive their next clue. In Boot It, teams participated in [boot throwing](/wiki/Wellie_wanging \"Wellie wanging\"). After searching through a pile of [Wellington boots](/wiki/Wellington_boot \"Wellington boot\") to find a pair of either size 9s or size 11s, teams had to fill them with water and throw them along a course until they reached the finish line. At the end of the course, they received their next clue.\n* After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: [Peckforton Castle](/wiki/Peckforton_Castle \"Peckforton Castle\").",
"### Leg 12 (England → United States)",
"[thumb\\|After arriving in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\"), teams performed a stunt with illusionist [David Copperfield](/wiki/David_Copperfield_%28illusionist%29 \"David Copperfield (illusionist)\") at the [MGM Grand](/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas \"MGM Grand Las Vegas\") in this last leg of the race.](/wiki/File:LasVegas-MGMgrand.jpg \"LasVegas-MGMgrand.jpg\")\n* Episode 12: \"Do You Believe in Magic?\" (May 18, 2014\\)\n* Prize: US$1,000,000\n* Winners: Dave \\& Connor\n* Second Place: Caroline \\& Jennifer\n* Third Place: Brendon \\& Rachel",
"Locations\n* [Carden](/wiki/Carden%2C_Cheshire \"Carden, Cheshire\") (Carden Park Luxury Hotel) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop\\|start\\=yes}}\n* {{TAR travel\\|flight}} [London](/wiki/London \"London\") → [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada \"Las Vegas, Nevada\")\n* [North Las Vegas](/wiki/North_Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada \"North Las Vegas, Nevada\") ([Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert \"Mojave Desert\"))\n* Las Vegas ([MGM Grand](/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas \"MGM Grand Las Vegas\")) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Do you believe in magic?}}\n* Las Vegas ([Neon Boneyard](/wiki/Neon_Boneyard \"Neon Boneyard\"))\n* Las Vegas ([The Mirage](/wiki/The_Mirage \"The Mirage\"))\n* [Henderson](/wiki/Henderson%2C_Nevada \"Henderson, Nevada\") (Maverick Helicopters) {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to be a UFO?}}\n* Las Vegas ([Las Vegas Motor Speedway](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway \"Las Vegas Motor Speedway\")) {{TAR clue\\|Pit Stop}}",
"Episode summary\n* At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada \"Las Vegas, Nevada\"). Once there, teams had to search outside of the [airport](/wiki/McCarran_International_Airport \"McCarran International Airport\") for a marked car and were driven to an isolated location in the [desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert \"Mojave Desert\"), where their driver simply told them to dig. Teams eventually unearthed a box containing keys that directed them to find [David Copperfield](/wiki/David_Copperfield_%28illusionist%29 \"David Copperfield (illusionist)\") at the [MGM Grand](/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas \"MGM Grand Las Vegas\").\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Do you believe in magic?}} In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member was shackled to the inside of a crate and handed keys after the crate was closed. After unlocking the shackles, racer had to retrieve [lock picks](/wiki/Lock_pick \"Lock pick\") while the crate was lifted off of the ground and lit on fire. Once the racer said that they were done, their partner set off a series of switches that dropped the box into a burning pile of wood and set off a fiery explosion. Copperfield then informed the partner that they had to get the fire department's assistance, and the racer in the crate appeared unharmed wearing a firefighter uniform. Copperfield then gave them their next clue.\n* After the Roadblock, teams were directed to the [Neon Boneyard](/wiki/Neon_Boneyard \"Neon Boneyard\"). Their next clue instructed teams to remove a light bulb from a sign and take it with them to [The Mirage](/wiki/The_Mirage \"The Mirage\"), where they were hoisted on a window\\-washing scaffold to one of the hotel's signs atop the tower. They had to replace all of the light bulbs in the sign's letter **I**. Once finished, they had to tell the employees how many bulbs they used in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to Maverick Helicopters.\n* {{TAR clue\\|Roadblock\\|Who wants to be a UFO?}} In this season's final Roadblock, the team member who did not perform the previous Roadblock had to board a helicopter and search the [Las Vegas Strip](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip \"Las Vegas Strip\") for a sign at the [Aria Resort and Casino](/wiki/Aria_Resort_and_Casino \"Aria Resort and Casino\") that told them the name of their drop zone and location of the finish line: the [Las Vegas Motor Speedway](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway \"Las Vegas Motor Speedway\"). After informing their pilot, they performed a tandem skydive {{convert\\|10000\\|ft\\|m}} onto the racetrack's infield, where they joined their partner and crossed the finish line.",
""
] |
Design
------
Gensler worked closely with the Buro Happold engineering team to implement innovative design features in The Tower. Digital design, modeling tools, and full\-scale mockups led to building performance successes.{{Cite web \|title\=A Leed Platinum Tower That's the Greenest in the World \|url\=https://docslib.org/doc/350343/a\-leed\-platinum\-tower\-thats\-the\-greenest\-in\-the\-world \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|website\=Docslib}}
### Double\-skin façade
Heintges provided curtain wall and building envelope consulting services for the project.{{Cite web \|title\=The Tower at PNC Plaza {{!}} \|url\=https://heintges.com/pnc\-tower/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|language\=en\-US}} The Tower features the country's only fully automated double\-skin façade that is a part of a solar assisted natural ventilation system. Nearly 250,000 ft2 of façade encloses more than 90% of the building. The façade is a window system with laminated glass on the exterior and an insulated glazing unit on the interior with a 30" gap in between them, the cavity provides insulation and helps regulate interior building temperature.{{Cite web \|date\=August 2019 \|title\=The Building That Breathes \|url\=https://www.vitroglazings.com/media/11ibx3j0/vitro\-the\-tower\-at\-pnc\-plaza\-case\-study.pdf \|website\=Vitro Architectural Glass}}
Fresh air enters the cavity through small, automatically programmed, vertical windows called "poppers" on the exterior façade. The interior façade features automated louvers called "floppers" for natural ventilation, there is added individual control features to enhance employee comfort. Employees can open wood\-framed sliding glass doors that are part of the interior skin and step out onto the "porch" for fresh air.{{Cite web \|title\=Continuing Education: Natural Ventilation and Office Towers {{!}} 2015\-12\-01 {{!}} Architectural Record \|url\=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11371\-continuing\-education\-natural\-ventilation\-and\-office\-towers \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|website\=www.architecturalrecord.com \|language\=en}}
The double\-skin façade reduces heating and cooling as well as humidifying and de\-humidifying energy loads with great reductions in the spring and fall months when the building achieves close to net\-zero performance. However, The Tower does have built in temperature and humidity controls to enhance and maintain human comfort year round. Buro Happold analysis shows that these controls still allow for natural ventilation for approximately 42% of working hours.
### Solar Chimney
The Tower features the largest solar chimney in a modern US building office, it is a 5,000 ft2 glass box angled southwards toward the sun with two vertical shafts within the building.{{Cite web \|title\=The Tower at PNC Plaza \|url\=https://www.burohappold.com/projects/the\-tower\-at\-pnc\-plaza/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|website\=Buro Happold \|language\=en\-US}}
Prior to constructing the solar chimney, Buro Happold design engineers erected a mockup solar chimney cap on a nearby PNC building rooftop to estimate how much thermal energy the chimney could store. Then, a larger mockup was built to test how the solar chimney would work with a double\-skin façade and natural ventilation system.
The chimney works in tandem with the double\-skin façade where fresh air is drawn in through the exterior façade into the void space, naturally warms, rises, and exits at the roof skylight without using fan energy. On colder days, the skylight box preheats air before drawing it into the building.
### Other Features
#### Workplace Amenities
The Tower features several different collaborative environments such as neighborhoods, "living rooms," outdoor terraces, observation decks, a cafeteria with seating for 250\+ employees, and an indoor park on the 28th floor of the building.
The indoor park is a five\-story\-tall sky garden featuring native, seasonal plantings. The temperature is allowed to fluctuate and mirror the outdoor temperatures though there are temperature control features which may be used for special events.
#### Active Systems
A dual\-wheel energy recovery system provides humidification or dehumidification and heating or cooling for air before it enters the building, it works in tandem with the double\-skin façade. The system was designed to be more efficient by using exhaust air for heating or cooling and humidifying and dehumidifying the air entering the building.
The building features high efficiency condensing boilers and chillers as well as an efficient dual\-temperature chilled\-water system.
#### Lighting
The building tower is shifted from the podium and the street grid for maximum solar exposure this orientation allows for natural light to reach more than 90% of work areas. Automated controls for blinds activate based on the amount of light entering the building and the amount of glare present. Artificial lighting systems automatically adjust based on natural lighting conditions at employee workstations.{{Cite web \|last\=content\_admin \|date\=2016\-04\-04 \|title\=PNC: Building the Greenest Office Tower in the World \|url\=https://pittsburghearthday.org/pnc/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|website\=Pittsburgh Earth Day \|language\=en\-US}}
#### Water Recycling
The building will reclaim and treat stormwater in addition to gray and black\-water for irrigation, toilet flushing, and cooling tower use producing an estimated 77% reduction in potable water use.
Black\-water sewage treatment and a building\-wide recycling program reduce the consumption burden effluent loads on the municipal water systems.{{Cite web \|last\=Rosenblum \|first\=Charles \|title\=PNC's new office tower is green — but just how green? \|url\=https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/pncs\-new\-office\-tower\-is\-green\-but\-just\-how\-green/Content?oid\=1858689 \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|website\=Pittsburgh City Paper \|language\=en}}
#### The Beacon
The tower features a 30' sculptural installation designed by ESI Design in the lobby. The Beacon visualizes the building's performance using real\-time data such as energy use, water consumption, recycling, composting, natural ventilation, and daylighting.{{Cite web \|title\=The Beacon at The Tower at PNC Plaza {{!}} NBBJ \|url\=https://www.nbbj.com/work/the\-beacon\-at\-the\-tower\-at\-pnc\-plaza \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|website\=www.nbbj.com \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Design\n------",
"Gensler worked closely with the Buro Happold engineering team to implement innovative design features in The Tower. Digital design, modeling tools, and full\\-scale mockups led to building performance successes.{{Cite web \\|title\\=A Leed Platinum Tower That's the Greenest in the World \\|url\\=https://docslib.org/doc/350343/a\\-leed\\-platinum\\-tower\\-thats\\-the\\-greenest\\-in\\-the\\-world \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|website\\=Docslib}}",
"### Double\\-skin façade",
"Heintges provided curtain wall and building envelope consulting services for the project.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Tower at PNC Plaza {{!}} \\|url\\=https://heintges.com/pnc\\-tower/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The Tower features the country's only fully automated double\\-skin façade that is a part of a solar assisted natural ventilation system. Nearly 250,000 ft2 of façade encloses more than 90% of the building. The façade is a window system with laminated glass on the exterior and an insulated glazing unit on the interior with a 30\" gap in between them, the cavity provides insulation and helps regulate interior building temperature.{{Cite web \\|date\\=August 2019 \\|title\\=The Building That Breathes \\|url\\=https://www.vitroglazings.com/media/11ibx3j0/vitro\\-the\\-tower\\-at\\-pnc\\-plaza\\-case\\-study.pdf \\|website\\=Vitro Architectural Glass}}",
"Fresh air enters the cavity through small, automatically programmed, vertical windows called \"poppers\" on the exterior façade. The interior façade features automated louvers called \"floppers\" for natural ventilation, there is added individual control features to enhance employee comfort. Employees can open wood\\-framed sliding glass doors that are part of the interior skin and step out onto the \"porch\" for fresh air.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Continuing Education: Natural Ventilation and Office Towers {{!}} 2015\\-12\\-01 {{!}} Architectural Record \\|url\\=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11371\\-continuing\\-education\\-natural\\-ventilation\\-and\\-office\\-towers \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|website\\=www.architecturalrecord.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"The double\\-skin façade reduces heating and cooling as well as humidifying and de\\-humidifying energy loads with great reductions in the spring and fall months when the building achieves close to net\\-zero performance. However, The Tower does have built in temperature and humidity controls to enhance and maintain human comfort year round. Buro Happold analysis shows that these controls still allow for natural ventilation for approximately 42% of working hours.",
"### Solar Chimney",
"The Tower features the largest solar chimney in a modern US building office, it is a 5,000 ft2 glass box angled southwards toward the sun with two vertical shafts within the building.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Tower at PNC Plaza \\|url\\=https://www.burohappold.com/projects/the\\-tower\\-at\\-pnc\\-plaza/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|website\\=Buro Happold \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Prior to constructing the solar chimney, Buro Happold design engineers erected a mockup solar chimney cap on a nearby PNC building rooftop to estimate how much thermal energy the chimney could store. Then, a larger mockup was built to test how the solar chimney would work with a double\\-skin façade and natural ventilation system.",
"The chimney works in tandem with the double\\-skin façade where fresh air is drawn in through the exterior façade into the void space, naturally warms, rises, and exits at the roof skylight without using fan energy. On colder days, the skylight box preheats air before drawing it into the building.",
"### Other Features",
"#### Workplace Amenities",
"The Tower features several different collaborative environments such as neighborhoods, \"living rooms,\" outdoor terraces, observation decks, a cafeteria with seating for 250\\+ employees, and an indoor park on the 28th floor of the building.",
"The indoor park is a five\\-story\\-tall sky garden featuring native, seasonal plantings. The temperature is allowed to fluctuate and mirror the outdoor temperatures though there are temperature control features which may be used for special events.",
"#### Active Systems",
"A dual\\-wheel energy recovery system provides humidification or dehumidification and heating or cooling for air before it enters the building, it works in tandem with the double\\-skin façade. The system was designed to be more efficient by using exhaust air for heating or cooling and humidifying and dehumidifying the air entering the building.",
"The building features high efficiency condensing boilers and chillers as well as an efficient dual\\-temperature chilled\\-water system.",
"#### Lighting",
"The building tower is shifted from the podium and the street grid for maximum solar exposure this orientation allows for natural light to reach more than 90% of work areas. Automated controls for blinds activate based on the amount of light entering the building and the amount of glare present. Artificial lighting systems automatically adjust based on natural lighting conditions at employee workstations.{{Cite web \\|last\\=content\\_admin \\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-04 \\|title\\=PNC: Building the Greenest Office Tower in the World \\|url\\=https://pittsburghearthday.org/pnc/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|website\\=Pittsburgh Earth Day \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"#### Water Recycling",
"The building will reclaim and treat stormwater in addition to gray and black\\-water for irrigation, toilet flushing, and cooling tower use producing an estimated 77% reduction in potable water use.",
"Black\\-water sewage treatment and a building\\-wide recycling program reduce the consumption burden effluent loads on the municipal water systems.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rosenblum \\|first\\=Charles \\|title\\=PNC's new office tower is green — but just how green? \\|url\\=https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/pncs\\-new\\-office\\-tower\\-is\\-green\\-but\\-just\\-how\\-green/Content?oid\\=1858689 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|website\\=Pittsburgh City Paper \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### The Beacon",
"The tower features a 30' sculptural installation designed by ESI Design in the lobby. The Beacon visualizes the building's performance using real\\-time data such as energy use, water consumption, recycling, composting, natural ventilation, and daylighting.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Beacon at The Tower at PNC Plaza {{!}} NBBJ \\|url\\=https://www.nbbj.com/work/the\\-beacon\\-at\\-the\\-tower\\-at\\-pnc\\-plaza \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|website\\=www.nbbj.com \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### Other Features
#### Workplace Amenities
The Tower features several different collaborative environments such as neighborhoods, "living rooms," outdoor terraces, observation decks, a cafeteria with seating for 250\+ employees, and an indoor park on the 28th floor of the building.
The indoor park is a five\-story\-tall sky garden featuring native, seasonal plantings. The temperature is allowed to fluctuate and mirror the outdoor temperatures though there are temperature control features which may be used for special events.
#### Active Systems
A dual\-wheel energy recovery system provides humidification or dehumidification and heating or cooling for air before it enters the building, it works in tandem with the double\-skin façade. The system was designed to be more efficient by using exhaust air for heating or cooling and humidifying and dehumidifying the air entering the building.
The building features high efficiency condensing boilers and chillers as well as an efficient dual\-temperature chilled\-water system.
#### Lighting
The building tower is shifted from the podium and the street grid for maximum solar exposure this orientation allows for natural light to reach more than 90% of work areas. Automated controls for blinds activate based on the amount of light entering the building and the amount of glare present. Artificial lighting systems automatically adjust based on natural lighting conditions at employee workstations.{{Cite web \|last\=content\_admin \|date\=2016\-04\-04 \|title\=PNC: Building the Greenest Office Tower in the World \|url\=https://pittsburghearthday.org/pnc/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|website\=Pittsburgh Earth Day \|language\=en\-US}}
#### Water Recycling
The building will reclaim and treat stormwater in addition to gray and black\-water for irrigation, toilet flushing, and cooling tower use producing an estimated 77% reduction in potable water use.
Black\-water sewage treatment and a building\-wide recycling program reduce the consumption burden effluent loads on the municipal water systems.{{Cite web \|last\=Rosenblum \|first\=Charles \|title\=PNC's new office tower is green — but just how green? \|url\=https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/pncs\-new\-office\-tower\-is\-green\-but\-just\-how\-green/Content?oid\=1858689 \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|website\=Pittsburgh City Paper \|language\=en}}
#### The Beacon
The tower features a 30' sculptural installation designed by ESI Design in the lobby. The Beacon visualizes the building's performance using real\-time data such as energy use, water consumption, recycling, composting, natural ventilation, and daylighting.{{Cite web \|title\=The Beacon at The Tower at PNC Plaza {{!}} NBBJ \|url\=https://www.nbbj.com/work/the\-beacon\-at\-the\-tower\-at\-pnc\-plaza \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-15 \|website\=www.nbbj.com \|language\=en}}
|
[
"### Other Features",
"#### Workplace Amenities",
"The Tower features several different collaborative environments such as neighborhoods, \"living rooms,\" outdoor terraces, observation decks, a cafeteria with seating for 250\\+ employees, and an indoor park on the 28th floor of the building.",
"The indoor park is a five\\-story\\-tall sky garden featuring native, seasonal plantings. The temperature is allowed to fluctuate and mirror the outdoor temperatures though there are temperature control features which may be used for special events.",
"#### Active Systems",
"A dual\\-wheel energy recovery system provides humidification or dehumidification and heating or cooling for air before it enters the building, it works in tandem with the double\\-skin façade. The system was designed to be more efficient by using exhaust air for heating or cooling and humidifying and dehumidifying the air entering the building.",
"The building features high efficiency condensing boilers and chillers as well as an efficient dual\\-temperature chilled\\-water system.",
"#### Lighting",
"The building tower is shifted from the podium and the street grid for maximum solar exposure this orientation allows for natural light to reach more than 90% of work areas. Automated controls for blinds activate based on the amount of light entering the building and the amount of glare present. Artificial lighting systems automatically adjust based on natural lighting conditions at employee workstations.{{Cite web \\|last\\=content\\_admin \\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-04 \\|title\\=PNC: Building the Greenest Office Tower in the World \\|url\\=https://pittsburghearthday.org/pnc/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|website\\=Pittsburgh Earth Day \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"#### Water Recycling",
"The building will reclaim and treat stormwater in addition to gray and black\\-water for irrigation, toilet flushing, and cooling tower use producing an estimated 77% reduction in potable water use.",
"Black\\-water sewage treatment and a building\\-wide recycling program reduce the consumption burden effluent loads on the municipal water systems.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rosenblum \\|first\\=Charles \\|title\\=PNC's new office tower is green — but just how green? \\|url\\=https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/pncs\\-new\\-office\\-tower\\-is\\-green\\-but\\-just\\-how\\-green/Content?oid\\=1858689 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|website\\=Pittsburgh City Paper \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### The Beacon",
"The tower features a 30' sculptural installation designed by ESI Design in the lobby. The Beacon visualizes the building's performance using real\\-time data such as energy use, water consumption, recycling, composting, natural ventilation, and daylighting.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Beacon at The Tower at PNC Plaza {{!}} NBBJ \\|url\\=https://www.nbbj.com/work/the\\-beacon\\-at\\-the\\-tower\\-at\\-pnc\\-plaza \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-15 \\|website\\=www.nbbj.com \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early years
All four members of the group began their careers together while they were high\-school students in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit"). At the insistence of their friends, Pershing High students [Levi Stubbs](/wiki/Levi_Stubbs "Levi Stubbs") and [Abdul "Duke" Fakir](/wiki/Abdul_%22Duke%22_Fakir "Abdul ") performed with [Renaldo "Obie" Benson](/wiki/Renaldo_%22Obie%22_Benson "Renaldo ") and [Lawrence Payton](/wiki/Lawrence_Payton "Lawrence Payton") from Northern High at a local [birthday party](/wiki/Birthday_party "Birthday party"). The quartet decided to remain together and named the group the **Four Aims**.{{cite book \|title\=\[\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\|The Guinness Who's Who of Soul Music]] \|date\=1993 \|publisher\=\[\[Guinness Publishing]] \|isbn\=0\-85112\-733\-9 \|editor\-last\=Larkin \|editor\-first\=Colin \|editor\-link\=Colin Larkin \|edition\=First \|page\=91/3}} With the help of Payton's songwriter cousin [Roquel Davis](/wiki/Roquel_Billy_Davis "Roquel Billy Davis"), the Aims signed to [Chess Records](/wiki/Chess_Records "Chess Records") in 1956, changing their name to the **Four Tops** to avoid confusion with the [Ames Brothers](/wiki/The_Ames_Brothers "The Ames Brothers").
Over the next seven years, the Tops had unsuccessful tenures at Chess, Red Top, [Riverside Records](/wiki/Riverside_Records "Riverside Records") and [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records"). Without any hit records to their name, they toured frequently, developing a polished stage presence and an experienced [supper club](/wiki/Supper_club "Supper club") act, as well as supporting [Billy Eckstine](/wiki/Billy_Eckstine "Billy Eckstine"). In 1963, [Berry Gordy Jr.](/wiki/Berry_Gordy "Berry Gordy"), who had worked with [Roquel "Billy" Davis](/wiki/Billy_Davis_%28songwriter%29 "Billy Davis (songwriter)") as a songwriter in the late 1950s, convinced the Tops to join the roster of his growing [Motown](/wiki/Motown "Motown") record company.
### Joining Motown
During their early Motown years, the Four Tops recorded [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") standards for the company's [Workshop Jazz Records](/wiki/Workshop_Jazz_Records "Workshop Jazz Records") label. In addition, they sang backup on Motown singles{{cite episode \|title\=Show 50 – The Soul Reformation: Phase three, soul music at the summit. \[Part 6] \|url\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19831/m1/ \|access\-date\=8 May 2018 \|series\=\[\[Pop Chronicles]] \|last\=Gilliland \|first\=John \|author\-link\=John Gilliland \|station\=\[\[KWVE (AM)\#KRLA (1959–2000\)\|KRLA]], Pasadena, California \|via\=University of North Texas Libraries, Digital Library \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110701191658/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19831/m1/ \|archive\-date\=1 July 2011}} by the [Supremes](/wiki/The_Supremes "The Supremes") ("[Run, Run, Run](/wiki/Run%2C_Run%2C_Run_%28The_Supremes_song%29 "Run, Run, Run (The Supremes song)")", 1964\), [Martha and the Vandellas](/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas "Martha and the Vandellas") (on the 1966 hit "[My Baby Loves Me](/wiki/My_Baby_Loves_Me_%28Martha_and_the_Vandellas_song%29 "My Baby Loves Me (Martha and the Vandellas song)")") and others.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
In 1964, Motown's main songwriting and production team, [Holland–Dozier–Holland](/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland "Holland–Dozier–Holland"), created a complete instrumental track without any idea of what to do with it. They decided to craft the song as a more mainstream pop song for the Four Tops and proceeded to create "[Baby I Need Your Loving](/wiki/Baby_I_Need_Your_Loving "Baby I Need Your Loving")" from the instrumental track. On its release in mid\-1964, "Baby I Need Your Loving" made it to number 11 on the [Billboard Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100").
The first follow\-up single, "[Without the One You Love (Life's Not Worth While)](/wiki/Without_the_One_You_Love_%28Life%27s_Not_Worth_While%29 "Without the One You Love (Life's Not Worth While)")" (1964\), just missed both the pop and R\&B Top 40 charts, but "[Ask the Lonely](/wiki/Ask_the_Lonely_%28Four_Tops_song%29 "Ask the Lonely (Four Tops song)")" (1965\), written and produced by Motown A\&R head [William "Mickey" Stevenson](/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson "William ") with [Ivy Jo Hunter](/wiki/Ivy_Jo_Hunter "Ivy Jo Hunter"), was a Top 30 pop hit and a Top 10 R\&B hit in early 1965\.
### Success
After their first number 1 hit, "[I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Help_Myself_%28Sugar_Pie%2C_Honey_Bunch%29 "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)")" in June 1965, the Four Tops released a long series of successful hit singles. Among the first wave of these hits were the Top 10 "[It's the Same Old Song](/wiki/It%27s_the_Same_Old_Song "It's the Same Old Song")" (1965\), "[Something About You](/wiki/Something_About_You_%28Four_Tops_song%29 "Something About You (Four Tops song)")" (1965\), "[Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)](/wiki/Shake_Me%2C_Wake_Me_%28When_It%27s_Over%29 "Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)")" (1966\), and "[Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever](/wiki/Loving_You_Is_Sweeter_Than_Ever "Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever")" (1966\).
Holland–Dozier–Holland wrote most of [Levi Stubbs](/wiki/Levi_Stubbs "Levi Stubbs")'s vocals in a tenor range, near the top of his range, in order to get a sense of strained urgency in his [gospel](/wiki/Gospel_music "Gospel music") [preacher](/wiki/Preacher "Preacher")\-inspired leads. They also wrote additional background vocals for a female group, the [Andantes](/wiki/The_Andantes "The Andantes"), on many of the songs, to add a high end to the low\-voiced harmony of the Tops. [Ivy Jo Hunter](/wiki/Ivy_Jo_Hunter "Ivy Jo Hunter")'s "[Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever](/wiki/Loving_You_Is_Sweeter_Than_Ever "Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever")" (1966\) was one of a few exceptions.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
August 1966 brought the release of the Four Tops' all\-time biggest hit and one of the most popular Motown songs ever. "[Reach Out I'll Be There](/wiki/Reach_Out_I%27ll_Be_There "Reach Out I'll Be There")" reached number 1 on the U.S. pop and R\&B charts and the UK chart and soon became the Tops' signature song. It was almost immediately followed by the similar\-sounding "[Standing in the Shadows of Love](/wiki/Standing_in_the_Shadows_of_Love "Standing in the Shadows of Love")"; its depiction of heartbreak reflecting the opposite of the optimism in "Reach Out". It was another Top 10 hit for the Tops.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}} The band recorded the first live album, *[Four Tops Live!](/wiki/Four_Tops_Live%21 "Four Tops Live!")* at two dates in mid\-1966 and Motown released the recording in November of that year.{{Cite web \|url\=https://classic.motown.com/story/four\-tops\-live\-the\-four\-tops/ \|title\=''Four Tops Live!'' – The Four Tops – Classic Motown \|language\=en\-US \|accessdate\=2023\-01\-06 \|publisher\=\[\[Motown]]}}
[thumb\|Performing at New Rochelle (New York) High School, c. 1967](/wiki/File:FourTops1967.jpg "FourTops1967.jpg")
The Top 10 U.S. hit "[Bernadette](/wiki/Bernadette_%28Four_Tops_song%29 "Bernadette (Four Tops song)")" centered around a man's all\-consuming obsession with his lover, continued the Four Tops' successful run into April 1967, followed by the Top 20 hits "[7\-Rooms of Gloom](/wiki/7-Rooms_of_Gloom "7-Rooms of Gloom")", and "[You Keep Running Away](/wiki/You_Keep_Running_Away "You Keep Running Away")". By now, the Tops were the most successful male Motown act in the United Kingdom (in the United States, they were second to the [Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations "The Temptations")), and began experimenting with more mainstream pop hits. They scored hits with their versions of [Tim Hardin](/wiki/Tim_Hardin "Tim Hardin")'s "[If I Were a Carpenter](/wiki/If_I_Were_a_Carpenter_%28song%29 "If I Were a Carpenter (song)")" in late 1967 (mid\-1968 in the U.S.) and [the Left Banke](/wiki/The_Left_Banke "The Left Banke")'s "[Walk Away Renée](/wiki/Walk_Away_Ren%C3%A9e "Walk Away Renée")" in early 1968\. These singles and the original "[I'm in a Different World](/wiki/I%27m_in_a_Different_World "I'm in a Different World")" were their last hits produced by Holland–Dozier–Holland, who left Motown in 1967 after disputes with [Berry Gordy Jr.](/wiki/Berry_Gordy "Berry Gordy")
### Late Motown period
Without Holland–Dozier–Holland, the hits became less frequent. The group worked with a wide array of Motown producers during the late 1960s, including [Ivy Jo Hunter](/wiki/Ivy_Jo_Hunter "Ivy Jo Hunter"), [Nickolas Ashford \& Valerie Simpson](/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson "Ashford & Simpson"), [Norman Whitfield](/wiki/Norman_Whitfield "Norman Whitfield") and [Johnny Bristol](/wiki/Johnny_Bristol "Johnny Bristol"), without significant chart success.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
Their first major hit in a long time came in the form of 1970's "[It's All in the Game](/wiki/It%27s_All_in_the_Game_%28song%29 "It's All in the Game (song)")", a pop Top 30/R\&B Top Ten hit produced by [Frank Wilson](/wiki/Frank_Wilson_%28musician%29 "Frank Wilson (musician)"). Wilson and the Tops began working on a number of innovative tracks and albums together, echoing Whitfield's [psychedelic soul](/wiki/Psychedelic_soul "Psychedelic soul") work with the [Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations "The Temptations"). Their 1970 album *[Still Waters Run Deep](/wiki/Still_Waters_Run_Deep_%28Four_Tops_album%29 "Still Waters Run Deep (Four Tops album)")* was a forerunner of the [concept album](/wiki/Concept_album "Concept album"). It also served as an inspiration for [Marvin Gaye](/wiki/Marvin_Gaye "Marvin Gaye")'s 1971 classic album *[What's Going On](/wiki/What%27s_Going_On_%28Marvin_Gaye_album%29 "What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)")*, the [title track of which](/wiki/What%27s_Going_On_%28song%29 "What's Going On (song)") was co\-written by the Tops' [Renaldo "Obie" Benson](/wiki/Renaldo_%22Obie%22_Benson "Renaldo ").
In addition to their own albums, the Tops were paired with [The Supremes](/wiki/The_Supremes "The Supremes"), who had just replaced lead singer [Diana Ross](/wiki/Diana_Ross "Diana Ross") with [Jean Terrell](/wiki/Jean_Terrell "Jean Terrell"), for a series of albums billed under the joint title *[The Magnificent 7](/wiki/The_Magnificent_7_%28album%29 "The Magnificent 7 (album)")* in 1970, and *[The Return of the Magnificent Seven](/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Magnificent_Seven "The Return of the Magnificent Seven")* and *[Dynamite!](/wiki/Dynamite_%28The_Supremes_and_the_Four_Tops_album%29 "Dynamite (The Supremes and the Four Tops album)")* in 1971\. While the albums themselves did not perform really well on the charts, *The Magnificent Seven* featured a Top 20 version of [Ike](/wiki/Ike_Turner "Ike Turner") \& [Tina Turner](/wiki/Tina_Turner "Tina Turner")'s "[River Deep – Mountain High](/wiki/River_Deep_%E2%80%93_Mountain_High "River Deep – Mountain High")", produced by [Ashford \& Simpson](/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson "Ashford & Simpson").{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
The 1971 single "[A Simple Game](/wiki/A_Simple_Game "A Simple Game")" featured backing vocals from members of [The Moody Blues](/wiki/The_Moody_Blues "The Moody Blues"). The song did not fare well on the U.S. charts, but reached number three on the UK chart.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
### ABC/Dunhill Records and Casablanca Records
Motown as a company began to change during the early 1970s. Older acts such as [Martha and the Vandellas](/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas "Martha and the Vandellas") and [The Marvelettes](/wiki/The_Marvelettes "The Marvelettes") were slowly moved aside or dropped to focus on newer acts, such as [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson "Michael Jackson") and [The Jackson 5](/wiki/The_Jackson_5 "The Jackson 5"), [Rare Earth](/wiki/Rare_Earth_%28band%29 "Rare Earth (band)"), and the now\-solo [Diana Ross](/wiki/Diana_Ross "Diana Ross"). In addition, the company moved its operations from Detroit to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), California, where [Berry Gordy Jr.](/wiki/Berry_Gordy "Berry Gordy") planned to break into the [motion picture](/wiki/Motion_picture "Motion picture") and [television](/wiki/Television "Television") industries. In 1972, it was announced that the entire company would move west and that all its artists had to move as well. Many of the older Motown acts, already neglected by the label, opted to stay in Detroit, including [The Funk Brothers](/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers "The Funk Brothers") studio backing band, [Martha Reeves](/wiki/Martha_Reeves "Martha Reeves"), and the Four Tops.
The Tops departed Motown for [ABC\-Dunhill](/wiki/ABC-Dunhill "ABC-Dunhill"), where they were assigned to writer\-producers [Dennis Lambert](/wiki/Dennis_Lambert "Dennis Lambert") and [Brian Potter](/wiki/Brian_Potter_%28musician%29 "Brian Potter (musician)") and the label's head of A\&R, [Steve Barri](/wiki/Steve_Barri "Steve Barri") as producer, with The Tops' own [Lawrence Payton](/wiki/Lawrence_Payton "Lawrence Payton") later also serving as a producer and writer. He also took over lead vocal duties on several tracks.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
The group's first release on the label, "[Keeper of the Castle](/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Castle_%28song%29 "Keeper of the Castle (song)")" (1972\) was their first pop Top 10 hit since "[Bernadette](/wiki/Bernadette_%28Four_Tops_song%29 "Bernadette (Four Tops song)")" in 1967\. Follow\-ups included the 1973 million\-selling "[Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)](/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Woman_%28Like_the_One_I%27ve_Got%29 "Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)")", also a top 10 pop hit and their third R\&B number 1, and the Top 20 hit, "[Are You Man Enough](/wiki/Are_You_Man_Enough_%28The_Four_Tops_song%29 "Are You Man Enough (The Four Tops song)")" (1973\), (from the 1973 movie *[Shaft in Africa](/wiki/Shaft_in_Africa "Shaft in Africa")*). "[Sweet Understanding Love](/wiki/Sweet_Understanding_Love "Sweet Understanding Love")" (1973\); "Midnight Flower (1974\); and "One Chain Don't Make No Prison" (1974\) all reached the R\&B Top 10 between 1972 and 1974\. Two ABC/Dunhill singles, 1974's "I Just Can't Get You Out of My Mind" and 1975's "Seven Lonely Nights" have become popular tunes in the southeast Beach/Shag Club Dance circuit.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
After the release of "[Catfish](/wiki/Catfish "Catfish")" (a top 10 R\&B hit) in 1976, the major hits started to dry up and the Tops left ABC after an album recorded in Philadelphia with the [MFSB](/wiki/MFSB "MFSB") musicians resulted in only minor chart success in 1978\. The group disappeared from the recording scene until the early 1980s. Signing a deal with [Casablanca Records](/wiki/Casablanca_Records "Casablanca Records"), the Tops made a comeback in 1981 with the number 1 R\&B hit "[When She Was My Girl](/wiki/When_She_Was_My_Girl "When She Was My Girl")". Produced by David Wolfert, it just missed the Billboard pop Top 10, peaking at number 11\. The group also scored a UK Top 10 hit with the song and had another hit there with the follow\-up, "Don't Walk Away". In 1982, their song "Back to School Again" appeared in both the movie *[Grease 2](/wiki/Grease_2 "Grease 2")* and its [soundtrack](/wiki/Soundtrack "Soundtrack").{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
### Return to Motown
By 1983, The Tops had rejoined Motown, where their former ABC\-Dunhill producer, Barri was vice\-president of A\&R. They were featured on the company's 1983 [television special](/wiki/Television_special "Television special") *[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever](/wiki/Motown_25:Yesterday%2C_Today%2C_Forever "Yesterday, Today, Forever")*, taking part in one of the highlights of the show—a battle of the bands between The Tops and [The Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations "The Temptations"), patterned after similar competitions [Berry Gordy Jr.](/wiki/Berry_Gordy "Berry Gordy") had staged during the 1960s. [Levi Stubbs](/wiki/Levi_Stubbs "Levi Stubbs") and Temptation [Otis Williams](/wiki/Otis_Williams "Otis Williams") decided the Temptations/Tops battle would be a good one to take on the road, and both groups began semi\-regular joint tours.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
The first of The Tops' albums under their new Motown contract was *[Back Where I Belong](/wiki/Back_Where_I_Belong_%28Four_Tops_album%29 "Back Where I Belong (Four Tops album)")* (1983\). A whole side of the album was produced by the [Holland–Dozier–Holland](/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland "Holland–Dozier–Holland") production team, including the R\&B Top 40 single "I Just Can't Walk Away". Only one more Tops album would be released by Motown, *[Magic](/wiki/Magic_%28Four_Tops_album%29 "Magic (Four Tops album)")* in 1985\. The lead single from that album, "Sexy Ways", was almost a Top 20 R\&B hit, peaking at number 21 in mid\-1985\. In July of that year, the group performed at the [Live Aid](/wiki/Live_Aid "Live Aid") concert, singing five of their hit songs.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
The group re\-entered the studio in 1986 with producer [David Wolfert](/wiki/David_Wolfert "David Wolfert"), who had previously produced them in many non\-Motown releases.{{Cite magazine \|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|language\=en\-US \|title\=The Rhythm and the Blues \|last\=George \|first\=Nelson \|authorlink\=Nelson George \|date\=1986\-01\-25 \|page\=41 \|volume\=98 \|issue\=4 \|issn\=0006\-2510}} Despite working on the release for several months{{Cite magazine \|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|language\=en\-US \|title\=The Rhythm and the Blues \|department\=Black \|last\=George \|first\=Nelson \|authorlink\=Nelson George \|date\=1986\-01\-25 \|page\=28 \|volume\=98 \|issue\=24 \|issn\=0006\-2510}} and issuing the single "Hot Nights" in July,{{Cite magazine \|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|language\=en\-US \|title\=July's Releases Bring Fireworks \|last\=Grein \|first\=Paul \|date\=1986\-07\-05 \|page\=4 \|volume\=98 \|issue\=27 \|issn\=0006\-2510}} the sessions did not result in a new album and the group signed to [Arista Records](/wiki/Arista_Records "Arista Records") in 1987\.{{Cite magazine \|magazine\=\[\[Jet (magazine)\|Jet]] \|language\=en\-US \|title\=People Are Talking About... \|date\=1987\-05\-04 \|page\=59 \|volume\=72 \|issue\=6 \|issn\=0021\-5996}} The title track of 1988's *[Indestructible](/wiki/Indestructible_%28Four_Tops_album%29 "Indestructible (Four Tops album)")* was the group's final Top 40 hit, reaching No. 35\. It was also featured in the 1988 [science\-fiction](/wiki/Science-fiction "Science-fiction") cop film *[Alien Nation](/wiki/Alien_Nation_%28film%29 "Alien Nation (film)")*. Another track, "[Loco in Acapulco](/wiki/Loco_in_Acapulco "Loco in Acapulco")", written and produced by British pop musician [Phil Collins](/wiki/Phil_Collins "Phil Collins") and former Motown composer\-producer [Lamont Dozier](/wiki/Lamont_Dozier "Lamont Dozier"), climbed into the UK Top 10 and made number 7 in early 1989\. The Arista contract provided an opportunity to pair [Levi Stubbs](/wiki/Levi_Stubbs "Levi Stubbs") with fellow Arista artist, another R\&B vocalist from Detroit, [Aretha Franklin](/wiki/Aretha_Franklin "Aretha Franklin"), who was at the height of her own 1980s hit streak. This pairing resulted in the 1988 song "[If Ever a Love There Was](/wiki/If_Ever_a_Love_There_Was "If Ever a Love There Was")", which became a popular R\&B and Adult Contemporary hit, as well as being featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 motion picture *[I'm Gonna Git You Sucka](/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Git_You_Sucka "I'm Gonna Git You Sucka")*.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
After completing their European tour in December 1988, the group was scheduled to return to the U.S. for Christmas on the ill\-fated [Pan Am Flight 103](/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103 "Pan Am Flight 103"), which was destroyed over [Lockerbie](/wiki/Lockerbie "Lockerbie"), Scotland, after a terrorist bomb was detonated on board.{{cite web \|title\=Silver State News Service: Lockerbie Anniversary \|url\=http://www.silverstatenews.com/lockerbie.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023437/http://www.silverstatenews.com/lockerbie.htm \|archive\-date\=2014\-11\-29 \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-23 \|publisher\=Silver State News}}{{cite web \|title\='The Frost Blog: Lockerbie Tragedy \|url\=http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/locherbie1\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519235352/http://martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/locherbie1\.html \|archive\-date\=2011\-05\-19 \|publisher\=The Frost Blog}} The group missed the flight due to a last\-minute invite and prolonged filming of their performance at the British television show *[Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops "Top of the Pops")*; they instead took a later [British Airways](/wiki/British_Airways "British Airways") flight.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
### Later years
From the late 1980s, the Four Tops focused on touring and live performances. The group made guest appearances on labelmate [Aretha Franklin](/wiki/Aretha_Franklin "Aretha Franklin")'s 1989 release *[Through the Storm](/wiki/Through_the_Storm_%28Aretha_Franklin_album%29 "Through the Storm (Aretha Franklin album)")* and the 1992 [Grover Washington Jr.](/wiki/Grover_Washington_Jr. "Grover Washington Jr.") album *[Next Exit](/wiki/Next_Exit_%28album%29 "Next Exit (album)")*, but they recorded only one album, returning again to Motown for 1995's *[Christmas Here with You](/wiki/Christmas_Here_with_You "Christmas Here with You")*. On June 20, 1997, 59\-year\-old [Lawrence Payton](/wiki/Lawrence_Payton "Lawrence Payton") died as a result of liver cancer, after singing for 44 years with the Four Tops who, unlike many other Motown groups, never had a single lineup change until then.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1997\-06\-21\-mn\-5588\-story.html\|title\=Lawrence Payton; Member of Four Tops\|newspaper\=LA Times\|date\=June 21, 1997\|accessdate\=April 1, 2021}} At first, [Levi Stubbs](/wiki/Levi_Stubbs "Levi Stubbs"), [Renaldo "Obie" Benson](/wiki/Renaldo_%22Obie%22_Benson "Renaldo "), and [Abdul "Duke" Fakir](/wiki/Abdul_%22Duke%22_Fakir "Abdul ") toured as a [trio](/wiki/Trio_%28music%29 "Trio (music)") called *The Tops*. In 1998, they recruited former member of [the Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations "The Temptations") [Theo Peoples](/wiki/Theo_Peoples "Theo Peoples") to restore the group to a quartet. By the turn of the century, Stubbs had become ill from [cancer](/wiki/Cancer "Cancer"); [Ronnie McNeir](/wiki/Ronnie_McNeir "Ronnie McNeir") was recruited to fill the Lawrence Payton position and Theo Peoples stepped into Stubbs' shoes as lead singer. Stubbs died on October 17, 2008, at his home in Detroit.[Valentine, Penny](/wiki/Penny_Valentine "Penny Valentine") (October 17, 2008\). ["Obituary: Levi Stubbs"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/oct/17/levi-stubbs-singer-motown), *The Guardian*. {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202093343/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/oct/17/levi\-stubbs\-singer\-motown\|date\=2017\-02\-02}}.
The group was featured in several television specials during this time, including *Motown 45*, and several by [PBS](/wiki/PBS "PBS"), including a 50th\-anniversary concert dedicated to the group (available on DVD). The concert turned out to be bittersweet; it featured a brief appearance of Levi Stubbs using a wheelchair, and a memorial to Lawrence Payton, Sr. announced by Renaldo "Obie" Benson. Benson appeared on one more [PBS](/wiki/PBS "PBS") special and died on July 1, 2005, from [lung cancer](/wiki/Lung_cancer "Lung cancer"). He was replaced by Lawrence Payton, Jr. The final PBS special, titled *Motown: The Early Years*, featured a message of Benson's passing following the credits.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
[thumb\|The Four Tops in 2022](/wiki/File:2022_The_Four_Tops_-_by_2eight_-_9SC3324.jpg "2022 The Four Tops - by 2eight - 9SC3324.jpg")
The group was inducted into the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame") in 1990, and into the [Vocal Group Hall of Fame](/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame "Vocal Group Hall of Fame") in 1999\. In 2004, *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")* ranked them \#79 on their list of the [100 Greatest Artists of All Time](https://web.archive.org/web/20060316103016/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty/).{{cite magazine\| title \= The Immortals: The First Fifty\| magazine \= Rolling Stone\| issue\=946\|url \= https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the\_immortals\_the\_first\_fifty\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080625061212/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the\_immortals\_the\_first\_fifty\| archive\-date \= 2008\-06\-25}} The Four Tops were inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2005\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.michiganrockandrolllegends.com/mrrl\-hall\-of\-fame/74\-four\-tops\|title\=Michigan Rock and Roll Legends – FOUR TOPS\|website\=Michiganrockandrolllegends.com}}
The Four Tops sang the National Anthem before the start of game 5 for the 2011 baseball [American League Championship Series](/wiki/American_League_Championship_Series "American League Championship Series") (ALCS) between the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 "Texas Rangers (baseball)") and [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") on October 13, 2011, in Detroit, Michigan. When singing the last line of "[The Star\-Spangled Banner](/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner "The Star-Spangled Banner")", "... and the home of the brave", they quickly sang the words "Ain't No Country Like the One I Got", before singing the last word, "brave". The Four Tops were honored with an induction into the [Rhythm \& Blues Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Music_Hall_of_Fame "Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame") at the Inaugural ceremony held at [Cleveland State University](/wiki/Cleveland_State_University "Cleveland State University")'s Waetejen Auditorium on Saturday August 17, 2013\.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2020}}
### The Four Tops career awards
The Four Tops have won many awards, including the following:
* [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame") (1990\)[The Four Tops Biography \| The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum](http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-four-tops/bio/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713172555/http://rockhall.com/inductees/the\-four\-tops/bio/ \|date\=2012\-07\-13 }}. Rockhall.com. Retrieved on 2012\-11\-10\.
* [Vocal Group Hall of Fame](/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame "Vocal Group Hall of Fame") (1999\)[The Four Tops – Inductees – The Vocal Group Hall of Fame Foundation](http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/the_four_tops.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311014454/http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/the\_four\_tops.html \|date\=2007\-03\-11 }}. Vocalgroup.org. Retrieved on 2012\-11\-10\.
* [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame "Hollywood Walk of Fame") (1997\)[The Four Tops \| Hollywood Walk of Fame](http://www.walkoffame.com/the-four-tops) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103104609/http://www.walkoffame.com/the\-four\-tops \|date\=2013\-11\-03 }}. Walkoffame.com. Retrieved on 2012\-11\-10\.[Gallery \| Hollywood Walk of Fame recipients \| Photo 38 \| accessatlanta.com](http://projects.accessatlanta.com/gallery/view/entertainment/hollywood-walk-fame/38.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125182707/http://projects.accessatlanta.com/gallery/view/entertainment/hollywood\-walk\-fame/38\.html \|date\=2012\-01\-25 }}. Projects.accessatlanta.com. Retrieved on 2012\-11\-10\.
* [Grammy Hall of Fame](/wiki/Grammy_Hall_of_Fame "Grammy Hall of Fame") (Reach Out I'll Be There – 1998\)[List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Q–Z – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia](/wiki/List_of_Grammy_Hall_of_Fame_Award_recipients_Q%E2%80%93Z "List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Q–Z"). En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved on 2012\-11\-10\.("I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch\-2018\){{cite web\|url\=http://www.1077theend.com/blogs/maura\-omalley/grammy\-awards\-here\-are\-2018\-grammy\-hall\-fame\-inductees\|title\=GRAMMY Awards: Here Are the 2018 GRAMMY Hall of Fame Inductees\|date\=16 January 2018\|website\=1077theend.com\|access\-date\=8 May 2018\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214142159/http://www.1077theend.com/blogs/maura\-omalley/grammy\-awards\-here\-are\-2018\-grammy\-hall\-fame\-inductees\|archive\-date\=14 February 2018}}
* [Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award](/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award "Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award") (2009 – *51st Annual Grammy Awards*)[Four Tops to receive a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award \| The Detroit News](http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20081222/ENT04/107060016) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104021135/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20081222/ENT04/107060016 \|date\=2013\-11\-04 }}. detroitnews.com (2008\-12\-22\). Retrieved on 2012\-11\-10\.
* [Rhythm and Blues Foundation](/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Foundation "Rhythm and Blues Foundation") *Pioneer Award* (1997\)[Rhythm \& Blues Foundation – Preserving America’s Soul](http://www.rhythm-n-blues.org/awards.php?year=1997) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510220351/http://www.rhythm\-n\-blues.org/awards.php?year\=1997 \|date\=2012\-05\-10 }}. Rhythm\-n\-blues.org. Retrieved on 2012\-11\-10\.
* [*Billboard*](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)") magazine Top 100 Artists of All Time(\#77\)[Billboard Hot 100 All\-Time Top Artists list](http://www.listal.com/list/billboard-hot-100-alltime-top) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103710/http://www.listal.com/list/billboard\-hot\-100\-alltime\-top \|date\=2015\-12\-08 }}. Listal.com (2008\-09\-12\). Retrieved on 2012\-11\-10\.
* [Rhythm \& Blues Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Music_Hall_of_Fame "Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame") *Induction* (2013\)[R\&B Music Hall of Fame – Inaugural Induction Ceremony at Waetejen Auditorium, Cleveland Ohio](http://www.wksu.org/news/story/36558) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906234913/http://www.wksu.org/news/story/36558\|date\=2013\-09\-06}}. wksu.org. Retrieved on 2013\-03\-09\.
* [100 Greatest Artists of All Time](/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_100_Greatest_Artists_of_All_Time "Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time") (\#79\-*Rolling Stone*)[100 Greatest Artists: The Four Tops](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/the-four-tops-19691231) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819025509/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100\-greatest\-artists\-of\-all\-time\-19691231/the\-four\-tops\-19691231 \|date\=2012\-08\-19 }}. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2012\-12\-28\.
* [Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time](/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time") (2003\){{Cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621075830/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2008\-06\-21\|title\=The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : Rolling Stone\|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \|date\=2008\-06\-21\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-01}}
* Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame
* Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award[Entertainment \| Four Tops to get lifetime Grammy](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7796316.stm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225064815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7796316\.stm \|date\=2008\-12\-25 }}. BBC News (2008\-12\-22\). Retrieved on 2012\-05\-13\.Donahue, Ann. (2008\-12\-22\) [Grammys To Honor Autry, Four Tops, Martin](http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i8a7ba6d185c56a446161930513310294) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203092408/http://billboard.biz/bbbiz/content\_display/industry/e3i8a7ba6d185c56a446161930513310294\|date\=2009\-02\-03}}. Billboard.biz. Retrieved on 2012\-05\-13\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early years",
"All four members of the group began their careers together while they were high\\-school students in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\"). At the insistence of their friends, Pershing High students [Levi Stubbs](/wiki/Levi_Stubbs \"Levi Stubbs\") and [Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir](/wiki/Abdul_%22Duke%22_Fakir \"Abdul \") performed with [Renaldo \"Obie\" Benson](/wiki/Renaldo_%22Obie%22_Benson \"Renaldo \") and [Lawrence Payton](/wiki/Lawrence_Payton \"Lawrence Payton\") from Northern High at a local [birthday party](/wiki/Birthday_party \"Birthday party\"). The quartet decided to remain together and named the group the **Four Aims**.{{cite book \\|title\\=\\[\\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\\|The Guinness Who's Who of Soul Music]] \\|date\\=1993 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guinness Publishing]] \\|isbn\\=0\\-85112\\-733\\-9 \\|editor\\-last\\=Larkin \\|editor\\-first\\=Colin \\|editor\\-link\\=Colin Larkin \\|edition\\=First \\|page\\=91/3}} With the help of Payton's songwriter cousin [Roquel Davis](/wiki/Roquel_Billy_Davis \"Roquel Billy Davis\"), the Aims signed to [Chess Records](/wiki/Chess_Records \"Chess Records\") in 1956, changing their name to the **Four Tops** to avoid confusion with the [Ames Brothers](/wiki/The_Ames_Brothers \"The Ames Brothers\").",
"Over the next seven years, the Tops had unsuccessful tenures at Chess, Red Top, [Riverside Records](/wiki/Riverside_Records \"Riverside Records\") and [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\"). Without any hit records to their name, they toured frequently, developing a polished stage presence and an experienced [supper club](/wiki/Supper_club \"Supper club\") act, as well as supporting [Billy Eckstine](/wiki/Billy_Eckstine \"Billy Eckstine\"). In 1963, [Berry Gordy Jr.](/wiki/Berry_Gordy \"Berry Gordy\"), who had worked with [Roquel \"Billy\" Davis](/wiki/Billy_Davis_%28songwriter%29 \"Billy Davis (songwriter)\") as a songwriter in the late 1950s, convinced the Tops to join the roster of his growing [Motown](/wiki/Motown \"Motown\") record company.",
"### Joining Motown",
"During their early Motown years, the Four Tops recorded [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") standards for the company's [Workshop Jazz Records](/wiki/Workshop_Jazz_Records \"Workshop Jazz Records\") label. In addition, they sang backup on Motown singles{{cite episode \\|title\\=Show 50 – The Soul Reformation: Phase three, soul music at the summit. \\[Part 6] \\|url\\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19831/m1/ \\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2018 \\|series\\=\\[\\[Pop Chronicles]] \\|last\\=Gilliland \\|first\\=John \\|author\\-link\\=John Gilliland \\|station\\=\\[\\[KWVE (AM)\\#KRLA (1959–2000\\)\\|KRLA]], Pasadena, California \\|via\\=University of North Texas Libraries, Digital Library \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110701191658/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19831/m1/ \\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2011}} by the [Supremes](/wiki/The_Supremes \"The Supremes\") (\"[Run, Run, Run](/wiki/Run%2C_Run%2C_Run_%28The_Supremes_song%29 \"Run, Run, Run (The Supremes song)\")\", 1964\\), [Martha and the Vandellas](/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas \"Martha and the Vandellas\") (on the 1966 hit \"[My Baby Loves Me](/wiki/My_Baby_Loves_Me_%28Martha_and_the_Vandellas_song%29 \"My Baby Loves Me (Martha and the Vandellas song)\")\") and others.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"In 1964, Motown's main songwriting and production team, [Holland–Dozier–Holland](/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland \"Holland–Dozier–Holland\"), created a complete instrumental track without any idea of what to do with it. They decided to craft the song as a more mainstream pop song for the Four Tops and proceeded to create \"[Baby I Need Your Loving](/wiki/Baby_I_Need_Your_Loving \"Baby I Need Your Loving\")\" from the instrumental track. On its release in mid\\-1964, \"Baby I Need Your Loving\" made it to number 11 on the [Billboard Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\").",
"The first follow\\-up single, \"[Without the One You Love (Life's Not Worth While)](/wiki/Without_the_One_You_Love_%28Life%27s_Not_Worth_While%29 \"Without the One You Love (Life's Not Worth While)\")\" (1964\\), just missed both the pop and R\\&B Top 40 charts, but \"[Ask the Lonely](/wiki/Ask_the_Lonely_%28Four_Tops_song%29 \"Ask the Lonely (Four Tops song)\")\" (1965\\), written and produced by Motown A\\&R head [William \"Mickey\" Stevenson](/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson \"William \") with [Ivy Jo Hunter](/wiki/Ivy_Jo_Hunter \"Ivy Jo Hunter\"), was a Top 30 pop hit and a Top 10 R\\&B hit in early 1965\\.",
"### Success",
"After their first number 1 hit, \"[I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Help_Myself_%28Sugar_Pie%2C_Honey_Bunch%29 \"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)\")\" in June 1965, the Four Tops released a long series of successful hit singles. Among the first wave of these hits were the Top 10 \"[It's the Same Old Song](/wiki/It%27s_the_Same_Old_Song \"It's the Same Old Song\")\" (1965\\), \"[Something About You](/wiki/Something_About_You_%28Four_Tops_song%29 \"Something About You (Four Tops song)\")\" (1965\\), \"[Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)](/wiki/Shake_Me%2C_Wake_Me_%28When_It%27s_Over%29 \"Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)\")\" (1966\\), and \"[Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever](/wiki/Loving_You_Is_Sweeter_Than_Ever \"Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever\")\" (1966\\).",
"Holland–Dozier–Holland wrote most of [Levi Stubbs](/wiki/Levi_Stubbs \"Levi Stubbs\")'s vocals in a tenor range, near the top of his range, in order to get a sense of strained urgency in his [gospel](/wiki/Gospel_music \"Gospel music\") [preacher](/wiki/Preacher \"Preacher\")\\-inspired leads. They also wrote additional background vocals for a female group, the [Andantes](/wiki/The_Andantes \"The Andantes\"), on many of the songs, to add a high end to the low\\-voiced harmony of the Tops. [Ivy Jo Hunter](/wiki/Ivy_Jo_Hunter \"Ivy Jo Hunter\")'s \"[Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever](/wiki/Loving_You_Is_Sweeter_Than_Ever \"Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever\")\" (1966\\) was one of a few exceptions.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"August 1966 brought the release of the Four Tops' all\\-time biggest hit and one of the most popular Motown songs ever. \"[Reach Out I'll Be There](/wiki/Reach_Out_I%27ll_Be_There \"Reach Out I'll Be There\")\" reached number 1 on the U.S. pop and R\\&B charts and the UK chart and soon became the Tops' signature song. It was almost immediately followed by the similar\\-sounding \"[Standing in the Shadows of Love](/wiki/Standing_in_the_Shadows_of_Love \"Standing in the Shadows of Love\")\"; its depiction of heartbreak reflecting the opposite of the optimism in \"Reach Out\". It was another Top 10 hit for the Tops.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}} The band recorded the first live album, *[Four Tops Live!](/wiki/Four_Tops_Live%21 \"Four Tops Live!\")* at two dates in mid\\-1966 and Motown released the recording in November of that year.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://classic.motown.com/story/four\\-tops\\-live\\-the\\-four\\-tops/ \\|title\\=''Four Tops Live!'' – The Four Tops – Classic Motown \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|accessdate\\=2023\\-01\\-06 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motown]]}}",
"[thumb\\|Performing at New Rochelle (New York) High School, c. 1967](/wiki/File:FourTops1967.jpg \"FourTops1967.jpg\")",
"The Top 10 U.S. hit \"[Bernadette](/wiki/Bernadette_%28Four_Tops_song%29 \"Bernadette (Four Tops song)\")\" centered around a man's all\\-consuming obsession with his lover, continued the Four Tops' successful run into April 1967, followed by the Top 20 hits \"[7\\-Rooms of Gloom](/wiki/7-Rooms_of_Gloom \"7-Rooms of Gloom\")\", and \"[You Keep Running Away](/wiki/You_Keep_Running_Away \"You Keep Running Away\")\". By now, the Tops were the most successful male Motown act in the United Kingdom (in the United States, they were second to the [Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations \"The Temptations\")), and began experimenting with more mainstream pop hits. They scored hits with their versions of [Tim Hardin](/wiki/Tim_Hardin \"Tim Hardin\")'s \"[If I Were a Carpenter](/wiki/If_I_Were_a_Carpenter_%28song%29 \"If I Were a Carpenter (song)\")\" in late 1967 (mid\\-1968 in the U.S.) and [the Left Banke](/wiki/The_Left_Banke \"The Left Banke\")'s \"[Walk Away Renée](/wiki/Walk_Away_Ren%C3%A9e \"Walk Away Renée\")\" in early 1968\\. These singles and the original \"[I'm in a Different World](/wiki/I%27m_in_a_Different_World \"I'm in a Different World\")\" were their last hits produced by Holland–Dozier–Holland, who left Motown in 1967 after disputes with [Berry Gordy Jr.](/wiki/Berry_Gordy \"Berry Gordy\")",
"### Late Motown period",
"Without Holland–Dozier–Holland, the hits became less frequent. The group worked with a wide array of Motown producers during the late 1960s, including [Ivy Jo Hunter](/wiki/Ivy_Jo_Hunter \"Ivy Jo Hunter\"), [Nickolas Ashford \\& Valerie Simpson](/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson \"Ashford & Simpson\"), [Norman Whitfield](/wiki/Norman_Whitfield \"Norman Whitfield\") and [Johnny Bristol](/wiki/Johnny_Bristol \"Johnny Bristol\"), without significant chart success.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"Their first major hit in a long time came in the form of 1970's \"[It's All in the Game](/wiki/It%27s_All_in_the_Game_%28song%29 \"It's All in the Game (song)\")\", a pop Top 30/R\\&B Top Ten hit produced by [Frank Wilson](/wiki/Frank_Wilson_%28musician%29 \"Frank Wilson (musician)\"). Wilson and the Tops began working on a number of innovative tracks and albums together, echoing Whitfield's [psychedelic soul](/wiki/Psychedelic_soul \"Psychedelic soul\") work with the [Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations \"The Temptations\"). Their 1970 album *[Still Waters Run Deep](/wiki/Still_Waters_Run_Deep_%28Four_Tops_album%29 \"Still Waters Run Deep (Four Tops album)\")* was a forerunner of the [concept album](/wiki/Concept_album \"Concept album\"). It also served as an inspiration for [Marvin Gaye](/wiki/Marvin_Gaye \"Marvin Gaye\")'s 1971 classic album *[What's Going On](/wiki/What%27s_Going_On_%28Marvin_Gaye_album%29 \"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)\")*, the [title track of which](/wiki/What%27s_Going_On_%28song%29 \"What's Going On (song)\") was co\\-written by the Tops' [Renaldo \"Obie\" Benson](/wiki/Renaldo_%22Obie%22_Benson \"Renaldo \").",
"In addition to their own albums, the Tops were paired with [The Supremes](/wiki/The_Supremes \"The Supremes\"), who had just replaced lead singer [Diana Ross](/wiki/Diana_Ross \"Diana Ross\") with [Jean Terrell](/wiki/Jean_Terrell \"Jean Terrell\"), for a series of albums billed under the joint title *[The Magnificent 7](/wiki/The_Magnificent_7_%28album%29 \"The Magnificent 7 (album)\")* in 1970, and *[The Return of the Magnificent Seven](/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Magnificent_Seven \"The Return of the Magnificent Seven\")* and *[Dynamite!](/wiki/Dynamite_%28The_Supremes_and_the_Four_Tops_album%29 \"Dynamite (The Supremes and the Four Tops album)\")* in 1971\\. While the albums themselves did not perform really well on the charts, *The Magnificent Seven* featured a Top 20 version of [Ike](/wiki/Ike_Turner \"Ike Turner\") \\& [Tina Turner](/wiki/Tina_Turner \"Tina Turner\")'s \"[River Deep – Mountain High](/wiki/River_Deep_%E2%80%93_Mountain_High \"River Deep – Mountain High\")\", produced by [Ashford \\& Simpson](/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson \"Ashford & Simpson\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"The 1971 single \"[A Simple Game](/wiki/A_Simple_Game \"A Simple Game\")\" featured backing vocals from members of [The Moody Blues](/wiki/The_Moody_Blues \"The Moody Blues\"). The song did not fare well on the U.S. charts, but reached number three on the UK chart.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"### ABC/Dunhill Records and Casablanca Records",
"Motown as a company began to change during the early 1970s. Older acts such as [Martha and the Vandellas](/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas \"Martha and the Vandellas\") and [The Marvelettes](/wiki/The_Marvelettes \"The Marvelettes\") were slowly moved aside or dropped to focus on newer acts, such as [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\") and [The Jackson 5](/wiki/The_Jackson_5 \"The Jackson 5\"), [Rare Earth](/wiki/Rare_Earth_%28band%29 \"Rare Earth (band)\"), and the now\\-solo [Diana Ross](/wiki/Diana_Ross \"Diana Ross\"). In addition, the company moved its operations from Detroit to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), California, where [Berry Gordy Jr.](/wiki/Berry_Gordy \"Berry Gordy\") planned to break into the [motion picture](/wiki/Motion_picture \"Motion picture\") and [television](/wiki/Television \"Television\") industries. In 1972, it was announced that the entire company would move west and that all its artists had to move as well. Many of the older Motown acts, already neglected by the label, opted to stay in Detroit, including [The Funk Brothers](/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers \"The Funk Brothers\") studio backing band, [Martha Reeves](/wiki/Martha_Reeves \"Martha Reeves\"), and the Four Tops.",
"The Tops departed Motown for [ABC\\-Dunhill](/wiki/ABC-Dunhill \"ABC-Dunhill\"), where they were assigned to writer\\-producers [Dennis Lambert](/wiki/Dennis_Lambert \"Dennis Lambert\") and [Brian Potter](/wiki/Brian_Potter_%28musician%29 \"Brian Potter (musician)\") and the label's head of A\\&R, [Steve Barri](/wiki/Steve_Barri \"Steve Barri\") as producer, with The Tops' own [Lawrence Payton](/wiki/Lawrence_Payton \"Lawrence Payton\") later also serving as a producer and writer. He also took over lead vocal duties on several tracks.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"The group's first release on the label, \"[Keeper of the Castle](/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Castle_%28song%29 \"Keeper of the Castle (song)\")\" (1972\\) was their first pop Top 10 hit since \"[Bernadette](/wiki/Bernadette_%28Four_Tops_song%29 \"Bernadette (Four Tops song)\")\" in 1967\\. Follow\\-ups included the 1973 million\\-selling \"[Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)](/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Woman_%28Like_the_One_I%27ve_Got%29 \"Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)\")\", also a top 10 pop hit and their third R\\&B number 1, and the Top 20 hit, \"[Are You Man Enough](/wiki/Are_You_Man_Enough_%28The_Four_Tops_song%29 \"Are You Man Enough (The Four Tops song)\")\" (1973\\), (from the 1973 movie *[Shaft in Africa](/wiki/Shaft_in_Africa \"Shaft in Africa\")*). \"[Sweet Understanding Love](/wiki/Sweet_Understanding_Love \"Sweet Understanding Love\")\" (1973\\); \"Midnight Flower (1974\\); and \"One Chain Don't Make No Prison\" (1974\\) all reached the R\\&B Top 10 between 1972 and 1974\\. Two ABC/Dunhill singles, 1974's \"I Just Can't Get You Out of My Mind\" and 1975's \"Seven Lonely Nights\" have become popular tunes in the southeast Beach/Shag Club Dance circuit.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"After the release of \"[Catfish](/wiki/Catfish \"Catfish\")\" (a top 10 R\\&B hit) in 1976, the major hits started to dry up and the Tops left ABC after an album recorded in Philadelphia with the [MFSB](/wiki/MFSB \"MFSB\") musicians resulted in only minor chart success in 1978\\. The group disappeared from the recording scene until the early 1980s. Signing a deal with [Casablanca Records](/wiki/Casablanca_Records \"Casablanca Records\"), the Tops made a comeback in 1981 with the number 1 R\\&B hit \"[When She Was My Girl](/wiki/When_She_Was_My_Girl \"When She Was My Girl\")\". Produced by David Wolfert, it just missed the Billboard pop Top 10, peaking at number 11\\. The group also scored a UK Top 10 hit with the song and had another hit there with the follow\\-up, \"Don't Walk Away\". In 1982, their song \"Back to School Again\" appeared in both the movie *[Grease 2](/wiki/Grease_2 \"Grease 2\")* and its [soundtrack](/wiki/Soundtrack \"Soundtrack\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"### Return to Motown",
"By 1983, The Tops had rejoined Motown, where their former ABC\\-Dunhill producer, Barri was vice\\-president of A\\&R. They were featured on the company's 1983 [television special](/wiki/Television_special \"Television special\") *[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever](/wiki/Motown_25:Yesterday%2C_Today%2C_Forever \"Yesterday, Today, Forever\")*, taking part in one of the highlights of the show—a battle of the bands between The Tops and [The Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations \"The Temptations\"), patterned after similar competitions [Berry Gordy Jr.](/wiki/Berry_Gordy \"Berry Gordy\") had staged during the 1960s. [Levi Stubbs](/wiki/Levi_Stubbs \"Levi Stubbs\") and Temptation [Otis Williams](/wiki/Otis_Williams \"Otis Williams\") decided the Temptations/Tops battle would be a good one to take on the road, and both groups began semi\\-regular joint tours.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"The first of The Tops' albums under their new Motown contract was *[Back Where I Belong](/wiki/Back_Where_I_Belong_%28Four_Tops_album%29 \"Back Where I Belong (Four Tops album)\")* (1983\\). A whole side of the album was produced by the [Holland–Dozier–Holland](/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland \"Holland–Dozier–Holland\") production team, including the R\\&B Top 40 single \"I Just Can't Walk Away\". Only one more Tops album would be released by Motown, *[Magic](/wiki/Magic_%28Four_Tops_album%29 \"Magic (Four Tops album)\")* in 1985\\. The lead single from that album, \"Sexy Ways\", was almost a Top 20 R\\&B hit, peaking at number 21 in mid\\-1985\\. In July of that year, the group performed at the [Live Aid](/wiki/Live_Aid \"Live Aid\") concert, singing five of their hit songs.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"The group re\\-entered the studio in 1986 with producer [David Wolfert](/wiki/David_Wolfert \"David Wolfert\"), who had previously produced them in many non\\-Motown releases.{{Cite magazine \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|title\\=The Rhythm and the Blues \\|last\\=George \\|first\\=Nelson \\|authorlink\\=Nelson George \\|date\\=1986\\-01\\-25 \\|page\\=41 \\|volume\\=98 \\|issue\\=4 \\|issn\\=0006\\-2510}} Despite working on the release for several months{{Cite magazine \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|title\\=The Rhythm and the Blues \\|department\\=Black \\|last\\=George \\|first\\=Nelson \\|authorlink\\=Nelson George \\|date\\=1986\\-01\\-25 \\|page\\=28 \\|volume\\=98 \\|issue\\=24 \\|issn\\=0006\\-2510}} and issuing the single \"Hot Nights\" in July,{{Cite magazine \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|title\\=July's Releases Bring Fireworks \\|last\\=Grein \\|first\\=Paul \\|date\\=1986\\-07\\-05 \\|page\\=4 \\|volume\\=98 \\|issue\\=27 \\|issn\\=0006\\-2510}} the sessions did not result in a new album and the group signed to [Arista Records](/wiki/Arista_Records \"Arista Records\") in 1987\\.{{Cite magazine \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Jet (magazine)\\|Jet]] \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|title\\=People Are Talking About... \\|date\\=1987\\-05\\-04 \\|page\\=59 \\|volume\\=72 \\|issue\\=6 \\|issn\\=0021\\-5996}} The title track of 1988's *[Indestructible](/wiki/Indestructible_%28Four_Tops_album%29 \"Indestructible (Four Tops album)\")* was the group's final Top 40 hit, reaching No. 35\\. It was also featured in the 1988 [science\\-fiction](/wiki/Science-fiction \"Science-fiction\") cop film *[Alien Nation](/wiki/Alien_Nation_%28film%29 \"Alien Nation (film)\")*. Another track, \"[Loco in Acapulco](/wiki/Loco_in_Acapulco \"Loco in Acapulco\")\", written and produced by British pop musician [Phil Collins](/wiki/Phil_Collins \"Phil Collins\") and former Motown composer\\-producer [Lamont Dozier](/wiki/Lamont_Dozier \"Lamont Dozier\"), climbed into the UK Top 10 and made number 7 in early 1989\\. The Arista contract provided an opportunity to pair [Levi Stubbs](/wiki/Levi_Stubbs \"Levi Stubbs\") with fellow Arista artist, another R\\&B vocalist from Detroit, [Aretha Franklin](/wiki/Aretha_Franklin \"Aretha Franklin\"), who was at the height of her own 1980s hit streak. This pairing resulted in the 1988 song \"[If Ever a Love There Was](/wiki/If_Ever_a_Love_There_Was \"If Ever a Love There Was\")\", which became a popular R\\&B and Adult Contemporary hit, as well as being featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 motion picture *[I'm Gonna Git You Sucka](/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Git_You_Sucka \"I'm Gonna Git You Sucka\")*.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"After completing their European tour in December 1988, the group was scheduled to return to the U.S. for Christmas on the ill\\-fated [Pan Am Flight 103](/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103 \"Pan Am Flight 103\"), which was destroyed over [Lockerbie](/wiki/Lockerbie \"Lockerbie\"), Scotland, after a terrorist bomb was detonated on board.{{cite web \\|title\\=Silver State News Service: Lockerbie Anniversary \\|url\\=http://www.silverstatenews.com/lockerbie.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023437/http://www.silverstatenews.com/lockerbie.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-11\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-23 \\|publisher\\=Silver State News}}{{cite web \\|title\\='The Frost Blog: Lockerbie Tragedy \\|url\\=http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/locherbie1\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519235352/http://martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/locherbie1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-19 \\|publisher\\=The Frost Blog}} The group missed the flight due to a last\\-minute invite and prolonged filming of their performance at the British television show *[Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops \"Top of the Pops\")*; they instead took a later [British Airways](/wiki/British_Airways \"British Airways\") flight.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"### Later years",
"From the late 1980s, the Four Tops focused on touring and live performances. The group made guest appearances on labelmate [Aretha Franklin](/wiki/Aretha_Franklin \"Aretha Franklin\")'s 1989 release *[Through the Storm](/wiki/Through_the_Storm_%28Aretha_Franklin_album%29 \"Through the Storm (Aretha Franklin album)\")* and the 1992 [Grover Washington Jr.](/wiki/Grover_Washington_Jr. \"Grover Washington Jr.\") album *[Next Exit](/wiki/Next_Exit_%28album%29 \"Next Exit (album)\")*, but they recorded only one album, returning again to Motown for 1995's *[Christmas Here with You](/wiki/Christmas_Here_with_You \"Christmas Here with You\")*. On June 20, 1997, 59\\-year\\-old [Lawrence Payton](/wiki/Lawrence_Payton \"Lawrence Payton\") died as a result of liver cancer, after singing for 44 years with the Four Tops who, unlike many other Motown groups, never had a single lineup change until then.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1997\\-06\\-21\\-mn\\-5588\\-story.html\\|title\\=Lawrence Payton; Member of Four Tops\\|newspaper\\=LA Times\\|date\\=June 21, 1997\\|accessdate\\=April 1, 2021}} At first, [Levi Stubbs](/wiki/Levi_Stubbs \"Levi Stubbs\"), [Renaldo \"Obie\" Benson](/wiki/Renaldo_%22Obie%22_Benson \"Renaldo \"), and [Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir](/wiki/Abdul_%22Duke%22_Fakir \"Abdul \") toured as a [trio](/wiki/Trio_%28music%29 \"Trio (music)\") called *The Tops*. In 1998, they recruited former member of [the Temptations](/wiki/The_Temptations \"The Temptations\") [Theo Peoples](/wiki/Theo_Peoples \"Theo Peoples\") to restore the group to a quartet. By the turn of the century, Stubbs had become ill from [cancer](/wiki/Cancer \"Cancer\"); [Ronnie McNeir](/wiki/Ronnie_McNeir \"Ronnie McNeir\") was recruited to fill the Lawrence Payton position and Theo Peoples stepped into Stubbs' shoes as lead singer. Stubbs died on October 17, 2008, at his home in Detroit.[Valentine, Penny](/wiki/Penny_Valentine \"Penny Valentine\") (October 17, 2008\\). [\"Obituary: Levi Stubbs\"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/oct/17/levi-stubbs-singer-motown), *The Guardian*. {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202093343/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/oct/17/levi\\-stubbs\\-singer\\-motown\\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-02}}.",
"The group was featured in several television specials during this time, including *Motown 45*, and several by [PBS](/wiki/PBS \"PBS\"), including a 50th\\-anniversary concert dedicated to the group (available on DVD). The concert turned out to be bittersweet; it featured a brief appearance of Levi Stubbs using a wheelchair, and a memorial to Lawrence Payton, Sr. announced by Renaldo \"Obie\" Benson. Benson appeared on one more [PBS](/wiki/PBS \"PBS\") special and died on July 1, 2005, from [lung cancer](/wiki/Lung_cancer \"Lung cancer\"). He was replaced by Lawrence Payton, Jr. The final PBS special, titled *Motown: The Early Years*, featured a message of Benson's passing following the credits.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"[thumb\\|The Four Tops in 2022](/wiki/File:2022_The_Four_Tops_-_by_2eight_-_9SC3324.jpg \"2022 The Four Tops - by 2eight - 9SC3324.jpg\")\nThe group was inducted into the [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\") in 1990, and into the [Vocal Group Hall of Fame](/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame \"Vocal Group Hall of Fame\") in 1999\\. In 2004, *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* ranked them \\#79 on their list of the [100 Greatest Artists of All Time](https://web.archive.org/web/20060316103016/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty/).{{cite magazine\\| title \\= The Immortals: The First Fifty\\| magazine \\= Rolling Stone\\| issue\\=946\\|url \\= https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the\\_immortals\\_the\\_first\\_fifty\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080625061212/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the\\_immortals\\_the\\_first\\_fifty\\| archive\\-date \\= 2008\\-06\\-25}} The Four Tops were inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2005\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.michiganrockandrolllegends.com/mrrl\\-hall\\-of\\-fame/74\\-four\\-tops\\|title\\=Michigan Rock and Roll Legends – FOUR TOPS\\|website\\=Michiganrockandrolllegends.com}}",
"The Four Tops sang the National Anthem before the start of game 5 for the 2011 baseball [American League Championship Series](/wiki/American_League_Championship_Series \"American League Championship Series\") (ALCS) between the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 \"Texas Rangers (baseball)\") and [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") on October 13, 2011, in Detroit, Michigan. When singing the last line of \"[The Star\\-Spangled Banner](/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner \"The Star-Spangled Banner\")\", \"... and the home of the brave\", they quickly sang the words \"Ain't No Country Like the One I Got\", before singing the last word, \"brave\". The Four Tops were honored with an induction into the [Rhythm \\& Blues Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Music_Hall_of_Fame \"Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame\") at the Inaugural ceremony held at [Cleveland State University](/wiki/Cleveland_State_University \"Cleveland State University\")'s Waetejen Auditorium on Saturday August 17, 2013\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"### The Four Tops career awards",
"The Four Tops have won many awards, including the following:\n* [Rock and Roll Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\") (1990\\)[The Four Tops Biography \\| The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum](http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-four-tops/bio/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713172555/http://rockhall.com/inductees/the\\-four\\-tops/bio/ \\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-13 }}. Rockhall.com. Retrieved on 2012\\-11\\-10\\.\n* [Vocal Group Hall of Fame](/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame \"Vocal Group Hall of Fame\") (1999\\)[The Four Tops – Inductees – The Vocal Group Hall of Fame Foundation](http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/the_four_tops.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311014454/http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/the\\_four\\_tops.html \\|date\\=2007\\-03\\-11 }}. Vocalgroup.org. Retrieved on 2012\\-11\\-10\\.\n* [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\") (1997\\)[The Four Tops \\| Hollywood Walk of Fame](http://www.walkoffame.com/the-four-tops) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103104609/http://www.walkoffame.com/the\\-four\\-tops \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-03 }}. Walkoffame.com. Retrieved on 2012\\-11\\-10\\.[Gallery \\| Hollywood Walk of Fame recipients \\| Photo 38 \\| accessatlanta.com](http://projects.accessatlanta.com/gallery/view/entertainment/hollywood-walk-fame/38.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125182707/http://projects.accessatlanta.com/gallery/view/entertainment/hollywood\\-walk\\-fame/38\\.html \\|date\\=2012\\-01\\-25 }}. Projects.accessatlanta.com. Retrieved on 2012\\-11\\-10\\.\n* [Grammy Hall of Fame](/wiki/Grammy_Hall_of_Fame \"Grammy Hall of Fame\") (Reach Out I'll Be There – 1998\\)[List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Q–Z – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia](/wiki/List_of_Grammy_Hall_of_Fame_Award_recipients_Q%E2%80%93Z \"List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Q–Z\"). En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved on 2012\\-11\\-10\\.(\"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch\\-2018\\){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.1077theend.com/blogs/maura\\-omalley/grammy\\-awards\\-here\\-are\\-2018\\-grammy\\-hall\\-fame\\-inductees\\|title\\=GRAMMY Awards: Here Are the 2018 GRAMMY Hall of Fame Inductees\\|date\\=16 January 2018\\|website\\=1077theend.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214142159/http://www.1077theend.com/blogs/maura\\-omalley/grammy\\-awards\\-here\\-are\\-2018\\-grammy\\-hall\\-fame\\-inductees\\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2018}}\n* [Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award](/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award \"Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award\") (2009 – *51st Annual Grammy Awards*)[Four Tops to receive a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award \\| The Detroit News](http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20081222/ENT04/107060016) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104021135/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20081222/ENT04/107060016 \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-04 }}. detroitnews.com (2008\\-12\\-22\\). Retrieved on 2012\\-11\\-10\\.\n* [Rhythm and Blues Foundation](/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Foundation \"Rhythm and Blues Foundation\") *Pioneer Award* (1997\\)[Rhythm \\& Blues Foundation – Preserving America’s Soul](http://www.rhythm-n-blues.org/awards.php?year=1997) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510220351/http://www.rhythm\\-n\\-blues.org/awards.php?year\\=1997 \\|date\\=2012\\-05\\-10 }}. Rhythm\\-n\\-blues.org. Retrieved on 2012\\-11\\-10\\.\n* [*Billboard*](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\") magazine Top 100 Artists of All Time(\\#77\\)[Billboard Hot 100 All\\-Time Top Artists list](http://www.listal.com/list/billboard-hot-100-alltime-top) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103710/http://www.listal.com/list/billboard\\-hot\\-100\\-alltime\\-top \\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-08 }}. Listal.com (2008\\-09\\-12\\). Retrieved on 2012\\-11\\-10\\.\n* [Rhythm \\& Blues Hall of Fame](/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Music_Hall_of_Fame \"Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame\") *Induction* (2013\\)[R\\&B Music Hall of Fame – Inaugural Induction Ceremony at Waetejen Auditorium, Cleveland Ohio](http://www.wksu.org/news/story/36558) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906234913/http://www.wksu.org/news/story/36558\\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-06}}. wksu.org. Retrieved on 2013\\-03\\-09\\.\n* [100 Greatest Artists of All Time](/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_100_Greatest_Artists_of_All_Time \"Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time\") (\\#79\\-*Rolling Stone*)[100 Greatest Artists: The Four Tops](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/the-four-tops-19691231) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819025509/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100\\-greatest\\-artists\\-of\\-all\\-time\\-19691231/the\\-four\\-tops\\-19691231 \\|date\\=2012\\-08\\-19 }}. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2012\\-12\\-28\\.\n* [Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time](/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time \"Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\") (2003\\){{Cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621075830/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-21\\|title\\=The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : Rolling Stone\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\|date\\=2008\\-06\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-01}}\n* Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame\n* Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award[Entertainment \\| Four Tops to get lifetime Grammy](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7796316.stm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225064815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7796316\\.stm \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-25 }}. BBC News (2008\\-12\\-22\\). Retrieved on 2012\\-05\\-13\\.Donahue, Ann. (2008\\-12\\-22\\) [Grammys To Honor Autry, Four Tops, Martin](http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i8a7ba6d185c56a446161930513310294) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203092408/http://billboard.biz/bbbiz/content\\_display/industry/e3i8a7ba6d185c56a446161930513310294\\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-03}}. Billboard.biz. Retrieved on 2012\\-05\\-13\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Expand section \|date\=May 2024}}
In 1991, SCTV (Surya Citra Televisi) faced public backlash from the Muslim community in [Surabaya](/wiki/Surabaya "Surabaya"), Indonesia. The criticism stemmed from two particular programs that were deemed inappropriate for airing during [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan"), a holy month of fasting and spiritual reflection for Muslims. One of the controversial shows was the popular American television series *[Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28TV_series%29 "Wonder Woman (TV series)")*, which had become well\-known for its focus on the physical strength and beauty of its female lead, portrayed by [Lynda Carter](/wiki/Lynda_Carter "Lynda Carter"). According to local newspapers, *Wonder Woman* was criticized for "unduly focusing on the physical attributes of women." This was seen as insensitive, given the cultural and religious expectations of modesty during Ramadan. Additionally, an episode of *[Wok with Yan](/wiki/Wok_with_Yan "Wok with Yan")*, a cooking show hosted by [Stephen Yan](/wiki/Stephen_Yan "Stephen Yan"), caused further outrage when it featured the preparation of a pork dish. Since [Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam") prohibits the consumption of pork, the airing of such content during Ramadan sparked significant discontent among viewers.
In response to the public outcry, SCTV took immediate action by removing *Wonder Woman* from its programming schedule until the end of Ramadan. The station also issued a formal apology for the airing of the *Wok with Yan* episode. As a result of this controversy, Mohamoad Noer, the station manager at the time, demanded that SCTV review its programming policies to ensure cultural and religious sensitivities were respected. This incident was one of the early examples of Indonesian television networks grappling with the challenges of balancing popular international content with local religious and cultural norms.
SCTV, which was broadcasting its signal to remote villages such as those in Banyuwangi, was significantly impacted by the criticism. Western television series, which were gaining popularity at the time, had to be carefully curated to avoid similar controversies. The channel's need to adapt was indicative of the broader tension between global media content and local cultural values, especially in regions with strong religious traditions like Indonesia.
By 1997, SCTV recognized the need to modernize its image and cater to a broader audience base. On 1 June 1997, the network underwent a major rebranding effort aimed at offering "more tantalizing all\-age programmes." This shift reflected the growing competition in Indonesia's television industry, with networks seeking to attract viewers of all demographics. As part of this revamp, the slogan "Ngetop!"—meaning "popular" or "trendy" in Indonesian slang—was introduced. This new image was designed to resonate with a younger audience and reinforce SCTV's status as a leading entertainment channel.
SCTV's programming during this time became more diverse, with a focus on both locally produced shows and imported content that appealed to a wider range of viewers. This transformation marked a turning point in the channel’s history, helping it solidify its position in the competitive Indonesian media landscape. By 2005, to strengthen its position, SCTV overhauled its logo and changed the tagline to "Satu untuk semua", that means "one for all".
On 18 February 2011, a significant corporate development occurred when the commissioners of [Indosiar](/wiki/Indosiar "Indosiar") and SCTV, two of Indonesia’s largest television networks, agreed to merge. This decision was a strategic move by their parent companies, [Surya Citra Media](/wiki/Surya_Citra_Media "Surya Citra Media") (SCM) and Indosiar Karya Media, to consolidate their operations and resources. However, because both Indosiar and SCTV were publicly traded companies, the merger was subject to approval by the Indonesian government and regulatory bodies. The merger was seen as a way for both networks to enhance their market share and improve their financial performance in a rapidly evolving media industry.
Despite initial progress, the merger faced several legal obstacles, particularly regarding tax issues. The complexity of merging two major entities with significant financial stakes resulted in delays and lawsuits. However, in 2014, SCM successfully won a lawsuit related to the merger, clearing one of the major hurdles. The merger eventually moved forward, allowing SCM to streamline its operations and position itself as a dominant player in Indonesian television broadcasting.
These developments in the early 2010s marked a new era for Indonesian television, where consolidation became a key strategy for networks aiming to survive in an increasingly competitive market, particularly with the rise of digital platforms and changing viewer habits.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Expand section \\|date\\=May 2024}}\nIn 1991, SCTV (Surya Citra Televisi) faced public backlash from the Muslim community in [Surabaya](/wiki/Surabaya \"Surabaya\"), Indonesia. The criticism stemmed from two particular programs that were deemed inappropriate for airing during [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan \"Ramadan\"), a holy month of fasting and spiritual reflection for Muslims. One of the controversial shows was the popular American television series *[Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28TV_series%29 \"Wonder Woman (TV series)\")*, which had become well\\-known for its focus on the physical strength and beauty of its female lead, portrayed by [Lynda Carter](/wiki/Lynda_Carter \"Lynda Carter\"). According to local newspapers, *Wonder Woman* was criticized for \"unduly focusing on the physical attributes of women.\" This was seen as insensitive, given the cultural and religious expectations of modesty during Ramadan. Additionally, an episode of *[Wok with Yan](/wiki/Wok_with_Yan \"Wok with Yan\")*, a cooking show hosted by [Stephen Yan](/wiki/Stephen_Yan \"Stephen Yan\"), caused further outrage when it featured the preparation of a pork dish. Since [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\") prohibits the consumption of pork, the airing of such content during Ramadan sparked significant discontent among viewers.",
"In response to the public outcry, SCTV took immediate action by removing *Wonder Woman* from its programming schedule until the end of Ramadan. The station also issued a formal apology for the airing of the *Wok with Yan* episode. As a result of this controversy, Mohamoad Noer, the station manager at the time, demanded that SCTV review its programming policies to ensure cultural and religious sensitivities were respected. This incident was one of the early examples of Indonesian television networks grappling with the challenges of balancing popular international content with local religious and cultural norms.",
"SCTV, which was broadcasting its signal to remote villages such as those in Banyuwangi, was significantly impacted by the criticism. Western television series, which were gaining popularity at the time, had to be carefully curated to avoid similar controversies. The channel's need to adapt was indicative of the broader tension between global media content and local cultural values, especially in regions with strong religious traditions like Indonesia.",
"By 1997, SCTV recognized the need to modernize its image and cater to a broader audience base. On 1 June 1997, the network underwent a major rebranding effort aimed at offering \"more tantalizing all\\-age programmes.\" This shift reflected the growing competition in Indonesia's television industry, with networks seeking to attract viewers of all demographics. As part of this revamp, the slogan \"Ngetop!\"—meaning \"popular\" or \"trendy\" in Indonesian slang—was introduced. This new image was designed to resonate with a younger audience and reinforce SCTV's status as a leading entertainment channel.",
"SCTV's programming during this time became more diverse, with a focus on both locally produced shows and imported content that appealed to a wider range of viewers. This transformation marked a turning point in the channel’s history, helping it solidify its position in the competitive Indonesian media landscape. By 2005, to strengthen its position, SCTV overhauled its logo and changed the tagline to \"Satu untuk semua\", that means \"one for all\".",
"On 18 February 2011, a significant corporate development occurred when the commissioners of [Indosiar](/wiki/Indosiar \"Indosiar\") and SCTV, two of Indonesia’s largest television networks, agreed to merge. This decision was a strategic move by their parent companies, [Surya Citra Media](/wiki/Surya_Citra_Media \"Surya Citra Media\") (SCM) and Indosiar Karya Media, to consolidate their operations and resources. However, because both Indosiar and SCTV were publicly traded companies, the merger was subject to approval by the Indonesian government and regulatory bodies. The merger was seen as a way for both networks to enhance their market share and improve their financial performance in a rapidly evolving media industry.",
"Despite initial progress, the merger faced several legal obstacles, particularly regarding tax issues. The complexity of merging two major entities with significant financial stakes resulted in delays and lawsuits. However, in 2014, SCM successfully won a lawsuit related to the merger, clearing one of the major hurdles. The merger eventually moved forward, allowing SCM to streamline its operations and position itself as a dominant player in Indonesian television broadcasting.",
"These developments in the early 2010s marked a new era for Indonesian television, where consolidation became a key strategy for networks aiming to survive in an increasingly competitive market, particularly with the rise of digital platforms and changing viewer habits.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
From an early age, Flandrin showed interest in the arts and a career as a painter. He was the second of three sons, all of whom were painters.{{EB1911\|inline\=y\|wstitle\=Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte\|volume\=10\|page\=480}} Auguste, his older brother, spent most of his life as a professor at Lyon and later died there. [Paul](/wiki/Paul_Jean_Flandrin "Paul Jean Flandrin"), his younger brother, was a painter of portraits and religious imagery.
Hippolyte and Paul spent some time at Lyon, saving to leave for Paris in 1829 and study under [Louis Hersent](/wiki/Louis_Hersent "Louis Hersent"). Eventually, they settled in the studio of [Jean\-Auguste\-Dominique Ingres](/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres "Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres"), who became not only their instructor but their friend for life. In 1832, he won the [Prix de Rome](/wiki/Prix_de_Rome%23Winners_from_the_Painting_Category "Prix de Rome#Winners from the Painting Category") for his painting *Recognition of [Theseus](/wiki/Theseus "Theseus") by his Father*. This prestigious art scholarship meant that he was no longer limited by his poverty.
### Career
The Prix de Rome allowed him to study for five years in [Rome](/wiki/Rome%2C_Italy "Rome, Italy"). While there, he created several paintings, increasing his celebrity both in France and Italy. His painting *St. Clair Healing the Blind* was created for the [Nantes Cathedral](/wiki/Nantes_Cathedral "Nantes Cathedral"), and years later, it also brought him a medal of the first class at the exhibition of 1855; this painting was destroyed in the fire which took place at Nantes Cathedral on 18 July 2020\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/19/french\-police\-question\-man\-over\-nantes\-cathedral\-fire\|title\=Nantes Cathedral fire started in three different places, say French police\|date\=20 July 2020\|website\=the Guardian}} *Jesus and the Little Children* was given by the government to the town of [Lisieux](/wiki/Lisieux "Lisieux"). *[Dante](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri "Dante Alighieri") and [Virgil](/wiki/Virgil "Virgil") visiting the Envious Men struck with Blindness* and *[Euripides](/wiki/Euripides "Euripides") writing his Tragedies* are now in the Museum of Fine Arts in Lyon.
In 1853, Flandrin was elected to the [Académie des Beaux\-Arts](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts "Académie des Beaux-Arts"). On 4 April 1856, he assisted in the founding of the Œuvre des Écoles d'Orient, better known as L'Œuvre d'Orient; he was a member of its first general council on 25 April 1856\. Upon his return to Paris in 1856, Flandrin received a commission from the chapel of St John in the church of St Séverin. As a result, his reputation became even more impressive, virtually guaranteeing him continuous employment for the rest of his life.
In addition to these works, Flandrin also painted a great number of portraits, including *[Portrait of Napoleon III](/wiki/Portrait_of_Napoleon_III "Portrait of Napoleon III")*, who was not very well received by the sitter. However, he is much more known today for his monumental decorative paintings. The most notable of these are found in the following locations:
* in the sanctuary, choir, and nave of St Germain des Prés at Paris (1842–1861\)
* in the church of St Paul at Nîmes (1848–1849\)
* of [St Vincent de Paul](/wiki/Saint-Vincent-de-Paul_church%2C_Paris "Saint-Vincent-de-Paul church, Paris") at Paris (1850–1854\)
* in the church of [St\-Martin\-d'Ainay](/wiki/St-Martin-d%27Ainay "St-Martin-d'Ainay") at Lyon (1855\)
### Personal life and death
In 1843 Flandrin married Aimée\-Caroline Ancelot (1822–1882\). Their son Paul Hippolyte Flandrin (1856–1921\) became a painter of sacred art, portraitist and decorator.
In 1863, Flandrin's failing health, made worse by his hard work and extended exposure to the damp and draughts of churches, induced him to visit Italy again, where he died of [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox "Smallpox") in Rome on 21 March 1864\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"From an early age, Flandrin showed interest in the arts and a career as a painter. He was the second of three sons, all of whom were painters.{{EB1911\\|inline\\=y\\|wstitle\\=Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte\\|volume\\=10\\|page\\=480}} Auguste, his older brother, spent most of his life as a professor at Lyon and later died there. [Paul](/wiki/Paul_Jean_Flandrin \"Paul Jean Flandrin\"), his younger brother, was a painter of portraits and religious imagery.",
"Hippolyte and Paul spent some time at Lyon, saving to leave for Paris in 1829 and study under [Louis Hersent](/wiki/Louis_Hersent \"Louis Hersent\"). Eventually, they settled in the studio of [Jean\\-Auguste\\-Dominique Ingres](/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres \"Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres\"), who became not only their instructor but their friend for life. In 1832, he won the [Prix de Rome](/wiki/Prix_de_Rome%23Winners_from_the_Painting_Category \"Prix de Rome#Winners from the Painting Category\") for his painting *Recognition of [Theseus](/wiki/Theseus \"Theseus\") by his Father*. This prestigious art scholarship meant that he was no longer limited by his poverty.",
"### Career",
"The Prix de Rome allowed him to study for five years in [Rome](/wiki/Rome%2C_Italy \"Rome, Italy\"). While there, he created several paintings, increasing his celebrity both in France and Italy. His painting *St. Clair Healing the Blind* was created for the [Nantes Cathedral](/wiki/Nantes_Cathedral \"Nantes Cathedral\"), and years later, it also brought him a medal of the first class at the exhibition of 1855; this painting was destroyed in the fire which took place at Nantes Cathedral on 18 July 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/19/french\\-police\\-question\\-man\\-over\\-nantes\\-cathedral\\-fire\\|title\\=Nantes Cathedral fire started in three different places, say French police\\|date\\=20 July 2020\\|website\\=the Guardian}} *Jesus and the Little Children* was given by the government to the town of [Lisieux](/wiki/Lisieux \"Lisieux\"). *[Dante](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri \"Dante Alighieri\") and [Virgil](/wiki/Virgil \"Virgil\") visiting the Envious Men struck with Blindness* and *[Euripides](/wiki/Euripides \"Euripides\") writing his Tragedies* are now in the Museum of Fine Arts in Lyon.",
"In 1853, Flandrin was elected to the [Académie des Beaux\\-Arts](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts \"Académie des Beaux-Arts\"). On 4 April 1856, he assisted in the founding of the Œuvre des Écoles d'Orient, better known as L'Œuvre d'Orient; he was a member of its first general council on 25 April 1856\\. Upon his return to Paris in 1856, Flandrin received a commission from the chapel of St John in the church of St Séverin. As a result, his reputation became even more impressive, virtually guaranteeing him continuous employment for the rest of his life.",
"In addition to these works, Flandrin also painted a great number of portraits, including *[Portrait of Napoleon III](/wiki/Portrait_of_Napoleon_III \"Portrait of Napoleon III\")*, who was not very well received by the sitter. However, he is much more known today for his monumental decorative paintings. The most notable of these are found in the following locations:",
"* in the sanctuary, choir, and nave of St Germain des Prés at Paris (1842–1861\\)\n* in the church of St Paul at Nîmes (1848–1849\\)\n* of [St Vincent de Paul](/wiki/Saint-Vincent-de-Paul_church%2C_Paris \"Saint-Vincent-de-Paul church, Paris\") at Paris (1850–1854\\)\n* in the church of [St\\-Martin\\-d'Ainay](/wiki/St-Martin-d%27Ainay \"St-Martin-d'Ainay\") at Lyon (1855\\)",
"### Personal life and death",
"In 1843 Flandrin married Aimée\\-Caroline Ancelot (1822–1882\\). Their son Paul Hippolyte Flandrin (1856–1921\\) became a painter of sacred art, portraitist and decorator.",
"In 1863, Flandrin's failing health, made worse by his hard work and extended exposure to the damp and draughts of churches, induced him to visit Italy again, where he died of [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox \"Smallpox\") in Rome on 21 March 1864\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
A [clownfish](/wiki/Clownfish "Clownfish") named Marlin and his wife, Coral, live happily in an [anemone](/wiki/Sea_anemone "Sea anemone") in the [Great Barrier Reef](/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef "Great Barrier Reef"). They are about to become parents, waiting for their many eggs to hatch. A [barracuda](/wiki/Barracuda "Barracuda") approaches the anemone and knocks Marlin unconscious. Upon awakening, Marlin discovers that Coral and all but one of the eggs have been eaten by the barracuda; the last remaining egg is cracked. Marlin vows to keep his only surviving child safe.
Marlin becomes overprotective of his son, Nemo. On Nemo's first day at school, the two have a heated argument regarding Marlin's parenting approach. Nemo defiantly swims to a speedboat and is captured by a pair of scuba divers. Marlin frantically pursues the boat in vain. Marlin meets Dory, a [blue tang](/wiki/Paracanthurus "Paracanthurus") with [acute short\-term memory loss](/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia "Anterograde amnesia"), who offers to help him. The two encounter Bruce, Anchor, and Chum, three sharks who have sworn to abstain from eating fish. Marlin finds a diver's mask that fell from the boat and accidentally injures Dory with it. The scent of her blood sends Bruce into a frenzy and he accidentally sets off old [naval mines](/wiki/Naval_mines "Naval mines"); the sharks, Marlin, and Dory are able to swim to safety before the mines blow up.
Nemo is placed in a fish tank in the office of dentist Philip Sherman in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney%2C_Australia "Sydney, Australia"). He meets the "Tank Gang", led by Gill, a scarred [Moorish idol](/wiki/Moorish_idol "Moorish idol"). Sherman plans to give Nemo to his niece, Darla, who killed her previous pet fish. Gill, who also wishes to return to the ocean, devises an escape plan: Nemo, the smallest fish in the tank, will block the aquarium's filter tube with a pebble, obliging Sherman to put the fish into bags while he cleans the tank. This will allow them to roll out the window and into the harbor. Nemo attempts to block the filter but fails and is almost killed by the filter's machinery, causing Gill to feel deeply regretful.
The diver's mask falls into a deep trench. As Marlin and Dory search for it, they are attacked by an [anglerfish](/wiki/Anglerfish "Anglerfish") but manage to trap it using the mask. Dory memorizes the address written on the mask. A school of [moonfish](/wiki/Monodactylidae "Monodactylidae") give the pair directions to the [East Australian Current](/wiki/East_Australian_Current "East Australian Current"). On their way, Marlin and Dory become trapped in a forest of [jellyfish](/wiki/Jellyfish "Jellyfish"). After being stung and knocked unconscious, they awaken in the East Australian Current with a large group of [sea turtles](/wiki/Sea_turtles "Sea turtles"), including Crush and his son, Squirt. The story of Marlin's quest is relayed by the turtles all across the ocean to Sydney, where it reaches Nigel, a [pelican](/wiki/Pelican "Pelican") who regularly converses with the Tank Gang. Nigel tells the Tank Gang of Marlin's journey, motivating Nemo to try blocking the filter again. Nemo is successful, and the aquarium quickly becomes covered in [green algae](/wiki/Green_algae "Green algae").
After exiting the current, Marlin and Dory get lost and are consumed by a [blue whale](/wiki/Blue_whale "Blue whale"). The whale expels them through its [blowhole](/wiki/Blowhole_%28anatomy%29 "Blowhole (anatomy)") into [Sydney Harbour](/wiki/Sydney_Harbour "Sydney Harbour"). Nigel takes Marlin and Dory to Sherman's office, where Nemo is [playing dead](/wiki/Apparent_death "Apparent death") to avoid being given to Darla; this causes Marlin to believe Nemo is really dead. Sherman forces Nigel out of his office, and Gill helps Nemo escape through the sink drain that leads to the ocean.
Deeply shaken, Marlin mournfully says goodbye to Dory and begins heading home. Nemo meets Dory, who helps him reunite with Marlin. However, a [fishing trawler](/wiki/Fishing_trawler "Fishing trawler") captures her in a [net](/wiki/Fishing_net "Fishing net") along with a school of [groupers](/wiki/Grouper "Grouper"). Nemo and Marlin work together, instructing the fish to swim down. Their combined force breaks the beam of the trawler, freeing the fish.
Some time later, Marlin, who has become more confident and outgoing, drops Nemo off at school. Dory joins Marlin, and together, they wave goodbye to Nemo as he leaves with his class. Meanwhile, after the dentist's new filter breaks, the Tank Gang escapes into Sydney Harbour in their plastic bags. Now successfully in the ocean but still stuck in the bags, they ponder what to do next.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"A [clownfish](/wiki/Clownfish \"Clownfish\") named Marlin and his wife, Coral, live happily in an [anemone](/wiki/Sea_anemone \"Sea anemone\") in the [Great Barrier Reef](/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef \"Great Barrier Reef\"). They are about to become parents, waiting for their many eggs to hatch. A [barracuda](/wiki/Barracuda \"Barracuda\") approaches the anemone and knocks Marlin unconscious. Upon awakening, Marlin discovers that Coral and all but one of the eggs have been eaten by the barracuda; the last remaining egg is cracked. Marlin vows to keep his only surviving child safe.",
"Marlin becomes overprotective of his son, Nemo. On Nemo's first day at school, the two have a heated argument regarding Marlin's parenting approach. Nemo defiantly swims to a speedboat and is captured by a pair of scuba divers. Marlin frantically pursues the boat in vain. Marlin meets Dory, a [blue tang](/wiki/Paracanthurus \"Paracanthurus\") with [acute short\\-term memory loss](/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia \"Anterograde amnesia\"), who offers to help him. The two encounter Bruce, Anchor, and Chum, three sharks who have sworn to abstain from eating fish. Marlin finds a diver's mask that fell from the boat and accidentally injures Dory with it. The scent of her blood sends Bruce into a frenzy and he accidentally sets off old [naval mines](/wiki/Naval_mines \"Naval mines\"); the sharks, Marlin, and Dory are able to swim to safety before the mines blow up.",
"Nemo is placed in a fish tank in the office of dentist Philip Sherman in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney%2C_Australia \"Sydney, Australia\"). He meets the \"Tank Gang\", led by Gill, a scarred [Moorish idol](/wiki/Moorish_idol \"Moorish idol\"). Sherman plans to give Nemo to his niece, Darla, who killed her previous pet fish. Gill, who also wishes to return to the ocean, devises an escape plan: Nemo, the smallest fish in the tank, will block the aquarium's filter tube with a pebble, obliging Sherman to put the fish into bags while he cleans the tank. This will allow them to roll out the window and into the harbor. Nemo attempts to block the filter but fails and is almost killed by the filter's machinery, causing Gill to feel deeply regretful.",
"The diver's mask falls into a deep trench. As Marlin and Dory search for it, they are attacked by an [anglerfish](/wiki/Anglerfish \"Anglerfish\") but manage to trap it using the mask. Dory memorizes the address written on the mask. A school of [moonfish](/wiki/Monodactylidae \"Monodactylidae\") give the pair directions to the [East Australian Current](/wiki/East_Australian_Current \"East Australian Current\"). On their way, Marlin and Dory become trapped in a forest of [jellyfish](/wiki/Jellyfish \"Jellyfish\"). After being stung and knocked unconscious, they awaken in the East Australian Current with a large group of [sea turtles](/wiki/Sea_turtles \"Sea turtles\"), including Crush and his son, Squirt. The story of Marlin's quest is relayed by the turtles all across the ocean to Sydney, where it reaches Nigel, a [pelican](/wiki/Pelican \"Pelican\") who regularly converses with the Tank Gang. Nigel tells the Tank Gang of Marlin's journey, motivating Nemo to try blocking the filter again. Nemo is successful, and the aquarium quickly becomes covered in [green algae](/wiki/Green_algae \"Green algae\").",
"After exiting the current, Marlin and Dory get lost and are consumed by a [blue whale](/wiki/Blue_whale \"Blue whale\"). The whale expels them through its [blowhole](/wiki/Blowhole_%28anatomy%29 \"Blowhole (anatomy)\") into [Sydney Harbour](/wiki/Sydney_Harbour \"Sydney Harbour\"). Nigel takes Marlin and Dory to Sherman's office, where Nemo is [playing dead](/wiki/Apparent_death \"Apparent death\") to avoid being given to Darla; this causes Marlin to believe Nemo is really dead. Sherman forces Nigel out of his office, and Gill helps Nemo escape through the sink drain that leads to the ocean.",
"Deeply shaken, Marlin mournfully says goodbye to Dory and begins heading home. Nemo meets Dory, who helps him reunite with Marlin. However, a [fishing trawler](/wiki/Fishing_trawler \"Fishing trawler\") captures her in a [net](/wiki/Fishing_net \"Fishing net\") along with a school of [groupers](/wiki/Grouper \"Grouper\"). Nemo and Marlin work together, instructing the fish to swim down. Their combined force breaks the beam of the trawler, freeing the fish.",
"Some time later, Marlin, who has become more confident and outgoing, drops Nemo off at school. Dory joins Marlin, and together, they wave goodbye to Nemo as he leaves with his class. Meanwhile, after the dentist's new filter breaks, the Tank Gang escapes into Sydney Harbour in their plastic bags. Now successfully in the ocean but still stuck in the bags, they ponder what to do next.",
""
] |
History
-------
The store was started by [Kersey Coates](/wiki/Kersey_Coates "Kersey Coates") and [William Gillis](/wiki/William_Gillis_%28businessman%29 "William Gillis (businessman)") in the 1860s in the then Town of Kansas at the corner of Missouri Avenue and Main Street. Although initially outfitting travelers on the [Oregon Trail](/wiki/Oregon_Trail "Oregon Trail") and [Santa Fe Trail](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail "Santa Fe Trail"), it soon became more upscale. It moved to a new three\-story building at Seventh and Main.
The original *Coates and Gillis* store became *Coates and Bullene* when it merged with a store operated by [Thomas B. Bullene](/wiki/Thomas_B._Bullene "Thomas B. Bullene"). It then became the *Bullene, Moore and Emery* department store. The store got its final name in the 1890s from the investors [W. E. Emery](/wiki/W._E._Emery "W. E. Emery"), [Joseph Taylor Bird. Sr.](/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Bird._Sr. "Joseph Taylor Bird. Sr.") and William B. Thayer.
In the 1890s, it opened a new building occupying a full block along East 11th Street from Walnut to Grand, designed by the architectural firm of [Van Brunt \& Howe](/wiki/Van_Brunt_%26_Howe "Van Brunt & Howe"). It soon became the prime attraction on the city's main retail thoroughfare, popularly known as "Petticoat Lane," and became famed for its Tea Room.
Although the store attempted to expand, opening a branch on the [Country Club Plaza](/wiki/Country_Club_Plaza "Country Club Plaza") in 1925 (enlarged in 1963\) and purchasing the Bundschu store on the courthouse square in [Independence](/wiki/Independence%2C_Missouri "Independence, Missouri"), it could not keep pace with changing retail fashions and settlement patterns, and in 1968 it closed, with the loss of 800 jobs.
The store closed in 1968, and its building, which was on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places"), was torn down in 1971\.
After the downtown location was demolished, [UMB Financial Corporation](/wiki/UMB_Financial_Corporation "UMB Financial Corporation") constructed a building on the site, retaining a few architectural elements from the EBT building. Until December 2015, a restaurant called EBT, at 103d Street and State Line Road near [I\-435](/wiki/I-435 "I-435"), housed memorabilia from the store. The firm's warehouse at 16th and Walnut has been converted into residential lofts.{{Cite news\|url\=http://kcur.org/post/kansas\-citys\-ebt\-restaurant\-prepares\-close\-heres\-look\-its\-iconic\-namesake\|title\=As Kansas City's EBT Restaurant Prepares To Close, Here's A Look At Its Iconic Namesake\|last\=Spencer\|first\=Laura\|date\=2015\-12\-02\|work\=KCUR\|access\-date\=2018\-06\-18\|language\=en}} During the renovation, lettering on the side of the warehouse reading "Emery Bird Thayer Warehouse" was repainted.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The store was started by [Kersey Coates](/wiki/Kersey_Coates \"Kersey Coates\") and [William Gillis](/wiki/William_Gillis_%28businessman%29 \"William Gillis (businessman)\") in the 1860s in the then Town of Kansas at the corner of Missouri Avenue and Main Street. Although initially outfitting travelers on the [Oregon Trail](/wiki/Oregon_Trail \"Oregon Trail\") and [Santa Fe Trail](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail \"Santa Fe Trail\"), it soon became more upscale. It moved to a new three\\-story building at Seventh and Main.",
"The original *Coates and Gillis* store became *Coates and Bullene* when it merged with a store operated by [Thomas B. Bullene](/wiki/Thomas_B._Bullene \"Thomas B. Bullene\"). It then became the *Bullene, Moore and Emery* department store. The store got its final name in the 1890s from the investors [W. E. Emery](/wiki/W._E._Emery \"W. E. Emery\"), [Joseph Taylor Bird. Sr.](/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Bird._Sr. \"Joseph Taylor Bird. Sr.\") and William B. Thayer.",
"In the 1890s, it opened a new building occupying a full block along East 11th Street from Walnut to Grand, designed by the architectural firm of [Van Brunt \\& Howe](/wiki/Van_Brunt_%26_Howe \"Van Brunt & Howe\"). It soon became the prime attraction on the city's main retail thoroughfare, popularly known as \"Petticoat Lane,\" and became famed for its Tea Room.",
"Although the store attempted to expand, opening a branch on the [Country Club Plaza](/wiki/Country_Club_Plaza \"Country Club Plaza\") in 1925 (enlarged in 1963\\) and purchasing the Bundschu store on the courthouse square in [Independence](/wiki/Independence%2C_Missouri \"Independence, Missouri\"), it could not keep pace with changing retail fashions and settlement patterns, and in 1968 it closed, with the loss of 800 jobs.",
"The store closed in 1968, and its building, which was on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\"), was torn down in 1971\\.",
"After the downtown location was demolished, [UMB Financial Corporation](/wiki/UMB_Financial_Corporation \"UMB Financial Corporation\") constructed a building on the site, retaining a few architectural elements from the EBT building. Until December 2015, a restaurant called EBT, at 103d Street and State Line Road near [I\\-435](/wiki/I-435 \"I-435\"), housed memorabilia from the store. The firm's warehouse at 16th and Walnut has been converted into residential lofts.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://kcur.org/post/kansas\\-citys\\-ebt\\-restaurant\\-prepares\\-close\\-heres\\-look\\-its\\-iconic\\-namesake\\|title\\=As Kansas City's EBT Restaurant Prepares To Close, Here's A Look At Its Iconic Namesake\\|last\\=Spencer\\|first\\=Laura\\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-02\\|work\\=KCUR\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-18\\|language\\=en}} During the renovation, lettering on the side of the warehouse reading \"Emery Bird Thayer Warehouse\" was repainted.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\| align \= left
\| 1970 \= 99
\| 1980 \= 291
\| 1990 \= 107
\| 2000 \= 123
\| 2010 \= 111
\| 2020 \= 86
\| footnote \= U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2020 census
| \+**Edmonson racial composition**{{Cite web \|title\=Explore Census Data \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US4822708\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2 \|access\-date\=May 20, 2022 \|website\=data.census.gov}} (*NH \= Non\-Hispanic*){{efn\|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.{{cite web \|title\=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin \|url\=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic\-origin/about.html \|website\=www.census.gov \|access\-date\=May 18, 2022}}}} | Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") (NH) | 40 | 46\.51% |
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 46 | 53\.49% |
| **Total** | **86** | |
As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 86 people, 34 households, and 20 families residing in the town.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 123 people, 37 households, and 34 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\|283\.4\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 43 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|99\.1\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 85\.37% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 14\.63% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 49\.59% of the population.
There were 37 households, out of which 48\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 81\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 2\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 8\.1% were non\-families. 8\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.32 and the average family size was 3\.50\.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 34\.1% under the age of 18, 9\.8% from 18 to 24, 25\.2% from 25 to 44, 17\.9% from 45 to 64, and 13\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 105\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102\.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $31,250, and the median income for a family was $29,583\. Males had a median income of $21,389 versus $9,773 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $9,857\. There were 6\.3% of families and 13\.7% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 17\.9% of under eighteens and 16\.7% of those over 64\.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\| align \\= left\n\\| 1970 \\= 99\n\\| 1980 \\= 291\n\\| 1990 \\= 107\n\\| 2000 \\= 123\n\\| 2010 \\= 111\n\\| 2020 \\= 86\n\\| footnote \\= U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2020 census",
"",
"| \\+**Edmonson racial composition**{{Cite web \\|title\\=Explore Census Data \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US4822708\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2 \\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2022 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*){{efn\\|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.{{cite web \\|title\\=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic\\-origin/about.html \\|website\\=www.census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=May 18, 2022}}}} | Race | Number | Percentage |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") (NH) | 40 | 46\\.51% |\n| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") | 46 | 53\\.49% |\n| **Total** | **86** | |",
"As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 86 people, 34 households, and 20 families residing in the town.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 123 people, 37 households, and 34 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|283\\.4\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 43 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|99\\.1\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 85\\.37% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 14\\.63% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 49\\.59% of the population.",
"There were 37 households, out of which 48\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 81\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 2\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 8\\.1% were non\\-families. 8\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.32 and the average family size was 3\\.50\\.",
"In the town, the population was spread out, with 34\\.1% under the age of 18, 9\\.8% from 18 to 24, 25\\.2% from 25 to 44, 17\\.9% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 105\\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102\\.5 males.",
"The median income for a household in the town was $31,250, and the median income for a family was $29,583\\. Males had a median income of $21,389 versus $9,773 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $9,857\\. There were 6\\.3% of families and 13\\.7% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 17\\.9% of under eighteens and 16\\.7% of those over 64\\.",
""
] |
Current series format
---------------------
### Tire suppliers and presenting sponsor
In 2017, [Pirelli](/wiki/Pirelli "Pirelli") became the exclusive tire supplier (replacing [Hoosier Racing Tire](/wiki/Hoosier_Racing_Tire "Hoosier Racing Tire")) and presenting sponsor for the Trans Am Series, and all classes use Pirelli P ZERO radial ply [racing slicks](/wiki/Racing_slick "Racing slick").{{cite web\|url\=https://speedsport.com/road\-racing/pirelli\-jumps\-in\-with\-trans\-am\-series/\|title\=Pirelli Tires becomes official tire supplier\|website\=Speed Sport\|last1\=Erickson\|first1\=Keith\|access\-date\=May 1, 2017}} The change from bias ply tires to Pirelli P ZERO radial tires has been very well received, and has resulted in faster average speeds and improved lap times in all four classes.{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.com/news/index.cfm?cid\=65891\|title\=Pirelli named Official Tire, Presenting Sponsor of the Trans Am Series\|last\=Erickson\|first\=Keith\|date\=July 12, 2017\|website\=Trans Am Series presented by Pirelli}}
### Schedules
In late 2016, the Trans Am Race Company (TARC) announced that after a long absence, the Trans Am Series would return to the West Coast with the 2017 **Trans Am West Coast Championship**, partnering with the [Sportscar Vintage Racing Association](/wiki/Sportscar_Vintage_Racing_Association "Sportscar Vintage Racing Association") (SVRA).{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.com/news/index.cfm?cid\=65732\|title\=Return of the Trans Am West Coast Championship\|last1\=Erickson\|first1\=Keith\|website\=GoTransAm.com\|access\-date\=2 May 2017}} The West Coast Championship Series consists of a separate 3 race competition, plus one round that is shared with the Trans Am Championship Series at [Circuit of the Americas](/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas "Circuit of the Americas"). (3 permanent road courses / 1 temporary road course)
For 2017, the schedule was reorganized, with five race venues (Homestead\-Miami Speedway, Road Atlanta, Watkins Glen, Virginia International Raceway, and New Jersey Motorsports Park) receiving new dates, the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway "Indianapolis Motor Speedway") being added, and Louisiana's [NOLA Motorsports Park](/wiki/NOLA_Motorsports_Park "NOLA Motorsports Park") being dropped.
For 2018, the Brainerd, MN and New Jersey Motorsports Park races were dropped, and a race at the Pittsburgh International Race Complex was added for the TA, TA3, and TA4 classes only. There are now 12 race venues on the **Trans Am Championship** **Series** schedule (8 permanent road courses / 3 temporary road courses / 1 temporary street circuit), with the Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix presented by Lear race{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.com/news/Trans\-Am\-ready\-for\-Motor\-City\-alongside\-3\-Dimensional\-Services/66714\|title\=Trans Am ready for Motor City alongside 3\-Dimensional Services\|last\=Erickson\|first\=Keith\|website\=Trans Am Racing\|access\-date\=August 18, 2017}} being open to TA2 class cars only. There are actually 13 actual races on the schedule, as the TA2 cars race twice in Detroit.
For 2018, the West Coast Championship's race at Willow Springs, CA was dropped, Sonoma, CA was added, and a shared race at INDY was added, expanding their series to a separate 3 round competition, plus two shared races (3 permanent road courses / 2 temporary road courses).
The schedule for 2019 continues to be 12 races long (including two "shared events" with the West Coast Championship Series), but the mid\-April Homestead, Florida race date changes to an early May event at Weathertech Raceway, Laguna Seca, California—the first time the series has raced there since 2004\. The early August Pittsburgh race was also dropped, having been replaced by the Memorial Day Motorsports Festival at Connecticut's Lime Rock Park, the first time the series will have raced there in three years, and it will be the thirtieth time overall. Additionally, the Indianapolis race weekend moves from mid\-June to early August, and the "shared" Circuit of the Americas (COTA) race weekend moves from early November back to early October. The Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix presented by Lear moves from early June to May 31—June 2, just four days after the event at Lime Rock Park ends. The season finale at Daytona International Speedway moves up one week to mid\-November.
On the 2019 West Coast Championship schedule, the season is one race longer (6\), and opens a couple of weeks earlier at Willows, California's Thunderhill Raceway Park. The shared event at Laguna Seca takes place in early May, with Sonoma moving from early June to mid\-June, replacing the shared event at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The shared event at Circuit of the Americas (CoTA) moves from early November to early October.
For 2020, the season finale at Daytona was dropped due to unresolvable scheduling conflicts, and after a two\-year absence, the race at Brainerd, Minnesota was reinstated to honor the late Jed Copham, the track's co\-owner and part time Trans Am Series driver. The season's grand finale in both series will now be the shared event at Circuit Of The Americas (CoTA), with that race being moved from October to November. The Indianapolis race is the only event that is open to all competitors who are registered to race in the Trans Am Championship series, or either of the regional sub\-championship series. In the West Coast Championship series, the season will start one month earlier (mid\-March) at Sonoma Raceway, which will for the first time ever also hold a second race in late August to make up for the Auto Club Speedway race being dropped. Other than this and minor reordering, the schedule remains at six races, with Laguna Seca as the other shared event with both series racing together.
On March 17, 2020, the Road Atlanta round was forced to be postponed due to the [coronavirus](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") outbreak. This was the start of a series of postponements and cancellations that lead to a revised schedule being announced on April 7, 2020\. In this schedule, the Detroit round was dropped reducing the series to an 11\-round championship. Unfortunately the planned restart of the series at Indianapolis Motor Speedway was also postponed with a new date for the track still to be determined and the series resuming at Mid\-Ohio Sports Car Course instead. The rounds at Watkins Glen and Lime Rock Park were the final casualties of the outbreak with late cancellations leading to double headers at Virginia International Raceway and Road Atlanta.
In 2021, for the first time since 2017, the series will return to [Homestead\-Miami Speedway](/wiki/Homestead-Miami_Speedway "Homestead-Miami Speedway"). Trans\-Am will also be having its first ever race at the newly renovated [Charlotte Motor Speedway Roval](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway "Charlotte Motor Speedway") and a TA2\-only round at the inaugural running of the [Music City Grand Prix](/wiki/Music_City_Grand_Prix "Music City Grand Prix") on the [streets of Nashville](/wiki/Streets_of_Nashville "Streets of Nashville"). No double\-headers are scheduled to return following their appearances in 2020; however, all tracks that were featured on the preliminary 2020 calendar are scheduled for 2021 as well. For the first time in series history, Trans\-Am instituted a drop\-round system where competitors can choose to drop their two worst round results including non\-appearances that took place before August 1\.
### Car classifications
#### Tube\-frame / silhouette body
##### TA
[thumb\|Vinnie Allegretta's Chevrolet Corvette C7](/wiki/File:P1020117-001.jpg "P1020117-001.jpg")
TA class cars are high\-performance [Grand Touring](/wiki/Grand_Touring "Grand Touring") race cars with a tubular chassis and a [Cadillac CTS\-V](/wiki/Cadillac_CTS "Cadillac CTS"), Chevrolet Camaro (Gen 6\), Dodge Challenger (Gen 3\), or Ford Mustang (Gen 6\) full\-scale replica body built by Advanced Composite Products or [Derhaag Motorsports](/wiki/Derhaag_Motorsports "Derhaag Motorsports"). All body types are eligible from the first year of production of the street car to five years after production ends. After each body model's full eligibility ends, each body will be partially eligible for an additional five years, and may be used in up to five races per year of eligibility. Cars may use a single\-element rear wing. (Older body styles may continue to be used in the West Coast Championship, Northern Regional Cup, and Southern Regional Cup for an additional 10\-years after partial\-eligibility for the National Championship has ended. Cars using a Trans Am approved body model with bodies from alternate manufacturers that are approved to run in the [SCCA](/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America "Sports Car Club of America") Club GT1 class may be approved to run in the West Coast Championship, Northern Regional Cup, or Southern Regional Cup on a case\-by\-case basis.)
Power comes from overhead valve (two per cylinder), pushrod, naturally aspirated, [carbureted](/wiki/Carburetor "Carburetor") (single 4\-barrel) 366 cubic inch (5\.99 L) V8 engines producing 850\+ horsepower.{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.com/transam101/TA\-Class/59343\|title\=TA Class\|last\=Erickson\|first\=Keith\|date\=May 17, 2017\|website\=GoTransAm.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.com/news/55\-car\-Trans\-Am\-Series\-presented\-by\-Pirelli\-field\-descends\-on\-Road\-Atlanta/66627\|title\=55\-car Trans Am Series presented by Pirelli field descends on Road Atlanta\|website\=GoTransAm.com\|last1\=Erickson\|first1\=Keith\|access\-date\=11 May 2017}} The minimum base weight is 2,780 pounds. Current rules{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.cdn.racersites.com/assets/2017%20Trans%20Am%20Series%20By%20Pirelli%20Rule%20Book%20v1%20(1\-15\-17\)1\.pdf\|title\=2017 Trans Am presented by Pirelli 2017 Rule Book\|website\=gotransam.cdn.racersites.com\|last1\=Erickson\|first1\=Keith\|access\-date\=May 2, 2017}} allow for the use of [leaded gasoline](/wiki/Leaded_gasoline "Leaded gasoline"), whereas all other classes except XGT must use [unleaded gas](/wiki/Unleaded_gas "Unleaded gas"). [Automatic transmissions](/wiki/Automatic_transmission "Automatic transmission") are prohibited, and manual transmissions must have no more than five forward gear ratios, as well as a functional reverse gear. [Sequential shifting transmissions](/wiki/Sequential_manual_transmission "Sequential manual transmission") are permitted, as well as commercially available No\-Lift Shift (NLS) systems, and also "auto\-blip" RPM matching systems for downshifting. [Traction Control systems](/wiki/Traction_control_system "Traction control system") or devices that function independently of the driver are strictly prohibited, as is [ABS](/wiki/Anti-skid_braking_system "Anti-skid braking system") (Anti\-skid Braking System).
##### TA2
[thumb\|Cameron Lawrence gave Dodge its first ever Trans Am Series Championship in 2014\|185x185px](/wiki/File:Cameron_Lawrence_-_TA2_Challenger_-_Daytona_November_2014.jpg "Cameron Lawrence - TA2 Challenger - Daytona November 2014.jpg")TA2 class rules specify a tubular chassis built by [Howe Racing Enterprises](/wiki/Howe_Racing_Enterprises "Howe Racing Enterprises"), Mike Cope Racing, M\-1 Motorsports, or Meissen Enterprises, and a [Chevrolet Camaro](/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro "Chevrolet Camaro") (Gen 5 \& 6\), [Ford Mustang](/wiki/Ford_Mustang "Ford Mustang") (Gen 5 \& 6\) or [Dodge Challenger](/wiki/Dodge_Challenger "Dodge Challenger") (Gen 3\) body (full\-scale [replica](/wiki/Replica "Replica")) built by either Five Star Racing Race Car Bodies{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fivestarbodies.com/store/index.php?p\=catalog\&parent\=123\&pg\=1\|title\=Eligible bodies for TA2 class cars\|last\=Erickson\|first\=Keith\|date\=July 11, 2017\|website\=Five Star Racing Race Car Bodies}} (Gen 6 Camaros / Mustangs), or [Howe Racing Enterprises](/wiki/Howe_Racing_Enterprises "Howe Racing Enterprises") (all other eligible cars). The minimum base weight (including driver and any driver gear) for all cars is 2,830 pounds. The costs of [shock absorbers](/wiki/Shock_absorber "Shock absorber"), [brake calipers](/wiki/Brake_calipers "Brake calipers") \& [pads](/wiki/Brake_pad "Brake pad"), and wheels are controlled, and no [titanium](/wiki/Titanium "Titanium") or [carbon fiber](/wiki/Carbon_fiber "Carbon fiber") components are allowed. Only the driver's seat and [Derhaag](/wiki/Derhaag_Motorsports "Derhaag Motorsports") single plane rear wing may be constructed using [carbon fiber](/wiki/Carbon_fiber_reinforced_polymer "Carbon fiber reinforced polymer"). TA2 is currently Trans Am's most popular class among competitors and has been exported internationally to Europe, Asia and Australia.
TA2 engines are similar to TA engines, except that they must be supplied by a Trans Am Approved and Certified Engine Builder/Rebuilder, and use [fuel injection](/wiki/Fuel_injection "Fuel injection") rather than a carburetor, as well as a Trans Am certified inlet [restrictor plate](/wiki/Restrictor_plate "Restrictor plate"), as maximum power is limited to 490 [HP](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower") and 447 lb\-ft of [torque](/wiki/Torque "Torque"). Engines must comply with all TA2 engine regulations, and are sealed by the builder/rebuilder. As per current rules, "Nothing may direct or force air to the filter or housing." Transmissions must be commercially available, "H pattern" manual units with four forward gear ratios (1:1 fourth gear ratio, and no overdrive) and a reverse gear. Sequential shift mechanisms are not allowed, nor are shift\-without\-lift mechanisms. Traction Control devices or systems that function independently of the driver are strictly prohibited, as is ABS (Anti\-skid Braking System).
#### Production based
##### XGT
New for 2020, the Xtreme Grand Touring (XGT) class will be used for former [FIA](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile "Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile") [Group GT3](/wiki/Group_GT3 "Group GT3") cars whose [homologation](/wiki/Homologation_%28motorsport%29 "Homologation (motorsport)") has expired under [SRO](/wiki/SRO_Motorsports_Group "SRO Motorsports Group") and FIA regulations. During the 2019 [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway "Indianapolis Motor Speedway") round, an [Audi R8](/wiki/Audi_R8 "Audi R8") whose GT3 homologation had expired was placed in the SGT class. After Trans Am Series officials and owners of former GT3 cars that could not be raced in a GT3 series following the expiration of the car's GT3 homologation had discussions, the series' officials announced that for the 2020 season, the "Xtreme Grand Touring" class will be part of the series. All original period\-correct GT3 specifications will be enforced, and the series intends for 2016 and earlier cars that have had expired homologations to participate.{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.com/news/Trans\-Am\-Series\-Develops\-New\-Home\-for\-Former\-GT3\-Cars/69884\|title\=Trans Am Series Develops New Home for Former GT3 Cars}}
##### SGT
[thumb\|Cars such as this Porsche 991\.2 are strong competitors in the SGT class](/wiki/File:P1020154-001.jpg "P1020154-001.jpg")
This class is intended to be a place for "... [sports cars](/wiki/Sports_car "Sports car"), grand touring cars, performance coupes, and performance sedans, all with their varying engines and [drivetrain](/wiki/Drivetrain "Drivetrain") layouts..." to race. Unlike GT class cars, the current rules allow them to compete at a higher level of vehicle preparation. Some engines are required to have [restrictor plates](/wiki/Restrictor_plate "Restrictor plate"), for the purpose of equalizing performance.{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.cdn.racersites.com/assets/2017%20Trans%20Am%20Series%20By%20Pirelli%20Rule%20Book%20v1%20(1\-15\-17\)1\.pdf\|title\=2017 Trans Am by Pirelli Rule Book\|last1\=Erickson\|first1\=Keith\|website\=GoTransAm.cdn.Racersites\|access\-date\=3 May 2017}} SGT class cars must be of a number of different specified domestic or foreign makes, models, and year of manufacture, from American "[muscle cars](/wiki/Muscle_car "Muscle car")", such as [Chevy Corvettes](/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette "Chevrolet Corvette") and [Camaros](/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro "Chevrolet Camaro"), [Dodge Challengers](/wiki/Dodge_Challenger "Dodge Challenger") and [Vipers](/wiki/Dodge_Viper "Dodge Viper"), and [Ford Mustangs](/wiki/Ford_Mustang "Ford Mustang") to European exotics like [Aston Martins](/wiki/Aston_Martin "Aston Martin"), [Ferraris](/wiki/Ferrari "Ferrari"), [Ginettas](/wiki/Ginetta_Cars "Ginetta Cars"), [Ligiers](/wiki/Ligier "Ligier"), [McLarens](/wiki/McLaren_Automotive "McLaren Automotive"), [Mercedes\-AMGs](/wiki/Mercedes-AMG "Mercedes-AMG"), [Lamborghinis](/wiki/Lamborghini "Lamborghini"), [Maseratis](/wiki/Maserati "Maserati"), [Panozes](/wiki/Panoz_Avezzano "Panoz Avezzano"), and [Porsches](/wiki/Porsche "Porsche"), as well as Asian exotics, such as [Acura NSXs](/wiki/Honda_NSX_%28second_generation%29 "Honda NSX (second generation)"). Eligible cars up to fifteen years old will now be able to race in the series, and for five years after that, partially eligible cars will be able to race in up to six races per year of eligibility. Standard body appearance must be maintained, including the [OEM](/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer "Original equipment manufacturer") grille and badge. Aftermarket or [OEM](/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer "Original equipment manufacturer") rear wings are allowed. As with GT, Tube frames are not allowed, but [roll cages](/wiki/Roll_cage "Roll cage") are mandatory. Minimum Vehicle Base Weights may be changed for the same purpose.
##### GT
[thumb\|2017 Champion Brian Kleeman's 2018 Ford Mustang](/wiki/File:P1020158-001.jpg "P1020158-001.jpg")
This class complies more with the classic Trans Am standards of "the glory era", and is the entry\-level class of the three production\-based classes within the Trans Am Series. "All vehicles must be production based, whether mass\-production or limited\-production, or a "[kit car](/wiki/Kit_car "Kit car")" that matches the look and performance of the GT class, and is available to the general public" (including 'track specific' models),2020 Trans Am Race Company Rule Book such as Ford Mustangs, Chevrolet Camaros, [Dodge Vipers](/wiki/Dodge_Viper "Dodge Viper"), [Nissan 350Zs](/wiki/Nissan_350Z "Nissan 350Z"), [Porsche Caymans](/wiki/Porsche_Cayman "Porsche Cayman"), or [Mercedes\-AMGs](/wiki/Mercedes-AMG "Mercedes-AMG"), and many more. The class is intended to be a competition between late model, nearly stock, high\-performance cars, and as the introductory level for Trans Am Series beginners to start racing. As with the SGT class, there is a fifteen\-year period of full eligibility, and a five\-year period of partial eligibility for eligible makes and models where a maximum of six races may be run. [OEM](/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer "Original equipment manufacturer") rear spoilers/wings may be used. As with SGT, some engines are required to have approved restrictor plates, for the purpose of equalizing performance. Minimum Vehicle Base Weights are adjusted depending on optional components used.
### Championships and awards
Originally, Manufacturers' Championship points were awarded in all classes to the top 6 finishing positions of each make of car: 9\-6\-4\-3\-2\-1\. Beginning in 1972, the SCCA instituted a Drivers' Championship that would be based on overall finishing position from 1st through 10th places: 20\-15\-12\-10\-8\-6\-4\-3\-2\-1\. Beginning in 1990, the top 25 finishers were awarded points as follows: 30\-27\-25\-23\-21\-19\-18\-17\-16\-15\-14\-13\-12\-11\-10\-9\-8\-7\-6\-5\-4\-3\-2\-1\-1\.
Currently, Manufacturers' Championship points are earned in exactly the same manner as they were originally. (\*Vehicles must be classified as finishers to score Manufacturers' points.) Final point standings ties will be decided by which manufacturer has more wins, second\-place finishes, etc., as necessary to determine the winner.
Series Champions in each of the four competition classes are determined based on points accumulated during the season. Drivers' Championship points are awarded as follows: At each race, after Qualifying has been completed, 3 points are awarded to the First Qualifier, 2 to the Second Qualifier, and 1 to the Third Qualifier. The top 24 finishers in each class, at each race are awarded points as follows: 30\-27\-25\-23\-21\-20\-19\-18\-17\-16\-15\-14\-13\-12\-11\-10\-9\-8\-7\-6\-5\-4\-3\-2\. All other finishers are awarded 1 point, provided the driver is classified as a starter. After the first green flag lap of a race, 1 point is awarded to any driver leading a lap in class, as well as 1 point for leading the most laps in class for each race. "In the event qualifying was not held due to any reason, Drivers Championship points will not be awarded." (A driver must be classified as a starter to score Championship points.)
The West Coast Championship Series operates just like the national championship. Points earned at shared events only count toward the series that the driver / team is currently entered in. If a race counts toward more than one championship series, a driver wishing to earn points for more than one championship must formally enter each series.
After the results of each race are "final", the COOLSHIRT Systems "Cool Move of the Race" Award (If applicable, it is given to the outstanding driver of the race, and the "move" could also be a 'move up through the field'.), pitboxes.com Crew Award, and Traq Gear Crew Chief Award are given out.
Series Champions are awarded the brand new for 2017 Trigon Trophy (sponsored by 3\-Dimensional Services Group, and custom designed by longtime partner Crystal Sensations).{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.com/news/Trans\-Am\-Series\-presented\-by\-Pirelli\-debuts\-new\-Crystal\-Sensations\-Trophies\-at\-Sebring/66306\|title\=Trans Am Series presented by Pirelli debuts new Crystal Sensations Trophies at Sebring\|last\=Erickson\|first\=Keith\|date\=July 16, 2017\|website\=Trans Am by Pirelli}} According to The Trans Am Race Company, LLC President John Claggett, "The base is shaped as a "D"... The crystal is essentially 3 sided... thus... the Trigon Trophy reflects the sponsorship. And yes... They are beautiful." The Trans Am Series' traditional colors are red and black, and Pirelli's color is yellow, with The Trigon Trophies incorporating those design elements.
2018 introduced the Northern Cup and Southern Cup Regional sub\-championships for teams that either do not wish to, or cannot run the entire race schedule, and have run a limited number of races in the past. There are very specific requirements for entry into the regional championships, as they are intended to allow drivers to try competing in the series before committing to running the full schedule of events. A driver / team may earn points in one or both championship series, or either the Northern or Southern Cup sub\-championship series, but not in both a sub\-championship series and also a championship series.
Also new for 2018 is the Master's Championship, which is intended to recognize drivers still actively competing on the racetrack who are over 65 years of age. Again, the points schedule for driver's championship points will be used. The highest finishing Master's Championship driver in each class will be recognized during the podium ceremony after each race. At the end of the year, the top three Master's Championship drivers in each regional series will be recognized at the series awards banquet.
Rookie of the Year winners in each class are also determined by points accumulated during the season.
New for 2018 is the Trans Am Team Championship, with points being awarded to each car/car number. Multiple drivers may compete in the same car / car number in order to earn points towards the Team Championship. The number of points earned follows the same methodology as in the Driver's Championship (according to finishing position), but as the rule book states, "In addition to the points earned on\-track, teams will be judged by several factors that embody a professional team and help promote, and improve, the Series".
For the 2021 season, the Trans Am Series in partnership with the [Sports Car Club of America](/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America "Sports Car Club of America") created the Pro/Am Challenge.{{cite web\|title\=Trans Am \- America's Road Racing Series\|url\=http://gotransam.com/\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-07\|website\=gotransam.com}} The Pro/Am Challenge allows SCCA drivers to compete in Trans Am using the 2021 SCCA road racing rulebook for their cars, making the transition back and forth between the SCCA Road Racing program and Trans Am much easier. This secondary championship is open to all five Trans Am classes and the primary SCCA classes that fit into these Trans Am classes are GT1, GT2, GTX, T1, T2, T3 and STO. The various cars are balanced into the correct Trans Am class with minor weight and restrictor changes. The Pro/Am Challenge requires competitors to compete in the two specific Pro/Am Challenge rounds and pick four other Trans Am Series or West Coast Trans Am Series races in which they will earn points. Points are awarded using the same system as the main Trans Am Series championship.
\*See current rule book for complete information on all Trans Am Series rules and regulations.
|
[
"Current series format\n---------------------",
"### Tire suppliers and presenting sponsor",
"In 2017, [Pirelli](/wiki/Pirelli \"Pirelli\") became the exclusive tire supplier (replacing [Hoosier Racing Tire](/wiki/Hoosier_Racing_Tire \"Hoosier Racing Tire\")) and presenting sponsor for the Trans Am Series, and all classes use Pirelli P ZERO radial ply [racing slicks](/wiki/Racing_slick \"Racing slick\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://speedsport.com/road\\-racing/pirelli\\-jumps\\-in\\-with\\-trans\\-am\\-series/\\|title\\=Pirelli Tires becomes official tire supplier\\|website\\=Speed Sport\\|last1\\=Erickson\\|first1\\=Keith\\|access\\-date\\=May 1, 2017}} The change from bias ply tires to Pirelli P ZERO radial tires has been very well received, and has resulted in faster average speeds and improved lap times in all four classes.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/news/index.cfm?cid\\=65891\\|title\\=Pirelli named Official Tire, Presenting Sponsor of the Trans Am Series\\|last\\=Erickson\\|first\\=Keith\\|date\\=July 12, 2017\\|website\\=Trans Am Series presented by Pirelli}}",
"### Schedules",
"In late 2016, the Trans Am Race Company (TARC) announced that after a long absence, the Trans Am Series would return to the West Coast with the 2017 **Trans Am West Coast Championship**, partnering with the [Sportscar Vintage Racing Association](/wiki/Sportscar_Vintage_Racing_Association \"Sportscar Vintage Racing Association\") (SVRA).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/news/index.cfm?cid\\=65732\\|title\\=Return of the Trans Am West Coast Championship\\|last1\\=Erickson\\|first1\\=Keith\\|website\\=GoTransAm.com\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2017}} The West Coast Championship Series consists of a separate 3 race competition, plus one round that is shared with the Trans Am Championship Series at [Circuit of the Americas](/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas \"Circuit of the Americas\"). (3 permanent road courses / 1 temporary road course)",
"For 2017, the schedule was reorganized, with five race venues (Homestead\\-Miami Speedway, Road Atlanta, Watkins Glen, Virginia International Raceway, and New Jersey Motorsports Park) receiving new dates, the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway\") being added, and Louisiana's [NOLA Motorsports Park](/wiki/NOLA_Motorsports_Park \"NOLA Motorsports Park\") being dropped.",
"For 2018, the Brainerd, MN and New Jersey Motorsports Park races were dropped, and a race at the Pittsburgh International Race Complex was added for the TA, TA3, and TA4 classes only. There are now 12 race venues on the **Trans Am Championship** **Series** schedule (8 permanent road courses / 3 temporary road courses / 1 temporary street circuit), with the Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix presented by Lear race{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/news/Trans\\-Am\\-ready\\-for\\-Motor\\-City\\-alongside\\-3\\-Dimensional\\-Services/66714\\|title\\=Trans Am ready for Motor City alongside 3\\-Dimensional Services\\|last\\=Erickson\\|first\\=Keith\\|website\\=Trans Am Racing\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2017}} being open to TA2 class cars only. There are actually 13 actual races on the schedule, as the TA2 cars race twice in Detroit.",
"For 2018, the West Coast Championship's race at Willow Springs, CA was dropped, Sonoma, CA was added, and a shared race at INDY was added, expanding their series to a separate 3 round competition, plus two shared races (3 permanent road courses / 2 temporary road courses).",
"The schedule for 2019 continues to be 12 races long (including two \"shared events\" with the West Coast Championship Series), but the mid\\-April Homestead, Florida race date changes to an early May event at Weathertech Raceway, Laguna Seca, California—the first time the series has raced there since 2004\\. The early August Pittsburgh race was also dropped, having been replaced by the Memorial Day Motorsports Festival at Connecticut's Lime Rock Park, the first time the series will have raced there in three years, and it will be the thirtieth time overall. Additionally, the Indianapolis race weekend moves from mid\\-June to early August, and the \"shared\" Circuit of the Americas (COTA) race weekend moves from early November back to early October. The Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix presented by Lear moves from early June to May 31—June 2, just four days after the event at Lime Rock Park ends. The season finale at Daytona International Speedway moves up one week to mid\\-November.",
"On the 2019 West Coast Championship schedule, the season is one race longer (6\\), and opens a couple of weeks earlier at Willows, California's Thunderhill Raceway Park. The shared event at Laguna Seca takes place in early May, with Sonoma moving from early June to mid\\-June, replacing the shared event at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The shared event at Circuit of the Americas (CoTA) moves from early November to early October.",
"For 2020, the season finale at Daytona was dropped due to unresolvable scheduling conflicts, and after a two\\-year absence, the race at Brainerd, Minnesota was reinstated to honor the late Jed Copham, the track's co\\-owner and part time Trans Am Series driver. The season's grand finale in both series will now be the shared event at Circuit Of The Americas (CoTA), with that race being moved from October to November. The Indianapolis race is the only event that is open to all competitors who are registered to race in the Trans Am Championship series, or either of the regional sub\\-championship series. In the West Coast Championship series, the season will start one month earlier (mid\\-March) at Sonoma Raceway, which will for the first time ever also hold a second race in late August to make up for the Auto Club Speedway race being dropped. Other than this and minor reordering, the schedule remains at six races, with Laguna Seca as the other shared event with both series racing together.",
"On March 17, 2020, the Road Atlanta round was forced to be postponed due to the [coronavirus](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") outbreak. This was the start of a series of postponements and cancellations that lead to a revised schedule being announced on April 7, 2020\\. In this schedule, the Detroit round was dropped reducing the series to an 11\\-round championship. Unfortunately the planned restart of the series at Indianapolis Motor Speedway was also postponed with a new date for the track still to be determined and the series resuming at Mid\\-Ohio Sports Car Course instead. The rounds at Watkins Glen and Lime Rock Park were the final casualties of the outbreak with late cancellations leading to double headers at Virginia International Raceway and Road Atlanta.",
"In 2021, for the first time since 2017, the series will return to [Homestead\\-Miami Speedway](/wiki/Homestead-Miami_Speedway \"Homestead-Miami Speedway\"). Trans\\-Am will also be having its first ever race at the newly renovated [Charlotte Motor Speedway Roval](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway \"Charlotte Motor Speedway\") and a TA2\\-only round at the inaugural running of the [Music City Grand Prix](/wiki/Music_City_Grand_Prix \"Music City Grand Prix\") on the [streets of Nashville](/wiki/Streets_of_Nashville \"Streets of Nashville\"). No double\\-headers are scheduled to return following their appearances in 2020; however, all tracks that were featured on the preliminary 2020 calendar are scheduled for 2021 as well. For the first time in series history, Trans\\-Am instituted a drop\\-round system where competitors can choose to drop their two worst round results including non\\-appearances that took place before August 1\\.",
"### Car classifications",
"#### Tube\\-frame / silhouette body",
"##### TA",
"[thumb\\|Vinnie Allegretta's Chevrolet Corvette C7](/wiki/File:P1020117-001.jpg \"P1020117-001.jpg\")\nTA class cars are high\\-performance [Grand Touring](/wiki/Grand_Touring \"Grand Touring\") race cars with a tubular chassis and a [Cadillac CTS\\-V](/wiki/Cadillac_CTS \"Cadillac CTS\"), Chevrolet Camaro (Gen 6\\), Dodge Challenger (Gen 3\\), or Ford Mustang (Gen 6\\) full\\-scale replica body built by Advanced Composite Products or [Derhaag Motorsports](/wiki/Derhaag_Motorsports \"Derhaag Motorsports\"). All body types are eligible from the first year of production of the street car to five years after production ends. After each body model's full eligibility ends, each body will be partially eligible for an additional five years, and may be used in up to five races per year of eligibility. Cars may use a single\\-element rear wing. (Older body styles may continue to be used in the West Coast Championship, Northern Regional Cup, and Southern Regional Cup for an additional 10\\-years after partial\\-eligibility for the National Championship has ended. Cars using a Trans Am approved body model with bodies from alternate manufacturers that are approved to run in the [SCCA](/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America \"Sports Car Club of America\") Club GT1 class may be approved to run in the West Coast Championship, Northern Regional Cup, or Southern Regional Cup on a case\\-by\\-case basis.)",
"Power comes from overhead valve (two per cylinder), pushrod, naturally aspirated, [carbureted](/wiki/Carburetor \"Carburetor\") (single 4\\-barrel) 366 cubic inch (5\\.99 L) V8 engines producing 850\\+ horsepower.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/transam101/TA\\-Class/59343\\|title\\=TA Class\\|last\\=Erickson\\|first\\=Keith\\|date\\=May 17, 2017\\|website\\=GoTransAm.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/news/55\\-car\\-Trans\\-Am\\-Series\\-presented\\-by\\-Pirelli\\-field\\-descends\\-on\\-Road\\-Atlanta/66627\\|title\\=55\\-car Trans Am Series presented by Pirelli field descends on Road Atlanta\\|website\\=GoTransAm.com\\|last1\\=Erickson\\|first1\\=Keith\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2017}} The minimum base weight is 2,780 pounds. Current rules{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.cdn.racersites.com/assets/2017%20Trans%20Am%20Series%20By%20Pirelli%20Rule%20Book%20v1%20(1\\-15\\-17\\)1\\.pdf\\|title\\=2017 Trans Am presented by Pirelli 2017 Rule Book\\|website\\=gotransam.cdn.racersites.com\\|last1\\=Erickson\\|first1\\=Keith\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2017}} allow for the use of [leaded gasoline](/wiki/Leaded_gasoline \"Leaded gasoline\"), whereas all other classes except XGT must use [unleaded gas](/wiki/Unleaded_gas \"Unleaded gas\"). [Automatic transmissions](/wiki/Automatic_transmission \"Automatic transmission\") are prohibited, and manual transmissions must have no more than five forward gear ratios, as well as a functional reverse gear. [Sequential shifting transmissions](/wiki/Sequential_manual_transmission \"Sequential manual transmission\") are permitted, as well as commercially available No\\-Lift Shift (NLS) systems, and also \"auto\\-blip\" RPM matching systems for downshifting. [Traction Control systems](/wiki/Traction_control_system \"Traction control system\") or devices that function independently of the driver are strictly prohibited, as is [ABS](/wiki/Anti-skid_braking_system \"Anti-skid braking system\") (Anti\\-skid Braking System).",
"##### TA2",
"[thumb\\|Cameron Lawrence gave Dodge its first ever Trans Am Series Championship in 2014\\|185x185px](/wiki/File:Cameron_Lawrence_-_TA2_Challenger_-_Daytona_November_2014.jpg \"Cameron Lawrence - TA2 Challenger - Daytona November 2014.jpg\")TA2 class rules specify a tubular chassis built by [Howe Racing Enterprises](/wiki/Howe_Racing_Enterprises \"Howe Racing Enterprises\"), Mike Cope Racing, M\\-1 Motorsports, or Meissen Enterprises, and a [Chevrolet Camaro](/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro \"Chevrolet Camaro\") (Gen 5 \\& 6\\), [Ford Mustang](/wiki/Ford_Mustang \"Ford Mustang\") (Gen 5 \\& 6\\) or [Dodge Challenger](/wiki/Dodge_Challenger \"Dodge Challenger\") (Gen 3\\) body (full\\-scale [replica](/wiki/Replica \"Replica\")) built by either Five Star Racing Race Car Bodies{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fivestarbodies.com/store/index.php?p\\=catalog\\&parent\\=123\\&pg\\=1\\|title\\=Eligible bodies for TA2 class cars\\|last\\=Erickson\\|first\\=Keith\\|date\\=July 11, 2017\\|website\\=Five Star Racing Race Car Bodies}} (Gen 6 Camaros / Mustangs), or [Howe Racing Enterprises](/wiki/Howe_Racing_Enterprises \"Howe Racing Enterprises\") (all other eligible cars). The minimum base weight (including driver and any driver gear) for all cars is 2,830 pounds. The costs of [shock absorbers](/wiki/Shock_absorber \"Shock absorber\"), [brake calipers](/wiki/Brake_calipers \"Brake calipers\") \\& [pads](/wiki/Brake_pad \"Brake pad\"), and wheels are controlled, and no [titanium](/wiki/Titanium \"Titanium\") or [carbon fiber](/wiki/Carbon_fiber \"Carbon fiber\") components are allowed. Only the driver's seat and [Derhaag](/wiki/Derhaag_Motorsports \"Derhaag Motorsports\") single plane rear wing may be constructed using [carbon fiber](/wiki/Carbon_fiber_reinforced_polymer \"Carbon fiber reinforced polymer\"). TA2 is currently Trans Am's most popular class among competitors and has been exported internationally to Europe, Asia and Australia.",
"TA2 engines are similar to TA engines, except that they must be supplied by a Trans Am Approved and Certified Engine Builder/Rebuilder, and use [fuel injection](/wiki/Fuel_injection \"Fuel injection\") rather than a carburetor, as well as a Trans Am certified inlet [restrictor plate](/wiki/Restrictor_plate \"Restrictor plate\"), as maximum power is limited to 490 [HP](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\") and 447 lb\\-ft of [torque](/wiki/Torque \"Torque\"). Engines must comply with all TA2 engine regulations, and are sealed by the builder/rebuilder. As per current rules, \"Nothing may direct or force air to the filter or housing.\" Transmissions must be commercially available, \"H pattern\" manual units with four forward gear ratios (1:1 fourth gear ratio, and no overdrive) and a reverse gear. Sequential shift mechanisms are not allowed, nor are shift\\-without\\-lift mechanisms. Traction Control devices or systems that function independently of the driver are strictly prohibited, as is ABS (Anti\\-skid Braking System).",
"#### Production based",
"##### XGT",
"New for 2020, the Xtreme Grand Touring (XGT) class will be used for former [FIA](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile \"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile\") [Group GT3](/wiki/Group_GT3 \"Group GT3\") cars whose [homologation](/wiki/Homologation_%28motorsport%29 \"Homologation (motorsport)\") has expired under [SRO](/wiki/SRO_Motorsports_Group \"SRO Motorsports Group\") and FIA regulations. During the 2019 [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway\") round, an [Audi R8](/wiki/Audi_R8 \"Audi R8\") whose GT3 homologation had expired was placed in the SGT class. After Trans Am Series officials and owners of former GT3 cars that could not be raced in a GT3 series following the expiration of the car's GT3 homologation had discussions, the series' officials announced that for the 2020 season, the \"Xtreme Grand Touring\" class will be part of the series. All original period\\-correct GT3 specifications will be enforced, and the series intends for 2016 and earlier cars that have had expired homologations to participate.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/news/Trans\\-Am\\-Series\\-Develops\\-New\\-Home\\-for\\-Former\\-GT3\\-Cars/69884\\|title\\=Trans Am Series Develops New Home for Former GT3 Cars}}",
"##### SGT",
"[thumb\\|Cars such as this Porsche 991\\.2 are strong competitors in the SGT class](/wiki/File:P1020154-001.jpg \"P1020154-001.jpg\")\nThis class is intended to be a place for \"... [sports cars](/wiki/Sports_car \"Sports car\"), grand touring cars, performance coupes, and performance sedans, all with their varying engines and [drivetrain](/wiki/Drivetrain \"Drivetrain\") layouts...\" to race. Unlike GT class cars, the current rules allow them to compete at a higher level of vehicle preparation. Some engines are required to have [restrictor plates](/wiki/Restrictor_plate \"Restrictor plate\"), for the purpose of equalizing performance.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.cdn.racersites.com/assets/2017%20Trans%20Am%20Series%20By%20Pirelli%20Rule%20Book%20v1%20(1\\-15\\-17\\)1\\.pdf\\|title\\=2017 Trans Am by Pirelli Rule Book\\|last1\\=Erickson\\|first1\\=Keith\\|website\\=GoTransAm.cdn.Racersites\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2017}} SGT class cars must be of a number of different specified domestic or foreign makes, models, and year of manufacture, from American \"[muscle cars](/wiki/Muscle_car \"Muscle car\")\", such as [Chevy Corvettes](/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette \"Chevrolet Corvette\") and [Camaros](/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro \"Chevrolet Camaro\"), [Dodge Challengers](/wiki/Dodge_Challenger \"Dodge Challenger\") and [Vipers](/wiki/Dodge_Viper \"Dodge Viper\"), and [Ford Mustangs](/wiki/Ford_Mustang \"Ford Mustang\") to European exotics like [Aston Martins](/wiki/Aston_Martin \"Aston Martin\"), [Ferraris](/wiki/Ferrari \"Ferrari\"), [Ginettas](/wiki/Ginetta_Cars \"Ginetta Cars\"), [Ligiers](/wiki/Ligier \"Ligier\"), [McLarens](/wiki/McLaren_Automotive \"McLaren Automotive\"), [Mercedes\\-AMGs](/wiki/Mercedes-AMG \"Mercedes-AMG\"), [Lamborghinis](/wiki/Lamborghini \"Lamborghini\"), [Maseratis](/wiki/Maserati \"Maserati\"), [Panozes](/wiki/Panoz_Avezzano \"Panoz Avezzano\"), and [Porsches](/wiki/Porsche \"Porsche\"), as well as Asian exotics, such as [Acura NSXs](/wiki/Honda_NSX_%28second_generation%29 \"Honda NSX (second generation)\"). Eligible cars up to fifteen years old will now be able to race in the series, and for five years after that, partially eligible cars will be able to race in up to six races per year of eligibility. Standard body appearance must be maintained, including the [OEM](/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer \"Original equipment manufacturer\") grille and badge. Aftermarket or [OEM](/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer \"Original equipment manufacturer\") rear wings are allowed. As with GT, Tube frames are not allowed, but [roll cages](/wiki/Roll_cage \"Roll cage\") are mandatory. Minimum Vehicle Base Weights may be changed for the same purpose.",
"##### GT",
"[thumb\\|2017 Champion Brian Kleeman's 2018 Ford Mustang](/wiki/File:P1020158-001.jpg \"P1020158-001.jpg\")\nThis class complies more with the classic Trans Am standards of \"the glory era\", and is the entry\\-level class of the three production\\-based classes within the Trans Am Series. \"All vehicles must be production based, whether mass\\-production or limited\\-production, or a \"[kit car](/wiki/Kit_car \"Kit car\")\" that matches the look and performance of the GT class, and is available to the general public\" (including 'track specific' models),2020 Trans Am Race Company Rule Book such as Ford Mustangs, Chevrolet Camaros, [Dodge Vipers](/wiki/Dodge_Viper \"Dodge Viper\"), [Nissan 350Zs](/wiki/Nissan_350Z \"Nissan 350Z\"), [Porsche Caymans](/wiki/Porsche_Cayman \"Porsche Cayman\"), or [Mercedes\\-AMGs](/wiki/Mercedes-AMG \"Mercedes-AMG\"), and many more. The class is intended to be a competition between late model, nearly stock, high\\-performance cars, and as the introductory level for Trans Am Series beginners to start racing. As with the SGT class, there is a fifteen\\-year period of full eligibility, and a five\\-year period of partial eligibility for eligible makes and models where a maximum of six races may be run. [OEM](/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer \"Original equipment manufacturer\") rear spoilers/wings may be used. As with SGT, some engines are required to have approved restrictor plates, for the purpose of equalizing performance. Minimum Vehicle Base Weights are adjusted depending on optional components used.",
"### Championships and awards",
"Originally, Manufacturers' Championship points were awarded in all classes to the top 6 finishing positions of each make of car: 9\\-6\\-4\\-3\\-2\\-1\\. Beginning in 1972, the SCCA instituted a Drivers' Championship that would be based on overall finishing position from 1st through 10th places: 20\\-15\\-12\\-10\\-8\\-6\\-4\\-3\\-2\\-1\\. Beginning in 1990, the top 25 finishers were awarded points as follows: 30\\-27\\-25\\-23\\-21\\-19\\-18\\-17\\-16\\-15\\-14\\-13\\-12\\-11\\-10\\-9\\-8\\-7\\-6\\-5\\-4\\-3\\-2\\-1\\-1\\.",
"Currently, Manufacturers' Championship points are earned in exactly the same manner as they were originally. (\\*Vehicles must be classified as finishers to score Manufacturers' points.) Final point standings ties will be decided by which manufacturer has more wins, second\\-place finishes, etc., as necessary to determine the winner.",
"Series Champions in each of the four competition classes are determined based on points accumulated during the season. Drivers' Championship points are awarded as follows: At each race, after Qualifying has been completed, 3 points are awarded to the First Qualifier, 2 to the Second Qualifier, and 1 to the Third Qualifier. The top 24 finishers in each class, at each race are awarded points as follows: 30\\-27\\-25\\-23\\-21\\-20\\-19\\-18\\-17\\-16\\-15\\-14\\-13\\-12\\-11\\-10\\-9\\-8\\-7\\-6\\-5\\-4\\-3\\-2\\. All other finishers are awarded 1 point, provided the driver is classified as a starter. After the first green flag lap of a race, 1 point is awarded to any driver leading a lap in class, as well as 1 point for leading the most laps in class for each race. \"In the event qualifying was not held due to any reason, Drivers Championship points will not be awarded.\" (A driver must be classified as a starter to score Championship points.)",
"The West Coast Championship Series operates just like the national championship. Points earned at shared events only count toward the series that the driver / team is currently entered in. If a race counts toward more than one championship series, a driver wishing to earn points for more than one championship must formally enter each series.",
"After the results of each race are \"final\", the COOLSHIRT Systems \"Cool Move of the Race\" Award (If applicable, it is given to the outstanding driver of the race, and the \"move\" could also be a 'move up through the field'.), pitboxes.com Crew Award, and Traq Gear Crew Chief Award are given out.",
"Series Champions are awarded the brand new for 2017 Trigon Trophy (sponsored by 3\\-Dimensional Services Group, and custom designed by longtime partner Crystal Sensations).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/news/Trans\\-Am\\-Series\\-presented\\-by\\-Pirelli\\-debuts\\-new\\-Crystal\\-Sensations\\-Trophies\\-at\\-Sebring/66306\\|title\\=Trans Am Series presented by Pirelli debuts new Crystal Sensations Trophies at Sebring\\|last\\=Erickson\\|first\\=Keith\\|date\\=July 16, 2017\\|website\\=Trans Am by Pirelli}} According to The Trans Am Race Company, LLC President John Claggett, \"The base is shaped as a \"D\"... The crystal is essentially 3 sided... thus... the Trigon Trophy reflects the sponsorship. And yes... They are beautiful.\" The Trans Am Series' traditional colors are red and black, and Pirelli's color is yellow, with The Trigon Trophies incorporating those design elements.",
"2018 introduced the Northern Cup and Southern Cup Regional sub\\-championships for teams that either do not wish to, or cannot run the entire race schedule, and have run a limited number of races in the past. There are very specific requirements for entry into the regional championships, as they are intended to allow drivers to try competing in the series before committing to running the full schedule of events. A driver / team may earn points in one or both championship series, or either the Northern or Southern Cup sub\\-championship series, but not in both a sub\\-championship series and also a championship series.",
"Also new for 2018 is the Master's Championship, which is intended to recognize drivers still actively competing on the racetrack who are over 65 years of age. Again, the points schedule for driver's championship points will be used. The highest finishing Master's Championship driver in each class will be recognized during the podium ceremony after each race. At the end of the year, the top three Master's Championship drivers in each regional series will be recognized at the series awards banquet.",
"Rookie of the Year winners in each class are also determined by points accumulated during the season.",
"New for 2018 is the Trans Am Team Championship, with points being awarded to each car/car number. Multiple drivers may compete in the same car / car number in order to earn points towards the Team Championship. The number of points earned follows the same methodology as in the Driver's Championship (according to finishing position), but as the rule book states, \"In addition to the points earned on\\-track, teams will be judged by several factors that embody a professional team and help promote, and improve, the Series\".",
"For the 2021 season, the Trans Am Series in partnership with the [Sports Car Club of America](/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America \"Sports Car Club of America\") created the Pro/Am Challenge.{{cite web\\|title\\=Trans Am \\- America's Road Racing Series\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-07\\|website\\=gotransam.com}} The Pro/Am Challenge allows SCCA drivers to compete in Trans Am using the 2021 SCCA road racing rulebook for their cars, making the transition back and forth between the SCCA Road Racing program and Trans Am much easier. This secondary championship is open to all five Trans Am classes and the primary SCCA classes that fit into these Trans Am classes are GT1, GT2, GTX, T1, T2, T3 and STO. The various cars are balanced into the correct Trans Am class with minor weight and restrictor changes. The Pro/Am Challenge requires competitors to compete in the two specific Pro/Am Challenge rounds and pick four other Trans Am Series or West Coast Trans Am Series races in which they will earn points. Points are awarded using the same system as the main Trans Am Series championship.",
"\\*See current rule book for complete information on all Trans Am Series rules and regulations.",
""
] |
### Schedules
In late 2016, the Trans Am Race Company (TARC) announced that after a long absence, the Trans Am Series would return to the West Coast with the 2017 **Trans Am West Coast Championship**, partnering with the [Sportscar Vintage Racing Association](/wiki/Sportscar_Vintage_Racing_Association "Sportscar Vintage Racing Association") (SVRA).{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.com/news/index.cfm?cid\=65732\|title\=Return of the Trans Am West Coast Championship\|last1\=Erickson\|first1\=Keith\|website\=GoTransAm.com\|access\-date\=2 May 2017}} The West Coast Championship Series consists of a separate 3 race competition, plus one round that is shared with the Trans Am Championship Series at [Circuit of the Americas](/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas "Circuit of the Americas"). (3 permanent road courses / 1 temporary road course)
For 2017, the schedule was reorganized, with five race venues (Homestead\-Miami Speedway, Road Atlanta, Watkins Glen, Virginia International Raceway, and New Jersey Motorsports Park) receiving new dates, the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway "Indianapolis Motor Speedway") being added, and Louisiana's [NOLA Motorsports Park](/wiki/NOLA_Motorsports_Park "NOLA Motorsports Park") being dropped.
For 2018, the Brainerd, MN and New Jersey Motorsports Park races were dropped, and a race at the Pittsburgh International Race Complex was added for the TA, TA3, and TA4 classes only. There are now 12 race venues on the **Trans Am Championship** **Series** schedule (8 permanent road courses / 3 temporary road courses / 1 temporary street circuit), with the Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix presented by Lear race{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.com/news/Trans\-Am\-ready\-for\-Motor\-City\-alongside\-3\-Dimensional\-Services/66714\|title\=Trans Am ready for Motor City alongside 3\-Dimensional Services\|last\=Erickson\|first\=Keith\|website\=Trans Am Racing\|access\-date\=August 18, 2017}} being open to TA2 class cars only. There are actually 13 actual races on the schedule, as the TA2 cars race twice in Detroit.
For 2018, the West Coast Championship's race at Willow Springs, CA was dropped, Sonoma, CA was added, and a shared race at INDY was added, expanding their series to a separate 3 round competition, plus two shared races (3 permanent road courses / 2 temporary road courses).
The schedule for 2019 continues to be 12 races long (including two "shared events" with the West Coast Championship Series), but the mid\-April Homestead, Florida race date changes to an early May event at Weathertech Raceway, Laguna Seca, California—the first time the series has raced there since 2004\. The early August Pittsburgh race was also dropped, having been replaced by the Memorial Day Motorsports Festival at Connecticut's Lime Rock Park, the first time the series will have raced there in three years, and it will be the thirtieth time overall. Additionally, the Indianapolis race weekend moves from mid\-June to early August, and the "shared" Circuit of the Americas (COTA) race weekend moves from early November back to early October. The Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix presented by Lear moves from early June to May 31—June 2, just four days after the event at Lime Rock Park ends. The season finale at Daytona International Speedway moves up one week to mid\-November.
On the 2019 West Coast Championship schedule, the season is one race longer (6\), and opens a couple of weeks earlier at Willows, California's Thunderhill Raceway Park. The shared event at Laguna Seca takes place in early May, with Sonoma moving from early June to mid\-June, replacing the shared event at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The shared event at Circuit of the Americas (CoTA) moves from early November to early October.
For 2020, the season finale at Daytona was dropped due to unresolvable scheduling conflicts, and after a two\-year absence, the race at Brainerd, Minnesota was reinstated to honor the late Jed Copham, the track's co\-owner and part time Trans Am Series driver. The season's grand finale in both series will now be the shared event at Circuit Of The Americas (CoTA), with that race being moved from October to November. The Indianapolis race is the only event that is open to all competitors who are registered to race in the Trans Am Championship series, or either of the regional sub\-championship series. In the West Coast Championship series, the season will start one month earlier (mid\-March) at Sonoma Raceway, which will for the first time ever also hold a second race in late August to make up for the Auto Club Speedway race being dropped. Other than this and minor reordering, the schedule remains at six races, with Laguna Seca as the other shared event with both series racing together.
On March 17, 2020, the Road Atlanta round was forced to be postponed due to the [coronavirus](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") outbreak. This was the start of a series of postponements and cancellations that lead to a revised schedule being announced on April 7, 2020\. In this schedule, the Detroit round was dropped reducing the series to an 11\-round championship. Unfortunately the planned restart of the series at Indianapolis Motor Speedway was also postponed with a new date for the track still to be determined and the series resuming at Mid\-Ohio Sports Car Course instead. The rounds at Watkins Glen and Lime Rock Park were the final casualties of the outbreak with late cancellations leading to double headers at Virginia International Raceway and Road Atlanta.
In 2021, for the first time since 2017, the series will return to [Homestead\-Miami Speedway](/wiki/Homestead-Miami_Speedway "Homestead-Miami Speedway"). Trans\-Am will also be having its first ever race at the newly renovated [Charlotte Motor Speedway Roval](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway "Charlotte Motor Speedway") and a TA2\-only round at the inaugural running of the [Music City Grand Prix](/wiki/Music_City_Grand_Prix "Music City Grand Prix") on the [streets of Nashville](/wiki/Streets_of_Nashville "Streets of Nashville"). No double\-headers are scheduled to return following their appearances in 2020; however, all tracks that were featured on the preliminary 2020 calendar are scheduled for 2021 as well. For the first time in series history, Trans\-Am instituted a drop\-round system where competitors can choose to drop their two worst round results including non\-appearances that took place before August 1\.
|
[
"### Schedules",
"In late 2016, the Trans Am Race Company (TARC) announced that after a long absence, the Trans Am Series would return to the West Coast with the 2017 **Trans Am West Coast Championship**, partnering with the [Sportscar Vintage Racing Association](/wiki/Sportscar_Vintage_Racing_Association \"Sportscar Vintage Racing Association\") (SVRA).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/news/index.cfm?cid\\=65732\\|title\\=Return of the Trans Am West Coast Championship\\|last1\\=Erickson\\|first1\\=Keith\\|website\\=GoTransAm.com\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2017}} The West Coast Championship Series consists of a separate 3 race competition, plus one round that is shared with the Trans Am Championship Series at [Circuit of the Americas](/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas \"Circuit of the Americas\"). (3 permanent road courses / 1 temporary road course)",
"For 2017, the schedule was reorganized, with five race venues (Homestead\\-Miami Speedway, Road Atlanta, Watkins Glen, Virginia International Raceway, and New Jersey Motorsports Park) receiving new dates, the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway\") being added, and Louisiana's [NOLA Motorsports Park](/wiki/NOLA_Motorsports_Park \"NOLA Motorsports Park\") being dropped.",
"For 2018, the Brainerd, MN and New Jersey Motorsports Park races were dropped, and a race at the Pittsburgh International Race Complex was added for the TA, TA3, and TA4 classes only. There are now 12 race venues on the **Trans Am Championship** **Series** schedule (8 permanent road courses / 3 temporary road courses / 1 temporary street circuit), with the Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix presented by Lear race{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/news/Trans\\-Am\\-ready\\-for\\-Motor\\-City\\-alongside\\-3\\-Dimensional\\-Services/66714\\|title\\=Trans Am ready for Motor City alongside 3\\-Dimensional Services\\|last\\=Erickson\\|first\\=Keith\\|website\\=Trans Am Racing\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2017}} being open to TA2 class cars only. There are actually 13 actual races on the schedule, as the TA2 cars race twice in Detroit.",
"For 2018, the West Coast Championship's race at Willow Springs, CA was dropped, Sonoma, CA was added, and a shared race at INDY was added, expanding their series to a separate 3 round competition, plus two shared races (3 permanent road courses / 2 temporary road courses).",
"The schedule for 2019 continues to be 12 races long (including two \"shared events\" with the West Coast Championship Series), but the mid\\-April Homestead, Florida race date changes to an early May event at Weathertech Raceway, Laguna Seca, California—the first time the series has raced there since 2004\\. The early August Pittsburgh race was also dropped, having been replaced by the Memorial Day Motorsports Festival at Connecticut's Lime Rock Park, the first time the series will have raced there in three years, and it will be the thirtieth time overall. Additionally, the Indianapolis race weekend moves from mid\\-June to early August, and the \"shared\" Circuit of the Americas (COTA) race weekend moves from early November back to early October. The Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix presented by Lear moves from early June to May 31—June 2, just four days after the event at Lime Rock Park ends. The season finale at Daytona International Speedway moves up one week to mid\\-November.",
"On the 2019 West Coast Championship schedule, the season is one race longer (6\\), and opens a couple of weeks earlier at Willows, California's Thunderhill Raceway Park. The shared event at Laguna Seca takes place in early May, with Sonoma moving from early June to mid\\-June, replacing the shared event at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The shared event at Circuit of the Americas (CoTA) moves from early November to early October.",
"For 2020, the season finale at Daytona was dropped due to unresolvable scheduling conflicts, and after a two\\-year absence, the race at Brainerd, Minnesota was reinstated to honor the late Jed Copham, the track's co\\-owner and part time Trans Am Series driver. The season's grand finale in both series will now be the shared event at Circuit Of The Americas (CoTA), with that race being moved from October to November. The Indianapolis race is the only event that is open to all competitors who are registered to race in the Trans Am Championship series, or either of the regional sub\\-championship series. In the West Coast Championship series, the season will start one month earlier (mid\\-March) at Sonoma Raceway, which will for the first time ever also hold a second race in late August to make up for the Auto Club Speedway race being dropped. Other than this and minor reordering, the schedule remains at six races, with Laguna Seca as the other shared event with both series racing together.",
"On March 17, 2020, the Road Atlanta round was forced to be postponed due to the [coronavirus](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") outbreak. This was the start of a series of postponements and cancellations that lead to a revised schedule being announced on April 7, 2020\\. In this schedule, the Detroit round was dropped reducing the series to an 11\\-round championship. Unfortunately the planned restart of the series at Indianapolis Motor Speedway was also postponed with a new date for the track still to be determined and the series resuming at Mid\\-Ohio Sports Car Course instead. The rounds at Watkins Glen and Lime Rock Park were the final casualties of the outbreak with late cancellations leading to double headers at Virginia International Raceway and Road Atlanta.",
"In 2021, for the first time since 2017, the series will return to [Homestead\\-Miami Speedway](/wiki/Homestead-Miami_Speedway \"Homestead-Miami Speedway\"). Trans\\-Am will also be having its first ever race at the newly renovated [Charlotte Motor Speedway Roval](/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway \"Charlotte Motor Speedway\") and a TA2\\-only round at the inaugural running of the [Music City Grand Prix](/wiki/Music_City_Grand_Prix \"Music City Grand Prix\") on the [streets of Nashville](/wiki/Streets_of_Nashville \"Streets of Nashville\"). No double\\-headers are scheduled to return following their appearances in 2020; however, all tracks that were featured on the preliminary 2020 calendar are scheduled for 2021 as well. For the first time in series history, Trans\\-Am instituted a drop\\-round system where competitors can choose to drop their two worst round results including non\\-appearances that took place before August 1\\.",
""
] |
### Championships and awards
Originally, Manufacturers' Championship points were awarded in all classes to the top 6 finishing positions of each make of car: 9\-6\-4\-3\-2\-1\. Beginning in 1972, the SCCA instituted a Drivers' Championship that would be based on overall finishing position from 1st through 10th places: 20\-15\-12\-10\-8\-6\-4\-3\-2\-1\. Beginning in 1990, the top 25 finishers were awarded points as follows: 30\-27\-25\-23\-21\-19\-18\-17\-16\-15\-14\-13\-12\-11\-10\-9\-8\-7\-6\-5\-4\-3\-2\-1\-1\.
Currently, Manufacturers' Championship points are earned in exactly the same manner as they were originally. (\*Vehicles must be classified as finishers to score Manufacturers' points.) Final point standings ties will be decided by which manufacturer has more wins, second\-place finishes, etc., as necessary to determine the winner.
Series Champions in each of the four competition classes are determined based on points accumulated during the season. Drivers' Championship points are awarded as follows: At each race, after Qualifying has been completed, 3 points are awarded to the First Qualifier, 2 to the Second Qualifier, and 1 to the Third Qualifier. The top 24 finishers in each class, at each race are awarded points as follows: 30\-27\-25\-23\-21\-20\-19\-18\-17\-16\-15\-14\-13\-12\-11\-10\-9\-8\-7\-6\-5\-4\-3\-2\. All other finishers are awarded 1 point, provided the driver is classified as a starter. After the first green flag lap of a race, 1 point is awarded to any driver leading a lap in class, as well as 1 point for leading the most laps in class for each race. "In the event qualifying was not held due to any reason, Drivers Championship points will not be awarded." (A driver must be classified as a starter to score Championship points.)
The West Coast Championship Series operates just like the national championship. Points earned at shared events only count toward the series that the driver / team is currently entered in. If a race counts toward more than one championship series, a driver wishing to earn points for more than one championship must formally enter each series.
After the results of each race are "final", the COOLSHIRT Systems "Cool Move of the Race" Award (If applicable, it is given to the outstanding driver of the race, and the "move" could also be a 'move up through the field'.), pitboxes.com Crew Award, and Traq Gear Crew Chief Award are given out.
Series Champions are awarded the brand new for 2017 Trigon Trophy (sponsored by 3\-Dimensional Services Group, and custom designed by longtime partner Crystal Sensations).{{cite web\|url\=http://gotransam.com/news/Trans\-Am\-Series\-presented\-by\-Pirelli\-debuts\-new\-Crystal\-Sensations\-Trophies\-at\-Sebring/66306\|title\=Trans Am Series presented by Pirelli debuts new Crystal Sensations Trophies at Sebring\|last\=Erickson\|first\=Keith\|date\=July 16, 2017\|website\=Trans Am by Pirelli}} According to The Trans Am Race Company, LLC President John Claggett, "The base is shaped as a "D"... The crystal is essentially 3 sided... thus... the Trigon Trophy reflects the sponsorship. And yes... They are beautiful." The Trans Am Series' traditional colors are red and black, and Pirelli's color is yellow, with The Trigon Trophies incorporating those design elements.
2018 introduced the Northern Cup and Southern Cup Regional sub\-championships for teams that either do not wish to, or cannot run the entire race schedule, and have run a limited number of races in the past. There are very specific requirements for entry into the regional championships, as they are intended to allow drivers to try competing in the series before committing to running the full schedule of events. A driver / team may earn points in one or both championship series, or either the Northern or Southern Cup sub\-championship series, but not in both a sub\-championship series and also a championship series.
Also new for 2018 is the Master's Championship, which is intended to recognize drivers still actively competing on the racetrack who are over 65 years of age. Again, the points schedule for driver's championship points will be used. The highest finishing Master's Championship driver in each class will be recognized during the podium ceremony after each race. At the end of the year, the top three Master's Championship drivers in each regional series will be recognized at the series awards banquet.
Rookie of the Year winners in each class are also determined by points accumulated during the season.
New for 2018 is the Trans Am Team Championship, with points being awarded to each car/car number. Multiple drivers may compete in the same car / car number in order to earn points towards the Team Championship. The number of points earned follows the same methodology as in the Driver's Championship (according to finishing position), but as the rule book states, "In addition to the points earned on\-track, teams will be judged by several factors that embody a professional team and help promote, and improve, the Series".
For the 2021 season, the Trans Am Series in partnership with the [Sports Car Club of America](/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America "Sports Car Club of America") created the Pro/Am Challenge.{{cite web\|title\=Trans Am \- America's Road Racing Series\|url\=http://gotransam.com/\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-07\|website\=gotransam.com}} The Pro/Am Challenge allows SCCA drivers to compete in Trans Am using the 2021 SCCA road racing rulebook for their cars, making the transition back and forth between the SCCA Road Racing program and Trans Am much easier. This secondary championship is open to all five Trans Am classes and the primary SCCA classes that fit into these Trans Am classes are GT1, GT2, GTX, T1, T2, T3 and STO. The various cars are balanced into the correct Trans Am class with minor weight and restrictor changes. The Pro/Am Challenge requires competitors to compete in the two specific Pro/Am Challenge rounds and pick four other Trans Am Series or West Coast Trans Am Series races in which they will earn points. Points are awarded using the same system as the main Trans Am Series championship.
\*See current rule book for complete information on all Trans Am Series rules and regulations.
|
[
"### Championships and awards",
"Originally, Manufacturers' Championship points were awarded in all classes to the top 6 finishing positions of each make of car: 9\\-6\\-4\\-3\\-2\\-1\\. Beginning in 1972, the SCCA instituted a Drivers' Championship that would be based on overall finishing position from 1st through 10th places: 20\\-15\\-12\\-10\\-8\\-6\\-4\\-3\\-2\\-1\\. Beginning in 1990, the top 25 finishers were awarded points as follows: 30\\-27\\-25\\-23\\-21\\-19\\-18\\-17\\-16\\-15\\-14\\-13\\-12\\-11\\-10\\-9\\-8\\-7\\-6\\-5\\-4\\-3\\-2\\-1\\-1\\.",
"Currently, Manufacturers' Championship points are earned in exactly the same manner as they were originally. (\\*Vehicles must be classified as finishers to score Manufacturers' points.) Final point standings ties will be decided by which manufacturer has more wins, second\\-place finishes, etc., as necessary to determine the winner.",
"Series Champions in each of the four competition classes are determined based on points accumulated during the season. Drivers' Championship points are awarded as follows: At each race, after Qualifying has been completed, 3 points are awarded to the First Qualifier, 2 to the Second Qualifier, and 1 to the Third Qualifier. The top 24 finishers in each class, at each race are awarded points as follows: 30\\-27\\-25\\-23\\-21\\-20\\-19\\-18\\-17\\-16\\-15\\-14\\-13\\-12\\-11\\-10\\-9\\-8\\-7\\-6\\-5\\-4\\-3\\-2\\. All other finishers are awarded 1 point, provided the driver is classified as a starter. After the first green flag lap of a race, 1 point is awarded to any driver leading a lap in class, as well as 1 point for leading the most laps in class for each race. \"In the event qualifying was not held due to any reason, Drivers Championship points will not be awarded.\" (A driver must be classified as a starter to score Championship points.)",
"The West Coast Championship Series operates just like the national championship. Points earned at shared events only count toward the series that the driver / team is currently entered in. If a race counts toward more than one championship series, a driver wishing to earn points for more than one championship must formally enter each series.",
"After the results of each race are \"final\", the COOLSHIRT Systems \"Cool Move of the Race\" Award (If applicable, it is given to the outstanding driver of the race, and the \"move\" could also be a 'move up through the field'.), pitboxes.com Crew Award, and Traq Gear Crew Chief Award are given out.",
"Series Champions are awarded the brand new for 2017 Trigon Trophy (sponsored by 3\\-Dimensional Services Group, and custom designed by longtime partner Crystal Sensations).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/news/Trans\\-Am\\-Series\\-presented\\-by\\-Pirelli\\-debuts\\-new\\-Crystal\\-Sensations\\-Trophies\\-at\\-Sebring/66306\\|title\\=Trans Am Series presented by Pirelli debuts new Crystal Sensations Trophies at Sebring\\|last\\=Erickson\\|first\\=Keith\\|date\\=July 16, 2017\\|website\\=Trans Am by Pirelli}} According to The Trans Am Race Company, LLC President John Claggett, \"The base is shaped as a \"D\"... The crystal is essentially 3 sided... thus... the Trigon Trophy reflects the sponsorship. And yes... They are beautiful.\" The Trans Am Series' traditional colors are red and black, and Pirelli's color is yellow, with The Trigon Trophies incorporating those design elements.",
"2018 introduced the Northern Cup and Southern Cup Regional sub\\-championships for teams that either do not wish to, or cannot run the entire race schedule, and have run a limited number of races in the past. There are very specific requirements for entry into the regional championships, as they are intended to allow drivers to try competing in the series before committing to running the full schedule of events. A driver / team may earn points in one or both championship series, or either the Northern or Southern Cup sub\\-championship series, but not in both a sub\\-championship series and also a championship series.",
"Also new for 2018 is the Master's Championship, which is intended to recognize drivers still actively competing on the racetrack who are over 65 years of age. Again, the points schedule for driver's championship points will be used. The highest finishing Master's Championship driver in each class will be recognized during the podium ceremony after each race. At the end of the year, the top three Master's Championship drivers in each regional series will be recognized at the series awards banquet.",
"Rookie of the Year winners in each class are also determined by points accumulated during the season.",
"New for 2018 is the Trans Am Team Championship, with points being awarded to each car/car number. Multiple drivers may compete in the same car / car number in order to earn points towards the Team Championship. The number of points earned follows the same methodology as in the Driver's Championship (according to finishing position), but as the rule book states, \"In addition to the points earned on\\-track, teams will be judged by several factors that embody a professional team and help promote, and improve, the Series\".",
"For the 2021 season, the Trans Am Series in partnership with the [Sports Car Club of America](/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America \"Sports Car Club of America\") created the Pro/Am Challenge.{{cite web\\|title\\=Trans Am \\- America's Road Racing Series\\|url\\=http://gotransam.com/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-07\\|website\\=gotransam.com}} The Pro/Am Challenge allows SCCA drivers to compete in Trans Am using the 2021 SCCA road racing rulebook for their cars, making the transition back and forth between the SCCA Road Racing program and Trans Am much easier. This secondary championship is open to all five Trans Am classes and the primary SCCA classes that fit into these Trans Am classes are GT1, GT2, GTX, T1, T2, T3 and STO. The various cars are balanced into the correct Trans Am class with minor weight and restrictor changes. The Pro/Am Challenge requires competitors to compete in the two specific Pro/Am Challenge rounds and pick four other Trans Am Series or West Coast Trans Am Series races in which they will earn points. Points are awarded using the same system as the main Trans Am Series championship.",
"\\*See current rule book for complete information on all Trans Am Series rules and regulations.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
In 1991 he graduated from the secondary school of the village of Narovchat in the [Penza Oblast](/wiki/Penza_Oblast "Penza Oblast").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/201817\.html\|title\=Сергий, митрополит Сингапурский и Юго\-Восточно\-Азиатский (Чашин Николай Николаевич)\|website\=Патриархия.ru\|language\=ru\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321115911/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/201817\.html\|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-21\|url\-status\=live}}
### Deacon, priest and vicar bishop of Vladivistok diocese
On March 16, 1993, Bishop Benjamin (Pushkar) of Vladivostok and Primorye tonsured him a monk and named him Sergius in honor of St. [Sergius of Radonezh](/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh "Sergius of Radonezh"). The same Bishop ordained him a [deacon](/wiki/Deacon "Deacon") on April 7, 1993\.
Since August 9, 1993, he was appointed Secretary of the [Diocese of Vladivostok](/wiki/Diocese_of_Vladivostok "Diocese of Vladivostok").
On September 1, 1995 he was appointed also Vice\-rector of the {{ill\|Vladivostok theological college\|ru\|Владивостокское духовное училище}}
On February 17, 1996, Bishop Benjamin (Pushkar) of Vladivostok and Primorye ordained Sergius (Chashin) to the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood "Priesthood").
On April 2, 1997 he was appointed rector of the Assumption Church in Vladivostok.
In 2000 he was elevated to the rank of [hegumen](/wiki/Hegumen "Hegumen"). In May 2005 he was elevated to the rank of [archimandrite](/wiki/Archimandrite "Archimandrite").
On December 26, 2006, by the decision of the [Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church "Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church"), Archimandrite Sergius was appointed Bishop of [Ussuriysk](/wiki/Ussuriysk "Ussuriysk"), vicar of the Diocese of Vladivostok. 14 February 2007 he was nominated as bishop. On 15 February 2007 he was ordained bishop.
On July 12, 2007, Bishop Sergius, who arrived in Singapore at the invitation of Russian Orthodox people, celebrated the liturgy at the [Armenian Church of Gregory the Illuminator](/wiki/Armenian_Church%2C_Singapore "Armenian Church, Singapore").{{Cite web\|url\=https://ria.ru/20091117/194151021\.html\|title\=Записки из Сингапура: экваториальное православие\|date\=17 November 2009\|website\=РИА Новости\|language\=ru\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-27}} On October 12, 2007, the [Holy Synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church "Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church") accepted into the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church a newly formed parish in honor of the assumption of the mother of God in the Republic of Singapore; the Holy Synod entrusted Bishop Sergius with the Episcopal care of that parish.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/307292\.html\|title\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода Русской Православной Церкви от 12 октября 2007 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru\|website\=Патриархия.ru\|language\=ru\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327073941/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/307292\.html\|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-27\|url\-status\=live}}
### Vicar bishop of Moscow diocese
On March 31, 2009, at the first 2009 session of the [Holy Synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church "Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church"), chaired by newly\-enthroned [Patriarch Kirill](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow "Patriarch Kirill of Moscow"), he was appointed Bishop of [Solnechnogorsk](/wiki/Solnechnogorsk "Solnechnogorsk"), vicar of the [Moscow (city) diocese](/wiki/Urban_Diocese_of_Moscow "Urban Diocese of Moscow").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/600732\.html\|title\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода Русской Православной Церкви от 31 марта 2009 года / Официальные документы \|website\=Патриархия.ru\|language\=ru\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316022419/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/600732\.html\|archive\-date\=2013\-03\-16\|url\-status\=live}} On April 1, by order of Patriarch Kirill, he was appointed head of the Administrative Secretariat responsible for resolving administrative, economic, personnel, legal, protocol and information issues within the Moscow Patriarchate. On April 9, 2009 by the decree of Patriarch Kirill № 34 he was appointed rector of the Church of the Holy Trinity in Ostankino, Moscow. On May 27, 2009 he was appointed a member of the newly formed Award commission under the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/657505\.html\|title\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 27 мая 2009 года \|website\=Патриархия.ru\|language\=ru\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316062244/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/657505\.html\|archive\-date\=2013\-03\-16\|url\-status\=live}} On July 27, 2009, by the decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC, he was included in the newly formed Inter\-Council presence of the Russian Orthodox Church.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/705058\.html\|title\=Состав Межсоборного присутствия Русской Православной Церкви (от 27\.07\.09\) \|website\=Патриархия.ru \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422120527/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/705058\.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-04\-22\|url\-status\=live}}
March 22, 2011 by the decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC he was included into the Supreme Church Council of the Russian Orthodox Church.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/1434630\.html\|title\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 22 марта 2011 года \|website\=Патриархия.ru \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212052053/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/1434630\.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-02\-12 \|url\-status\=live}}
On December 26, 2012, by the decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC, Bishop Sergius was entrusted with the archpastoral care of the Michael the Archangel parish in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/2674273\.html \|title\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 25\-26 декабря 2012 года \|website\=Патриархия.ru \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320030458/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/2674273\.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-20 \|url\-status\=live}}
On October 21, 2016, by the decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC, he was appointed administrator of Moscow Patriarchate parishes in [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia"), [Laos](/wiki/Laos "Laos"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), [North](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") and [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), keeping the position head of the Administrative Secretariat of the Moscow Patriarchate.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4645730\.html\|title\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 21 октября 2016 года \|website\=Патриархия.ru\|language\=ru\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013051057/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4645730\.html\|archive\-date\=2018\-10\-13\|url\-status\=live}}
On November 20, 2016 at the [Cathedral of Christ the Saviour](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour "Cathedral of Christ the Saviour") in Moscow, during the 70th anniversary of [Patriarch Kirill](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow "Patriarch Kirill of Moscow"), bishop Sergius was elevated to the rank of [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop") "for the diligent service of the Church of God".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4689530\.html\|title\=В день 70\-летия Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла в Храме Христа Спасителя прошло торжественное богослужение \|website\=Патриархия.ru \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213042941/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4689530\.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-02\-13 \|url\-status\=live}}
On February 1, 2017, by the decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC, he was included in the then\-established Organizational Committee for the implementation of the programme of Church events for the 100th anniversary of the beginning of the [era of persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union "Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4796047\.html\|title\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 1 февраля 2017 года \|website\=Патриархия.ru \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109071633/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4796047\.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-01\-09 \|url\-status\=live}}
### Primate of the Patriarchal Exarchate in South\-East Asia
On December 28, 2018, he was appointed head of the then\-created [Patriarchal Exarchate in South\-East Asia](/wiki/Patriarchal_Exarchate_in_South-East_Asia "Patriarchal Exarchate in South-East Asia") with title the title of "Metropolitan of [Singapore](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Singapore "Russian Orthodox Diocese of Singapore") and Southeast Asia".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5331393\.html\|title\=Учреждены Патриаршие экзархаты в Западной Европе и Юго\-Восточной Азии \|website\=Патриархия.ru \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413080309/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5331393\.html\|archive\-date\=2019\-04\-13 \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/118369\.html\|title\=Moscow Patriarchate establishes Exarchates in Western Europe and South\-East Asia\|date\=1 January 2019\|website\=OrthoChristian.Com\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043650/http://orthochristian.com/118369\.html\|archive\-date\=6 March 2019\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03}} On January 7, 2019 during the [Great Vespers](/wiki/Great_Vespers "Great Vespers") in the [Church of Christ the Savior in Moscow](/wiki/Church_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_Moscow "Church of Christ the Saviour in Moscow") Patriarch Kirill elevated him to the rank of [Metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop "Metropolitan bishop") in connection with his appointment as [Exarch](/wiki/Exarch "Exarch").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5338745\.html \|title\=В праздник Рождества Христова Святейший Патриарх Кирилл совершил великую вечерню в Храме Христа Спасителя \|website\=Патриархия.ru \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303155006/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5338745\.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-03 \|url\-status\=live}}
On February 26, 2019, the [Holy Synod of the ROC](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church "Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church") formed [Korean](/wiki/Diocese_of_Korea_%28Russian_Orthodox_Church%29 "Diocese of Korea (Russian Orthodox Church)"), [Singaporean](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Singapore "Russian Orthodox Diocese of Singapore"), [Thailand](/wiki/Diocese_of_Thailand "Diocese of Thailand"), and [Filipino\-Vietnamese](/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Philippines_and_Vietnam "Diocese of the Philippines and Vietnam") dioceses within the Patriarchal Exarchate in South\-East Asia and appointed Metropolitan Sergius as the ruling Bishop of the Singapore diocese and [*locum tenens*](/wiki/Locum_Tenens "Locum Tenens") of the other three dioceses.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5379505\.html \|title\=Образованы епархии в составе Патриаршего экзархата Юго\-Восточной Азии \|website\=Патриархия.ru \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182031/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5379505\.html\|archive\-date\=2019\-02\-27 \|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/119595\.html\|title\=Russian Church establishes four dioceses in Southeast Asia \|date\=27 February 2019 \|website\=OrthoChristian.Com \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044316/http://orthochristian.com/119595\.html \|archive\-date\=6 March 2019\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-05}} On April 4 of the same year, Metropolitan Segius was dismissed from the administration of the Korean diocese due to the appointment of Archbishop [Theophanes (Kim)](/wiki/Theophanes_%28Kim%29 "Theophanes (Kim)") as ruling hierarch of that diocese.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5404972\.html \|title\=Правящим архиереем Корейской епархии назначен архиепископ Кызыльский Феофан \|website\=Патриархия.ru \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=2019\-06\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404160140/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5404972\.html\|archive\-date\=2019\-04\-04\|url\-status\=live}}
On July 23, 2019, he was relieved of the post of head of the Administrative Secretariat of the Moscow Patriarchate, expressing gratitude for the conscientious and effective performance of official duties.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5476216\.html \|title \= Назначен новый руководитель Административного секретариата Московской Патриархии }}
On September 30, 2019, by decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC, he was excluded from the Supreme Church Council.{{cite web\|title\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 30 августа 2019 года \|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5492005\.html\|website\=patriarchia.ru\|date\=2019\-08\-30\|language\=ru}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"In 1991 he graduated from the secondary school of the village of Narovchat in the [Penza Oblast](/wiki/Penza_Oblast \"Penza Oblast\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/201817\\.html\\|title\\=Сергий, митрополит Сингапурский и Юго\\-Восточно\\-Азиатский (Чашин Николай Николаевич)\\|website\\=Патриархия.ru\\|language\\=ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321115911/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/201817\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-21\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Deacon, priest and vicar bishop of Vladivistok diocese",
"On March 16, 1993, Bishop Benjamin (Pushkar) of Vladivostok and Primorye tonsured him a monk and named him Sergius in honor of St. [Sergius of Radonezh](/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh \"Sergius of Radonezh\"). The same Bishop ordained him a [deacon](/wiki/Deacon \"Deacon\") on April 7, 1993\\.",
"Since August 9, 1993, he was appointed Secretary of the [Diocese of Vladivostok](/wiki/Diocese_of_Vladivostok \"Diocese of Vladivostok\").",
"On September 1, 1995 he was appointed also Vice\\-rector of the {{ill\\|Vladivostok theological college\\|ru\\|Владивостокское духовное училище}}",
"On February 17, 1996, Bishop Benjamin (Pushkar) of Vladivostok and Primorye ordained Sergius (Chashin) to the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood \"Priesthood\").",
"On April 2, 1997 he was appointed rector of the Assumption Church in Vladivostok.",
"In 2000 he was elevated to the rank of [hegumen](/wiki/Hegumen \"Hegumen\"). In May 2005 he was elevated to the rank of [archimandrite](/wiki/Archimandrite \"Archimandrite\").",
"On December 26, 2006, by the decision of the [Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church\"), Archimandrite Sergius was appointed Bishop of [Ussuriysk](/wiki/Ussuriysk \"Ussuriysk\"), vicar of the Diocese of Vladivostok. 14 February 2007 he was nominated as bishop. On 15 February 2007 he was ordained bishop.",
"On July 12, 2007, Bishop Sergius, who arrived in Singapore at the invitation of Russian Orthodox people, celebrated the liturgy at the [Armenian Church of Gregory the Illuminator](/wiki/Armenian_Church%2C_Singapore \"Armenian Church, Singapore\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://ria.ru/20091117/194151021\\.html\\|title\\=Записки из Сингапура: экваториальное православие\\|date\\=17 November 2009\\|website\\=РИА Новости\\|language\\=ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-27}} On October 12, 2007, the [Holy Synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church\") accepted into the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church a newly formed parish in honor of the assumption of the mother of God in the Republic of Singapore; the Holy Synod entrusted Bishop Sergius with the Episcopal care of that parish.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/307292\\.html\\|title\\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода Русской Православной Церкви от 12 октября 2007 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru\\|website\\=Патриархия.ru\\|language\\=ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327073941/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/307292\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-27\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Vicar bishop of Moscow diocese",
"On March 31, 2009, at the first 2009 session of the [Holy Synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church\"), chaired by newly\\-enthroned [Patriarch Kirill](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow \"Patriarch Kirill of Moscow\"), he was appointed Bishop of [Solnechnogorsk](/wiki/Solnechnogorsk \"Solnechnogorsk\"), vicar of the [Moscow (city) diocese](/wiki/Urban_Diocese_of_Moscow \"Urban Diocese of Moscow\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/600732\\.html\\|title\\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода Русской Православной Церкви от 31 марта 2009 года / Официальные документы \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru\\|language\\=ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316022419/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/600732\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-16\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On April 1, by order of Patriarch Kirill, he was appointed head of the Administrative Secretariat responsible for resolving administrative, economic, personnel, legal, protocol and information issues within the Moscow Patriarchate. On April 9, 2009 by the decree of Patriarch Kirill № 34 he was appointed rector of the Church of the Holy Trinity in Ostankino, Moscow. On May 27, 2009 he was appointed a member of the newly formed Award commission under the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/657505\\.html\\|title\\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 27 мая 2009 года \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru\\|language\\=ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316062244/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/657505\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-16\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On July 27, 2009, by the decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC, he was included in the newly formed Inter\\-Council presence of the Russian Orthodox Church.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/705058\\.html\\|title\\=Состав Межсоборного присутствия Русской Православной Церкви (от 27\\.07\\.09\\) \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422120527/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/705058\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"March 22, 2011 by the decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC he was included into the Supreme Church Council of the Russian Orthodox Church.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/1434630\\.html\\|title\\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 22 марта 2011 года \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212052053/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/1434630\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On December 26, 2012, by the decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC, Bishop Sergius was entrusted with the archpastoral care of the Michael the Archangel parish in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/2674273\\.html \\|title\\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 25\\-26 декабря 2012 года \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320030458/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/2674273\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-20 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On October 21, 2016, by the decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC, he was appointed administrator of Moscow Patriarchate parishes in [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia \"Cambodia\"), [Laos](/wiki/Laos \"Laos\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"), [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), [North](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\") and [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), keeping the position head of the Administrative Secretariat of the Moscow Patriarchate.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4645730\\.html\\|title\\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 21 октября 2016 года \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru\\|language\\=ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013051057/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4645730\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-13\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On November 20, 2016 at the [Cathedral of Christ the Saviour](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour \"Cathedral of Christ the Saviour\") in Moscow, during the 70th anniversary of [Patriarch Kirill](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow \"Patriarch Kirill of Moscow\"), bishop Sergius was elevated to the rank of [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop \"Archbishop\") \"for the diligent service of the Church of God\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4689530\\.html\\|title\\=В день 70\\-летия Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла в Храме Христа Спасителя прошло торжественное богослужение \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213042941/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4689530\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On February 1, 2017, by the decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC, he was included in the then\\-established Organizational Committee for the implementation of the programme of Church events for the 100th anniversary of the beginning of the [era of persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4796047\\.html\\|title\\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 1 февраля 2017 года \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109071633/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/4796047\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Primate of the Patriarchal Exarchate in South\\-East Asia",
"On December 28, 2018, he was appointed head of the then\\-created [Patriarchal Exarchate in South\\-East Asia](/wiki/Patriarchal_Exarchate_in_South-East_Asia \"Patriarchal Exarchate in South-East Asia\") with title the title of \"Metropolitan of [Singapore](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Singapore \"Russian Orthodox Diocese of Singapore\") and Southeast Asia\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5331393\\.html\\|title\\=Учреждены Патриаршие экзархаты в Западной Европе и Юго\\-Восточной Азии \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413080309/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5331393\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/118369\\.html\\|title\\=Moscow Patriarchate establishes Exarchates in Western Europe and South\\-East Asia\\|date\\=1 January 2019\\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043650/http://orthochristian.com/118369\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03}} On January 7, 2019 during the [Great Vespers](/wiki/Great_Vespers \"Great Vespers\") in the [Church of Christ the Savior in Moscow](/wiki/Church_of_Christ_the_Saviour_in_Moscow \"Church of Christ the Saviour in Moscow\") Patriarch Kirill elevated him to the rank of [Metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop \"Metropolitan bishop\") in connection with his appointment as [Exarch](/wiki/Exarch \"Exarch\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5338745\\.html \\|title\\=В праздник Рождества Христова Святейший Патриарх Кирилл совершил великую вечерню в Храме Христа Спасителя \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303155006/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5338745\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On February 26, 2019, the [Holy Synod of the ROC](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church\") formed [Korean](/wiki/Diocese_of_Korea_%28Russian_Orthodox_Church%29 \"Diocese of Korea (Russian Orthodox Church)\"), [Singaporean](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Singapore \"Russian Orthodox Diocese of Singapore\"), [Thailand](/wiki/Diocese_of_Thailand \"Diocese of Thailand\"), and [Filipino\\-Vietnamese](/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Philippines_and_Vietnam \"Diocese of the Philippines and Vietnam\") dioceses within the Patriarchal Exarchate in South\\-East Asia and appointed Metropolitan Sergius as the ruling Bishop of the Singapore diocese and [*locum tenens*](/wiki/Locum_Tenens \"Locum Tenens\") of the other three dioceses.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5379505\\.html \\|title\\=Образованы епархии в составе Патриаршего экзархата Юго\\-Восточной Азии \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182031/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5379505\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/119595\\.html\\|title\\=Russian Church establishes four dioceses in Southeast Asia \\|date\\=27 February 2019 \\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044316/http://orthochristian.com/119595\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-05}} On April 4 of the same year, Metropolitan Segius was dismissed from the administration of the Korean diocese due to the appointment of Archbishop [Theophanes (Kim)](/wiki/Theophanes_%28Kim%29 \"Theophanes (Kim)\") as ruling hierarch of that diocese.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5404972\\.html \\|title\\=Правящим архиереем Корейской епархии назначен архиепископ Кызыльский Феофан \\|website\\=Патриархия.ru \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404160140/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5404972\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-04\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On July 23, 2019, he was relieved of the post of head of the Administrative Secretariat of the Moscow Patriarchate, expressing gratitude for the conscientious and effective performance of official duties.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5476216\\.html \\|title \\= Назначен новый руководитель Административного секретариата Московской Патриархии }}",
"On September 30, 2019, by decision of the Holy Synod of the ROC, he was excluded from the Supreme Church Council.{{cite web\\|title\\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 30 августа 2019 года \\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5492005\\.html\\|website\\=patriarchia.ru\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-30\\|language\\=ru}}",
""
] |
### Deacon, priest and vicar bishop of Vladivistok diocese
On March 16, 1993, Bishop Benjamin (Pushkar) of Vladivostok and Primorye tonsured him a monk and named him Sergius in honor of St. [Sergius of Radonezh](/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh "Sergius of Radonezh"). The same Bishop ordained him a [deacon](/wiki/Deacon "Deacon") on April 7, 1993\.
Since August 9, 1993, he was appointed Secretary of the [Diocese of Vladivostok](/wiki/Diocese_of_Vladivostok "Diocese of Vladivostok").
On September 1, 1995 he was appointed also Vice\-rector of the {{ill\|Vladivostok theological college\|ru\|Владивостокское духовное училище}}
On February 17, 1996, Bishop Benjamin (Pushkar) of Vladivostok and Primorye ordained Sergius (Chashin) to the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood "Priesthood").
On April 2, 1997 he was appointed rector of the Assumption Church in Vladivostok.
In 2000 he was elevated to the rank of [hegumen](/wiki/Hegumen "Hegumen"). In May 2005 he was elevated to the rank of [archimandrite](/wiki/Archimandrite "Archimandrite").
On December 26, 2006, by the decision of the [Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church "Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church"), Archimandrite Sergius was appointed Bishop of [Ussuriysk](/wiki/Ussuriysk "Ussuriysk"), vicar of the Diocese of Vladivostok. 14 February 2007 he was nominated as bishop. On 15 February 2007 he was ordained bishop.
On July 12, 2007, Bishop Sergius, who arrived in Singapore at the invitation of Russian Orthodox people, celebrated the liturgy at the [Armenian Church of Gregory the Illuminator](/wiki/Armenian_Church%2C_Singapore "Armenian Church, Singapore").{{Cite web\|url\=https://ria.ru/20091117/194151021\.html\|title\=Записки из Сингапура: экваториальное православие\|date\=17 November 2009\|website\=РИА Новости\|language\=ru\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-27}} On October 12, 2007, the [Holy Synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church "Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church") accepted into the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church a newly formed parish in honor of the assumption of the mother of God in the Republic of Singapore; the Holy Synod entrusted Bishop Sergius with the Episcopal care of that parish.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/307292\.html\|title\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода Русской Православной Церкви от 12 октября 2007 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru\|website\=Патриархия.ru\|language\=ru\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327073941/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/307292\.html\|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-27\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"### Deacon, priest and vicar bishop of Vladivistok diocese",
"On March 16, 1993, Bishop Benjamin (Pushkar) of Vladivostok and Primorye tonsured him a monk and named him Sergius in honor of St. [Sergius of Radonezh](/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh \"Sergius of Radonezh\"). The same Bishop ordained him a [deacon](/wiki/Deacon \"Deacon\") on April 7, 1993\\.",
"Since August 9, 1993, he was appointed Secretary of the [Diocese of Vladivostok](/wiki/Diocese_of_Vladivostok \"Diocese of Vladivostok\").",
"On September 1, 1995 he was appointed also Vice\\-rector of the {{ill\\|Vladivostok theological college\\|ru\\|Владивостокское духовное училище}}",
"On February 17, 1996, Bishop Benjamin (Pushkar) of Vladivostok and Primorye ordained Sergius (Chashin) to the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood \"Priesthood\").",
"On April 2, 1997 he was appointed rector of the Assumption Church in Vladivostok.",
"In 2000 he was elevated to the rank of [hegumen](/wiki/Hegumen \"Hegumen\"). In May 2005 he was elevated to the rank of [archimandrite](/wiki/Archimandrite \"Archimandrite\").",
"On December 26, 2006, by the decision of the [Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church\"), Archimandrite Sergius was appointed Bishop of [Ussuriysk](/wiki/Ussuriysk \"Ussuriysk\"), vicar of the Diocese of Vladivostok. 14 February 2007 he was nominated as bishop. On 15 February 2007 he was ordained bishop.",
"On July 12, 2007, Bishop Sergius, who arrived in Singapore at the invitation of Russian Orthodox people, celebrated the liturgy at the [Armenian Church of Gregory the Illuminator](/wiki/Armenian_Church%2C_Singapore \"Armenian Church, Singapore\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://ria.ru/20091117/194151021\\.html\\|title\\=Записки из Сингапура: экваториальное православие\\|date\\=17 November 2009\\|website\\=РИА Новости\\|language\\=ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-27}} On October 12, 2007, the [Holy Synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church\") accepted into the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church a newly formed parish in honor of the assumption of the mother of God in the Republic of Singapore; the Holy Synod entrusted Bishop Sergius with the Episcopal care of that parish.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/307292\\.html\\|title\\=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода Русской Православной Церкви от 12 октября 2007 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru\\|website\\=Патриархия.ru\\|language\\=ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327073941/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/307292\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-27\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Innovation and leadership, 1850–1870
------------------------------------
Through the 1840s, Neafie \& Levy was primarily a manufacturer and supplier of marine steam engines and screw propellers to builders of wooden ships, such as [Birely, Hillman \& Streaker](/wiki/Birely%2C_Hillman_%26_Streaker "Birely, Hillman & Streaker") and [William Cramp \& Sons](/wiki/William_Cramp_%26_Sons "William Cramp & Sons"). In the early 1850s however, Neafie \& Levy began to experiment with iron shipbuilding as a corollary to its propeller\-making business.
The screw propeller had a number of advantages over the [paddlewheel](/wiki/Paddlewheel "Paddlewheel"), but it also had disadvantages. Amongst these were the vibration levels caused by higher [RPM](/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute "Revolutions per minute") propeller engines, which loosened bolts on wooden ships, and the tendency for propeller shafts to break due to the phenomenon of "hogging" – the slight flexing of a ship's hull as waves pass beneath it. Since iron vessels were stronger and less prone to hogging, and were also less affected by vibration, it made sense to combine propeller technology with iron hulls.
Neafie \& Levy built its first iron ship in 1855\. By 1860, it had become one of America's leading iron shipbuilding firms, with assets of $300,000, annual output of $368,000, and a workforce of 300\.Heinrich p. 20\. It had also become America's largest supplier of screw propellers, which grew to be so popular with the shipping firms on [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America")'s [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes "Great Lakes") that the company's curved propeller was dubbed the "Philadelphia wheel".[Neafie \& Levy](http://www.navyandmarine.org/alligator/Neafie_and_Levy.htm), Navy and Marine Living History Association, reprinted from *United States Mercantile Guide: Leading Pursuits \& Leading Men* by Edwin T. Freedley, ed. (Edward Young, Philadelphia, 1856\), pp. 294–295\.
### The Civil War
The [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") (1861–1865\) was an economic boom period for American shipbuilders. Over the course of the war, the U.S. Navy requisitioned more than a million tons of shipping from commercial companies, and those companies were then obliged to return to the shipbuilding industry to replace the ships sold to the Navy. In addition, the Navy itself placed contracts with shipbuilders for the construction of warships and other tonnage, such as supply ships and troop transports, sparking a speculative boom in which private firms placed more shipping contracts in hopes of selling them to the government at inflated wartime prices.
Neafie \& Levy's experience with the Navy though, was to be less than agreeable. The company had supplied the engines for {{USS\|Pawnee\|1859\|6}} just prior to the war but the Navy Department was dissatisfied with the engine's performance and refused to make full payment, prompting Jacob Neafie to vow never to take another Navy contract. Apart from the construction of the experimental submarine {{USS\|Alligator\|1862\|6}} in 1861, Neafie stuck to his vow and repudiated Navy contracts for the remainder of the war. His company still benefited from the boom in commercial shipping however, and made a substantial contribution to the war effort, supplying more than 120 engines for warships and other government vessels built at other yards.[Neafie \& Levy](http://www.navyandmarine.org/alligator/Neafie_and_Levy.htm), Navy and Marine Living History Association, reprinted from *The Neafie \& Levy Ship and Engine Building Company (Penn Works)*, published by Ulysses Grant Duffield, New York (Franklin Printing Co., Philadelphia, 1896\), pp. 4–9\. At its wartime peak, the company employed 800 workers.Heinrich, p. 28\.
#### Submarine *Alligator*
[200px\|thumb\|Contemporary artist's impression of USS *Alligator*](/wiki/File:USS_Alligator_0844401.jpg "USS Alligator 0844401.jpg")
In the autumn of 1861, the Navy asked Neafie and Levy to construct a small [submersible](/wiki/Submersible "Submersible") designed by the [French](/wiki/France "France") engineer [Brutus DeVilleroi](/wiki/Brutus_DeVilleroi "Brutus DeVilleroi"), who was prepared to act as a supervisor during construction. The vessel was designed with a special airlock through which a diver could attach [mines](/wiki/Limpet_mine "Limpet mine") to a ship's hull, and was intended for use against the [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy "Confederate States Navy") [ironclad](/wiki/Ironclad "Ironclad") {{ship\|CSS\|Virginia}}, for which the U.S. Navy had no defense.
The contract with Neafie \& Levy was signed in November 1861, and the submersible was expected to be completed within forty days, but difficulties with the design along with the departure of DeVilleroi delayed the ship's delivery by about six months, by which time the submersible's original purpose had been obviated. The Navy then attempted to use the submersible, now named *Alligator*, for another mission off [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), but while being towed there it sank during a storm on the night of 2 April 1863\. *Alligator* however, retains the distinction of being the first submarine to see service with the US Navy.[Story of the *Alligator*](http://www.navyandmarine.org/alligator/story.htm), Navy and Marine Living History Association.Miles, Jim (2000\): *Forged in Fire: A History and Tour Guide of the War in the East, From Manassas to Antietam, 1861–1862*, Cumberland House Publishing, {{ISBN\|978\-1\-58182\-089\-8}}, p. 132\.
### Postwar slump and recovery
In 1865, the Civil War came to an end with the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 "Union (American Civil War)") victory, and the wartime conditions that had created a shipbuilding boom now gave way to a corresponding slump. The Navy conducted an auction of hundreds of unwanted ships, flooding the market and leaving shipyards with no work. Decline in the need for domestic shipping caused by the extension of railroads to the [South](/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States"), along with the growing economic independence of the [West](/wiki/Western_United_States "Western United States"), also contributed to the shipbuilding [recession](/wiki/Recession "Recession").
The immediate response of Neafie \& Levy, as at many other shipyards, was to slash its workforce to the bone. It then joined with William Cramp \& Sons in 1866 to create a small subsidiary [ferryboat](/wiki/Ferryboat "Ferryboat") company, for the operation of which Cramp built a ferry called *Shackamaxon*, while Neafie \& Levy supplied the engines. The company's only other work in this period was for the production of a few towboats and some ship repair work.
In 1867, Neafie \& Levy suffered a major setback with the death of John P. Levy, whose management position was then filled by his heir Edmund L. Levy. With John Levy's death, the company appears to have lost much of its original dynamism, as Jacob Neafie's caution and conservatism increasingly became the dominant factor in its management. This decline would not become evident for some years however.
By 1870 the slump had come to an end, and the years 1870–1871 were amongst Neafie \& Levy's most productive. In this two\-year period, Neafie \& Levy was Philadelphia's busiest shipyard, building 27 vessels and supplying the engines for many others, including those for the 1,200\-ton Cramp steamer *Clyde*, built for the Clyde Line.Heinrich, pp. 50–54\.
|
[
"Innovation and leadership, 1850–1870\n------------------------------------",
"Through the 1840s, Neafie \\& Levy was primarily a manufacturer and supplier of marine steam engines and screw propellers to builders of wooden ships, such as [Birely, Hillman \\& Streaker](/wiki/Birely%2C_Hillman_%26_Streaker \"Birely, Hillman & Streaker\") and [William Cramp \\& Sons](/wiki/William_Cramp_%26_Sons \"William Cramp & Sons\"). In the early 1850s however, Neafie \\& Levy began to experiment with iron shipbuilding as a corollary to its propeller\\-making business.",
"The screw propeller had a number of advantages over the [paddlewheel](/wiki/Paddlewheel \"Paddlewheel\"), but it also had disadvantages. Amongst these were the vibration levels caused by higher [RPM](/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute \"Revolutions per minute\") propeller engines, which loosened bolts on wooden ships, and the tendency for propeller shafts to break due to the phenomenon of \"hogging\" – the slight flexing of a ship's hull as waves pass beneath it. Since iron vessels were stronger and less prone to hogging, and were also less affected by vibration, it made sense to combine propeller technology with iron hulls.",
"Neafie \\& Levy built its first iron ship in 1855\\. By 1860, it had become one of America's leading iron shipbuilding firms, with assets of $300,000, annual output of $368,000, and a workforce of 300\\.Heinrich p. 20\\. It had also become America's largest supplier of screw propellers, which grew to be so popular with the shipping firms on [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\")'s [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\") that the company's curved propeller was dubbed the \"Philadelphia wheel\".[Neafie \\& Levy](http://www.navyandmarine.org/alligator/Neafie_and_Levy.htm), Navy and Marine Living History Association, reprinted from *United States Mercantile Guide: Leading Pursuits \\& Leading Men* by Edwin T. Freedley, ed. (Edward Young, Philadelphia, 1856\\), pp. 294–295\\.",
"### The Civil War",
"The [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") (1861–1865\\) was an economic boom period for American shipbuilders. Over the course of the war, the U.S. Navy requisitioned more than a million tons of shipping from commercial companies, and those companies were then obliged to return to the shipbuilding industry to replace the ships sold to the Navy. In addition, the Navy itself placed contracts with shipbuilders for the construction of warships and other tonnage, such as supply ships and troop transports, sparking a speculative boom in which private firms placed more shipping contracts in hopes of selling them to the government at inflated wartime prices.",
"Neafie \\& Levy's experience with the Navy though, was to be less than agreeable. The company had supplied the engines for {{USS\\|Pawnee\\|1859\\|6}} just prior to the war but the Navy Department was dissatisfied with the engine's performance and refused to make full payment, prompting Jacob Neafie to vow never to take another Navy contract. Apart from the construction of the experimental submarine {{USS\\|Alligator\\|1862\\|6}} in 1861, Neafie stuck to his vow and repudiated Navy contracts for the remainder of the war. His company still benefited from the boom in commercial shipping however, and made a substantial contribution to the war effort, supplying more than 120 engines for warships and other government vessels built at other yards.[Neafie \\& Levy](http://www.navyandmarine.org/alligator/Neafie_and_Levy.htm), Navy and Marine Living History Association, reprinted from *The Neafie \\& Levy Ship and Engine Building Company (Penn Works)*, published by Ulysses Grant Duffield, New York (Franklin Printing Co., Philadelphia, 1896\\), pp. 4–9\\. At its wartime peak, the company employed 800 workers.Heinrich, p. 28\\.",
"#### Submarine *Alligator*",
"[200px\\|thumb\\|Contemporary artist's impression of USS *Alligator*](/wiki/File:USS_Alligator_0844401.jpg \"USS Alligator 0844401.jpg\")\nIn the autumn of 1861, the Navy asked Neafie and Levy to construct a small [submersible](/wiki/Submersible \"Submersible\") designed by the [French](/wiki/France \"France\") engineer [Brutus DeVilleroi](/wiki/Brutus_DeVilleroi \"Brutus DeVilleroi\"), who was prepared to act as a supervisor during construction. The vessel was designed with a special airlock through which a diver could attach [mines](/wiki/Limpet_mine \"Limpet mine\") to a ship's hull, and was intended for use against the [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy \"Confederate States Navy\") [ironclad](/wiki/Ironclad \"Ironclad\") {{ship\\|CSS\\|Virginia}}, for which the U.S. Navy had no defense.",
"The contract with Neafie \\& Levy was signed in November 1861, and the submersible was expected to be completed within forty days, but difficulties with the design along with the departure of DeVilleroi delayed the ship's delivery by about six months, by which time the submersible's original purpose had been obviated. The Navy then attempted to use the submersible, now named *Alligator*, for another mission off [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\"), but while being towed there it sank during a storm on the night of 2 April 1863\\. *Alligator* however, retains the distinction of being the first submarine to see service with the US Navy.[Story of the *Alligator*](http://www.navyandmarine.org/alligator/story.htm), Navy and Marine Living History Association.Miles, Jim (2000\\): *Forged in Fire: A History and Tour Guide of the War in the East, From Manassas to Antietam, 1861–1862*, Cumberland House Publishing, {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-58182\\-089\\-8}}, p. 132\\.",
"### Postwar slump and recovery",
"In 1865, the Civil War came to an end with the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 \"Union (American Civil War)\") victory, and the wartime conditions that had created a shipbuilding boom now gave way to a corresponding slump. The Navy conducted an auction of hundreds of unwanted ships, flooding the market and leaving shipyards with no work. Decline in the need for domestic shipping caused by the extension of railroads to the [South](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\"), along with the growing economic independence of the [West](/wiki/Western_United_States \"Western United States\"), also contributed to the shipbuilding [recession](/wiki/Recession \"Recession\").",
"The immediate response of Neafie \\& Levy, as at many other shipyards, was to slash its workforce to the bone. It then joined with William Cramp \\& Sons in 1866 to create a small subsidiary [ferryboat](/wiki/Ferryboat \"Ferryboat\") company, for the operation of which Cramp built a ferry called *Shackamaxon*, while Neafie \\& Levy supplied the engines. The company's only other work in this period was for the production of a few towboats and some ship repair work.",
"In 1867, Neafie \\& Levy suffered a major setback with the death of John P. Levy, whose management position was then filled by his heir Edmund L. Levy. With John Levy's death, the company appears to have lost much of its original dynamism, as Jacob Neafie's caution and conservatism increasingly became the dominant factor in its management. This decline would not become evident for some years however.",
"By 1870 the slump had come to an end, and the years 1870–1871 were amongst Neafie \\& Levy's most productive. In this two\\-year period, Neafie \\& Levy was Philadelphia's busiest shipyard, building 27 vessels and supplying the engines for many others, including those for the 1,200\\-ton Cramp steamer *Clyde*, built for the Clyde Line.Heinrich, pp. 50–54\\.",
""
] |
Conservatism, 1870–1880s
------------------------
The year 1871 however, also brought developments which signaled Neafie \& Levy's eventual departure from the front rank of American shipbuilders. In this year, Cramp \& Sons built its first marine engine, and henceforth was to purchase no more engines from Neafie \& Levy, depriving the latter of a principal customer. Moreover, Cramp constructed a large [dry dock](/wiki/Dry_dock "Dry dock") which enabled it to enter the lucrative hull repair business. Jacob Neafie did not follow suit, preferring to rely upon his existing business model of building smaller iron vessels and supplying engines to builders of wooden ships. By 1880, although Neafie \& Levy was still Philadelphia's most heavily capitalized firm with a million dollars in assets, its return on investment (ROI) was only 7\.1% compared to that of Cramp with an ROI in excess of 15%. Moreover, Cramp's capitalization was not far behind at $750,000, but it employed 2,300 workers compared to Neafie \& Levy's 500, and its output was more than 2½ times greater. A substantial part of the difference was due to the Cramp dry dock.Heinrich, pp. 53–54, 74–75\.
### 1870s slump and 1880s recovery
1873 marked another prolonged downturn in the industry, triggered by the [1873 financial panic](/wiki/Panic_of_1873 "Panic of 1873"). All American shipyards struggled, and the nadir for Neafie \& Levy came in 1877, when not a single ship was launched. To keep their businesses solvent, shipyards at this time diversified into other areas—in Neafie \& Levy's case, into the manufacture of refrigeration equipment. Shipyards also petitioned the government for Navy contracts, and Neafie \& Levy was able to secure a modest $35,000 for Navy ship repairs in these years, which included the completion of the gunboat {{USS\|Quinnebaug\|1875\|6}}.Heinrich, pp. 70–71\.
The slump in the shipbuilding industry finally came to an end in 1880, when new ship orders, generated by demand for foreign produce such as [sugar](/wiki/Sugar "Sugar"), [wool](/wiki/Wool "Wool") and [coffee](/wiki/Coffee "Coffee"), began to arrive. Neafie \& Levy contracted for freighters and tugs, in particular for the wooden steamships *Maracaibo* and *Fortuano* for the Red D Line's [Venezuelan](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela") coffee imports. [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States "Reconstruction era of the United States") of the American South following the Civil War was also creating new demand, and in the same year Neafie \& Levy also contracted for the Clyde steamer *Delaware* for the southern [cotton](/wiki/Cotton "Cotton") trade. Further contracts came in the 1880s with the patronage of Philadelphia's Lewis Luckenbach Towing Company, which needed barges and powerful tugboats for its novel transport method of tandem barge towing, and which contracted with Neafie \& Levy for such vessels as the 200\-ton tugboat *Ocean King*, built in 1884\.
Demand for vessels in the early 1880s was strong enough to motivate shipyards to upgrade their facilities, although once again Neafie \& Levy chose to make only modest improvements. In 1882, the company booked orders for five small iron vessels and built engines for another fifteen wooden steamers. Demand was also driving the creation of new shipbuilding companies, such as the short\-lived American Shipbuilding Company, which subcontracted vessels to Neafie \& Levy including the 2,728\-gross\-register\-ton steamer *Chatham* and the collier *Frostburg*.Heinrich, pp. 77–84\.
### 1883 strike and aftermath
In 1883, more than 500 ships' [carpenters](/wiki/Carpenter "Carpenter") walked out of shipyards in Philadelphia and [Camden, New Jersey](/wiki/Camden%2C_New_Jersey "Camden, New Jersey") in an attempt to gain a wage increase. They failed to shut down the yards however, since they had not invited metal tradesmen to join the [strike](/wiki/Strike_action "Strike action").
The proprietors of the shipyards resolved to act in unison against the strikers, and did so by introducing [strikebreakers](/wiki/Strikebreaker "Strikebreaker") and declaring an end to the [closed shop](/wiki/Closed_shop "Closed shop") system. After seven weeks of bitter standoff, the strikers were forced to return to work under the new open shop system, a system that would prevail until [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").
By 1884 the brief upturn in shipbuilding was over, and the industry experienced another slump. Shipping companies responded, as always, by slashing their workforce – Cramp from 1,800 to 800 men, and Neafie \& Levy from 300 to just 50\.Heinrich, p. 93\.
|
[
"Conservatism, 1870–1880s\n------------------------",
"The year 1871 however, also brought developments which signaled Neafie \\& Levy's eventual departure from the front rank of American shipbuilders. In this year, Cramp \\& Sons built its first marine engine, and henceforth was to purchase no more engines from Neafie \\& Levy, depriving the latter of a principal customer. Moreover, Cramp constructed a large [dry dock](/wiki/Dry_dock \"Dry dock\") which enabled it to enter the lucrative hull repair business. Jacob Neafie did not follow suit, preferring to rely upon his existing business model of building smaller iron vessels and supplying engines to builders of wooden ships. By 1880, although Neafie \\& Levy was still Philadelphia's most heavily capitalized firm with a million dollars in assets, its return on investment (ROI) was only 7\\.1% compared to that of Cramp with an ROI in excess of 15%. Moreover, Cramp's capitalization was not far behind at $750,000, but it employed 2,300 workers compared to Neafie \\& Levy's 500, and its output was more than 2½ times greater. A substantial part of the difference was due to the Cramp dry dock.Heinrich, pp. 53–54, 74–75\\.",
"### 1870s slump and 1880s recovery",
"1873 marked another prolonged downturn in the industry, triggered by the [1873 financial panic](/wiki/Panic_of_1873 \"Panic of 1873\"). All American shipyards struggled, and the nadir for Neafie \\& Levy came in 1877, when not a single ship was launched. To keep their businesses solvent, shipyards at this time diversified into other areas—in Neafie \\& Levy's case, into the manufacture of refrigeration equipment. Shipyards also petitioned the government for Navy contracts, and Neafie \\& Levy was able to secure a modest $35,000 for Navy ship repairs in these years, which included the completion of the gunboat {{USS\\|Quinnebaug\\|1875\\|6}}.Heinrich, pp. 70–71\\.",
"The slump in the shipbuilding industry finally came to an end in 1880, when new ship orders, generated by demand for foreign produce such as [sugar](/wiki/Sugar \"Sugar\"), [wool](/wiki/Wool \"Wool\") and [coffee](/wiki/Coffee \"Coffee\"), began to arrive. Neafie \\& Levy contracted for freighters and tugs, in particular for the wooden steamships *Maracaibo* and *Fortuano* for the Red D Line's [Venezuelan](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\") coffee imports. [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States \"Reconstruction era of the United States\") of the American South following the Civil War was also creating new demand, and in the same year Neafie \\& Levy also contracted for the Clyde steamer *Delaware* for the southern [cotton](/wiki/Cotton \"Cotton\") trade. Further contracts came in the 1880s with the patronage of Philadelphia's Lewis Luckenbach Towing Company, which needed barges and powerful tugboats for its novel transport method of tandem barge towing, and which contracted with Neafie \\& Levy for such vessels as the 200\\-ton tugboat *Ocean King*, built in 1884\\.",
"Demand for vessels in the early 1880s was strong enough to motivate shipyards to upgrade their facilities, although once again Neafie \\& Levy chose to make only modest improvements. In 1882, the company booked orders for five small iron vessels and built engines for another fifteen wooden steamers. Demand was also driving the creation of new shipbuilding companies, such as the short\\-lived American Shipbuilding Company, which subcontracted vessels to Neafie \\& Levy including the 2,728\\-gross\\-register\\-ton steamer *Chatham* and the collier *Frostburg*.Heinrich, pp. 77–84\\.",
"### 1883 strike and aftermath",
"In 1883, more than 500 ships' [carpenters](/wiki/Carpenter \"Carpenter\") walked out of shipyards in Philadelphia and [Camden, New Jersey](/wiki/Camden%2C_New_Jersey \"Camden, New Jersey\") in an attempt to gain a wage increase. They failed to shut down the yards however, since they had not invited metal tradesmen to join the [strike](/wiki/Strike_action \"Strike action\").",
"The proprietors of the shipyards resolved to act in unison against the strikers, and did so by introducing [strikebreakers](/wiki/Strikebreaker \"Strikebreaker\") and declaring an end to the [closed shop](/wiki/Closed_shop \"Closed shop\") system. After seven weeks of bitter standoff, the strikers were forced to return to work under the new open shop system, a system that would prevail until [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").",
"By 1884 the brief upturn in shipbuilding was over, and the industry experienced another slump. Shipping companies responded, as always, by slashing their workforce – Cramp from 1,800 to 800 men, and Neafie \\& Levy from 300 to just 50\\.Heinrich, p. 93\\.",
""
] |
Naval contracts and bankruptcy, 1900s
-------------------------------------
[thumb\|USS *St. Louis* off Boston, 1917](/wiki/File:USS_St._Louis_%28C-20%29_underway_off_the_Boston_Naval_Shipyard%2C_Massachusetts_%28USA%29%2C_on_14_September_1917_%28NH_50115%29.jpg "USS St. Louis (C-20) underway off the Boston Naval Shipyard, Massachusetts (USA), on 14 September 1917 (NH 50115).jpg")
In 1898, Jacob Neafie, who had successfully steered his company through the most turbulent half\-century in American shipbuilding history, retired from the business at the age of 82 and died a few days later. His will assigned the business to a trustee, a real estate broker with little shipbuilding experience named Matthias Seddinger, who was to manage the estate on behalf of Neafie's daughter Mary. Seddinger, now the firm's nominal President, passed managerial control to the new vice president of the company, a marine engineer named Sommers N. Smith.
Repudiating Jacob Neafie's longstanding avoidance of Naval contracts, Smith soon booked contracts for three US Navy [destroyers](/wiki/Destroyer "Destroyer")—the Navy's first vessels of the type—{{USS\|Bainbridge\|DD\-1\|2}}, {{USS\|Barry\|DD\-2\|2}} and {{USS\| Chauncey\|DD\-3\|2}}. He also booked contracts for the [protected cruisers](/wiki/Protected_cruiser "Protected cruiser") {{USS\|Denver\|C\-14\|6}} and {{USS\|St. Louis\|C\-20\|6}}.
Smith quickly ran into trouble with the new Navy contracts. Firstly, his bid of $374,000 per ship for the three destroyers proved too low. Delays in delivery of specialty steel for the ships meant postponement of Navy payments which were made on a milestone basis. Furthermore, the Navy design proved too ambitious, as the ships' hulls were too light to absorb vibrations caused by the powerful engines. As a result, USS *Bainbridge* was subjected to more Navy trials than any other warship, and by the time the vessels were finally delivered in 1902, Smith had lost a total of $180,000 on the three destroyer contracts.
Similarly, delays in steel delivery for USS *St. Louis* resulted in deferments of payment by the Navy, forcing Smith to obtain loans to pay for the ship's completion. At around the same time, a boiler exploded on a ship recently completed by the company, the river steamer *City of Trenton*, killing 24 passengers in one of the Delaware River's worst accidents.Tyler, p. 99\. Relatives of the passengers sued, and though the company was eventually exonerated, its reputation was harmed in the meantime and business slowed. By November 1903 the company was unable to service its debts.
Initially, a group of benevolent creditors placed the company into receivership, believing it just needed some time to trade its way out of difficulty. Unfortunately, the group appointed Sommers N. Smith himself as receiver, and when it was discovered that Seddinger and Smith had awarded themselves a large dividend out of capital in the midst of the company's troubles, as well as engaging in fraudulent bookkeeping, the remaining creditors' confidence was shaken. Seddinger and Smith were removed from their positions, and a more competent receiver appointed, but the latter was unable to persuade the creditors to make the necessary investments to revive the company's fortunes, and in May 1908 the Neafie \& Levy plant was sold for the sum of only $50,000\.
The company's last vessel, the steel tug *Adriatic*, was delivered in September 1908, after which the new owners discontinued shipbuilding operations.Heinrich, pp. 148–151\.
|
[
"Naval contracts and bankruptcy, 1900s\n-------------------------------------",
"[thumb\\|USS *St. Louis* off Boston, 1917](/wiki/File:USS_St._Louis_%28C-20%29_underway_off_the_Boston_Naval_Shipyard%2C_Massachusetts_%28USA%29%2C_on_14_September_1917_%28NH_50115%29.jpg \"USS St. Louis (C-20) underway off the Boston Naval Shipyard, Massachusetts (USA), on 14 September 1917 (NH 50115).jpg\")\nIn 1898, Jacob Neafie, who had successfully steered his company through the most turbulent half\\-century in American shipbuilding history, retired from the business at the age of 82 and died a few days later. His will assigned the business to a trustee, a real estate broker with little shipbuilding experience named Matthias Seddinger, who was to manage the estate on behalf of Neafie's daughter Mary. Seddinger, now the firm's nominal President, passed managerial control to the new vice president of the company, a marine engineer named Sommers N. Smith.",
"Repudiating Jacob Neafie's longstanding avoidance of Naval contracts, Smith soon booked contracts for three US Navy [destroyers](/wiki/Destroyer \"Destroyer\")—the Navy's first vessels of the type—{{USS\\|Bainbridge\\|DD\\-1\\|2}}, {{USS\\|Barry\\|DD\\-2\\|2}} and {{USS\\| Chauncey\\|DD\\-3\\|2}}. He also booked contracts for the [protected cruisers](/wiki/Protected_cruiser \"Protected cruiser\") {{USS\\|Denver\\|C\\-14\\|6}} and {{USS\\|St. Louis\\|C\\-20\\|6}}.",
"Smith quickly ran into trouble with the new Navy contracts. Firstly, his bid of $374,000 per ship for the three destroyers proved too low. Delays in delivery of specialty steel for the ships meant postponement of Navy payments which were made on a milestone basis. Furthermore, the Navy design proved too ambitious, as the ships' hulls were too light to absorb vibrations caused by the powerful engines. As a result, USS *Bainbridge* was subjected to more Navy trials than any other warship, and by the time the vessels were finally delivered in 1902, Smith had lost a total of $180,000 on the three destroyer contracts.",
"Similarly, delays in steel delivery for USS *St. Louis* resulted in deferments of payment by the Navy, forcing Smith to obtain loans to pay for the ship's completion. At around the same time, a boiler exploded on a ship recently completed by the company, the river steamer *City of Trenton*, killing 24 passengers in one of the Delaware River's worst accidents.Tyler, p. 99\\. Relatives of the passengers sued, and though the company was eventually exonerated, its reputation was harmed in the meantime and business slowed. By November 1903 the company was unable to service its debts.",
"Initially, a group of benevolent creditors placed the company into receivership, believing it just needed some time to trade its way out of difficulty. Unfortunately, the group appointed Sommers N. Smith himself as receiver, and when it was discovered that Seddinger and Smith had awarded themselves a large dividend out of capital in the midst of the company's troubles, as well as engaging in fraudulent bookkeeping, the remaining creditors' confidence was shaken. Seddinger and Smith were removed from their positions, and a more competent receiver appointed, but the latter was unable to persuade the creditors to make the necessary investments to revive the company's fortunes, and in May 1908 the Neafie \\& Levy plant was sold for the sum of only $50,000\\.",
"The company's last vessel, the steel tug *Adriatic*, was delivered in September 1908, after which the new owners discontinued shipbuilding operations.Heinrich, pp. 148–151\\.",
""
] |
Revival history
---------------
### 1930s
The *Calico Print* revival was established by [Grail Fuller](/wiki/Grail_Fuller "Grail Fuller") and [Lucille Coke](/wiki/Lucille_Coke "Lucille Coke") in the 1930s as a monthly tabloid, reprinting articles from the original newspaper as well as original material. It was sold primarily for visitors to [Walter Knott](/wiki/Walter_Knott "Walter Knott")'s rebuilt [Calico Ghost Town](/wiki/Calico_Ghost_Town "Calico Ghost Town").
### 1950s
With the November, 1950, issue of *Calico Print*, Harold and Lucile Weight, former staff editors at *[Desert Magazine](/wiki/Desert_Magazine "Desert Magazine")*, became the principal editors. They produced 17 monthly issues in the tabloid form. But the Weights had slipped back into the same deadline\-driven routine that drove them from *Desert Magazine*, forcing them to neglect their efforts to record the stories and history of rapidly disappearing desert pioneers.
To cope with that, periodicity of *Calico Print* was changed to one every two months and the format was changed to that of a slick illustrated [digest size](/wiki/Digest_size "Digest size") [magazine](/wiki/Magazine "Magazine"). Nine issues of *Calico Print* in magazine form were issued from June 1952 through November 1953 by the Weight's [Calico Press](/wiki/Calico_Press "Calico Press") in [Twentynine Palms, California](/wiki/Twentynine_Palms%2C_California "Twentynine Palms, California"). These nine issues, packed with detailed desert history, are now highly prized by desert enthusiasts. In addition to articles authored by the Weights, there are contributions from other noted writers – Adelaide Arnold, [L. Burr Belden](/wiki/L._Burr_Belden "L. Burr Belden"), Ed Rochester, [Edmund C. Jaeger](/wiki/Edmund_C._Jaeger "Edmund C. Jaeger"), Jerry Laudermilk, [Charles F. Lummis](/wiki/Charles_F._Lummis "Charles F. Lummis"), Arthur Woodward, Senator Charles Brown, [Harry Oliver](/wiki/Harry_Oliver "Harry Oliver"), Ruth Kirk, and more.
In the nine\-issue run of *Calico Print*, in its magazine format, a so\-called "Folio" section is included in several of the issues. Of special interest among these Folios is the one devoted to an exhaustive study of Wm. B. Rood, of Death Valley pioneer fame, published in the Aug–Sept 1952\. Other such Folios covered the [Comstock Lode](/wiki/Comstock_Lode "Comstock Lode") (June 1952\); [Belmont, Nevada](/wiki/Belmont%2C_Nevada "Belmont, Nevada") (Oct–Nov 1952\); [Greenwater, California](/wiki/Greenwater%2C_California "Greenwater, California") (January 1953\); The Great Survey (March 1953\); the Kofa Mountains and King Mine of Arizona (May 1953\); [New Almaden](/wiki/New_Almaden "New Almaden"), California's Oldest Mine (July 1953\); and the legends of the [Lost Ship of the Desert](/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert "Lost Ship of the Desert") (November 1953\).
The *Calico Print* was discontinued at the end of 1953, and the Weights concentrated on their occasional [Southwest Panomama](/wiki/Southwest_Panomama "Southwest Panomama") series of books on desert history.
|
[
"Revival history\n---------------",
"### 1930s",
"The *Calico Print* revival was established by [Grail Fuller](/wiki/Grail_Fuller \"Grail Fuller\") and [Lucille Coke](/wiki/Lucille_Coke \"Lucille Coke\") in the 1930s as a monthly tabloid, reprinting articles from the original newspaper as well as original material. It was sold primarily for visitors to [Walter Knott](/wiki/Walter_Knott \"Walter Knott\")'s rebuilt [Calico Ghost Town](/wiki/Calico_Ghost_Town \"Calico Ghost Town\").",
"### 1950s",
"With the November, 1950, issue of *Calico Print*, Harold and Lucile Weight, former staff editors at *[Desert Magazine](/wiki/Desert_Magazine \"Desert Magazine\")*, became the principal editors. They produced 17 monthly issues in the tabloid form. But the Weights had slipped back into the same deadline\\-driven routine that drove them from *Desert Magazine*, forcing them to neglect their efforts to record the stories and history of rapidly disappearing desert pioneers.",
"To cope with that, periodicity of *Calico Print* was changed to one every two months and the format was changed to that of a slick illustrated [digest size](/wiki/Digest_size \"Digest size\") [magazine](/wiki/Magazine \"Magazine\"). Nine issues of *Calico Print* in magazine form were issued from June 1952 through November 1953 by the Weight's [Calico Press](/wiki/Calico_Press \"Calico Press\") in [Twentynine Palms, California](/wiki/Twentynine_Palms%2C_California \"Twentynine Palms, California\"). These nine issues, packed with detailed desert history, are now highly prized by desert enthusiasts. In addition to articles authored by the Weights, there are contributions from other noted writers – Adelaide Arnold, [L. Burr Belden](/wiki/L._Burr_Belden \"L. Burr Belden\"), Ed Rochester, [Edmund C. Jaeger](/wiki/Edmund_C._Jaeger \"Edmund C. Jaeger\"), Jerry Laudermilk, [Charles F. Lummis](/wiki/Charles_F._Lummis \"Charles F. Lummis\"), Arthur Woodward, Senator Charles Brown, [Harry Oliver](/wiki/Harry_Oliver \"Harry Oliver\"), Ruth Kirk, and more.",
"In the nine\\-issue run of *Calico Print*, in its magazine format, a so\\-called \"Folio\" section is included in several of the issues. Of special interest among these Folios is the one devoted to an exhaustive study of Wm. B. Rood, of Death Valley pioneer fame, published in the Aug–Sept 1952\\. Other such Folios covered the [Comstock Lode](/wiki/Comstock_Lode \"Comstock Lode\") (June 1952\\); [Belmont, Nevada](/wiki/Belmont%2C_Nevada \"Belmont, Nevada\") (Oct–Nov 1952\\); [Greenwater, California](/wiki/Greenwater%2C_California \"Greenwater, California\") (January 1953\\); The Great Survey (March 1953\\); the Kofa Mountains and King Mine of Arizona (May 1953\\); [New Almaden](/wiki/New_Almaden \"New Almaden\"), California's Oldest Mine (July 1953\\); and the legends of the [Lost Ship of the Desert](/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert \"Lost Ship of the Desert\") (November 1953\\).",
"The *Calico Print* was discontinued at the end of 1953, and the Weights concentrated on their occasional [Southwest Panomama](/wiki/Southwest_Panomama \"Southwest Panomama\") series of books on desert history.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
The story opens in the Mushroom Kingdom with [Mario](/wiki/Mario "Mario") and [Luigi](/wiki/Luigi "Luigi") entering the Mushroom Castle basement, where Mario gets right to work, singing as he does so. Just then, gigantic pipes start popping up in the basement and in the courtyard. Various enemies from *Super Mario World* pop out of the pipes and attack the guards, but the Mario Bros. fight back. [Bowser](/wiki/Bowser "Bowser") comes out of the largest of the pipes in his Koopa Clown Car and proposes marriage to Princess Toadstool (known as [Princess Peach](/wiki/Princess_Peach "Princess Peach") in most modern English *Mario* media). He then leaves her one week to decide on his proposal, but she rallies her troops and takes off after him.
Mario and Luigi chase after The Princess and soon find a large egg, which cracks open to reveal a grateful [Yoshi](/wiki/Yoshi "Yoshi"). Mario and Luigi felt afraid, thinking that the Yoshi might eat them, until they found that he is a friendly [dinosaur](/wiki/Dinosaur "Dinosaur") when they saw him eat the Wiggler. Yoshi takes them to the nearby Yoshi Village, where they meet Friendly Floyd and discover Yoshi's backstory. [Toad](/wiki/Toad_%28Nintendo%29 "Toad (Nintendo)") arrives to inform the pair that Toadstool has been captured.
In a nearby tower surrounded by a lake, the [Koopalings](/wiki/Koopalings "Koopalings") are contacted by Bowser, who informs them of his decision to make The Princess their stepmother and then orders the Koopalings to make sure she doesn't escape. She soon does, using a cape she finds that gives her the ability to fly.
On the other side of the lake, the Mario Bros., Toad, and Yoshi are trying to figure out a way to get to the tower. Mario rescues Luigi from a [Bullet Bill](/wiki/Bullet_Bill_%28Super_Mario_Bros.%29 "Bullet Bill (Super Mario Bros.)") which takes Mario across the lake. The Princess lands unconscious by Luigi, and Mario lands dazed in the clutches of the [Koopalings](/wiki/Koopalings "Koopalings").
Luigi poses as The Princess, using a mask, and is brought to Bowser. The real Princess wakes up, now dressed as Luigi, and is also determined to rescue Mario. Luigi offers to order the Koopalings a pizza, and then calls up Yoshi and Toad, who show up dressed as pizza delivery boys. But out of the boxes come The Princess and Floyd, bearing a pack of bombs that Floyd had with him. Luigi runs off to rescue his brother. Eventually The Princess's bomb is accidentally lit from the Reznors, blowing up the tower and sending all the good guys flying back over to the other side of the moat.
Floyd parts ways with the heroes, who feel victorious due to Bowser's apparent defeat. Mario realises there's no way to reach the entry pipe in the sky. Toad takes The Princess cape to fly up to the pipe and send for a rescue party. Shortly afterward, some odd\-looking Mushroomites show up with a rope ladder. The leader cuts the portion of the ladder with the Mario Brothers, and it is revealed that Bowser and the Koopas have taken control of the Mushroom Kingdom and the Princess Was Once again Kidnapped.
The Mario Bros. and Yoshi give chase after the Koopas' saucer, but Bowser responds by sending down Koopa Paratroopas to attack them. Mario fights back and Yoshi eats each Paratroopa until finally he swallows a Blue Koopa Shell and grows wings. The trio eventually crash\-land in front of a Ghost House. Luigi dashes into the house, smelling cheese, and Mario follows when a metal door comes down, leaving Yoshi locked out.
Mario and Luigi are surrounded by [Boos](/wiki/Boo_%28Mario%29 "Boo (Mario)"), eventually meeting [Big Boo](/wiki/List_of_Mario_franchise_characters%23Enemy_characters "List of Mario franchise characters#Enemy characters"). They escape through a door and when the Boos follow they find Mario [dressed as a psychiatrist](/wiki/Dr._Mario_%28video_game%29 "Dr. Mario (video game)"), and Luigi as a nurse. Mario consults the Big Boo, who confesses that his fear of humans stems from bad childhood experiences. Now feeling better, the Big Boo and his buddies let Mario and Luigi out of the house and tell them how to get to Bowser's castle.
The Mario Bros. and Yoshi make it to the Koopa\-conquered Mushroom Kingdom and find that practically every enemy character from the classic *Mario* games are gathering for Bowser's marriage. The trio use available pipes, and Mario gets separated from the other two.
Bowser uses [Magikoopa](/wiki/Magikoopa "Magikoopa") to hypnotize the Princess into loving him, but just as the ceremony begins, Mario comes out and attacks Bowser. He is astonished to hear Princess Toadstool declaring her apparent love for Bowser, but he refuses to let that stop him, and he attempts to carry her out while Bowser orders his men to seize him.
Down in the basement, Luigi and Yoshi come upon the captured Yoshis, who are now all trapped in eggs. They get to work setting the Yoshis free. Just when the ceremony gets underway again, Luigi and the Yoshis come stampeding in, trampling all of Bowser's minions. This breaks the spell on The Princess, who then proceeds to untie Mario. Bowser tries to hide in his wedding cake, which the Yoshis begin devouring. The Yoshis are freed, and peace returns to the Mushroom Kingdom.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"The story opens in the Mushroom Kingdom with [Mario](/wiki/Mario \"Mario\") and [Luigi](/wiki/Luigi \"Luigi\") entering the Mushroom Castle basement, where Mario gets right to work, singing as he does so. Just then, gigantic pipes start popping up in the basement and in the courtyard. Various enemies from *Super Mario World* pop out of the pipes and attack the guards, but the Mario Bros. fight back. [Bowser](/wiki/Bowser \"Bowser\") comes out of the largest of the pipes in his Koopa Clown Car and proposes marriage to Princess Toadstool (known as [Princess Peach](/wiki/Princess_Peach \"Princess Peach\") in most modern English *Mario* media). He then leaves her one week to decide on his proposal, but she rallies her troops and takes off after him.",
"Mario and Luigi chase after The Princess and soon find a large egg, which cracks open to reveal a grateful [Yoshi](/wiki/Yoshi \"Yoshi\"). Mario and Luigi felt afraid, thinking that the Yoshi might eat them, until they found that he is a friendly [dinosaur](/wiki/Dinosaur \"Dinosaur\") when they saw him eat the Wiggler. Yoshi takes them to the nearby Yoshi Village, where they meet Friendly Floyd and discover Yoshi's backstory. [Toad](/wiki/Toad_%28Nintendo%29 \"Toad (Nintendo)\") arrives to inform the pair that Toadstool has been captured.",
"In a nearby tower surrounded by a lake, the [Koopalings](/wiki/Koopalings \"Koopalings\") are contacted by Bowser, who informs them of his decision to make The Princess their stepmother and then orders the Koopalings to make sure she doesn't escape. She soon does, using a cape she finds that gives her the ability to fly.",
"On the other side of the lake, the Mario Bros., Toad, and Yoshi are trying to figure out a way to get to the tower. Mario rescues Luigi from a [Bullet Bill](/wiki/Bullet_Bill_%28Super_Mario_Bros.%29 \"Bullet Bill (Super Mario Bros.)\") which takes Mario across the lake. The Princess lands unconscious by Luigi, and Mario lands dazed in the clutches of the [Koopalings](/wiki/Koopalings \"Koopalings\").",
"Luigi poses as The Princess, using a mask, and is brought to Bowser. The real Princess wakes up, now dressed as Luigi, and is also determined to rescue Mario. Luigi offers to order the Koopalings a pizza, and then calls up Yoshi and Toad, who show up dressed as pizza delivery boys. But out of the boxes come The Princess and Floyd, bearing a pack of bombs that Floyd had with him. Luigi runs off to rescue his brother. Eventually The Princess's bomb is accidentally lit from the Reznors, blowing up the tower and sending all the good guys flying back over to the other side of the moat.",
"Floyd parts ways with the heroes, who feel victorious due to Bowser's apparent defeat. Mario realises there's no way to reach the entry pipe in the sky. Toad takes The Princess cape to fly up to the pipe and send for a rescue party. Shortly afterward, some odd\\-looking Mushroomites show up with a rope ladder. The leader cuts the portion of the ladder with the Mario Brothers, and it is revealed that Bowser and the Koopas have taken control of the Mushroom Kingdom and the Princess Was Once again Kidnapped.",
"The Mario Bros. and Yoshi give chase after the Koopas' saucer, but Bowser responds by sending down Koopa Paratroopas to attack them. Mario fights back and Yoshi eats each Paratroopa until finally he swallows a Blue Koopa Shell and grows wings. The trio eventually crash\\-land in front of a Ghost House. Luigi dashes into the house, smelling cheese, and Mario follows when a metal door comes down, leaving Yoshi locked out.",
"Mario and Luigi are surrounded by [Boos](/wiki/Boo_%28Mario%29 \"Boo (Mario)\"), eventually meeting [Big Boo](/wiki/List_of_Mario_franchise_characters%23Enemy_characters \"List of Mario franchise characters#Enemy characters\"). They escape through a door and when the Boos follow they find Mario [dressed as a psychiatrist](/wiki/Dr._Mario_%28video_game%29 \"Dr. Mario (video game)\"), and Luigi as a nurse. Mario consults the Big Boo, who confesses that his fear of humans stems from bad childhood experiences. Now feeling better, the Big Boo and his buddies let Mario and Luigi out of the house and tell them how to get to Bowser's castle.",
"The Mario Bros. and Yoshi make it to the Koopa\\-conquered Mushroom Kingdom and find that practically every enemy character from the classic *Mario* games are gathering for Bowser's marriage. The trio use available pipes, and Mario gets separated from the other two.",
"Bowser uses [Magikoopa](/wiki/Magikoopa \"Magikoopa\") to hypnotize the Princess into loving him, but just as the ceremony begins, Mario comes out and attacks Bowser. He is astonished to hear Princess Toadstool declaring her apparent love for Bowser, but he refuses to let that stop him, and he attempts to carry her out while Bowser orders his men to seize him.",
"Down in the basement, Luigi and Yoshi come upon the captured Yoshis, who are now all trapped in eggs. They get to work setting the Yoshis free. Just when the ceremony gets underway again, Luigi and the Yoshis come stampeding in, trampling all of Bowser's minions. This breaks the spell on The Princess, who then proceeds to untie Mario. Bowser tries to hide in his wedding cake, which the Yoshis begin devouring. The Yoshis are freed, and peace returns to the Mushroom Kingdom.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Parramatta Courthouse
The first Parramatta [courthouse](/wiki/Courthouse "Courthouse") was opened by Governor [Arthur Phillip](/wiki/Arthur_Phillip "Arthur Phillip") in 1791 and was closed and demolished in 1826 due to the poor condition of the building.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nswbar.asn.au/circulars/parramatta\_court.pdf\|title\=Parramatta Courthouse\|publisher\=New South Wales Bar Association}} Thereafter, the Parramatta district used a rented building for judicial activities.
The second Parramatta courthouse, located at the corner of Church Street and George Street, was designed by [Mortimer Lewis](/wiki/Mortimer_Lewis "Mortimer Lewis"), built in 1837 by Houlson and Payten, and extended in 1853\. It was in use between 1837 and 1891\. Following its disestablishment, some of the original courthouse's columns were used to form the [Boer War](/wiki/Boer_War "Boer War") Memorial in Parramatta Park;[Parramatta Heritage Ride](http://camwest.pps.com.au/heritage/doc/ParraHeritageTour.pdf) the remainder of the courthouse is now the Courthouse Wall.
The third Parramatta courthouse, located at the corner of George Street and Marsden Street, was opened in 1896\. In the 1940s, a new courthouse and offices were added; but, it was still inadequate and a new courthouse was required. Notably, this courthouse bore the [royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom").
The fourth Parramatta courthouse, located across the road from the fifth and current Parramatta courthouse, was opened on 8 November 1974, by Governor Sir [Roden Cutler](/wiki/Roden_Cutler "Roden Cutler"). The courthouse remained in operation from 1974 till 2008\.
The Parramatta Courthouse, the fifth and current courthouse opened in Parramatta, is a courthouse complex located within the Parramatta Justice Precinct. The complex includes a Children's Court and a trial court with nine courtrooms for criminal trials.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.brookfieldmultiplex.com/projects/australasia/nsw/construction\_and\_development/commercial/completed/parramatta\_justice\_precinct\_sydney/\|title\=Parramatta Justice Precinct\|publisher\=Brookfield Multiplex}}
### Parramatta Justice Precinct
The area on which the current Parramatta Justice Precinct is located was the site for health services since 1790,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.icssydney.com.au/index.php?id\=432\|title\=Parramatta Justice Precinct\|publisher\=International Conservation Services}} including the Colonial Hospital, founded in 1818\.
In August 2005, the Parramatta Justice Precinct project was conceived and the contract, for AUD 300 million, for the design and construction project was won by Brookfeld Multiplex.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.udiaqld.com.au/Uploads/PDFs/Research%20Papers/The%20decentralisation%20of%20core%20government%20services%20by%20Dr%20Steve%20Ward.pdf\|title\=The decentralisation of core government services\|first\=Steven\|last\=Ward\|publisher\=The Urban Development Research Institute Queensland}} The Precinct's offices are highly energy efficient and are rated 5\-star Green Star developments and 5\-star Australian Building Greenhouse Rating.[Parramatta Justice Precinct \- Australian National Construction Review](http://www.ancr.com.au/Parramatta_Justice_Precinct.pdf)
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Parramatta Courthouse",
"The first Parramatta [courthouse](/wiki/Courthouse \"Courthouse\") was opened by Governor [Arthur Phillip](/wiki/Arthur_Phillip \"Arthur Phillip\") in 1791 and was closed and demolished in 1826 due to the poor condition of the building.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nswbar.asn.au/circulars/parramatta\\_court.pdf\\|title\\=Parramatta Courthouse\\|publisher\\=New South Wales Bar Association}} Thereafter, the Parramatta district used a rented building for judicial activities.",
"The second Parramatta courthouse, located at the corner of Church Street and George Street, was designed by [Mortimer Lewis](/wiki/Mortimer_Lewis \"Mortimer Lewis\"), built in 1837 by Houlson and Payten, and extended in 1853\\. It was in use between 1837 and 1891\\. Following its disestablishment, some of the original courthouse's columns were used to form the [Boer War](/wiki/Boer_War \"Boer War\") Memorial in Parramatta Park;[Parramatta Heritage Ride](http://camwest.pps.com.au/heritage/doc/ParraHeritageTour.pdf) the remainder of the courthouse is now the Courthouse Wall.",
"The third Parramatta courthouse, located at the corner of George Street and Marsden Street, was opened in 1896\\. In the 1940s, a new courthouse and offices were added; but, it was still inadequate and a new courthouse was required. Notably, this courthouse bore the [royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom\").",
"The fourth Parramatta courthouse, located across the road from the fifth and current Parramatta courthouse, was opened on 8 November 1974, by Governor Sir [Roden Cutler](/wiki/Roden_Cutler \"Roden Cutler\"). The courthouse remained in operation from 1974 till 2008\\.",
"The Parramatta Courthouse, the fifth and current courthouse opened in Parramatta, is a courthouse complex located within the Parramatta Justice Precinct. The complex includes a Children's Court and a trial court with nine courtrooms for criminal trials.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brookfieldmultiplex.com/projects/australasia/nsw/construction\\_and\\_development/commercial/completed/parramatta\\_justice\\_precinct\\_sydney/\\|title\\=Parramatta Justice Precinct\\|publisher\\=Brookfield Multiplex}}",
"### Parramatta Justice Precinct",
"The area on which the current Parramatta Justice Precinct is located was the site for health services since 1790,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.icssydney.com.au/index.php?id\\=432\\|title\\=Parramatta Justice Precinct\\|publisher\\=International Conservation Services}} including the Colonial Hospital, founded in 1818\\.",
"In August 2005, the Parramatta Justice Precinct project was conceived and the contract, for AUD 300 million, for the design and construction project was won by Brookfeld Multiplex.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.udiaqld.com.au/Uploads/PDFs/Research%20Papers/The%20decentralisation%20of%20core%20government%20services%20by%20Dr%20Steve%20Ward.pdf\\|title\\=The decentralisation of core government services\\|first\\=Steven\\|last\\=Ward\\|publisher\\=The Urban Development Research Institute Queensland}} The Precinct's offices are highly energy efficient and are rated 5\\-star Green Star developments and 5\\-star Australian Building Greenhouse Rating.[Parramatta Justice Precinct \\- Australian National Construction Review](http://www.ancr.com.au/Parramatta_Justice_Precinct.pdf)",
""
] |
Work
----
### Causal indeterminism
Kane was one of the leading contemporary philosophers on [free will](/wiki/Free_will "Free will").Kane, R. (ed.) *Oxford Handbook of Free Will*[Information Philosophers](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kane/) "Robert Kane is the acknowledged dean of the libertarian philosophers writing actively on the free will problem." Advocating what is termed within philosophical circles "[libertarian](/wiki/Libertarianism_%28metaphysics%29 "Libertarianism (metaphysics)") freedom", Kane argues that "(1\) the existence of alternative possibilities (or the agent's power to do otherwise) is a necessary condition for acting freely, and (2\) determinism is not compatible with alternative possibilities (it precludes the power to do otherwise)".Kane (ed.): *Oxford Handbook of Free Will*, p. 11\. It is important to note that the crux of Kane's position is grounded not in a defense of alternative possibilities (AP) but in the notion of what Kane refers to as ultimate responsibility (UR). Thus, AP is a necessary but insufficient criterion for free will. It is necessary that there be ([metaphysically](/wiki/Metaphysics "Metaphysics")) real alternatives for our actions, but that is not enough; our actions could be random without being in our control. The control is found in "ultimate responsibility".
Ultimate responsibility entails that agents must be the ultimate creators (or originators) and sustainers of their own ends and purposes. There must be more than one way for a person's life to turn out (AP). More importantly, whichever way it turns out must be based in the person's willing actions. As Kane defines it,
{{Quotation\|'''UR:''' ''An agent is ultimately responsible for some (event or state) E's occurring only if (R) the agent is personally responsible for E's occurring in a sense which entails that something the agent voluntarily (or willingly) did or omitted either was, or causally contributed to, E's occurrence and made a difference to whether or not E occurred; and (U) for every X and Y (where X and Y represent occurrences of events and/or states) if the agent is personally responsible for X and if Y is an ''arche'' (sufficient condition, cause or motive) for X, then the agent must also be personally responsible for Y.''\|}}
In short, "an agent must be responsible for anything that is a sufficient and necessary reason (condition, cause or motive) for the action's occurring."Kane: "Free Will" in *Free Will*, p. 224\.
What allows for ultimacy of creation in Kane's picture are what he refers to as "self\-forming actions" or SFAs — those moments of indecision during which people experience conflicting wills. These SFAs are the undetermined, regress\-stopping voluntary actions or refrainings in the life histories of agents that are required for UR. UR does not require that *every* act done of our own free will be undetermined and thus that, for every act or choice, we could have done otherwise; it requires only that certain of our choices and actions be undetermined (and thus that we could have done otherwise), namely SFAs. These form our character or nature; they inform our future choices, reasons and motivations in action. If a person has had the opportunity to make a character\-forming decision (SFA), he is responsible for the actions that are a result of his character.
#### Critique
[Randolph Clarke](/wiki/Randolph_Clarke_%28philosopher%29 "Randolph Clarke (philosopher)") objects that Kane's depiction of free will is not truly libertarian but rather a form of [compatibilism](/wiki/Compatibilism "Compatibilism"). The objection asserts that although the outcome of an SFA is not determined, one's history up to the event *is*; so the fact that an SFA will occur is also determined. The outcome of the SFA is based on chance, and from that point on one's life is determined. This kind of freedom, says Clarke, is no different than the kind of freedom argued for by compatibilists, who assert that even though our actions are determined, they are free because they are in accordance with our own wills, much like the outcome of an SFA.{{cite book\|author1\=Randolph Clarke\|title\=Libertarian Accounts of Free Will\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7V6n6\-vobcIC\|date\=8 December 2005\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-530642\-2\|page\=91}}
Kane responds that the difference between causal indeterminism and compatibilism is "ultimate control — the originative control exercised by agents when it is 'up to them' which of a set of possible choices or actions will now occur, and up to no one and nothing else over which the agents themselves do not also have control".Kane: "Free Will" in *Free Will*, p. 243\. UR assures that the sufficient conditions for one's actions do not lie before one's own birth.
In his book defending [compatibilism](/wiki/Compatibilism_and_incompatibilism "Compatibilism and incompatibilism"), *[Freedom Evolves](/wiki/Freedom_Evolves "Freedom Evolves")*, Daniel Dennett spends a chapter criticising Kane's theory.Dennett, D. *Freedom Evolves.*Viking Books, February, 2003 {{ISBN\|0\-670\-03186\-0}} Kane believes freedom is based on certain rare and exceptional events, which he calls self\-forming actions or SFA's. Dennett notes that there is no guarantee such an event will occur in an individual's life. If it does not, the individual does not in fact have free will at all, according to Kane. Yet they will seem the same as anyone else. Dennett finds an essentially *indetectable* notion of free will to be incredible.
### Radical libertarianism
Kane is one of several philosophers and scientists to propose a two\-stage model of free will. The American philosopher [William James](/wiki/William_James "William James") was the first (in 1884\). Others include the French mathematician and scientist [Henri Poincaré](/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9 "Henri Poincaré") (about 1906\), the physicist [Arthur Holly Compton](/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton "Arthur Holly Compton") (1931, 1955\), the philosopher [Karl Popper](/wiki/Karl_Popper "Karl Popper") (1965, 1977\), the physicist and philosopher [Henry Margenau](/wiki/Henry_Margenau "Henry Margenau") (1968, 1982\), the philosopher [Daniel Dennett](/wiki/Daniel_Dennett "Daniel Dennett") (1978\), the classicists [A. A. Long](/wiki/A._A._Long "A. A. Long") and [David Sedley](/wiki/David_Sedley "David Sedley") (1987\), the philosopher Alfred Mele (1995\), and most recently, the neurogeneticist and biologist [Martin Heisenberg](/wiki/Martin_Heisenberg "Martin Heisenberg") (2009\), son of the physicist [Werner Heisenberg](/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg "Werner Heisenberg"), whose [quantum indeterminacy](/wiki/Quantum_indeterminacy "Quantum indeterminacy") principle lies at the foundation of indeterministic physics.[Two\-stage models of free will](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/two-stage_models.html)
Kane's model goes beyond [Daniel Dennett](/wiki/Daniel_Dennett "Daniel Dennett")'s by trying to keep indeterminism as late as possible in the process of deliberation, indeed as late as the decision itself in the SFAs (Self\-Forming Actions). Kane's followers, [Laura Waddell Ekstrom](/wiki/Laura_Waddell_Ekstrom "Laura Waddell Ekstrom"), [Richard Double](/wiki/Richard_Double "Richard Double"), and [Mark Balaguer](/wiki/Mark_Balaguer "Mark Balaguer"), as well as the philosopher [Peter van Inwagen](/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen "Peter van Inwagen"), agree that chance must be the direct cause of action. This makes them all [radical libertarians](/wiki/Radical_libertarianism "Radical libertarianism"), as opposed to those who limit [chance](/wiki/Randomness "Randomness") to the early deliberative stages of the decision process, such as James, Popper, Margenau, Doyle and Martin Heisenberg, who are conservative or modest libertarians, following the two\-stage models proposed by Dennett and Mele.
In his 1985 book *Free Will and Values*, aware of earlier proposals by neurobiologist [John Eccles](/wiki/John_Eccles_%28neurophysiologist%29 "John Eccles (neurophysiologist)"), Popper, and Dennett, but working independently, Kane proposed an ambitious [amplifier](/wiki/Amplifier "Amplifier") model for a quantum randomizer in the brain \- a spinning wheel of fortune with probability bubbles corresponding to [alternative possibilities](/wiki/Principle_of_alternative_possibilities "Principle of alternative possibilities"), in the massive switch amplifier (MSA) tradition of Compton.
He says
> What I would like to do then, is to show how an MSA model, using Eccles' notion of critically poised neurons as a working hypothesis, might be adapted to the theory of practical, moral and prudential decision making.*Free Will and Values*, p.169
But Kane was not satisfied with his solution. In the end he did not endorse it. He said it did not go far enough because it does not fully capture the notion of ultimate responsibility (UR) during rare "self\-forming actions (SFAs). It is merely a "significant piece in the overall puzzle of a libertarian freedom."*Free Will and Values*, p.104 He explains that the main reason for failure is
> ```
> "locating the master switch and the mechanism of amplification ... We do not know if something similar goes on in the brains of cortically developed creatures like ourselves, but I suspect it must if libertarian theories are to succeed."
> ```
>
> *ibid*, p.168[Where and When is Randomness Located? on Information Philosopher](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/location.html)
Kane admits his basic failure is his location of indeterminism in the decision process itself. This makes chance the direct cause of action. He was actually quite bleak about the possibilities for a satisfactory libertarian model. He felt
> "that any construction which escaped confusion and emptiness was likely to fall short of some libertarian aspirations \- aspirations that I believe cannot ultimately be fulfilled."*ibid*, p.165
But Kane claims that the major criticism of all indeterminist libertarian models is explaining the power to choose or do otherwise in "exactly the same conditions," something he calls "dual rational self\-control." Given that A was the rational choice, how can one defend doing B under exactly the same circumstances?" *ibid*, p. 59 Kane is concerned that such a "dual power" is arbitrary, capricious, and irrational.
Kane's latest suggestion for his occasional self\-forming actions argues that the tension and uncertainty in our minds stirs up "chaos" that is sensitive to micro\-indeterminacies at the neuronal level.
> All free acts do not have to be undetermined on the libertarian view, but only those acts by which we made ourselves into the kinds of persons we are, namely the "will\-setting" or "self\-forming actions" (SFAs) that are required for ultimate responsibility.
> *Four Views on Free Will*, p. 26
> Now I believe these undetermined self\-forming actions or SFAs occur at those difficult times of life when we are torn between competing visions of what we should do or become. Perhaps we are torn between doing the moral thing or acting from ambition, or between powerful present desires and long\-term goals, or we are faced with difficult tasks for which we have aversions.*ibid*, p. 26
Since he is primarily interested in cases of "[liberty of indifference](/wiki/Liberty_of_indifference "Liberty of indifference")," the strong indeterminism he introduces raise the objection of loss of agent control, but Kane says the agent can beforehand decide to assume responsibility whichever way she randomly chose. This seems more like rationalization than reason, but Kane defends it.
> "Suppose we were to say to such persons: 'But look, you didn't have sufficient or conclusive prior reasons for choosing as you did since you also had viable reasons for choosing the other way.' They might reply. 'True enough. But I did have good reasons for choosing as I did, which I'm willing to stand by and take responsibility for. If these reasons were not sufficient or conclusive reasons, that's because, like the heroine of the novel, I was not a fully formed person before I chose (and still am not, for that matter). Like the author of the novel, I am in the process of writing an unfinished story and forming an unfinished character who, in my case, is myself.'" *ibid*, pp. 41\-2
|
[
"Work\n----",
"### Causal indeterminism",
"Kane was one of the leading contemporary philosophers on [free will](/wiki/Free_will \"Free will\").Kane, R. (ed.) *Oxford Handbook of Free Will*[Information Philosophers](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kane/) \"Robert Kane is the acknowledged dean of the libertarian philosophers writing actively on the free will problem.\" Advocating what is termed within philosophical circles \"[libertarian](/wiki/Libertarianism_%28metaphysics%29 \"Libertarianism (metaphysics)\") freedom\", Kane argues that \"(1\\) the existence of alternative possibilities (or the agent's power to do otherwise) is a necessary condition for acting freely, and (2\\) determinism is not compatible with alternative possibilities (it precludes the power to do otherwise)\".Kane (ed.): *Oxford Handbook of Free Will*, p. 11\\. It is important to note that the crux of Kane's position is grounded not in a defense of alternative possibilities (AP) but in the notion of what Kane refers to as ultimate responsibility (UR). Thus, AP is a necessary but insufficient criterion for free will. It is necessary that there be ([metaphysically](/wiki/Metaphysics \"Metaphysics\")) real alternatives for our actions, but that is not enough; our actions could be random without being in our control. The control is found in \"ultimate responsibility\".",
"Ultimate responsibility entails that agents must be the ultimate creators (or originators) and sustainers of their own ends and purposes. There must be more than one way for a person's life to turn out (AP). More importantly, whichever way it turns out must be based in the person's willing actions. As Kane defines it,",
"{{Quotation\\|'''UR:''' ''An agent is ultimately responsible for some (event or state) E's occurring only if (R) the agent is personally responsible for E's occurring in a sense which entails that something the agent voluntarily (or willingly) did or omitted either was, or causally contributed to, E's occurrence and made a difference to whether or not E occurred; and (U) for every X and Y (where X and Y represent occurrences of events and/or states) if the agent is personally responsible for X and if Y is an ''arche'' (sufficient condition, cause or motive) for X, then the agent must also be personally responsible for Y.''\\|}}",
"In short, \"an agent must be responsible for anything that is a sufficient and necessary reason (condition, cause or motive) for the action's occurring.\"Kane: \"Free Will\" in *Free Will*, p. 224\\.",
"What allows for ultimacy of creation in Kane's picture are what he refers to as \"self\\-forming actions\" or SFAs — those moments of indecision during which people experience conflicting wills. These SFAs are the undetermined, regress\\-stopping voluntary actions or refrainings in the life histories of agents that are required for UR. UR does not require that *every* act done of our own free will be undetermined and thus that, for every act or choice, we could have done otherwise; it requires only that certain of our choices and actions be undetermined (and thus that we could have done otherwise), namely SFAs. These form our character or nature; they inform our future choices, reasons and motivations in action. If a person has had the opportunity to make a character\\-forming decision (SFA), he is responsible for the actions that are a result of his character.",
"#### Critique",
"[Randolph Clarke](/wiki/Randolph_Clarke_%28philosopher%29 \"Randolph Clarke (philosopher)\") objects that Kane's depiction of free will is not truly libertarian but rather a form of [compatibilism](/wiki/Compatibilism \"Compatibilism\"). The objection asserts that although the outcome of an SFA is not determined, one's history up to the event *is*; so the fact that an SFA will occur is also determined. The outcome of the SFA is based on chance, and from that point on one's life is determined. This kind of freedom, says Clarke, is no different than the kind of freedom argued for by compatibilists, who assert that even though our actions are determined, they are free because they are in accordance with our own wills, much like the outcome of an SFA.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Randolph Clarke\\|title\\=Libertarian Accounts of Free Will\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7V6n6\\-vobcIC\\|date\\=8 December 2005\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-530642\\-2\\|page\\=91}}",
"Kane responds that the difference between causal indeterminism and compatibilism is \"ultimate control — the originative control exercised by agents when it is 'up to them' which of a set of possible choices or actions will now occur, and up to no one and nothing else over which the agents themselves do not also have control\".Kane: \"Free Will\" in *Free Will*, p. 243\\. UR assures that the sufficient conditions for one's actions do not lie before one's own birth.",
"In his book defending [compatibilism](/wiki/Compatibilism_and_incompatibilism \"Compatibilism and incompatibilism\"), *[Freedom Evolves](/wiki/Freedom_Evolves \"Freedom Evolves\")*, Daniel Dennett spends a chapter criticising Kane's theory.Dennett, D. *Freedom Evolves.*Viking Books, February, 2003 {{ISBN\\|0\\-670\\-03186\\-0}} Kane believes freedom is based on certain rare and exceptional events, which he calls self\\-forming actions or SFA's. Dennett notes that there is no guarantee such an event will occur in an individual's life. If it does not, the individual does not in fact have free will at all, according to Kane. Yet they will seem the same as anyone else. Dennett finds an essentially *indetectable* notion of free will to be incredible.",
"### Radical libertarianism",
"Kane is one of several philosophers and scientists to propose a two\\-stage model of free will. The American philosopher [William James](/wiki/William_James \"William James\") was the first (in 1884\\). Others include the French mathematician and scientist [Henri Poincaré](/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9 \"Henri Poincaré\") (about 1906\\), the physicist [Arthur Holly Compton](/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton \"Arthur Holly Compton\") (1931, 1955\\), the philosopher [Karl Popper](/wiki/Karl_Popper \"Karl Popper\") (1965, 1977\\), the physicist and philosopher [Henry Margenau](/wiki/Henry_Margenau \"Henry Margenau\") (1968, 1982\\), the philosopher [Daniel Dennett](/wiki/Daniel_Dennett \"Daniel Dennett\") (1978\\), the classicists [A. A. Long](/wiki/A._A._Long \"A. A. Long\") and [David Sedley](/wiki/David_Sedley \"David Sedley\") (1987\\), the philosopher Alfred Mele (1995\\), and most recently, the neurogeneticist and biologist [Martin Heisenberg](/wiki/Martin_Heisenberg \"Martin Heisenberg\") (2009\\), son of the physicist [Werner Heisenberg](/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg \"Werner Heisenberg\"), whose [quantum indeterminacy](/wiki/Quantum_indeterminacy \"Quantum indeterminacy\") principle lies at the foundation of indeterministic physics.[Two\\-stage models of free will](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/two-stage_models.html)",
"Kane's model goes beyond [Daniel Dennett](/wiki/Daniel_Dennett \"Daniel Dennett\")'s by trying to keep indeterminism as late as possible in the process of deliberation, indeed as late as the decision itself in the SFAs (Self\\-Forming Actions). Kane's followers, [Laura Waddell Ekstrom](/wiki/Laura_Waddell_Ekstrom \"Laura Waddell Ekstrom\"), [Richard Double](/wiki/Richard_Double \"Richard Double\"), and [Mark Balaguer](/wiki/Mark_Balaguer \"Mark Balaguer\"), as well as the philosopher [Peter van Inwagen](/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen \"Peter van Inwagen\"), agree that chance must be the direct cause of action. This makes them all [radical libertarians](/wiki/Radical_libertarianism \"Radical libertarianism\"), as opposed to those who limit [chance](/wiki/Randomness \"Randomness\") to the early deliberative stages of the decision process, such as James, Popper, Margenau, Doyle and Martin Heisenberg, who are conservative or modest libertarians, following the two\\-stage models proposed by Dennett and Mele.",
"In his 1985 book *Free Will and Values*, aware of earlier proposals by neurobiologist [John Eccles](/wiki/John_Eccles_%28neurophysiologist%29 \"John Eccles (neurophysiologist)\"), Popper, and Dennett, but working independently, Kane proposed an ambitious [amplifier](/wiki/Amplifier \"Amplifier\") model for a quantum randomizer in the brain \\- a spinning wheel of fortune with probability bubbles corresponding to [alternative possibilities](/wiki/Principle_of_alternative_possibilities \"Principle of alternative possibilities\"), in the massive switch amplifier (MSA) tradition of Compton.",
"He says",
"> What I would like to do then, is to show how an MSA model, using Eccles' notion of critically poised neurons as a working hypothesis, might be adapted to the theory of practical, moral and prudential decision making.*Free Will and Values*, p.169",
"",
"But Kane was not satisfied with his solution. In the end he did not endorse it. He said it did not go far enough because it does not fully capture the notion of ultimate responsibility (UR) during rare \"self\\-forming actions (SFAs). It is merely a \"significant piece in the overall puzzle of a libertarian freedom.\"*Free Will and Values*, p.104 He explains that the main reason for failure is",
"",
"> ```\n> \"locating the master switch and the mechanism of amplification ... We do not know if something similar goes on in the brains of cortically developed creatures like ourselves, but I suspect it must if libertarian theories are to succeed.\"\n> ```\n> \n> *ibid*, p.168[Where and When is Randomness Located? on Information Philosopher](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/location.html)",
"Kane admits his basic failure is his location of indeterminism in the decision process itself. This makes chance the direct cause of action. He was actually quite bleak about the possibilities for a satisfactory libertarian model. He felt",
"",
"> \"that any construction which escaped confusion and emptiness was likely to fall short of some libertarian aspirations \\- aspirations that I believe cannot ultimately be fulfilled.\"*ibid*, p.165",
"But Kane claims that the major criticism of all indeterminist libertarian models is explaining the power to choose or do otherwise in \"exactly the same conditions,\" something he calls \"dual rational self\\-control.\" Given that A was the rational choice, how can one defend doing B under exactly the same circumstances?\" *ibid*, p. 59 Kane is concerned that such a \"dual power\" is arbitrary, capricious, and irrational.",
"Kane's latest suggestion for his occasional self\\-forming actions argues that the tension and uncertainty in our minds stirs up \"chaos\" that is sensitive to micro\\-indeterminacies at the neuronal level.",
"",
"> All free acts do not have to be undetermined on the libertarian view, but only those acts by which we made ourselves into the kinds of persons we are, namely the \"will\\-setting\" or \"self\\-forming actions\" (SFAs) that are required for ultimate responsibility.\n> *Four Views on Free Will*, p. 26",
"",
"> Now I believe these undetermined self\\-forming actions or SFAs occur at those difficult times of life when we are torn between competing visions of what we should do or become. Perhaps we are torn between doing the moral thing or acting from ambition, or between powerful present desires and long\\-term goals, or we are faced with difficult tasks for which we have aversions.*ibid*, p. 26",
"Since he is primarily interested in cases of \"[liberty of indifference](/wiki/Liberty_of_indifference \"Liberty of indifference\"),\" the strong indeterminism he introduces raise the objection of loss of agent control, but Kane says the agent can beforehand decide to assume responsibility whichever way she randomly chose. This seems more like rationalization than reason, but Kane defends it.",
"",
"> \"Suppose we were to say to such persons: 'But look, you didn't have sufficient or conclusive prior reasons for choosing as you did since you also had viable reasons for choosing the other way.' They might reply. 'True enough. But I did have good reasons for choosing as I did, which I'm willing to stand by and take responsibility for. If these reasons were not sufficient or conclusive reasons, that's because, like the heroine of the novel, I was not a fully formed person before I chose (and still am not, for that matter). Like the author of the novel, I am in the process of writing an unfinished story and forming an unfinished character who, in my case, is myself.'\" *ibid*, pp. 41\\-2",
""
] |
### Causal indeterminism
Kane was one of the leading contemporary philosophers on [free will](/wiki/Free_will "Free will").Kane, R. (ed.) *Oxford Handbook of Free Will*[Information Philosophers](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kane/) "Robert Kane is the acknowledged dean of the libertarian philosophers writing actively on the free will problem." Advocating what is termed within philosophical circles "[libertarian](/wiki/Libertarianism_%28metaphysics%29 "Libertarianism (metaphysics)") freedom", Kane argues that "(1\) the existence of alternative possibilities (or the agent's power to do otherwise) is a necessary condition for acting freely, and (2\) determinism is not compatible with alternative possibilities (it precludes the power to do otherwise)".Kane (ed.): *Oxford Handbook of Free Will*, p. 11\. It is important to note that the crux of Kane's position is grounded not in a defense of alternative possibilities (AP) but in the notion of what Kane refers to as ultimate responsibility (UR). Thus, AP is a necessary but insufficient criterion for free will. It is necessary that there be ([metaphysically](/wiki/Metaphysics "Metaphysics")) real alternatives for our actions, but that is not enough; our actions could be random without being in our control. The control is found in "ultimate responsibility".
Ultimate responsibility entails that agents must be the ultimate creators (or originators) and sustainers of their own ends and purposes. There must be more than one way for a person's life to turn out (AP). More importantly, whichever way it turns out must be based in the person's willing actions. As Kane defines it,
{{Quotation\|'''UR:''' ''An agent is ultimately responsible for some (event or state) E's occurring only if (R) the agent is personally responsible for E's occurring in a sense which entails that something the agent voluntarily (or willingly) did or omitted either was, or causally contributed to, E's occurrence and made a difference to whether or not E occurred; and (U) for every X and Y (where X and Y represent occurrences of events and/or states) if the agent is personally responsible for X and if Y is an ''arche'' (sufficient condition, cause or motive) for X, then the agent must also be personally responsible for Y.''\|}}
In short, "an agent must be responsible for anything that is a sufficient and necessary reason (condition, cause or motive) for the action's occurring."Kane: "Free Will" in *Free Will*, p. 224\.
What allows for ultimacy of creation in Kane's picture are what he refers to as "self\-forming actions" or SFAs — those moments of indecision during which people experience conflicting wills. These SFAs are the undetermined, regress\-stopping voluntary actions or refrainings in the life histories of agents that are required for UR. UR does not require that *every* act done of our own free will be undetermined and thus that, for every act or choice, we could have done otherwise; it requires only that certain of our choices and actions be undetermined (and thus that we could have done otherwise), namely SFAs. These form our character or nature; they inform our future choices, reasons and motivations in action. If a person has had the opportunity to make a character\-forming decision (SFA), he is responsible for the actions that are a result of his character.
#### Critique
[Randolph Clarke](/wiki/Randolph_Clarke_%28philosopher%29 "Randolph Clarke (philosopher)") objects that Kane's depiction of free will is not truly libertarian but rather a form of [compatibilism](/wiki/Compatibilism "Compatibilism"). The objection asserts that although the outcome of an SFA is not determined, one's history up to the event *is*; so the fact that an SFA will occur is also determined. The outcome of the SFA is based on chance, and from that point on one's life is determined. This kind of freedom, says Clarke, is no different than the kind of freedom argued for by compatibilists, who assert that even though our actions are determined, they are free because they are in accordance with our own wills, much like the outcome of an SFA.{{cite book\|author1\=Randolph Clarke\|title\=Libertarian Accounts of Free Will\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7V6n6\-vobcIC\|date\=8 December 2005\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-530642\-2\|page\=91}}
Kane responds that the difference between causal indeterminism and compatibilism is "ultimate control — the originative control exercised by agents when it is 'up to them' which of a set of possible choices or actions will now occur, and up to no one and nothing else over which the agents themselves do not also have control".Kane: "Free Will" in *Free Will*, p. 243\. UR assures that the sufficient conditions for one's actions do not lie before one's own birth.
In his book defending [compatibilism](/wiki/Compatibilism_and_incompatibilism "Compatibilism and incompatibilism"), *[Freedom Evolves](/wiki/Freedom_Evolves "Freedom Evolves")*, Daniel Dennett spends a chapter criticising Kane's theory.Dennett, D. *Freedom Evolves.*Viking Books, February, 2003 {{ISBN\|0\-670\-03186\-0}} Kane believes freedom is based on certain rare and exceptional events, which he calls self\-forming actions or SFA's. Dennett notes that there is no guarantee such an event will occur in an individual's life. If it does not, the individual does not in fact have free will at all, according to Kane. Yet they will seem the same as anyone else. Dennett finds an essentially *indetectable* notion of free will to be incredible.
|
[
"### Causal indeterminism",
"Kane was one of the leading contemporary philosophers on [free will](/wiki/Free_will \"Free will\").Kane, R. (ed.) *Oxford Handbook of Free Will*[Information Philosophers](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/kane/) \"Robert Kane is the acknowledged dean of the libertarian philosophers writing actively on the free will problem.\" Advocating what is termed within philosophical circles \"[libertarian](/wiki/Libertarianism_%28metaphysics%29 \"Libertarianism (metaphysics)\") freedom\", Kane argues that \"(1\\) the existence of alternative possibilities (or the agent's power to do otherwise) is a necessary condition for acting freely, and (2\\) determinism is not compatible with alternative possibilities (it precludes the power to do otherwise)\".Kane (ed.): *Oxford Handbook of Free Will*, p. 11\\. It is important to note that the crux of Kane's position is grounded not in a defense of alternative possibilities (AP) but in the notion of what Kane refers to as ultimate responsibility (UR). Thus, AP is a necessary but insufficient criterion for free will. It is necessary that there be ([metaphysically](/wiki/Metaphysics \"Metaphysics\")) real alternatives for our actions, but that is not enough; our actions could be random without being in our control. The control is found in \"ultimate responsibility\".",
"Ultimate responsibility entails that agents must be the ultimate creators (or originators) and sustainers of their own ends and purposes. There must be more than one way for a person's life to turn out (AP). More importantly, whichever way it turns out must be based in the person's willing actions. As Kane defines it,",
"{{Quotation\\|'''UR:''' ''An agent is ultimately responsible for some (event or state) E's occurring only if (R) the agent is personally responsible for E's occurring in a sense which entails that something the agent voluntarily (or willingly) did or omitted either was, or causally contributed to, E's occurrence and made a difference to whether or not E occurred; and (U) for every X and Y (where X and Y represent occurrences of events and/or states) if the agent is personally responsible for X and if Y is an ''arche'' (sufficient condition, cause or motive) for X, then the agent must also be personally responsible for Y.''\\|}}",
"In short, \"an agent must be responsible for anything that is a sufficient and necessary reason (condition, cause or motive) for the action's occurring.\"Kane: \"Free Will\" in *Free Will*, p. 224\\.",
"What allows for ultimacy of creation in Kane's picture are what he refers to as \"self\\-forming actions\" or SFAs — those moments of indecision during which people experience conflicting wills. These SFAs are the undetermined, regress\\-stopping voluntary actions or refrainings in the life histories of agents that are required for UR. UR does not require that *every* act done of our own free will be undetermined and thus that, for every act or choice, we could have done otherwise; it requires only that certain of our choices and actions be undetermined (and thus that we could have done otherwise), namely SFAs. These form our character or nature; they inform our future choices, reasons and motivations in action. If a person has had the opportunity to make a character\\-forming decision (SFA), he is responsible for the actions that are a result of his character.",
"#### Critique",
"[Randolph Clarke](/wiki/Randolph_Clarke_%28philosopher%29 \"Randolph Clarke (philosopher)\") objects that Kane's depiction of free will is not truly libertarian but rather a form of [compatibilism](/wiki/Compatibilism \"Compatibilism\"). The objection asserts that although the outcome of an SFA is not determined, one's history up to the event *is*; so the fact that an SFA will occur is also determined. The outcome of the SFA is based on chance, and from that point on one's life is determined. This kind of freedom, says Clarke, is no different than the kind of freedom argued for by compatibilists, who assert that even though our actions are determined, they are free because they are in accordance with our own wills, much like the outcome of an SFA.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Randolph Clarke\\|title\\=Libertarian Accounts of Free Will\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7V6n6\\-vobcIC\\|date\\=8 December 2005\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-530642\\-2\\|page\\=91}}",
"Kane responds that the difference between causal indeterminism and compatibilism is \"ultimate control — the originative control exercised by agents when it is 'up to them' which of a set of possible choices or actions will now occur, and up to no one and nothing else over which the agents themselves do not also have control\".Kane: \"Free Will\" in *Free Will*, p. 243\\. UR assures that the sufficient conditions for one's actions do not lie before one's own birth.",
"In his book defending [compatibilism](/wiki/Compatibilism_and_incompatibilism \"Compatibilism and incompatibilism\"), *[Freedom Evolves](/wiki/Freedom_Evolves \"Freedom Evolves\")*, Daniel Dennett spends a chapter criticising Kane's theory.Dennett, D. *Freedom Evolves.*Viking Books, February, 2003 {{ISBN\\|0\\-670\\-03186\\-0}} Kane believes freedom is based on certain rare and exceptional events, which he calls self\\-forming actions or SFA's. Dennett notes that there is no guarantee such an event will occur in an individual's life. If it does not, the individual does not in fact have free will at all, according to Kane. Yet they will seem the same as anyone else. Dennett finds an essentially *indetectable* notion of free will to be incredible.",
""
] |
### Radical libertarianism
Kane is one of several philosophers and scientists to propose a two\-stage model of free will. The American philosopher [William James](/wiki/William_James "William James") was the first (in 1884\). Others include the French mathematician and scientist [Henri Poincaré](/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9 "Henri Poincaré") (about 1906\), the physicist [Arthur Holly Compton](/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton "Arthur Holly Compton") (1931, 1955\), the philosopher [Karl Popper](/wiki/Karl_Popper "Karl Popper") (1965, 1977\), the physicist and philosopher [Henry Margenau](/wiki/Henry_Margenau "Henry Margenau") (1968, 1982\), the philosopher [Daniel Dennett](/wiki/Daniel_Dennett "Daniel Dennett") (1978\), the classicists [A. A. Long](/wiki/A._A._Long "A. A. Long") and [David Sedley](/wiki/David_Sedley "David Sedley") (1987\), the philosopher Alfred Mele (1995\), and most recently, the neurogeneticist and biologist [Martin Heisenberg](/wiki/Martin_Heisenberg "Martin Heisenberg") (2009\), son of the physicist [Werner Heisenberg](/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg "Werner Heisenberg"), whose [quantum indeterminacy](/wiki/Quantum_indeterminacy "Quantum indeterminacy") principle lies at the foundation of indeterministic physics.[Two\-stage models of free will](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/two-stage_models.html)
Kane's model goes beyond [Daniel Dennett](/wiki/Daniel_Dennett "Daniel Dennett")'s by trying to keep indeterminism as late as possible in the process of deliberation, indeed as late as the decision itself in the SFAs (Self\-Forming Actions). Kane's followers, [Laura Waddell Ekstrom](/wiki/Laura_Waddell_Ekstrom "Laura Waddell Ekstrom"), [Richard Double](/wiki/Richard_Double "Richard Double"), and [Mark Balaguer](/wiki/Mark_Balaguer "Mark Balaguer"), as well as the philosopher [Peter van Inwagen](/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen "Peter van Inwagen"), agree that chance must be the direct cause of action. This makes them all [radical libertarians](/wiki/Radical_libertarianism "Radical libertarianism"), as opposed to those who limit [chance](/wiki/Randomness "Randomness") to the early deliberative stages of the decision process, such as James, Popper, Margenau, Doyle and Martin Heisenberg, who are conservative or modest libertarians, following the two\-stage models proposed by Dennett and Mele.
In his 1985 book *Free Will and Values*, aware of earlier proposals by neurobiologist [John Eccles](/wiki/John_Eccles_%28neurophysiologist%29 "John Eccles (neurophysiologist)"), Popper, and Dennett, but working independently, Kane proposed an ambitious [amplifier](/wiki/Amplifier "Amplifier") model for a quantum randomizer in the brain \- a spinning wheel of fortune with probability bubbles corresponding to [alternative possibilities](/wiki/Principle_of_alternative_possibilities "Principle of alternative possibilities"), in the massive switch amplifier (MSA) tradition of Compton.
He says
> What I would like to do then, is to show how an MSA model, using Eccles' notion of critically poised neurons as a working hypothesis, might be adapted to the theory of practical, moral and prudential decision making.*Free Will and Values*, p.169
But Kane was not satisfied with his solution. In the end he did not endorse it. He said it did not go far enough because it does not fully capture the notion of ultimate responsibility (UR) during rare "self\-forming actions (SFAs). It is merely a "significant piece in the overall puzzle of a libertarian freedom."*Free Will and Values*, p.104 He explains that the main reason for failure is
> ```
> "locating the master switch and the mechanism of amplification ... We do not know if something similar goes on in the brains of cortically developed creatures like ourselves, but I suspect it must if libertarian theories are to succeed."
> ```
>
> *ibid*, p.168[Where and When is Randomness Located? on Information Philosopher](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/location.html)
Kane admits his basic failure is his location of indeterminism in the decision process itself. This makes chance the direct cause of action. He was actually quite bleak about the possibilities for a satisfactory libertarian model. He felt
> "that any construction which escaped confusion and emptiness was likely to fall short of some libertarian aspirations \- aspirations that I believe cannot ultimately be fulfilled."*ibid*, p.165
But Kane claims that the major criticism of all indeterminist libertarian models is explaining the power to choose or do otherwise in "exactly the same conditions," something he calls "dual rational self\-control." Given that A was the rational choice, how can one defend doing B under exactly the same circumstances?" *ibid*, p. 59 Kane is concerned that such a "dual power" is arbitrary, capricious, and irrational.
Kane's latest suggestion for his occasional self\-forming actions argues that the tension and uncertainty in our minds stirs up "chaos" that is sensitive to micro\-indeterminacies at the neuronal level.
> All free acts do not have to be undetermined on the libertarian view, but only those acts by which we made ourselves into the kinds of persons we are, namely the "will\-setting" or "self\-forming actions" (SFAs) that are required for ultimate responsibility.
> *Four Views on Free Will*, p. 26
> Now I believe these undetermined self\-forming actions or SFAs occur at those difficult times of life when we are torn between competing visions of what we should do or become. Perhaps we are torn between doing the moral thing or acting from ambition, or between powerful present desires and long\-term goals, or we are faced with difficult tasks for which we have aversions.*ibid*, p. 26
Since he is primarily interested in cases of "[liberty of indifference](/wiki/Liberty_of_indifference "Liberty of indifference")," the strong indeterminism he introduces raise the objection of loss of agent control, but Kane says the agent can beforehand decide to assume responsibility whichever way she randomly chose. This seems more like rationalization than reason, but Kane defends it.
> "Suppose we were to say to such persons: 'But look, you didn't have sufficient or conclusive prior reasons for choosing as you did since you also had viable reasons for choosing the other way.' They might reply. 'True enough. But I did have good reasons for choosing as I did, which I'm willing to stand by and take responsibility for. If these reasons were not sufficient or conclusive reasons, that's because, like the heroine of the novel, I was not a fully formed person before I chose (and still am not, for that matter). Like the author of the novel, I am in the process of writing an unfinished story and forming an unfinished character who, in my case, is myself.'" *ibid*, pp. 41\-2
|
[
"### Radical libertarianism",
"Kane is one of several philosophers and scientists to propose a two\\-stage model of free will. The American philosopher [William James](/wiki/William_James \"William James\") was the first (in 1884\\). Others include the French mathematician and scientist [Henri Poincaré](/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9 \"Henri Poincaré\") (about 1906\\), the physicist [Arthur Holly Compton](/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton \"Arthur Holly Compton\") (1931, 1955\\), the philosopher [Karl Popper](/wiki/Karl_Popper \"Karl Popper\") (1965, 1977\\), the physicist and philosopher [Henry Margenau](/wiki/Henry_Margenau \"Henry Margenau\") (1968, 1982\\), the philosopher [Daniel Dennett](/wiki/Daniel_Dennett \"Daniel Dennett\") (1978\\), the classicists [A. A. Long](/wiki/A._A._Long \"A. A. Long\") and [David Sedley](/wiki/David_Sedley \"David Sedley\") (1987\\), the philosopher Alfred Mele (1995\\), and most recently, the neurogeneticist and biologist [Martin Heisenberg](/wiki/Martin_Heisenberg \"Martin Heisenberg\") (2009\\), son of the physicist [Werner Heisenberg](/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg \"Werner Heisenberg\"), whose [quantum indeterminacy](/wiki/Quantum_indeterminacy \"Quantum indeterminacy\") principle lies at the foundation of indeterministic physics.[Two\\-stage models of free will](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/two-stage_models.html)",
"Kane's model goes beyond [Daniel Dennett](/wiki/Daniel_Dennett \"Daniel Dennett\")'s by trying to keep indeterminism as late as possible in the process of deliberation, indeed as late as the decision itself in the SFAs (Self\\-Forming Actions). Kane's followers, [Laura Waddell Ekstrom](/wiki/Laura_Waddell_Ekstrom \"Laura Waddell Ekstrom\"), [Richard Double](/wiki/Richard_Double \"Richard Double\"), and [Mark Balaguer](/wiki/Mark_Balaguer \"Mark Balaguer\"), as well as the philosopher [Peter van Inwagen](/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen \"Peter van Inwagen\"), agree that chance must be the direct cause of action. This makes them all [radical libertarians](/wiki/Radical_libertarianism \"Radical libertarianism\"), as opposed to those who limit [chance](/wiki/Randomness \"Randomness\") to the early deliberative stages of the decision process, such as James, Popper, Margenau, Doyle and Martin Heisenberg, who are conservative or modest libertarians, following the two\\-stage models proposed by Dennett and Mele.",
"In his 1985 book *Free Will and Values*, aware of earlier proposals by neurobiologist [John Eccles](/wiki/John_Eccles_%28neurophysiologist%29 \"John Eccles (neurophysiologist)\"), Popper, and Dennett, but working independently, Kane proposed an ambitious [amplifier](/wiki/Amplifier \"Amplifier\") model for a quantum randomizer in the brain \\- a spinning wheel of fortune with probability bubbles corresponding to [alternative possibilities](/wiki/Principle_of_alternative_possibilities \"Principle of alternative possibilities\"), in the massive switch amplifier (MSA) tradition of Compton.",
"He says",
"> What I would like to do then, is to show how an MSA model, using Eccles' notion of critically poised neurons as a working hypothesis, might be adapted to the theory of practical, moral and prudential decision making.*Free Will and Values*, p.169",
"",
"But Kane was not satisfied with his solution. In the end he did not endorse it. He said it did not go far enough because it does not fully capture the notion of ultimate responsibility (UR) during rare \"self\\-forming actions (SFAs). It is merely a \"significant piece in the overall puzzle of a libertarian freedom.\"*Free Will and Values*, p.104 He explains that the main reason for failure is",
"",
"> ```\n> \"locating the master switch and the mechanism of amplification ... We do not know if something similar goes on in the brains of cortically developed creatures like ourselves, but I suspect it must if libertarian theories are to succeed.\"\n> ```\n> \n> *ibid*, p.168[Where and When is Randomness Located? on Information Philosopher](http://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/location.html)",
"Kane admits his basic failure is his location of indeterminism in the decision process itself. This makes chance the direct cause of action. He was actually quite bleak about the possibilities for a satisfactory libertarian model. He felt",
"",
"> \"that any construction which escaped confusion and emptiness was likely to fall short of some libertarian aspirations \\- aspirations that I believe cannot ultimately be fulfilled.\"*ibid*, p.165",
"But Kane claims that the major criticism of all indeterminist libertarian models is explaining the power to choose or do otherwise in \"exactly the same conditions,\" something he calls \"dual rational self\\-control.\" Given that A was the rational choice, how can one defend doing B under exactly the same circumstances?\" *ibid*, p. 59 Kane is concerned that such a \"dual power\" is arbitrary, capricious, and irrational.",
"Kane's latest suggestion for his occasional self\\-forming actions argues that the tension and uncertainty in our minds stirs up \"chaos\" that is sensitive to micro\\-indeterminacies at the neuronal level.",
"",
"> All free acts do not have to be undetermined on the libertarian view, but only those acts by which we made ourselves into the kinds of persons we are, namely the \"will\\-setting\" or \"self\\-forming actions\" (SFAs) that are required for ultimate responsibility.\n> *Four Views on Free Will*, p. 26",
"",
"> Now I believe these undetermined self\\-forming actions or SFAs occur at those difficult times of life when we are torn between competing visions of what we should do or become. Perhaps we are torn between doing the moral thing or acting from ambition, or between powerful present desires and long\\-term goals, or we are faced with difficult tasks for which we have aversions.*ibid*, p. 26",
"Since he is primarily interested in cases of \"[liberty of indifference](/wiki/Liberty_of_indifference \"Liberty of indifference\"),\" the strong indeterminism he introduces raise the objection of loss of agent control, but Kane says the agent can beforehand decide to assume responsibility whichever way she randomly chose. This seems more like rationalization than reason, but Kane defends it.",
"",
"> \"Suppose we were to say to such persons: 'But look, you didn't have sufficient or conclusive prior reasons for choosing as you did since you also had viable reasons for choosing the other way.' They might reply. 'True enough. But I did have good reasons for choosing as I did, which I'm willing to stand by and take responsibility for. If these reasons were not sufficient or conclusive reasons, that's because, like the heroine of the novel, I was not a fully formed person before I chose (and still am not, for that matter). Like the author of the novel, I am in the process of writing an unfinished story and forming an unfinished character who, in my case, is myself.'\" *ibid*, pp. 41\\-2",
""
] |
Politics
--------
[thumb\|upright\|Columba with her husband [Jeb Bush](/wiki/Jeb_Bush "Jeb Bush") in 1999\.](/wiki/Image:Governor_Jeb_Bush_and_his_wife%2C_Columba.jpg "Governor Jeb Bush and his wife, Columba.jpg")
In 1988, she appeared in a [Spanish\-language](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language") campaign commercial for her father\-in\-law, [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush"), in his [campaign for President](/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election "1988 United States presidential election")["Father\-in\-Law"](http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1988/father-in-law), Bush campaign ad and she presented a nominating speech for him, also in Spanish, at the [Republican National Convention in New Orleans](/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention "1988 Republican National Convention"). But, for the most part, she tends to be uninvolved in politics.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/articles/A41678\-2003Feb21\_5\.html\|title\=The Patience of Jeb (washingtonpost.com)\|newspaper\= \[\[Washington Post]] }}
As [First Lady of Florida](/wiki/First_Lady_of_Florida "First Lady of Florida"), Bush advocated for Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence, the [Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse](/wiki/The_National_Center_on_Addiction_and_Substance_Abuse_at_Columbia_University "The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University"), and Arts for Life, a group that gives scholarships to young artists.{{cite news \|last\=Rosin \|first\=Hanna \|author\-link1\=Hanna Rosin \|date\=June 2015 \|title\=The Mysterious Columba Bush \|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/06/the\-mysterious\-columba\-bush/392090/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Atlantic]] \|location\=\[\[Washington, D.C.]] \|access\-date\=May 20, 2015\|quote\=It's true that she has adopted first\-lady\-worthy causes, working with the Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence, the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, and Arts for Life, a group that gives scholarships to young artists. By all accounts, she advocates earnestly and effectively, visiting shelters, studying reports on addiction in adolescence, putting together exhibitions, and connecting donors with charities.}}
Columba Bush has been active in promoting the arts. In 1999, she worked with Arts for a Complete Education/Florida Alliance for Arts Education (ACE/FAAE) to create *Arts for Life!*, a program devoted to increasing the importance of art in the education system.
As First Lady she put together various art exhibitions focusing on [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD "Salvador Dalí"), [Diego Rivera](/wiki/Diego_Rivera "Diego Rivera"), and [Frida Kahlo](/wiki/Frida_Kahlo "Frida Kahlo"), and Florida artists.
Bush has been active in programs to warn young people of the dangers of drug abuse.{{cite web\|url\=http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2002\-10\-20/news/0210200128\_1\_noelle\-bush\-drug\-abuse\-columba\-bush\|title\=Columba Bush Warns Of Perils Posed By Drugs\|publisher\=\[\[Sun Sentinel]]\|access\-date\=2014\-04\-08\|archive\-date\=2014\-12\-17\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217023909/http://articles.sun\-sentinel.com/2002\-10\-20/news/0210200128\_1\_noelle\-bush\-drug\-abuse\-columba\-bush\|url\-status\=dead}} She has worked on treatment and prevention programs such as the [National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism](/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism "National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism") (NIAAA). She has served as co\-chair of the NIAAA initiative, Leadership to Keep Children Alcohol Free, and has served on the board of the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University").
As First Lady, she visited shelters, studied reports on addiction in adolescence, put together exhibitions, and connected donors with charities.
In 2003, as First Lady of Florida, Bush was part of a delegation to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") to celebrate [John Paul II's](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II") 25th anniversary as [Pope](/wiki/Pope "Pope"), at [St. Peter's Basilica](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica "St. Peter's Basilica").
Bush used her platform to become an advocate on issues like domestic violence, substance abuse, and the arts, and she has been involved with organizations that advocate [substance abuse treatment](/wiki/Substance_abuse_treatment "Substance abuse treatment") and prevention.{{Cite web\|url\=https://laopinion.com/2014/05/20/the\-private\-life\-of\-jeb\-bush%C2%92s\-mexican\-wife\-columba/\|title\=The private life of Jeb Bushs Mexican wife Columba\|last\=Nevarez\|first\=Griselda\|date\=May 20, 2014\|website\=La Opinion\|access\-date\=March 29, 2018}}
During her husband's [2016 presidential election campaign](/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election"), Bush visited women's shelters in [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa "Iowa"){{cite news \|last\=Bush \|first\=Columba \|date\=May 18, 2015 \|title\=Columba Bush: Support Iowa's domestic abuse programs \|url\=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/2015/05/19/columba\-bush\-support\-iowas\-domestic\-abuse\-programs/27556115/ \|newspaper\=Des Moines Register \|location\=\[\[Des Moines, Iowa]] \|access\-date\=July 10, 2015\|quote\=For the past 15 years, I have worked in partnership with the Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence to raise awareness regarding the impact of domestic violence in our families while increasing private resources for life\-saving services for victims and their children, who often flee their homes with nothing but the clothes on their backs.}} and [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire").{{cite news \|last\=McDermott \|first\=Casey \|date\=July 9, 2015 \|title\=While husband campaigns, Columba Bush meets with domestic violence prevention advocates \|url\=http://www.concordmonitor.com/home/17692474\-95/while\-husband\-campaigns\-columba\-bush\-meets\-with\-domestic\-violence\-prevention\-advocates \|newspaper\=Concord Monitor \|location\=\[\[Concord, New Hampshire]] \|access\-date\=July 10, 2015}}
|
[
"Politics\n--------",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Columba with her husband [Jeb Bush](/wiki/Jeb_Bush \"Jeb Bush\") in 1999\\.](/wiki/Image:Governor_Jeb_Bush_and_his_wife%2C_Columba.jpg \"Governor Jeb Bush and his wife, Columba.jpg\")",
"In 1988, she appeared in a [Spanish\\-language](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\") campaign commercial for her father\\-in\\-law, [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\"), in his [campaign for President](/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election \"1988 United States presidential election\")[\"Father\\-in\\-Law\"](http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1988/father-in-law), Bush campaign ad and she presented a nominating speech for him, also in Spanish, at the [Republican National Convention in New Orleans](/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention \"1988 Republican National Convention\"). But, for the most part, she tends to be uninvolved in politics.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/articles/A41678\\-2003Feb21\\_5\\.html\\|title\\=The Patience of Jeb (washingtonpost.com)\\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Washington Post]] }}",
"As [First Lady of Florida](/wiki/First_Lady_of_Florida \"First Lady of Florida\"), Bush advocated for Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence, the [Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse](/wiki/The_National_Center_on_Addiction_and_Substance_Abuse_at_Columbia_University \"The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University\"), and Arts for Life, a group that gives scholarships to young artists.{{cite news \\|last\\=Rosin \\|first\\=Hanna \\|author\\-link1\\=Hanna Rosin \\|date\\=June 2015 \\|title\\=The Mysterious Columba Bush \\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/06/the\\-mysterious\\-columba\\-bush/392090/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Atlantic]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Washington, D.C.]] \\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2015\\|quote\\=It's true that she has adopted first\\-lady\\-worthy causes, working with the Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence, the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, and Arts for Life, a group that gives scholarships to young artists. By all accounts, she advocates earnestly and effectively, visiting shelters, studying reports on addiction in adolescence, putting together exhibitions, and connecting donors with charities.}}",
"Columba Bush has been active in promoting the arts. In 1999, she worked with Arts for a Complete Education/Florida Alliance for Arts Education (ACE/FAAE) to create *Arts for Life!*, a program devoted to increasing the importance of art in the education system.",
"As First Lady she put together various art exhibitions focusing on [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD \"Salvador Dalí\"), [Diego Rivera](/wiki/Diego_Rivera \"Diego Rivera\"), and [Frida Kahlo](/wiki/Frida_Kahlo \"Frida Kahlo\"), and Florida artists.",
"Bush has been active in programs to warn young people of the dangers of drug abuse.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2002\\-10\\-20/news/0210200128\\_1\\_noelle\\-bush\\-drug\\-abuse\\-columba\\-bush\\|title\\=Columba Bush Warns Of Perils Posed By Drugs\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sun Sentinel]]\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-08\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-17\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217023909/http://articles.sun\\-sentinel.com/2002\\-10\\-20/news/0210200128\\_1\\_noelle\\-bush\\-drug\\-abuse\\-columba\\-bush\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} She has worked on treatment and prevention programs such as the [National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism](/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism \"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism\") (NIAAA). She has served as co\\-chair of the NIAAA initiative, Leadership to Keep Children Alcohol Free, and has served on the board of the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\").",
"As First Lady, she visited shelters, studied reports on addiction in adolescence, put together exhibitions, and connected donors with charities.",
"In 2003, as First Lady of Florida, Bush was part of a delegation to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") to celebrate [John Paul II's](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II \"Pope John Paul II\") 25th anniversary as [Pope](/wiki/Pope \"Pope\"), at [St. Peter's Basilica](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica \"St. Peter's Basilica\").",
"Bush used her platform to become an advocate on issues like domestic violence, substance abuse, and the arts, and she has been involved with organizations that advocate [substance abuse treatment](/wiki/Substance_abuse_treatment \"Substance abuse treatment\") and prevention.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://laopinion.com/2014/05/20/the\\-private\\-life\\-of\\-jeb\\-bush%C2%92s\\-mexican\\-wife\\-columba/\\|title\\=The private life of Jeb Bushs Mexican wife Columba\\|last\\=Nevarez\\|first\\=Griselda\\|date\\=May 20, 2014\\|website\\=La Opinion\\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2018}}",
"During her husband's [2016 presidential election campaign](/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election \"2016 United States presidential election\"), Bush visited women's shelters in [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\"){{cite news \\|last\\=Bush \\|first\\=Columba \\|date\\=May 18, 2015 \\|title\\=Columba Bush: Support Iowa's domestic abuse programs \\|url\\=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/2015/05/19/columba\\-bush\\-support\\-iowas\\-domestic\\-abuse\\-programs/27556115/ \\|newspaper\\=Des Moines Register \\|location\\=\\[\\[Des Moines, Iowa]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2015\\|quote\\=For the past 15 years, I have worked in partnership with the Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence to raise awareness regarding the impact of domestic violence in our families while increasing private resources for life\\-saving services for victims and their children, who often flee their homes with nothing but the clothes on their backs.}} and [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\").{{cite news \\|last\\=McDermott \\|first\\=Casey \\|date\\=July 9, 2015 \\|title\\=While husband campaigns, Columba Bush meets with domestic violence prevention advocates \\|url\\=http://www.concordmonitor.com/home/17692474\\-95/while\\-husband\\-campaigns\\-columba\\-bush\\-meets\\-with\\-domestic\\-violence\\-prevention\\-advocates \\|newspaper\\=Concord Monitor \\|location\\=\\[\\[Concord, New Hampshire]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2015}}",
""
] |
Personal life
-------------
Columba has been known to be quiet and reserved, and before marrying Jeb Bush, she had wanted to live a quiet life.
Bush and her husband reside in [Coral Gables, Florida](/wiki/Coral_Gables%2C_Florida "Coral Gables, Florida").{{cite web\|last1\=Bush\|first1\=Jeb\|title\=Jeb Bush: The Things I Really Love About Florida\|url\=http://www.gulfshorelife.com/August\-2014/jeb\-bush\-loves\-florida\-florida\-state\-miami\-football/\|website\=Gulfshore Life\|access\-date\=2015\-05\-25\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418165143/http://www.gulfshorelife.com/August\-2014/jeb\-bush\-loves\-florida\-florida\-state\-miami\-football/\|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-18\|url\-status\=dead}} Columba Bush's relationship with her mother was the subject of a brief profile in the book *Mamá: Latina Daughters Celebrate Their Mothers* by María Pérez\-Brown. Her sister, Lucila del Carmen Schmitz (born October 1951\), and her mother live near her in the [Miami](/wiki/Miami "Miami") area.
The couple has three children: [George Prescott Bush](/wiki/George_Prescott_Bush "George Prescott Bush") (born April 24, 1976, in [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas")), Noelle Lucila Bush (born July 26, 1977, in Texas), and John Ellis "Jeb" Bush Jr. (born December 13, 1983, in Miami).
Their eldest son, George, went to [Gulliver Preparatory School](/wiki/Gulliver_Preparatory_School "Gulliver Preparatory School"), studied at [Rice University](/wiki/Rice_University "Rice University"), and earned a [Juris Doctor](/wiki/Juris_Doctor "Juris Doctor") degree from the [University of Texas School of Law](/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law "University of Texas School of Law"). He is an [attorney](/wiki/Attorney_at_law "Attorney at law"), [U.S. Navy Reserve officer](/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve "United States Navy Reserve"), [real estate investor](/wiki/Real_estate_investor "Real estate investor"), and politician, who served as the Commissioner of the [Texas General Land Office](/wiki/Texas_General_Land_Office "Texas General Land Office").Associated Press. [George P. Bush starts small, shuns idea his name, Hispanic heritage can save GOP in Texas](https://web.archive.org/web/20130721155144/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/george-p-bush-starts-small-shuns-idea-his-name-hispanic-heritage-can-save-gop-in-texas/2013/07/20/45833a3a-f138-11e2-b2e0-0ecd9d3227c0_story.html), *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, July 20, 2013\.
In addition to her three children, Columba Bush has four grandchildren: two by George P. and two by Jeb Jr.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/02/jeb\-bush\-granddaughter\_n\_4532711\.html\|title\=Jeb Bush Welcomes Birth Of New Granddaughter, Vivian Alexandra Columba\|work\=The Huffington Post\|date\=2 January 2014 }}
Columba Bush has two older brothers, including Francisco Jose Garnica (born December 1949\), who currently lives in [Puerto Vallarta, Mexico](/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta%2C_Mexico "Puerto Vallarta, Mexico"),{{cite news \|last\=Tumulty \|first\=Karen \|date\=March 21, 2015 \|title\=Columba Bush's painful, unlikely road from Mexico toward the White House \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/columba\-bushs\-painful\-unlikely\-road\-toward\-the\-white\-house/2015/03/21/5918fe20\-c7fd\-11e4\-a199\-6cb5e63819d2\_story.html \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|location\=\[\[Washington, D.C.]] \|access\-date\=March 22, 2015\|quote\=Her brother Francisco lives in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, relatives said.}} and a sister, Lucila del Carmen Garnica Gallo (born in 1951\).
A practicing [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic "Roman Catholic"), she is a member of [Regnum Christi](/wiki/Regnum_Christi "Regnum Christi").{{cite web\|url \= http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/jeb\-and\-columba.html\|title \= Jeb and Columba to speak at Catholic youth encounter\|publisher \= \[\[Miami Herald]] Blog\|date \= 6 July 2007}} In 2007, with her husband Jeb, she attended the Regnum Christi Family Convention in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta").
|
[
"Personal life\n-------------",
"Columba has been known to be quiet and reserved, and before marrying Jeb Bush, she had wanted to live a quiet life.",
"Bush and her husband reside in [Coral Gables, Florida](/wiki/Coral_Gables%2C_Florida \"Coral Gables, Florida\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bush\\|first1\\=Jeb\\|title\\=Jeb Bush: The Things I Really Love About Florida\\|url\\=http://www.gulfshorelife.com/August\\-2014/jeb\\-bush\\-loves\\-florida\\-florida\\-state\\-miami\\-football/\\|website\\=Gulfshore Life\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-25\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418165143/http://www.gulfshorelife.com/August\\-2014/jeb\\-bush\\-loves\\-florida\\-florida\\-state\\-miami\\-football/\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-18\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Columba Bush's relationship with her mother was the subject of a brief profile in the book *Mamá: Latina Daughters Celebrate Their Mothers* by María Pérez\\-Brown. Her sister, Lucila del Carmen Schmitz (born October 1951\\), and her mother live near her in the [Miami](/wiki/Miami \"Miami\") area.",
"The couple has three children: [George Prescott Bush](/wiki/George_Prescott_Bush \"George Prescott Bush\") (born April 24, 1976, in [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\")), Noelle Lucila Bush (born July 26, 1977, in Texas), and John Ellis \"Jeb\" Bush Jr. (born December 13, 1983, in Miami).",
"Their eldest son, George, went to [Gulliver Preparatory School](/wiki/Gulliver_Preparatory_School \"Gulliver Preparatory School\"), studied at [Rice University](/wiki/Rice_University \"Rice University\"), and earned a [Juris Doctor](/wiki/Juris_Doctor \"Juris Doctor\") degree from the [University of Texas School of Law](/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law \"University of Texas School of Law\"). He is an [attorney](/wiki/Attorney_at_law \"Attorney at law\"), [U.S. Navy Reserve officer](/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve \"United States Navy Reserve\"), [real estate investor](/wiki/Real_estate_investor \"Real estate investor\"), and politician, who served as the Commissioner of the [Texas General Land Office](/wiki/Texas_General_Land_Office \"Texas General Land Office\").Associated Press. [George P. Bush starts small, shuns idea his name, Hispanic heritage can save GOP in Texas](https://web.archive.org/web/20130721155144/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/george-p-bush-starts-small-shuns-idea-his-name-hispanic-heritage-can-save-gop-in-texas/2013/07/20/45833a3a-f138-11e2-b2e0-0ecd9d3227c0_story.html), *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*, July 20, 2013\\.",
"In addition to her three children, Columba Bush has four grandchildren: two by George P. and two by Jeb Jr.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/02/jeb\\-bush\\-granddaughter\\_n\\_4532711\\.html\\|title\\=Jeb Bush Welcomes Birth Of New Granddaughter, Vivian Alexandra Columba\\|work\\=The Huffington Post\\|date\\=2 January 2014 }}",
"Columba Bush has two older brothers, including Francisco Jose Garnica (born December 1949\\), who currently lives in [Puerto Vallarta, Mexico](/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta%2C_Mexico \"Puerto Vallarta, Mexico\"),{{cite news \\|last\\=Tumulty \\|first\\=Karen \\|date\\=March 21, 2015 \\|title\\=Columba Bush's painful, unlikely road from Mexico toward the White House \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/columba\\-bushs\\-painful\\-unlikely\\-road\\-toward\\-the\\-white\\-house/2015/03/21/5918fe20\\-c7fd\\-11e4\\-a199\\-6cb5e63819d2\\_story.html \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Washington, D.C.]] \\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2015\\|quote\\=Her brother Francisco lives in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, relatives said.}} and a sister, Lucila del Carmen Garnica Gallo (born in 1951\\).",
"A practicing [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic \"Roman Catholic\"), she is a member of [Regnum Christi](/wiki/Regnum_Christi \"Regnum Christi\").{{cite web\\|url \\= http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2007/07/jeb\\-and\\-columba.html\\|title \\= Jeb and Columba to speak at Catholic youth encounter\\|publisher \\= \\[\\[Miami Herald]] Blog\\|date \\= 6 July 2007}} In 2007, with her husband Jeb, she attended the Regnum Christi Family Convention in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\").",
""
] |
Life
----
### Actor and singer
Born in [Bad Freienwalde](/wiki/Bad_Freienwalde "Bad Freienwalde") in the [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia") [Province of Brandenburg](/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg "Province of Brandenburg"), Staegemann came from the Berlin merchant family Staegemann.{{Cite web\|date\=2015\-01\-06\|title\=Max Staegemann (1843–1905\)\|url\=https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/contemporaries/max\-staegemann/\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-21\|website\=Mahler Foundation\|language\=en\-US}} His mother was Mathilde Leontine née [Devrient](/wiki/Devrient_%28artist_family%29 "Devrient (artist family)") (28 June 1809 in Berlin – 25 October 1884 in Leipzig), the sister of the actors [Karl](/wiki/Karl_August_Devrient "Karl August Devrient"), [Emil](/wiki/Emil_Devrient "Emil Devrient") and [Eduard Devrient](/wiki/Eduard_Devrient "Eduard Devrient"), who was famous for her beauty.
Staegemann attended the [Kreuzschule](/wiki/Kreuzschule_%28Dresden%29 "Kreuzschule (Dresden)") in Dresden, where the family had moved. Especially his uncle Emil encouraged the acting talent of his nephew, who was supposed to attend university according to his father's wish. Staegemann chose instead to attend the [Dresdner Konservatorium](/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_Carl_Maria_von_Weber_Dresden "Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber Dresden"), where the actor Heine gave him lessons in dramatic performance. As early as 1862, the talented eleve received an engagement at the [Bremer Stadttheater](/wiki/Bremer_Stadttheater_%281843%29 "Bremer Stadttheater (1843)"). There, Staegemann perfected his acting techniques under director Heinrich Behr. At the same time, he trained his singing voice, a naturally melodious, powerful [baritone](/wiki/Baritone "Baritone").
[thumb\|{{center\|Staegemann as Hans Sachs in den Meistersingern, photograph by \[\[Julius Giere]]}}](/wiki/File:Max_Staegemann_as_Hans_Sachs.jpg "Max Staegemann as Hans Sachs.jpg")
In May 1863 he celebrated his debut as singer at the [Staatsoper Hannover](/wiki/Staatsoper_Hannover "Staatsoper Hannover") under *[Kapellmeister](/wiki/Kapellmeister "Kapellmeister")* [Carl Ludwig Fischer](/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Fischer "Carl Ludwig Fischer"), who had engaged him as a second baritone. In 1864 he took further singing lessons with [François Delsarte](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte "François Delsarte") in Paris and later with the Swedish singer Oscar Lindhudt in Hanover.
After the departure of the first baritone [Ludwig Zottmayr](/wiki/Ludwig_Zottmayr "Ludwig Zottmayr"), Staegemann took his place in 1865\. „The artist quickly won the sympathy of the theatre audience with his sympathetic, sonorous voice, his lively performance, as well as his witty, deeply thought\-out acting."[Ludwig Eisenberg](/wiki/Ludwig_Eisenberg_%28writer%29 "Ludwig Eisenberg (writer)"): *Staegemann, Max*. In: \<*Großes biographisches Lexikon der deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert.* Paul List, Leipzig 1903, {{nowrap\|S. 985}} ([daten.digitale\-sammlungen.de](https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00067974/image_1001)). Staegemann belonged to the Hanover stage for twelve years and during this time developed into one of the first singers in his field. He was particularly in demand as an [interpreter](/wiki/Musical_composition "Musical composition") of [Marschner](/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner "Heinrich Marschner") and [Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner"). Numerous invitations to guest appearances have taken him to all the major German opera houses. He enjoyed particular success in the title role of the opera *[Hans Heiling](/wiki/Hans_Heiling "Hans Heiling")*, as *Lord Ruthwen* in the opera *[der Vampyr](/wiki/Der_Vampyr "Der Vampyr")*, as Guilbert in *[The Templar and the Jewess](/wiki/The_Templar_and_the_Jewess "The Templar and the Jewess")*, as Hans Sachs in *[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg](/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg")* and as the title character in the operas *[Der Fliegende Holländer](/wiki/Der_Fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder "Der Fliegende Holländer")* and *[William Tell](/wiki/William_Tell_%28opera%29 "William Tell (opera)")*. His star role as a singer, however, was that of Don Giovanni in [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart")'s eponymous [opera](/wiki/Don_Giovanni "Don Giovanni") „eine wahre Meisterleistung in Gesang und Spiel."[Ludwig Eisenberg](/wiki/Ludwig_Eisenberg_%28writer%29 "Ludwig Eisenberg (writer)"): *Staegemann, Max*. In: *Großes biographisches Lexikon der deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert.* Paul List, Leipzig 1903, {{nowrap\|S. 986}} ([daten.digitale\-sammlungen.de](https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00067974/image_1002)).
### Intendant
In 1876, Staegemann moved to [Königsberg](/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg "Königsberg"), where he took over the directorship of the [Stadttheater](/wiki/Stadttheater_K%C3%B6nigsberg "Stadttheater Königsberg"), which experienced an unimagined upswing under his leadership in a very short time. There he became a member of the Königsberg [masonic lodge](/wiki/Masonic_lodge "Masonic lodge") *Immanuel*. The productions of Heinrich Hoffmann's *Armin* and *[The Taming of the Shrew](/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew "The Taming of the Shrew")* by Hermann Goetz caused a great stir. Under Staegemann's direction and with conductor [Emil Paur](/wiki/Emil_Paur "Emil Paur"), the German [premiere](/wiki/Premiere "Premiere") of *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen "Carmen")* by Georges Bizet took place on 26 October 1879\. He himself sang the role of *Escamillo*. [Louis Köhler](/wiki/Louis_K%C3%B6hler "Louis Köhler") and [Alexander Wyneken](/wiki/Alexander_Wyneken "Alexander Wyneken") wrote glowing reviews, which initiated the worldwide triumph of the opera, which had failed in Paris.
From 1879, Staegemann lived in Berlin, where he worked as a concert singer and [voice teacher](/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy "Vocal pedagogy").
In 1882, Staegemann, who had been appointed [Kingly Prussian](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") [Kammersänger](/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger "Kammersänger"), was offered the position of [Generalintendant](/wiki/Intendant "Intendant") to take over the lease of the Städtische Bühnen in Leipzig. Since 1868, these had consisted of two theatres, the [Altes Theater](/wiki/Altes_Theater_%28Leipzig%29 "Altes Theater (Leipzig)"), which was mainly used as a stage for plays, and the [Neues Theater](/wiki/Neues_Theater_%28Leipzig%29 "Neues Theater (Leipzig)"), which functioned as an opera house. Staegemann began with bold artistic [élan](/wiki/%C3%89lan "Élan") that helped both theatres achieve great success. He hired excellent actors such as [Clara Salbach](/wiki/Clara_Salbach "Clara Salbach") and [Fanny Moran\-Olden](/wiki/Fanny_Moran-Olden "Fanny Moran-Olden") and worked with excellent directors for opera and drama.
In May 1883, he staged a spectacular production of [Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe")'s entire [Faust](/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust "Goethe's Faust"), adapted by [Otto Devrient](/wiki/Otto_Devrient "Otto Devrient"). His Goethe cycle in the same year and the ten\-evening Wagner cycle in 1887 were very well received. He engaged the young [Gustav Mahler](/wiki/Gustav_Mahler "Gustav Mahler") and stuck with him, despite the latter's rivalries with his first Kapellmeister [Arthur Nikisch](/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch "Arthur Nikisch").
In 1903, Eisenberg judged Staegemann's work in Leipzig: "He has succeeded in assigning this theatre a very first place among the art institutes of Germany. His successes as a director are well known in the stage world, and his productions are among the best that modern directing is capable of. St. is generally regarded as one of the most outstanding stage managers in Germany."
However, the old leasehold system which prevailed in Leipzig at the time, as elsewhere, and which gave the theatre manager complete economic responsibility in addition to artistic responsibility, put Staegemann under increasing pressure. In order to keep the financial risk as low as possible, he pursued a repertoire policy fixated on the classical repertoire and rejected performances of contemporary literature on principle. He used the stage of the [Carolatheater](/wiki/Leipziger_Schauspielhaus "Leipziger Schauspielhaus"), which he leased from 1887, purely as a [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville "Vaudeville") theatre. When he had to give up this theatre in 1899 at the behest of the city councillors to concentrate his energies on the municipal stages, the theatre, now renamed the *Leipziger Schauspielhaus*, opened up to modern drama under the directorship of [Anton Hartmann](/wiki/Anton_Hartmann "Anton Hartmann") and developed into a competitor for Staegemann's audience favour.
Under the direction of Staegemann, excellent productions were staged at the Leipzig Opera, most of which were conducted by Arthur Nikisch. Particular highlights were the performances of the complete *[Ring](/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen "Der Ring des Nibelungen")*, the *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 "Tannhäuser (opera)")* and *[Die Walküre](/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre "Die Walküre")*.
In his twenty years as director, Staegmann did much to establish Leipzig's reputation as an important metropolis of musical culture in Europe.
Staegemann was married to violinist Hildegard Kirchner (d. 16 June 1913 in Dresden), a pupil of [Ferdinand Laub](/wiki/Ferdinand_Laub "Ferdinand Laub"). Their six children include the actor and baritone [Waldemar Staegemann](/wiki/Waldemar_Staegemann "Waldemar Staegemann"), the [soprano](/wiki/Soprano "Soprano") [Helene Staegemann](/wiki/Helene_Staegemann "Helene Staegemann") (1877–1923\), who had been married to the composer [Count Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg](/wiki/Botho_Sigwart_zu_Eulenburg "Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg") since 1909, and the [colouratura soprano](/wiki/Colouratura_soprano "Colouratura soprano") Erna Staegemann. His brother was the actor [Eugen Staegemann](/wiki/Eugen_Staegemann "Eugen Staegemann") and his cousin Julie Meister.
Among his pupils was [Wilhelm Cronberger](/wiki/Wilhelm_Cronberger "Wilhelm Cronberger").
Staegemann died in Leipzig at the age of 61\. His grave is located at the{{Ill\|Trinitatisfriedhof\|de}} in Dresden\-Johannstadt.{{cite web \|url\=https://grabsteine.genealogy.net/tomb.php?cem\=7677\&tomb\=2616 \|title\=Staegemann, Max \|publisher\=grabsteine.genealogy.net \|accessdate\=21 August 2021}}
|
[
"Life\n----",
"### Actor and singer",
"Born in [Bad Freienwalde](/wiki/Bad_Freienwalde \"Bad Freienwalde\") in the [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\") [Province of Brandenburg](/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg \"Province of Brandenburg\"), Staegemann came from the Berlin merchant family Staegemann.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-06\\|title\\=Max Staegemann (1843–1905\\)\\|url\\=https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/contemporaries/max\\-staegemann/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-21\\|website\\=Mahler Foundation\\|language\\=en\\-US}} His mother was Mathilde Leontine née [Devrient](/wiki/Devrient_%28artist_family%29 \"Devrient (artist family)\") (28 June 1809 in Berlin – 25 October 1884 in Leipzig), the sister of the actors [Karl](/wiki/Karl_August_Devrient \"Karl August Devrient\"), [Emil](/wiki/Emil_Devrient \"Emil Devrient\") and [Eduard Devrient](/wiki/Eduard_Devrient \"Eduard Devrient\"), who was famous for her beauty.",
"Staegemann attended the [Kreuzschule](/wiki/Kreuzschule_%28Dresden%29 \"Kreuzschule (Dresden)\") in Dresden, where the family had moved. Especially his uncle Emil encouraged the acting talent of his nephew, who was supposed to attend university according to his father's wish. Staegemann chose instead to attend the [Dresdner Konservatorium](/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_Carl_Maria_von_Weber_Dresden \"Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber Dresden\"), where the actor Heine gave him lessons in dramatic performance. As early as 1862, the talented eleve received an engagement at the [Bremer Stadttheater](/wiki/Bremer_Stadttheater_%281843%29 \"Bremer Stadttheater (1843)\"). There, Staegemann perfected his acting techniques under director Heinrich Behr. At the same time, he trained his singing voice, a naturally melodious, powerful [baritone](/wiki/Baritone \"Baritone\").",
"[thumb\\|{{center\\|Staegemann as Hans Sachs in den Meistersingern, photograph by \\[\\[Julius Giere]]}}](/wiki/File:Max_Staegemann_as_Hans_Sachs.jpg \"Max Staegemann as Hans Sachs.jpg\")\nIn May 1863 he celebrated his debut as singer at the [Staatsoper Hannover](/wiki/Staatsoper_Hannover \"Staatsoper Hannover\") under *[Kapellmeister](/wiki/Kapellmeister \"Kapellmeister\")* [Carl Ludwig Fischer](/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Fischer \"Carl Ludwig Fischer\"), who had engaged him as a second baritone. In 1864 he took further singing lessons with [François Delsarte](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte \"François Delsarte\") in Paris and later with the Swedish singer Oscar Lindhudt in Hanover.",
"After the departure of the first baritone [Ludwig Zottmayr](/wiki/Ludwig_Zottmayr \"Ludwig Zottmayr\"), Staegemann took his place in 1865\\. „The artist quickly won the sympathy of the theatre audience with his sympathetic, sonorous voice, his lively performance, as well as his witty, deeply thought\\-out acting.\"[Ludwig Eisenberg](/wiki/Ludwig_Eisenberg_%28writer%29 \"Ludwig Eisenberg (writer)\"): *Staegemann, Max*. In: \\<*Großes biographisches Lexikon der deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert.* Paul List, Leipzig 1903, {{nowrap\\|S. 985}} ([daten.digitale\\-sammlungen.de](https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00067974/image_1001)). Staegemann belonged to the Hanover stage for twelve years and during this time developed into one of the first singers in his field. He was particularly in demand as an [interpreter](/wiki/Musical_composition \"Musical composition\") of [Marschner](/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner \"Heinrich Marschner\") and [Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\"). Numerous invitations to guest appearances have taken him to all the major German opera houses. He enjoyed particular success in the title role of the opera *[Hans Heiling](/wiki/Hans_Heiling \"Hans Heiling\")*, as *Lord Ruthwen* in the opera *[der Vampyr](/wiki/Der_Vampyr \"Der Vampyr\")*, as Guilbert in *[The Templar and the Jewess](/wiki/The_Templar_and_the_Jewess \"The Templar and the Jewess\")*, as Hans Sachs in *[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg](/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg \"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg\")* and as the title character in the operas *[Der Fliegende Holländer](/wiki/Der_Fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder \"Der Fliegende Holländer\")* and *[William Tell](/wiki/William_Tell_%28opera%29 \"William Tell (opera)\")*. His star role as a singer, however, was that of Don Giovanni in [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart \"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\")'s eponymous [opera](/wiki/Don_Giovanni \"Don Giovanni\") „eine wahre Meisterleistung in Gesang und Spiel.\"[Ludwig Eisenberg](/wiki/Ludwig_Eisenberg_%28writer%29 \"Ludwig Eisenberg (writer)\"): *Staegemann, Max*. In: *Großes biographisches Lexikon der deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert.* Paul List, Leipzig 1903, {{nowrap\\|S. 986}} ([daten.digitale\\-sammlungen.de](https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00067974/image_1002)).",
"### Intendant",
"In 1876, Staegemann moved to [Königsberg](/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg \"Königsberg\"), where he took over the directorship of the [Stadttheater](/wiki/Stadttheater_K%C3%B6nigsberg \"Stadttheater Königsberg\"), which experienced an unimagined upswing under his leadership in a very short time. There he became a member of the Königsberg [masonic lodge](/wiki/Masonic_lodge \"Masonic lodge\") *Immanuel*. The productions of Heinrich Hoffmann's *Armin* and *[The Taming of the Shrew](/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew \"The Taming of the Shrew\")* by Hermann Goetz caused a great stir. Under Staegemann's direction and with conductor [Emil Paur](/wiki/Emil_Paur \"Emil Paur\"), the German [premiere](/wiki/Premiere \"Premiere\") of *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen \"Carmen\")* by Georges Bizet took place on 26 October 1879\\. He himself sang the role of *Escamillo*. [Louis Köhler](/wiki/Louis_K%C3%B6hler \"Louis Köhler\") and [Alexander Wyneken](/wiki/Alexander_Wyneken \"Alexander Wyneken\") wrote glowing reviews, which initiated the worldwide triumph of the opera, which had failed in Paris.",
"From 1879, Staegemann lived in Berlin, where he worked as a concert singer and [voice teacher](/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy \"Vocal pedagogy\").",
"In 1882, Staegemann, who had been appointed [Kingly Prussian](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") [Kammersänger](/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger \"Kammersänger\"), was offered the position of [Generalintendant](/wiki/Intendant \"Intendant\") to take over the lease of the Städtische Bühnen in Leipzig. Since 1868, these had consisted of two theatres, the [Altes Theater](/wiki/Altes_Theater_%28Leipzig%29 \"Altes Theater (Leipzig)\"), which was mainly used as a stage for plays, and the [Neues Theater](/wiki/Neues_Theater_%28Leipzig%29 \"Neues Theater (Leipzig)\"), which functioned as an opera house. Staegemann began with bold artistic [élan](/wiki/%C3%89lan \"Élan\") that helped both theatres achieve great success. He hired excellent actors such as [Clara Salbach](/wiki/Clara_Salbach \"Clara Salbach\") and [Fanny Moran\\-Olden](/wiki/Fanny_Moran-Olden \"Fanny Moran-Olden\") and worked with excellent directors for opera and drama.",
"In May 1883, he staged a spectacular production of [Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe \"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\")'s entire [Faust](/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust \"Goethe's Faust\"), adapted by [Otto Devrient](/wiki/Otto_Devrient \"Otto Devrient\"). His Goethe cycle in the same year and the ten\\-evening Wagner cycle in 1887 were very well received. He engaged the young [Gustav Mahler](/wiki/Gustav_Mahler \"Gustav Mahler\") and stuck with him, despite the latter's rivalries with his first Kapellmeister [Arthur Nikisch](/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch \"Arthur Nikisch\").",
"In 1903, Eisenberg judged Staegemann's work in Leipzig: \"He has succeeded in assigning this theatre a very first place among the art institutes of Germany. His successes as a director are well known in the stage world, and his productions are among the best that modern directing is capable of. St. is generally regarded as one of the most outstanding stage managers in Germany.\"",
"However, the old leasehold system which prevailed in Leipzig at the time, as elsewhere, and which gave the theatre manager complete economic responsibility in addition to artistic responsibility, put Staegemann under increasing pressure. In order to keep the financial risk as low as possible, he pursued a repertoire policy fixated on the classical repertoire and rejected performances of contemporary literature on principle. He used the stage of the [Carolatheater](/wiki/Leipziger_Schauspielhaus \"Leipziger Schauspielhaus\"), which he leased from 1887, purely as a [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville \"Vaudeville\") theatre. When he had to give up this theatre in 1899 at the behest of the city councillors to concentrate his energies on the municipal stages, the theatre, now renamed the *Leipziger Schauspielhaus*, opened up to modern drama under the directorship of [Anton Hartmann](/wiki/Anton_Hartmann \"Anton Hartmann\") and developed into a competitor for Staegemann's audience favour.",
"Under the direction of Staegemann, excellent productions were staged at the Leipzig Opera, most of which were conducted by Arthur Nikisch. Particular highlights were the performances of the complete *[Ring](/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\")*, the *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 \"Tannhäuser (opera)\")* and *[Die Walküre](/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre \"Die Walküre\")*.",
"In his twenty years as director, Staegmann did much to establish Leipzig's reputation as an important metropolis of musical culture in Europe.",
"Staegemann was married to violinist Hildegard Kirchner (d. 16 June 1913 in Dresden), a pupil of [Ferdinand Laub](/wiki/Ferdinand_Laub \"Ferdinand Laub\"). Their six children include the actor and baritone [Waldemar Staegemann](/wiki/Waldemar_Staegemann \"Waldemar Staegemann\"), the [soprano](/wiki/Soprano \"Soprano\") [Helene Staegemann](/wiki/Helene_Staegemann \"Helene Staegemann\") (1877–1923\\), who had been married to the composer [Count Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg](/wiki/Botho_Sigwart_zu_Eulenburg \"Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg\") since 1909, and the [colouratura soprano](/wiki/Colouratura_soprano \"Colouratura soprano\") Erna Staegemann. His brother was the actor [Eugen Staegemann](/wiki/Eugen_Staegemann \"Eugen Staegemann\") and his cousin Julie Meister.",
"Among his pupils was [Wilhelm Cronberger](/wiki/Wilhelm_Cronberger \"Wilhelm Cronberger\").",
"Staegemann died in Leipzig at the age of 61\\. His grave is located at the{{Ill\\|Trinitatisfriedhof\\|de}} in Dresden\\-Johannstadt.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://grabsteine.genealogy.net/tomb.php?cem\\=7677\\&tomb\\=2616 \\|title\\=Staegemann, Max \\|publisher\\=grabsteine.genealogy.net \\|accessdate\\=21 August 2021}}",
""
] |
### Intendant
In 1876, Staegemann moved to [Königsberg](/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg "Königsberg"), where he took over the directorship of the [Stadttheater](/wiki/Stadttheater_K%C3%B6nigsberg "Stadttheater Königsberg"), which experienced an unimagined upswing under his leadership in a very short time. There he became a member of the Königsberg [masonic lodge](/wiki/Masonic_lodge "Masonic lodge") *Immanuel*. The productions of Heinrich Hoffmann's *Armin* and *[The Taming of the Shrew](/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew "The Taming of the Shrew")* by Hermann Goetz caused a great stir. Under Staegemann's direction and with conductor [Emil Paur](/wiki/Emil_Paur "Emil Paur"), the German [premiere](/wiki/Premiere "Premiere") of *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen "Carmen")* by Georges Bizet took place on 26 October 1879\. He himself sang the role of *Escamillo*. [Louis Köhler](/wiki/Louis_K%C3%B6hler "Louis Köhler") and [Alexander Wyneken](/wiki/Alexander_Wyneken "Alexander Wyneken") wrote glowing reviews, which initiated the worldwide triumph of the opera, which had failed in Paris.
From 1879, Staegemann lived in Berlin, where he worked as a concert singer and [voice teacher](/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy "Vocal pedagogy").
In 1882, Staegemann, who had been appointed [Kingly Prussian](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") [Kammersänger](/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger "Kammersänger"), was offered the position of [Generalintendant](/wiki/Intendant "Intendant") to take over the lease of the Städtische Bühnen in Leipzig. Since 1868, these had consisted of two theatres, the [Altes Theater](/wiki/Altes_Theater_%28Leipzig%29 "Altes Theater (Leipzig)"), which was mainly used as a stage for plays, and the [Neues Theater](/wiki/Neues_Theater_%28Leipzig%29 "Neues Theater (Leipzig)"), which functioned as an opera house. Staegemann began with bold artistic [élan](/wiki/%C3%89lan "Élan") that helped both theatres achieve great success. He hired excellent actors such as [Clara Salbach](/wiki/Clara_Salbach "Clara Salbach") and [Fanny Moran\-Olden](/wiki/Fanny_Moran-Olden "Fanny Moran-Olden") and worked with excellent directors for opera and drama.
In May 1883, he staged a spectacular production of [Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe")'s entire [Faust](/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust "Goethe's Faust"), adapted by [Otto Devrient](/wiki/Otto_Devrient "Otto Devrient"). His Goethe cycle in the same year and the ten\-evening Wagner cycle in 1887 were very well received. He engaged the young [Gustav Mahler](/wiki/Gustav_Mahler "Gustav Mahler") and stuck with him, despite the latter's rivalries with his first Kapellmeister [Arthur Nikisch](/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch "Arthur Nikisch").
In 1903, Eisenberg judged Staegemann's work in Leipzig: "He has succeeded in assigning this theatre a very first place among the art institutes of Germany. His successes as a director are well known in the stage world, and his productions are among the best that modern directing is capable of. St. is generally regarded as one of the most outstanding stage managers in Germany."
However, the old leasehold system which prevailed in Leipzig at the time, as elsewhere, and which gave the theatre manager complete economic responsibility in addition to artistic responsibility, put Staegemann under increasing pressure. In order to keep the financial risk as low as possible, he pursued a repertoire policy fixated on the classical repertoire and rejected performances of contemporary literature on principle. He used the stage of the [Carolatheater](/wiki/Leipziger_Schauspielhaus "Leipziger Schauspielhaus"), which he leased from 1887, purely as a [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville "Vaudeville") theatre. When he had to give up this theatre in 1899 at the behest of the city councillors to concentrate his energies on the municipal stages, the theatre, now renamed the *Leipziger Schauspielhaus*, opened up to modern drama under the directorship of [Anton Hartmann](/wiki/Anton_Hartmann "Anton Hartmann") and developed into a competitor for Staegemann's audience favour.
Under the direction of Staegemann, excellent productions were staged at the Leipzig Opera, most of which were conducted by Arthur Nikisch. Particular highlights were the performances of the complete *[Ring](/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen "Der Ring des Nibelungen")*, the *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 "Tannhäuser (opera)")* and *[Die Walküre](/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre "Die Walküre")*.
In his twenty years as director, Staegmann did much to establish Leipzig's reputation as an important metropolis of musical culture in Europe.
Staegemann was married to violinist Hildegard Kirchner (d. 16 June 1913 in Dresden), a pupil of [Ferdinand Laub](/wiki/Ferdinand_Laub "Ferdinand Laub"). Their six children include the actor and baritone [Waldemar Staegemann](/wiki/Waldemar_Staegemann "Waldemar Staegemann"), the [soprano](/wiki/Soprano "Soprano") [Helene Staegemann](/wiki/Helene_Staegemann "Helene Staegemann") (1877–1923\), who had been married to the composer [Count Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg](/wiki/Botho_Sigwart_zu_Eulenburg "Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg") since 1909, and the [colouratura soprano](/wiki/Colouratura_soprano "Colouratura soprano") Erna Staegemann. His brother was the actor [Eugen Staegemann](/wiki/Eugen_Staegemann "Eugen Staegemann") and his cousin Julie Meister.
Among his pupils was [Wilhelm Cronberger](/wiki/Wilhelm_Cronberger "Wilhelm Cronberger").
Staegemann died in Leipzig at the age of 61\. His grave is located at the{{Ill\|Trinitatisfriedhof\|de}} in Dresden\-Johannstadt.{{cite web \|url\=https://grabsteine.genealogy.net/tomb.php?cem\=7677\&tomb\=2616 \|title\=Staegemann, Max \|publisher\=grabsteine.genealogy.net \|accessdate\=21 August 2021}}
|
[
"### Intendant",
"In 1876, Staegemann moved to [Königsberg](/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg \"Königsberg\"), where he took over the directorship of the [Stadttheater](/wiki/Stadttheater_K%C3%B6nigsberg \"Stadttheater Königsberg\"), which experienced an unimagined upswing under his leadership in a very short time. There he became a member of the Königsberg [masonic lodge](/wiki/Masonic_lodge \"Masonic lodge\") *Immanuel*. The productions of Heinrich Hoffmann's *Armin* and *[The Taming of the Shrew](/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew \"The Taming of the Shrew\")* by Hermann Goetz caused a great stir. Under Staegemann's direction and with conductor [Emil Paur](/wiki/Emil_Paur \"Emil Paur\"), the German [premiere](/wiki/Premiere \"Premiere\") of *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen \"Carmen\")* by Georges Bizet took place on 26 October 1879\\. He himself sang the role of *Escamillo*. [Louis Köhler](/wiki/Louis_K%C3%B6hler \"Louis Köhler\") and [Alexander Wyneken](/wiki/Alexander_Wyneken \"Alexander Wyneken\") wrote glowing reviews, which initiated the worldwide triumph of the opera, which had failed in Paris.",
"From 1879, Staegemann lived in Berlin, where he worked as a concert singer and [voice teacher](/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy \"Vocal pedagogy\").",
"In 1882, Staegemann, who had been appointed [Kingly Prussian](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") [Kammersänger](/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger \"Kammersänger\"), was offered the position of [Generalintendant](/wiki/Intendant \"Intendant\") to take over the lease of the Städtische Bühnen in Leipzig. Since 1868, these had consisted of two theatres, the [Altes Theater](/wiki/Altes_Theater_%28Leipzig%29 \"Altes Theater (Leipzig)\"), which was mainly used as a stage for plays, and the [Neues Theater](/wiki/Neues_Theater_%28Leipzig%29 \"Neues Theater (Leipzig)\"), which functioned as an opera house. Staegemann began with bold artistic [élan](/wiki/%C3%89lan \"Élan\") that helped both theatres achieve great success. He hired excellent actors such as [Clara Salbach](/wiki/Clara_Salbach \"Clara Salbach\") and [Fanny Moran\\-Olden](/wiki/Fanny_Moran-Olden \"Fanny Moran-Olden\") and worked with excellent directors for opera and drama.",
"In May 1883, he staged a spectacular production of [Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe \"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\")'s entire [Faust](/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust \"Goethe's Faust\"), adapted by [Otto Devrient](/wiki/Otto_Devrient \"Otto Devrient\"). His Goethe cycle in the same year and the ten\\-evening Wagner cycle in 1887 were very well received. He engaged the young [Gustav Mahler](/wiki/Gustav_Mahler \"Gustav Mahler\") and stuck with him, despite the latter's rivalries with his first Kapellmeister [Arthur Nikisch](/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch \"Arthur Nikisch\").",
"In 1903, Eisenberg judged Staegemann's work in Leipzig: \"He has succeeded in assigning this theatre a very first place among the art institutes of Germany. His successes as a director are well known in the stage world, and his productions are among the best that modern directing is capable of. St. is generally regarded as one of the most outstanding stage managers in Germany.\"",
"However, the old leasehold system which prevailed in Leipzig at the time, as elsewhere, and which gave the theatre manager complete economic responsibility in addition to artistic responsibility, put Staegemann under increasing pressure. In order to keep the financial risk as low as possible, he pursued a repertoire policy fixated on the classical repertoire and rejected performances of contemporary literature on principle. He used the stage of the [Carolatheater](/wiki/Leipziger_Schauspielhaus \"Leipziger Schauspielhaus\"), which he leased from 1887, purely as a [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville \"Vaudeville\") theatre. When he had to give up this theatre in 1899 at the behest of the city councillors to concentrate his energies on the municipal stages, the theatre, now renamed the *Leipziger Schauspielhaus*, opened up to modern drama under the directorship of [Anton Hartmann](/wiki/Anton_Hartmann \"Anton Hartmann\") and developed into a competitor for Staegemann's audience favour.",
"Under the direction of Staegemann, excellent productions were staged at the Leipzig Opera, most of which were conducted by Arthur Nikisch. Particular highlights were the performances of the complete *[Ring](/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\")*, the *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 \"Tannhäuser (opera)\")* and *[Die Walküre](/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre \"Die Walküre\")*.",
"In his twenty years as director, Staegmann did much to establish Leipzig's reputation as an important metropolis of musical culture in Europe.",
"Staegemann was married to violinist Hildegard Kirchner (d. 16 June 1913 in Dresden), a pupil of [Ferdinand Laub](/wiki/Ferdinand_Laub \"Ferdinand Laub\"). Their six children include the actor and baritone [Waldemar Staegemann](/wiki/Waldemar_Staegemann \"Waldemar Staegemann\"), the [soprano](/wiki/Soprano \"Soprano\") [Helene Staegemann](/wiki/Helene_Staegemann \"Helene Staegemann\") (1877–1923\\), who had been married to the composer [Count Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg](/wiki/Botho_Sigwart_zu_Eulenburg \"Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg\") since 1909, and the [colouratura soprano](/wiki/Colouratura_soprano \"Colouratura soprano\") Erna Staegemann. His brother was the actor [Eugen Staegemann](/wiki/Eugen_Staegemann \"Eugen Staegemann\") and his cousin Julie Meister.",
"Among his pupils was [Wilhelm Cronberger](/wiki/Wilhelm_Cronberger \"Wilhelm Cronberger\").",
"Staegemann died in Leipzig at the age of 61\\. His grave is located at the{{Ill\\|Trinitatisfriedhof\\|de}} in Dresden\\-Johannstadt.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://grabsteine.genealogy.net/tomb.php?cem\\=7677\\&tomb\\=2616 \\|title\\=Staegemann, Max \\|publisher\\=grabsteine.genealogy.net \\|accessdate\\=21 August 2021}}",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
The story follows Titus as he journeys through the world outside Gormenghast Castle, having left his home at the end of the second book.
### Muzzlehatch and the city
Titus bumbles through a desert for a time, then uses a canoe to row down the river, where the reader gets a surprise: although Gormenghast is a crumbling, medieval castle, Titus finds himself in a modern city. Skyscrapers tower and the river itself is covered in pipes, canals and fishermen. As he slips the painter on the canoe, he has his first encounter with two faceless, silent persons, ostensibly police officers. Titus is exhausted by this stage and collapses on the city's waterfront, where he is rescued by a man named Muzzlehatch, who runs a zoo and drives a shark\-shaped car. When Titus has recovered, he becomes restless and leaves Muzzlehatch's home to explore the city. He comes upon various huge glass and steel buildings, and arrives at a vast circular plaza of grey marble, which he begins to cross. At the far side of the plaza is a kind of airfield where brightly coloured flying machines land and take off. One of the flying machines starts to pursue Titus and he crosses the plaza hurriedly and runs into a large building to escape. He climbs to the top of the building and observes through a skylight that a party is taking place. He watches the party, overhearing various strange and disjointed conversations, until by accident he breaks the skylight, and falls through onto the ground. Titus only avoids arrest at this stage because he is lucky enough to have landed at the feet of Juno, who is Muzzlehatch's ex\-lover. Juno and Muzzlehatch (who is also at the party) hide Titus until the police are gone. Nevertheless Titus is later arrested anyway, and brought to trial before a magistrate. He only avoids being sent to an institution for offenders by Juno agreeing to be his guardian and taking him in to live with her.
[thumb\|150px\|Mark Robertson's cover illustration for the Mandarin paperback edition](/wiki/Image:Titusalone.jpg "Titusalone.jpg")
### Juno and the Under\-River
Titus then goes to stay with Juno, who lives by herself in a beautiful mansion. Although she is at least twice his age, after a short while they become lovers. There follows a blissful period when the two lovers live together joyfully, but Titus again becomes restless and decides to leave Juno. He parts from Juno and heads out once more to explore the city, where he is followed by a mysterious floating orb, which appears to have an intelligence of its own. Titus becomes frightened and angry towards the grey, translucent orb, and flings his Gormenghast flint (his only token of home) at it, smashing the orb into pieces. He then flees to Muzzlehatch's house. Muzzlehatch informs Titus that the scientists are furious because of the destruction of their orb – their greatest achievement – and that Titus's life is now in danger. He gives Titus directions to the hidden world of the Under\-River and urges Titus to flee there.
The Under\-River is a hidden region of tunnels and halls under the city's river, filled with outcasts, runaways and derelicts. When he gets there, Titus has an encounter with an ex\-prison camp warden called Veil, who is abusing a woman companion, an ex\-prisoner called the Black Rose. Titus and Veil start to fight over the Black Rose, and Titus is about to be killed when Muzzlehatch appears and kills Veil. Muzzlehatch reveals that the scientists have killed all the animals in his zoo, using some sort of death\-ray. Muzzlehatch and Titus then bring the Black Rose out of the Under\-River region to Juno's house to recover from her abuse. Titus then flees the city, and Muzzlehatch also leaves, seeking revenge on the scientists. Despite their efforts, the Black Rose dies as soon as they are gone, and Juno is forced to provide an excuse to the city authorities for her presence. After she has dealt with this, Juno then encounters a red\-haired man at the bottom of her garden, who tells her that he has been living in the woods beside Juno's house, watching and waiting for her for a long time. Despite him being a stalker of some kind, Juno takes up with the mysterious man, whom she decides to call "Anchor" (he will not tell her his real name). They leave Juno's house and the city together in Anchor's car, in search of adventure.
### Cheeta and the factory
Titus resumes his wanderings and is eventually found in a state of fever by a woman named Cheeta, who nurses him back to health. While he is in a fever Titus continually talks about his past, and as a result, Cheeta learns all about Gormenghast by listening to him. When he has recovered, Titus becomes infatuated with Cheeta, who is very beautiful and also very rich. Cheeta is described as a "modern girl" with "a new kind of beauty", who flies a helicopter. Titus lusts for her because he has spent all his life in a straitlaced medieval castle, and Cheeta lives like science incarnate. She is the daughter of a scientist who runs a huge modern factory next to a lake. When Titus first sees the factory from a distance it looks sleek and impressive, but as he gets closer he notices that it gives off a strange unnerving hum, and a sickly sweet smell of death. As he first looks closely at the factory he notices an identical face looking at him from every window, and when a whistle blows they all instantly disappear. He is repulsed by the factory and begins to feel uneasy about Cheeta.
Although Titus lusts for Cheeta, he also tells her several times that he hates her and tells her to "go home to your horde of vestal virgins and forget me as I shall forget you". Cheeta is shocked because other men would give anything for her favour. She contrives an elaborate plan to lure him into the "Black House", to see "a hundred bright inventions", and end their relationship on a high note. There, she attempts to recreate Gormenghast horrendously in order to humiliate Titus and drive him insane, but she is foiled by Muzzlehatch. Muzzlehatch has arrived at the Black House in order to confront Cheeta's father, the scientist, for his role in the murder of his animals. He reveals that he has sabotaged Cheeta's father's factory, and a few moments later it is destroyed in a huge explosion that rocks the Black House and covers the sky in a filthy orange cloud. Muzzlehatch is then killed by the helmeteers (see below), who are in turn killed by Anchor and the trio from the Under\-River (also see below). Muzzlehatch decides it is not worth killing Cheeta's father, and he and his daughter flee. Titus also flees in an aircraft with Anchor and Juno. After flying for a while, Titus jumps out of the aircraft with a parachute and lands near a large rock that he knew from his childhood. Hearing the guns of Gormenghast saluting the missing Earl, he is confirmed in his knowledge that he is not insane and that the Castle exists. Tempted to return to his duties, he nevertheless confirms his desire for independence and once again strikes off alone, this time in a different direction.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"The story follows Titus as he journeys through the world outside Gormenghast Castle, having left his home at the end of the second book.",
"### Muzzlehatch and the city",
"Titus bumbles through a desert for a time, then uses a canoe to row down the river, where the reader gets a surprise: although Gormenghast is a crumbling, medieval castle, Titus finds himself in a modern city. Skyscrapers tower and the river itself is covered in pipes, canals and fishermen. As he slips the painter on the canoe, he has his first encounter with two faceless, silent persons, ostensibly police officers. Titus is exhausted by this stage and collapses on the city's waterfront, where he is rescued by a man named Muzzlehatch, who runs a zoo and drives a shark\\-shaped car. When Titus has recovered, he becomes restless and leaves Muzzlehatch's home to explore the city. He comes upon various huge glass and steel buildings, and arrives at a vast circular plaza of grey marble, which he begins to cross. At the far side of the plaza is a kind of airfield where brightly coloured flying machines land and take off. One of the flying machines starts to pursue Titus and he crosses the plaza hurriedly and runs into a large building to escape. He climbs to the top of the building and observes through a skylight that a party is taking place. He watches the party, overhearing various strange and disjointed conversations, until by accident he breaks the skylight, and falls through onto the ground. Titus only avoids arrest at this stage because he is lucky enough to have landed at the feet of Juno, who is Muzzlehatch's ex\\-lover. Juno and Muzzlehatch (who is also at the party) hide Titus until the police are gone. Nevertheless Titus is later arrested anyway, and brought to trial before a magistrate. He only avoids being sent to an institution for offenders by Juno agreeing to be his guardian and taking him in to live with her.",
"[thumb\\|150px\\|Mark Robertson's cover illustration for the Mandarin paperback edition](/wiki/Image:Titusalone.jpg \"Titusalone.jpg\")",
"### Juno and the Under\\-River",
"Titus then goes to stay with Juno, who lives by herself in a beautiful mansion. Although she is at least twice his age, after a short while they become lovers. There follows a blissful period when the two lovers live together joyfully, but Titus again becomes restless and decides to leave Juno. He parts from Juno and heads out once more to explore the city, where he is followed by a mysterious floating orb, which appears to have an intelligence of its own. Titus becomes frightened and angry towards the grey, translucent orb, and flings his Gormenghast flint (his only token of home) at it, smashing the orb into pieces. He then flees to Muzzlehatch's house. Muzzlehatch informs Titus that the scientists are furious because of the destruction of their orb – their greatest achievement – and that Titus's life is now in danger. He gives Titus directions to the hidden world of the Under\\-River and urges Titus to flee there.",
"The Under\\-River is a hidden region of tunnels and halls under the city's river, filled with outcasts, runaways and derelicts. When he gets there, Titus has an encounter with an ex\\-prison camp warden called Veil, who is abusing a woman companion, an ex\\-prisoner called the Black Rose. Titus and Veil start to fight over the Black Rose, and Titus is about to be killed when Muzzlehatch appears and kills Veil. Muzzlehatch reveals that the scientists have killed all the animals in his zoo, using some sort of death\\-ray. Muzzlehatch and Titus then bring the Black Rose out of the Under\\-River region to Juno's house to recover from her abuse. Titus then flees the city, and Muzzlehatch also leaves, seeking revenge on the scientists. Despite their efforts, the Black Rose dies as soon as they are gone, and Juno is forced to provide an excuse to the city authorities for her presence. After she has dealt with this, Juno then encounters a red\\-haired man at the bottom of her garden, who tells her that he has been living in the woods beside Juno's house, watching and waiting for her for a long time. Despite him being a stalker of some kind, Juno takes up with the mysterious man, whom she decides to call \"Anchor\" (he will not tell her his real name). They leave Juno's house and the city together in Anchor's car, in search of adventure.",
"### Cheeta and the factory",
"Titus resumes his wanderings and is eventually found in a state of fever by a woman named Cheeta, who nurses him back to health. While he is in a fever Titus continually talks about his past, and as a result, Cheeta learns all about Gormenghast by listening to him. When he has recovered, Titus becomes infatuated with Cheeta, who is very beautiful and also very rich. Cheeta is described as a \"modern girl\" with \"a new kind of beauty\", who flies a helicopter. Titus lusts for her because he has spent all his life in a straitlaced medieval castle, and Cheeta lives like science incarnate. She is the daughter of a scientist who runs a huge modern factory next to a lake. When Titus first sees the factory from a distance it looks sleek and impressive, but as he gets closer he notices that it gives off a strange unnerving hum, and a sickly sweet smell of death. As he first looks closely at the factory he notices an identical face looking at him from every window, and when a whistle blows they all instantly disappear. He is repulsed by the factory and begins to feel uneasy about Cheeta.",
"Although Titus lusts for Cheeta, he also tells her several times that he hates her and tells her to \"go home to your horde of vestal virgins and forget me as I shall forget you\". Cheeta is shocked because other men would give anything for her favour. She contrives an elaborate plan to lure him into the \"Black House\", to see \"a hundred bright inventions\", and end their relationship on a high note. There, she attempts to recreate Gormenghast horrendously in order to humiliate Titus and drive him insane, but she is foiled by Muzzlehatch. Muzzlehatch has arrived at the Black House in order to confront Cheeta's father, the scientist, for his role in the murder of his animals. He reveals that he has sabotaged Cheeta's father's factory, and a few moments later it is destroyed in a huge explosion that rocks the Black House and covers the sky in a filthy orange cloud. Muzzlehatch is then killed by the helmeteers (see below), who are in turn killed by Anchor and the trio from the Under\\-River (also see below). Muzzlehatch decides it is not worth killing Cheeta's father, and he and his daughter flee. Titus also flees in an aircraft with Anchor and Juno. After flying for a while, Titus jumps out of the aircraft with a parachute and lands near a large rock that he knew from his childhood. Hearing the guns of Gormenghast saluting the missing Earl, he is confirmed in his knowledge that he is not insane and that the Castle exists. Tempted to return to his duties, he nevertheless confirms his desire for independence and once again strikes off alone, this time in a different direction.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1969–1972: Formation, *Supertramp* and *Indelibly Stamped*
In 1969 Stanley "Sam" August Miesegaes, a Dutch millionaire, ceased providing financial support to a band called The Joint, as he was disappointed with them. He offered [Swindon](/wiki/Swindon "Swindon")\-born keyboardist [Rick Davies](/wiki/Rick_Davies "Rick Davies"), a former bandmate of Irish singer\-songwriter [Gilbert O'Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_O%27Sullivan "Gilbert O'Sullivan"), whose talent he felt had been "bogged down" by the group,{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=Omnibus Press\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|page\=22}} an opportunity to form his own band with Miesegaes's financial backing.{{cite web\|last\=Erlewine\|first\=Stephen Thomas\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/supertramp\-p5562/biography \|title\=Supertramp \|website\=AllMusic \|access\-date\=26 October 2011}} The band included [Roger Hodgson](/wiki/Roger_Hodgson "Roger Hodgson") (bass and vocals), [Richard Palmer](/wiki/Richard_Palmer-James "Richard Palmer-James") (guitars and vocals) and [Keith Baker](/wiki/Keith_Baker_%28musician%29 "Keith Baker (musician)") (percussion).{{Cite web \|last\=Trimaximalist \|date\=2022\-04\-16 \|title\=Supertramp \- \|url\=https://jazzrocksoul.com/artists/supertramp/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|language\=en\-US}}
Davies and Hodgson had radically different backgrounds and musical inspirations. Davies was working class and fiercely devoted to [blues](/wiki/Blues "Blues") and [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz"), while Hodgson had gone straight from English private school to the music business and was fond of [pop](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music"). Despite this, they hit it off during the auditions{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=Omnibus Press\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|page\=28}} and began writing virtually all of their songs together, with Palmer as a third writer in the mix. Hodgson and Davies collaborated on the songwriting while Palmer composed the lyrics.{{cite web\|title\=Crime Of The Century: Chatting with Roger Hodgson\|website\=\[\[HuffPost]] \|date\=16 December 2014 \|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike\-ragogna/crime\-of\-the\-century\-chat\_b\_6331502\.html\|access\-date\=8 August 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=The Eye of the Acoustic Storm: Supertramp/Roger Hodgson\|url\=http://www.acousticstorm.com/artists/view/99\|access\-date\=8 August 2015}}
The group, having dubbed themselves "Daddy",Fuentes, Abel (2021\). Tramp's Footprints: The History of Supertramp. UNO Editorial. ISBN 978\-8418881374\. after several months of rehearsal at a country house in [West Hythe](/wiki/West_Hythe "West Hythe"), Kent, flew to [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") for a series of concerts at the P. N. Club.{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=\[\[Omnibus Press]]\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|pages\=31–41}} One 10\-minute performance there of "[All Along the Watchtower](/wiki/All_Along_the_Watchtower "All Along the Watchtower")" was filmed by [Haro Senft](/wiki/Haro_Senft "Haro Senft") (*Daddy Portrait 1970*).{{IMDb title\|934585\|Daddy Portrait 1970}} The rehearsals had been less than productive and their initial repertoire consisted of only four songs, two of which were covers.
In January 1970 Keith Baker left, replaced by former stage actor Robert Millar (b. 2 February 1950 – d. 22 July 2024\),[Muere Robert Millar, el batería del primer disco de Supertramp](https://www.thelogicalweb.com/mas-contenidos/noticias/1755-muere-robert-millar-el-bateria-del-primer-disco-de-supertramp.html), The Logical Web. Retrieved 13 October 2024["Bakerloo"](http://www.tamworthbands.com/bakerloo/index.htm), Tamworth Bands: History 1960 to 1990\. Retrieved 13 August 2011\. and to avoid confusion with "Daddy Longlegs", at Palmer's suggestion, the band changed its name to "Supertramp", a moniker inspired by *[The Autobiography of a Super\-Tramp](/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_a_Super-Tramp "The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp")* by [William Henry Davies](/wiki/W._H._Davies "W. H. Davies").["Supertramp"](http://www.classicbands.com/supertramp.html), www.classicbands.com. Retrieved 26 September 2011\.
In April 1970 Supertramp, while back in Munich, returned the favour to their friend Haro Senft by contributing music to his next film, *{{ill\|Purgatory (1971 film)\|de\|3\=Fegefeuer (1971\)\|lt\=Purgatory}}* (a.k.a. *Fegefeuer*), and would also agree to have tracks from their first album used in a documentary, *Extremes* (1971\), by [Tony Klinger](/wiki/Tony_Klinger "Tony Klinger") and Michael Lytton.
Supertramp were one of the first groups to be signed to the UK branch of [A\&M Records](/wiki/A%26M_Records "A&M Records") and their first album, *[Supertramp](/wiki/Supertramp_%28album%29 "Supertramp (album)")*, was released on 14 August 1970 in the UK and Canada (it would not be issued in the US until late 1977\). Stylistically, the album was fairly typical of [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock "Progressive rock") of the era. Despite receiving a good deal of critical praise, the album did not attract a large audience.
Dave Winthrop (flute and saxophone, vocals) had first auditioned for the group in March 1970 but did not join until July, just before the release of the first record. He performed with Supertramp at the [1970 Isle of Wight Festival](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970 "Isle of Wight Festival 1970") on 27 August 1970\.{{Cite web \|last\=Pratopublished \|first\=Greg \|date\=2019\-09\-18 \|title\=Anarchists, fire and rock'n'roll: the ultimate guide to the 1970 Isle Of Wight Festival \|url\=https://www.loudersound.com/features/anarchists\-fire\-and\-rocknroll\-the\-ultimate\-guide\-to\-the\-1970\-isle\-of\-wight\-festival \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|website\=louder \|language\=en}} The membership continued to change in the six months following the album's release. Palmer left the band in December 1970, followed by Millar in January 1971, who had suffered a nervous breakdown.(8 March 2009\). ["30 Years on from Breakfast in America"](http://www.swindonweb.com/?m=8&s=9&ss=1098&c=4981&t=30+Years+on+from+Breakfast+in+America), Swindonweb. Palmer, as Richard Palmer\-James, went on to work as a lyricist for [King Crimson](/wiki/King_Crimson "King Crimson"). Palmer was replaced by former [The Nice](/wiki/The_Nice "The Nice") guitarist [David O'List](/wiki/David_O%27List "David O'List"), who lasted for only one gig. A drummer from Birmingham, Dickie Thomas, was brought in during the interim until auditions brought the band Kevin Currie in February 1971\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://theprogressiveaspect.net/blog/2022/03/22/abel\-fuentes\-tramps\-footprints\-the\-history\-of\-supertramp/\|title\=Abel Fuentes – Tramp's Footprints (The History of Supertramp)\|first\=Dave\|last\=Cookson\|date\=22 March 2022\|accessdate\=17 March 2023}}
For the next album, *[Indelibly Stamped](/wiki/Indelibly_Stamped "Indelibly Stamped")*, released in June 1971 in both the UK and US, [Frank Farrell](/wiki/Frank_Farrell_%28musician%29 "Frank Farrell (musician)") (bass, keyboards, backing vocals) joined, while Hodgson switched to guitar and Davies served as a second lead singer. With Palmer's departure, Hodgson and Davies wrote and composed separately for this and the band's subsequent albums.{{cite web\|title\=Roger Hodgson Biography\|url\=http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/roger\-hodgson/444643\|access\-date\=18 August 2015\|archive\-date\=23 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175220/http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/roger\-hodgson/444643\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Roger Hodgson inspires at The Paramount Huntington, NY 11\-11\-14\|date\=26 December 2014 \|url\=http://crypticrock.com/roger\-hodgson\-inspires\-at\-the\-paramount\-huntington\-ny\-11\-11\-14/\|access\-date\=18 August 2015}} The record sold even less than their debut. In the aftermath, all members gradually quit except Hodgson and Davies, and Miesegaes withdrew his financial support in October 1972\.
### 1973–1978: *Crime of the Century* and commercial breakthrough
After Farrell's departure in the spring of 1972, 20\-year\-old bassist Nick South (from [Alexis Korner](/wiki/Alexis_Korner "Alexis Korner")'s band) came in for a temporary stint until [Dougie Thomson](/wiki/Dougie_Thomson "Dougie Thomson") (from [The Alan Bown Set](/wiki/The_Alan_Bown_Set "The Alan Bown Set")) joined in July. In the summer of 1973 more auditions to replace the departed Curry and Winthrop started and introduced [Bob Siebenberg](/wiki/Bob_Siebenberg "Bob Siebenberg"), initially credited as Bob C. Benberg, and another Alan Bown alumnus, [John Helliwell](/wiki/John_Helliwell "John Helliwell") adding saxophone, other [woodwinds](/wiki/Woodwind_instrument "Woodwind instrument"), occasional keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals, completing the lineup in the summer of 1973\. Hodgson would also begin introducing compositions featuring keyboards, particularly the [Wurlitzer electric piano](/wiki/Wurlitzer_electric_piano "Wurlitzer electric piano"), in the band in addition to guitar. This lineup of Supertramp would remain in place for the next ten years.
Meanwhile, the bond between Davies and Hodgson had begun weakening. Hodgson mused, "There's a very deep bond, but it's definitely mostly on a musical level. When there's just the two of us playing together, there's an incredible empathy. His down\-to\-earth way of writing, which is very rock 'n' roll, balances out my lighter, melodic style."{{cite web\|title\=35 Years Ago: Supertramp Release 'Breakfast in America'\|url\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/supertramp\-breakfast\-in\-america/\|access\-date\=28 February 2015}} Over Supertramp's history, their relationship would be amicable but increasingly distant as their lifestyles and musical inclinations drifted apart. Their songwriting partnership gradually dissolved. Although all of Supertramp's songs would continue to be officially credited as "written by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson", most of them were written individually.
Supertramp needed a hit record to continue working and finally got one with *[Crime of the Century](/wiki/Crime_of_the_Century_%28album%29 "Crime of the Century (album)")*. Released in September 1974, it began the group's run of critical and commercial successes, hitting number 4 in Britain, number 38 in the US and number 4 in Canada. This album made the top 100 albums in Canada three years in a row in 1974, 1975 and 1976, even though it did not have a Top 40 hit in Canada. "[Dreamer](/wiki/Dreamer_%28Supertramp_song%29 "Dreamer (Supertramp song)")", the 1975 UK Top 20 single written by Hodgson, was the band's first hit single and drove the album to the top of the charts.{{cite press release\| title \= SUPERTRAMP Co\-Founder ROGER HODGSON...\| publisher \= PR Newswire \| date \= 23 October 2014 \| url \= http://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/supertramp\-co\-founder\-roger\-hodgson\-readies\-fall\-tour\-as\-crime\-of\-the\-century\-celebrates\-40th\-anniversary\-682074984\.html \| access\-date \= 13 August 2015 }} Another single from the record, "[Bloody Well Right](/wiki/Bloody_Well_Right "Bloody Well Right")", hit the US Top 40 in May 1975 and would be their only hit in the country for more than two years.\[{{BillboardURLbyName\|artist\=supertramp\|chart\=all}} Supertramp chart history], Billboard.com. Retrieved 6 August 2011\.
With a hit album under their belt, pressures on the band increased and the follow\-up *[Crisis? What Crisis?](/wiki/Crisis%3F_What_Crisis%3F "Crisis? What Crisis?")* had to be recorded in the few months between two scheduled concert tours. As a consequence, most of the material consisted of leftover songs from *Crime of the Century*. Decades later the band would continue to regard the album as one of their worst moments.30th Anniversary Supertramp Feature, <http://www.inthestudio.net/>*[In the Studio](/wiki/In_the_Studio_%28radio_show%29 "In the Studio (radio show)")*.{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=Omnibus Press\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|page\=120}} Nevertheless, Hodgson said in a 2015 interview that *Crisis? What Crisis?* was his favourite Supertramp album.{{Citation\|title\=Roger Hodgson: Will Supertramp reunite? \- Wird es eine Supertramp Reunion geben?\|date\=16 July 2015\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Tdd6FGJulAw\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/Tdd6FGJulAw\| archive\-date\=30 October 2021\|access\-date\=4 March 2018}}{{cbignore}} Despite Supertramp's own misgivings, the album was well received by critics. When released in November 1975, it broke both the UK Top Twenty and the US Top Fifty in spite of its singles all being commercial flops.
The following album, *[Even in the Quietest Moments...](/wiki/Even_in_the_Quietest_Moments... "Even in the Quietest Moments...")*, released in April 1977, spawned a hit single with "[Give a Little Bit](/wiki/Give_a_Little_Bit "Give a Little Bit")" (number 15 US, number 29 UK, number 8 in Canada), first written by Hodgson at 19 or 20 years of age before he introduced it to the band for recording five to six years later.{{cite web\|title\=Giving A Little Bit: A Conversation With Roger Hodgson\|url\=http://www.dprp.net/specials/2006\_hodgson\|access\-date\=28 February 2015}} As usual, the popularity of the album itself eclipsed that of its singles and *Even in the Quietest Moments...* hit number 16 in the US,[Even in the Quietest Moments... Billboard charts](http://www.allmusic.com/album/even-in-the-quietest-moments-mw0000191948/awards), Allmusic. Retrieved 1 November 2012\. number 12 in the UK and number 1 in Canada. During this period, the band permanently relocated to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles").
### 1979–1983: *Breakfast in America*, *...Famous Last Words...* and Hodgson's departure
{{Listen
\| filename \= The Logical Song.ogg
\| title \= "The Logical Song" (1979\)
\| description \= Lead single from ''\[\[Breakfast in America]]''.
\| pos \=
}}
The band's switch to a more [pop](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music")\-oriented approach peaked{{cite web \| title\=Supertramp on Music Charts Archive \| date\=11 December 2011\| url\=http://musicchartsarchive.com/artists/supertramp}} with their most popular album, *[Breakfast in America](/wiki/Breakfast_in_America "Breakfast in America")*. For the last two months of completing the album, Hodgson parked a camper outside of the studio to work diligently on mixing, with brief periods of rest in between.{{cite web\|title\=Roger Hodgson: What's He Got? Quite A Lot!\|url\=http://www.classicrockrevisited.com/show\_interview.php?id\=131Astronomique\|access\-date\=26 August 2015}} He remembered feeling that "it could be a big album" and that he spent "days and sometimes weeks choosing the right songs and the right order of songs so one song flowed into the next".{{cite web\|title\=Roger Hodgson Interview\|url\=http://servanteofdarkness.blogspot.com/2012/08/roger\-hodgson\-interview\-with\-anthony.html\|access\-date\=26 August 2015\|archive\-date\=8 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208235845/http://servanteofdarkness.blogspot.com/2012/08/roger\-hodgson\-interview\-with\-anthony.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
Released in March 1979, *Breakfast in America* reached number 3 in the UK and number 1 in the US and Canada. The album spawned four successful [singles](/wiki/Singles_%28songs%29 "Singles (songs)") (more than their first five albums combined): three of Hodgson's songs, "[The Logical Song](/wiki/The_Logical_Song "The Logical Song")" (number 1 Canada, number 6 US, number 7 UK), "[Take the Long Way Home](/wiki/Take_the_Long_Way_Home_%28Supertramp_song%29 "Take the Long Way Home (Supertramp song)")" (number 4 Canada, number 10 US, not released in UK) and "[Breakfast in America](/wiki/Breakfast_in_America_%28song%29 "Breakfast in America (song)")" (number 9 UK, not released in the US or Canada) and Davies' "[Goodbye Stranger](/wiki/Goodbye_Stranger "Goodbye Stranger")" (number 5 in Canada, number 15 US, number 57 UK).[Billboard singles charts](http://www.allmusic.com/album/breakfast-in-america-mw0000308462/awards), Allmusic. Retrieved 26 August 2015\.
[thumb\|Supertramp performing in 1979](/wiki/file:Supertramp0062.jpg "Supertramp0062.jpg")
To avoid an overly lengthy gap between albums during their hiatus, the band put out 1980's *[Paris](/wiki/Paris_%28Supertramp_album%29 "Paris (Supertramp album)")*, a two\-LP live album recorded mostly at the [Pavillon de Paris](/wiki/Pavillon_de_Paris "Pavillon de Paris").{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=Omnibus Press\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|pages\=163–5}} It broke the top ten in both the US and UK.[Paris Billboard charts](http://www.allmusic.com/album/paris-mw0000195961/awards), Allmusic. Retrieved 1 November 2012\. A live version of "Dreamer" was released as a single hitting number 1 in Canada and number 15 in the US, even though the studio version had failed to even chart there in 1974\. And a second single from the live album, "[Breakfast in America](/wiki/Breakfast_in_America_%28song%29 "Breakfast in America (song)")", peaked at number 62 in the US.
Hodgson moved his family from the Los Angeles area to the mountains of northern California where he built a home and studio and focused on his family and spiritual life, while recording a solo album, initially titled *Sleeping with the Enemy*, which would later be released as *[In the Eye of the Storm](/wiki/In_the_Eye_of_the_Storm_%28Roger_Hodgson_album%29 "In the Eye of the Storm (Roger Hodgson album)")* in 1984\.{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=Omnibus Press\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|pages\=167–175}} This geographic separation widened the rift between him and the rest of the group; during the conceptualization and recording of their next album, *[...Famous Last Words...](/wiki/...Famous_Last_Words... "...Famous Last Words...")*, Davies and Hodgson found far greater difficulty in reconciling their musical ideas than they had before, and it was apparent to the rest of the band that Hodgson wanted out.
*...Famous Last Words...* was released in October 1982 and scored two more hits with "[It's Raining Again](/wiki/It%27s_Raining_Again "It's Raining Again")" and "[My Kind of Lady](/wiki/My_Kind_of_Lady "My Kind of Lady")". It peaked at no. 5 in the USA[...Famous Last Words... Billboard charts](http://www.allmusic.com/album/famous-last-words-mw0000650851/awards), Allmusic. Retrieved 1 November 2012\. and no. 6 in the UK.
A worldwide tour followed in 1983, in which the band was joined by two additional musicians on stage, former [Alice Cooper](/wiki/Alice_Cooper "Alice Cooper") and [Queen](/wiki/Queen_%28band%29 "Queen (band)") player [Fred Mandel](/wiki/Fred_Mandel "Fred Mandel") (guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals) and [Scott Page](/wiki/Scott_Page "Scott Page") (sax, guitar, horns, backing vocals), and Hodgson announced he would not be continuing with the band once the tour finished in September 1983\. Hodgson has stated that his departure was motivated by a desire to spend more time with his family and make solo recordings and that there were never any real personal or professional problems between him and Davies, as some people thought.
### 1984–1988: *Brother Where You Bound* and *Free as a Bird*
The Davies\-led Supertramp released *[Brother Where You Bound](/wiki/Brother_Where_You_Bound "Brother Where You Bound")* in May 1985\. The album was a deliberate step away from the pop approach of their last two studio albums,{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=Omnibus Press\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|pages\=177–192}}{{cite magazine\|last\=Vare\|first\=Ethlie Ann\|title\=Supertramp 'Bound' for Turning Point\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1CQEAAAAMBAJ\&q\=brother\+where\+you\+bound\+film\+premiere\+MTV\&pg\=PT37\|access\-date\=8 October 2014\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|date\=11 May 1985}} and reached no. 20 in the UK charts and no. 21 in the US charts. It included the Top 30 hit single "[Cannonball](/wiki/Cannonball_%28Supertramp_song%29 "Cannonball (Supertramp song)")", along with the title track, a 16\-minute exposition on [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") themes highlighted by guitar solos from [Pink Floyd](/wiki/Pink_Floyd "Pink Floyd")'s [David Gilmour](/wiki/David_Gilmour "David Gilmour"). A 20\-minute film of the title track by [Rene Daalder](/wiki/Rene_Daalder "Rene Daalder") was used to promote the album.
Supertramp mounted a tour in the fall of 1985 through early 1986 that was their first without Hodgson. The lineup included Davies, Thomson, Helliwell, Siebenberg, Scott Page, [Marty Walsh](/wiki/Marty_Walsh_%28musician%29 "Marty Walsh (musician)") (guitar, backing vocals), [Carl Verheyen](/wiki/Carl_Verheyen "Carl Verheyen") (guitar, percussion, backing vocals) and [Mark Hart](/wiki/Mark_Hart "Mark Hart") (vocals, guitar, keyboards). Brad Cole sat in for Hart for several gigs in late October/early November 1985 after the latter was called away due to a family emergency.
[1987's](/wiki/1987_in_music "1987 in music") *[Free as a Bird](/wiki/Free_as_a_Bird_%28album%29 "Free as a Bird (album)")* experimented in heavily synthesised music,Bollenberg, John "Bobo" (26 June 2000\). [Interview with Rick Davies, John Helliwell, Jack Douglass, and Georges Ohayon](http://www.progressiveworld.net/html/modules.php?name=Interviews&rop=showcontent&id=231), ProgressiveWorld.net. such as "[I'm Beggin' You](/wiki/I%27m_Beggin%27_You "I'm Beggin' You")", which reached number 1 on the [US dance charts](/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs "Dance Club Songs").\[{{BillboardURLbyName\|artist\=supertramp\|chart\=all}} "I'm Beggin' You" chart history], Billboard.com. Retrieved 8 June 2012\. The stylistic change was generally not well\-received, however, and the album itself reached only no. 93 in the UK and 101 in the US, breaking a streak of seven consecutive top 100 efforts on the American charts.
In addition to their shift towards less commercially oriented material, the band members decided to drop all of Hodgson's compositions from their setlist in order to further establish an identity separate from him. However, audiences were angered by the omissions of these songs, and although Supertramp toured in 1985 using only Davies's compositions, in 1988 the pressure from fans and their first tour of South America drove them to reintroduce a handful of Hodgson\-penned hits to their set.Majewski, Stephen (17 June 1998\). [Doug Thomson Interview](https://web.archive.org/web/20110705132040/http://www.breakfastinspain.com/interviews/dougie-thomson-interview-june-1998). The band's 1988 touring lineup was almost the same as it had been in '85/'86, but with Brad Cole returning in place of Scott Page and percussionist [Steve Reid](/wiki/Steve_Reid_%28The_Rippingtons%29 "Steve Reid (The Rippingtons)") instead of guitarist Carl Verheyen.
After 1988's tour, the group fragmented. Davies later explained, "We'd been out there for about 20 years just recording and touring and it seemed time to have a break with no ideas as to if or when we would come back. We decided not to actually say anything, just sort of fade away like an old soldier."Stevenson, Jane (25 July 1997\). {{usurped\|1\=\[https://archive.today/20120710201420/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/S/Supertramp/1997/07/25/750191\.html Supertramp Reunion Was Logical Thing to Do]}}, [Jam! Music](/wiki/Jam%21_Music "Jam! Music").
### 1993 Hodgson and Davies reunion
On 14 April 1993 at the Beverly Hills Hilton, for a special dinner honoring [Jerry Moss](/wiki/Jerry_Moss "Jerry Moss"), co\-founder of A\&M Records,{{Cite web \|date\=2017\-01\-26 \|title\=AOTM: Supertramp Reunion Is Most Likely A ‘No’ \|url\=https://www.wogb.fm/2017/01/26/aotm\-supertramp\-reunion\-is\-most\-likely\-a\-no/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|website\=WOGB\-FM \|language\=en\-US}} Hodgson, Davies and Helliwell (together with Jeff Daniel) appeared to perform "The Logical Song" and "Goodbye Stranger". After that, Davies and Hodgson began working together again, recording demos of two new songs, "[You Win, I Lose](/wiki/You_Win%2C_I_Lose "You Win, I Lose")" and "And the Light". But disagreements over management prompted them to part ways once again soon after, with both songs eventually appearing, *sans* Hodgson, on Supertramp's next release in 1997\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.supertramp.es/modules.php?name\=News\&file\=article\&sid\=10035 \|title\=Breakfast In Spain.com Supertramp \& Roger Hodgson – Supertramp and Roger Hodgson latest WORKS and TOURS \|publisher\=Supertramp.es \|access\-date\=9 July 2010 \|archive\-date\=12 December 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212055056/http://supertramp.es/modules.php?name\=News\&file\=article\&sid\=10035 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### 1996–2002: *Some Things Never Change* and *Slow Motion*
In 1996 Davies re\-formed Supertramp with Helliwell, Siebenberg and guitarist/keyboardist/vocalist [Mark Hart](/wiki/Mark_Hart "Mark Hart"), who was new to the official lineup but had prominently contributed to *Free as a Bird* and to the group's tours from 1985 to 1988\. Their 1985–86 guitarist, Carl Verheyen, returned as well, along with new bassist [Cliff Hugo](/wiki/Cliff_Hugo "Cliff Hugo"), horn player Lee Thornburg and former [America](/wiki/America_%28band%29 "America (band)") percussionist Tom Walsh (who was replaced for the band's 1997 tour by Bob Siebenberg's son Jesse, who would also go on to contribute guitar, keyboards and vocals), bringing the band up to an eight\-man lineup. The result of this reunion was *[Some Things Never Change](/wiki/Some_Things_Never_Change "Some Things Never Change")*, a new studio album released in March 1997 that echoed the earlier Supertramp sound{{cite web\|last\=Thomas \|first\=Stephen \|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r261083/review\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=(((Some Things Never Change / Review))) \|website\=allmusic \|date\=3 June 1997 \|access\-date\=9 July 2010}} and reached number 74 in the UK.[Supertramp in the UK Charts](http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/supertramp/), The Official Charts. Retrieved 6 August 2011\.
In the summer of 1997, Supertramp returned to the road, resulting in the live *[It Was the Best of Times](/wiki/It_Was_the_Best_of_Times "It Was the Best of Times")* (April 1999\).{{Citation \|title\=It Was the Best of Times \- Supertramp {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic \|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/it\-was\-the\-best\-of\-times\-mw0000462991 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|language\=en}}
After a three\-year hiatus, Supertramp released in April 2002 a new studio album entitled *[Slow Motion](/wiki/Slow_Motion_%28Supertramp_album%29 "Slow Motion (Supertramp album)")*,{{Citation \|title\=Slow Motion \- Supertramp {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic \|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/slow\-motion\-mw0000525419 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|language\=en}} followed by a 2002 world tour entitled "One More for the Road Tour".
Supertramp continued to play several Hodgson\-penned songs during live shows following their reunion. Hodgson subsequently claimed that when he had left the band back in 1983, he and Davies made a verbal agreement that they would not play those songs. Davies has never publicly alluded to such an agreement, and former member Dougie Thomson (who retired from performing to move into music publishing) commented "Nobody except Rick and Roger were privy to that conversation. Rick and Roger had several dialogues that no one else was privy to. Again, that's hearsay." The publishing company and contract legally recognize which songs each songwriter actually wrote. Hodgson has contractual approval rights over the use of his songs and Davies for his.{{cite web\|title\=Roger Hodgson's Management Clarifies Agreement and Song List\|url\=http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2010/05/roger\-hodgsons\-management\-clarifies.html\|website\=vintagevinylnews.com\|access\-date\=31 March 2015}}
### 2000s–present: Hiatuses and touring
After the 2002 "One More for the Road Tour", Supertramp went inactive once again. Another attempt to bring Hodgson back into the band failed in 2005\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.birminghammail.net/what\-is\-on\-in\-birmingham/rock\-and\-pop/2007/09/28/supertramp\-star\-plans\-tribute\-to\-city\-colleague\-97319\-19862843/ \|title\=Supertramp star plans tribute to city colleague \|newspaper\=Birmingham Mail \|date\=28 September 2007 \|first\=Andy \|last\=Coleman \|access\-date\=28 June 2010 \|archive\-date\=10 October 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010213653/http://www.birminghammail.net/what\-is\-on\-in\-birmingham/rock\-and\-pop/2007/09/28/supertramp\-star\-plans\-tribute\-to\-city\-colleague\-97319\-19862843/ \|url\-status\=dead }} In 2008, it was announced that Supertramp's music would be featured in the film adaptation of [Irvine Welsh](/wiki/Irvine_Welsh "Irvine Welsh")'s best\-selling novel *[Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance](/wiki/Ecstasy:Three_Tales_of_Chemical_Romance "Three Tales of Chemical Romance")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://ecstasythefilm.blogspot.com/2007/04/ecstasy\-soundtrack.html \|title\=Ecstasythefilm: Ecstasy Soundtrack \|publisher\=Ecstasythefilm.blogspot.com \|date\=12 April 2007 \|access\-date\=9 July 2010 \|archive\-date\=29 October 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204531/http://ecstasythefilm.blogspot.com/2007/04/ecstasy\-soundtrack.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
In 2009, Hodgson said he could not see a Supertramp reunion ever happening: "We've looked at it and talked it over... I would never say never but Rick \[Davies] has pretty much retired right now and I'm in the prime of my life. The reaction I am getting from fans is 'please don't reunite'."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.undercover.com.au/News\-Story.aspx?id\=9670 \|title\=Roger Hodgson Cannot See Supertramp Reforming at \|publisher\=Undercover.com.au \|date\=3 December 2009 \|access\-date\=26 October 2011}}
[thumb\|right\|Supertramp 2010\. From left: Cliff Hugo, Rick Davies, Bob Siebenberg, John Helliwell, Gabe Dixon and Carl Verheyen](/wiki/File:Supertramp_at_the_Gelredome_2010_%28a%29.JPG "Supertramp at the Gelredome 2010 (a).JPG")
On 21 April 2010, it was announced that Supertramp would perform 35 concerts in late 2010 in Europe. Hodgson concurrently embarked on a worldwide solo tour,{{cite web\|url\=http://rogerhodgson.com/documents/tour.html \|title\=Tour \|publisher\=RogerHodgson.com \|date\=4 July 2010 \|access\-date\=9 July 2010}} and thus was unable to rejoin the band for the 70–10 tour. However, in response to a fan campaign, Hodgson sent a letter to Rick Davies and had his manager send one to Davies's management, offering to join them for select dates during gaps in his tour schedule. Davies's agent notified Hodgson that his offer was declined.(21 April 2010\). {{usurped\|1\=\[https://archive.today/20120714185449/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/2010/04/21/13661311\-wenn\-story.html Supertramp snub angers Hodgson]}}, Jam! Music.
When asked whether Hodgson might appear at any Supertramp concerts, Davies replied, "I know there are some fans out there who would like that to happen. There was a time when I had hoped for that too. But the recent past makes that impossible. In order to play a great show for our fans, you need harmony, both musically and personally. Unfortunately that doesn't exist between us anymore and I would rather not destroy memories of more harmonious times between all of us."{{cite web\|url\=http://supertramp.com/news/detail/supertramp\_announces\_spring\_and\_summer\_2011\_tour\_dates/ \|title\=Supertramp Announces Spring and Summer 2011 Tour Dates \|publisher\=Supertramp \|date\=1 March 2011 \|access\-date\=26 October 2011}} Hodgson and Supertramp continued to tour separately in 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://supertramp.com \|title\=Home \|publisher\=Supertramp \|access\-date\=26 October 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rogerhodgson.com/documents/tour.html \|title\=Tour \|publisher\=RogerHodgson.com \|date\=30 September 2011 \|access\-date\=26 October 2011}}
The group's lineup for their 2010–11 tours was Davies, Helliwell, Siebenberg, Jesse Siebenberg (now assuming Mark Hart's role on vocals, keyboards and guitar), Cliff Hugo, Carl Verheyen, Lee Thornburg, Gabe Dixon (vocals, keyboards, percussion) and Cassie Miller (backing vocals).{{Cite web \|title\=Breakfast In Spain \- Roger Hodgson and Supertramp website \- 2011 Supertramp 70\-10 Tour \|url\=https://www.breakfastinspain.com/index.php/all\-tours/472\-2011\-supertramp\-70\-10\-tour \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|website\=www.breakfastinspain.com}}
Supertramp played what turned out to be its last concert on 15 November 2012 in Madrid, during a private event at the [IFEMA](/wiki/IFEMA "IFEMA") fairgrounds, which coincidentally a few years before had used 'From Now On' in its advertising commercials. The show, that was held in front of several thousand people, lasted about eighty minutes and the set list was a shortened version of the one used on the '70–10' tour. The band was also the same as that of the 2010–11 tour, except for John Helliwell, who was unable to get there due to another professional commitment with Egbert Derix on that same date. Saxophonist Rob Hardt, an American musician who was a friend of Lee Thornburg and used to work with Latin American salsa percussionist and singer [Poncho Sánchez](/wiki/Poncho_S%C3%A1nchez "Poncho Sánchez"), stood in for Helliwell.Fuentes, Abel (2021\). Tramp's Footprints: The History of Supertramp. UNO Editorial. ISBN 978\-8418881374\.
From 2012 to 2015, Supertramp went dormant again. Meanwhile, Hodgson toured his "Breakfast in America World Tour" from 2012 onwards. On 25 January 2015 at Cirque Royal in Brussels, Belgium, Hodgson continued his "Breakfast in America World Tour" with a European leg concluding 7 September 2015 at Tempodrom in Berlin, Germany and the North American leg of the tour extending from November in Tarrytown, New York, concluding on 13 December in Halifax, Nova Scotia.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.rogerhodgson.com/ \| title\=RogerHodgson.com \| access\-date\=28 February 2015}}
In 2015, Supertramp announced their first tour in more than four years: a 25\-date European tour entitled "Supertramp Forever" set to launch on 3 November 2015 in [Porto](/wiki/Porto "Porto"), [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"). The tour would include a London show on 7 December at [The O2 Arena](/wiki/The_O2_Arena "The O2 Arena") and would end on 11 December 2015 at the Ziggo Dome in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands").{{cite web \| url\=http://supertramp.com/tour \| title\=Super Tramp Forever / Tour \| access\-date\=26 September 2015}} On 4 August 2015, however, the band announced that the tour was cancelled due to health issues affecting Rick Davies, who had been diagnosed with [multiple myeloma](/wiki/Myeloma "Myeloma") and required aggressive treatment to combat the disease.{{cite web \| url\=http://supertramp.com/news/detail/supertramp\_cancels\_upcoming\_european\_tour/ \| title\=Super Tramp Forever / News \|date\= 4 August 2015 \|website\=supertramp.com \|access\-date\=26 September 2015}}{{Cite news \|last\=France\-Presse \|first\=Agence \|date\=2015\-08\-05 \|title\=Supertramp cancels European tour due to singer Rick Davies' cancer treatment \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/aug/05/supertramp\-cancels\-european\-tour\-due\-to\-singer\-rick\-davies\-cancer\-treatment \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|work\=The Guardian \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0261\-3077}}{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-08\-04 \|title\=Supertramp cancels European tour because of singer's cancer \|url\=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/supertramp\-cancels\-european\-tour\-because\-singers\-cancer\-180436973\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|website\=Yahoo News \|language\=en\-SG}}{{Cite web \|last\=Gallucci \|first\=Michael GallucciMichael \|date\=2015\-08\-04 \|title\=Supertramp Cancel Tour Following Rick Davies Health Issues \|url\=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/supertramp\-cancel\-tour/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|website\=Ultimate Classic Rock \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-08\-05 \|title\=Some VERY Disappointing News For Supertramp Fans... \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/08/05/supertramp\-cancels\-tour\-rick\-davies\-cancer\-treatment\_n\_7938304\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|website\=HuffPost UK \|language\=en}}
In late August 2018, Davies gave an interview in which he expressed that, for the most part, he has overcome his health problems and enjoys playing music again, something he could not do in 2016, when he was under medical treatment. Davies can also be seen performing a few tracks in a rehearsal/sound check at a bar with some of Supertramp's current members at his side. He also stated that Supertramp were unlikely to return as a structured band.[Exclusive: RARE Interview to Rick Davies (Supertramp) \- 28/8/2018 (Alma RadioTv)](https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pGviK7VB4jM) [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")
In 2018 Hodgson stopped paying Thomson, Helliwell and Siebenberg royalties from Supertramp songs. In 2021 the three sued Hodgson and Davies, for not paying them royalties.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-02\-21 \|title\=Supertramp in court over song royalties dispute \|url\=https://completemusicupdate.com/supertramp\-in\-court\-over\-song\-royalties\-dispute/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=CMU \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=Firm files suit for members of SUPERTRAMP in royalty row \|url\=https://www.phillaw.com/news/suit\-for\-members\-of\-supertramp\-gw9xg \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=Phillips, Erlewine, Given \& Carlin LLP \|language\=en\-US}} Davies settled out of court in 2023\.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-02\-28 \|title\=Supertramp songwriter defeats former bandmates in song royalty dispute \|url\=https://completemusicupdate.com/supertramp\-songwriter\-defeats\-former\-bandmates\-in\-song\-royalty\-dispute/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=CMU \|language\=en}} Hodgson won the case in court in 2024\.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-02\-28 \|title\=Supertramp songwriter defeats former bandmates in song royalty dispute \|url\=https://completemusicupdate.com/supertramp\-songwriter\-defeats\-former\-bandmates\-in\-song\-royalty\-dispute/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=CMU \|language\=en}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1969–1972: Formation, *Supertramp* and *Indelibly Stamped*",
"In 1969 Stanley \"Sam\" August Miesegaes, a Dutch millionaire, ceased providing financial support to a band called The Joint, as he was disappointed with them. He offered [Swindon](/wiki/Swindon \"Swindon\")\\-born keyboardist [Rick Davies](/wiki/Rick_Davies \"Rick Davies\"), a former bandmate of Irish singer\\-songwriter [Gilbert O'Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_O%27Sullivan \"Gilbert O'Sullivan\"), whose talent he felt had been \"bogged down\" by the group,{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=Omnibus Press\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|page\\=22}} an opportunity to form his own band with Miesegaes's financial backing.{{cite web\\|last\\=Erlewine\\|first\\=Stephen Thomas\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/supertramp\\-p5562/biography \\|title\\=Supertramp \\|website\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2011}} The band included [Roger Hodgson](/wiki/Roger_Hodgson \"Roger Hodgson\") (bass and vocals), [Richard Palmer](/wiki/Richard_Palmer-James \"Richard Palmer-James\") (guitars and vocals) and [Keith Baker](/wiki/Keith_Baker_%28musician%29 \"Keith Baker (musician)\") (percussion).{{Cite web \\|last\\=Trimaximalist \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-16 \\|title\\=Supertramp \\- \\|url\\=https://jazzrocksoul.com/artists/supertramp/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Davies and Hodgson had radically different backgrounds and musical inspirations. Davies was working class and fiercely devoted to [blues](/wiki/Blues \"Blues\") and [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\"), while Hodgson had gone straight from English private school to the music business and was fond of [pop](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\"). Despite this, they hit it off during the auditions{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=Omnibus Press\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|page\\=28}} and began writing virtually all of their songs together, with Palmer as a third writer in the mix. Hodgson and Davies collaborated on the songwriting while Palmer composed the lyrics.{{cite web\\|title\\=Crime Of The Century: Chatting with Roger Hodgson\\|website\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]] \\|date\\=16 December 2014 \\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike\\-ragogna/crime\\-of\\-the\\-century\\-chat\\_b\\_6331502\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=The Eye of the Acoustic Storm: Supertramp/Roger Hodgson\\|url\\=http://www.acousticstorm.com/artists/view/99\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2015}}",
"The group, having dubbed themselves \"Daddy\",Fuentes, Abel (2021\\). Tramp's Footprints: The History of Supertramp. UNO Editorial. ISBN 978\\-8418881374\\. after several months of rehearsal at a country house in [West Hythe](/wiki/West_Hythe \"West Hythe\"), Kent, flew to [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") for a series of concerts at the P. N. Club.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Omnibus Press]]\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|pages\\=31–41}} One 10\\-minute performance there of \"[All Along the Watchtower](/wiki/All_Along_the_Watchtower \"All Along the Watchtower\")\" was filmed by [Haro Senft](/wiki/Haro_Senft \"Haro Senft\") (*Daddy Portrait 1970*).{{IMDb title\\|934585\\|Daddy Portrait 1970}} The rehearsals had been less than productive and their initial repertoire consisted of only four songs, two of which were covers.",
"In January 1970 Keith Baker left, replaced by former stage actor Robert Millar (b. 2 February 1950 – d. 22 July 2024\\),[Muere Robert Millar, el batería del primer disco de Supertramp](https://www.thelogicalweb.com/mas-contenidos/noticias/1755-muere-robert-millar-el-bateria-del-primer-disco-de-supertramp.html), The Logical Web. Retrieved 13 October 2024[\"Bakerloo\"](http://www.tamworthbands.com/bakerloo/index.htm), Tamworth Bands: History 1960 to 1990\\. Retrieved 13 August 2011\\. and to avoid confusion with \"Daddy Longlegs\", at Palmer's suggestion, the band changed its name to \"Supertramp\", a moniker inspired by *[The Autobiography of a Super\\-Tramp](/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_a_Super-Tramp \"The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp\")* by [William Henry Davies](/wiki/W._H._Davies \"W. H. Davies\").[\"Supertramp\"](http://www.classicbands.com/supertramp.html), www.classicbands.com. Retrieved 26 September 2011\\.",
"In April 1970 Supertramp, while back in Munich, returned the favour to their friend Haro Senft by contributing music to his next film, *{{ill\\|Purgatory (1971 film)\\|de\\|3\\=Fegefeuer (1971\\)\\|lt\\=Purgatory}}* (a.k.a. *Fegefeuer*), and would also agree to have tracks from their first album used in a documentary, *Extremes* (1971\\), by [Tony Klinger](/wiki/Tony_Klinger \"Tony Klinger\") and Michael Lytton.",
"Supertramp were one of the first groups to be signed to the UK branch of [A\\&M Records](/wiki/A%26M_Records \"A&M Records\") and their first album, *[Supertramp](/wiki/Supertramp_%28album%29 \"Supertramp (album)\")*, was released on 14 August 1970 in the UK and Canada (it would not be issued in the US until late 1977\\). Stylistically, the album was fairly typical of [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock \"Progressive rock\") of the era. Despite receiving a good deal of critical praise, the album did not attract a large audience.",
"Dave Winthrop (flute and saxophone, vocals) had first auditioned for the group in March 1970 but did not join until July, just before the release of the first record. He performed with Supertramp at the [1970 Isle of Wight Festival](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970 \"Isle of Wight Festival 1970\") on 27 August 1970\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pratopublished \\|first\\=Greg \\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-18 \\|title\\=Anarchists, fire and rock'n'roll: the ultimate guide to the 1970 Isle Of Wight Festival \\|url\\=https://www.loudersound.com/features/anarchists\\-fire\\-and\\-rocknroll\\-the\\-ultimate\\-guide\\-to\\-the\\-1970\\-isle\\-of\\-wight\\-festival \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|website\\=louder \\|language\\=en}} The membership continued to change in the six months following the album's release. Palmer left the band in December 1970, followed by Millar in January 1971, who had suffered a nervous breakdown.(8 March 2009\\). [\"30 Years on from Breakfast in America\"](http://www.swindonweb.com/?m=8&s=9&ss=1098&c=4981&t=30+Years+on+from+Breakfast+in+America), Swindonweb. Palmer, as Richard Palmer\\-James, went on to work as a lyricist for [King Crimson](/wiki/King_Crimson \"King Crimson\"). Palmer was replaced by former [The Nice](/wiki/The_Nice \"The Nice\") guitarist [David O'List](/wiki/David_O%27List \"David O'List\"), who lasted for only one gig. A drummer from Birmingham, Dickie Thomas, was brought in during the interim until auditions brought the band Kevin Currie in February 1971\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://theprogressiveaspect.net/blog/2022/03/22/abel\\-fuentes\\-tramps\\-footprints\\-the\\-history\\-of\\-supertramp/\\|title\\=Abel Fuentes – Tramp's Footprints (The History of Supertramp)\\|first\\=Dave\\|last\\=Cookson\\|date\\=22 March 2022\\|accessdate\\=17 March 2023}}",
"For the next album, *[Indelibly Stamped](/wiki/Indelibly_Stamped \"Indelibly Stamped\")*, released in June 1971 in both the UK and US, [Frank Farrell](/wiki/Frank_Farrell_%28musician%29 \"Frank Farrell (musician)\") (bass, keyboards, backing vocals) joined, while Hodgson switched to guitar and Davies served as a second lead singer. With Palmer's departure, Hodgson and Davies wrote and composed separately for this and the band's subsequent albums.{{cite web\\|title\\=Roger Hodgson Biography\\|url\\=http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/roger\\-hodgson/444643\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175220/http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/roger\\-hodgson/444643\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Roger Hodgson inspires at The Paramount Huntington, NY 11\\-11\\-14\\|date\\=26 December 2014 \\|url\\=http://crypticrock.com/roger\\-hodgson\\-inspires\\-at\\-the\\-paramount\\-huntington\\-ny\\-11\\-11\\-14/\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2015}} The record sold even less than their debut. In the aftermath, all members gradually quit except Hodgson and Davies, and Miesegaes withdrew his financial support in October 1972\\.",
"### 1973–1978: *Crime of the Century* and commercial breakthrough",
"After Farrell's departure in the spring of 1972, 20\\-year\\-old bassist Nick South (from [Alexis Korner](/wiki/Alexis_Korner \"Alexis Korner\")'s band) came in for a temporary stint until [Dougie Thomson](/wiki/Dougie_Thomson \"Dougie Thomson\") (from [The Alan Bown Set](/wiki/The_Alan_Bown_Set \"The Alan Bown Set\")) joined in July. In the summer of 1973 more auditions to replace the departed Curry and Winthrop started and introduced [Bob Siebenberg](/wiki/Bob_Siebenberg \"Bob Siebenberg\"), initially credited as Bob C. Benberg, and another Alan Bown alumnus, [John Helliwell](/wiki/John_Helliwell \"John Helliwell\") adding saxophone, other [woodwinds](/wiki/Woodwind_instrument \"Woodwind instrument\"), occasional keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals, completing the lineup in the summer of 1973\\. Hodgson would also begin introducing compositions featuring keyboards, particularly the [Wurlitzer electric piano](/wiki/Wurlitzer_electric_piano \"Wurlitzer electric piano\"), in the band in addition to guitar. This lineup of Supertramp would remain in place for the next ten years.",
"Meanwhile, the bond between Davies and Hodgson had begun weakening. Hodgson mused, \"There's a very deep bond, but it's definitely mostly on a musical level. When there's just the two of us playing together, there's an incredible empathy. His down\\-to\\-earth way of writing, which is very rock 'n' roll, balances out my lighter, melodic style.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=35 Years Ago: Supertramp Release 'Breakfast in America'\\|url\\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/supertramp\\-breakfast\\-in\\-america/\\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2015}} Over Supertramp's history, their relationship would be amicable but increasingly distant as their lifestyles and musical inclinations drifted apart. Their songwriting partnership gradually dissolved. Although all of Supertramp's songs would continue to be officially credited as \"written by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson\", most of them were written individually.",
"Supertramp needed a hit record to continue working and finally got one with *[Crime of the Century](/wiki/Crime_of_the_Century_%28album%29 \"Crime of the Century (album)\")*. Released in September 1974, it began the group's run of critical and commercial successes, hitting number 4 in Britain, number 38 in the US and number 4 in Canada. This album made the top 100 albums in Canada three years in a row in 1974, 1975 and 1976, even though it did not have a Top 40 hit in Canada. \"[Dreamer](/wiki/Dreamer_%28Supertramp_song%29 \"Dreamer (Supertramp song)\")\", the 1975 UK Top 20 single written by Hodgson, was the band's first hit single and drove the album to the top of the charts.{{cite press release\\| title \\= SUPERTRAMP Co\\-Founder ROGER HODGSON...\\| publisher \\= PR Newswire \\| date \\= 23 October 2014 \\| url \\= http://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/supertramp\\-co\\-founder\\-roger\\-hodgson\\-readies\\-fall\\-tour\\-as\\-crime\\-of\\-the\\-century\\-celebrates\\-40th\\-anniversary\\-682074984\\.html \\| access\\-date \\= 13 August 2015 }} Another single from the record, \"[Bloody Well Right](/wiki/Bloody_Well_Right \"Bloody Well Right\")\", hit the US Top 40 in May 1975 and would be their only hit in the country for more than two years.\\[{{BillboardURLbyName\\|artist\\=supertramp\\|chart\\=all}} Supertramp chart history], Billboard.com. Retrieved 6 August 2011\\.",
"With a hit album under their belt, pressures on the band increased and the follow\\-up *[Crisis? What Crisis?](/wiki/Crisis%3F_What_Crisis%3F \"Crisis? What Crisis?\")* had to be recorded in the few months between two scheduled concert tours. As a consequence, most of the material consisted of leftover songs from *Crime of the Century*. Decades later the band would continue to regard the album as one of their worst moments.30th Anniversary Supertramp Feature, <http://www.inthestudio.net/>*[In the Studio](/wiki/In_the_Studio_%28radio_show%29 \"In the Studio (radio show)\")*.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=Omnibus Press\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|page\\=120}} Nevertheless, Hodgson said in a 2015 interview that *Crisis? What Crisis?* was his favourite Supertramp album.{{Citation\\|title\\=Roger Hodgson: Will Supertramp reunite? \\- Wird es eine Supertramp Reunion geben?\\|date\\=16 July 2015\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Tdd6FGJulAw\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/Tdd6FGJulAw\\| archive\\-date\\=30 October 2021\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2018}}{{cbignore}} Despite Supertramp's own misgivings, the album was well received by critics. When released in November 1975, it broke both the UK Top Twenty and the US Top Fifty in spite of its singles all being commercial flops.",
"The following album, *[Even in the Quietest Moments...](/wiki/Even_in_the_Quietest_Moments... \"Even in the Quietest Moments...\")*, released in April 1977, spawned a hit single with \"[Give a Little Bit](/wiki/Give_a_Little_Bit \"Give a Little Bit\")\" (number 15 US, number 29 UK, number 8 in Canada), first written by Hodgson at 19 or 20 years of age before he introduced it to the band for recording five to six years later.{{cite web\\|title\\=Giving A Little Bit: A Conversation With Roger Hodgson\\|url\\=http://www.dprp.net/specials/2006\\_hodgson\\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2015}} As usual, the popularity of the album itself eclipsed that of its singles and *Even in the Quietest Moments...* hit number 16 in the US,[Even in the Quietest Moments... Billboard charts](http://www.allmusic.com/album/even-in-the-quietest-moments-mw0000191948/awards), Allmusic. Retrieved 1 November 2012\\. number 12 in the UK and number 1 in Canada. During this period, the band permanently relocated to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\").",
"### 1979–1983: *Breakfast in America*, *...Famous Last Words...* and Hodgson's departure",
"{{Listen\n\\| filename \\= The Logical Song.ogg\n\\| title \\= \"The Logical Song\" (1979\\)\n\\| description \\= Lead single from ''\\[\\[Breakfast in America]]''.\n\\| pos \\=\n}}",
"The band's switch to a more [pop](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\")\\-oriented approach peaked{{cite web \\| title\\=Supertramp on Music Charts Archive \\| date\\=11 December 2011\\| url\\=http://musicchartsarchive.com/artists/supertramp}} with their most popular album, *[Breakfast in America](/wiki/Breakfast_in_America \"Breakfast in America\")*. For the last two months of completing the album, Hodgson parked a camper outside of the studio to work diligently on mixing, with brief periods of rest in between.{{cite web\\|title\\=Roger Hodgson: What's He Got? Quite A Lot!\\|url\\=http://www.classicrockrevisited.com/show\\_interview.php?id\\=131Astronomique\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2015}} He remembered feeling that \"it could be a big album\" and that he spent \"days and sometimes weeks choosing the right songs and the right order of songs so one song flowed into the next\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Roger Hodgson Interview\\|url\\=http://servanteofdarkness.blogspot.com/2012/08/roger\\-hodgson\\-interview\\-with\\-anthony.html\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208235845/http://servanteofdarkness.blogspot.com/2012/08/roger\\-hodgson\\-interview\\-with\\-anthony.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Released in March 1979, *Breakfast in America* reached number 3 in the UK and number 1 in the US and Canada. The album spawned four successful [singles](/wiki/Singles_%28songs%29 \"Singles (songs)\") (more than their first five albums combined): three of Hodgson's songs, \"[The Logical Song](/wiki/The_Logical_Song \"The Logical Song\")\" (number 1 Canada, number 6 US, number 7 UK), \"[Take the Long Way Home](/wiki/Take_the_Long_Way_Home_%28Supertramp_song%29 \"Take the Long Way Home (Supertramp song)\")\" (number 4 Canada, number 10 US, not released in UK) and \"[Breakfast in America](/wiki/Breakfast_in_America_%28song%29 \"Breakfast in America (song)\")\" (number 9 UK, not released in the US or Canada) and Davies' \"[Goodbye Stranger](/wiki/Goodbye_Stranger \"Goodbye Stranger\")\" (number 5 in Canada, number 15 US, number 57 UK).[Billboard singles charts](http://www.allmusic.com/album/breakfast-in-america-mw0000308462/awards), Allmusic. Retrieved 26 August 2015\\.",
"[thumb\\|Supertramp performing in 1979](/wiki/file:Supertramp0062.jpg \"Supertramp0062.jpg\")",
"To avoid an overly lengthy gap between albums during their hiatus, the band put out 1980's *[Paris](/wiki/Paris_%28Supertramp_album%29 \"Paris (Supertramp album)\")*, a two\\-LP live album recorded mostly at the [Pavillon de Paris](/wiki/Pavillon_de_Paris \"Pavillon de Paris\").{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=Omnibus Press\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|pages\\=163–5}} It broke the top ten in both the US and UK.[Paris Billboard charts](http://www.allmusic.com/album/paris-mw0000195961/awards), Allmusic. Retrieved 1 November 2012\\. A live version of \"Dreamer\" was released as a single hitting number 1 in Canada and number 15 in the US, even though the studio version had failed to even chart there in 1974\\. And a second single from the live album, \"[Breakfast in America](/wiki/Breakfast_in_America_%28song%29 \"Breakfast in America (song)\")\", peaked at number 62 in the US.",
"Hodgson moved his family from the Los Angeles area to the mountains of northern California where he built a home and studio and focused on his family and spiritual life, while recording a solo album, initially titled *Sleeping with the Enemy*, which would later be released as *[In the Eye of the Storm](/wiki/In_the_Eye_of_the_Storm_%28Roger_Hodgson_album%29 \"In the Eye of the Storm (Roger Hodgson album)\")* in 1984\\.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=Omnibus Press\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|pages\\=167–175}} This geographic separation widened the rift between him and the rest of the group; during the conceptualization and recording of their next album, *[...Famous Last Words...](/wiki/...Famous_Last_Words... \"...Famous Last Words...\")*, Davies and Hodgson found far greater difficulty in reconciling their musical ideas than they had before, and it was apparent to the rest of the band that Hodgson wanted out.",
"*...Famous Last Words...* was released in October 1982 and scored two more hits with \"[It's Raining Again](/wiki/It%27s_Raining_Again \"It's Raining Again\")\" and \"[My Kind of Lady](/wiki/My_Kind_of_Lady \"My Kind of Lady\")\". It peaked at no. 5 in the USA[...Famous Last Words... Billboard charts](http://www.allmusic.com/album/famous-last-words-mw0000650851/awards), Allmusic. Retrieved 1 November 2012\\. and no. 6 in the UK.",
"A worldwide tour followed in 1983, in which the band was joined by two additional musicians on stage, former [Alice Cooper](/wiki/Alice_Cooper \"Alice Cooper\") and [Queen](/wiki/Queen_%28band%29 \"Queen (band)\") player [Fred Mandel](/wiki/Fred_Mandel \"Fred Mandel\") (guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals) and [Scott Page](/wiki/Scott_Page \"Scott Page\") (sax, guitar, horns, backing vocals), and Hodgson announced he would not be continuing with the band once the tour finished in September 1983\\. Hodgson has stated that his departure was motivated by a desire to spend more time with his family and make solo recordings and that there were never any real personal or professional problems between him and Davies, as some people thought.",
"### 1984–1988: *Brother Where You Bound* and *Free as a Bird*",
"The Davies\\-led Supertramp released *[Brother Where You Bound](/wiki/Brother_Where_You_Bound \"Brother Where You Bound\")* in May 1985\\. The album was a deliberate step away from the pop approach of their last two studio albums,{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=Omnibus Press\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|pages\\=177–192}}{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Vare\\|first\\=Ethlie Ann\\|title\\=Supertramp 'Bound' for Turning Point\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1CQEAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=brother\\+where\\+you\\+bound\\+film\\+premiere\\+MTV\\&pg\\=PT37\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2014\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|date\\=11 May 1985}} and reached no. 20 in the UK charts and no. 21 in the US charts. It included the Top 30 hit single \"[Cannonball](/wiki/Cannonball_%28Supertramp_song%29 \"Cannonball (Supertramp song)\")\", along with the title track, a 16\\-minute exposition on [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") themes highlighted by guitar solos from [Pink Floyd](/wiki/Pink_Floyd \"Pink Floyd\")'s [David Gilmour](/wiki/David_Gilmour \"David Gilmour\"). A 20\\-minute film of the title track by [Rene Daalder](/wiki/Rene_Daalder \"Rene Daalder\") was used to promote the album.",
"Supertramp mounted a tour in the fall of 1985 through early 1986 that was their first without Hodgson. The lineup included Davies, Thomson, Helliwell, Siebenberg, Scott Page, [Marty Walsh](/wiki/Marty_Walsh_%28musician%29 \"Marty Walsh (musician)\") (guitar, backing vocals), [Carl Verheyen](/wiki/Carl_Verheyen \"Carl Verheyen\") (guitar, percussion, backing vocals) and [Mark Hart](/wiki/Mark_Hart \"Mark Hart\") (vocals, guitar, keyboards). Brad Cole sat in for Hart for several gigs in late October/early November 1985 after the latter was called away due to a family emergency.",
"[1987's](/wiki/1987_in_music \"1987 in music\") *[Free as a Bird](/wiki/Free_as_a_Bird_%28album%29 \"Free as a Bird (album)\")* experimented in heavily synthesised music,Bollenberg, John \"Bobo\" (26 June 2000\\). [Interview with Rick Davies, John Helliwell, Jack Douglass, and Georges Ohayon](http://www.progressiveworld.net/html/modules.php?name=Interviews&rop=showcontent&id=231), ProgressiveWorld.net. such as \"[I'm Beggin' You](/wiki/I%27m_Beggin%27_You \"I'm Beggin' You\")\", which reached number 1 on the [US dance charts](/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs \"Dance Club Songs\").\\[{{BillboardURLbyName\\|artist\\=supertramp\\|chart\\=all}} \"I'm Beggin' You\" chart history], Billboard.com. Retrieved 8 June 2012\\. The stylistic change was generally not well\\-received, however, and the album itself reached only no. 93 in the UK and 101 in the US, breaking a streak of seven consecutive top 100 efforts on the American charts.",
"In addition to their shift towards less commercially oriented material, the band members decided to drop all of Hodgson's compositions from their setlist in order to further establish an identity separate from him. However, audiences were angered by the omissions of these songs, and although Supertramp toured in 1985 using only Davies's compositions, in 1988 the pressure from fans and their first tour of South America drove them to reintroduce a handful of Hodgson\\-penned hits to their set.Majewski, Stephen (17 June 1998\\). [Doug Thomson Interview](https://web.archive.org/web/20110705132040/http://www.breakfastinspain.com/interviews/dougie-thomson-interview-june-1998). The band's 1988 touring lineup was almost the same as it had been in '85/'86, but with Brad Cole returning in place of Scott Page and percussionist [Steve Reid](/wiki/Steve_Reid_%28The_Rippingtons%29 \"Steve Reid (The Rippingtons)\") instead of guitarist Carl Verheyen.",
"After 1988's tour, the group fragmented. Davies later explained, \"We'd been out there for about 20 years just recording and touring and it seemed time to have a break with no ideas as to if or when we would come back. We decided not to actually say anything, just sort of fade away like an old soldier.\"Stevenson, Jane (25 July 1997\\). {{usurped\\|1\\=\\[https://archive.today/20120710201420/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/S/Supertramp/1997/07/25/750191\\.html Supertramp Reunion Was Logical Thing to Do]}}, [Jam! Music](/wiki/Jam%21_Music \"Jam! Music\").",
"### 1993 Hodgson and Davies reunion",
"On 14 April 1993 at the Beverly Hills Hilton, for a special dinner honoring [Jerry Moss](/wiki/Jerry_Moss \"Jerry Moss\"), co\\-founder of A\\&M Records,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2017\\-01\\-26 \\|title\\=AOTM: Supertramp Reunion Is Most Likely A ‘No’ \\|url\\=https://www.wogb.fm/2017/01/26/aotm\\-supertramp\\-reunion\\-is\\-most\\-likely\\-a\\-no/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|website\\=WOGB\\-FM \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Hodgson, Davies and Helliwell (together with Jeff Daniel) appeared to perform \"The Logical Song\" and \"Goodbye Stranger\". After that, Davies and Hodgson began working together again, recording demos of two new songs, \"[You Win, I Lose](/wiki/You_Win%2C_I_Lose \"You Win, I Lose\")\" and \"And the Light\". But disagreements over management prompted them to part ways once again soon after, with both songs eventually appearing, *sans* Hodgson, on Supertramp's next release in 1997\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.supertramp.es/modules.php?name\\=News\\&file\\=article\\&sid\\=10035 \\|title\\=Breakfast In Spain.com Supertramp \\& Roger Hodgson – Supertramp and Roger Hodgson latest WORKS and TOURS \\|publisher\\=Supertramp.es \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 December 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212055056/http://supertramp.es/modules.php?name\\=News\\&file\\=article\\&sid\\=10035 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### 1996–2002: *Some Things Never Change* and *Slow Motion*",
"In 1996 Davies re\\-formed Supertramp with Helliwell, Siebenberg and guitarist/keyboardist/vocalist [Mark Hart](/wiki/Mark_Hart \"Mark Hart\"), who was new to the official lineup but had prominently contributed to *Free as a Bird* and to the group's tours from 1985 to 1988\\. Their 1985–86 guitarist, Carl Verheyen, returned as well, along with new bassist [Cliff Hugo](/wiki/Cliff_Hugo \"Cliff Hugo\"), horn player Lee Thornburg and former [America](/wiki/America_%28band%29 \"America (band)\") percussionist Tom Walsh (who was replaced for the band's 1997 tour by Bob Siebenberg's son Jesse, who would also go on to contribute guitar, keyboards and vocals), bringing the band up to an eight\\-man lineup. The result of this reunion was *[Some Things Never Change](/wiki/Some_Things_Never_Change \"Some Things Never Change\")*, a new studio album released in March 1997 that echoed the earlier Supertramp sound{{cite web\\|last\\=Thomas \\|first\\=Stephen \\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r261083/review\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=(((Some Things Never Change / Review))) \\|website\\=allmusic \\|date\\=3 June 1997 \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2010}} and reached number 74 in the UK.[Supertramp in the UK Charts](http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/supertramp/), The Official Charts. Retrieved 6 August 2011\\.",
"In the summer of 1997, Supertramp returned to the road, resulting in the live *[It Was the Best of Times](/wiki/It_Was_the_Best_of_Times \"It Was the Best of Times\")* (April 1999\\).{{Citation \\|title\\=It Was the Best of Times \\- Supertramp {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic \\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/it\\-was\\-the\\-best\\-of\\-times\\-mw0000462991 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|language\\=en}}",
"After a three\\-year hiatus, Supertramp released in April 2002 a new studio album entitled *[Slow Motion](/wiki/Slow_Motion_%28Supertramp_album%29 \"Slow Motion (Supertramp album)\")*,{{Citation \\|title\\=Slow Motion \\- Supertramp {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic \\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/slow\\-motion\\-mw0000525419 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|language\\=en}} followed by a 2002 world tour entitled \"One More for the Road Tour\".",
"Supertramp continued to play several Hodgson\\-penned songs during live shows following their reunion. Hodgson subsequently claimed that when he had left the band back in 1983, he and Davies made a verbal agreement that they would not play those songs. Davies has never publicly alluded to such an agreement, and former member Dougie Thomson (who retired from performing to move into music publishing) commented \"Nobody except Rick and Roger were privy to that conversation. Rick and Roger had several dialogues that no one else was privy to. Again, that's hearsay.\" The publishing company and contract legally recognize which songs each songwriter actually wrote. Hodgson has contractual approval rights over the use of his songs and Davies for his.{{cite web\\|title\\=Roger Hodgson's Management Clarifies Agreement and Song List\\|url\\=http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2010/05/roger\\-hodgsons\\-management\\-clarifies.html\\|website\\=vintagevinylnews.com\\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2015}}",
"### 2000s–present: Hiatuses and touring",
"After the 2002 \"One More for the Road Tour\", Supertramp went inactive once again. Another attempt to bring Hodgson back into the band failed in 2005\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.birminghammail.net/what\\-is\\-on\\-in\\-birmingham/rock\\-and\\-pop/2007/09/28/supertramp\\-star\\-plans\\-tribute\\-to\\-city\\-colleague\\-97319\\-19862843/ \\|title\\=Supertramp star plans tribute to city colleague \\|newspaper\\=Birmingham Mail \\|date\\=28 September 2007 \\|first\\=Andy \\|last\\=Coleman \\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010213653/http://www.birminghammail.net/what\\-is\\-on\\-in\\-birmingham/rock\\-and\\-pop/2007/09/28/supertramp\\-star\\-plans\\-tribute\\-to\\-city\\-colleague\\-97319\\-19862843/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In 2008, it was announced that Supertramp's music would be featured in the film adaptation of [Irvine Welsh](/wiki/Irvine_Welsh \"Irvine Welsh\")'s best\\-selling novel *[Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance](/wiki/Ecstasy:Three_Tales_of_Chemical_Romance \"Three Tales of Chemical Romance\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ecstasythefilm.blogspot.com/2007/04/ecstasy\\-soundtrack.html \\|title\\=Ecstasythefilm: Ecstasy Soundtrack \\|publisher\\=Ecstasythefilm.blogspot.com \\|date\\=12 April 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204531/http://ecstasythefilm.blogspot.com/2007/04/ecstasy\\-soundtrack.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In 2009, Hodgson said he could not see a Supertramp reunion ever happening: \"We've looked at it and talked it over... I would never say never but Rick \\[Davies] has pretty much retired right now and I'm in the prime of my life. The reaction I am getting from fans is 'please don't reunite'.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.undercover.com.au/News\\-Story.aspx?id\\=9670 \\|title\\=Roger Hodgson Cannot See Supertramp Reforming at \\|publisher\\=Undercover.com.au \\|date\\=3 December 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2011}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Supertramp 2010\\. From left: Cliff Hugo, Rick Davies, Bob Siebenberg, John Helliwell, Gabe Dixon and Carl Verheyen](/wiki/File:Supertramp_at_the_Gelredome_2010_%28a%29.JPG \"Supertramp at the Gelredome 2010 (a).JPG\")",
"On 21 April 2010, it was announced that Supertramp would perform 35 concerts in late 2010 in Europe. Hodgson concurrently embarked on a worldwide solo tour,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rogerhodgson.com/documents/tour.html \\|title\\=Tour \\|publisher\\=RogerHodgson.com \\|date\\=4 July 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2010}} and thus was unable to rejoin the band for the 70–10 tour. However, in response to a fan campaign, Hodgson sent a letter to Rick Davies and had his manager send one to Davies's management, offering to join them for select dates during gaps in his tour schedule. Davies's agent notified Hodgson that his offer was declined.(21 April 2010\\). {{usurped\\|1\\=\\[https://archive.today/20120714185449/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/2010/04/21/13661311\\-wenn\\-story.html Supertramp snub angers Hodgson]}}, Jam! Music.",
"When asked whether Hodgson might appear at any Supertramp concerts, Davies replied, \"I know there are some fans out there who would like that to happen. There was a time when I had hoped for that too. But the recent past makes that impossible. In order to play a great show for our fans, you need harmony, both musically and personally. Unfortunately that doesn't exist between us anymore and I would rather not destroy memories of more harmonious times between all of us.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://supertramp.com/news/detail/supertramp\\_announces\\_spring\\_and\\_summer\\_2011\\_tour\\_dates/ \\|title\\=Supertramp Announces Spring and Summer 2011 Tour Dates \\|publisher\\=Supertramp \\|date\\=1 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2011}} Hodgson and Supertramp continued to tour separately in 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://supertramp.com \\|title\\=Home \\|publisher\\=Supertramp \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rogerhodgson.com/documents/tour.html \\|title\\=Tour \\|publisher\\=RogerHodgson.com \\|date\\=30 September 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2011}}",
"The group's lineup for their 2010–11 tours was Davies, Helliwell, Siebenberg, Jesse Siebenberg (now assuming Mark Hart's role on vocals, keyboards and guitar), Cliff Hugo, Carl Verheyen, Lee Thornburg, Gabe Dixon (vocals, keyboards, percussion) and Cassie Miller (backing vocals).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Breakfast In Spain \\- Roger Hodgson and Supertramp website \\- 2011 Supertramp 70\\-10 Tour \\|url\\=https://www.breakfastinspain.com/index.php/all\\-tours/472\\-2011\\-supertramp\\-70\\-10\\-tour \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|website\\=www.breakfastinspain.com}}",
"Supertramp played what turned out to be its last concert on 15 November 2012 in Madrid, during a private event at the [IFEMA](/wiki/IFEMA \"IFEMA\") fairgrounds, which coincidentally a few years before had used 'From Now On' in its advertising commercials. The show, that was held in front of several thousand people, lasted about eighty minutes and the set list was a shortened version of the one used on the '70–10' tour. The band was also the same as that of the 2010–11 tour, except for John Helliwell, who was unable to get there due to another professional commitment with Egbert Derix on that same date. Saxophonist Rob Hardt, an American musician who was a friend of Lee Thornburg and used to work with Latin American salsa percussionist and singer [Poncho Sánchez](/wiki/Poncho_S%C3%A1nchez \"Poncho Sánchez\"), stood in for Helliwell.Fuentes, Abel (2021\\). Tramp's Footprints: The History of Supertramp. UNO Editorial. ISBN 978\\-8418881374\\.",
"From 2012 to 2015, Supertramp went dormant again. Meanwhile, Hodgson toured his \"Breakfast in America World Tour\" from 2012 onwards. On 25 January 2015 at Cirque Royal in Brussels, Belgium, Hodgson continued his \"Breakfast in America World Tour\" with a European leg concluding 7 September 2015 at Tempodrom in Berlin, Germany and the North American leg of the tour extending from November in Tarrytown, New York, concluding on 13 December in Halifax, Nova Scotia.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.rogerhodgson.com/ \\| title\\=RogerHodgson.com \\| access\\-date\\=28 February 2015}}",
"In 2015, Supertramp announced their first tour in more than four years: a 25\\-date European tour entitled \"Supertramp Forever\" set to launch on 3 November 2015 in [Porto](/wiki/Porto \"Porto\"), [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"). The tour would include a London show on 7 December at [The O2 Arena](/wiki/The_O2_Arena \"The O2 Arena\") and would end on 11 December 2015 at the Ziggo Dome in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://supertramp.com/tour \\| title\\=Super Tramp Forever / Tour \\| access\\-date\\=26 September 2015}} On 4 August 2015, however, the band announced that the tour was cancelled due to health issues affecting Rick Davies, who had been diagnosed with [multiple myeloma](/wiki/Myeloma \"Myeloma\") and required aggressive treatment to combat the disease.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://supertramp.com/news/detail/supertramp\\_cancels\\_upcoming\\_european\\_tour/ \\| title\\=Super Tramp Forever / News \\|date\\= 4 August 2015 \\|website\\=supertramp.com \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2015}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=France\\-Presse \\|first\\=Agence \\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-05 \\|title\\=Supertramp cancels European tour due to singer Rick Davies' cancer treatment \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/aug/05/supertramp\\-cancels\\-european\\-tour\\-due\\-to\\-singer\\-rick\\-davies\\-cancer\\-treatment \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-04 \\|title\\=Supertramp cancels European tour because of singer's cancer \\|url\\=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/supertramp\\-cancels\\-european\\-tour\\-because\\-singers\\-cancer\\-180436973\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|website\\=Yahoo News \\|language\\=en\\-SG}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Gallucci \\|first\\=Michael GallucciMichael \\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-04 \\|title\\=Supertramp Cancel Tour Following Rick Davies Health Issues \\|url\\=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/supertramp\\-cancel\\-tour/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|website\\=Ultimate Classic Rock \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-05 \\|title\\=Some VERY Disappointing News For Supertramp Fans... \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/08/05/supertramp\\-cancels\\-tour\\-rick\\-davies\\-cancer\\-treatment\\_n\\_7938304\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|website\\=HuffPost UK \\|language\\=en}}",
"In late August 2018, Davies gave an interview in which he expressed that, for the most part, he has overcome his health problems and enjoys playing music again, something he could not do in 2016, when he was under medical treatment. Davies can also be seen performing a few tracks in a rehearsal/sound check at a bar with some of Supertramp's current members at his side. He also stated that Supertramp were unlikely to return as a structured band.[Exclusive: RARE Interview to Rick Davies (Supertramp) \\- 28/8/2018 (Alma RadioTv)](https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pGviK7VB4jM) [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\")",
"In 2018 Hodgson stopped paying Thomson, Helliwell and Siebenberg royalties from Supertramp songs. In 2021 the three sued Hodgson and Davies, for not paying them royalties.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-21 \\|title\\=Supertramp in court over song royalties dispute \\|url\\=https://completemusicupdate.com/supertramp\\-in\\-court\\-over\\-song\\-royalties\\-dispute/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=CMU \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Firm files suit for members of SUPERTRAMP in royalty row \\|url\\=https://www.phillaw.com/news/suit\\-for\\-members\\-of\\-supertramp\\-gw9xg \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=Phillips, Erlewine, Given \\& Carlin LLP \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Davies settled out of court in 2023\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-28 \\|title\\=Supertramp songwriter defeats former bandmates in song royalty dispute \\|url\\=https://completemusicupdate.com/supertramp\\-songwriter\\-defeats\\-former\\-bandmates\\-in\\-song\\-royalty\\-dispute/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=CMU \\|language\\=en}} Hodgson won the case in court in 2024\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-28 \\|title\\=Supertramp songwriter defeats former bandmates in song royalty dispute \\|url\\=https://completemusicupdate.com/supertramp\\-songwriter\\-defeats\\-former\\-bandmates\\-in\\-song\\-royalty\\-dispute/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=CMU \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### 1969–1972: Formation, *Supertramp* and *Indelibly Stamped*
In 1969 Stanley "Sam" August Miesegaes, a Dutch millionaire, ceased providing financial support to a band called The Joint, as he was disappointed with them. He offered [Swindon](/wiki/Swindon "Swindon")\-born keyboardist [Rick Davies](/wiki/Rick_Davies "Rick Davies"), a former bandmate of Irish singer\-songwriter [Gilbert O'Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_O%27Sullivan "Gilbert O'Sullivan"), whose talent he felt had been "bogged down" by the group,{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=Omnibus Press\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|page\=22}} an opportunity to form his own band with Miesegaes's financial backing.{{cite web\|last\=Erlewine\|first\=Stephen Thomas\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/supertramp\-p5562/biography \|title\=Supertramp \|website\=AllMusic \|access\-date\=26 October 2011}} The band included [Roger Hodgson](/wiki/Roger_Hodgson "Roger Hodgson") (bass and vocals), [Richard Palmer](/wiki/Richard_Palmer-James "Richard Palmer-James") (guitars and vocals) and [Keith Baker](/wiki/Keith_Baker_%28musician%29 "Keith Baker (musician)") (percussion).{{Cite web \|last\=Trimaximalist \|date\=2022\-04\-16 \|title\=Supertramp \- \|url\=https://jazzrocksoul.com/artists/supertramp/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|language\=en\-US}}
Davies and Hodgson had radically different backgrounds and musical inspirations. Davies was working class and fiercely devoted to [blues](/wiki/Blues "Blues") and [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz"), while Hodgson had gone straight from English private school to the music business and was fond of [pop](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music"). Despite this, they hit it off during the auditions{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=Omnibus Press\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|page\=28}} and began writing virtually all of their songs together, with Palmer as a third writer in the mix. Hodgson and Davies collaborated on the songwriting while Palmer composed the lyrics.{{cite web\|title\=Crime Of The Century: Chatting with Roger Hodgson\|website\=\[\[HuffPost]] \|date\=16 December 2014 \|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike\-ragogna/crime\-of\-the\-century\-chat\_b\_6331502\.html\|access\-date\=8 August 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=The Eye of the Acoustic Storm: Supertramp/Roger Hodgson\|url\=http://www.acousticstorm.com/artists/view/99\|access\-date\=8 August 2015}}
The group, having dubbed themselves "Daddy",Fuentes, Abel (2021\). Tramp's Footprints: The History of Supertramp. UNO Editorial. ISBN 978\-8418881374\. after several months of rehearsal at a country house in [West Hythe](/wiki/West_Hythe "West Hythe"), Kent, flew to [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") for a series of concerts at the P. N. Club.{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=\[\[Omnibus Press]]\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|pages\=31–41}} One 10\-minute performance there of "[All Along the Watchtower](/wiki/All_Along_the_Watchtower "All Along the Watchtower")" was filmed by [Haro Senft](/wiki/Haro_Senft "Haro Senft") (*Daddy Portrait 1970*).{{IMDb title\|934585\|Daddy Portrait 1970}} The rehearsals had been less than productive and their initial repertoire consisted of only four songs, two of which were covers.
In January 1970 Keith Baker left, replaced by former stage actor Robert Millar (b. 2 February 1950 – d. 22 July 2024\),[Muere Robert Millar, el batería del primer disco de Supertramp](https://www.thelogicalweb.com/mas-contenidos/noticias/1755-muere-robert-millar-el-bateria-del-primer-disco-de-supertramp.html), The Logical Web. Retrieved 13 October 2024["Bakerloo"](http://www.tamworthbands.com/bakerloo/index.htm), Tamworth Bands: History 1960 to 1990\. Retrieved 13 August 2011\. and to avoid confusion with "Daddy Longlegs", at Palmer's suggestion, the band changed its name to "Supertramp", a moniker inspired by *[The Autobiography of a Super\-Tramp](/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_a_Super-Tramp "The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp")* by [William Henry Davies](/wiki/W._H._Davies "W. H. Davies").["Supertramp"](http://www.classicbands.com/supertramp.html), www.classicbands.com. Retrieved 26 September 2011\.
In April 1970 Supertramp, while back in Munich, returned the favour to their friend Haro Senft by contributing music to his next film, *{{ill\|Purgatory (1971 film)\|de\|3\=Fegefeuer (1971\)\|lt\=Purgatory}}* (a.k.a. *Fegefeuer*), and would also agree to have tracks from their first album used in a documentary, *Extremes* (1971\), by [Tony Klinger](/wiki/Tony_Klinger "Tony Klinger") and Michael Lytton.
Supertramp were one of the first groups to be signed to the UK branch of [A\&M Records](/wiki/A%26M_Records "A&M Records") and their first album, *[Supertramp](/wiki/Supertramp_%28album%29 "Supertramp (album)")*, was released on 14 August 1970 in the UK and Canada (it would not be issued in the US until late 1977\). Stylistically, the album was fairly typical of [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock "Progressive rock") of the era. Despite receiving a good deal of critical praise, the album did not attract a large audience.
Dave Winthrop (flute and saxophone, vocals) had first auditioned for the group in March 1970 but did not join until July, just before the release of the first record. He performed with Supertramp at the [1970 Isle of Wight Festival](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970 "Isle of Wight Festival 1970") on 27 August 1970\.{{Cite web \|last\=Pratopublished \|first\=Greg \|date\=2019\-09\-18 \|title\=Anarchists, fire and rock'n'roll: the ultimate guide to the 1970 Isle Of Wight Festival \|url\=https://www.loudersound.com/features/anarchists\-fire\-and\-rocknroll\-the\-ultimate\-guide\-to\-the\-1970\-isle\-of\-wight\-festival \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-06 \|website\=louder \|language\=en}} The membership continued to change in the six months following the album's release. Palmer left the band in December 1970, followed by Millar in January 1971, who had suffered a nervous breakdown.(8 March 2009\). ["30 Years on from Breakfast in America"](http://www.swindonweb.com/?m=8&s=9&ss=1098&c=4981&t=30+Years+on+from+Breakfast+in+America), Swindonweb. Palmer, as Richard Palmer\-James, went on to work as a lyricist for [King Crimson](/wiki/King_Crimson "King Crimson"). Palmer was replaced by former [The Nice](/wiki/The_Nice "The Nice") guitarist [David O'List](/wiki/David_O%27List "David O'List"), who lasted for only one gig. A drummer from Birmingham, Dickie Thomas, was brought in during the interim until auditions brought the band Kevin Currie in February 1971\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://theprogressiveaspect.net/blog/2022/03/22/abel\-fuentes\-tramps\-footprints\-the\-history\-of\-supertramp/\|title\=Abel Fuentes – Tramp's Footprints (The History of Supertramp)\|first\=Dave\|last\=Cookson\|date\=22 March 2022\|accessdate\=17 March 2023}}
For the next album, *[Indelibly Stamped](/wiki/Indelibly_Stamped "Indelibly Stamped")*, released in June 1971 in both the UK and US, [Frank Farrell](/wiki/Frank_Farrell_%28musician%29 "Frank Farrell (musician)") (bass, keyboards, backing vocals) joined, while Hodgson switched to guitar and Davies served as a second lead singer. With Palmer's departure, Hodgson and Davies wrote and composed separately for this and the band's subsequent albums.{{cite web\|title\=Roger Hodgson Biography\|url\=http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/roger\-hodgson/444643\|access\-date\=18 August 2015\|archive\-date\=23 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175220/http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/roger\-hodgson/444643\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Roger Hodgson inspires at The Paramount Huntington, NY 11\-11\-14\|date\=26 December 2014 \|url\=http://crypticrock.com/roger\-hodgson\-inspires\-at\-the\-paramount\-huntington\-ny\-11\-11\-14/\|access\-date\=18 August 2015}} The record sold even less than their debut. In the aftermath, all members gradually quit except Hodgson and Davies, and Miesegaes withdrew his financial support in October 1972\.
|
[
"### 1969–1972: Formation, *Supertramp* and *Indelibly Stamped*",
"In 1969 Stanley \"Sam\" August Miesegaes, a Dutch millionaire, ceased providing financial support to a band called The Joint, as he was disappointed with them. He offered [Swindon](/wiki/Swindon \"Swindon\")\\-born keyboardist [Rick Davies](/wiki/Rick_Davies \"Rick Davies\"), a former bandmate of Irish singer\\-songwriter [Gilbert O'Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_O%27Sullivan \"Gilbert O'Sullivan\"), whose talent he felt had been \"bogged down\" by the group,{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=Omnibus Press\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|page\\=22}} an opportunity to form his own band with Miesegaes's financial backing.{{cite web\\|last\\=Erlewine\\|first\\=Stephen Thomas\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/supertramp\\-p5562/biography \\|title\\=Supertramp \\|website\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\=26 October 2011}} The band included [Roger Hodgson](/wiki/Roger_Hodgson \"Roger Hodgson\") (bass and vocals), [Richard Palmer](/wiki/Richard_Palmer-James \"Richard Palmer-James\") (guitars and vocals) and [Keith Baker](/wiki/Keith_Baker_%28musician%29 \"Keith Baker (musician)\") (percussion).{{Cite web \\|last\\=Trimaximalist \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-16 \\|title\\=Supertramp \\- \\|url\\=https://jazzrocksoul.com/artists/supertramp/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Davies and Hodgson had radically different backgrounds and musical inspirations. Davies was working class and fiercely devoted to [blues](/wiki/Blues \"Blues\") and [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\"), while Hodgson had gone straight from English private school to the music business and was fond of [pop](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\"). Despite this, they hit it off during the auditions{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=Omnibus Press\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|page\\=28}} and began writing virtually all of their songs together, with Palmer as a third writer in the mix. Hodgson and Davies collaborated on the songwriting while Palmer composed the lyrics.{{cite web\\|title\\=Crime Of The Century: Chatting with Roger Hodgson\\|website\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]] \\|date\\=16 December 2014 \\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike\\-ragogna/crime\\-of\\-the\\-century\\-chat\\_b\\_6331502\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=The Eye of the Acoustic Storm: Supertramp/Roger Hodgson\\|url\\=http://www.acousticstorm.com/artists/view/99\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2015}}",
"The group, having dubbed themselves \"Daddy\",Fuentes, Abel (2021\\). Tramp's Footprints: The History of Supertramp. UNO Editorial. ISBN 978\\-8418881374\\. after several months of rehearsal at a country house in [West Hythe](/wiki/West_Hythe \"West Hythe\"), Kent, flew to [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") for a series of concerts at the P. N. Club.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Omnibus Press]]\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|pages\\=31–41}} One 10\\-minute performance there of \"[All Along the Watchtower](/wiki/All_Along_the_Watchtower \"All Along the Watchtower\")\" was filmed by [Haro Senft](/wiki/Haro_Senft \"Haro Senft\") (*Daddy Portrait 1970*).{{IMDb title\\|934585\\|Daddy Portrait 1970}} The rehearsals had been less than productive and their initial repertoire consisted of only four songs, two of which were covers.",
"In January 1970 Keith Baker left, replaced by former stage actor Robert Millar (b. 2 February 1950 – d. 22 July 2024\\),[Muere Robert Millar, el batería del primer disco de Supertramp](https://www.thelogicalweb.com/mas-contenidos/noticias/1755-muere-robert-millar-el-bateria-del-primer-disco-de-supertramp.html), The Logical Web. Retrieved 13 October 2024[\"Bakerloo\"](http://www.tamworthbands.com/bakerloo/index.htm), Tamworth Bands: History 1960 to 1990\\. Retrieved 13 August 2011\\. and to avoid confusion with \"Daddy Longlegs\", at Palmer's suggestion, the band changed its name to \"Supertramp\", a moniker inspired by *[The Autobiography of a Super\\-Tramp](/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_a_Super-Tramp \"The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp\")* by [William Henry Davies](/wiki/W._H._Davies \"W. H. Davies\").[\"Supertramp\"](http://www.classicbands.com/supertramp.html), www.classicbands.com. Retrieved 26 September 2011\\.",
"In April 1970 Supertramp, while back in Munich, returned the favour to their friend Haro Senft by contributing music to his next film, *{{ill\\|Purgatory (1971 film)\\|de\\|3\\=Fegefeuer (1971\\)\\|lt\\=Purgatory}}* (a.k.a. *Fegefeuer*), and would also agree to have tracks from their first album used in a documentary, *Extremes* (1971\\), by [Tony Klinger](/wiki/Tony_Klinger \"Tony Klinger\") and Michael Lytton.",
"Supertramp were one of the first groups to be signed to the UK branch of [A\\&M Records](/wiki/A%26M_Records \"A&M Records\") and their first album, *[Supertramp](/wiki/Supertramp_%28album%29 \"Supertramp (album)\")*, was released on 14 August 1970 in the UK and Canada (it would not be issued in the US until late 1977\\). Stylistically, the album was fairly typical of [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock \"Progressive rock\") of the era. Despite receiving a good deal of critical praise, the album did not attract a large audience.",
"Dave Winthrop (flute and saxophone, vocals) had first auditioned for the group in March 1970 but did not join until July, just before the release of the first record. He performed with Supertramp at the [1970 Isle of Wight Festival](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970 \"Isle of Wight Festival 1970\") on 27 August 1970\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pratopublished \\|first\\=Greg \\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-18 \\|title\\=Anarchists, fire and rock'n'roll: the ultimate guide to the 1970 Isle Of Wight Festival \\|url\\=https://www.loudersound.com/features/anarchists\\-fire\\-and\\-rocknroll\\-the\\-ultimate\\-guide\\-to\\-the\\-1970\\-isle\\-of\\-wight\\-festival \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|website\\=louder \\|language\\=en}} The membership continued to change in the six months following the album's release. Palmer left the band in December 1970, followed by Millar in January 1971, who had suffered a nervous breakdown.(8 March 2009\\). [\"30 Years on from Breakfast in America\"](http://www.swindonweb.com/?m=8&s=9&ss=1098&c=4981&t=30+Years+on+from+Breakfast+in+America), Swindonweb. Palmer, as Richard Palmer\\-James, went on to work as a lyricist for [King Crimson](/wiki/King_Crimson \"King Crimson\"). Palmer was replaced by former [The Nice](/wiki/The_Nice \"The Nice\") guitarist [David O'List](/wiki/David_O%27List \"David O'List\"), who lasted for only one gig. A drummer from Birmingham, Dickie Thomas, was brought in during the interim until auditions brought the band Kevin Currie in February 1971\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://theprogressiveaspect.net/blog/2022/03/22/abel\\-fuentes\\-tramps\\-footprints\\-the\\-history\\-of\\-supertramp/\\|title\\=Abel Fuentes – Tramp's Footprints (The History of Supertramp)\\|first\\=Dave\\|last\\=Cookson\\|date\\=22 March 2022\\|accessdate\\=17 March 2023}}",
"For the next album, *[Indelibly Stamped](/wiki/Indelibly_Stamped \"Indelibly Stamped\")*, released in June 1971 in both the UK and US, [Frank Farrell](/wiki/Frank_Farrell_%28musician%29 \"Frank Farrell (musician)\") (bass, keyboards, backing vocals) joined, while Hodgson switched to guitar and Davies served as a second lead singer. With Palmer's departure, Hodgson and Davies wrote and composed separately for this and the band's subsequent albums.{{cite web\\|title\\=Roger Hodgson Biography\\|url\\=http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/roger\\-hodgson/444643\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175220/http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/roger\\-hodgson/444643\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Roger Hodgson inspires at The Paramount Huntington, NY 11\\-11\\-14\\|date\\=26 December 2014 \\|url\\=http://crypticrock.com/roger\\-hodgson\\-inspires\\-at\\-the\\-paramount\\-huntington\\-ny\\-11\\-11\\-14/\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2015}} The record sold even less than their debut. In the aftermath, all members gradually quit except Hodgson and Davies, and Miesegaes withdrew his financial support in October 1972\\.",
""
] |
### 1973–1978: *Crime of the Century* and commercial breakthrough
After Farrell's departure in the spring of 1972, 20\-year\-old bassist Nick South (from [Alexis Korner](/wiki/Alexis_Korner "Alexis Korner")'s band) came in for a temporary stint until [Dougie Thomson](/wiki/Dougie_Thomson "Dougie Thomson") (from [The Alan Bown Set](/wiki/The_Alan_Bown_Set "The Alan Bown Set")) joined in July. In the summer of 1973 more auditions to replace the departed Curry and Winthrop started and introduced [Bob Siebenberg](/wiki/Bob_Siebenberg "Bob Siebenberg"), initially credited as Bob C. Benberg, and another Alan Bown alumnus, [John Helliwell](/wiki/John_Helliwell "John Helliwell") adding saxophone, other [woodwinds](/wiki/Woodwind_instrument "Woodwind instrument"), occasional keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals, completing the lineup in the summer of 1973\. Hodgson would also begin introducing compositions featuring keyboards, particularly the [Wurlitzer electric piano](/wiki/Wurlitzer_electric_piano "Wurlitzer electric piano"), in the band in addition to guitar. This lineup of Supertramp would remain in place for the next ten years.
Meanwhile, the bond between Davies and Hodgson had begun weakening. Hodgson mused, "There's a very deep bond, but it's definitely mostly on a musical level. When there's just the two of us playing together, there's an incredible empathy. His down\-to\-earth way of writing, which is very rock 'n' roll, balances out my lighter, melodic style."{{cite web\|title\=35 Years Ago: Supertramp Release 'Breakfast in America'\|url\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/supertramp\-breakfast\-in\-america/\|access\-date\=28 February 2015}} Over Supertramp's history, their relationship would be amicable but increasingly distant as their lifestyles and musical inclinations drifted apart. Their songwriting partnership gradually dissolved. Although all of Supertramp's songs would continue to be officially credited as "written by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson", most of them were written individually.
Supertramp needed a hit record to continue working and finally got one with *[Crime of the Century](/wiki/Crime_of_the_Century_%28album%29 "Crime of the Century (album)")*. Released in September 1974, it began the group's run of critical and commercial successes, hitting number 4 in Britain, number 38 in the US and number 4 in Canada. This album made the top 100 albums in Canada three years in a row in 1974, 1975 and 1976, even though it did not have a Top 40 hit in Canada. "[Dreamer](/wiki/Dreamer_%28Supertramp_song%29 "Dreamer (Supertramp song)")", the 1975 UK Top 20 single written by Hodgson, was the band's first hit single and drove the album to the top of the charts.{{cite press release\| title \= SUPERTRAMP Co\-Founder ROGER HODGSON...\| publisher \= PR Newswire \| date \= 23 October 2014 \| url \= http://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/supertramp\-co\-founder\-roger\-hodgson\-readies\-fall\-tour\-as\-crime\-of\-the\-century\-celebrates\-40th\-anniversary\-682074984\.html \| access\-date \= 13 August 2015 }} Another single from the record, "[Bloody Well Right](/wiki/Bloody_Well_Right "Bloody Well Right")", hit the US Top 40 in May 1975 and would be their only hit in the country for more than two years.\[{{BillboardURLbyName\|artist\=supertramp\|chart\=all}} Supertramp chart history], Billboard.com. Retrieved 6 August 2011\.
With a hit album under their belt, pressures on the band increased and the follow\-up *[Crisis? What Crisis?](/wiki/Crisis%3F_What_Crisis%3F "Crisis? What Crisis?")* had to be recorded in the few months between two scheduled concert tours. As a consequence, most of the material consisted of leftover songs from *Crime of the Century*. Decades later the band would continue to regard the album as one of their worst moments.30th Anniversary Supertramp Feature, <http://www.inthestudio.net/>*[In the Studio](/wiki/In_the_Studio_%28radio_show%29 "In the Studio (radio show)")*.{{Cite book\|last\=Melhuish\|first\=Martin\|title\=The Supertramp Book\|place\=Toronto, Canada\|publisher\=Omnibus Press\|year\=1986\|isbn\=0\-9691272\-2\-7\|page\=120}} Nevertheless, Hodgson said in a 2015 interview that *Crisis? What Crisis?* was his favourite Supertramp album.{{Citation\|title\=Roger Hodgson: Will Supertramp reunite? \- Wird es eine Supertramp Reunion geben?\|date\=16 July 2015\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Tdd6FGJulAw\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/Tdd6FGJulAw\| archive\-date\=30 October 2021\|access\-date\=4 March 2018}}{{cbignore}} Despite Supertramp's own misgivings, the album was well received by critics. When released in November 1975, it broke both the UK Top Twenty and the US Top Fifty in spite of its singles all being commercial flops.
The following album, *[Even in the Quietest Moments...](/wiki/Even_in_the_Quietest_Moments... "Even in the Quietest Moments...")*, released in April 1977, spawned a hit single with "[Give a Little Bit](/wiki/Give_a_Little_Bit "Give a Little Bit")" (number 15 US, number 29 UK, number 8 in Canada), first written by Hodgson at 19 or 20 years of age before he introduced it to the band for recording five to six years later.{{cite web\|title\=Giving A Little Bit: A Conversation With Roger Hodgson\|url\=http://www.dprp.net/specials/2006\_hodgson\|access\-date\=28 February 2015}} As usual, the popularity of the album itself eclipsed that of its singles and *Even in the Quietest Moments...* hit number 16 in the US,[Even in the Quietest Moments... Billboard charts](http://www.allmusic.com/album/even-in-the-quietest-moments-mw0000191948/awards), Allmusic. Retrieved 1 November 2012\. number 12 in the UK and number 1 in Canada. During this period, the band permanently relocated to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles").
|
[
"### 1973–1978: *Crime of the Century* and commercial breakthrough",
"After Farrell's departure in the spring of 1972, 20\\-year\\-old bassist Nick South (from [Alexis Korner](/wiki/Alexis_Korner \"Alexis Korner\")'s band) came in for a temporary stint until [Dougie Thomson](/wiki/Dougie_Thomson \"Dougie Thomson\") (from [The Alan Bown Set](/wiki/The_Alan_Bown_Set \"The Alan Bown Set\")) joined in July. In the summer of 1973 more auditions to replace the departed Curry and Winthrop started and introduced [Bob Siebenberg](/wiki/Bob_Siebenberg \"Bob Siebenberg\"), initially credited as Bob C. Benberg, and another Alan Bown alumnus, [John Helliwell](/wiki/John_Helliwell \"John Helliwell\") adding saxophone, other [woodwinds](/wiki/Woodwind_instrument \"Woodwind instrument\"), occasional keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals, completing the lineup in the summer of 1973\\. Hodgson would also begin introducing compositions featuring keyboards, particularly the [Wurlitzer electric piano](/wiki/Wurlitzer_electric_piano \"Wurlitzer electric piano\"), in the band in addition to guitar. This lineup of Supertramp would remain in place for the next ten years.",
"Meanwhile, the bond between Davies and Hodgson had begun weakening. Hodgson mused, \"There's a very deep bond, but it's definitely mostly on a musical level. When there's just the two of us playing together, there's an incredible empathy. His down\\-to\\-earth way of writing, which is very rock 'n' roll, balances out my lighter, melodic style.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=35 Years Ago: Supertramp Release 'Breakfast in America'\\|url\\=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/supertramp\\-breakfast\\-in\\-america/\\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2015}} Over Supertramp's history, their relationship would be amicable but increasingly distant as their lifestyles and musical inclinations drifted apart. Their songwriting partnership gradually dissolved. Although all of Supertramp's songs would continue to be officially credited as \"written by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson\", most of them were written individually.",
"Supertramp needed a hit record to continue working and finally got one with *[Crime of the Century](/wiki/Crime_of_the_Century_%28album%29 \"Crime of the Century (album)\")*. Released in September 1974, it began the group's run of critical and commercial successes, hitting number 4 in Britain, number 38 in the US and number 4 in Canada. This album made the top 100 albums in Canada three years in a row in 1974, 1975 and 1976, even though it did not have a Top 40 hit in Canada. \"[Dreamer](/wiki/Dreamer_%28Supertramp_song%29 \"Dreamer (Supertramp song)\")\", the 1975 UK Top 20 single written by Hodgson, was the band's first hit single and drove the album to the top of the charts.{{cite press release\\| title \\= SUPERTRAMP Co\\-Founder ROGER HODGSON...\\| publisher \\= PR Newswire \\| date \\= 23 October 2014 \\| url \\= http://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/supertramp\\-co\\-founder\\-roger\\-hodgson\\-readies\\-fall\\-tour\\-as\\-crime\\-of\\-the\\-century\\-celebrates\\-40th\\-anniversary\\-682074984\\.html \\| access\\-date \\= 13 August 2015 }} Another single from the record, \"[Bloody Well Right](/wiki/Bloody_Well_Right \"Bloody Well Right\")\", hit the US Top 40 in May 1975 and would be their only hit in the country for more than two years.\\[{{BillboardURLbyName\\|artist\\=supertramp\\|chart\\=all}} Supertramp chart history], Billboard.com. Retrieved 6 August 2011\\.",
"With a hit album under their belt, pressures on the band increased and the follow\\-up *[Crisis? What Crisis?](/wiki/Crisis%3F_What_Crisis%3F \"Crisis? What Crisis?\")* had to be recorded in the few months between two scheduled concert tours. As a consequence, most of the material consisted of leftover songs from *Crime of the Century*. Decades later the band would continue to regard the album as one of their worst moments.30th Anniversary Supertramp Feature, <http://www.inthestudio.net/>*[In the Studio](/wiki/In_the_Studio_%28radio_show%29 \"In the Studio (radio show)\")*.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Melhuish\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=The Supertramp Book\\|place\\=Toronto, Canada\\|publisher\\=Omnibus Press\\|year\\=1986\\|isbn\\=0\\-9691272\\-2\\-7\\|page\\=120}} Nevertheless, Hodgson said in a 2015 interview that *Crisis? What Crisis?* was his favourite Supertramp album.{{Citation\\|title\\=Roger Hodgson: Will Supertramp reunite? \\- Wird es eine Supertramp Reunion geben?\\|date\\=16 July 2015\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Tdd6FGJulAw\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/Tdd6FGJulAw\\| archive\\-date\\=30 October 2021\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2018}}{{cbignore}} Despite Supertramp's own misgivings, the album was well received by critics. When released in November 1975, it broke both the UK Top Twenty and the US Top Fifty in spite of its singles all being commercial flops.",
"The following album, *[Even in the Quietest Moments...](/wiki/Even_in_the_Quietest_Moments... \"Even in the Quietest Moments...\")*, released in April 1977, spawned a hit single with \"[Give a Little Bit](/wiki/Give_a_Little_Bit \"Give a Little Bit\")\" (number 15 US, number 29 UK, number 8 in Canada), first written by Hodgson at 19 or 20 years of age before he introduced it to the band for recording five to six years later.{{cite web\\|title\\=Giving A Little Bit: A Conversation With Roger Hodgson\\|url\\=http://www.dprp.net/specials/2006\\_hodgson\\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2015}} As usual, the popularity of the album itself eclipsed that of its singles and *Even in the Quietest Moments...* hit number 16 in the US,[Even in the Quietest Moments... Billboard charts](http://www.allmusic.com/album/even-in-the-quietest-moments-mw0000191948/awards), Allmusic. Retrieved 1 November 2012\\. number 12 in the UK and number 1 in Canada. During this period, the band permanently relocated to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\").",
""
] |
Death
-----
[left\|upright\|thumb\|Corporal Gamini Kularatne Statue at Hasalaka.](/wiki/File:Corporal_Gamini_Kularatne_Statue_at_Hasalaka.jpg "Corporal Gamini Kularatne Statue at Hasalaka.jpg")
On the night of 10 July 1991 over 5000 [LTTE](/wiki/LTTE "LTTE") fighters surrounded the 600 strong army garrison located at [Elephant Pass](/wiki/Elephant_Pass "Elephant Pass"). The base was known as the gateway to the northern [Jaffna Peninsula](/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula "Jaffna Peninsula"). Enlisted to the Sri Lankan Army [Sinha Regiment](/wiki/Sinha_Regiment "Sinha Regiment") Sixth [Battalion](/wiki/Battalion "Battalion") as a [Rifleman](/wiki/Rifleman "Rifleman"), [Lance Corporal](/wiki/Lance_Corporal "Lance Corporal") Gamini Kularatne, along with the rest of his regiment, was tasked with watching for possible [LTTE](/wiki/LTTE "LTTE") infiltrators.
As dusk fell the LTTE launched several human wave attacks. Flanked by hundreds of armed fighters, they surrounded the Army's fortifications. As the battle ensued a previously unknown [armored bulldozer](/wiki/Armored_bulldozer "Armored bulldozer") resembling a tank advanced on the military installation.
Equipped with a [machine gun](/wiki/Machine_gun "Machine gun") and containing a haul of arms and [ammunitions](/wiki/Ammunition "Ammunition") inside, the armored bulldozer rumbled towards the southern entrance of the camp. Lance Corporal Kularatne recognized the heavily armored rolling weapon would be able to break through the garrison's defenses. Above all the fall of Elephant Pass to the enemy would be catastrophic and counterproductive at a national level.
Although the LTTE began pounding the Army camp with heavy [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 "Mortar (weapon)") and weapons to the cries of injured and dying soldiers amidst deafening explosions, all eyes were still centered on the enemy's approaching bulldozer.
[thumb\|The Memorial to Gamini in Elephant Pass](/wiki/File:CorporalGaminiKularatneMemorial.JPG "CorporalGaminiKularatneMemorial.JPG")
Lance Corporal Kularatne, holding two [grenades](/wiki/Grenades "Grenades") in his hands, dashed out towards the oncoming bulldozer tank, clambered up the tank's ladder and tossed the two grenades inside it, disregarding the LTTE bullets hitting him. The grenades disabled the bulldozer amidst bursts of fire accompanied by a series of explosions. Lance Corporal Kularatne was flung to the ground and lay motionless.
As the siege of Elephant Pass Army Camp was broken, one of the most ferocious battles in Sri Lanka's modern history ended. The camp had been saved from being overrun by the LTTE in part by Corporal Kularatne's bravery.
In recognition of his act of gallantry Lance Corporal Gamini Kularatne was promoted to the rank of [Corporal](/wiki/Corporal "Corporal") posthumously and honored with the award of "[Parama Weera Vibhushanaya](/wiki/Parama_Weera_Vibhushanaya "Parama Weera Vibhushanaya")" on 10 October 1991, the highest gallantry award in Sri Lanka for the first time in the history of Sri Lanka Army.
Later he came to be known as the *Hasalaka Weeraya* (Hasalaka Hero)
|
[
"Death\n-----",
"[left\\|upright\\|thumb\\|Corporal Gamini Kularatne Statue at Hasalaka.](/wiki/File:Corporal_Gamini_Kularatne_Statue_at_Hasalaka.jpg \"Corporal Gamini Kularatne Statue at Hasalaka.jpg\")",
"On the night of 10 July 1991 over 5000 [LTTE](/wiki/LTTE \"LTTE\") fighters surrounded the 600 strong army garrison located at [Elephant Pass](/wiki/Elephant_Pass \"Elephant Pass\"). The base was known as the gateway to the northern [Jaffna Peninsula](/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula \"Jaffna Peninsula\"). Enlisted to the Sri Lankan Army [Sinha Regiment](/wiki/Sinha_Regiment \"Sinha Regiment\") Sixth [Battalion](/wiki/Battalion \"Battalion\") as a [Rifleman](/wiki/Rifleman \"Rifleman\"), [Lance Corporal](/wiki/Lance_Corporal \"Lance Corporal\") Gamini Kularatne, along with the rest of his regiment, was tasked with watching for possible [LTTE](/wiki/LTTE \"LTTE\") infiltrators.",
"As dusk fell the LTTE launched several human wave attacks. Flanked by hundreds of armed fighters, they surrounded the Army's fortifications. As the battle ensued a previously unknown [armored bulldozer](/wiki/Armored_bulldozer \"Armored bulldozer\") resembling a tank advanced on the military installation.",
"Equipped with a [machine gun](/wiki/Machine_gun \"Machine gun\") and containing a haul of arms and [ammunitions](/wiki/Ammunition \"Ammunition\") inside, the armored bulldozer rumbled towards the southern entrance of the camp. Lance Corporal Kularatne recognized the heavily armored rolling weapon would be able to break through the garrison's defenses. Above all the fall of Elephant Pass to the enemy would be catastrophic and counterproductive at a national level.",
"Although the LTTE began pounding the Army camp with heavy [mortars](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 \"Mortar (weapon)\") and weapons to the cries of injured and dying soldiers amidst deafening explosions, all eyes were still centered on the enemy's approaching bulldozer.",
"[thumb\\|The Memorial to Gamini in Elephant Pass](/wiki/File:CorporalGaminiKularatneMemorial.JPG \"CorporalGaminiKularatneMemorial.JPG\")",
"Lance Corporal Kularatne, holding two [grenades](/wiki/Grenades \"Grenades\") in his hands, dashed out towards the oncoming bulldozer tank, clambered up the tank's ladder and tossed the two grenades inside it, disregarding the LTTE bullets hitting him. The grenades disabled the bulldozer amidst bursts of fire accompanied by a series of explosions. Lance Corporal Kularatne was flung to the ground and lay motionless.",
"As the siege of Elephant Pass Army Camp was broken, one of the most ferocious battles in Sri Lanka's modern history ended. The camp had been saved from being overrun by the LTTE in part by Corporal Kularatne's bravery.",
"In recognition of his act of gallantry Lance Corporal Gamini Kularatne was promoted to the rank of [Corporal](/wiki/Corporal \"Corporal\") posthumously and honored with the award of \"[Parama Weera Vibhushanaya](/wiki/Parama_Weera_Vibhushanaya \"Parama Weera Vibhushanaya\")\" on 10 October 1991, the highest gallantry award in Sri Lanka for the first time in the history of Sri Lanka Army.",
"Later he came to be known as the *Hasalaka Weeraya* (Hasalaka Hero)",
""
] |
Structure
---------
The enzymes exist as homodimers. In eukaryotes, each monomer consisting of two major regions: an N\-terminal [oxygenase](/wiki/Oxygenase "Oxygenase") domain, which belongs to the class of heme\-thiolate proteins, and a multi\-domain C\-terminal [reductase](/wiki/Reductase "Reductase"), which is homologous to NADPH:[cytochrome P450 reductase](/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_reductase "Cytochrome P450 reductase") ({{EC number\|1\.6\.2\.4}}) and other flavoproteins. The FMN binding domain is homologous to flavodoxins, and the two domain fragment containing the FAD and NADPH binding sites is homologous to flavodoxin\-NADPH reductases. The interdomain linker between the oxygenase and reductase domains contains a [calmodulin](/wiki/Calmodulin "Calmodulin")\-binding sequence. The oxygenase domain is a unique extended beta sheet cage with binding sites for heme and pterin.
NOSs can be [dimeric](/wiki/Protein_dimer "Protein dimer"), calmodulin\-dependent or calmodulin\-containing [cytochrome p450](/wiki/Cytochrome_p450 "Cytochrome p450")\-like [hemoprotein](/wiki/Hemoprotein "Hemoprotein") that combines reductase and oxygenase catalytic domains in one dimer, bear both [flavin adenine dinucleotide](/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide "Flavin adenine dinucleotide") (FAD) and [flavin mononucleotide](/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide "Flavin mononucleotide") (FMN), and carry out a 5\`\-electron oxidation of non\-aromatic [amino acid](/wiki/Amino_acid "Amino acid") arginine with the aid of tetrahydrobiopterin.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Chinje EC, Stratford IJ \| title \= Role of nitric oxide in growth of solid tumours: a balancing act \| journal \= Essays Biochem. \| volume \= 32 \| pages \= 61–72 \| year \= 1997 \| pmid \= 9493011 }}
All three [isoforms](/wiki/Isoform "Isoform") (each of which is presumed to function as a [homodimer](/wiki/Homodimer "Homodimer") during activation) share a carboxyl\-terminal reductase domain homologous to the [cytochrome P450 reductase](/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_reductase "Cytochrome P450 reductase"). They also share an amino\-terminal [oxygenase domain](/wiki/Oxygenase_domain "Oxygenase domain") containing a [heme](/wiki/Heme "Heme") [prosthetic group](/wiki/Prosthetic_group "Prosthetic group"), which is linked in the middle of the [protein](/wiki/Protein "Protein") to a [calmodulin](/wiki/Calmodulin "Calmodulin")\-binding domain. Binding of calmodulin appears to act as a "molecular switch" to enable [electron](/wiki/Electron "Electron") flow from flavin prosthetic groups in the reductase domain to heme. This facilitates the conversion of O2 and L\-arginine to [NO](/wiki/Nitric_oxide "Nitric oxide") and L\-citrulline. The oxygenase domain of each NOS isoform also contains an BH4 prosthetic group, which is required for the efficient generation of NO. Unlike other enzymes where BH4 is used as a source of reducing equivalents and is recycled by [dihydrobiopterin reductase](/wiki/Dihydrobiopterin_reductase "Dihydrobiopterin reductase") ({{EC number\|1\.5\.1\.33}}), BH4 activates heme\-bound O2 by donating a single electron, which is then recaptured to enable nitric oxide release.
The first nitric oxide synthase to be identified was found in neuronal tissue (NOS1 or nNOS); the [endothelial](/wiki/Endothelial "Endothelial") NOS (eNOS or NOS3\) was the third to be identified. They were originally classified as "constitutively expressed" and "Ca2\+ sensitive" but it is now known that they are present in many different [cell](/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29 "Cell (biology)") types and that expression is regulated under specific physiological conditions.
In NOS1 and NOS3, physiological concentrations of Ca2\+ in cells regulate the binding of calmodulin to the "latch domains", thereby initiating electron transfer from the [flavins](/wiki/Flavin_group "Flavin group") to the [heme](/wiki/Heme "Heme") moieties. In contrast, calmodulin remains tightly bound to the inducible and Ca2\+\-insensitive isoform (iNOS or NOS2\) even at a low intracellular Ca2\+ activity, acting essentially as a subunit of this isoform.
Nitric oxide may itself regulate NOS expression and activity. Specifically, NO has been shown to play an important [negative feedback](/wiki/Negative_feedback "Negative feedback") regulatory role on NOS3, and therefore vascular endothelial cell function.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Kopincová\|first1\=Jana\|last2\=Púzserová\|first2\=Angelika\|last3\=Bernátová\|first3\=Iveta\|date\=2011\-06\-01\|title\=Biochemical aspects of nitric oxide synthase feedback regulation by nitric oxide\|journal\=Interdisciplinary Toxicology\|language\=en\|volume\=4\|issue\=2\|pages\=63–8\|doi\=10\.2478/v10102\-011\-0012\-z\|issn\=1337\-9569\|pmc\=3131676\|pmid\=21753901}} This process, known formally as *S*\-nitrosation (and referred to by many in the field as *S*\-nitrosylation), has been shown to reversibly inhibit NOS3 activity in vascular endothelial cells. This process may be important because it is regulated by cellular redox conditions and may thereby provide a mechanism for the association between "oxidative stress" and endothelial dysfunction. In addition to NOS3, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been found to be *S*\-nitrosated, but the evidence for dynamic regulation of those NOS isoforms by this process is less complete{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2014}}. In addition, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been shown to form ferrous\-nitrosyl complexes in their heme prosthetic groups that may act partially to self\-inactivate these enzymes under certain conditions{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2014}}. The rate\-limiting step for the production of nitric oxide may well be the availability of L\-arginine in some cell types. This may be particularly important after the [induction](/wiki/Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition "Enzyme induction and inhibition") of NOS2\.
|
[
"Structure\n---------",
"The enzymes exist as homodimers. In eukaryotes, each monomer consisting of two major regions: an N\\-terminal [oxygenase](/wiki/Oxygenase \"Oxygenase\") domain, which belongs to the class of heme\\-thiolate proteins, and a multi\\-domain C\\-terminal [reductase](/wiki/Reductase \"Reductase\"), which is homologous to NADPH:[cytochrome P450 reductase](/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_reductase \"Cytochrome P450 reductase\") ({{EC number\\|1\\.6\\.2\\.4}}) and other flavoproteins. The FMN binding domain is homologous to flavodoxins, and the two domain fragment containing the FAD and NADPH binding sites is homologous to flavodoxin\\-NADPH reductases. The interdomain linker between the oxygenase and reductase domains contains a [calmodulin](/wiki/Calmodulin \"Calmodulin\")\\-binding sequence. The oxygenase domain is a unique extended beta sheet cage with binding sites for heme and pterin.",
"NOSs can be [dimeric](/wiki/Protein_dimer \"Protein dimer\"), calmodulin\\-dependent or calmodulin\\-containing [cytochrome p450](/wiki/Cytochrome_p450 \"Cytochrome p450\")\\-like [hemoprotein](/wiki/Hemoprotein \"Hemoprotein\") that combines reductase and oxygenase catalytic domains in one dimer, bear both [flavin adenine dinucleotide](/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide \"Flavin adenine dinucleotide\") (FAD) and [flavin mononucleotide](/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide \"Flavin mononucleotide\") (FMN), and carry out a 5\\`\\-electron oxidation of non\\-aromatic [amino acid](/wiki/Amino_acid \"Amino acid\") arginine with the aid of tetrahydrobiopterin.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Chinje EC, Stratford IJ \\| title \\= Role of nitric oxide in growth of solid tumours: a balancing act \\| journal \\= Essays Biochem. \\| volume \\= 32 \\| pages \\= 61–72 \\| year \\= 1997 \\| pmid \\= 9493011 }}",
"All three [isoforms](/wiki/Isoform \"Isoform\") (each of which is presumed to function as a [homodimer](/wiki/Homodimer \"Homodimer\") during activation) share a carboxyl\\-terminal reductase domain homologous to the [cytochrome P450 reductase](/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_reductase \"Cytochrome P450 reductase\"). They also share an amino\\-terminal [oxygenase domain](/wiki/Oxygenase_domain \"Oxygenase domain\") containing a [heme](/wiki/Heme \"Heme\") [prosthetic group](/wiki/Prosthetic_group \"Prosthetic group\"), which is linked in the middle of the [protein](/wiki/Protein \"Protein\") to a [calmodulin](/wiki/Calmodulin \"Calmodulin\")\\-binding domain. Binding of calmodulin appears to act as a \"molecular switch\" to enable [electron](/wiki/Electron \"Electron\") flow from flavin prosthetic groups in the reductase domain to heme. This facilitates the conversion of O2 and L\\-arginine to [NO](/wiki/Nitric_oxide \"Nitric oxide\") and L\\-citrulline. The oxygenase domain of each NOS isoform also contains an BH4 prosthetic group, which is required for the efficient generation of NO. Unlike other enzymes where BH4 is used as a source of reducing equivalents and is recycled by [dihydrobiopterin reductase](/wiki/Dihydrobiopterin_reductase \"Dihydrobiopterin reductase\") ({{EC number\\|1\\.5\\.1\\.33}}), BH4 activates heme\\-bound O2 by donating a single electron, which is then recaptured to enable nitric oxide release.",
"The first nitric oxide synthase to be identified was found in neuronal tissue (NOS1 or nNOS); the [endothelial](/wiki/Endothelial \"Endothelial\") NOS (eNOS or NOS3\\) was the third to be identified. They were originally classified as \"constitutively expressed\" and \"Ca2\\+ sensitive\" but it is now known that they are present in many different [cell](/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29 \"Cell (biology)\") types and that expression is regulated under specific physiological conditions.",
"In NOS1 and NOS3, physiological concentrations of Ca2\\+ in cells regulate the binding of calmodulin to the \"latch domains\", thereby initiating electron transfer from the [flavins](/wiki/Flavin_group \"Flavin group\") to the [heme](/wiki/Heme \"Heme\") moieties. In contrast, calmodulin remains tightly bound to the inducible and Ca2\\+\\-insensitive isoform (iNOS or NOS2\\) even at a low intracellular Ca2\\+ activity, acting essentially as a subunit of this isoform.",
"Nitric oxide may itself regulate NOS expression and activity. Specifically, NO has been shown to play an important [negative feedback](/wiki/Negative_feedback \"Negative feedback\") regulatory role on NOS3, and therefore vascular endothelial cell function.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Kopincová\\|first1\\=Jana\\|last2\\=Púzserová\\|first2\\=Angelika\\|last3\\=Bernátová\\|first3\\=Iveta\\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-01\\|title\\=Biochemical aspects of nitric oxide synthase feedback regulation by nitric oxide\\|journal\\=Interdisciplinary Toxicology\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=4\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=63–8\\|doi\\=10\\.2478/v10102\\-011\\-0012\\-z\\|issn\\=1337\\-9569\\|pmc\\=3131676\\|pmid\\=21753901}} This process, known formally as *S*\\-nitrosation (and referred to by many in the field as *S*\\-nitrosylation), has been shown to reversibly inhibit NOS3 activity in vascular endothelial cells. This process may be important because it is regulated by cellular redox conditions and may thereby provide a mechanism for the association between \"oxidative stress\" and endothelial dysfunction. In addition to NOS3, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been found to be *S*\\-nitrosated, but the evidence for dynamic regulation of those NOS isoforms by this process is less complete{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2014}}. In addition, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been shown to form ferrous\\-nitrosyl complexes in their heme prosthetic groups that may act partially to self\\-inactivate these enzymes under certain conditions{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2014}}. The rate\\-limiting step for the production of nitric oxide may well be the availability of L\\-arginine in some cell types. This may be particularly important after the [induction](/wiki/Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition \"Enzyme induction and inhibition\") of NOS2\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
Pamplin announced the launch of the new newspaper on August 21, 2012, in the *[News\-Times](/wiki/News-Times_%28Forest_Grove%29 "News-Times (Forest Grove)")* of [Forest Grove](/wiki/Forest_Grove%2C_Oregon "Forest Grove, Oregon").{{cite news\|last\=Culverwell\|first\=Wendy\|title\=Pamplin to launch newspaper in Hillsboro\|url\=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/morning\_call/2012/08/pamplin\-to\-launch\-newspaper\-in\-hillsboro.html?page\=all\|access\-date\=August 7, 2019\|newspaper\=Portland Business Journal\|date\=August 22, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402203758/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/morning\_call/2012/08/pamplin\-to\-launch\-newspaper\-in\-hillsboro.html?page\=all\| archive\-date\=April 2, 2013\|url\-status\=live}} Hillsboro last had two newspapers in 1932, at which time the owner of the *Argus* purchased the *Washington Independent* and merged the papers.Turnbull, George Stanley. *History of Oregon Newspapers*. [Binfords \& Mort](/wiki/Binfords_%26_Mort "Binfords & Mort"): Portland, Or. (1939\). pp. 212–218\. The *Tribune* was originally published biweekly, but at the time of its launch its owners were already hoping to expand to weekly publication, and this was goal achieved in March 2013\.
The first edition of the newspaper published on Friday, September 7, 2012, included stories covering the planned [Hillsboro baseball stadium](/wiki/Hillsboro_Ballpark "Hillsboro Ballpark"),{{cite news\|last\=Redden\|first\=Jim\|title\=Survey: City hits home run\|url\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/114740\-survey\-\-city\-hits\-home\-run\|access\-date\=7 September 2012\|newspaper\=Hillsboro Tribune\|date\=September 5, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016102834/http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/114740\-survey\-\-city\-hits\-home\-run \|archive\-date\=October 16, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} [STEM](/wiki/STEM_fields "STEM fields") programs (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in local schools,{{cite news\|last\=Anderson\|first\=Jennifer\|title\=STEM focus gives school new tools\|url\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/114739\-stem\-focus\-gives\-school\-new\-tools\|access\-date\=7 September 2012\|newspaper\=Hillsboro Tribune\|date\=September 5, 2012}} and exploring Hillsboro and the county's economic impact upon the larger metropolitan area.{{cite news\|last\=Jim\|first\=Redden\|title\=On the cutting edge\|url\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/114738\-on\-the\-cutting\-edge\|access\-date\=August 8, 2019\|newspaper\=Hillsboro Tribune\|date\=September 5, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016110134/http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/114738\-on\-the\-cutting\-edge \|archive\-date\=October 16, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} The cover story dealt with money the State of Oregon owed to [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Oregon "Washington County, Oregon") being held\-up by a potential glitch in a law.{{cite news\|last\=Redden\|first\=Jim\|title\=State stiffs county on tax funds\|url\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/114790\-state\-stiffs\-county\-on\-tax\-funds\|access\-date\=9 September 2012\|newspaper\=Hillsboro Tribune\|date\=September 7, 2012}} This inaugural edition was mailed to 7,000 residents, with other copies available at green newspaper boxes in the local area, primarily at businesses.{{cite news\|title\=Wheres the Tribune?\|url\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/114753\-wheres\-the\-tribune?\-\|access\-date\=August 8, 2019\|newspaper\=Hillsboro Tribune\|date\=September 6, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016110148/http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/114753\-wheres\-the\-tribune?\- \|archive\-date\=October 16, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} Pamplin would distribute the paper free at newsstands in the Hillsboro and [Aloha](/wiki/Aloha%2C_Oregon "Aloha, Oregon") areas, as well as via home delivery with a subscription.
The month after the *Tribune{{'s}}* launch, the publishers of the *Argus* launched the *[Forest Grove Leader](/wiki/Forest_Grove_Leader "Forest Grove Leader")* to compete with the *News\-Times* in neighboring [Forest Grove](/wiki/Forest_Grove%2C_Oregon "Forest Grove, Oregon"), which was published by the same company as the *Tribune*.{{cite news\|url\= http://portlandtribune.com/fgnt/36\-news/116604\-in\-brief \|title\= In brief: Hello Leader, goodbye Courier \|last\= Gaston \|first\= Christian \|date\= October 9, 2012 \|newspaper\=\[\[News\-Times (Forest Grove)\|News\-Times]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012072532/http://portlandtribune.com/fgnt/36\-news/116604\-in\-brief \|archive\-date\=October 12, 2012 }}{{cite news \|url\= http://www.wweek.com/portland/blog\-29272\-the\_oregonian\_confir.html \|title\= The Oregonian Confirms It Will Launch Leader in Forest Grove \|last\= Mesh \|first\= Aaron \|date\= October 3, 2012 \|newspaper\= \[\[Willamette Week]] \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212843/http://www.wweek.com/portland/blog\-29272\-the\_oregonian\_confir.html \|archive\-date\= May 27, 2014 }} The publisher for the *Tribune* and *News\-Times* stated he thought the new paper in Forest Grove was retaliation for the launch of the *Tribune*.{{cite news\|url\= http://www.wweek.com/portland/blog\-29242\-the\_oregonian\_pampli.html \|title\= The Oregonian, Pamplin Group Are Talking Newspaper War Over Forest Grove \|last\= Mesh \|first\= Aaron \|date\= September 25, 2012 \|newspaper\=\[\[Willamette Week]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075822/https://www.wweek.com/portland/blog\-29242\-i\-the\-oregonian\-i\-pamplin\-group\-are\-talking\-newspaper\-war\-over\-forest\-grove.html\|archive\-date\=February 1, 2018\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=August 8, 2019}} The initial period of biweekly publication ended in March 2013, when the paper became a weekly.{{cite news\|author\=Staff\|title\=Once a week, but never weakly\|url\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/129639\-once\-a\-week\-but\-never\-weakly\|access\-date\=August 8, 2019\|newspaper\=Hillsboro Tribune\|date\=March 8, 2013\|page\=A7\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316113314/http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/129639\-once\-a\-week\-but\-never\-weakly\|archive\-date\=March 16, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} At the same time, original editor Kevin Harden left for a different position with Pamplin Media Group, the *Tribune*{{'s}} owner, and Nancy Townsley became the paper's managing editor. The *Tribune* won three awards in its category in 2014 from the [Society of Professional Journalists](/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists "Society of Professional Journalists")' Northwest Excellence in Journalism contest for its 2013 coverage.{{cite news\|title\=SPJ honors News\-Times, Hillsboro Tribune\|url\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/221983\-82247\-spj\-honors\-news\-times\-hillsboro\-tribune\|access\-date\=August 8, 2019\|newspaper\=Hillsboro Tribune\|date\=May 23, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527233756/http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/221983\-82247\-spj\-honors\-news\-times\-hillsboro\-tribune \|archive\-date\=May 27, 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} Nikki DeBuse became the paper's publisher on February 1, 2016, succeeding John Schrag.{{cite news\|last1\=Townsley\|first1\=Nancy\|title\=New publisher saw 'something special' in western Washington County towns\|url\=http://www.pamplinmedia.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/292090\-168882\-new\-publisher\-saw\-something\-special\-in\-western\-washington\-county\-towns\|access\-date\=August 8, 2019\|work\=Hillsboro Tribune\|date\=February 5, 2016\|page\= A1\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206193741/http://www.pamplinmedia.com/ht/117\-hillsboro\-tribune\-news/292090\-168882\-new\-publisher\-saw\-something\-special\-in\-western\-washington\-county\-towns \|archive\-date\=February 6, 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
Free subscriptions to the *Tribune*, delivered by mail, were introduced experimentally in early 2017\. This service lasted about one year, being discontinued in early February 2018 and replaced by a return to paid subscriptions for readers wanting home delivery.{{cite news\|author1\=Editorial board\|title\=Changes at Tribune won't affect our commitment to you, our readers\|url\=http://pamplinmedia.com/ht/118\-hillsboro\-tribune\-opinion/385691\-273528\-changes\-at\-tribune\-wont\-affect\-our\-commitment\-to\-you\-our\-readers\|access\-date\=February 19, 2018\|work\=Hillsboro Tribune\|date\=February 2, 2018\|page\=A5\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206080540/http://pamplinmedia.com/ht/118\-hillsboro\-tribune\-opinion/385691\-273528\-changes\-at\-tribune\-wont\-affect\-our\-commitment\-to\-you\-our\-readers \|archive\-date\=February 6, 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} The paper continued to be free at newsstands.
After five years of being published on Fridays, the weekly paper's publication date was moved to Wednesdays effective February 7, 2018\. Prior to this change, each weekly edition had to be readied for printing two days before publication, effectively delaying the *Tribune{{'s}}* print\-edition reporting of Wednesday and Thursday news by a week, because the *Hillsboro Tribune* needed to be printed on Tuesday nights in order to fit into the printing schedule at Pamplin's press in [Gresham, Oregon](/wiki/Gresham%2C_Oregon "Gresham, Oregon"), where many other Pamplin newspapers are printed. The printing schedule was unchanged, but the move to Wednesday publication meant that paper was now distributed only hours after being printed.
In August 2019, Pamplin Media announced that the *Tribune* would be replaced by a Hillsboro edition of its sister paper, the *News\-Times*, of Forest Grove, and no longer be published under the *Hillsboro Tribune* title. The final newsprint edition under the *Tribune* name was that of August 7, 2019\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Pamplin announced the launch of the new newspaper on August 21, 2012, in the *[News\\-Times](/wiki/News-Times_%28Forest_Grove%29 \"News-Times (Forest Grove)\")* of [Forest Grove](/wiki/Forest_Grove%2C_Oregon \"Forest Grove, Oregon\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Culverwell\\|first\\=Wendy\\|title\\=Pamplin to launch newspaper in Hillsboro\\|url\\=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/morning\\_call/2012/08/pamplin\\-to\\-launch\\-newspaper\\-in\\-hillsboro.html?page\\=all\\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2019\\|newspaper\\=Portland Business Journal\\|date\\=August 22, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402203758/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/morning\\_call/2012/08/pamplin\\-to\\-launch\\-newspaper\\-in\\-hillsboro.html?page\\=all\\| archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Hillsboro last had two newspapers in 1932, at which time the owner of the *Argus* purchased the *Washington Independent* and merged the papers.Turnbull, George Stanley. *History of Oregon Newspapers*. [Binfords \\& Mort](/wiki/Binfords_%26_Mort \"Binfords & Mort\"): Portland, Or. (1939\\). pp. 212–218\\. The *Tribune* was originally published biweekly, but at the time of its launch its owners were already hoping to expand to weekly publication, and this was goal achieved in March 2013\\.",
"The first edition of the newspaper published on Friday, September 7, 2012, included stories covering the planned [Hillsboro baseball stadium](/wiki/Hillsboro_Ballpark \"Hillsboro Ballpark\"),{{cite news\\|last\\=Redden\\|first\\=Jim\\|title\\=Survey: City hits home run\\|url\\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/114740\\-survey\\-\\-city\\-hits\\-home\\-run\\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2012\\|newspaper\\=Hillsboro Tribune\\|date\\=September 5, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016102834/http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/114740\\-survey\\-\\-city\\-hits\\-home\\-run \\|archive\\-date\\=October 16, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} [STEM](/wiki/STEM_fields \"STEM fields\") programs (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in local schools,{{cite news\\|last\\=Anderson\\|first\\=Jennifer\\|title\\=STEM focus gives school new tools\\|url\\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/114739\\-stem\\-focus\\-gives\\-school\\-new\\-tools\\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2012\\|newspaper\\=Hillsboro Tribune\\|date\\=September 5, 2012}} and exploring Hillsboro and the county's economic impact upon the larger metropolitan area.{{cite news\\|last\\=Jim\\|first\\=Redden\\|title\\=On the cutting edge\\|url\\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/114738\\-on\\-the\\-cutting\\-edge\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2019\\|newspaper\\=Hillsboro Tribune\\|date\\=September 5, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016110134/http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/114738\\-on\\-the\\-cutting\\-edge \\|archive\\-date\\=October 16, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The cover story dealt with money the State of Oregon owed to [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Oregon \"Washington County, Oregon\") being held\\-up by a potential glitch in a law.{{cite news\\|last\\=Redden\\|first\\=Jim\\|title\\=State stiffs county on tax funds\\|url\\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/114790\\-state\\-stiffs\\-county\\-on\\-tax\\-funds\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2012\\|newspaper\\=Hillsboro Tribune\\|date\\=September 7, 2012}} This inaugural edition was mailed to 7,000 residents, with other copies available at green newspaper boxes in the local area, primarily at businesses.{{cite news\\|title\\=Wheres the Tribune?\\|url\\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/114753\\-wheres\\-the\\-tribune?\\-\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2019\\|newspaper\\=Hillsboro Tribune\\|date\\=September 6, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016110148/http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/114753\\-wheres\\-the\\-tribune?\\- \\|archive\\-date\\=October 16, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Pamplin would distribute the paper free at newsstands in the Hillsboro and [Aloha](/wiki/Aloha%2C_Oregon \"Aloha, Oregon\") areas, as well as via home delivery with a subscription.",
"The month after the *Tribune{{'s}}* launch, the publishers of the *Argus* launched the *[Forest Grove Leader](/wiki/Forest_Grove_Leader \"Forest Grove Leader\")* to compete with the *News\\-Times* in neighboring [Forest Grove](/wiki/Forest_Grove%2C_Oregon \"Forest Grove, Oregon\"), which was published by the same company as the *Tribune*.{{cite news\\|url\\= http://portlandtribune.com/fgnt/36\\-news/116604\\-in\\-brief \\|title\\= In brief: Hello Leader, goodbye Courier \\|last\\= Gaston \\|first\\= Christian \\|date\\= October 9, 2012 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[News\\-Times (Forest Grove)\\|News\\-Times]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012072532/http://portlandtribune.com/fgnt/36\\-news/116604\\-in\\-brief \\|archive\\-date\\=October 12, 2012 }}{{cite news \\|url\\= http://www.wweek.com/portland/blog\\-29272\\-the\\_oregonian\\_confir.html \\|title\\= The Oregonian Confirms It Will Launch Leader in Forest Grove \\|last\\= Mesh \\|first\\= Aaron \\|date\\= October 3, 2012 \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Willamette Week]] \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212843/http://www.wweek.com/portland/blog\\-29272\\-the\\_oregonian\\_confir.html \\|archive\\-date\\= May 27, 2014 }} The publisher for the *Tribune* and *News\\-Times* stated he thought the new paper in Forest Grove was retaliation for the launch of the *Tribune*.{{cite news\\|url\\= http://www.wweek.com/portland/blog\\-29242\\-the\\_oregonian\\_pampli.html \\|title\\= The Oregonian, Pamplin Group Are Talking Newspaper War Over Forest Grove \\|last\\= Mesh \\|first\\= Aaron \\|date\\= September 25, 2012 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Willamette Week]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075822/https://www.wweek.com/portland/blog\\-29242\\-i\\-the\\-oregonian\\-i\\-pamplin\\-group\\-are\\-talking\\-newspaper\\-war\\-over\\-forest\\-grove.html\\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2019}} The initial period of biweekly publication ended in March 2013, when the paper became a weekly.{{cite news\\|author\\=Staff\\|title\\=Once a week, but never weakly\\|url\\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/129639\\-once\\-a\\-week\\-but\\-never\\-weakly\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2019\\|newspaper\\=Hillsboro Tribune\\|date\\=March 8, 2013\\|page\\=A7\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316113314/http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/129639\\-once\\-a\\-week\\-but\\-never\\-weakly\\|archive\\-date\\=March 16, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} At the same time, original editor Kevin Harden left for a different position with Pamplin Media Group, the *Tribune*{{'s}} owner, and Nancy Townsley became the paper's managing editor. The *Tribune* won three awards in its category in 2014 from the [Society of Professional Journalists](/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists \"Society of Professional Journalists\")' Northwest Excellence in Journalism contest for its 2013 coverage.{{cite news\\|title\\=SPJ honors News\\-Times, Hillsboro Tribune\\|url\\=http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/221983\\-82247\\-spj\\-honors\\-news\\-times\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2019\\|newspaper\\=Hillsboro Tribune\\|date\\=May 23, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527233756/http://portlandtribune.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/221983\\-82247\\-spj\\-honors\\-news\\-times\\-hillsboro\\-tribune \\|archive\\-date\\=May 27, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Nikki DeBuse became the paper's publisher on February 1, 2016, succeeding John Schrag.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Townsley\\|first1\\=Nancy\\|title\\=New publisher saw 'something special' in western Washington County towns\\|url\\=http://www.pamplinmedia.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/292090\\-168882\\-new\\-publisher\\-saw\\-something\\-special\\-in\\-western\\-washington\\-county\\-towns\\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2019\\|work\\=Hillsboro Tribune\\|date\\=February 5, 2016\\|page\\= A1\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206193741/http://www.pamplinmedia.com/ht/117\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-news/292090\\-168882\\-new\\-publisher\\-saw\\-something\\-special\\-in\\-western\\-washington\\-county\\-towns \\|archive\\-date\\=February 6, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Free subscriptions to the *Tribune*, delivered by mail, were introduced experimentally in early 2017\\. This service lasted about one year, being discontinued in early February 2018 and replaced by a return to paid subscriptions for readers wanting home delivery.{{cite news\\|author1\\=Editorial board\\|title\\=Changes at Tribune won't affect our commitment to you, our readers\\|url\\=http://pamplinmedia.com/ht/118\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-opinion/385691\\-273528\\-changes\\-at\\-tribune\\-wont\\-affect\\-our\\-commitment\\-to\\-you\\-our\\-readers\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2018\\|work\\=Hillsboro Tribune\\|date\\=February 2, 2018\\|page\\=A5\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206080540/http://pamplinmedia.com/ht/118\\-hillsboro\\-tribune\\-opinion/385691\\-273528\\-changes\\-at\\-tribune\\-wont\\-affect\\-our\\-commitment\\-to\\-you\\-our\\-readers \\|archive\\-date\\=February 6, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The paper continued to be free at newsstands.",
"After five years of being published on Fridays, the weekly paper's publication date was moved to Wednesdays effective February 7, 2018\\. Prior to this change, each weekly edition had to be readied for printing two days before publication, effectively delaying the *Tribune{{'s}}* print\\-edition reporting of Wednesday and Thursday news by a week, because the *Hillsboro Tribune* needed to be printed on Tuesday nights in order to fit into the printing schedule at Pamplin's press in [Gresham, Oregon](/wiki/Gresham%2C_Oregon \"Gresham, Oregon\"), where many other Pamplin newspapers are printed. The printing schedule was unchanged, but the move to Wednesday publication meant that paper was now distributed only hours after being printed.",
"In August 2019, Pamplin Media announced that the *Tribune* would be replaced by a Hillsboro edition of its sister paper, the *News\\-Times*, of Forest Grove, and no longer be published under the *Hillsboro Tribune* title. The final newsprint edition under the *Tribune* name was that of August 7, 2019\\.",
""
] |
Architecture
------------
The [Arcus Novus](/wiki/Arcus_Novus "Arcus Novus"), an arch erected in 303–304 by the emperor [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian "Diocletian"), which stood on this site, was destroyed during reconstruction of the church in 1491\.Richardson, Lawrence *A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome*. (1992\) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 27 {{ISBN\| 9780801843006}} [Antonio Tebaldeo](/wiki/Antonio_Tebaldeo "Antonio Tebaldeo"), poet and friend of [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael "Raphael"), was buried at the end of the north aisle in 1537, though his tomb was designed in 1776\. The bell tower is by [Martino Longhi the Elder](/wiki/Martino_Longhi_the_Elder "Martino Longhi the Elder") and was built in 1580\. There are three bells, two of which bear dates: 1615 and 1465\. The bells were reactivated in 2017, with automated programs.
In anticipation of the Holy Year of 1650, the church was renovated in 1639 by [Cosimo Fanzago](/wiki/Cosimo_Fanzago "Cosimo Fanzago"), but the façade, with its [Corinthian columns](/wiki/Corinthian_columns "Corinthian columns") imposing vertical emphasis, was completed (1658–1660\) based on a design by [Pietro da Cortona](/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona "Pietro da Cortona"). He appears to evoke a triumphal arch in the facade. The church is built of brick, with limestone details. The facade is done in [travertine](/wiki/Travertine "Travertine").
### Interior
Beginning in 1636 and continuing over the next 15 years, the interior was renovated, beginning with the apse and sanctuary and continuing with the nave. On the high altar is the church's 13th century [icon](/wiki/Icon "Icon") of the *[Madonna Advocata](/wiki/Virgin_Advocate "Virgin Advocate")*, said to have performed many miracles. The [ciborium](/wiki/Ciborium_%28architecture%29 "Ciborium (architecture)") in the apse is made of [alabaster](/wiki/Alabaster "Alabaster") and [lapis\-lazuli](/wiki/Lapis-lazuli "Lapis-lazuli").
The church does not have side chapels, but niches. To the right of the entrance is the baptistery, with a font of black marble.{{Cite book \|last\=Head \|first\=Sir George \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xw5HAQAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA115 \|title\=Rome: A Tour of Many Days \|date\=1849 \|publisher\=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans \|language\=en}} Along the right side of the nave, the first altarpiece is a *Martydom of St Andrew* (1685\) by [Giacinto Brandi](/wiki/Giacinto_Brandi "Giacinto Brandi"), while the second altarpiece is a *Saints Giuseppe, Nicola, and Biagio* by [Giuseppe Ghezzi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Ghezzi "Giuseppe Ghezzi"). In the chapel to the left of the apse, is a *Madonna with child and Saints Cyriac and Catherine* by [Giovanni Odazzi](/wiki/Giovanni_Odazzi "Giovanni Odazzi"). The second altar on the left has a *Saint Paul baptizes Sabine and children* by [Pier Leone Ghezzi](/wiki/Pier_Leone_Ghezzi "Pier Leone Ghezzi") while the first altarpiece is a *Virgin and Saints Lawrence and Anthony* by [Pietro de Pietri](/wiki/Pietro_de_Pietri "Pietro de Pietri"). Six oval paintings on the right nave include canvases by P. de Pietri and [Agostino Masucci](/wiki/Agostino_Masucci "Agostino Masucci"). On the left nave are five ovals, painted by P. de Pietri, Masucci, and [Giovanni Domenico Piastrini](/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Piastrini "Giovanni Domenico Piastrini").{{Cite book \|last\=Tolomei \|first\=Francesco \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=LZP8JSbY\_NwC \|title\=Guida di Pistoia: per gli amanti delle belle arti : con notizie degli architetti, scultori, e pittori pistoiesi \|date\=1821 \|publisher\=Bracali \|language\=it}} In the Chapel of the Sacrament at the bottom of the right aisle are the remains of a [Cosmatesque](/wiki/Cosmatesque "Cosmatesque")\-style polychrome marble floor.
[St. Paul](/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle "Paul the Apostle") is said to have spent two years here, in what is now the crypt of the church, while under house arrest awaiting his trial.{{Cite web \|title\=Tuesday: Santa Maria in Via Lata \|url\=https://www.pnac.org/station\-churches/week\-5/tuesday\-santa\-maria\-in\-via\-lata/ \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-10 \|website\=Pontifical North American College \|language\=en\-US}} This conflicts with the tradition regarding San Paolo alla Regola. The same was also claimed for [St Peter](/wiki/St_Peter "St Peter"), Paul's secretary [Luke](/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist "Luke the Evangelist"), and the martyr Martial.
An altar in the lower church has a marble bas relief by [Cosimo Fancelli](/wiki/Cosimo_Fancelli "Cosimo Fancelli") commemorating the first excavations of the site. Due to its proximity to the Roman residence of Napoleon’s mother, some members of the Bonaparte family were temporarily buried in the church.
|
[
"Architecture\n------------",
"The [Arcus Novus](/wiki/Arcus_Novus \"Arcus Novus\"), an arch erected in 303–304 by the emperor [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian \"Diocletian\"), which stood on this site, was destroyed during reconstruction of the church in 1491\\.Richardson, Lawrence *A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome*. (1992\\) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 27 {{ISBN\\| 9780801843006}} [Antonio Tebaldeo](/wiki/Antonio_Tebaldeo \"Antonio Tebaldeo\"), poet and friend of [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael \"Raphael\"), was buried at the end of the north aisle in 1537, though his tomb was designed in 1776\\. The bell tower is by [Martino Longhi the Elder](/wiki/Martino_Longhi_the_Elder \"Martino Longhi the Elder\") and was built in 1580\\. There are three bells, two of which bear dates: 1615 and 1465\\. The bells were reactivated in 2017, with automated programs.",
"In anticipation of the Holy Year of 1650, the church was renovated in 1639 by [Cosimo Fanzago](/wiki/Cosimo_Fanzago \"Cosimo Fanzago\"), but the façade, with its [Corinthian columns](/wiki/Corinthian_columns \"Corinthian columns\") imposing vertical emphasis, was completed (1658–1660\\) based on a design by [Pietro da Cortona](/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona \"Pietro da Cortona\"). He appears to evoke a triumphal arch in the facade. The church is built of brick, with limestone details. The facade is done in [travertine](/wiki/Travertine \"Travertine\").",
"### Interior",
"Beginning in 1636 and continuing over the next 15 years, the interior was renovated, beginning with the apse and sanctuary and continuing with the nave. On the high altar is the church's 13th century [icon](/wiki/Icon \"Icon\") of the *[Madonna Advocata](/wiki/Virgin_Advocate \"Virgin Advocate\")*, said to have performed many miracles. The [ciborium](/wiki/Ciborium_%28architecture%29 \"Ciborium (architecture)\") in the apse is made of [alabaster](/wiki/Alabaster \"Alabaster\") and [lapis\\-lazuli](/wiki/Lapis-lazuli \"Lapis-lazuli\").",
"The church does not have side chapels, but niches. To the right of the entrance is the baptistery, with a font of black marble.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Head \\|first\\=Sir George \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xw5HAQAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA115 \\|title\\=Rome: A Tour of Many Days \\|date\\=1849 \\|publisher\\=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans \\|language\\=en}} Along the right side of the nave, the first altarpiece is a *Martydom of St Andrew* (1685\\) by [Giacinto Brandi](/wiki/Giacinto_Brandi \"Giacinto Brandi\"), while the second altarpiece is a *Saints Giuseppe, Nicola, and Biagio* by [Giuseppe Ghezzi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Ghezzi \"Giuseppe Ghezzi\"). In the chapel to the left of the apse, is a *Madonna with child and Saints Cyriac and Catherine* by [Giovanni Odazzi](/wiki/Giovanni_Odazzi \"Giovanni Odazzi\"). The second altar on the left has a *Saint Paul baptizes Sabine and children* by [Pier Leone Ghezzi](/wiki/Pier_Leone_Ghezzi \"Pier Leone Ghezzi\") while the first altarpiece is a *Virgin and Saints Lawrence and Anthony* by [Pietro de Pietri](/wiki/Pietro_de_Pietri \"Pietro de Pietri\"). Six oval paintings on the right nave include canvases by P. de Pietri and [Agostino Masucci](/wiki/Agostino_Masucci \"Agostino Masucci\"). On the left nave are five ovals, painted by P. de Pietri, Masucci, and [Giovanni Domenico Piastrini](/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Piastrini \"Giovanni Domenico Piastrini\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Tolomei \\|first\\=Francesco \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=LZP8JSbY\\_NwC \\|title\\=Guida di Pistoia: per gli amanti delle belle arti : con notizie degli architetti, scultori, e pittori pistoiesi \\|date\\=1821 \\|publisher\\=Bracali \\|language\\=it}} In the Chapel of the Sacrament at the bottom of the right aisle are the remains of a [Cosmatesque](/wiki/Cosmatesque \"Cosmatesque\")\\-style polychrome marble floor.",
"[St. Paul](/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle \"Paul the Apostle\") is said to have spent two years here, in what is now the crypt of the church, while under house arrest awaiting his trial.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tuesday: Santa Maria in Via Lata \\|url\\=https://www.pnac.org/station\\-churches/week\\-5/tuesday\\-santa\\-maria\\-in\\-via\\-lata/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-10 \\|website\\=Pontifical North American College \\|language\\=en\\-US}} This conflicts with the tradition regarding San Paolo alla Regola. The same was also claimed for [St Peter](/wiki/St_Peter \"St Peter\"), Paul's secretary [Luke](/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist \"Luke the Evangelist\"), and the martyr Martial.",
"An altar in the lower church has a marble bas relief by [Cosimo Fancelli](/wiki/Cosimo_Fancelli \"Cosimo Fancelli\") commemorating the first excavations of the site. Due to its proximity to the Roman residence of Napoleon’s mother, some members of the Bonaparte family were temporarily buried in the church.",
""
] |
Life
----
Thomson was born in [Peel County](/wiki/Peel_County%2C_Ontario "Peel County, Ontario"), Canada West, the grandson of [Edward William Thomson](/wiki/Edward_William_Thomson "Edward William Thomson"), a member of the York militia who was a member of the [Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada "Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada").
When Thompson was 14, he was sent to Philadelphia to work in a mercantile office; he enlisted in the [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army "Union Army") in October 1864 (at 15\), and saw action during the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") as a trooper in the 3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry.John W. Garvin, "[E.W. Thomson](http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/garvin/poets/thomson.html)," *Canadian Poets* (Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild \& Stewart, 1916\), 158\.
Thomson returned to Canada when discharged in August 1865\. He saw combat again the next year, at the [Battle of Ridgeway](/wiki/Battle_of_Ridgeway "Battle of Ridgeway") during the [Fenian Raids](/wiki/Fenian_Raids "Fenian Raids").
Thomson took up civil engineering in 1867, and worked as a Land [Surveyor](/wiki/Surveying "Surveying") from 1872 to 1878\. In 1878, at the invitation of publisher [George Brown](/wiki/George_Brown_%28Canadian_politician%29 "George Brown (Canadian politician)"), he became an editorial writer for *[The Toronto Globe](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail")*. In 1891 he joined the staff of *[The Youth's Companion](/wiki/The_Youth%27s_Companion "The Youth's Companion")*, and worked there for the next 11 years.
He wrote a book of short stories, *Old Man Savarin and Other Stories* (1895\), and one of poetry, *The Many\-Mansioned House and Other Poems* (1909\).
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Thomson was born in [Peel County](/wiki/Peel_County%2C_Ontario \"Peel County, Ontario\"), Canada West, the grandson of [Edward William Thomson](/wiki/Edward_William_Thomson \"Edward William Thomson\"), a member of the York militia who was a member of the [Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada \"Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada\").",
"When Thompson was 14, he was sent to Philadelphia to work in a mercantile office; he enlisted in the [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army \"Union Army\") in October 1864 (at 15\\), and saw action during the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") as a trooper in the 3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry.John W. Garvin, \"[E.W. Thomson](http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/garvin/poets/thomson.html),\" *Canadian Poets* (Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild \\& Stewart, 1916\\), 158\\.",
"Thomson returned to Canada when discharged in August 1865\\. He saw combat again the next year, at the [Battle of Ridgeway](/wiki/Battle_of_Ridgeway \"Battle of Ridgeway\") during the [Fenian Raids](/wiki/Fenian_Raids \"Fenian Raids\").",
"Thomson took up civil engineering in 1867, and worked as a Land [Surveyor](/wiki/Surveying \"Surveying\") from 1872 to 1878\\. In 1878, at the invitation of publisher [George Brown](/wiki/George_Brown_%28Canadian_politician%29 \"George Brown (Canadian politician)\"), he became an editorial writer for *[The Toronto Globe](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\")*. In 1891 he joined the staff of *[The Youth's Companion](/wiki/The_Youth%27s_Companion \"The Youth's Companion\")*, and worked there for the next 11 years.",
"He wrote a book of short stories, *Old Man Savarin and Other Stories* (1895\\), and one of poetry, *The Many\\-Mansioned House and Other Poems* (1909\\).",
""
] |
Career
------
Charlie Ahearn moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") in 1973 to attend the [Whitney Museum of American Art](/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art "Whitney Museum of American Art") Independent Study Program (Studio Program). Later he was joined by his brother John and joined the artists' group [Colab](/wiki/Colab "Colab") (aka Collaborative Projects) which was a group determined to go beyond the traditional art world gallery system and find a way to "be creative in a larger sense".{{Cite book\|last\=Chang\|first\=Jeff\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=LwaXZpD11ukC\|title\=Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip\-Hop Generation\|date\=2007\-04\-01\|publisher\=St. Martin's Publishing Group\|isbn\=978\-1\-4299\-0269\-4\|language\=en}}{{Rp\|146}}
For several years during the 1970s Ahearn, then living in downtown Manhattan, concentrated on making 16 millimeter [art films](/wiki/Art_film "Art film"). In 1977, he went to the [Alfred E. Smith](/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith "Alfred E. Smith") Projects in the Lower East Side to film local youths practising martial arts with his [Super 8](/wiki/Super_8_film "Super 8 film") camera, which exposed him to [hip\-hop](/wiki/Hip-hop "Hip-hop") for the first time.Ahearn, Charlie, *Wild Style: The Sampler*. Powerhouse Publishing, 2007 Ahearn was approached by some of these local youths who wanted to make a [martial arts](/wiki/Martial_arts "Martial arts") film, and Ahearn agreed despite never having attended film school and not knowing how to make a feature\-length film. Yet he took inspiration from some of his favorite [kung fu films](/wiki/Kung_fu_film "Kung fu film"), such as *[36 Chambers](/wiki/The_36th_Chamber_of_Shaolin "The 36th Chamber of Shaolin")*, *[Mad Monkey Kung Fu](/wiki/Mad_Monkey_Kung_Fu "Mad Monkey Kung Fu")*, and *[Five Deadly Venoms](/wiki/Five_Deadly_Venoms "Five Deadly Venoms")*; as well as the films of [Bruce Lee](/wiki/Bruce_Lee "Bruce Lee").{{Cite web \|title\=A Conversation With Charlie Ahearn \|url\=http://www.hiphopmusic.com/2007/06/a\_conversation\_with\_charlie\_ah.html \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-22 \|website\=www.hiphopmusic.com}}
Ahearn showed this martial arts film as part of *[The Times Square Show](/wiki/The_Times_Square_Show "The Times Square Show")* in an abandoned massage parlor that [Colab](/wiki/Colab "Colab") had taken over on the corner of 7th Avenue and 41st Street in the then rather shady [Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square "Times Square") area. Ahearn soon after was living nearby on 43rd Street and 8th Avenue (from 1981 to 1993\).{{Cite web \|title\=wrong page \|url\=http://www.brink.com/gallery/2319 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318224919/http://www.brink.com/gallery/2319 \|archive\-date\=March 18, 2016 \|access\-date\=July 22, 2024 \|website\=www.brink.com}}
As of 2023, Ahearn is a faculty member at the [School of Visual Arts](/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts "School of Visual Arts") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan").Herbowy, Greg (Fall/Winter 2023\) "Hip\-Hop's Half Century", *Visual Arts Journal*, p. 6, [School of Visual Arts](/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts "School of Visual Arts"), New York City.
### *Wild Style*
In the summer of 1980, Ahearn began working with [Fred Braithwaite](/wiki/Fred_Braithwaite "Fred Braithwaite") and [Lee Quiñones](/wiki/Lee_Qui%C3%B1ones "Lee Quiñones") on what was later to become a classic hip\-hop feature\-length film: *[Wild Style](/wiki/Wild_Style "Wild Style")*. The film took its name from the [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti "Graffiti") painting style of the same name: a style that is very symbolically described as an "energetic interlocking construction of letters with arrows and others that signify movement and direction".Cooper, Martha \& Chalfant, Henry, *Subway Art*/ Owl/Holt/Macmillan, 1988\. Also in the movie was karate instructor Nathan Ingram (karate).{{Cite web \|last\=Illmatical \|date\=2019\-03\-12 \|title\=Nathan Ingram: The Bruce Leroy Overdoer \|url\=https://medium.com/catchesbulletswithhisteeth/nathan\-ingram\-the\-bruce\-leroy\-overdoer\-6e94f722c41 \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-22 \|website\=CATCHES BULLETS WITH HIS TEETH \|language\=en}} *Wild Style* premièred in 1983 in Times Square, breaking records by selling out at all screenings in the three weeks it played.Cooper, Martha, *The Hip\-Hop Files*. From Here To Fame Publishing, 2004 The highly successful soundtrack of the film, which was composed entirely from scratch to avoid copyright clearances, was produced by Fred Braithwaite, in collaboration with [Chris Stein](/wiki/Chris_Stein "Chris Stein") of chart\-topping rock act [Blondie](/wiki/Blondie_%28band%29 "Blondie (band)"). [Grandmaster Theodore](/wiki/Grand_Wizzard_Theodore "Grand Wizzard Theodore") mixed the album and [Grandmaster Caz](/wiki/Grandmaster_Caz "Grandmaster Caz") wrote the lyrics.
*Wild Style* and its [soundtrack](/wiki/Soundtrack "Soundtrack") have since been regarded as the most accurate portrait of [hip\-hop culture](/wiki/Hip-hop_culture "Hip-hop culture") and has been cited as the definitive hip\-hop film.Emery, Andrew, *The Book of Hip\-Hop Cover Art*. Octopus Publishing, 2004 Its popularity quickly spread throughout the world.
Ahearn transferred his [hip\-hop](/wiki/Hip-hop "Hip-hop") archive, including detailed *[Wild Style](/wiki/Wild_Style "Wild Style")* production notes, artwork, photographs, and audio and video recordings, to the [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") Hip\-Hop Collection in 2012\.[Cornell University Hip Hop Collection](http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/hiphop/)
The [National Hip\-Hop Museum](/wiki/National_Hip-Hop_Museum "National Hip-Hop Museum") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") held a ceremony in Brooklyn in June 2023 honoring *Wild Style*.
### Musical shorts
Ahearn has worked on a series of musical shorts. They include:
* *Bongo Barbershop* (8 minutes, 2005\) starring [Grandmaster Caz](/wiki/Grandmaster_Caz "Grandmaster Caz") in a battle with [Balozi Dola](/wiki/Balozi_Dola "Balozi Dola"), a [Tanzanian](/wiki/Tanzanian "Tanzanian") [emcee](/wiki/Emcee "Emcee").
* *Busy on the Beach* (4 minutes, 2006\) that features [Busy Bee Starski](/wiki/Busy_Bee_Starski "Busy Bee Starski") taking the audience on a tour of his [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore") neighborhood.
* *Brothers Fantastic* (7 minutes, 2007\) featuring Master Rob and Waterbed Kevie Kev from the Fantastic Freaks.
(These shorts were included on the 25\-year anniversary edition of the Wild Style DVD, released in 2007 from [Rhino Entertainment](/wiki/Rhino_Entertainment "Rhino Entertainment"))
* *Busy On The Autobahn* (11 minutes, 2008\) featuring [Busy Bee Starski](/wiki/Busy_Bee_Starski "Busy Bee Starski") and Ahearn himself.
### Books and radio programs
*Yes Yes, Y'all* is an oral history of the first decade of hip\-hop book by Ahearn published in 2002 by [Da Capo Press](/wiki/Da_Capo_Press "Da Capo Press") with over 100 photos.{{Cite web \|title\=Yes Yes Y'all \|url\=http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/features/yesyesyall/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517174329/http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/features/yesyesyall/ \|archive\-date\=May 17, 2008 \|access\-date\=July 22, 2024 \|website\=www.perseusbooksgroup.com}}
To celebrate the 25th anniversary of *[Wild Style](/wiki/Wild_Style "Wild Style")*, Ahearn also wrote the book *Wild Style: The Sampler*, published by Powerhouse Books in 2007\.
In 2005, Ahearn hosted a weekly talk\-music [internet radio](/wiki/Internet_radio "Internet radio") show on [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City")'s Museum of Modern Art's WPS1\.org called *Yes Yes, Y'all*, with guests such as [Biz Markie](/wiki/Biz_Markie "Biz Markie"), [Afrika Bambaataa](/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa "Afrika Bambaataa"), [Rammellzee](/wiki/Rammellzee "Rammellzee"), [Grandmaster Caz](/wiki/Grandmaster_Caz "Grandmaster Caz"), and many more hip\-hop icons from 1970 to 1990\.{{Cite web \|title\=Yes Yes Y'all \|url\=http://www.wps1\.org/include/shows/yes\_yes\_yall.html \|website\=www.wps1\.org}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Charlie Ahearn moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") in 1973 to attend the [Whitney Museum of American Art](/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art \"Whitney Museum of American Art\") Independent Study Program (Studio Program). Later he was joined by his brother John and joined the artists' group [Colab](/wiki/Colab \"Colab\") (aka Collaborative Projects) which was a group determined to go beyond the traditional art world gallery system and find a way to \"be creative in a larger sense\".{{Cite book\\|last\\=Chang\\|first\\=Jeff\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=LwaXZpD11ukC\\|title\\=Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip\\-Hop Generation\\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-01\\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Publishing Group\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4299\\-0269\\-4\\|language\\=en}}{{Rp\\|146}}",
"For several years during the 1970s Ahearn, then living in downtown Manhattan, concentrated on making 16 millimeter [art films](/wiki/Art_film \"Art film\"). In 1977, he went to the [Alfred E. Smith](/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith \"Alfred E. Smith\") Projects in the Lower East Side to film local youths practising martial arts with his [Super 8](/wiki/Super_8_film \"Super 8 film\") camera, which exposed him to [hip\\-hop](/wiki/Hip-hop \"Hip-hop\") for the first time.Ahearn, Charlie, *Wild Style: The Sampler*. Powerhouse Publishing, 2007 Ahearn was approached by some of these local youths who wanted to make a [martial arts](/wiki/Martial_arts \"Martial arts\") film, and Ahearn agreed despite never having attended film school and not knowing how to make a feature\\-length film. Yet he took inspiration from some of his favorite [kung fu films](/wiki/Kung_fu_film \"Kung fu film\"), such as *[36 Chambers](/wiki/The_36th_Chamber_of_Shaolin \"The 36th Chamber of Shaolin\")*, *[Mad Monkey Kung Fu](/wiki/Mad_Monkey_Kung_Fu \"Mad Monkey Kung Fu\")*, and *[Five Deadly Venoms](/wiki/Five_Deadly_Venoms \"Five Deadly Venoms\")*; as well as the films of [Bruce Lee](/wiki/Bruce_Lee \"Bruce Lee\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=A Conversation With Charlie Ahearn \\|url\\=http://www.hiphopmusic.com/2007/06/a\\_conversation\\_with\\_charlie\\_ah.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-22 \\|website\\=www.hiphopmusic.com}}",
"Ahearn showed this martial arts film as part of *[The Times Square Show](/wiki/The_Times_Square_Show \"The Times Square Show\")* in an abandoned massage parlor that [Colab](/wiki/Colab \"Colab\") had taken over on the corner of 7th Avenue and 41st Street in the then rather shady [Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square \"Times Square\") area. Ahearn soon after was living nearby on 43rd Street and 8th Avenue (from 1981 to 1993\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=wrong page \\|url\\=http://www.brink.com/gallery/2319 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318224919/http://www.brink.com/gallery/2319 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 18, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2024 \\|website\\=www.brink.com}}",
"As of 2023, Ahearn is a faculty member at the [School of Visual Arts](/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts \"School of Visual Arts\") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\").Herbowy, Greg (Fall/Winter 2023\\) \"Hip\\-Hop's Half Century\", *Visual Arts Journal*, p. 6, [School of Visual Arts](/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts \"School of Visual Arts\"), New York City.",
"### *Wild Style*",
"In the summer of 1980, Ahearn began working with [Fred Braithwaite](/wiki/Fred_Braithwaite \"Fred Braithwaite\") and [Lee Quiñones](/wiki/Lee_Qui%C3%B1ones \"Lee Quiñones\") on what was later to become a classic hip\\-hop feature\\-length film: *[Wild Style](/wiki/Wild_Style \"Wild Style\")*. The film took its name from the [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti \"Graffiti\") painting style of the same name: a style that is very symbolically described as an \"energetic interlocking construction of letters with arrows and others that signify movement and direction\".Cooper, Martha \\& Chalfant, Henry, *Subway Art*/ Owl/Holt/Macmillan, 1988\\. Also in the movie was karate instructor Nathan Ingram (karate).{{Cite web \\|last\\=Illmatical \\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-12 \\|title\\=Nathan Ingram: The Bruce Leroy Overdoer \\|url\\=https://medium.com/catchesbulletswithhisteeth/nathan\\-ingram\\-the\\-bruce\\-leroy\\-overdoer\\-6e94f722c41 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-22 \\|website\\=CATCHES BULLETS WITH HIS TEETH \\|language\\=en}} *Wild Style* premièred in 1983 in Times Square, breaking records by selling out at all screenings in the three weeks it played.Cooper, Martha, *The Hip\\-Hop Files*. From Here To Fame Publishing, 2004 The highly successful soundtrack of the film, which was composed entirely from scratch to avoid copyright clearances, was produced by Fred Braithwaite, in collaboration with [Chris Stein](/wiki/Chris_Stein \"Chris Stein\") of chart\\-topping rock act [Blondie](/wiki/Blondie_%28band%29 \"Blondie (band)\"). [Grandmaster Theodore](/wiki/Grand_Wizzard_Theodore \"Grand Wizzard Theodore\") mixed the album and [Grandmaster Caz](/wiki/Grandmaster_Caz \"Grandmaster Caz\") wrote the lyrics.",
"*Wild Style* and its [soundtrack](/wiki/Soundtrack \"Soundtrack\") have since been regarded as the most accurate portrait of [hip\\-hop culture](/wiki/Hip-hop_culture \"Hip-hop culture\") and has been cited as the definitive hip\\-hop film.Emery, Andrew, *The Book of Hip\\-Hop Cover Art*. Octopus Publishing, 2004 Its popularity quickly spread throughout the world.",
"Ahearn transferred his [hip\\-hop](/wiki/Hip-hop \"Hip-hop\") archive, including detailed *[Wild Style](/wiki/Wild_Style \"Wild Style\")* production notes, artwork, photographs, and audio and video recordings, to the [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University \"Cornell University\") Hip\\-Hop Collection in 2012\\.[Cornell University Hip Hop Collection](http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/hiphop/)",
"The [National Hip\\-Hop Museum](/wiki/National_Hip-Hop_Museum \"National Hip-Hop Museum\") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") held a ceremony in Brooklyn in June 2023 honoring *Wild Style*.",
"### Musical shorts",
"Ahearn has worked on a series of musical shorts. They include:\n* *Bongo Barbershop* (8 minutes, 2005\\) starring [Grandmaster Caz](/wiki/Grandmaster_Caz \"Grandmaster Caz\") in a battle with [Balozi Dola](/wiki/Balozi_Dola \"Balozi Dola\"), a [Tanzanian](/wiki/Tanzanian \"Tanzanian\") [emcee](/wiki/Emcee \"Emcee\").\n* *Busy on the Beach* (4 minutes, 2006\\) that features [Busy Bee Starski](/wiki/Busy_Bee_Starski \"Busy Bee Starski\") taking the audience on a tour of his [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\") neighborhood.\n* *Brothers Fantastic* (7 minutes, 2007\\) featuring Master Rob and Waterbed Kevie Kev from the Fantastic Freaks.\n(These shorts were included on the 25\\-year anniversary edition of the Wild Style DVD, released in 2007 from [Rhino Entertainment](/wiki/Rhino_Entertainment \"Rhino Entertainment\"))\n* *Busy On The Autobahn* (11 minutes, 2008\\) featuring [Busy Bee Starski](/wiki/Busy_Bee_Starski \"Busy Bee Starski\") and Ahearn himself.",
"### Books and radio programs",
"*Yes Yes, Y'all* is an oral history of the first decade of hip\\-hop book by Ahearn published in 2002 by [Da Capo Press](/wiki/Da_Capo_Press \"Da Capo Press\") with over 100 photos.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Yes Yes Y'all \\|url\\=http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/features/yesyesyall/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517174329/http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/features/yesyesyall/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 17, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2024 \\|website\\=www.perseusbooksgroup.com}}",
"To celebrate the 25th anniversary of *[Wild Style](/wiki/Wild_Style \"Wild Style\")*, Ahearn also wrote the book *Wild Style: The Sampler*, published by Powerhouse Books in 2007\\.",
"In 2005, Ahearn hosted a weekly talk\\-music [internet radio](/wiki/Internet_radio \"Internet radio\") show on [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\")'s Museum of Modern Art's WPS1\\.org called *Yes Yes, Y'all*, with guests such as [Biz Markie](/wiki/Biz_Markie \"Biz Markie\"), [Afrika Bambaataa](/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa \"Afrika Bambaataa\"), [Rammellzee](/wiki/Rammellzee \"Rammellzee\"), [Grandmaster Caz](/wiki/Grandmaster_Caz \"Grandmaster Caz\"), and many more hip\\-hop icons from 1970 to 1990\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Yes Yes Y'all \\|url\\=http://www.wps1\\.org/include/shows/yes\\_yes\\_yall.html \\|website\\=www.wps1\\.org}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He was born in [Kato Drys](/wiki/Kato_Drys "Kato Drys"), [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus"), 13 March 1913 and left for [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") in 1928, aged 14\. He started selling his mother's handmade lace door\-to\-door and gradually headed north, settling in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"). By the 1940s, Stakis was involved in his first restaurant, the Victory in Glasgow, whose affordable prices began to change the way Scottish people dined out. By the 1960s, he had a chain of thirty restaurants and hotels throughout [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"). In 1962, he bought the [Dunblane Hydro Hotel](/wiki/Dunblane_Hydro_Hotel "Dunblane Hydro Hotel"), which was run\-down yet within six months he had returned it to profit. Stakis was to make his home in the grounds of that hotel.
Stakis opened Scotland's first casino, the Chevalier, in 1964 and gradually added several other casinos to the Stakis group. However, his flagship hotel, The Grosvenor, was destroyed by fire in 1978\.
He was knighted in 1988\. By that time Stakis' son Andros had taken over the business and in difficult trading conditions, some poor decisions brought the company close to bankruptcy. However, new management brought renewed profitability and Stakis was able to sell his empire to the [Hilton Group](/wiki/Hilton_Group "Hilton Group") for £1\.2 billion in 1999\.
He was Chairman of Stakis plc from 1947–1991, and President 1986\-1999\.
He married Annitsa Petropoulos in 1946, and they had two sons and four daughters.
Stakis was a generous benefactor to the Greek Orthodox church in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"), buying both their first church in the city in 1953 and their [Cathedral of St Luke the Evangelist](/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral%2C_Glasgow "St Luke's Orthodox Cathedral, Glasgow") in 1960\.
Stakis died in [Stirling](/wiki/Stirling "Stirling") on 28 August 2001\. He is buried in [Dunblane](/wiki/Dunblane "Dunblane") Cemetery.
Scottish journalist Jack Webster wrote his biography *Stakis: The Reo Stakis Story*.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He was born in [Kato Drys](/wiki/Kato_Drys \"Kato Drys\"), [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus \"Cyprus\"), 13 March 1913 and left for [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") in 1928, aged 14\\. He started selling his mother's handmade lace door\\-to\\-door and gradually headed north, settling in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"). By the 1940s, Stakis was involved in his first restaurant, the Victory in Glasgow, whose affordable prices began to change the way Scottish people dined out. By the 1960s, he had a chain of thirty restaurants and hotels throughout [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"). In 1962, he bought the [Dunblane Hydro Hotel](/wiki/Dunblane_Hydro_Hotel \"Dunblane Hydro Hotel\"), which was run\\-down yet within six months he had returned it to profit. Stakis was to make his home in the grounds of that hotel.",
"Stakis opened Scotland's first casino, the Chevalier, in 1964 and gradually added several other casinos to the Stakis group. However, his flagship hotel, The Grosvenor, was destroyed by fire in 1978\\.",
"He was knighted in 1988\\. By that time Stakis' son Andros had taken over the business and in difficult trading conditions, some poor decisions brought the company close to bankruptcy. However, new management brought renewed profitability and Stakis was able to sell his empire to the [Hilton Group](/wiki/Hilton_Group \"Hilton Group\") for £1\\.2 billion in 1999\\.",
"He was Chairman of Stakis plc from 1947–1991, and President 1986\\-1999\\.",
"He married Annitsa Petropoulos in 1946, and they had two sons and four daughters.",
"Stakis was a generous benefactor to the Greek Orthodox church in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), buying both their first church in the city in 1953 and their [Cathedral of St Luke the Evangelist](/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral%2C_Glasgow \"St Luke's Orthodox Cathedral, Glasgow\") in 1960\\.",
"Stakis died in [Stirling](/wiki/Stirling \"Stirling\") on 28 August 2001\\. He is buried in [Dunblane](/wiki/Dunblane \"Dunblane\") Cemetery.",
"Scottish journalist Jack Webster wrote his biography *Stakis: The Reo Stakis Story*.",
""
] |
Career
------
### K\-1
Nieky Holzken made his [K\-1](/wiki/K-1 "K-1") debut on November 26, 2006, at K\-1 World MAX North European Qualification in [Stockholm, Sweden](/wiki/Stockholm%2C_Sweden "Stockholm, Sweden"). He won the tournament by three consecutive [KO's](/wiki/Knockout "Knockout") over Björn Kjöllerström, [Joakim Karlsson](/wiki/Joakim_Karlsson_%28kickboxer%29 "Joakim Karlsson (kickboxer)") and Elias Daniel. The win qualified him for the [K\-1 World MAX 2007 Final Elimination](/wiki/K-1_World_MAX_2007_Final_Elimination "K-1 World MAX 2007 Final Elimination"), where he was matched up against the reigning [K\-1 MAX](/wiki/K-1 "K-1") champion [Buakaw Por. Pramuk](/wiki/Buakaw_Por._Pramuk "Buakaw Por. Pramuk"). He lost the fight by [unanimous decision](/wiki/Unanimous_decision "Unanimous decision").
### Glory
He faced [Murat Direkçi](/wiki/Murat_Direk%C3%A7i "Murat Direkçi") at *[Glory 2: Brussels](/wiki/Glory_2:Brussels "Brussels")* on October 6, 2012, in Brussels, Belgium{{cite web\|url\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1905%3Aglory\-2\-brussels\-final\-fight\-card\-for\-this\-saturday\&catid\=50%3Aglory\&Itemid\=64\|title\=GLORY 2 Brussels Final Fight Card For This Saturday\|author\=Rian Scalia\|publisher\=LiverKick.com\|access\-date\=2012\-10\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116124437/http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1905%3Aglory\-2\-brussels\-final\-fight\-card\-for\-this\-saturday\&catid\=50%3Aglory\&Itemid\=64\|archive\-date\=2014\-01\-16\|url\-status\=dead}} and won via TKO due to a cut in the second round.{{cite web\|url\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1918:glory\-2\-brussels\-live\-results\&catid\=50:glory\|title\=GLORY 2 Brussels Live Results\|author\=Rian Scalia\|date\=25 September 2019 \|publisher\=LiverKick.com}}
He defeated [Karim Ghajji](/wiki/Karim_Ghajji "Karim Ghajji") via TKO due to a cut in an extension round at *[Glory 6: Istanbul](/wiki/Glory_6:Istanbul "Istanbul")* in Istanbul, Turkey on April 6, 2013\.{{cite web\|url\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=2274:glory\-6\-posterfighters\-expected\-to\-participate\&catid\=50:glory\|title\=GLORY 6 Poster/Fighters Expected to Participate\|author\=Rian Scalia\|date\=5 February 2020 \|publisher\=LiverKick.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=2423:updated\-glory\-6\-istanbul\-fight\-card\-for\-saturday\-april\-6\&catid\=50:glory\|title\=Updated GLORY 6 Istanbul Fight Card For Saturday, April 6\|author\=Rian Scalia\|date\=5 February 2020 \|publisher\=LiverKick.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=2429:glory\-6\-istanbul\-daniel\-ghita\-vs\-gokhan\-saki\-live\-results\&catid\=39:europe\&Itemid\=59\|title\=GLORY 6 Istanbul: Daniel Ghita vs. Gokhan Saki, Live Results\|author\=Rian Scalia\|date\=18 May 2018 \|publisher\=LiverKick.com}}
He was to fight at *SLAMM!! \- Soema na Basi IV: Londt vs. Adegbuyi* in Paramaribo, Suriname on August 8, 2013{{cite web\|url\=http://fightsportasia.com/2013/07/17/slamm\-soema\-na\-basi\-iv\-ismael\-londt\-vs\-benjamin\-adegbuyi/ \|title\=SLAMM!! – Soema na Basi IV: Ismael Londt vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi \| FSA \- FightSport Asia \|access\-date\=July 18, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818224720/http://fightsportasia.com/2013/07/17/slamm\-soema\-na\-basi\-iv\-ismael\-londt\-vs\-benjamin\-adegbuyi/ \|archive\-date\=August 18, 2013 }} but withdrew for undisclosed reasons.
He was initially scheduled to fight [Marc de Bonte](/wiki/Marc_de_Bonte "Marc de Bonte") in the *[Glory 13: Tokyo \- Welterweight World Championship Tournament](/wiki/Glory_13:Tokyo_-_Welterweight_World_Championship_Tournament "Tokyo - Welterweight World Championship Tournament")* semi\-finals in Tokyo, Japan on December 21, 2013{{cite web\|url\=http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/10/match\-ups\-announced\-for\-glory\-13\.html \|title\=Match ups announced for Glory 13 welterweight tournament in Japan \~ Muay Thai Authority \|access\-date\=December 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022034356/http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/10/match\-ups\-announced\-for\-glory\-13\.html \|archive\-date\=October 22, 2013 }} but his opponent was then changed to [Karapet Karapetyan](/wiki/Karapet_Karapetyan "Karapet Karapetyan") who he had previously fought and beat in February 2012 by decision.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/11/raymond\-daniels\-replaces\-marc\-de\-bonte.html \|title\=Raymond Daniels replaces Marc de Bonte in Glory 13 welterweight tournament \~ Muay Thai Authority \|access\-date\=December 9, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233740/http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/11/raymond\-daniels\-replaces\-marc\-de\-bonte.html \|archive\-date\=December 2, 2013 }} He knocked Karapetyan down in rounds one and two en route to a clear unanimous decision win before facing [Joseph Valtellini](/wiki/Joseph_Valtellini "Joseph Valtellini") in the final. In a back\-and\-forth fight where both pressed forward, landing powerful but technical punches and kicks, Holzken scored a TKO in the dying seconds of the third and final round to be crowned the inaugural [Glory World Welterweight (\-77\.1 kg/170 lb) Tournament Champion](/wiki/Glory_%28kickboxing%29%23Tournament_champions "Glory (kickboxing)#Tournament champions").{{cite web\|url\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=2774:glory\-superfight\-series\-tokyo\-and\-glory\-13\-spoilers\&catid\=38:asia\&Itemid\=59\|title\=GLORY SuperFight Series Tokyo and GLORY 13 Spoilers\|author\=Dave Walsh\|date\=26 October 2018 \|publisher\=LiverKick.com}}
He was set to fight for the inaugural [Glory Welterweight Championship](/wiki/Glory_%28kickboxing%29%23Glory_Welterweight_Championship "Glory (kickboxing)#Glory Welterweight Championship") against [Marc de Bonte](/wiki/Marc_de_Bonte "Marc de Bonte") at *[Glory 14: Zagreb](/wiki/Glory_14:Zagreb "Zagreb")* in Zagreb, Croatia on March 8, 2014{{cite web\|url\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=2783:glory\-makes\-glory\-14\-in\-zagreb\-official\&catid\=50:glory\&Itemid\=75\|title\=GLORY Makes GLORY 14 in Zagreb Official\|author\=Dave Walsh\|date\=5 February 2020 \|publisher\=LiverKick.com}} but the fight was cancelled when he suffered a shoulder injury in a car accident.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kickboxingplanet.com/news/glory\-14\-zagreb\-fight\-card\-till\-so\-far/\|title\=GLORY 14 Zagreb: Fight Card\|author\=Roy\|work\=Kickboxingplanet}} The match was rescheduled for *[Glory 16: Denver](/wiki/Glory_16:Denver "Denver")* in Broomfield, Colorado, US on May 3, 2014{{cite web\|url\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=2876:nieky\-holzken\-vs\-marc\-de\-bonte\-set\-for\-glory\-16\-denver\&catid\=50:glory\&Itemid\=75\|title\=Nieky Holzken vs. Marc De Bonte Set for GLORY 16 Denver\|author\=Dave Walsh\|date\=5 February 2020 \|publisher\=LiverKick.com}} but his lingering shoulder injury again forced him out, and he was replaced by [Karapet Karapetyan](/wiki/Karapet_Karapetyan "Karapet Karapetyan").{{cite web\|url\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=2921:nieky\-holzken\-forced\-out\-of\-glory\-16\-title\-fight\&catid\=50:glory\&Itemid\=75\|title\=Nieky Holzken Forced Out of GLORY 16 Title Fight\|author\=Dave Walsh\|date\=5 February 2020 \|publisher\=LiverKick.com}}
On February 6, 2015, Holzken was part of a one\-night, four\-man [welterweight tournament](/wiki/Glory_19:Virginia%232015_Glory_Welterweight_Contender_Tournament_bracket "Virginia#2015 Glory Welterweight Contender Tournament bracket") at [Glory 19](/wiki/Glory_19 "Glory 19") to determine who would get the next title shot. In the semifinals, he faced [Alexander Stetsurenko](/wiki/Alexander_Stetsurenko "Alexander Stetsurenko") and won via unanimous decision. In the finals, he faced [Raymond Daniels](/wiki/Raymond_Daniels_%28martial_artist%29 "Raymond Daniels (martial artist)") and won via TKO in the third round.
On April 16, 2016, he defeated Yoann Kongolo. After the match\-up Holzken expressed his desire to in\-ring commentator [Joseph Valtellini](/wiki/Joseph_Valtellini "Joseph Valtellini") that he wished to face him again.
On July 2, 2018, Holzken announced on his social media that he had rejected a contract offer from Glory and was entertaining offers from other promotions.{{cite web\|url\=https://kickboxingz.com/holzken\-rejects\-new\-glory\-contract/\|title\=Holzken rejects new GLORY Contract\|date\=July 2, 2018\|website\=kickboxingz.com}}
### Boxing
Since 2013, Holzken had competed in professional boxing alongside his kickboxing career, but in February 2018 he got the biggest opportunity in the sport when he stepped in at late notice to face [Callum Smith](/wiki/Callum_Smith "Callum Smith") in the [World Boxing Super Series](/wiki/World_Boxing_Super_Series "World Boxing Super Series") super\-middleweight tournament. The Dutchman was 13\-0 coming in, and Smith 23\-0\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/boxing/2018/02/24/callum\-smith\-defeats\-nieky\-holzken\-toset\-george\-groves\-world/\|title\=Callum Smith defeats Nieky Holzken to set up George Groves World Boxing Series final\|last\=Davies\|first\=Gareth A.\|date\=2018\-02\-24\|work\=The Telegraph\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-15\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0307\-1235}} Smith took the win by unanimous decision, and then went on to KO [George Groves](/wiki/George_Groves_%28boxer%29 "George Groves (boxer)") in the final.
### ONE Championship
Holzken returned to kickboxing when he signed for [ONE Championship](/wiki/ONE_Championship "ONE Championship"), making his debut with a second round KO over [Cosmo Alexandre](/wiki/Cosmo_Alexandre "Cosmo Alexandre") at *[ONE Championship: Warrior's Dream](/wiki/2018_in_ONE_Championship%23ONE_Championship:Warrior%27s_Dream "Warrior's Dream")* in November 2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.onefc.com/articles/nieky\-holzken\-dazzles\-with\-a\-crushing\-knockout\-in\-his\-one\-debut/\|title\=Nieky Holzken Dazzles With A Crushing KO In His ONE Debut {{!}} ONE Championship\|date\=2018\-11\-17\|website\=www.onefc.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-15}}
He would challenge [Regian Eersel](/wiki/Regian_Eersel "Regian Eersel") for the inaugural [ONE Lightweight Kickboxing World Championship](/wiki/List_of_ONE_Championship_champions%23Kickboxing "List of ONE Championship champions#Kickboxing") at *[ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon](/wiki/2019_in_ONE_Championship%23ONE_Championship:Enter_the_Dragon "Enter the Dragon")* in May 2019 and lose via unanimous decision.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/5/17/18628929/one\-championship\-enter\-the\-dragon\-results\|title \= ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon Results\|date \= 17 May 2019}} The two would rematch for the title in October 2019 at *[ONE Championship: Dawn of Valor](/wiki/2019_in_ONE_Championship%23ONE_Championship:Dawn_of_Valor "Dawn of Valor")*, but Holzken lost again via unanimous decision.{{Cite web\|url\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2859798\-one\-championship\-2029\-dawn\-of\-valor\-results\-and\-highlights\|title\=ONE Championship 2019: Dawn of Valor Results and Highlights\|website\=\[\[Bleacher Report]] }}
It was announced that Nieky Holzken would face Elliot Compton at *[ONE Championship: Big Bang 2](/wiki/2020_in_ONE_Championship%23ONE_Championship:Big_Bang_2 "Big Bang 2")* on December 11, 2020\. It was also revealed that Holzken had signed a six\-fight contract extension with ONE after his original contract expired.{{cite web\|url\=https://asianmma.com/nieky\-holzken\-booked\-to\-face\-elliot\-compton\-according\-to\-reports\-in\-holland/\|title\=Nieky Holzken booked to face Elliot Compton according to reports in Holland\|website\=Asian MMA\|date\=2020\-10\-19\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-19}}{{cite web \|title\=Nieuw contract en comeback in november voor Nieky Holzken bij ONE Championship: 'Ik blijf dé uitdager' \|url\=https://www.ed.nl/sport\-regio/nieuw\-contract\-en\-comeback\-in\-november\-voor\-nieky\-holzken\-bij\-one\-championship\-ik\-blijf\-de\-uitdager\~a89b5ca0 \|website\=ed.nl \|access\-date\=19 October 2020}} Holzken knocked Compton out in the first round, with a liver shot.{{cite web \|title\=Holzken zorgt met knock\-out voor spectaculaire rentree in Singapore \|url\=https://www.ad.nl/vechtsport/holzken\-zorgt\-met\-knock\-out\-voor\-spectaculaire\-rentree\-in\-singapore\~a355ce91/?referrer\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F \|website\=ad.nl \|access\-date\=11 December 2020}}
Holzken faced [John Wayne Parr](/wiki/John_Wayne_Parr "John Wayne Parr") in a [Muay Thai](/wiki/Muay_Thai "Muay Thai") bout at *[ONE on TNT 3](/wiki/2021_in_ONE_Championship%23ONE_on_TNT_3 "2021 in ONE Championship#ONE on TNT 3")* on April 21, 2021\.{{cite web\|url\=https://asianmma.com/john\-wayne\-parr\-faces\-nieky\-holzken\-at\-one\-on\-tnt\-part\-iii/\|title\=John Wayne Parr faces Nieky Holzken at ONE on TNT Part III\|website\=Asian MMA\|date\=2021\-02\-27\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-01}} He won the bout via TKO after dropping Parr with a head kick in the second round.{{Cite web\|last\=Sherdog.com\|title\=One Championship 'One on TNT 3' Play\-by\-Play \& Results\|url\=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/One\-Championship\-One\-on\-TNT\-3\-PlaybyPlay\-Results\-178872\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-22\|website\=Sherdog}} A mere fortnight after the bout Holzken announced that his contract had expired and he became a free agent.{{cite tweet\|number\=1390251478309289984\|title\=My contract has ended successfully at @onechampionship. What's next for me?\|date\=May 6, 2021\|author\=Nieky Holzken\|user\=niekyholzken}}
On September 13, 2021, Holzken announced that he had signed a new multi\-fight contract with ONE Championship.{{cite instagram\|postid\=CTwh9yLApw6\|user\=niekyholzken\|author\=Nieky Holzken\|date\=September 13, 2021\|title\=It's official... I am proud to say that I have signed another multi\-deal with @onechampionship. This is the best contract of my career so far and I am very happy with it.}}
In November 2021, Combat Press ranked him as the \#5 welterweight kickboxer in the world.{{cite web \|last1\=Aittama \|first1\=Zach \|title\=Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: November 2021 \|url\=https://combatpress.com/2021/11/combat\-press\-kickboxing\-rankings\-november\-2021/ \|access\-date\=1 December 2021 \|website\=combatpress.com}}
As the first fight of his new six\-fight contract, Holzken was scheduled to face the one\-time ONE Lightweight Kickboxing title challenger [Islam Murtazaev](/wiki/Islam_Murtazaev "Islam Murtazaev") at *[ONE: X](/wiki/ONE:X "X")* on March 26, 2022\.{{cite web \|last1\=Robinson \|first1\=Lucky \|title\=ONE Championship books Nieky Holzken\-Islam Murtazaev kickboxing fight for ONE X super\-card \|url\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news\-one\-championship\-reveals\-holzken\-murtazaev\-fight\-one\-x \|website\=sportskeeda.com \|access\-date\=29 January 2022 \|date\=28 January 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://combatpress.com/2022/03/one\-xs\-nieky\-holzken\-back\-in\-the\-saddle/\|title\=ONE X's Nieky Holzken: Back in the Saddle\|date\=March 24, 2022\|publisher\=combatpress.com\|author\=Dan Kuhl}} With the removal of all Russian athletes from the event as a result of the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"), Murtazaev was replaced by [Sinsamut Klinmee](/wiki/Sinsamut_Klinmee "Sinsamut Klinmee") and the fight was changed to Muay Thai rules.{{cite web\|url\=https://asianmma.com/nieky\-holzken\-faces\-sinsamut\-klinmee\-at\-one\-x/\|title\= Nieky Holzken faces Sinsamut Klinmee at ONE: 'X'\|website\=Asian MMA\|date\=2022\-03\-22\|access\-date\=2022\-03\-26}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news\-one\-championship\-announces\-sinsamut\-klinmee\-neiky\-holzken\-s\-opponent\-one\-x\|title\=ONE Championship announces Sinsamut Klinmee as Nieky Holzken's opponent at ONE X\|website\=Sportskeeda\|date\=2022\-03\-22\|access\-date\=2022\-03\-26}} He lost the fight by a second\-round knockout.{{cite web \|last1\=Willemse \|first1\=Jan \|title\=Nieky Holzken verliest eerste gevecht van 2022: Thaise vechter slaat Helmonder knock\-out \|url\=https://www.ed.nl/sport\-regio/nieky\-holzken\-verliest\-eerste\-gevecht\-van\-2022\-thaise\-vechter\-slaat\-helmonder\-knock\-out\~a466fdce \|website\=ed.nl \|access\-date\=26 March 2022 \|date\=26 March 2022}}
Holzken was scheduled to face [Islam Murtazaev](/wiki/Islam_Murtazaev "Islam Murtazaev") at *[ONE 162](/wiki/ONE_162 "ONE 162")* on October 21, 2022\.{{cite web \|last1\=Pico \|first1\=Borna \|title\=Sitthichai takes on undefeated Mohammed Boutasaa, Dutch legend Nieky Holzken vs. Murtazev set for Oct. 21 \|url\=https://beyondkick.com/news/sitthichai\-takes\-on\-undefeated\-mohammed\-boutasaa\-dutch\-legend\-nieky\-holzken\-vs\-murtazev\-official\-for\-oct\-21/ \|website\=beyondkick.com \|access\-date\=2 October 2022 \|date\=2 October 2022}} However, Holzken withdrew with an injury on four days before the bout was supposed to take place.{{cite web \|title\=More ONE 162 Fight Card Changes \|url\=https://www.fightsports.tv/more\-one\-162\-changes/ \|website\=fightsports.tv \|date\=17 October 2022 \|access\-date\=18 October 2022}}
Holzken faced [Arian Sadiković](/wiki/Arian_Sadikovi%C4%87 "Arian Sadiković") at *[ONE Fight Night 11](/wiki/ONE_Fight_Night_11 "ONE Fight Night 11")* on June 10, 2023\.{{cite web \|last1\=Emmerink \|first1\=Ron \|title\=Nieky Holzken gaat tegenstander Arian Sadikovic compleet slopen! 'Geen genade' \|url\=https://www.vechtsportinfo.nl/kickboks\-amp\-muay\-thai\-nieuws/nieky\-holzken\-gaat\-tegenstander\-arian\-sadikovic\-compleet\-slopen\-geen\-genade \|website\=vechtsportinfo.nl \|access\-date\=21 May 2023 \|date\=21 May 2023}} At the weigh\-ins, Holzken weighed in at 176 pounds, 6 pounds over the lightweight limit. As a result, the bout proceeded as a catchweight and Holzken was fined 30% of his fight purse, which went to Sadiković.{{Cite web \|last\=Strobel \|first\=Kevin \|date\=2023\-06\-09 \|title\=ONE Fight Night 11 Weigh\-in Results: Nieky Holzken, Amber Kitchen \& Martine Michieletto Miss Weight, Holzken to Forfeit 30% Of His Purse \|url\=https://beyondkick.com/news/one\-fight\-night\-11/ \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-09 \|website\=Beyond Kick \- The Home of Kickboxing \|language\=en\-US}} He lost the fight by unanimous decision.{{cite web \|last1\=Ottens \|first1\=Chris \|title\=Ongeloof bij hoofdschuddende Nieky Holzken na verlies in Bangkok: 'Ben hier niet blij mee' \|url\=https://www.ed.nl/sport\-regio/ongeloof\-bij\-hoofdschuddende\-nieky\-holzken\-na\-verlies\-in\-bangkok\-ben\-hier\-niet\-blij\-mee\~aa27fde8/ \|website\=ed.nl \|access\-date\=10 June 2023 \|date\=10 June 2023}}
Holzken faced [Yoshihiro Akiyama](/wiki/Yoshihiro_Akiyama "Yoshihiro Akiyama") in a special\-rules bout at *[ONE 165](/wiki/ONE_165 "ONE 165")* on January 28, 2024\. The match, contested in MMA gloves, will be three rounds: the first round being boxing rules, the second round being Muay Thai rules, and the third round being MMA rules.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.onefc.com/features/everything\-to\-know\-about\-the\-special\-rules\-super\-fight\-between\-nieky\-holzken\-and\-yoshihiro\-akiyama\-at\-one\-165/\|title\=Everything To Know About The Special Rules Super\-Fight Between Nieky Holzken And Yoshihiro Akiyama At ONE 165\|website\=ONE Championship\|date\=2024\-01\-26\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-03}} Holzken won the fight by technical knockout in the first round.{{cite web\|url\=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/01/28/one\-165\-nieky\-holzken\-predictably\-runs\-through\-sexyama\-in\-boxing\-round\-of\-mixed\-rules\-bout/\|title\=Nieky Holzken Predictably Runs Through Sexyama in Boxing Round of Mixed\-Rules Bout\|website\=Cageside Press\|date\=2024\-01\-28\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-03}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mmamania.com/2024/1/28/24053285/highlights\-yoshihiro\-sexyama\-akiyama\-gets\-sparked\-two\-minutes\-nieky\-holzken\-at\-one\-championship\-165\|title\=Highlights! Nieky Holzken sparks Yoshihiro 'Sexyama' in less than two minutes\|website\=MMA Mania\|date\=2024\-01\-28\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-03}} This win earned the *$50,000 Performance of the Night* awards.{{Cite web \|last\=Pekios \|first\=Craig \|date\=2024\-01\-28 \|title\=ONE 165: Superlek vs. Takeru \- Who won the $50,000 bonuses? \|url\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news\-one\-165\-superlek\-vs\-takeru\-who\-won\-50\-000\-bonuses \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-29 \|website\=www.sportskeeda.com \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### K\\-1",
"Nieky Holzken made his [K\\-1](/wiki/K-1 \"K-1\") debut on November 26, 2006, at K\\-1 World MAX North European Qualification in [Stockholm, Sweden](/wiki/Stockholm%2C_Sweden \"Stockholm, Sweden\"). He won the tournament by three consecutive [KO's](/wiki/Knockout \"Knockout\") over Björn Kjöllerström, [Joakim Karlsson](/wiki/Joakim_Karlsson_%28kickboxer%29 \"Joakim Karlsson (kickboxer)\") and Elias Daniel. The win qualified him for the [K\\-1 World MAX 2007 Final Elimination](/wiki/K-1_World_MAX_2007_Final_Elimination \"K-1 World MAX 2007 Final Elimination\"), where he was matched up against the reigning [K\\-1 MAX](/wiki/K-1 \"K-1\") champion [Buakaw Por. Pramuk](/wiki/Buakaw_Por._Pramuk \"Buakaw Por. Pramuk\"). He lost the fight by [unanimous decision](/wiki/Unanimous_decision \"Unanimous decision\").",
"### Glory",
"He faced [Murat Direkçi](/wiki/Murat_Direk%C3%A7i \"Murat Direkçi\") at *[Glory 2: Brussels](/wiki/Glory_2:Brussels \"Brussels\")* on October 6, 2012, in Brussels, Belgium{{cite web\\|url\\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1905%3Aglory\\-2\\-brussels\\-final\\-fight\\-card\\-for\\-this\\-saturday\\&catid\\=50%3Aglory\\&Itemid\\=64\\|title\\=GLORY 2 Brussels Final Fight Card For This Saturday\\|author\\=Rian Scalia\\|publisher\\=LiverKick.com\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116124437/http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1905%3Aglory\\-2\\-brussels\\-final\\-fight\\-card\\-for\\-this\\-saturday\\&catid\\=50%3Aglory\\&Itemid\\=64\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-16\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and won via TKO due to a cut in the second round.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1918:glory\\-2\\-brussels\\-live\\-results\\&catid\\=50:glory\\|title\\=GLORY 2 Brussels Live Results\\|author\\=Rian Scalia\\|date\\=25 September 2019 \\|publisher\\=LiverKick.com}}",
"He defeated [Karim Ghajji](/wiki/Karim_Ghajji \"Karim Ghajji\") via TKO due to a cut in an extension round at *[Glory 6: Istanbul](/wiki/Glory_6:Istanbul \"Istanbul\")* in Istanbul, Turkey on April 6, 2013\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=2274:glory\\-6\\-posterfighters\\-expected\\-to\\-participate\\&catid\\=50:glory\\|title\\=GLORY 6 Poster/Fighters Expected to Participate\\|author\\=Rian Scalia\\|date\\=5 February 2020 \\|publisher\\=LiverKick.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=2423:updated\\-glory\\-6\\-istanbul\\-fight\\-card\\-for\\-saturday\\-april\\-6\\&catid\\=50:glory\\|title\\=Updated GLORY 6 Istanbul Fight Card For Saturday, April 6\\|author\\=Rian Scalia\\|date\\=5 February 2020 \\|publisher\\=LiverKick.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=2429:glory\\-6\\-istanbul\\-daniel\\-ghita\\-vs\\-gokhan\\-saki\\-live\\-results\\&catid\\=39:europe\\&Itemid\\=59\\|title\\=GLORY 6 Istanbul: Daniel Ghita vs. Gokhan Saki, Live Results\\|author\\=Rian Scalia\\|date\\=18 May 2018 \\|publisher\\=LiverKick.com}}",
"He was to fight at *SLAMM!! \\- Soema na Basi IV: Londt vs. Adegbuyi* in Paramaribo, Suriname on August 8, 2013{{cite web\\|url\\=http://fightsportasia.com/2013/07/17/slamm\\-soema\\-na\\-basi\\-iv\\-ismael\\-londt\\-vs\\-benjamin\\-adegbuyi/ \\|title\\=SLAMM!! – Soema na Basi IV: Ismael Londt vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi \\| FSA \\- FightSport Asia \\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818224720/http://fightsportasia.com/2013/07/17/slamm\\-soema\\-na\\-basi\\-iv\\-ismael\\-londt\\-vs\\-benjamin\\-adegbuyi/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 18, 2013 }} but withdrew for undisclosed reasons.",
"He was initially scheduled to fight [Marc de Bonte](/wiki/Marc_de_Bonte \"Marc de Bonte\") in the *[Glory 13: Tokyo \\- Welterweight World Championship Tournament](/wiki/Glory_13:Tokyo_-_Welterweight_World_Championship_Tournament \"Tokyo - Welterweight World Championship Tournament\")* semi\\-finals in Tokyo, Japan on December 21, 2013{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/10/match\\-ups\\-announced\\-for\\-glory\\-13\\.html \\|title\\=Match ups announced for Glory 13 welterweight tournament in Japan \\~ Muay Thai Authority \\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022034356/http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/10/match\\-ups\\-announced\\-for\\-glory\\-13\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 22, 2013 }} but his opponent was then changed to [Karapet Karapetyan](/wiki/Karapet_Karapetyan \"Karapet Karapetyan\") who he had previously fought and beat in February 2012 by decision.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/11/raymond\\-daniels\\-replaces\\-marc\\-de\\-bonte.html \\|title\\=Raymond Daniels replaces Marc de Bonte in Glory 13 welterweight tournament \\~ Muay Thai Authority \\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233740/http://www.muaythaiauthority.com/2013/11/raymond\\-daniels\\-replaces\\-marc\\-de\\-bonte.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2013 }} He knocked Karapetyan down in rounds one and two en route to a clear unanimous decision win before facing [Joseph Valtellini](/wiki/Joseph_Valtellini \"Joseph Valtellini\") in the final. In a back\\-and\\-forth fight where both pressed forward, landing powerful but technical punches and kicks, Holzken scored a TKO in the dying seconds of the third and final round to be crowned the inaugural [Glory World Welterweight (\\-77\\.1 kg/170 lb) Tournament Champion](/wiki/Glory_%28kickboxing%29%23Tournament_champions \"Glory (kickboxing)#Tournament champions\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=2774:glory\\-superfight\\-series\\-tokyo\\-and\\-glory\\-13\\-spoilers\\&catid\\=38:asia\\&Itemid\\=59\\|title\\=GLORY SuperFight Series Tokyo and GLORY 13 Spoilers\\|author\\=Dave Walsh\\|date\\=26 October 2018 \\|publisher\\=LiverKick.com}}",
"He was set to fight for the inaugural [Glory Welterweight Championship](/wiki/Glory_%28kickboxing%29%23Glory_Welterweight_Championship \"Glory (kickboxing)#Glory Welterweight Championship\") against [Marc de Bonte](/wiki/Marc_de_Bonte \"Marc de Bonte\") at *[Glory 14: Zagreb](/wiki/Glory_14:Zagreb \"Zagreb\")* in Zagreb, Croatia on March 8, 2014{{cite web\\|url\\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=2783:glory\\-makes\\-glory\\-14\\-in\\-zagreb\\-official\\&catid\\=50:glory\\&Itemid\\=75\\|title\\=GLORY Makes GLORY 14 in Zagreb Official\\|author\\=Dave Walsh\\|date\\=5 February 2020 \\|publisher\\=LiverKick.com}} but the fight was cancelled when he suffered a shoulder injury in a car accident.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kickboxingplanet.com/news/glory\\-14\\-zagreb\\-fight\\-card\\-till\\-so\\-far/\\|title\\=GLORY 14 Zagreb: Fight Card\\|author\\=Roy\\|work\\=Kickboxingplanet}} The match was rescheduled for *[Glory 16: Denver](/wiki/Glory_16:Denver \"Denver\")* in Broomfield, Colorado, US on May 3, 2014{{cite web\\|url\\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=2876:nieky\\-holzken\\-vs\\-marc\\-de\\-bonte\\-set\\-for\\-glory\\-16\\-denver\\&catid\\=50:glory\\&Itemid\\=75\\|title\\=Nieky Holzken vs. Marc De Bonte Set for GLORY 16 Denver\\|author\\=Dave Walsh\\|date\\=5 February 2020 \\|publisher\\=LiverKick.com}} but his lingering shoulder injury again forced him out, and he was replaced by [Karapet Karapetyan](/wiki/Karapet_Karapetyan \"Karapet Karapetyan\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://liverkick.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=2921:nieky\\-holzken\\-forced\\-out\\-of\\-glory\\-16\\-title\\-fight\\&catid\\=50:glory\\&Itemid\\=75\\|title\\=Nieky Holzken Forced Out of GLORY 16 Title Fight\\|author\\=Dave Walsh\\|date\\=5 February 2020 \\|publisher\\=LiverKick.com}}",
"On February 6, 2015, Holzken was part of a one\\-night, four\\-man [welterweight tournament](/wiki/Glory_19:Virginia%232015_Glory_Welterweight_Contender_Tournament_bracket \"Virginia#2015 Glory Welterweight Contender Tournament bracket\") at [Glory 19](/wiki/Glory_19 \"Glory 19\") to determine who would get the next title shot. In the semifinals, he faced [Alexander Stetsurenko](/wiki/Alexander_Stetsurenko \"Alexander Stetsurenko\") and won via unanimous decision. In the finals, he faced [Raymond Daniels](/wiki/Raymond_Daniels_%28martial_artist%29 \"Raymond Daniels (martial artist)\") and won via TKO in the third round.",
"On April 16, 2016, he defeated Yoann Kongolo. After the match\\-up Holzken expressed his desire to in\\-ring commentator [Joseph Valtellini](/wiki/Joseph_Valtellini \"Joseph Valtellini\") that he wished to face him again.",
"On July 2, 2018, Holzken announced on his social media that he had rejected a contract offer from Glory and was entertaining offers from other promotions.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://kickboxingz.com/holzken\\-rejects\\-new\\-glory\\-contract/\\|title\\=Holzken rejects new GLORY Contract\\|date\\=July 2, 2018\\|website\\=kickboxingz.com}}",
"### Boxing",
"Since 2013, Holzken had competed in professional boxing alongside his kickboxing career, but in February 2018 he got the biggest opportunity in the sport when he stepped in at late notice to face [Callum Smith](/wiki/Callum_Smith \"Callum Smith\") in the [World Boxing Super Series](/wiki/World_Boxing_Super_Series \"World Boxing Super Series\") super\\-middleweight tournament. The Dutchman was 13\\-0 coming in, and Smith 23\\-0\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/boxing/2018/02/24/callum\\-smith\\-defeats\\-nieky\\-holzken\\-toset\\-george\\-groves\\-world/\\|title\\=Callum Smith defeats Nieky Holzken to set up George Groves World Boxing Series final\\|last\\=Davies\\|first\\=Gareth A.\\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-24\\|work\\=The Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-15\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0307\\-1235}} Smith took the win by unanimous decision, and then went on to KO [George Groves](/wiki/George_Groves_%28boxer%29 \"George Groves (boxer)\") in the final.",
"### ONE Championship",
"Holzken returned to kickboxing when he signed for [ONE Championship](/wiki/ONE_Championship \"ONE Championship\"), making his debut with a second round KO over [Cosmo Alexandre](/wiki/Cosmo_Alexandre \"Cosmo Alexandre\") at *[ONE Championship: Warrior's Dream](/wiki/2018_in_ONE_Championship%23ONE_Championship:Warrior%27s_Dream \"Warrior's Dream\")* in November 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.onefc.com/articles/nieky\\-holzken\\-dazzles\\-with\\-a\\-crushing\\-knockout\\-in\\-his\\-one\\-debut/\\|title\\=Nieky Holzken Dazzles With A Crushing KO In His ONE Debut {{!}} ONE Championship\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-17\\|website\\=www.onefc.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-15}}",
"He would challenge [Regian Eersel](/wiki/Regian_Eersel \"Regian Eersel\") for the inaugural [ONE Lightweight Kickboxing World Championship](/wiki/List_of_ONE_Championship_champions%23Kickboxing \"List of ONE Championship champions#Kickboxing\") at *[ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon](/wiki/2019_in_ONE_Championship%23ONE_Championship:Enter_the_Dragon \"Enter the Dragon\")* in May 2019 and lose via unanimous decision.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/5/17/18628929/one\\-championship\\-enter\\-the\\-dragon\\-results\\|title \\= ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon Results\\|date \\= 17 May 2019}} The two would rematch for the title in October 2019 at *[ONE Championship: Dawn of Valor](/wiki/2019_in_ONE_Championship%23ONE_Championship:Dawn_of_Valor \"Dawn of Valor\")*, but Holzken lost again via unanimous decision.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2859798\\-one\\-championship\\-2029\\-dawn\\-of\\-valor\\-results\\-and\\-highlights\\|title\\=ONE Championship 2019: Dawn of Valor Results and Highlights\\|website\\=\\[\\[Bleacher Report]] }}",
"It was announced that Nieky Holzken would face Elliot Compton at *[ONE Championship: Big Bang 2](/wiki/2020_in_ONE_Championship%23ONE_Championship:Big_Bang_2 \"Big Bang 2\")* on December 11, 2020\\. It was also revealed that Holzken had signed a six\\-fight contract extension with ONE after his original contract expired.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://asianmma.com/nieky\\-holzken\\-booked\\-to\\-face\\-elliot\\-compton\\-according\\-to\\-reports\\-in\\-holland/\\|title\\=Nieky Holzken booked to face Elliot Compton according to reports in Holland\\|website\\=Asian MMA\\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-19\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-19}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Nieuw contract en comeback in november voor Nieky Holzken bij ONE Championship: 'Ik blijf dé uitdager' \\|url\\=https://www.ed.nl/sport\\-regio/nieuw\\-contract\\-en\\-comeback\\-in\\-november\\-voor\\-nieky\\-holzken\\-bij\\-one\\-championship\\-ik\\-blijf\\-de\\-uitdager\\~a89b5ca0 \\|website\\=ed.nl \\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2020}} Holzken knocked Compton out in the first round, with a liver shot.{{cite web \\|title\\=Holzken zorgt met knock\\-out voor spectaculaire rentree in Singapore \\|url\\=https://www.ad.nl/vechtsport/holzken\\-zorgt\\-met\\-knock\\-out\\-voor\\-spectaculaire\\-rentree\\-in\\-singapore\\~a355ce91/?referrer\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F \\|website\\=ad.nl \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2020}}",
"Holzken faced [John Wayne Parr](/wiki/John_Wayne_Parr \"John Wayne Parr\") in a [Muay Thai](/wiki/Muay_Thai \"Muay Thai\") bout at *[ONE on TNT 3](/wiki/2021_in_ONE_Championship%23ONE_on_TNT_3 \"2021 in ONE Championship#ONE on TNT 3\")* on April 21, 2021\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://asianmma.com/john\\-wayne\\-parr\\-faces\\-nieky\\-holzken\\-at\\-one\\-on\\-tnt\\-part\\-iii/\\|title\\=John Wayne Parr faces Nieky Holzken at ONE on TNT Part III\\|website\\=Asian MMA\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-27\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-01}} He won the bout via TKO after dropping Parr with a head kick in the second round.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Sherdog.com\\|title\\=One Championship 'One on TNT 3' Play\\-by\\-Play \\& Results\\|url\\=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/One\\-Championship\\-One\\-on\\-TNT\\-3\\-PlaybyPlay\\-Results\\-178872\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-22\\|website\\=Sherdog}} A mere fortnight after the bout Holzken announced that his contract had expired and he became a free agent.{{cite tweet\\|number\\=1390251478309289984\\|title\\=My contract has ended successfully at @onechampionship. What's next for me?\\|date\\=May 6, 2021\\|author\\=Nieky Holzken\\|user\\=niekyholzken}}",
"On September 13, 2021, Holzken announced that he had signed a new multi\\-fight contract with ONE Championship.{{cite instagram\\|postid\\=CTwh9yLApw6\\|user\\=niekyholzken\\|author\\=Nieky Holzken\\|date\\=September 13, 2021\\|title\\=It's official... I am proud to say that I have signed another multi\\-deal with @onechampionship. This is the best contract of my career so far and I am very happy with it.}}",
"In November 2021, Combat Press ranked him as the \\#5 welterweight kickboxer in the world.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Aittama \\|first1\\=Zach \\|title\\=Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: November 2021 \\|url\\=https://combatpress.com/2021/11/combat\\-press\\-kickboxing\\-rankings\\-november\\-2021/ \\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2021 \\|website\\=combatpress.com}}",
"As the first fight of his new six\\-fight contract, Holzken was scheduled to face the one\\-time ONE Lightweight Kickboxing title challenger [Islam Murtazaev](/wiki/Islam_Murtazaev \"Islam Murtazaev\") at *[ONE: X](/wiki/ONE:X \"X\")* on March 26, 2022\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Robinson \\|first1\\=Lucky \\|title\\=ONE Championship books Nieky Holzken\\-Islam Murtazaev kickboxing fight for ONE X super\\-card \\|url\\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news\\-one\\-championship\\-reveals\\-holzken\\-murtazaev\\-fight\\-one\\-x \\|website\\=sportskeeda.com \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2022 \\|date\\=28 January 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://combatpress.com/2022/03/one\\-xs\\-nieky\\-holzken\\-back\\-in\\-the\\-saddle/\\|title\\=ONE X's Nieky Holzken: Back in the Saddle\\|date\\=March 24, 2022\\|publisher\\=combatpress.com\\|author\\=Dan Kuhl}} With the removal of all Russian athletes from the event as a result of the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), Murtazaev was replaced by [Sinsamut Klinmee](/wiki/Sinsamut_Klinmee \"Sinsamut Klinmee\") and the fight was changed to Muay Thai rules.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://asianmma.com/nieky\\-holzken\\-faces\\-sinsamut\\-klinmee\\-at\\-one\\-x/\\|title\\= Nieky Holzken faces Sinsamut Klinmee at ONE: 'X'\\|website\\=Asian MMA\\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-26}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news\\-one\\-championship\\-announces\\-sinsamut\\-klinmee\\-neiky\\-holzken\\-s\\-opponent\\-one\\-x\\|title\\=ONE Championship announces Sinsamut Klinmee as Nieky Holzken's opponent at ONE X\\|website\\=Sportskeeda\\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-26}} He lost the fight by a second\\-round knockout.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Willemse \\|first1\\=Jan \\|title\\=Nieky Holzken verliest eerste gevecht van 2022: Thaise vechter slaat Helmonder knock\\-out \\|url\\=https://www.ed.nl/sport\\-regio/nieky\\-holzken\\-verliest\\-eerste\\-gevecht\\-van\\-2022\\-thaise\\-vechter\\-slaat\\-helmonder\\-knock\\-out\\~a466fdce \\|website\\=ed.nl \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2022 \\|date\\=26 March 2022}}",
"Holzken was scheduled to face [Islam Murtazaev](/wiki/Islam_Murtazaev \"Islam Murtazaev\") at *[ONE 162](/wiki/ONE_162 \"ONE 162\")* on October 21, 2022\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Pico \\|first1\\=Borna \\|title\\=Sitthichai takes on undefeated Mohammed Boutasaa, Dutch legend Nieky Holzken vs. Murtazev set for Oct. 21 \\|url\\=https://beyondkick.com/news/sitthichai\\-takes\\-on\\-undefeated\\-mohammed\\-boutasaa\\-dutch\\-legend\\-nieky\\-holzken\\-vs\\-murtazev\\-official\\-for\\-oct\\-21/ \\|website\\=beyondkick.com \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2022 \\|date\\=2 October 2022}} However, Holzken withdrew with an injury on four days before the bout was supposed to take place.{{cite web \\|title\\=More ONE 162 Fight Card Changes \\|url\\=https://www.fightsports.tv/more\\-one\\-162\\-changes/ \\|website\\=fightsports.tv \\|date\\=17 October 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2022}}",
"Holzken faced [Arian Sadiković](/wiki/Arian_Sadikovi%C4%87 \"Arian Sadiković\") at *[ONE Fight Night 11](/wiki/ONE_Fight_Night_11 \"ONE Fight Night 11\")* on June 10, 2023\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Emmerink \\|first1\\=Ron \\|title\\=Nieky Holzken gaat tegenstander Arian Sadikovic compleet slopen! 'Geen genade' \\|url\\=https://www.vechtsportinfo.nl/kickboks\\-amp\\-muay\\-thai\\-nieuws/nieky\\-holzken\\-gaat\\-tegenstander\\-arian\\-sadikovic\\-compleet\\-slopen\\-geen\\-genade \\|website\\=vechtsportinfo.nl \\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2023 \\|date\\=21 May 2023}} At the weigh\\-ins, Holzken weighed in at 176 pounds, 6 pounds over the lightweight limit. As a result, the bout proceeded as a catchweight and Holzken was fined 30% of his fight purse, which went to Sadiković.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Strobel \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-09 \\|title\\=ONE Fight Night 11 Weigh\\-in Results: Nieky Holzken, Amber Kitchen \\& Martine Michieletto Miss Weight, Holzken to Forfeit 30% Of His Purse \\|url\\=https://beyondkick.com/news/one\\-fight\\-night\\-11/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-09 \\|website\\=Beyond Kick \\- The Home of Kickboxing \\|language\\=en\\-US}} He lost the fight by unanimous decision.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ottens \\|first1\\=Chris \\|title\\=Ongeloof bij hoofdschuddende Nieky Holzken na verlies in Bangkok: 'Ben hier niet blij mee' \\|url\\=https://www.ed.nl/sport\\-regio/ongeloof\\-bij\\-hoofdschuddende\\-nieky\\-holzken\\-na\\-verlies\\-in\\-bangkok\\-ben\\-hier\\-niet\\-blij\\-mee\\~aa27fde8/ \\|website\\=ed.nl \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2023 \\|date\\=10 June 2023}}",
"Holzken faced [Yoshihiro Akiyama](/wiki/Yoshihiro_Akiyama \"Yoshihiro Akiyama\") in a special\\-rules bout at *[ONE 165](/wiki/ONE_165 \"ONE 165\")* on January 28, 2024\\. The match, contested in MMA gloves, will be three rounds: the first round being boxing rules, the second round being Muay Thai rules, and the third round being MMA rules.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.onefc.com/features/everything\\-to\\-know\\-about\\-the\\-special\\-rules\\-super\\-fight\\-between\\-nieky\\-holzken\\-and\\-yoshihiro\\-akiyama\\-at\\-one\\-165/\\|title\\=Everything To Know About The Special Rules Super\\-Fight Between Nieky Holzken And Yoshihiro Akiyama At ONE 165\\|website\\=ONE Championship\\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-26\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-03}} Holzken won the fight by technical knockout in the first round.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/01/28/one\\-165\\-nieky\\-holzken\\-predictably\\-runs\\-through\\-sexyama\\-in\\-boxing\\-round\\-of\\-mixed\\-rules\\-bout/\\|title\\=Nieky Holzken Predictably Runs Through Sexyama in Boxing Round of Mixed\\-Rules Bout\\|website\\=Cageside Press\\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-03}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mmamania.com/2024/1/28/24053285/highlights\\-yoshihiro\\-sexyama\\-akiyama\\-gets\\-sparked\\-two\\-minutes\\-nieky\\-holzken\\-at\\-one\\-championship\\-165\\|title\\=Highlights! Nieky Holzken sparks Yoshihiro 'Sexyama' in less than two minutes\\|website\\=MMA Mania\\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-03}} This win earned the *$50,000 Performance of the Night* awards.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pekios \\|first\\=Craig \\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-28 \\|title\\=ONE 165: Superlek vs. Takeru \\- Who won the $50,000 bonuses? \\|url\\=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/news\\-one\\-165\\-superlek\\-vs\\-takeru\\-who\\-won\\-50\\-000\\-bonuses \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-29 \\|website\\=www.sportskeeda.com \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Dallas Cowboys
Elliott was signed as an [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent "Undrafted free agent") by the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys") after the [1992 NFL draft](/wiki/1992_NFL_draft "1992 NFL draft"), to compete as the replacement for [kicker](/wiki/Placekicker "Placekicker") [Ken Willis](/wiki/Ken_Willis "Ken Willis").{{cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=861\&dat\=19920903\&id\=bDtSAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=fjYNAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6019,4889768\|title\=Footing the bill\|accessdate\=February 11, 2020}} He recovered from a pulled groin muscle in training camp, to be named the starter over [Brad Daluiso](/wiki/Brad_Daluiso "Brad Daluiso"). He started the regular season slowly until hitting 13 straight field goals and registering 27 touchbacks, which at the time were both franchise records. His 24 field goals were a rookie record and third in club history. His 3 field goals over 50 yards in a single\-season ranked second in franchise history. His 119 points set a team rookie record, while ranking fourth in the NFL and leading all rookies.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=336\&dat\=19930809\&id\=Vz9TAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=7IQDAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6802,4393514\|title\=Cowboys settle for 13–13 tie after Elliott misses 4 field goals\|accessdate\=February 11, 2020}} He was part of the [Super Bowl XXVII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVII "Super Bowl XXVII") winning team.
In 1993, he missed an extra point attempt in the season opener against the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins "Washington Redskins"). He missed two field goals in the 10–13 loss against the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills "Buffalo Bills") in the second game, contributing to a 0–2 start. On September 14, he was released.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1696\&dat\=19930915\&id\=FfcaAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=w0cEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6589,2853274\|title\=Two misses against Buffalo cost kicker Elliott job with Dallas\|accessdate\=February 11, 2020}}
### Kansas City Chiefs
On April 7, 1994, he signed as a free agent with the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs").{{cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1734\&dat\=19940609\&id\=N\-AhAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=1VIEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6521,3487136\|title\=Chiefs unload Lowery in favor of Elliott\|accessdate\=February 11, 2020}} He registered 25\-of\-30 field goals (83\.3%).
In 1995, he made 24 of 30 field goals (80%), contributing to the team going 13–3 in the regular season and clinching home field advantage throughout the playoffs, making them heavy favorites. But he is best remembered for missing three field goal attempts from 35, 39, and 42 yards in a 10–7 playoff loss to the Indianapolis Colts in January 1996\.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1915\&dat\=19960108\&id\=TshGAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=cPgMAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=1542,1301188\|title\=Bono, Elliott fail in biggest game\| accessdate\=February 11, 2020}} He suffered a late\-season swoon, as his final miss against the Colts was his ninth missed kick in five games.
On February 16, 1996, the Chiefs decided not to make him a qualifying offer as a restricted free agent, effectively releasing him, even though he had an 81\.7% field goal accuracy during his two seasons, ranking as the second\-most accurate kicker in Chiefs history.
### Minnesota Vikings
On August 1, 1996, he signed with the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings "Minnesota Vikings") as a free agent.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2199\&dat\=19960802\&id\=4L8zAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=LOcFAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6600,415448\|title\=Vikings take chance on kicker Elliott\|accessdate\=February 11, 2020}} He was released before the season started on August 20\.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2199\&dat\=19960821\&id\=cagyAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=O\-cFAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5165,3286779\|title\=Ex\-Chief Elliott Axed by Vikings\|accessdate\=February 11, 2020}} This marked the end of his NFL career.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Dallas Cowboys",
"Elliott was signed as an [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent \"Undrafted free agent\") by the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys \"Dallas Cowboys\") after the [1992 NFL draft](/wiki/1992_NFL_draft \"1992 NFL draft\"), to compete as the replacement for [kicker](/wiki/Placekicker \"Placekicker\") [Ken Willis](/wiki/Ken_Willis \"Ken Willis\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=861\\&dat\\=19920903\\&id\\=bDtSAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=fjYNAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6019,4889768\\|title\\=Footing the bill\\|accessdate\\=February 11, 2020}} He recovered from a pulled groin muscle in training camp, to be named the starter over [Brad Daluiso](/wiki/Brad_Daluiso \"Brad Daluiso\"). He started the regular season slowly until hitting 13 straight field goals and registering 27 touchbacks, which at the time were both franchise records. His 24 field goals were a rookie record and third in club history. His 3 field goals over 50 yards in a single\\-season ranked second in franchise history. His 119 points set a team rookie record, while ranking fourth in the NFL and leading all rookies.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=336\\&dat\\=19930809\\&id\\=Vz9TAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=7IQDAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6802,4393514\\|title\\=Cowboys settle for 13–13 tie after Elliott misses 4 field goals\\|accessdate\\=February 11, 2020}} He was part of the [Super Bowl XXVII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVII \"Super Bowl XXVII\") winning team.",
"In 1993, he missed an extra point attempt in the season opener against the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins \"Washington Redskins\"). He missed two field goals in the 10–13 loss against the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills \"Buffalo Bills\") in the second game, contributing to a 0–2 start. On September 14, he was released.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1696\\&dat\\=19930915\\&id\\=FfcaAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=w0cEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6589,2853274\\|title\\=Two misses against Buffalo cost kicker Elliott job with Dallas\\|accessdate\\=February 11, 2020}}",
"### Kansas City Chiefs",
"On April 7, 1994, he signed as a free agent with the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1734\\&dat\\=19940609\\&id\\=N\\-AhAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=1VIEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6521,3487136\\|title\\=Chiefs unload Lowery in favor of Elliott\\|accessdate\\=February 11, 2020}} He registered 25\\-of\\-30 field goals (83\\.3%).",
"In 1995, he made 24 of 30 field goals (80%), contributing to the team going 13–3 in the regular season and clinching home field advantage throughout the playoffs, making them heavy favorites. But he is best remembered for missing three field goal attempts from 35, 39, and 42 yards in a 10–7 playoff loss to the Indianapolis Colts in January 1996\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1915\\&dat\\=19960108\\&id\\=TshGAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=cPgMAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=1542,1301188\\|title\\=Bono, Elliott fail in biggest game\\| accessdate\\=February 11, 2020}} He suffered a late\\-season swoon, as his final miss against the Colts was his ninth missed kick in five games.",
"On February 16, 1996, the Chiefs decided not to make him a qualifying offer as a restricted free agent, effectively releasing him, even though he had an 81\\.7% field goal accuracy during his two seasons, ranking as the second\\-most accurate kicker in Chiefs history.",
"### Minnesota Vikings",
"On August 1, 1996, he signed with the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings \"Minnesota Vikings\") as a free agent.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2199\\&dat\\=19960802\\&id\\=4L8zAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=LOcFAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6600,415448\\|title\\=Vikings take chance on kicker Elliott\\|accessdate\\=February 11, 2020}} He was released before the season started on August 20\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2199\\&dat\\=19960821\\&id\\=cagyAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=O\\-cFAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5165,3286779\\|title\\=Ex\\-Chief Elliott Axed by Vikings\\|accessdate\\=February 11, 2020}} This marked the end of his NFL career.",
""
] |
Tunbridge World's Fair
----------------------
The historical antecedent of the Tunbridge World's Fair can be traced to the town's charter, which therein authorized the establishment of two annual fairs when the population of the town reached fifty families.
It wasn't until 1867 that, after a succession of fairs in Orange County starting in 1847, the Tunbridge Agricultural Society was organized and staged a fair at the Elisha Lougee Farm in North Tunbridge. At the 1867 fair, Vermont's former Lieutenant Governor [Burnham Martin](/wiki/Burnham_Martin "Burnham Martin") referred to the fair as a "little World's Fair". Lewis Dickerman adopted the phrase and used it in the 1868 publicity handbills and the Tunbridge fair has since used the name.
In 1875, the Union Agricultural Society assumed the sponsorship of the fair and moved its location to the present fairgrounds in the center of Tunbridge.
In 1894, the fair joined the National Trotting Association, and for many years has maintained the only remaining grass race track in Vermont.
The annual fair continues to this day with demonstrations of farming and agricultural traditions and culture, working antique displays, horse and ox pulling, horse racing, cattle and horse shows, junior exhibits, floral and [4\-H](/wiki/4-H "4-H") exhibits, [contra dancing](/wiki/Contra_dancing "Contra dancing"), [gymkhana](/wiki/Gymkhana_%28Equestrian%29 "Gymkhana (Equestrian)"), and many free shows.
|
[
"Tunbridge World's Fair\n----------------------",
"The historical antecedent of the Tunbridge World's Fair can be traced to the town's charter, which therein authorized the establishment of two annual fairs when the population of the town reached fifty families.",
"It wasn't until 1867 that, after a succession of fairs in Orange County starting in 1847, the Tunbridge Agricultural Society was organized and staged a fair at the Elisha Lougee Farm in North Tunbridge. At the 1867 fair, Vermont's former Lieutenant Governor [Burnham Martin](/wiki/Burnham_Martin \"Burnham Martin\") referred to the fair as a \"little World's Fair\". Lewis Dickerman adopted the phrase and used it in the 1868 publicity handbills and the Tunbridge fair has since used the name.",
"In 1875, the Union Agricultural Society assumed the sponsorship of the fair and moved its location to the present fairgrounds in the center of Tunbridge.",
"In 1894, the fair joined the National Trotting Association, and for many years has maintained the only remaining grass race track in Vermont.",
"The annual fair continues to this day with demonstrations of farming and agricultural traditions and culture, working antique displays, horse and ox pulling, horse racing, cattle and horse shows, junior exhibits, floral and [4\\-H](/wiki/4-H \"4-H\") exhibits, [contra dancing](/wiki/Contra_dancing \"Contra dancing\"), [gymkhana](/wiki/Gymkhana_%28Equestrian%29 \"Gymkhana (Equestrian)\"), and many free shows.",
""
] |
Origins
-------
Fighters include those from the Gulf Arab states, Tunisia (following its own [Tunisian revolution](/wiki/Tunisian_revolution "Tunisian revolution")), Libya (following the [Libyan Civil War](/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_%282011%29 "Libyan Civil War (2011)")), China, other Arab states, Russia, including the North Caucasus region, and Western countries.Mark Youngman and Cerwyn Moore (2017\) ‘Russian\-Speaking’ Fighters in Syria, Iraq and at Home: Consequences and Context' According to the [Syrian Arab Army](/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army "Syrian Arab Army"), by September 2014 a total of 54,000 foreign jihadists had come to fight, with the largest groups being from [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") (14,000\), Saudi Arabians (12,000\), Lebanese (9,000\), Iraqis, and Tunisians.Mohanad Hashim. ["Iraq and Syria: Who are the foreign fighters?"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29043331). BBC. September 3, 2014\. Foreign fighters tend to join different groups depending on nationality: for example, Tunisians and Western\-born Muslims favor the [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant"), while Algerians and Moroccans prefer the al\-Nusra Front.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2020}} Some jihadist groups are dominated by a single nationality, as is the case with the [Caucasus Emirate](/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate "Caucasus Emirate") (Chechens) and the [Turkistan Islamic Party](/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria") (Uyghurs), or the pro\-government Afghan Shia [Liwa Fatemiyoun](/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun "Liwa Fatemiyoun").
A 7 December 2015 report by the [Soufan Group](/wiki/Soufan_Group "Soufan Group") gave estimates for the number of foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq by their country and region of origin based on information dated between 2014 and 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://soufangroup.com/wp\-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG\_ForeignFightersUpdate\_FINAL3\.pdf\|title\=Foreign Fighters An Updated Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria and Iraq\|publisher\=\[\[the Soufan Group]]\|date\=7 December 2015\|access\-date\=24 October 2016\|archive\-date\=25 October 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025055832/http://soufangroup.com/wp\-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG\_ForeignFightersUpdate\_FINAL3\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} The study, which only included foreign fighters with ISIL, al\-Nusra and other Sunni jihadist factions, listed the countries with the largest number of foreign fighters were Tunisia (6,000\), Saudi Arabia (2,500\), Russia (2,400\), Turkey (2,100\), Jordan (2,000\+){{cite web\|url\=http://qz.com/568503/foreign\-fighters\-in\-iraq\-and\-syria\-come\-from\-86\-countries\-and\-their\-numbers\-have\-doubled/\|title\=Foreign fighters in Iraq and Syria come from 86 countries—and their numbers have doubled\|work\=Quartz\|author\=Aamna Mohdin\|date\=8 December 2015\|access\-date\=18 October 2016}} while the number of fighters by region was reported to be: the Middle East (8240\), the Maghreb (8,000\), Western Europe (5,000\), former Soviet Republics (4,700\), Southeast Asia (900\), the Balkans (875\), and North America (289\). Of Western Europe's estimated 5000 total fighters, almost 3700 fighters were produced by just four Western European countries: France (1,700\), Germany (760\), the United Kingdom (760\), and Belgium (470\). Between 2014 and 2015, the report estimated a nearly 300% increase in the number of fighters originating from Russia and Central Asia whereas the total number of fighters traveling to Syria and Iraq had become "relatively flat." The report mentioned that the flow of foreign fighters "is neither uniform by region nor by country," with some countries having distinguishable "Hotbeds of recruitment" with some hotbeds, such as the Lisleby district of [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway")'s [Fredrikstad](/wiki/Fredrikstad "Fredrikstad") which is populated by only 6000 people, being small and relatively new while other cities and regions, such as [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia "Tunisia")'s [Bizerte](/wiki/Bizerte "Bizerte") and [Ben Gardane](/wiki/Ben_Gardane "Ben Gardane"), [Libya](/wiki/Libya "Libya")'s [Derna](/wiki/Derna_District "Derna District"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 "Georgia (country)")'s [Pankisi Gorge](/wiki/Pankisi_Gorge "Pankisi Gorge"), and [Molenbeek](/wiki/Molenbeek "Molenbeek") in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"), "are well\-established incubators and radiators of extremist behavior." The Soufan Group reported on 15 October 2016 that there has been "a significant increase in the number of foreign fighters travelling to Syria" since 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.middle\-east\-online.com/english/?id\=79269\|title\=How Many Foreign Fighters in Syria\|work\=Middle East Online\|date\=15 October 2016\|access\-date\=18 October 2016\|archive\-date\=19 October 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019190531/http://www.middle\-east\-online.com/english/?id\=79269\|url\-status\=dead}} The [U.S. State Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State") reported on 2 June 2016 that their "intelligence community" estimated that possibly "in excess of 40,000 total foreign fighters have gone to the conflict \[in Syria] and from over 100 countries".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/06/258013\.htm\|title\=Country Reports on Terrorism 2015\|work\=US State Department\|date\=2 June 2016\|access\-date\=18 October 2016\|quote\=QUESTION: I might have missed this somewhere else in the report, but in the 2014 report you state specifically that the rate of foreign fighter terrorist travel to Syria was more than 16,000 from 90 countries. In this year's report you write that thousands of foreign terrorist fighters came from more than 100 countries. Is there a specific number for foreign terrorist fighter travel to Syria or – MR SIBERELL: Yeah. Well, the numbers that we have available to us come from analysis out of our intelligence community. And I think the most recent figures they've provided – and these are not calendar year 2015; this will be the most recent – but I've seen in excess of 40,000 total foreign fighters have gone to the conflict and from over 100 countries. But it's been difficult, of course, to associate the numbers with a particular date and time, and that's because of the way that the numbers come in and the reporting. So it's been difficult to correlate.}}
The phenomenon causes concerns in the home countries of the foreign fighters. The phenomenon is not new, but the size and variety of origins in this case were unusual.{{cite news\|url\=https://icct.nl/publication/report\-the\-foreign\-fighters\-phenomenon\-in\-the\-eu\-profiles\-threats\-policies/\|title\=The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union\|date\=April 2016\|access\-date\=31 August 2016\|publisher\=The International Centre for Counter\-Terrorism \- The Hague (ICCT)\|pages\=29, 46 and more}}
### Muslim world
#### Arab world
In 2012, it was reported that most recruits to Syria are Arabs (Lebanese, Iraqis, Jordanians, Palestinians, Kuwaitis, Tunisians, Libyans, Algerians, Egyptians, Saudis, Sudanese and Yemenis). The largest contingents of about 500\-900 fighters came from Syria's neighbors: Lebanese, Iraqis, Palestinians and Jordanians, many of whom fought U.S. forces in Iraq. The second\-largest contingent was from Arab countries in North Africa: around 75\-300 fighters from Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria.
##### Neighbouring countries
###### Lebanon
{{further\|Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon}}
Mostly Lebanese fighters in Syria tend to have their own groups and militias. Thousands of Lebanese fight on the pro\-government side. The most significant Lebanese force in Syria is [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah "Hezbollah"), which in September 2017 said it had 10,000 fighters in Syria.{{cite web \|last\=Ahren \|first\=Raphael \|author2\=AFP \|title\=Syrian rebels near Israel border ordered to surrender by regime forces \|website\=The Times of Israel \|date\=27 December 2017 \|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/syrian\-rebels\-near\-israel\-border\-ordered\-to\-surrender\-by\-regime\-forces/ \|access\-date\=11 November 2018}} In 2017, it was reported that Hezbollah had lost between 1,700 and 1,800 fighters in the Syrian war.{{cite web \|last\=Clarke \|first\=Colin P. \|title\=A glass half empty? Taking stock of Hezbollah's losses in Syria \|website\=The Jerusalem Post \|date\=15 October 2017 \|url\=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/A\-glass\-half\-empty\-Taking\-stock\-of\-Hezbollahs\-losses\-in\-Syria\-507497 \|access\-date\=11 November 2018}} In 2018, it was reported that at least 1,232 Lebanese Shia militia fighters had been killed.
On the anti\-government side, members of [Fatah al\-Islam](/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam "Fatah al-Islam") and the [Abdullah Azzam Brigades](/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam_Brigades "Abdullah Azzam Brigades") were also present though they were fighting under independent banners. Many Lebanese fighters for the opposition come from the Sunni stronghold of [Tripoli](/wiki/Tripoli%2C_Lebanon "Tripoli, Lebanon"). The city's Sunni cleric Sheik Masen al\-Mohammed said: "The struggle for freedom in Syria is our own struggle for freedom. We Lebanese are part of the Syrian revolution, part of the rebellion. If Syria gains its freedom, then we will also win in Lebanon." He also said of Syrian President [Bashar al\-Assad](/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad "Bashar al-Assad") that he was an "infidel. ... It is the duty of every Muslim, every Arab to fight the infidels. There is a holy war in Syria and the young men there are conducting jihad. For blood, for honor, for freedom, for dignity. We know of Palestinian, Libyan and Yemen fighters who are active there."
###### Iraq
{{further\|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}
[Islamic State of Iraq](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq "Islamic State of Iraq") (ISI) was active in Syria until 2013\. Al\-Qaeda's central command authorized the Syrian ISI member [Abu Mohammad al\-Golani](/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani "Abu Mohammad al-Julani") to set up a Syrian offshoot of al Qaeda. Golani and a small group of ISI operatives who crossed into Syria, and reached out to cells of militant Islamists who had been released by the Assad government from [military prisons](/wiki/Sednaya_Prison "Sednaya Prison") in May–June 2011\. Golani's group formally announced itself under the name "[Jabhat al\-Nusra l'Ahl as\-Sham](/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front "Al-Nusra Front")" on 23 January 2012\.{{cite web\|title\=The Jihad Next Door \|url\=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/al\-qaeda\-iraq\-syria\-108214\_full.html\|date\=23 June 2014\|access\-date\=13 January 2015 \|work\=Politico\|first\=Rania\|last\=Abouzeid}} Since then, there have been growing rifts between the various factions of al\-Qaeda and ISIS.
In addition, Iraqi Shia militia have had a heavy presence on the pro\-government side in Syria, in militias including [Harakat al\-Nujaba](/wiki/Harakat_al-Nujaba "Harakat al-Nujaba"), [Kataib Seyyed al\-Shuhada](/wiki/Kataib_Seyyed_al-Shuhada "Kataib Seyyed al-Shuhada"), and [Kataib Hezbollah](/wiki/Kataib_Hezbollah "Kataib Hezbollah").Phillip Smyth, [The Shiite Jihad In Syria And Its Regional Effects](https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713052402/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138\_Smyth\-2\.pdf \|date\=2015\-07\-13 }}, The Washington Institute For Near East Policy, Policy Focus 138, 2015 Iraqi [Popular Mobilisation Forces](/wiki/Popular_Mobilisation_Forces "Popular Mobilisation Forces") militias have been heavily deployed in Syria on the side of the government, often with the stated aim of defending Shi'ite shrines. Although at the time of the formation of the PMF, most of its component groups were primarily engaged in Iraq against ISIL, after the reduction of the immediate ISIL threat in Iraq from 2015, many returned to Syria. For instance, in January 2015 Kata’ib Sayyid al\-Shuhada announced the deaths of two of its fighters in defense of [Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque](/wiki/Sayyidah_Zainab_Mosque%2C_Damascus "Sayyidah Zainab Mosque, Damascus") in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus"), and the militia's involvement in the [2015 Southern Syria offensive](/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive "2015 Southern Syria offensive") was documented by the Iraqi TV station Al\-Anwar 2\.{{cite web \|author\=Aymenn Jawad Al\-Tamimi\|title\=The Return of Iraqi Shi'i Militias to Syria \|publisher\=Middle East Institute \|date\=2015\-03\-16 \|url\=https://www.mei.edu/publications/return\-iraqi\-shii\-militias\-syria \|access\-date\=2020\-09\-28}} In mid\-2016, pro\-government media reported that Harakat Al\-Nujaba announced that they were sending 2,000 fighters to the southern Aleppo front.{{cite web \|title\=Iraqi fighters pour into southern Aleppo \|website\=AMN \- Al\-Masdar News \| المصدر نيوز \|date\=8 August 2016 \|url\=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iraqi\-fighters\-pour\-southern\-aleppo/ \|access\-date\=11 November 2018 \|archive\-date\=19 August 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002620/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iraqi\-fighters\-pour\-southern\-aleppo/ \|url\-status\=dead }} Between January 2012 and August 2018, at least 117 Iraq Shia fighters died in Syria.{{cite web \|title\=Fractured Iraqi Shia Militias in Syria \|publisher\=Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington \|date\=22 August 2018 \|url\=https://agsiw.org/fractured\-iraqi\-shia\-militias\-in\-syria/ \|access\-date\=10 November 2018}} According to some reports, the number of Iraqi fighters killed in Syria in that period may be as high as 1,200\.{{cite web \|author\=The New Arab \|title\=Bodies of Iraqis killed in Syria received in Baghdad \|website\=alaraby \|date\=2016\-02\-02 \|url\=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/2/2/bodies\-of\-iraqis\-killed\-in\-syria\-received\-in\-baghdad \|access\-date\=2020\-09\-28}}
###### Israel
In 2013, there was one report of [Israeli\-Arabs](/wiki/Israeli-Arabs "Israeli-Arabs") found to have traveled to Syria and fought for the rebels. One returnee who briefly fought in Syria was convicted of "endangering national security." The case was described as "unprecedented", and Judge Avraham Yaakov said that "there's no legal guidance regarding the rebel groups fighting in Syria."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Jul\-08/222945\-israel\-jails\-arab\-citizen\-who\-briefly\-joined\-syrias\-rebels.ashx\#ixzz2YUi1Cyul \|title\=Israel jails Arab citizen who briefly joined Syria's rebels \|newspaper\=The Daily Star \|access\-date\=20 July 2013}}
##### Gulf states
In 2013, Bahraini Sunni [sheikh](/wiki/Sheikh "Sheikh") [Adel al\-Hamad](/wiki/Adel_al-Hamad "Adel al-Hamad") said that his son, Abdulrahman, was killed while fighting in Syria and that he had "hoped to fall as a martyr." He added: "He visited Syria once, then he returned to Bahrain where he prepared his fighting gear and returned to Syria." In response, Interior Minister [Rashid bin Abdullah al\-Khalifa](/wiki/Rashid_bin_Abdullah_al-Khalifa "Rashid bin Abdullah al-Khalifa") said that support should be given from the international community and that individuals should not be indoctrinated and radicalised. It follows calls from mosques to join the "jihad" in Syria.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/May\-30/218898\-bahraini\-killed\-in\-syria\-fight\-government\-warns\-citizens.ashx\#axzz2XpZNyLi6 \|title\=Bahraini killed in Syria fight, government warns citizens \|newspaper\=The Daily Star \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}} There are also Saudi fighters.{{cite news\|author\=Ghaith Abdul\-Ahad in Aleppo \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/23/syria\-foreign\-fighters\-joining\-war \|title\=Syria: the foreign fighters joining the war against Bashar al\-Assad \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|date\= 23 September 2012\|access\-date\=1 July 2013 \|location\=London}} In 2013, *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")* reported that over 1,200 death row inmates were sent from Saudi Arabia to fight against the Syrian government.{{cite news\|author\=Michael Winter \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/21/saudi\-inmates\-fight\-syria\-commute\-death\-sentences/1852629/ \|title\=Saudis sent death\-row inmates to fight Syria \|work\=USA Today \|date\=21 January 2013 \|access\-date\=20 September 2013}}
Bahraini Shia youth traveled to receive Iranian training in camps and battlefronts in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria,{{cite web \|title\=The Evolution of Shia Insurgency in Bahrain \|author\=Michael Knights and Matthew Levitt\|publisher\=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy \|date\=January 2018 \|url\=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\-analysis/view/the\-evolution\-of\-shia\-insurgency\-in\-bahrain \|access\-date\=11 November 2018}} and there have been reports that a Bahraini Shia militia, Saraya Al Mukhtar (The Chosen Brigades), was fighting in Syria on the pro\-government side in 2015\.{{cite web \|title\=Bahraini group 'among militias backing Assad' \|website\=Trade Arabia \|date\=20 November 2015 \|url\=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/MISC\_295126\.html \|access\-date\=11 November 2018 \|archive\-date\=12 June 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140107/http://www.tradearabia.com/news/MISC\_295126\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
##### North Africa
###### Libya
Libya's [National Transitional Council](/wiki/National_Transitional_Council "National Transitional Council") was the first and only UN recognised entity to see the [Syrian National Council](/wiki/Syrian_National_Council "Syrian National Council") as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. In December 2011, it was reported in the French media that the former [Libyan Islamic Fighting Group](/wiki/Libyan_Islamic_Fighting_Group "Libyan Islamic Fighting Group")'s [Abdulhakim Belhadj](/wiki/Abdulhakim_Belhadj "Abdulhakim Belhadj")'s associate [Abd al\-Mehdi al\-Harati](/wiki/Mahdi_Al-Harati "Mahdi Al-Harati") was leading a Libyan group of fighters with rumours suggesting some of the Nusra Front's fighters came from this group. Arms from the recently concluded [Libyan Civil War](/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War "2011 Libyan Civil War") were also present in Syria.{{cite news \|title\=In Turnabout, Syria Rebels Get Libyan Weapons \|first1\=C.J. \|last1\=Chivers \|first2\=Eric \|last2\=Schmitt \|first3\=Mark \|last3\=Mazzetti \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/22/world/africa/in\-a\-turnabout\-syria\-rebels\-get\-libyan\-weapons.html?pagewanted\=all\&\_r\=1\& \|newspaper\=New York Times \|date\=21 June 2013 \|access\-date\=2 July 2013}} While many fighters from the civil war were reported to have gone to fight in Syria, several were said to have returned home amidst escalating violence and threats of a new civil war.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-africa\-30011640\|title\=BBC News \- Libya violence: Activists beheaded in Derna\|newspaper\=BBC News\|access\-date\=4 March 2015\|date\=11 November 2014}}
###### Morocco
In 2017 it was estimated that {{Val\|1623}} Moroccans and 2000 Moroccan\-Europeans had travelled to join the Islamic State caliphate in the [Syrian Civil War](/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War "Syrian Civil War"), which along with other fighters from MENA countries contributed a significant force to ISIS.{{Cite book\|url\=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo\_def\_web.pdf\|title\=DE\-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN \- Comparing Challenges and Approaches\|last\=Vidino\|display\-authors\=etal\|publisher\=ISPI\|year\=2018\|isbn\=9788867058198\|location\=Milano\|pages\=62–63}}
###### Tunisia
Following the first [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring") uprising that led to the [Tunisian revolution](/wiki/Tunisian_revolution "Tunisian revolution"), many Tunisian fighters fought alongside Syrian rebels. In early 2012, Tunisia also withdrew recognition of Syria.{{cite news\|last\=Amara \|first\=Tarek \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-tunisia\-flag\-idUSTRE8130IF20120204 \|title\=Tunisia to withdraw recognition of Syria government \|publisher\=Reuters \|date\=4 February 2012\|access\-date\=1 July 2013}} Tunisians have been killed or captured in Syria, with at least five deaths from the town of [Ben Guerdane](/wiki/Ben_Guerdane "Ben Guerdane"), from where many fighters departed Tunisia for Syria. The Syrian government informed the United Nations of the arrest of 26 alleged al\-Qaeda militants, 19 of whom were Tunisian.{{cite news\|last\=Noueihed \|first\=Lin \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-tunisia\-fighters\-idUSBRE84D0UN20120514 \|title\=Tunisian Islamists join jihad against Syria's Assad \|publisher\=Reuters \|date\=14 May 2012\|access\-date\=1 July 2013}} Tunisians are reportedly a large percentage of the foreign Arab fighters in the country. President [Moncef Marzouki](/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki "Moncef Marzouki")'s spokesman Adnan Mancer said that the government was trying to follow up on the fate of Tunisians in Syria with the help of international organisations like the Red Cross as official ties between governments had been cut. He said: "Our youth have good intentions, but it is possible they fell into the hands of manipulators."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/world/tunisian\-radicals\-travel\-to\-syria\-308459\.html \|title\=Tunisian radicals travel to Syria \|publisher\=Kyivpost.com \|date\=21 June 2012 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}} In March 2013, an inquiry was initiated in Tunisia into the recruitment of Tunisian Islamists to fight in Syria. In May, Foreign Minister [Othmane Jarandi](/wiki/Othmane_Jarandi "Othmane Jarandi") said that there were about 800 Tunisians fighting for the opposition in Syria. He added that "the repatriation of Tunisians can be facilitated by the embassy in Lebanon after the government makes contact with the Syrian authorities about imprisoned Tunisian citizens."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/82683 \|title\=Tunisia FM: 800 Tunisian Islamists Fighting in Syria \|publisher\=Naharnet.com \|date\=11 May 2013 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}}
In 2017, it was estimated that Tunisia had contributed about 7,000 fighters to the Islamic State, forming the largest contingent among the MENA countries.
##### Others
In June 2013, a recently promoted [Jordanian Air Force](/wiki/Jordanian_Air_Force "Jordanian Air Force") captain was reported to have taken leave from his job and traveled to Turkey in order to fight for the Nusra Front.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Jul\-01/222153\-jordan\-air\-force\-captain\-joins\-syria\-jihadists\-sources.ashx\#axzz2XpZNyLi6 \|title\=Jordan air force captain joins Syria jihadists: sources \|newspaper\=The Daily Star \|date\=19 June 2013 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}}
[Palestinians](/wiki/Palestinians "Palestinians") have also fought for both sides of the conflict with [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas") being more supportive of the opposition and the [PFLP\-GC](/wiki/PFLP-GC "PFLP-GC") supporting the government.
A leading [Mauritanian](/wiki/Mauritania "Mauritania") jihadist ideologue, Sheikh [Abu al\-Mundhir al\-Shinqiti](/wiki/Abu_al-Mundhir_al-Shinqiti "Abu al-Mundhir al-Shinqiti") called in 2012 for support for the Nusra Front.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\-analysis/view/foreign\-fighters\-trickle\-into\-the\-syrian\-rebellion \|title\=Foreign Fighters Trickle into the Syrian Rebellion \|publisher\=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy \|date\=11 June 2012 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}}
##### Iran
{{Main\|Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war}}
Thousands of Iranian operatives—as many as 10,000 by the end of 2013[Iran boosts support to Syria](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/10654144/Iran-boosts-support-to-Syria.html), *Telegraph*, 21 February 2014—have fought in the Syrian war on the pro\-government side, including regular troops and militia members. In 2018, Tehran said that 2,100 Iranian soldiers have been killed in Syria and Iraq over the past seven years.{{cite web \|title\=Tehran: 2,100 Iranian soldiers killed in Syria and Iraq \|website\=Middle East Monitor \|date\=7 March 2018 \|url\=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180307\-tehran\-2100\-iranian\-soldiers\-killed\-in\-syria\-and\-iraq/ \|access\-date\=11 November 2018}}
##### Azerbaijan
[Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan") has a largely non\-observant Shia population with a Sunni minority. Some Sunni citizens of Azerbaijan have joined terrorist organizations in Syria.{{cite web\|url\=http://jihadology.net/2015/02/02/the\-clear\-banner\-azerbaijani\-foreign\-fighters\-in\-2014/\|title\=The Clear Banner: The Forgotten Fighters: Azerbaijani Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq\|work\=JIHADOLOGY\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://jihadology.net/2014/01/28/guest\-post\-azerbaijani\-foreign\-fighters\-in\-syria/\|title\=GUEST POST: Azerbaijani Foreign Fighters in Syria\|work\=JIHADOLOGY\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=iGkL9uwZdN4\|title\=Suriyada azərbaycanlı vəhhabilər kütləvi şəkildə öldürüldü\|date\=25 March 2014\|publisher\=YouTube\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.meydan.tv/az/site/opinion/791/rim\-suriyaya\-5\-manatla\-gedib\-v\-deo.htm\|title\="Ərim Suriyaya 5 manatla gedib" \[ VİDEO ]\|author\=Meydan TV\|work\=Meydan TV \- Alternativ və Azad Media Kanalı\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930071155/http://www.meydan.tv/az/site/opinion/791/rim\-suriyaya\-5\-manatla\-gedib\-v\-deo.htm\|archive\-date\=30 September 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} The estimated number of Azerbaijanis in Syria ranges from 200 to 300\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\-state\-azerbaijan\-killed\-syria/26642573\.html\|title\=Why Did An Azerbaijani Wrestling Champion Join (And Die For) IS?\|newspaper\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date\=17 October 2014 \|access\-date\=4 March 2015}}
#### Afghanistan
Afghan Shia fighters have had a major presence in Syria on the pro\-government side.{{cite web \| last\=Alfoneh \| first\=Ali \| title\=Tehran's Shia Foreign Legions \| website\=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace \| date\=30 January 2018 \| url\=https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/01/30/tehran\-s\-shia\-foreign\-legions\-pub\-75387 \| access\-date\=11 November 2018}} In 2018, it was reported that 2,000 Afghan had been killed and more than 8000 wounded in Syria in the past five years, fighting for the [Liwa Fatemiyoun](/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun "Liwa Fatemiyoun"), composed mainly of members of the [Hazarah](/wiki/Hazarah "Hazarah") Afghan minority.{{cite web \|title\=2,000 Afghan soldiers killed in Syria \|website\=ANF News \|date\=23 January 2018 \|url\=https://anfenglish.com/news/2\-000\-afghans\-in\-iranian\-army\-killed\-in\-syria\-24069 \|access\-date\=11 November 2018}} The Brigade reportedly had 10,000–20,000 fighters in 2016\-2017\.{{cite web \|url\=https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission\-accomplished\-whats\-next\-irans\-afghan\-fighters\-syria/ \|title\=Mission Accomplished? What's Next for Iran's Afghan Fighters in Syria \|author\=Ahmad Shuja Jamal \|work\=War on the Rocks \|date\=13 February 2018 \|access\-date\=4 August 2018}}{{cite web \|last1\=Khalil \|first1\=Ahmad Bilal \|last2\=Diplomat \|first2\=The \|title\=What Does the Syrian War Mean for Afghanistan? \|website\=The Diplomat \|date\=15 April 2017 \|url\=https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/what\-does\-the\-syrian\-war\-mean\-for\-afghanistan/ \|access\-date\=11 November 2018}}{{cite web \|last\=Moslih \|first\=Hashmatallah \|title\=Iran 'foreign legion' leans on Afghan Shia in Syria war \|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|date\=22 January 2016 \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/iran\-foreign\-legion\-leans\-afghan\-shia\-syria\-war\-160122130355206\.html \|access\-date\=11 November 2018}}
#### Pakistan
In 2013, the [Pakistani Taliban](/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban "Pakistani Taliban") said that its fighters, from a variety of countries, were fighting against the Syrian government. They were reportedly working with the Nusra Front and al\-Qaeda in Iraq. The group's commanders said that they sought to fight in Syria in order to foster closer links with al\-Qaeda's central leadership. An unnamed Taliban commander was quoted by [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters") in 2013 as saying that the group was fighting alongside their Mujahedeen friends: "When our brothers needed our help, we sent hundreds of fighters along with our Arab friends." He added that videos would be released showing the group's "victories" in Syria. Another commander said: "Since our Arab brothers have come here for our support, we are bound to help them in their respective countries and that is what we did in Syria. We have established our own camps in Syria. Some of our people go and then return after spending some time fighting there.{{cite news\|author\=Atul Aneja \|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south\-asia/pak\-taliban\-presence\-turns\-syria\-into\-a\-theatre\-of\-global\-jihad/article4918221\.ece?homepage\=true \|title\=Pak. Taliban presence turns Syria into a theatre of global jihad \|work\=The Hindu \|date\=15 July 2013 \|access\-date\=20 July 2013 \|location\=Chennai, India}} The group's spokesman, Abdul Rashid Abbasi, said on 16 July 2013 that its first batch of fighters had arrived in Syria and set up a command and control centre and that another batch of at least 120 fighters were expected to join the others within a week.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137167916826540\.html \|title\=Pakistan Taliban says its fighters in Syria \|publisher\=Al Jazeera English \|date\=16 July 2013 \|access\-date\=20 July 2013}} While a militant said that 100 fighters had reached Syria and another 20 were on the way with an untold number of volunteers waiting, the Foreign Office spokesman Aizaz Chaudhry said: "We have seen these reports in the media and the concerned authorities are verifying these claims by the militants."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/1861891/report\-pakistan\-verifying\-reports\-of\-taliban\-fighting\-in\-syria \|title\=Pakistan verifying reports of Taliban fighting in Syria \|publisher\=Dnaindia.com \|date\=16 July 2013 \|access\-date\=20 July 2013}} However, the Istanbul\-based [Syrian National Council](/wiki/Syrian_National_Council "Syrian National Council") released a statement that read: "We ask for clarification regarding coverage that reflects poorly on the Syrian revolution, particularly news about Taliban's office in Syria and other news items about Islamist fighters." It also cited the Taliban's [Shura Council](/wiki/Shura_Council "Shura Council") as denying the news and calling it a "rumor." Specifically, Ahmed Kamel said the reports of the Taliban's presence were a "systematic" and "rapid" campaign by pro\-government outlets to "smear" the rebels. He said that these were "sick attempts to make the Syrian people look like a bunch of radical Islamists. Syria is bigger than all of these lies and we know, based on our contacts inside Syria, that no Pakistani Taliban are fighting alongside the Syrian rebels. The Taliban want to kill Americans and Israelis, so why they should go to Syria when we are fighting for freedom, democracy and justice against a tyrant?"{{cite news\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/18/world/meast/syria\-pakistan\-taliban\-claim/?hpt\=hp\_t3 \|title\=Syrian opposition questions Taliban rebel role \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=19 July 2013\|access\-date\=20 July 2013}}
In addition, large numbers of Pakistani Shia fighters have fought on the pro\-government side, mainly in the [Zeinabiyoun Brigade](/wiki/Zeinabiyoun_Brigade "Zeinabiyoun Brigade"), which has up to 1,000 fighters in Syria.{{cite news\|url\=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1007694/iran\-recruits\-pakistani\-shias\-for\-combat\-in\-syria/\|title\=Iran recruits Pakistani Shias for combat in Syria\|date\=11 December 2015\|newspaper\=The Express Tribune}} 158 Shia Pakistani fighters were killed in Syria between January 2012 and August 2018\.
The Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) have shared a list of the names of 29 Pakistanis among who are in their custody for fighting for the Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).{{Cite web\|title\=US interrogates Pakistan's ISIS terrorists in Syria\|url\=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/us\-interrogates\-pakistans\-isis\-terrorists\-in\-syria\-5757431\.html/amp\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-04\|website\=moneycontrol.com\|date\=26 August 2020 }}
#### Central Asia
In September 2013, a Kazakh and two Kyrgyz returned from Syria and were arrested in [Osh](/wiki/Osh "Osh") on terrorism charges on claims that they were sent to Kyrgyzstan by the [Islamic Jihad Union](/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Union "Islamic Jihad Union") (IJU) to perpetrate attacks. In early February 2014, six suspects were arrested in Osh, some of whom were said to have trained in camps in Syria before returning to Kyrgyzstan. They were reportedly planning attacks in Osh and [Bishkek](/wiki/Bishkek "Bishkek"). Some Kyrgyz fighters that were known to be in Syria joined the Al Nusrah Front.{{cite web \|author\=Linda Lundquist \|url\=http://lubpak.com/archives/314433\#sthash.vnvxPLti.dpuf \|title\=Analysis: Blowback from the Syrian jihad has begun \|publisher\=Lubpak.com \|date\=4 June 2014 \|access\-date\=10 June 2014 \|archive\-date\=26 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926143331/http://lubpak.com/archives/314433\#sthash.vnvxPLti.dpuf \|url\-status\=dead }}
Kazakhs have joined ISIL in Syria. ISIL released a video called "Race Toward Good" showing Kazakh children being trained as fighters.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/kazakhstan\-isis\-syria\-recruiting/26724862\.html\|title\=Kazakhstan Muftiate: 'Kazakh Jihadis' With IS In Syria 'Acting Against Islam'\|newspaper\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date\=4 December 2014 \|access\-date\=25 October 2015}} The families of Kazakh fighters have accompanied them to Syria including children and women.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/under\-black\-flag\-kazakhstan\-kazakh\-women\-islamic\-state/26698040\.html\|title\=Kazakhstan Intelligence: 150 Kazakh Women Are Members Of IS\|newspaper\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date\=20 November 2014 \|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs\-news\-from\-elsewhere\-24642632\|title\=Kazakhstan: Video claims of 'family jihad' \|publisher\=BBC News\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|date\=23 October 2013}} According to the testimony of a Kazakh student who returned to Kazakhstan from Syria, the Arab Jihadist rebels in Syria were racist against the Kazakhs, assigned them the most difficult duties, and called them "Chinese" and there were little feelings of solidarity among the militants. A new video of ISIL Kazakh child soldiers being given military training was reported in the media.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\-state\-children\-terror\-training\-video/27312748\.html\|title\='Next Generation' Stars In IS Terror\-Training Video Of 'Caliphate Cub'\|newspaper\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date\=18 October 2015 \|access\-date\=25 October 2015 \|last1\=Paraszczuk \|first1\=Joanna }} SDF reported that they had seized Kazakh passports.{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/arisroussinos/status/714394208371666944\|title\=aris roussinos on Twitter\|access\-date\=27 October 2016\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328163538/https://twitter.com/arisroussinos/status/714394208371666944\|archive\-date\=28 March 2016\|df\=dmy\-all}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.anfenglish.com/kurdistan/relations\-between\-turkey\-and\-isis\-documented\-once\-again\#\|title\=ANF \- Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê\|access\-date\=27 October 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011091717/https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/relations\-between\-turkey\-and\-isis\-documented\-once\-again\|archive\-date\=11 October 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} The Shadadi emir{{clarify\|date\=May 2022}} was [Abu Khatab al\-Kazakhi](/wiki/Abu_Khatab_al-Kazakhi "Abu Khatab al-Kazakhi"), who died in Syria.{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=716995854423293952\|date\=4 April 2016\|title\=Who Was Abu Aisha Kazakhi, The Kazakh IS Militant Killed In Palmyra?}}{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=715803908132700160\|date\=1 April 2016\|title\=\#IS militant Abu Aisha al\-Kazakhi has been killed, he went to \#Syria from \#Kazakhstan w his 2 kids}}{{better source needed\|Twitter\|date\=May 2022}} Kazakh and Uzbek ISIS members invited entire families form their home countries.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\-state\-central\-asia\-recruitment\-family\-affair/27653606\.html\|title\=IS Central Asian Recruitment Drive A Family Affair\|newspaper\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date\=4 April 2016 \|access\-date\=18 April 2016 \|last1\=Paraszczuk \|first1\=Joanna }}{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=716974196211978240\|date\=4 April 2016\|title\=How \#IS Central Asian Recruitment Drive Is A Family Affair}}
Uzbek foreign fighters in Syria include [Imam Bukhari Jamaat](/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat "Imam Bukhari Jamaat") (كتيبة الامام البخاري) (Uzbek: Imom al buxoriy katibasi) (Turkish: İmam Buhari Cemaati),{{cite web\|url\=http://janlok.in/tag/katibat\-al\-imam\-bukhari/\|title\=Katibat Al\-Imam BukhariJanlok \- Janlok\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024133417/http://janlok.in/tag/katibat\-al\-imam\-bukhari/\|archive\-date\=24 October 2015\|df\=dmy\-all}}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gW\_zCQAAQBAJ\&q\=katibat\+bukhari\+iraq\&pg\=PT84\|title\=The Islamic State\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|isbn\=9789351774006\|last1\=Lister\|first1\=Charles R.\|date\=May 2015\|publisher\=HarperCollins India }} [Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad](/wiki/Katibat_al_Tawhid_wal_Jihad "Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad") (كتيبة التوحيد والجهاد) (Uzbek: Tavhid va Jihod katibasi) (Turkish: Tevhid ve Cihad Cemaati),{{cite tweet \|last\=Paraszczuk \|first\=Joanna \|user\=joaska\_ \|number\=759296386097672192 \|date\=30 July 2016 \|title\=Fighters from the Uzbek group Tawhid wal Jihod in \#syria (anyone know what this landmark is?) https://t.co/1ODPVu9iYP \|language\=en \|access\-date\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \|last\=Paraszczuk \|first\=Joanna \|user\=joaska\_ \|number\=759312091396341760 \|date\=30 July 2016 \|title\=Uzbek Jamaat Tawhid wal Jihod shashlik https://t.co/JjB8w6yS62 \|language\=hi \|access\-date\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \|last\=Weiss \|first\=Caleb \|user\=Weissenberg7 \|number\=760212899990212608 \|date\=1 August 2016 \|title\=Jabhat Fatah al Sham's (rebranded AQ in \#Syria) largely Uzbek battalion Tawhid wal Jihad in southern \#Aleppo https://t.co/gQxsLIiDO1 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \|last\=Weiss \|first\=Caleb \|user\=Weissenberg7 \|number\=760219422313156608 \|date\=1 August 2016 \|title\=@elmirbadalov KTJ is an Uzbek group. Have been tracking it since its inception over a year ago. Its website is down or I'd send you the link \|language\=en \|access\-date\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \|last\=Weiss \|first\=Caleb \|user\=Weissenberg7 \|number\=760219783228891136 \|date\=1 August 2016 \|title\=@elmirbadalov But most of its propaganda is released in Uzbek. It has stated it is largely Uzbek in the past too. https://t.co/v3G69uSFbm \|language\=en \|access\-date\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \|last\=Weiss \|first\=Caleb \|user\=Weissenberg7 \|number\=760220004893589504 \|date\=1 August 2016 \|title\=@elmirbadalov In this post here I summarized a good deal of the info I have on them: https://t.co/m3BLdLjrn0 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \|last\=Weiss \|first\=Caleb \|user\=Weissenberg7 \|number\=760214596254707712 \|date\=1 August 2016 \|title\=@HasanMustafaS Chechens no longer the only "shock troops" in the jihadist world. \|language\=en \|access\-date\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \|last\=Paraszczuk \|first\=Joanna \|user\=joaska\_ \|number\=760421737221726208 \|date\=2 August 2016 \|title\=Abdulqudus \& Abdulhaq of Uzbek katiba Tawhid wa Jihod, (Jabhat Fateh al Sham) both killed cc @BarnoAnvar https://t.co/G0PJAijsnj \|language\=en \|access\-date\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \|last\=Paraszczuk \|first\=Joanna \|user\=joaska\_ \|number\=760422193754959872 \|date\=2 August 2016 \|title\=Абу Убайда аль Мадани, шариатский в узбекской Катибе Тавхид ва Жиход https://t.co/vkdErUMEDI \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=4 January 2021}}{{better source needed\|Twitter\|date\=May 2022}} and [Katibat Sayfulla](/wiki/Katibat_Sayfulla "Katibat Sayfulla") (كتيبة سيف الله), which is part of Jabhat al\-Nusra.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2022}}
Uzbek Jihadist groups operate four training camps in Syria.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/06/over\-100\-jihadist\-training\-camps\-identified\-in\-iraq\-and\-syria.php\|title\=Over 100 jihadist training camps identified in Iraq and Syria\|work\=The Long War Journal\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|date\=21 June 2015}}
Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad (Тавҳид ва Жиҳод),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ozodlik.mobi/a/27450425\.html\|title\=Ўшда "Тавҳид ва Жиҳод" гуруҳининг 8 нафар аъзоси ушланди\|work\=Озодлик радиоси\|date\=26 December 2015 \|access\-date\=18 April 2016}} also called *Jannat Oshiklari*,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/contentlive/live\-blog\-syria\-islamic\-state\-isis/27363628\.html?liveshare\=82008\#featured\|title\=Live Blog: Tracking Islamic State\|date\=29 February 2016 \|publisher\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|access\-date\=18 April 2016}} is a largely Uzbek group active in northern Syria that was led by Abu Saloh.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/uzbek\-group\-pledges\-allegiance\-to\-al\-nusrah\-front.php\|title\=Uzbek group pledges allegiance to Al Nusrah Front \| FDD's Long War Journal\|first\=Mike Merlo\|last\=Says\|website\=longwarjournal.org}} It participated in the [2015 Northwestern Syria offensive](/wiki/2015_Northwestern_Syria_offensive "2015 Northwestern Syria offensive"),{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=A\-8TznIrq\-g\|title\=Idlibga oid so'ngi qishloqlardagi janglar \- Идлибга оид сўнги қишлоқлардаги жанглар\|date\=31 July 2015\|work\=YouTube\|access\-date\=6 August 2015}}{{better source needed\|YouTube\|date\=May 2022}} the [Al\-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015\)](/wiki/Al-Ghab_offensive_%28July%E2%80%93August_2015%29 "Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015)"),{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Rlx9gHXP4Z0\|title\=Tel Vosit qishlog'idagi amaliyot \- Тел Восит қишлоғидаги амалиёт\|date\=5 August 2015\|work\=YouTube\|access\-date\=12 August 2015}}{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=7n74ZuNUPIo\|title\=Sahl al G'ob mintaqasidagi fathlari \- Саҳл ал Ғоб минтақасидаги фатҳлар\|date\=12 August 2015\|work\=YouTube\|access\-date\=12 August 2015}}{{better source needed\|YouTube\|date\=May 2022}} [Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_%282012%E2%80%932016%29 "Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)"){{cite web \| url\= http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/07/al\-nusrah\-front\-new\-coalition\-aleppo.php \|title\= Al Nusrah Front, allies form new coalition for battle in Aleppo \|website\= The Long War Journal \|last\=Joscelyn \|first\= Thomas\|date\= 3 July 2015 \|access\-date\= 4 July 2015 \|quote\= Jaysh al Fateh ("Army of Conquest") Qalamoun was formed in early May to fight Hezbollah, the Iranian\-backed terrorist group that supports Bashar al Assad's regime, and the Islamic State.}}{{cite web\|url\=http://elat.ir/1395/04/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87/\|title\=مشارکت تیپ ازبکستانی القاعده در نبردهای جنوب حلب\+عکس \- پایگاه خبری تحلیلی علت\|work\=elat.ir\|access\-date\=22 June 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718083324/http://elat.ir/1395/04/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87/\|archive\-date\=18 July 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}[http://tnews.ir/news/8e2865183806\.html](http://tnews.ir/news/8e2865183806.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623083214/http://tnews.ir/news/8e2865183806\.html\|date\=2016\-06\-23}}<http://www.parset.com/FaNews/271872_msharkat_tip_azbaksatany_alghaadeh_dar_nabradhay_janob_halb_aks.html> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014951/http://www.parset.com/FaNews/271872\_msharkat\_tip\_azbaksatany\_alghaadeh\_dar\_nabradhay\_janob\_halb\_aks.html\|date\=2017\-11\-07}}[http://mashreghnews\-jahan.sotiba.ir/page\-79793\.html](http://mashreghnews-jahan.sotiba.ir/page-79793.html){{Dead link\|date\=April 2024\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot\|fix\-attempted\=yes}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://macho.ir/cgi\-sys/suspendedpage.cgi\|title\=Account Suspended\|website\=macho.ir\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-05\|archive\-date\=2020\-08\-14\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814195436/http://macho.ir/cgi\-sys/suspendedpage.cgi\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://newslist.ir/news/general/693481/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82\-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2/t/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C\-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8\-%D8%B9\|title\=مشارکت تیپ ازبکستانی القاعده در نبردهای جنوب حلب\+عکس \- لیست اخبار\|date\=21 June 2016\|work\=newslist.ir\|access\-date\=5 November 2020\|archive\-date\=6 October 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006082657/http://newslist.ir/news/general/693481/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82\-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2/t/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C\-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8\-%D8%B9\|url\-status\=dead}}[http://www.shomaokhabar.com/news/details/912dcdad\-2ff9\-4ce1\-bd6f\-be8466f69366/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C\-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8\-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3](http://www.shomaokhabar.com/news/details/912dcdad-2ff9-4ce1-bd6f-be8466f69366/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3) {{cite web\|url\=http://sahebkhabar.ir/news/13550469/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C\-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8\-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3\|title\=مشارکت تیپ ازبکستانی القاعده در نبردهای جنوب حلب\+عکس\|date\=21 June 2016\|work\=sahebkhabar.ir}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.emrooznews.com/news/50219/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C\-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\.html\|title\=پرونده "معمّای پول و پارلمان"\|روایت نماینده مجلس از هزینه ۱۲ میلیارد تومانی یک کاندیدای انتخابات \- امروز نیوز }} {{dead link\|date\=August 2020}}{{cbignore}}{{cite tweet\|user\=LongWarJournal\|author\=Long War Journal\|number\=746421833516253184\|date\=24 June 2016\|title\=Al Qaeda and allies gain more ground in Aleppo province by @thomasjoscelyn}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/06/al\-qaeda\-and\-allies\-gain\-more\-ground\-in\-aleppo\-province.php\|title\=Al Qaeda and allies gain more ground in Aleppo province \- FDD's Long War Journal\|work\=longwarjournal.org}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.peypi.com/detay/rejim\-cetelerinin\-kacarken\-arakalarinda\-biraktigi\-ganimetlerin\-bir\-kismi\-lazkiye\-kinessibba/868278%7B%7Bdead\+link%7Cdate\=October\+2017\+%7Cbot\=InternetArchiveBot\+%7Cfix\-attempted\=yes\+%7D%7D\|title\=Peypi \- Sosyal Gündem\|website\=peypi.com}} the [Siege of Al\-Fu'ah\-Kafarya (2015\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Al-Fu%27ah-Kafarya_%282015%29 "Siege of Al-Fu'ah-Kafarya (2015)"),{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=E0rUHZ8yXno\|title\=Фуа минтақаси жанглари \- Fua mintaqasi janglari\|date\=19 September 2015\|work\=YouTube\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}{{better source needed\|are any of these reliable?\|date\=May 2022}} and the seizure of the Qarmid military camp.{{cite web\|url\=http://videoonline.su/video/6URQiQOQWXI\|title\=Қармид муаскари учун жанглар\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928053701/http://videoonline.su/video/6URQiQOQWXI\|archive\-date\=28 September 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Nw0mGam0n5w\&t\=3m8s\|title\=Қормид "Куфр" муаскарига ҳужум \- Qormid "Kufr" muaskariga hujum\|date\=30 April 2015\|work\=YouTube\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://videoonline.su/video/Nw0mGam0n5w\|title\=Қормид 'Куфр' муаскарига ҳужум \- Qormid 'Kufr' muaskariga hujum смотреть видео онлайн бесплатно в хорошем качестве\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928052156/http://videoonline.su/video/Nw0mGam0n5w\|archive\-date\=28 September 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}{{better source needed\|are any of these reliable?\|date\=May 2022}} It was a former part of Jabhat al\-Nusra{{citation needed\|date\=May 2022}} and was still an ally of the group in 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/02/over\-150\-killed\-in\-aleppo\-fighting.php\|title\=Over 150 killed in Aleppo fighting\|work\=The Long War Journal\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|date\=19 February 2015}}
Katibat al Imam al Bukhari is also called Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/imam\-bukhari\-jamaat\|title\=Imam Bukhari Jamaat\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}} The Uzbek group Imam Bukhari Jamaat pledged allegiance to the Taliban.{{cite tweet \|author\=Jihadology \|user\=Jihadology\_Net \|number\=756130583105769472 \|date\=21 July 2016 \|title\=New video message from Katībat Imām al\-Bukhārī: "Pledge of Allegiance to Mawlāwī Hībat... https://t.co/KNTiPGbGHz https://t.co/WqAzWMNKQ0 \|language\=lv \|access\-date\=4 January 2021}} Uzbek foreign fighters have flocked to Katibat Imam al\-Bukhari.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\-analysis/view/26142\|title\=Syria: The Epicenter of Future Jihad\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|archive\-date\=6 December 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206144007/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\-analysis/view/26142\|url\-status\=dead}} Salahuddin al\-Uzbeki is the leader of Imam Bukhari Jamaat and his son Umar, a 16 year old teenager, died while fighting in Aleppo against the Syrian military.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\-state\-commander\-got\-son\-killed\-in\-syria/27225025\.html\|title\=Why An Uzbek Militant Commander Got His Son Killed Fighting In Syria\|work\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\|date\=3 September 2015 \|access\-date\=25 October 2015 \|last1\=Paraszczuk \|first1\=Joanna }}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\-uzbek\-militant\-jihad\-age\-limit/27251073\.html\|title\=Uzbek Militant: Jihad Has No Age Limit\|newspaper\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date\=16 September 2015 \|access\-date\=25 October 2015 \|last1\=Paraszczuk \|first1\=Joanna \|last2\=Anvar \|first2\=Barno }} A member of Imam Bukhari Jamaat defended the utilization of child soldiers.{{cite tweet\|user\=RFERL\|author\=RFE/RL\|number\=644244128935510016\|date\=16 September 2015\|title\=An Uzbek militant in \#Syria tries to justify the use of children as fighters on the battlefield ►}}{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=644087556607475712\|date\=16 September 2015\|title\=\#Uzbek militant explains that "jihad has no age limit" by me \& @BarnoAnvar}} Allegiance was pledged to the Taliban and their leader [Mullah Omar](/wiki/Mullah_Omar "Mullah Omar") by Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\-state\-uzbek\-militant\-faction\-syria\-taliban/26686992\.html\|title\=Main Uzbek Militant Faction In Syria Swears Loyalty To Taliban\|work\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\|date\=12 November 2014 \|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/12/jihadists\_continue\_t.php\|title\=Jihadists continue to advertise training camps in Iraq and Syria\|work\=The Long War Journal\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|date\=28 December 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://foreignfighters.weebly.com/archive/category/all/2\|title\=All Categories\|work\=Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}} {{dead link\|date\=January 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\-state\-weeping\-suicide\-bomber\-migrant\-worker\-kyrgyzstan\-russia/27305925\.html\|title\=How Babur The Migrant Worker Became Jafar The Weeping Suicide Bomber\|newspaper\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date\=14 October 2015 \|access\-date\=25 October 2015 \|last1\=Paraszczuk \|first1\=Joanna }}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\-state\-tajik\-brothers\-syria\-shirbekov/27273447\.html\|title\=How Three Brothers Went To Syria, Taking Their Families With Them\|work\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\|date\=27 September 2015 \|access\-date\=25 October 2015}} On the VK social networking website, an illustration of a militant aiming an RPG at Santa Claus' flying sleigh was posted by Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=679668190595657729\|date\=23 December 2015\|title\=When Uzbek Militants Stole Xmas: \#Uzbek Al\-Bukhari Jamaat posted this pic on its VK account. cc @BarnoAnvar}} The leader of Imam Bukhari Jamaat is Salohiddin. Child soldiers are being drilled by Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/12/uzbek\-group\-in\-syria\-trains\-children\-for\-jihad.php\|title\=Uzbek group in Syria trains children for jihad\|work\=The Long War Journal\|access\-date\=18 April 2016}} They battled in Aleppo and Latakia's Jabal al Akrad region.{{cite tweet\|user\=Weissenberg7\|author\=Caleb Weiss\|number\=703642163494658048\|date\=27 February 2016\|title\=Uzbek group Katibat Imam Bukhari (close to AQ and loyal to the Taliban) sending troops to \#Aleppo front last week}}{{cite tweet\|user\=Weissenberg7\|author\=Caleb Weiss\|number\=703642754098839552\|date\=27 February 2016\|title\=Katibat Imam Bukhari also highlighted fighting in Jabal al Akrad in \#Latakia last week}}{{cite web\|url\=http://buhoriy.com/News\_d85168\.html\|title\=Бухорий Катибаси Ҳалабга ёрдамчи куч юборди\|access\-date\=18 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012914/http://buhoriy.com/News\_d85168\.html\|archive\-date\=5 March 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://buhoriy.com/m/News\_d85168\.html\|title\=Бухорий Катибаси Ҳалабга ёрдамчи куч юборди\|access\-date\=18 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012908/http://buhoriy.com/m/News\_d85168\.html\|archive\-date\=5 March 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=VJVznSs34Ts\|title\=Lazaqiyaning Jabal Akrod tog'ida kofirlar bilan to'qnashuv\|date\=13 February 2016\|access\-date\=18 April 2016\|via\=YouTube}} The [Siege of al\-Fu'ah and Kafriya](/wiki/Siege_of_al-Fu%27ah_and_Kafriya "Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya") is participated in by Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite tweet\|user\=Weissenberg7\|author\=Caleb Weiss\|number\=829523612830928896\|date\=9 February 2017\|title\=The Uzbek Imam Bukhari Jamaat also involved in recent clashes in Fua and Kafraya \#Idlib with the CE in \#Syria (also...}} There are separate wings in both Syria and Afghanistan of the Uzbek Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/uzbek\-jihadist\-group\-claims\-ambush\-in\-northern\-afghanistan.php \|title\=Uzbek jihadist group claims ambush in northern Afghanistan \|last\=Weiss \|first\=Caleb \|date\=9 February 2017 \|website\=Long War Journal \|publisher\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies \|access\-date\=20 February 2017}}{{cite tweet\|user\=LongWarJournal\|author\=Long War Journal\|number\=829823660936540163\|date\=9 February 2017\|title\=Uzbek jihadist group claims ambush in northern Afghanistan \-}}
Katibat Sayfulla is part of Jabhat al\-Nusra.{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=639007939735519232\|date\=2 September 2015\|title\=Katibat Sayfulla (Uzbek led faction in Nusra) in operation against Western\-backed Harakat al\-Hazm (old pic obvs)}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\-state\-al\-nusra\-front\-crowdfunding/27272117\.html\|title\=Al\-Qaeda's Affiliate In Syria Tries Crowdfunding\|work\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\|date\=29 September 2015 \|access\-date\=25 October 2015 \|last1\=Paraszczuk \|first1\=Joanna }} It participated in the [Siege of Abu al\-Duhur Airbase](/wiki/Siege_of_Abu_al-Duhur_Airbase "Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\=24130\|title\=Uzbek\-Led Katiba Sayfullah (Nusra) Involved In Abu Duhour Air Base Assault\|work\=From Chechnya To Syria\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=645235946883932160\|date\=19 September 2015\|title\=\#Uzbek\-Led Katiba Sayfullah (\#Nusra) Involved In Abu Duhour Air Base Assault}}
Uzbek fighters in ISIL have participated in suicide bombings.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2015/Mar\-12/290493\-isis\-says\-australian\-teen\-behind\-iraq\-suicide\-bombing.ashx\|title\=ISIS says Australian teen behind Iraq suicide bombing\|work\=The Daily Star Newspaper \|access\-date\=25 October 2015}} Uzbeks make up ISIL's Katibat Al\-Ghurabaa.{{cite tweet\|user\=MosulEye\|author\=Mosul Eye عين الموصل\|number\=829782286895824896\|date\=9 February 2017\|title\=A document of the battalion known as "Katibat Al\-Ghurabaa" (the Foreigners battalion) of ISIL, consists of Ozbeck f...}}
ISIL has recruited hundreds of Tajiks from [Tajikistan](/wiki/Tajikistan "Tajikistan").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/russia\-tajik\-in\-limbo\-after\-tricked\-syria\-islamic\-state/27445161\.html\|title\=After Fleeing IS Recruiters, A Precarious Limbo In Moscow\|newspaper\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date\=23 December 2015 \|access\-date\=18 April 2016 \|last1\=Balmforth \|first1\=Tom }}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/tajikistan\-double\-estimate\-of\-islamic\-state\-members/27509293\.html\|title\=Authorities Say Up To 1,000 Tajiks Joined IS In Syria, Iraq\|newspaper\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date\=25 January 2016 \|access\-date\=18 April 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://news.tj/en/news/how\-many\-tajik\-jihadists\-fighting\-isil\-syria\-and\-iraq\|title\=How many Tajik jihadists fighting for ISIL in Syria and Iraq? \- ASIA\-Plus\|access\-date\=27 October 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.iraqinews.com/arab\-world\-news/tajik\-prosecutor\-reveals\-death\-100\-tajik\-fighters\-ranks\-isis/\|title\=Tajik Prosecutor reveals the death of 100 Tajik fighters in the ranks of ISIS \- Iraqi News\|first\=Abdelhak\|last\=Mamoun\|date\=3 August 2015\|access\-date\=27 October 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.islamicinvitationturkey.com/2015/11/24/over\-300\-tajik\-isil\-members\-killed\-in\-syria\-iraq/\|title\=Over 300 Tajik ISIL Members Killed in Syria, Iraq \- Islamic Invitation Turkey\|access\-date\=27 October 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006085058/http://www.islamicinvitationturkey.com/2015/11/24/over\-300\-tajik\-isil\-members\-killed\-in\-syria\-iraq/\|archive\-date\=6 October 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.avesta.tj/eng/5854\-over\-100\-tajik\-citizens\-killed\-in\-syria\-iraq.html \|title\=Over 100 Tajik citizens killed in Syria, Iraq » Avesta.Tj \- information agency \|access\-date\=28 May 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617173025/http://www.avesta.tj/eng/5854\-over\-100\-tajik\-citizens\-killed\-in\-syria\-iraq.html \|archive\-date\=17 June 2016 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://jihadology.net/2015/01/20/the\-clear\-banner\-tajik\-fighters\-in\-iraq\-and\-syria/\|title\=The Clear Banner: Tajik Fighters in Iraq and Syria\|first\=Aaron Y.\|last\=Zelin\|date\=20 January 2015\|access\-date\=27 October 2016}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/01/18/about\-200\-tajik\-citizens\-fighting\-in\-syria\-iraq/\|title \= 'About 200 Tajik citizens fighting in Syria, Iraq' • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights\|date \= 18 January 2015}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923053534/http://ww1\.el\-akhbar.com/en/Over\-Tajik\-ISIL\-Members\-Killed\-31906/](https://web.archive.org/web/20200923053534/http://ww1.el-akhbar.com/en/Over-Tajik-ISIL-Members-Killed-31906/) {{cite web\|url\=http://www.tajikistannews.net/index.php/sid/238855515\|title\=Over 300 Tajik ISIL Members Killed in Syria, Iraq\|access\-date\=27 October 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006082615/http://www.tajikistannews.net/index.php/sid/238855515\|archive\-date\=6 October 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.islam14\.com/english/?p\=14587\|title\=Over 100 Tajik citizens killed in Syria, Iraq: Chief prosecutor \- islam 14 english\|date\=1 August 2015\|access\-date\=27 October 2016\|archive\-date\=19 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919134955/http://www.islam14\.com/english/?p\=14587\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/content/rferl\-why\-did\-a\-tajik\-student\-and\-mixed\-martial\-arts\-champ\-die\-for\-is\-in\-iraq/2656421\.html\|title\=Why Did Tajik Student, MMA Champ Die for IS in Iraq?\|date\=24 February 2015 \|publisher\=Voice of America\|access\-date\=27 October 2016}}
Once the Central Asians died in battle, their wives were given to other fighters.{{cite news \|last\=Botobekov \|first\=Uran \|date\=10 January 2017 \|title\=The Central Asian Women on the Frontline of Jihad \|url\=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/the\-central\-asian\-women\-on\-the\-frontline\-of\-jihad/ \|newspaper\=The Diplomat}}
70 Uzbeks died in Idlib after a Turkistan Islamic Party site was hit by a missile.{{cite tweet\|user\=carolmalouf\|author\=Carol Malouf Khattab\|number\=829062965353648128\|date\=7 February 2017\|title\=A cruise missile targeted \#Turkistan Islamic Party in \#Idlib city killing more than 70 \#Uzbeks most of them women \& children}}{{cite tweet\|user\=carolmalouf\|author\=Carol Malouf Khattab\|number\=829061605581283328\|date\=7 February 2017\|title\=قصف صواريخ من البحر على \#ادلب المدينة استهدفت الحزب الاسلامي التركستاني سقط خلالها ٧٠ قتيل من الجنسية الأوزبكية أكثريتهم من النساء والأطفال}}
A bombing by the Russians{{cite tweet\|user\=TahrirSy\|author\=TahrirSy تحرير سوري\|number\=828968695594618880\|date\=7 February 2017\|title\=\#Syria \#TahrirSouri Uzbek Jihadi AbuRofiq the commander of Malhama tactical"tactical consulting company"killed in R...}}{{cite tweet\|user\=TahrirSy\|author\=TahrirSy تحرير سوري\|number\=828981155819028480\|date\=7 February 2017\|title\=\#سوريا \#تحرير\_سوري مقتل ابو رفيق قائد ما يسمى ب"ملحمة للاستشارات القتالية"في قصف الطيران الروسي على ادلب الليلة الم...}} killed "Malhama tactical" leader Abu Rofiq.{{cite tweet\|user\=aldin\_ww\|author\=Aldin 🇧🇦\|number\=828969192716115970\|date\=7 February 2017\|title\=Reports that Uzbek Jihadi Abu Rofiq, the commander of "Malhama tactical" consulting company is killed in \#RuAF airs...}}{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=828950797555752960\|date\=7 February 2017\|title\=Reports that Abu Rofik has been killed in air strike. I've tracked him pretty much since he appeared in Syria.}}{{cite tweet\|user\=NeilPHauer\|author\=Neil Hauer\|number\=828981158121705472\|date\=7 February 2017\|title\=Confirmed: Malhama Tactical leader Abu Rofik has been killed in an airstrike}} He claimed to be unaffiliated.{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=828980085046800384\|date\=7 February 2017\|title\=.@joshua\_landis he's never sworn bayah to Nusra etc \& always maintained independence}} He was called Abu Rofik Abdul Mukaddim Tatarstani.{{cite tweet\|user\=joshua\_landis\|author\=Joshua Landis\|number\=828957806371942400\|date\=7 February 2017\|title\=Abu Rofik (or Rafik) Abdul Mukaddim Tatarstani \- Russian speaking al\-Qaida operative in Syiria Killed in airstrike}} He operated in Syria.{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/RaoKomar747/status/805812625670021120 \|title\=This is Abu Rofiq, an Uzbek/Russian jihadist in Syria. He claims he served in Russias elite Airborne Troops (VDV). He leads Malhama Tactical \|last\=Kumar \|first\=Rao \|date\=5 December 2016 \|publisher\=Twitter \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20161207164228/https://twitter.com/RaoKomar747/status/805812625670021120 \|archive\-date\= 7 December 2016 \|access\-date\=20 February 2017}} The Turkistan Islamic Party has operated with Malhama Tactical.{{cite web \|url\=https://twitter.com/RaoKomar747/status/805818357069074432 \|title\=Turkistan Islamic Party has operated with Malhama Tactical \|last\=Kumar \|first\=Rao \|date\=5 December 2016 \|publisher\=Twitter}} {{dead link\|date\=February 2017 \|fix\-attempted\=yes}}{{better source needed\|Twitter and blogs\|date\=November 2018}}{{cite news \|last1\=Komar\|first1\=Rao \|last2\=Borys\|first2\=Christian \|last3\=Woods\|first3\=Eric \|date\=10 February 2017 \|title\=The Blackwater of Jihad \|url\=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/10/the\-world\-first\-jihadi\-private\-military\-contractor\-syria\-russia\-malhama\-tactical/ \|newspaper\=Foreign Policy}} The Turkistan Islamic Party, Ajnad Kavkaz and Nusra received instruction under Malhama tactical.{{cite news \|last\=Antonopoulos \|first\=Paul \|date\=7 February 2017 \|title\=Prominent Uzbek commander taken out by Russian airstrike in Idlib \|url\=https://mobile.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent\-uzbek\-commander\-taken\-russian\-airstrike\-idlib/ \|newspaper\=Al\-Masdar News \|access\-date\=5 November 2020 \|archive\-date\=21 April 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421161126/https://mobile.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent\-uzbek\-commander\-taken\-russian\-airstrike\-idlib/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{better source needed\|Bad source for rebel/aQ details\|date\=November 2018}}
Former countries which were part of the Soviet Union were sending large numbers of fighters to Syria according to Putin.{{cite news \|date\=23 February 2017 \|title\=Встреча с военнослужащими Северного флота \|url\=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53940 \|newspaper\=Президент России \|location\=Москва, Кремль }} However, data regarding the flow of foreign fighters from Central Asian states remains patchy, with some researchers cautioning against inaccurate reporting, commentary by lobby groups, and think tank reports which are not based on triangulated data.
#### Southeast Asia
[Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") and [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") are the main source of foreign fighters from [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia") with an estimated of 500 Indonesians and 200 Malaysians have travelling to Syria to fight for the [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Iraq_and_the_Levant "Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/what\-you\-think/article/why\-malaysia\-has\-a\-problem\-with\-islamic\-state\-julien\-gradot \|title\=Why Malaysia has a problem with Islamic State \|first\=Julien \|last\=Gradot \|newspaper\=The Malay Mail \|date\=21 October 2015 \|access\-date\=21 October 2015}} It is also suspected that more than 200 Filipinos,{{by whom\|date\=February 2016}} mostly the members of [Abu Sayyaf](/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf "Abu Sayyaf") (ASG) and [Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters](/wiki/Bangsamoro_Islamic_Freedom_Fighters "Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters") (BIFF) are training and fighting in Iraq and Syria under Islamic State.
In March 2019, the Malaysian Government has announced that it would allow Malaysian foreign fighters to return provided that they comply with checks and enforcement and complete a one\-month government\-run rehabilitation programme. This rehabilitation program involves returnees being examined by psychologists and clerics. Ayob Khan Mydin Pitchay, the counter\-terrorism head of the [Malaysian Special Branch](/wiki/Malaysian_Special_Branch "Malaysian Special Branch"), has confirmed that 11 Malaysians have returned including eight men, a woman, and two young children. The men were charged in court and convicted while the woman attended a rehabilitation programme. According to Ayob, 51 Malaysians remain in Syria including 17 children.{{cite news \|last1\=Chew \|first1\=Amy \|title\=Malaysia offers citizens conditional return as ISIL crumbles \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/malaysia\-offers\-citizens\-conditional\-return\-isil\-crumbles\-190312012544910\.html \|access\-date\=2 April 2019 \|publisher\=\[\[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] \|date\=12 March 2019}}{{cite news \|last1\=Chew \|first1\=Amy \|title\=As 20 Malaysians remain in Syria's crumbling Islamic State caliphate, others are seeking to return home \|url\=https://www.scmp.com/week\-asia/people/article/3001734/malaysian\-mother\-who\-went\-syria\-join\-islamic\-state\-now\-wants\-come \|access\-date\=2 April 2019 \|newspaper\=\[\[South China Morning Post]] \|date\=15 March 2019}}
### Georgia
According to Georgia's State Security Service, around 50 Georgian citizens, principally from the [Kist](/wiki/Kist_people "Kist people") ([Chechen](/wiki/Chechens "Chechens"))\-populated [Pankisi Gorge](/wiki/Pankisi_Gorge "Pankisi Gorge"), had joined the Islamist groups in Syria and Iraq as of June 2016\. By June 2017, at least 25 citizens of Georgia have died in these conflicts.{{cite news\|title\=Georgian from Pankisi Gorge Killed in Syria\|url\=http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id\=30162\|access\-date\=6 June 2017\|work\=Civil Georgia\|date\=6 June 2017}} A veteran of the [2008 Russo\-Georgian War](/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War "Russo-Georgian War") and a former sergeant in the [Georgian](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 "Georgia (country)") Army, [Abu Omar al\-Shishani](/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Shishani "Abu Omar al-Shishani"), served as a commander for the Islamic State in Syria.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\-state\-why\-kadyrov\-claims\-shishani\-killed/26692100\.html\|publisher\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|title\= The Chechen Leader With A Grudge And The IS Commander With Nine Lives \|date\=14 November 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\=25084\|title\=Umar Shishani's Man Who Fought At Menagh, Then Was Killed In Dagestan\|date\=28 April 2016\|access\-date\=27 October 2016}}{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=725704607255552000\|date\=28 April 2016\|title\=Umar Shishani's Man Who Fought At Menagh, Then Was Killed In Dagestan}} Another one is [Muslim Shishani](/wiki/Muslim_Abu_Walid_al_Shishani "Muslim Abu Walid al Shishani").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\=25074\|title\=More About Muslim Shishani's Early Years As a Militant In Ingushetia (With Pics!)\|date\=19 April 2016\|access\-date\=27 October 2016}}{{cite tweet\|user\=joaska\_\|author\=Joanna Paraszczuk\|number\=722366109593133056\|date\=19 April 2016\|title\=More About Muslim Shishani's Early Years As a Militant In Ingushetia (With Pics!)}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\=21316\|title\=Syria: Who is Muslim Abu Walid Shishani? Part One\|date\=26 March 2014\|access\-date\=27 October 2016}}
### China
#### Jihadist foreign fighters
{{Main\|Turkistan Islamic Party}}
[thumb\|Flag of Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria](/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg "Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.svg")
The [Uyghur](/wiki/Uyghurs "Uyghurs") militant group [Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria](/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria") (TIP) sent a large number of its fighters, operating in a unit called the "Turkistan Brigade" (Katibat Turkistani), to take part in the [Syrian Civil War](/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War "Syrian Civil War").{{cite web\|url\=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist\-News/tip\-division\-in\-syria\-releases\-video\-promoting\-cause\-inciting\-for\-jihad.html\|title\=TIP Division in Syria Releases Video Promoting Cause, Inciting for Jihad\|publisher\=SITE Institute\|date\=6 June 2014\|access\-date\=10 June 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/details/Tuba4Ilan1\|title\=Tuba 4 Ilan 1\|work\=Internet Archive\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|date\=18 August 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/details/Raziman\|title\=Raziman\|work\=Internet Archive\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|date\=23 September 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/details/mensure\|title\=mensure\|work\=Internet Archive\|access\-date\=25 October 2015\|date\=31 August 2015}} They have taken part in numerous battles in Syria, including the [2015 Jisr al\-Shughur offensive](/wiki/2015_Jisr_al-Shughur_offensive "2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive").{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=JEnv694zinM\|title\=A short video showing the opening of yesterdays ongoing battle in Jisr ash\-Shugur\|date\=22 April 2015\|work\=YouTube\|access\-date\=23 September 2015}}{{cite news\|last\=Weiss\|first\=Caleb\|title\=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria involved in new Idlib offensive\|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/turkistan\-islamic\-party\-in\-syria\-involved\-in\-new\-idlib\-offensive.php\|work\=Long War Journal\|date\=23 April 2015}}{{cite web\|title\=Turkistan Islamic Party had significant role in recent Idlib offensive\|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/turkistan\-islamic\-party\-had\-significant\-role\-recent\-idlib\-offensive.php\|website\=Long War Journal\|date\=30 April 2015\|first\=Caleb\|last\=Weiss}}{{cite tweet\|user\=Conflicts\|author\=Conflict News\|number\=594579201266585602\|date\=2 May 2015\|title\=Footage of Uighurs fighting in \#Syria @ \#Jisr\_Shughour. \#China likely not a fan of this.}}{{cite web\|url\=http://thelineofsteel.weebly.com/analysis/turkistan\-islamic\-party\-in\-syria\-fighting\-alongside\-junud\-al\-sham\-in\-idlib\|title\=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria fighting alongside Junud al Sham in Idlib\|work\=The Line of Steel\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}} The leader of TIP (ETIM) in Syria was Abu Rida al\-Turkestani.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\-analysis/view/26142 \|title\=Syria: The Epicenter of Future Jihad \|last1\=Zelin \|first1\=Aaron Y. \|date\=30 June 2014 \|website\=The Washington Institute \|access\-date\=5 November 2020 \|archive\-date\=6 December 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206144007/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\-analysis/view/26142 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/ar/policy\-analysis/view/syria\-the\-epicenter\-of\-future\-jihad \|title\=سوريا، مركز الجهاد المستقبلي \|last1\=زيلين \|first1\=هارون ي. \|date\=30 June 2014 \|website\=معهد واشنطن \|access\-date\=20 February 2017 \|archive\-date\=27 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627003510/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/ar/policy\-analysis/view/syria\-the\-epicenter\-of\-future\-jihad \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=http://foreignfighters.weebly.com/archive/category/turkestan\-islamic\-party \|title\=Turkestan Islamic Party \|date\=14 April 2015 \|website\=Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022161851/http://foreignfighters.weebly.com/archive/category/turkestan\-islamic\-party \|archive\-date\=22 October 2015 \|df\=dmy\-all }}{{cite web\|url\=http://thelineofsteel.weebly.com/news/turkestan\-islamic\-party\-in\-syria\|title\=Turkestan Islamic Party in Syria\|work\=The Line of Steel\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}
The Turkistan Islamic Party is allied to Al\-Qaeda.{{cite news \|url\=https://jamestown.org/program/china\-saudi\-arabia\-solidify\-strategic\-partnership\-amid\-looming\-risks/ \|title\=China and Saudi Arabia Solidify Strategic Partnership Amid Looming Risks \|last\=Zambelis \|first\=Chris \|date\=2 March 2017 \|newspaper\=Jamestown \|publisher\=The Jamestown Foundation }} [Jabhat Fatah al\-Sham](/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham "Jabhat Fatah al-Sham") included [Abu Omar al\-Turkistani](/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Turkistani "Abu Omar al-Turkistani").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/01/pentagon\-airstrikes\-kill\-20\-al\-qaeda\-fighters\-in\-northern\-syria.php \|title\=Pentagon: Airstrikes kill 20 or more al Qaeda fighters in northern Syria \|last\=Joscelyn \|first\=Thomas \|date\=5 January 2017 \|website\=Long War Journal \|publisher\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/01/us\-kills\-more\-than\-100\-al\-qaeda\-operatives\-in\-strike\-on\-syrian\-training\-camp.php \|title\=US kills more than 100 al Qaeda operatives in strike on Syrian training camp \|last\=Roggio \|first\=Bill \|date\=20 January 2017 \|website\=Long War Journal \|publisher\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}} The death of Abu Omar al\-Turkistani happened on 19 January 2017\.{{cite news\|last\=Botobekov \|first\=Uran \|title\=What's Are China's Stakes in Syria?\|url\=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/whats\-are\-chinas\-stakes\-in\-syria/\|work\=The Diplomat\|date\=27 January 2017}} The death of Al\-Turkistani was confirmed by JFS.{{cite web \|url\=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist\-News/jfs\-condemns\-american\-airstrike\-on\-training\-camp\-in\-aleppo\-declares\-u\-s\-chose\-assad\-regime\-over\-syrian\-people.html \|title\= JFS Condemns American Airstrike on Training Camp in Aleppo, Declares U.S. Chose Assad Regime Over Syrian People \|date\=20 January 2017 \|publisher\=SITE Intelligence Group}} Iran and Russia were attacked by the Turkistan Islamic Party.{{cite news\|last\=Botobekov \|first\=Uran \|title\=China's Nightmare: Xinjiang Jihadists Go Global\|url\=https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/chinas\-nightmare\-xinjiang\-jihadists\-go\-global/\|work\=The Diplomat\|date\=17 August 2016}} Jabal al\-Zawiya, Ariha, and Jisr al\-shoghur are locations in Idlib where there are many Uighur Turkistan Islamic Party members.{{cite news \|last\=Ali\|first\=Mohanad Hage\|date\=12 March 2016 \|title\=China's proxy war in Syria: Revealing the role of Uighur fighters \|url\=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/2016/03/02/China\-s\-proxy\-war\-in\-Syria\-Revealing\-the\-role\-of\-Uighur\-fighters\-.html \|publisher\=Al Arabiya English}} Fahd Jasim al\-Furayj, a Lieutenant General, Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Syria had discussions with Guan Youfei, a Rear Admiral {{cite news \|last\=Liu\|first\=Zhen\|date\=16 August 2016 \|title\=Chinese military to provide 'aid and training assistance' to Syrian government \|url\=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy\-defence/article/2004676/chinese\-military\-provide\-aid\-and\-training\-assistance \|newspaper\=South China Morning Post}}
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant released a video featuring an 80\-year\-old Uyghur man who came to join ISIL in Syria along with his grandchildren, wife, and daughter after he was inspired by his son who died in combat in Syria.{{cite news\|title\=80\-year\-old Chinese man joins Islamic State\|url\=http://www.therakyatpost.com/world/2015/06/04/80\-year\-old\-chinese\-man\-joins\-islamic\-state/\|access\-date\=4 June 2015\|agency\=The Rakyat Post\|date\=4 June 2015\|archive\-date\=5 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605040630/http://www.therakyatpost.com/world/2015/06/04/80\-year\-old\-chinese\-man\-joins\-islamic\-state/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|last1\=Setiawan\|first1\=Teguh\|title\=Muhammad Amin, Serdadu ISIS Tertua asal Tiongkok\|url\=http://m.inilah.com/news/detail/2210582/muhammad\-amin\-serdadu\-isis\-tertua\-asal\-tiongkok\|access\-date\=4 June 2015\|agency\=INILAHCOM\|date\=3 June 2015}}{{cite news \|author1\=Muhaimin \|title\=Usia 80 Tahun, Inilah Militan ISIS Tertua asal China \|url\=http://international.sindonews.com/read/1008724/43/usia\-80\-tahun\-inilah\-militan\-isis\-tertua\-asal\-china\-1433393428 \|agency\=SINDONEWS.com\|date\=4 June 2015 \|access\-date\=20 February 2017}}{{cite news\|title\=\[VIDEO] \- Usia Sudah 80 Tahun, Kakek Asal Cina Ini Bergabung dengan ISIS\|url\=http://jabar.tribunnews.com/2015/06/04/video\-usia\-sudah\-80\-tahun\-kakek\-asal\-cina\-ini\-bergabung\-dengan\-isis\|access\-date\=4 June 2015\|publisher\=TRIBUNJABAR.CO.ID\|date\=4 January 2015}}{{cite news\|last1\=Crowcroft\|first1\=Orlando\|title\=The oldest Isis jihadi: 80\-year\-old Chinese grandfather fights for Islamic State in Syria\|url\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oldest\-isis\-jihadi\-80\-year\-old\-chinese\-grandfather\-fights\-islamic\-state\-syria\-1504293\|access\-date\=4 June 2015\|agency\=International Business Times\|date\=3 June 2015 }} Footage also emerged online of a Chinese rebel fighter in Syria, ne Bo Wang, a Muslim convert who calls himself Youssef. He appeared in a video in the northern Syrian countryside, in which he condemned the Syrian government for "butchering every Muslim here in cold blood, including children and women" and stating that "people have no freedom, no democracy, no security and no respect here, not at all." He also spoke of [historical Chinese ties to Syria](/wiki/China%E2%80%93Syria_relations "China–Syria relations"), claiming that the Chinese government had destroyed the "traditional friendship between the Chinese and Arab people" because they "sell weapons and provide financial assistance to the Assad government."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/world/asia/an\-unlikely\-chinese\-warrior\-in\-the\-battle\-for\-syria.html \|work\=The New York Times \|first\=Edward \|last\=Wong \|title\=An Unlikely Warrior in the Battle for Syria \|date\=29 March 2013}}
[Eric Draitser](/wiki/Eric_Draitser "Eric Draitser") accused Turkish intelligence and the government of Turkey of helping transport Uighur jihadists.{{cite news \|date\=11 February 2015 \|title\=Çin'de tanıdık bir şebeke: Türkiye, Uygurları cihada nasıl yolluyor? \|url\=http://haber.sol.org.tr/dunya/cinde\-tanidik\-bir\-sebeke\-turkiye\-uygurlari\-cihada\-nasil\-yolluyor\-107478 \|newspaper\=Sol Haber}} Uighurs have been allowed to transit to Turkey.{{cite news \|last\=Tremblay \|first\=Pinar \|date\=6 January 2017 \|title\=Nightclub attack brings Turkey's IS battle to domestic soil \|url\=http://www.al\-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/01/turkey\-transformed\-barrier\-against\-isis\-battleground.html}} A Uighur language version of al\-Bayan was published by ISIS.{{cite web \|url\=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist\-News/is\-begins\-releasing\-al\-bayan\-news\-bulletins\-in\-uyghur.html \|title\=IS Begins Releasing al\-Bayan News Bulletins in Uyghur \|date\=25 February 2016 \|publisher\=SITE Intelligence Group}}
After Jabal al\-Arba'een was subjected to [bombardment by the coalition](/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Syria "American-led intervention in Syria"), [foreign fighters](/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War%23Druze "Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War#Druze") fled to [Jabal al\-Summaq](/wiki/Jabal_al-Sumaq "Jabal al-Sumaq"). Homes of the [Druze](/wiki/Druze "Druze") religious minority of Jabal al\-Summaq's Kuku village were forcibly stolen and attacked by [Turkistan Islamic Party](/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party "Turkistan Islamic Party") [Uyghurs](/wiki/Uyghurs "Uyghurs") and [Uzbeks](/wiki/Uzbeks "Uzbeks").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2015/10/additional\-notes\-on\-the\-druze\-of\-jabal\-al\-summaq \|title\=Additional Notes on the Druze of Jabal al\-Summaq \|last\=Al\-Tamimi \|first\=Aymenn Jawad \|date\=6 October 2015 \|website\=Aymenn Jawad Al\-Tamimi}} Update (24 January 2017\)
Around Ariha, Russian plane bombs on 12 January 2017 killed the family of a [Turkistan Islamic Party](/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party "Turkistan Islamic Party") Uyghur leader and the leader himself.{{cite news \|last\=المحمود \|first\=زيد \|date\=13 January 2017 \|title\=مقتل قياديٍ في الحزب الإسلامي التركستانيٍ جراء غاراتٍ روسيةٍ بإدلب \|url\=http://www.all4syria.info/Archive/379078 \|newspaper\=كلنا شركاء في الوطن }}{{cite news \|last\=المحمود \|first\=زيد \|date\=13 January 2017 \|title\=مقتل قياديٍ في الحزب الإسلامي التركستانيٍ جراء غاراتٍ روسيةٍ بإدلب \|url\=https://microsyria.com/2017/01/13/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84\-%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8D\-%D9%81%D9%8A\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113222919/https://microsyria.com/2017/01/13/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84\-%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8D\-%D9%81%D9%8A\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=13 January 2017 \|newspaper\=MICRO SYRIA}} Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı said that Russians bombed the family of Uyghur fighters in Idlib and the TIP retaliated by firing rockets against Iranian militias.{{cite news \|title\=Türkistan İslam Cemaati Grand Füzeleriyle İran Milislerini Vuruyor\-VİDEO HABER \|url\=http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2017/01/16/turkistan\-islam\-cemaati\-grand\-fuzeleriyle\-iran\-milislerini\-vuruyor/ \|newspaper\=Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı \|access\-date\=2020\-11\-05 \|archive\-date\=2023\-04\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405070504/http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2017/01/16/turkistan\-islam\-cemaati\-grand\-fuzeleriyle\-iran\-milislerini\-vuruyor/ \|url\-status\=dead }}
Chechen groups, Katibat Tawhid wal Jihad (Uzbek), Imam Bukhari Jamaat (Uzbek), and Turkistan Islamic Party (Uighur) work with Nusra in Syria's northwestern area.{{cite news \|url\=https://asiatimes.com/2015/10/a\-buffer\-zone\-for\-erdogans\-turkic\-settlements\-in\-syria/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219143035/https://asiatimes.com/2015/10/a\-buffer\-zone\-for\-erdogans\-turkic\-settlements\-in\-syria/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-date\=19 February 2020 \|title\= A buffer zone for Erdogan's Turkic settlements in Syria? \|last\=Lin \|first\=Christina \|date\=11 October 2015 \|newspaper\=Asia Times}}
Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members participated in the [Battle of Aleppo](/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_%282012%E2%80%9316%29%232016:Supply_lines_cut.2C_surrender_and_evacuation "Supply lines cut.2C surrender and evacuation").{{cite web \|url\=http://jihadology.net/2016/10/17/new\-video\-message\-from\-%e1%b8%a5izb\-al\-islami\-al\-turkistani\-in\-bilad\-al\-sham\-breaking\-the\-siege/ \|title\=New video message from Ḥizb al\-Islāmī al\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\-Shām: "Breaking the Siege"\|date\=17 October 2016 \|website\=Jihadology}}
Children of militant Uighurs in the Turkistan Islamic Party have accompanied them.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.memri.org/jttm/turkestan\-islamic\-party\-tip\-publishes\-photos\-uighur\-fighters\-and\-children\-syria \|title\=Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP) Publishes Photos Of Uighur Fighters And Children In Syria \|date\=22 February 2017 \|publisher\=MEMRI}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.memri.org/reports/jihad\-and\-terrorism\-threat\-monitor\-jttm\-weekend\-summary\-236 \|title\=Jihad and Terrorism Threat Monitor (JTTM) Weekend Summary \|date\=24 February 2017 \|number\=Special Announcements No.523 \|publisher\=MEMRI}} A Frenchman died while serving in TIP ranks.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.memri.org/jttm/turkestan\-islamic\-party\-tip\-confirms\-death\-second\-french\-fighter \|title\=Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP) Confirms Death Of Second French Fighter \|date\=22 February 2017 \|publisher\=MEMRI}}
A Uighur language [nasheed](/wiki/Nasheed "Nasheed") was released by ISIS.{{cite tweet\|user\=VPAFernandez\|author\=Alberto Fernandez\|number\=836258979835703297\|date\=27 February 2017\|title\=New ISIS video even has ISIS signature nasheed sung in Uighur.}} Uighurs appeared in the film.{{cite news \|last\=Grace \|first\=Carrie \|date\=2 March 2017 \|title\='All\-out offensive' in Xinjiang risks worsening grievances \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-asia\-china\-39137420}}{{cite news \|last\=Hornby \|first\=Lucy \|date\=2 March 2017 \|title\= Isis Uighurs threaten 'rivers of blood' in China \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/ddeb5872\-ff1f\-11e6\-96f8\-3700c5664d30 \|work\=Financial Times}}{{cite tweet\|user\=ftchina\|author\=FT China\|number\=837257058995089409\|date\=2 March 2017\|title\=Isis Uighurs threaten 'rivers of blood' in China}} Uighur children appeared in an ISIS video.{{cite tweet\|user\=VPAFernandez\|author\=Alberto Fernandez\|number\=836260733289656322\|date\=27 February 2017\|title\=Video also shows military drills and ideological training of young Uighur boys, including explaining, reciting Sura...}}{{cite web \|url\=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist\-News/is\-video\-highlights\-uyghur\-fighters\-and\-children\-training\-camps\-in\-western\-iraq.html \|title\=IS Video Highlights Uyghur Fighters and Children, Training Camps in Western Iraq \|date\=27 February 2017 \|publisher\=SITE Intelligence Group}}{{cite tweet\|user\=RomainCaillet\|author\=Romain Caillet\|number\=836279148016459778\|date\=27 February 2017\|title\=Nouvelle vidéo de l'\#EI consacrée à ses jihadistes ouïgours, des musulmans chinois turcophones.}}{{cite tweet\|user\=Terror\_Monitor\|author\=Terrormonitor.org\|number\=837137672418160640\|date\=2 March 2017\|title\=\#IRAQ \#IslamicState Threatens \#China Of Upcoming Attacks, Featuring \#Uighur Child Soldiers \& Training Camps In New...}} The ISIS Uighur members attacked the "moderate Syrian rebel" members who were allied to the Turkistan Islamic Party.{{cite tweet\|user\=RomainCaillet\|author\=Romain Caillet\|number\=836292167098327040\|date\=27 February 2017\|title\=Point important : un intervenant excommunie le Parti Islamique du Turkistan en Syrie, pour ses alliances avec les "...}} The Turkistan Islamic Party, linked to Al\-Qaeda, was criticized by the ISIL video.{{cite news \|date\= 1 March 2017 \|title\=ISIL video threatens China with 'rivers of bloodshed' \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/isil\-video\-threatens\-china\-rivers\-bloodshed\-170301103927503\.html \|publisher\=Al Jazeera}}{{cite web \|url\= http://jihadology.net/2017/02/27/new\-video\-message\-from\-the\-islamic\-state\-it\-is\-those\-who\-are\-the\-truthful\-coverage\-of\-the\-life\-of\-emigrants\-from\-eastern\-turkistan\-in\-the\-land\-of\-the\-caliphate\-wilayat\-al\-furat/ \|title\=New video message from The Islamic State: "It Is Those Who Are The Truthful: Coverage of the Life of Emigrants From Eastern Turkistān In the Land of the Caliphate – Wilāyat al\-Furāt" \|date\=27 February 2017 \|website\=Jihadology}} Children with weapons appeared in the video.{{cite news \|last\=Gramer \|first\=Robbie \|date\=1 March 2017 \|title\=The Islamic State Pledged to Attack China Next. Here's Why. \|url\=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/01/the\-islamic\-state\-pledged\-to\-attack\-china\-next\-heres\-why/ \|newspaper\=Foreign Policy}}{{cite news \|last\=Gramer \|first\=Robbie \|date\=1 March 2017 \|title\=ISIS just pledged to attack China — here's why \|url\=http://www.businessinsider.com/isis\-pledges\-attack\-on\-china\-heres\-why\-2017\-3 \|newspaper\=Business Insider}}{{cite news \|last\=Gramer \|first\=Robbie \|date\=1 March 2017 \|title\=Bloody Islamic State video puts China in cross hairs \|url\=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies\-politics/article/2075183/bloody\-islamic\-state\-video\-puts\-china\-cross\-hairs\| newspaper\=South China Morning Post}}{{cite web \|url\=https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Multimedia/is\-video\-highlights\-uyghur\-fighters\-and\-children\-training\-camps\-in\-western\-iraq.html \|title\=IS Video Highlights Uyghur Fighters and Children, Training Camps in Western Iraq \|date\=27 February 2017 \|publisher\=SITE Intelligence Group}} Iraq was the location of the footage.{{cite news \|date\=1 March 2017 \|title\=ISIS Threatens China for First Time in Video Message \|url\=http://ifpnews.com/news/world/asia/2017/03/isis\-threatens\-china\-for\-first\-time\-in\-video\-message/ \|newspaper\=IFP News \|access\-date\=5 November 2020 \|archive\-date\=8 March 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308164150/http://ifpnews.com/news/world/asia/2017/03/isis\-threatens\-china\-for\-first\-time\-in\-video\-message/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|last1\=Martina \|first1\=Michael \|last2\= Blanchard \|first2\=Ben \|date\=2 March 2017 \|title\=Uighur IS fighters vow blood will 'flow in rivers' in China \|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/news/uighur\-fighters\-vow\-blood\-flow\-rivers\-china\-021316252\.html?soc\_src\=mail\&soc\_trk\=ma \|publisher\=Reuters \|location\=Beijing}} The Islamic State's number of Uighur fighters is much smaller than that of the Turkistan Islamic Party's.{{cite tweet\|user\=Weissenberg7\|author\=Caleb Weiss\|number\=774721916187836416\|date\=10 September 2016\|title\=2\. TIP is larger, by far, than any Uighur contingent in Islamic State. I have 134 killed TIP fighters in my data alone.}}{{cite tweet\|user\=Weissenberg7\|author\=Caleb Weiss\|number\=818501555368423425\|date\=9 January 2017\|title\=PT's: With this, it would seem possible that at least some of the Islamic State's Uighur contingent came from TIP in these provinces.}}
Katibat al\-Imam Bukhari (Uzbek), Uighur Turkistan Islamic Party, and the Uzbek Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad are major Central Asian, Syria based factions.{{cite news\|last\=Botobekov \|first\=Uran \|title\=The Transformation of Central Asian Jihadists in Syria\|url\=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/the\-transformation\-of\-central\-asian\-jihadists\-in\-syria/\|work\=The Diplomat\|date\=21 February 2017}}
Uighur foreign fighters were urged to come to Syria by videos released by the Turkistan Islamic Party.{{cite web \|url\=http://jihadology.net/2017/02/06/new\-video\-nashid\-from\-%e1%b8%a5izb\-al\-islami\-al\-turkistani\-in\-bilad\-al\-sham\-strive\-hard\-oh\-mujahidin\-of\-turkistan/ \|title\=New video nashīd from Ḥizb al\-Islāmī al\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\-Shām: "Strive Hard Oh Mujāhidīn of Turkistān" \|date\=6 February 2017 \|website\=Jihadology}}{{cite web \|url\=http://jihadology.net/2017/02/27/new\-video\-message\-from\-%e1%b8%a5izb\-al\-islami\-al\-turkistani\-in\-bilad\-al\-sham\-a\-call\-from\-the\-front\-lines\-of\-jihad\-29/\|title\=New video message from Ḥizb al\-Islāmī al\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\-Shām: "A Call From the Front Lines of Jihad \#29" \|date\=27 February 2017 \|website\=Jihadology}}{{cite web \|url\=http://jihadology.net/2017/02/05/new\-video\-message\-from\-%e1%b8%a5izb\-al\-islami\-al\-turkistani\-in\-bilad\-al\-sham\-a\-call\-from\-the\-front\-lines\-of\-jihad\-28/ \|title\=New video message from Ḥizb al\-Islāmī al\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\-Shām: "A Call From the Front Lines of Jihad \#28" \|date\=5 February 2017 \|website\=Jihadology}}{{cite web \|url\=http://jihadology.net/2017/01/12/new\-video\-message\-from\-%e1%b8%a5izb\-al\-islami\-al\-turkistani\-in\-bilad\-al\-sham\-a\-call\-from\-the\-front\-lines\-of\-jihad\-27/ \|title\=New video message from Ḥizb al\-Islāmī al\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\-Shām: "A Call From the Front Lines of Jihad \#27" \|date\=12 January 2017 \|website\=Jihadology}} Uyghur foreign fighters in Syria were addressed and advised by [Muhaysini](/wiki/Muhaysini "Muhaysini") in a video speech released by the Turkistan Islamic Party.{{cite web \|url\=http://jihadology.net/2017/01/15/new\-video\-message\-from\-%e1%b8%a5izb\-al\-islami\-al\-turkistani\-in\-bilad\-al\-sham\-dr\-abd\-allah\-bin\-mu%e1%b8%a5ammad\-al\-mu%e1%b8%a5aysini\-message\-to\-those\-who\-migrated\-from\-turkistan/ \|title\=New video message from Ḥizb al\-Islāmī al\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\-Shām: "Dr. 'Abd Allah bin Muḥammad al\-Muḥaysinī: Message To Those Who Migrated From Turkistān" \|date\=15 January 2017 \|website\=Jihadology}} Footage of Muhaysini and [Abdul Razzaq al\-Mahdi](/wiki/Abdul_Razzaq_al-Mahdi "Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi") giving speeches were used alongside old footage of [Hasan Mahsum](/wiki/Hasan_Mahsum "Hasan Mahsum") in "Blessed Are the Strangers \#6", a video released by the Syria based wing of the Turkistan Islamic Party.{{cite web \|url\=http://jihadology.net/2017/01/01/new\-video\-message\-from\-%e1%b8%a5izb\-al\-islami\-al\-turkistani\-in\-bilad\-al\-sham\-blessed\-are\-the\-strangers\-6/ \|title\=New video message from Ḥizb al\-Islāmī al\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\-Shām: "Blessed Are the Strangers \#6" \|date\=1 January 2017 \|website\=Jihadology}} "Lovers of Paradise \#20" by the Turkistan Islamic Party showed Uyghur fighters in Syria.{{cite web \|url\=http://jihadology.net/2016/12/27/new\-video\-message\-from\-%E1%B8%A5izb\-al\-islami\-al\-turkistani\-in\-bilad\-al\-sham\-lovers\-of\-paradise\-20/ \|title\=New video message from Ḥizb al\-Islāmī al\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\-Shām: "Lovers of Paradise \#20" \|date\=27 December 2016 \|website\=Jihadology}}
#### People's Protection Units volunteers
In 2015 was known that at least two men from China were fighting in Syria for the YPG. One of them calls himself Ba Si Pan{{cite news \|last1\=Ni \|first1\=Vincent \|title\=The Chinese man fighting Islamic State \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-asia\-china\-35036879 \|access\-date\=8 March 2019 \|date\=8 December 2015}} and the other is a Chinese\-British communist named Huang Lei born in [Sichuan Province](/wiki/Sichuan_Province "Sichuan Province").{{cite web \|title\=Chinese\-Born Militia Member Sends Selfies from Syria Frontlines \- All China Women's Federation \|url\=http://www.womenofchina.cn/xhtml/news/newsmakers/15061305\-1\.htm \|website\=womenofchina.cn \|access\-date\=8 March 2019 }}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
### Russia
The Russian security agency [Federal Security Service](/wiki/Federal_Security_Service "Federal Security Service") in July 2013 estimated that about 200 Russian citizens were fighting for the Syrian opposition, while it expressed fears the fighters could carry out militant attacks upon returning.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/fsb\-worried\-about\-russian\-fighters\-in\-syria/480036\.html\#ixzz2XprNQs99 \|title\=FSB Worried About Russian Fighters in Syria \|newspaper\=The Moscow Times \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}} In December 2013, the Russian media estimate for Russian citizens fighting for the rebels was increased to 400\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mignews.com/news/society/world/051213\_152234\_59587\.html \|script\-title\=ru:Общество \| Россия готовит спецназ к противостоянию боевикам из Сирии \|language\=ru \|publisher\=MIGnews \|access\-date\=4 February 2014 \|archive\-date\=21 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921073653/https://mignews.com/news/society/world/051213\_152234\_59587\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} Academic research has highlighted unprecedented levels of mobilisation by Russian\-speaking volunteers, while also illustrating inherent ambiguities in official estimates.Mark Youngman and Cerwyn Moore (2017\) *Russian\-Speaking' Fighters in Syria, Iraq and at Home: Causes and Consequences* Although often cited as Chechen, due to the widespread use of the Arabic moniker al\-Shishani, foreign fighters came from a wide variety of ethnic and sub\-ethnic groups.Cerwyn Moore (2015\) Foreign Bodies: Transnational Activism, the Insurgency in the North Caucasus and "Beyond", *Terrorism and Political Violence*, vol.27, no.3, 395–415\. At least some also came from Diaspora communities.
{{See also\|Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War\|Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War}}
JMA cut it links to ISIL in late 2013,"[Should Georgia Fear IS Threat To Its Pankisi Gorge?](http://www.rferl.org/content/georgia-isis-islamic-state-pankisi-gorge-russia/26637101.html)". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 14 October 2014\. and continued respecting the [Oath of Allegiance](/wiki/Bay%27at "Bay'at") they had made to the [Caucasus Emirate](/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate "Caucasus Emirate")'s [Dokka Umarov](/wiki/Dokka_Umarov "Dokka Umarov").{{cite news\|title\=Syria crisis: Omar Shishani, Chechen jihadist leader\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-25151104\|work\=BBC\|date\=3 December 2013\|access\-date\=20 December 2013}} In September 2015, JMA joined the al\-Nusra Front.{{cite news\|title\=Insurgent group pledges allegiance to al Qaeda's Syria wing\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-mideast\-crisis\-syria\-nusra\-idUSKCN0RN1Z920150923\|work\=Reuters\|date\=23 September 2015\|access\-date\=23 September 2015}} Besides JMA, numerous other small factions and groups involving Russian\-speaking foreign fighters, including some with links to the North Caucasus, are active in parts of Syria and Iraq. One of the more powerful Chechen\-dominated militias in Syria was [Junud al\-Sham](/wiki/Junud_al-Sham "Junud al-Sham"), but it fractured in course of 2016\. Since then, [Ajnad al\-Kavkaz](/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz "Ajnad al-Kavkaz") has become the most important independent rebel group led by North Caucasians in Syria. The group's leadership consists of [Second Chechen War](/wiki/Second_Chechen_War "Second Chechen War") veterans.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\=25309\|title\=Interview \& Letter from Ajnad al\-Kavkaz amir Abdul Hakim Shishani\|author\=Joanna Paraszuk\|work\=From Chechnya to Syria\|date\=23 November 2014\|access\-date\=9 May 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=https://theintercept.com/2016/09/03/in\-turkey\-a\-chechen\-commander\-makes\-plans\-for\-war\-in\-syria/\|title\=In Turkey, a Chechen Commander Makes Plans for War in Syria\|author\=Marcin Mamon\|work\=\[\[The Intercept]]\|date\=3 September 2016\|access\-date\=10 May 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\=24632\|title\=A more detailed biography of Khamza Shishani of Ajnad al\-Kavkaz\|author\=Joanna Paraszuk\|work\=From Chechnya to Syria\|date\=3 March 2017\|access\-date\=9 May 2017}}
As of September 2015, according to [Russian Civic Chamber](/wiki/Civic_Chamber_of_the_Russian_Federation "Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation")'s commission on public diplomacy and compatriots abroad, approximately 2,500 Russian nationals and 7,000 citizens of other post\-Soviet republics were fighting alongside [ISIL](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant")."[Security Service At Moscow Airport Detains Siberian Man Suspected To Join ISIS In Syria](http://www.ibtimes.com/security-service-moscow-airport-detains-siberian-man-suspected-join-isis-syria-2111685)". *International Business Times*. 24 September 2015\.
As well as the large number of Russians fighting for al\-Qaeda or ISIS, thousands have fought on the government side. Up until 2015, Russia provided military assistance and private contractors (at least 1,700 Russian contractors had reportedly been deployed to Syria up 2017{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-mideast\-crisis\-syria\-russia\-fighters/dying\-for\-a\-paycheck\-the\-russian\-civilians\-fighting\-in\-syria\-idUSKBN1EF0RI \|title\=Dying for a paycheck: the Russian civilians fighting in Syria \|first\=Maria \|last\=Tsvetkova \|editor\-first\=Timothy \|editor\-last\=Heritage \|publisher\=\[\[Reuters]] \|date\=December 21, 2017}}), but from September 2015 formal [Russian military intervention](/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War "Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War") began, after an official request by the Syrian government for [military aid](/wiki/Military_aid "Military aid") against rebel and [jihadist](/wiki/Jihadist "Jihadist") groups.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la\-fg\-kremlin\-oks\-troops\-20150930\-story.html\|title\=Russia launches airstrikes in Syria amid U.S. concern about targets\|date\=30 September 2015\|access\-date\=7 October 2015\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|author1\=Patrick J. McDonnell\|author2\=W.J. Hennigan\|author3\=Nabih Bulos}}{{cite web\|title\=Russia carries out first air strikes in Syria\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/russian\-carries\-air\-strikes\-syria\-150930133155190\.html\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|access\-date\=1 October 2015\|date\=30 September 2015}} Around 4,300 personnel were deployed,{{Cite news \|date\=2015\-11\-08 \|title\=Russian soldiers geolocated by photos in multiple Syria locations, bloggers say \|language\=en \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-mideast\-crisis\-syria\-russia\-idUSKCN0SX0H820151108 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-11}}{{cite news\|publisher\=ABC News\|title\=Key moments in Russia's campaign, involvement in Syrian war\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/key\-moments\-russias\-campaign\-involvement\-syrian\-war\-48083114\|access\-date\=17 June 2017\|date\=16 June 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616170148/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/key\-moments\-russias\-campaign\-involvement\-syrian\-war\-48083114\|archive\-date\=16 June 2017\|df\=dmy\-all}}Russia's Defense Ministry never said how many troops it has in Syria, but turnout figures in voting from abroad in the September 2016 parliamentary elections indicated that Russian military personnel in the Arab nation at the time likely exceeded 4,300\. and by September 2018 Russia had reported 112 losses.{{cite web \|title\=Russia lost 112 servicemen over three years of counter\-terror operation in Syria \- MP \|agency\=TASS: Military \& Defense \|url\=http://tass.com/defense/1023714 \|access\-date\=11 November 2018}}
### Europe
Both European converts and immigrant or immigrant's children have gone to fight for the Syrian opposition. This includes citizens from France (with the leading number of fighters), followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy.{{Cite journal \|last\=Corradi \|first\=Edoardo \|date\=2022\-11\-18 \|title\=Joining the fight: the Italian foreign fighters contingent of the Kurdish People's Protection Units \|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/italian\-political\-science\-review\-rivista\-italiana\-di\-scienza\-politica/article/joining\-the\-fight\-the\-italian\-foreign\-fighters\-contingent\-of\-the\-kurdish\-peoples\-protection\-units/02E61B0DFAB16922510EFBA32C8F9BEF \|journal\=Italian Political Science Review {{!}} Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica \|volume\=53 \|issue\=2 \|language\=en \|pages\=201–219 \|doi\=10\.1017/ipo.2022\.31 \|issn\=0048\-8402\|hdl\=11567/1100255 \|hdl\-access\=free }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/home\-grown\-jihadism\-italy\-10309\|title\=Home\-Grown Jihadism in Italy\|publisher\=Ispionline.it\|access\-date\=12 October 2014\|date\=29 April 2014}}{{cite news\|url\=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/06/28/opinion/sylvie\-kauffmann\-frances\-homegrown\-jihadists.html?referrer\=\&\_r\=0\|title\=Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=27 June 2014 \|access\-date\=12 October 2014\|last1\=Kauffmann \|first1\=Sylvie }} A report by the International Centre for Counter\-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) from April 2016 shows that there is a total of 3,922\-4,294 foreign fighters from EU Member States of whom 30 percent have returned to their home countries. EU anti\-terrorism coordinator [Gilles de Kerchove](/wiki/Gilles_de_Kerchove "Gilles de Kerchove") said that this was a worrying trend as those who return could be more radicalized. [EUROPOL](/wiki/EUROPOL "EUROPOL") Director [Rob Wainright](/wiki/Rob_Wainright "Rob Wainright") issued his 2013 report and said that the returning fighters "could incite other volunteers to join the armed struggle," as well as use their training, combat experience, knowledge and contacts to conduct such activities within the EU.{{cite web\|url\=http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2013/06/19/Syria\-EU\-eyes\-potential\-threat\-volunteer\-fighters\_8893641\.html \|title\=Syria: EU eyes potential threat from volunteer fighters \|date\=19 June 2013 \|publisher\=Ansamed.ansa.it \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}}
European criminals are targeted by the Islamic State for recruitment, an estimated 50\-80% of Europeans in IS have a criminal record. This is higher than al\-Qaeda, where 25% of Europeans have a criminal record.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief\_10\_Terrorism\_and\_crime.pdf\|title\=The crime\-terrorism nexus\|last\=Gaub \& Lisiecka\|date\=April 2017\|publisher\=\[\[European Union Institute for Security Studies]]\|pages\=1–2\|access\-date\=14 April 2019}}
The first European to fight for the Syrian opposition was reported by *[Der Spiegel](/wiki/Der_Spiegel "Der Spiegel")* to be a fighter for the Free Syrian Army who was "a Frenchman who had just turned 24 and comes from a wealthy family. He just turned up here with his credit card in hand."{{cite news\|last\=Putz \|first\=Ulrike \|url\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/foreign\-jihadists\-declare\-war\-on\-syria\-s\-assad\-a\-824875\.html \|title\=Foreign Jihadists Declare War on Syria's Assad \|work\=Der Spiegel \|date\=30 March 2012 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}} A [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan")\-born U.S.\-convert to Islam was also the first U.S. citizen to be killed in Syria, reportedly by the government, as she was taking part in a reconnaissance mission with two Britons near Aleppo.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/30/syria\-michigan\-woman\-killed/2477393/ \|title\=From Michigan to a violent death in Syria \|work\=USA Today \|date\=10 June 2013 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013 \|first\=Niraj \|last\=Warikoo}} In July 2013, a U.S.\-Egyptian man named Amiir Farouk Ibrahim (from Pennsylvania) went missing in Syria, presumed by the media to be fighting with rebel forces. His passport was discovered, amongst others, in an [Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant") base which had been captured by Kurdish rebels.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/170185 \|title\=U.S. Passport Found among Syria Jihadists \|publisher\=Israel National News \|date\=23 July 2013 \|access\-date\=28 July 2013}} His family was aware he was in Syria, but his father did not believe that his son had gone there for humanitarian purposes.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wpxi.com/news/news/local/pittsburgh\-man\-reportedly\-dead\-syria/nY4rk/ \|title\=Pittsburgh man reportedly dead in Syria \|publisher\=www.wpxi.com \|access\-date\=28 July 2013 \|archive\-date\=5 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004732/http://www.wpxi.com/news/news/local/pittsburgh\-man\-reportedly\-dead\-syria/nY4rk/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|url\=http://triblive.com/news/editorspicks/4415705\-74/ibrahim\-syria\-syrian\#ixzz2a9XASaYD\&w \|title\=Pittsburgh man reported killed in Syria \|publisher\=TribLIVE \|access\-date\=20 September 2013}} Western countries, including the U.K., have provided aid to the rebels.{{cite news\|author\=Kim Sengupta \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/revealed\-what\-the\-west\-has\-given\-syrias\-rebels\-8756447\.html \|title\=Revealed: What the West has given Syria's rebels \|newspaper\=The Independent \|date\=11 August 2013 \|access\-date\=20 September 2013 \|location\=London}} As of November 2013, there are believed to be approximately 600 fighters from Western countries in Syria.{{cite web\|title\=American and International Militants Drawn to Syria\|url\=http://www.adl.org/combating\-hate/international\-extremism\-terrorism/c/syria\-foreign\-fighters.html\#.Ul1ybBDQvZ0\|publisher\=Anti\-Defamation League\|access\-date\=25 November 2013}} Norway's Thomas Hegghammer issued a report that suggested one in nine Westerners who fight in foreign jihadist insurgencies end up becoming involved in attack plots back home. The Associate Director of the [Melbourne School of Government](/wiki/Melbourne_School_of_Government "Melbourne School of Government") David Malet, however, suggested that while research on foreign fighters was a new field, different studies showed another view to the likelihood of [blowback](/wiki/Blowback_%28intelligence%29 "Blowback (intelligence)") from returning fighters. "Other studies show that most foreign fighters simply resume their previous lives so long as they are provided [amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty "Amnesty")."
Meanwhile, France was estimated to have up to 700 of its citizens fighting in Syria.
#### Balkans
Muslims from the Balkans have joined the opposition in fighting against the Syrian government, and some have been killed.
In 2013, it was reported that many recruits came from Serbia's Muslim\-inhabited [Sandžak](/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak "Sandžak") region, particularly the city of [Novi Pazar](/wiki/Novi_Pazar "Novi Pazar"). Several hundred come from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia. Many of the recruits were [Salafists](/wiki/Salafi "Salafi") and, though denied by some Salafist leaders, [Rešad Plojović](/wiki/Re%C5%A1ad_Plojovi%C4%87 "Rešad Plojović"), the deputy leader of the [Sandžak muftiate](/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak_muftiate "Sandžak muftiate"), said that "some organisations and individuals \[are recruiting Balkan Muslims]. There are centers or individuals who probably have connections with certain organisations, and they are motivating people. They also may know ways to transport them to the war zone. Let's be frank. Many here do not even know where Syria is. They cannot know how to go there and get involved in all that is happening there." [Anel Grbović](/wiki/Anel_Grbovi%C4%87 "Anel Grbović"), a journalist from *[Novi Pazar](/wiki/Novi_Pazar "Novi Pazar")*, wrote that most fighters from the Sandžak had been removed from the country's two official Islamic communities before traveling to Syria. "The fact is, there are illegal organisations recruiting people here. The fact is, there are houses where they come together. The fact is, there are facilities where they conduct their religious rituals – which means they exclude themselves from the mosque. That means they exclude themselves from the system of the Islamic community and are more easily influenced by some individuals or organisations." As for Albanian Muslims in Kosovo and Macedonia, they fought for the rebels in order to help "Sunni brothers" in their fight. At least one Macedonian fighter said he was recruited via an intermediary in Vienna. From Bosnia and Herzegovina, many [Bosniaks](/wiki/Bosniaks "Bosniaks") joined the Nusra Front as Salafists ([Salafism came to Bosnia](/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia "Islam in Bosnia") during the [Bosnian War](/wiki/Bosnian_War "Bosnian War") with Saudi financing, though foreign fighters in that war stayed on in the country despite controversy{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6642353\.stm \|title\=Bosnia fighters face uncertain fate \|work\=BBC News \|date\=10 May 2007 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}}). Some of relatives of the fighters have said that the leader of the predominantly Salafist Bosnian village of [Gornja Maoča](/wiki/Gornja_Mao%C4%8Da "Gornja Maoča"), Nusret Imamović, recruited the fighters; however he refused to be interviewed about the allegations. The director of the Bosnian [State Investigation and Protection Agency](/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency "State Investigation and Protection Agency"), Goran Zubac, said that his office had questioned at least eight men linked to recruiting and sending the fighters to Syria, while he said his office was monitoring the Salafists. "If our priority is to fight against terrorism and these activities are a part of this sector, then you can rest assured that nobody in the State Investigation and Protection Agency is sleeping."{{cite web\|author1\=Teodorovic Milos \|author2\=Ron Synovitz \|url\=http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/25011213\.html \|title\=Balkan Militants Join Syria's Rebel Cause \|publisher\=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty \|date\=8 June 2013 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}}
In 2013, [FTV](/wiki/Federalna_televizija "Federalna televizija") reported that a group of 52 Bosniak fighters went to Syria since the fighting commenced, though 32 fighters returned, while two were killed. An additional nine Bosniaks released a video tape saying they were going to fight in [Homs](/wiki/Homs "Homs"), though they also mentioned the *jihad*s in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{cite web \|url\=http://dalje.com/en\-world/bosnian\-radical\-islamists\-preparing\-to\-join\-syrian\-rebels/473536 \|title\=Bosnian radical Islamists preparing to join Syrian rebels \|publisher\=Dalje.com \|date\=26 June 2013 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630102322/http://dalje.com/en\-world/bosnian\-radical\-islamists\-preparing\-to\-join\-syrian\-rebels/473536 \|archive\-date\=30 June 2013 \|df\=dmy\-all }}
By April 2015, a total of 232 [Kosovo Albanians](/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians "Kosovo Albanians") had gone to Syria to fight with Islamist groups, most commonly the IS.{{cite news\|newspaper\=The Economist\|title\=Fight the Good Fight: With the Western Balkans at Peace, Some Go Abroad to Look for War\|date\=18 April 2015\|url\=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21648697\-western\-balkans\-peace\-some\-go\-abroad\-look\-war\-fight\-good\-fight}} Forty of these are from the town of [Skenderaj](/wiki/Skenderaj "Skenderaj") (Srbica), according to Kosovo police reports.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.b92\.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy\=2014\&mm\=05ⅆ\=02\&nav\_category\=640\&nav\_id\=843121 \|title\=100 Albanaca sa KiM ratuje u Siriji \|work\=Vesti\|publisher\=B92 \|access\-date\=10 June 2014}} By September 2014, a total of 48 ethnic Albanians from several countries were killed fighting in Syria and Iraq.{{cite web\|publisher\=Info.ks\|title\=Još jedan kosovski Albanac poginuo u Siriji\|trans\-title\=Another Kosovo Albanian Killed in Syria\|language\=sr\|date\=15 September 2014\|url\=http://www.info\-ks.net/vijesti/crna\-hronika/48188/jos\-jedan\-kosovski\-albanac\-poginuo\-u\-siriji}} According to the Kosovar Centre for Security Studies, around 60 Kosovar fighters have been killed in combat as of March 2016\.{{cite news\|author\=Ervin Qafmolla\|title\=Offer Kosovar Fighters "Jihadi Rehab" to Combat Extremism\|publisher\=Balkan Insight\|url\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/offer\-kosovar\-fighters\-jihadi\-rehab\-to\-combat\-extremism\-\-03\-23\-2016\|date\=24 March 2016\|access\-date\=3 April 2016}} As of March 2016, the Albanian Government estimates that over 100 Albanian citizens have joined militant groups in Syria and Iraq, 18 of whom have been killed and 12 wounded.{{cite news\|author\=Aleksandra Bogdani\|title\=Albania Faces 'Jihadi Fighters in the Shadows' Threat\|publisher\=Balkan Insight\|url\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania\-faces\-jihadi\-fighters\-in\-the\-shadows\-threat\-03\-21\-2016\|date\=18 March 2016\|access\-date\=3 April 2016}}
[Macedonian citizens of Albanian descent](/wiki/Albanians_in_Macedonia "Albanians in Macedonia") are also fighting in Syria, and six were reported to have been killed by 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.republika.mk/?p\=123640\|title\=Another Macedonian Albanian reported killed in Syria\|work\=Republika Online\|access\-date\=12 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015194751/http://english.republika.mk/?p\=123640\|archive\-date\=15 October 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/sixth\-macedonian\-albanian\-reported\-killed\-in\-syria\|title\=Another Macedonian Albanian Reported Killed in Syria\|publisher\=Balkaninsight.com\|access\-date\=12 October 2014\|date\=14 May 2014}}
#### Belgium
{{Main\|Islam in Belgium\#Radicalization}}
As an ICCT report from April 2016 shows, Belgium has the highest per\-capita foreign fighter contingent. The estimated number is between 420 and 516 individuals. This group consists of a wide age range, with people between 14 and 69 years old – with an average of 25\.7\.
Moroccan\-born IS recruiter Khalid Zerkani recruited 72 young individuals with migrant backgrounds of whom most were [petty criminals](/wiki/Petty_crime "Petty crime"). He encouraged them to steal from non\-Muslims in order to finance their journeys to join the caliphate.
The Chief of the '{{Ill\|Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis\|nl\|Orgaan voor de Coördinatie en de Analyse van de Dreiging}}', [Paul Van Tigchelt](/wiki/Paul_Van_Tigchelt "Paul Van Tigchelt"), said on 28 September 2016 that there are 632 known persons designated as 'foreign terrorist fighters'. Out of these 632 people, 273 are believed to be abroad, fighting or dead.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/32616/Terreurdreiging\-in\-Belgie/article/detail/2890164/2016/09/28/Tiental\-Syriegangers\-zou\-zonder\-slechte\-bedoelingen\-willen\-terugkeren\-naar\-Belgie.dhtml\|title\=Tiental Syriëgangers zou "zonder slechte bedoelingen" willen terugkeren naar België\|date\=28 September 2016\|access\-date\=27 October 2016}}
In the 2012\-2016 timespan, of the about 500 individuals who left the country to fight in the civil war in Syria, the great majority were of [Moroccan descent](/wiki/Moroccans_in_Belgium "Moroccans in Belgium") according to U.S. and Belgian authorities.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2016/04/04/473004999/when\-it\-comes\-to\-radicalization\-in\-belgium\-turks\-and\-moroccans\-are\-different\|title\=When It Comes To Radicalization In Belgium, Turks and Moroccans Are Different\|newspaper\=NPR.org\|publisher\=NPR\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-10\|quote\=More than 500 Belgians have left for Syria since 2012 and most of them, according to Belgian and U.S. officials, have been of Moroccan descent.}}
In July 2020, Belgian authorities stripped eight IS fighters with dual citizenships of their Belgian citizenships, after Turkey had warned that IS supporters would be sent to their country of origin.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-07\-30\|title\=Eight Brussels jihadists given eight days to hold on to their Belgian nationality\|url\=https://www.brusselstimes.com/all\-news/world\-all\-news/124123/eight\-brussels\-jihadists\-given\-eight\-days\-to\-hold\-on\-to\-their\-belgian\-nationality/\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-04\|website\=The Brussels Times\|language\=en}}
#### Denmark
{{Main\|Islam in Denmark\#Islamism and terrorism}}
According to the [Danish Security and Intelligence Service](/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service "Danish Security and Intelligence Service") (PET), up to 125 people have left the country since 2011 to travel to the Syria/Iraq war zone where the majority joined the Islamic State. Of those who went, 27 have died and some deaths were due to participating in suicide attacks. A minority of those who went to groups who opposed Islamist organizations.
The great majority of those who joined the conflict were young Sunni Muslims of whom some were converts. Those who went were part of the Islamist scenes in [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen"), [Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus "Aarhus") and [Odense](/wiki/Odense "Odense"). Of the 22 who travelled from Aarhus, all came from the [Grimhøj mosque](/wiki/Grimh%C3%B8jmoskeen "Grimhøjmoskeen").
In March 2018, the government of Denmark changed the citizenship law so that children of Danish citizens fighting for the Islamic State will no longer automatically receive Danish citizenship.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/boern\-af\-danske\-syrienskrigere\-mister\-retten\-til\-dansk\-statsborgerskab\|title\=Børn af danske syrienskrigere mister retten til dansk statsborgerskab\|website\=DR\|date\=28 March 2019\|language\=da\-DK\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-04}}
#### France
{{Main\|Islam in France\#Radicalisation}}
An ICCT report shows that more than 900 people have travelled from France to Syria and/or Iraq by October 2015\. There is no profile that defines a French foreign fighter, except for mostly young males with a criminal record; foreign fighters come from different regions and socio\-economic environments. About 200 were female and a few were entire families who intended to settle in the caliphate.{{Cite journal\|date\=2016\-04\-01\|title\= The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, Threats \& Policies\|url\=https://icct.nl/publication/report\-the\-foreign\-fighters\-phenomenon\-in\-the\-eu\-profiles\-threats\-policies/\|journal\=Terrorism and Counter\-Terrorism Studies\|language\=en\-US\|pages\=31, 38–39, 46\|doi\=10\.19165/2016\.1\.02\|last1\=Van Ginkel\|first1\=Bibi\|last2\=Boutin\|first2\=Bérénice\|last3\=Chauzal\|first3\=Grégory\|last4\=Dorsey \|first4\=Jessica\|last5\=Jegerings\|first5\=Marjolein\|last6\=Paulussen\|first6\=Christophe\|last7\=Pohl\|first7\=Johanna\|last8\=Reed\|first8\=Alastair\|last9\=Zavagli\|first9\=Sofia\|doi\-access\=free}}
In 2015 the USMA [Combating Terrorism Center](/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center "Combating Terrorism Center") identified 32 French facilitators who supported individuals intending to join jihadist groups in the Middle East.{{Cite web\|url\=https://ctc.usma.edu/ctc\-perspectives\-the\-french\-foreign\-fighter\-threat\-in\-context/\|title\=The French Foreign Fighter Threat in Context\|date\=2015\-11\-14\|website\=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-09\|archive\-date\=2018\-12\-09\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165459/https://ctc.usma.edu/ctc\-perspectives\-the\-french\-foreign\-fighter\-threat\-in\-context/\|url\-status\=dead}}
By 2015, 14 of the foreign fighters from France had either died in suicide bombings or expressed their willingness to do so.
After it was revealed that a teen and other youths from Nice joined ISIS in Syria, the mother of one of the youths who was later reported dead filed a civil suit against the French government. The women accused the government of negligence for letting her son travel to a danger zone.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/09/french\-mother\-in\-court\-to\-accuse\-government\-negligence\-in\-teen\-son\-one\-way/\|title\=French mother in court to accuse government of negligence in teen son's one\-way Syria journey\|work\=Fox News\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}
In Iraq and Syria foreign fighters from France number around 689 according to the French government.{{cite tweet\|user\=JcBrisard\|author\=Jean\-Charles Brisard\|number\=835240307574861824\|date\=24 February 2017\|title\=French Gov Stats (Feb 22/23\) \#jihad: 689 nationals/residents in \#Syria \#Iraq including 293 women, 207 returnees, 249 dead}}
In May 2019, four French citizens were sentenced to death by an Iraqi court for joining the Islamic State. One of the convicts had served in the French army from the year 2000, and had done a tour in Afghanistan in 2009 and left the army in 2010\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/iraq\-condemns\-fourth\-french\-member\-death\-104437414\.html\|title\=Iraq condemns fourth French IS member to death\|website\=news.yahoo.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-28}}
#### Germany
{{Main\|Islam in Germany\#Controversies}}
For Germany, the estimation is that between 720 and 760 people have travelled to Syria and/or Iraq. 40 percent of this group holds only German citizenship, while another 20 percent holds dual citizenship of which one is German.
In 2017, the federal police of Germany estimated that between 60% and two thirds of IS fighters coming from Germany had a criminal record, with the vast majority (98%) being repeat offenders with an average of 7\.6 crimes per individual.
In February 2019, [Katrin Göring\-Eckardt](/wiki/Katrin_G%C3%B6ring-Eckardt "Katrin Göring-Eckardt") from [the Green](/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens "Alliance 90/The Greens") party encouraged the government of Germany to bring German citizens who had fought for the Islamic State back to Germany.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2019\-02/syrien\-haftbefehl\-is\-kaempfer\-forderung\-rueckholung\-gruene\|title\=Syrien: Grüne fordern Rücknahme von IS\-Kämpfern\|date\=2019\-02\-18\|work\=Die Zeit\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-20\|language\=de\-DE\|issn\=0044\-2070}} The interior minister of Bavaria, [Joachim Herrmann](/wiki/Joachim_Herrmann_%28CSU%29 "Joachim Herrmann (CSU)") (CSU), encouraged the government to strip IS warriors of their German citizenship.
In April 2019, Germany changed the law so German citizens with dual citizenship who fight with foreign terrorist militias can be stripped of their German citizenship. The law also applies to members of the [PKK](/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party "Kurdistan Workers' Party"), which according to the [domestic intelligence agency](/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution "Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution") is "the biggest and most powerful foreign extremist organization in Germany."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dw.com/cda/en/germany\-approves\-stripping\-dual\-national\-terrorist\-fighters\-of\-citizenship/a\-48177392\|title\=Germany approves stripping dual national terrorist fighters of citizenship \|date\=April 3, 2019\|website\=Deutsche Welle\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-04}}
On August 19, 2019, Kurdish\-led administration in Syria handed over four children, whose parents were "Islamic State" (IS) fighters, to Germany. Among the children are three orphans, including a boy, two girls, and a 6\-month\-old ailing girl. This was the first time Germany repatriated children of ISIS militants.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2019/Aug\-19/489912\-4\-german\-children\-born\-to\-is\-to\-return\-home\-from\-syria.ashx\|title\=4 German children born to Daesh to return home from Syria\|access\-date\=19 August 2019\|newspaper\=The Daily Star\|archive\-date\=19 August 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819153834/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2019/Aug\-19/489912\-4\-german\-children\-born\-to\-is\-to\-return\-home\-from\-syria.ashx\|url\-status\=dead}}
In August 2019, US President Donald Trump threatened to release over 2,000 captured ISIS Fighters into France and Germany if US’ European allies did not repatriate "their" citizens\-turned\-terrorists.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.defenseone.com/politics/2019/08/trump\-threatens\-release\-isis\-fighters\-france\-germany/159361/\|title\=Trump Threatens to 'Release' ISIS Fighters into France, Germany\|date\=21 August 2019 \|access\-date\=21 August 2019\|publisher\=Defense One}}
Of 778 individuals who had travelled to the conflict zone from Germany, 504 or nearly two thirds, had criminal convictions and 32% of those had been sentenced for 5 crimes or more.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.fhs.se/arkiv/nyheter/2019\-10\-21\-lokalsamhallen\-pressas\-av\-antagonistiska\-hot.html\|title\=Lokalsamhällen pressas av antagonistiska hot (PDF)\|website\=fhs.se\|page\=55\|language\=sv\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-25}}
On October 16, 2019, a German National going by the name Konstantin Gedig AKA "Andok Cotkar" was killed by a Turkish Airstrike while serving with the [YPG International](/wiki/YPG_International "YPG International") branch outside of Sere Kaniye.{{Cite web\|url\=http://nedaa\-sy.com/en/news/16508\|title\=First foreign fighter of YPG militia killed in "Peace Spring"\|date\=2019\-10\-23\|website\=Call Syria\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-21}}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{Cite web\|title\=German man fighting for Kurds killed in Syria \|date\=November 5, 2019\|url\=https://www.dw.com/en/german\-man\-fighting\-for\-kurds\-killed\-in\-syria/a\-51120623\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-14\|website\=Deutsche Welle\|language\=en\-GB}}
#### Ireland
As of January 2015, the [Department of Justice](/wiki/Department_of_Justice_%28Ireland%29 "Department of Justice (Ireland)") estimates that approximately 50 Irish residents have travelled to Syria to fight for rebel forces in the civil war since 2011\.{{cite news\|last1\=O'Halloran\|first1\=Marie\|last2\=O'Regan\|first2\=Michael\|title\=Shatter says up to 30 Irish residents gone to fight in Syria\|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/shatter\-says\-up\-to\-30\-irish\-residents\-gone\-to\-fight\-in\-syria\-1\.1680575\|access\-date\=3 June 2014\|newspaper\=The Irish Times\|date\=5 February 2014}} At least three [Irish citizens](/wiki/Irish_nationality_law "Irish nationality law") are known to have been killed in combat.{{cite news\|last1\=McQuinn\|first1\=Cormac\|title\=26 fighters have left Ireland to join Syrian rebels\|url\=http://www.independent.ie/irish\-news/26\-fighters\-have\-left\-ireland\-to\-join\-syrian\-rebels\-29173266\.html\|access\-date\=3 June 2014\|work\=Irish Independent\|date\=4 April 2013}} According to the Department of Justice, many have "participated in the conflict under the flag of fundamentalist and extreme organisations" and "may pose certain threats" upon their return to Ireland and the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"). The [Garda Síochána](/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na "Garda Síochána") (Irish national police) "will continue to monitor developments in this area and take action as required," including officers from the Garda Middle Eastern Bureau of the [Special Detective Unit](/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit "Special Detective Unit") (SDU) and Garda Racial, Intercultural and Diversity Office (GRIDO).{{cite web\|last1\=Ryan\|first1\=Nicky\|title\=Gardaí monitoring potential radicalisation of Irish residents in Syrian conflict\|url\=http://www.thejournal.ie/syria\-irish\-conflict\-travel\-arms\-rebel\-civil\-war\-1300726\-Feb2014/\|publisher\=thejournal.ie\|access\-date\=3 June 2014}} According to [The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence](/wiki/The_International_Centre_for_the_Study_of_Radicalisation_and_Political_Violence "The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence") (ICSR), "per capita, Ireland is probably the biggest (contributor of fighters) of all the countries we looked at because Ireland has a small population."{{cite news\|last1\=Malik\|first1\=Shiv\|title\=Syria conflict drawing hundreds of jihadists from Europe, says report\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/03/syria\-hundreds\-jihadists\-europe\|access\-date\=3 June 2014\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=3 April 2013}}
According to media reports, [Garda](/wiki/Garda_Crime_%26_Security_Branch "Garda Crime & Security Branch") and [Military Intelligence](/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_%28Ireland%29 "Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)") are monitoring between 30 and 60 potential [Islamist fighters](/wiki/Jihadism "Jihadism") both in the Irish state and Irish citizens fighting abroad in Syria and Iraq.{{cite news\|last1\=Brady\|first1\=Tom\|last2\=Phelan\|first2\=Shane\|title\=30 Irish jihad fighters travelling to Middle East from Dublin base\|url\=http://www.herald.ie/news/30\-irish\-jihad\-fighters\-travelling\-to\-middle\-east\-from\-dublin\-base\-30525759\.html\|access\-date\=25 August 2014\|work\=The Herald\|date\=21 August 2014}}
Security sources estimated that some 20 fighters may have returned to Ireland as of November 2015\.{{cite news\|last1\=O'Keefe\|first1\=Cormac\|title\=Islamic terrorists: Radicalisation and fighters returning to Ireland are our biggest threat\|url\=http://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/islamic\-terrorists\-radicalisation\-and\-fighters\-returning\-to\-ireland\-are\-our\-biggest\-threat\-366201\.html\|access\-date\=21 November 2015\|newspaper\=Irish Examiner\|date\=21 November 2015}}
#### Italy
{{See also\|Islam in Italy\|Terrorism in Italy}}In the 2011\-July 2018 period, foreign fighters linked to Italy (among them citizens or residents) numbered 135, which was less than both France (1,900\) and Germany (about 1,000\). Most joined jihadist groups such as the Islamic State and [Jabhat Al\-Nusra](/wiki/Jabhat_Al-Nusra "Jabhat Al-Nusra"), while others joined non\-jihadist formations or the Free Syrian Army. Unlike in other Western European countries where most of the fighters were born in the country, only a few of those who went to the conflict zone were born in Italy. 14 had Italian citizenship and 10 had dual citizenship. It was noted that the number of [Tunisian nationals living in Italy](/wiki/Tunisian_people_in_Italy "Tunisian people in Italy") who went to the conflict zone (39\) was far higher than the number of Italians. Slightly more than half (50\.4%) of fighters linked to Italy came from countries in [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa").12 of the fighters were from countries in the Balkans.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Vidino\|first1\=Dr Lorenzo\|last2\=Marone\|first2\=Dr Francesco\|date\=2019\-03\-19\|title\=Destination Jihad: Italy's Foreign Fighters\|url\=https://icct.nl/publication/destination\-jihad\-italys\-foreign\-fighters/\|journal\=ICCT Report\|language\=en\-US\|publisher\=The International Centre for Counter\-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT)\|pages\=2, 22 (pdf download)}}
The wife of Moroccan kickboxer Abderrahim Moutaharrik—who was imprisoned in 2017 for allegedly having links to the terror organization, Islamic State (ISIS)—was deported from Italy to Morocco for security concerns.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/08/280925/italy\-wife\-of\-moroccan\-isis\-fighter\-morocco/\|title\=Italy Expels Wife of Moroccan ISIS Fighter to Morocco\|access\-date\=23 August 2019\|publisher\=Morocco World News\|date\=23 August 2019}}
#### The Netherlands
{{Main\|Islam in the Netherlands\#Radicalisation}}
As of April 2016, 220 people had left to go to Syria/Iraq. The majority of them were male and under 25\.
The [Parliament of Netherlands](/wiki/Parliament_of_Netherlands "Parliament of Netherlands") voted in 2016 for legislation to strip Dutch citizens who join ISIS or al Qaeda abroad of their citizenship, also if they have not been convicted of any crime. The law can only be applied to individuals with double citizenship. Justice Minister [Ard Van der Steur](/wiki/Ard_van_der_Steur "Ard van der Steur") stated the legal changes were necessary to stop jihadists from returning to the Netherlands.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/212749\|title\=Dutch Jihadists to be stripped of dual citizenship\|website\=Israel National News\|date\=24 May 2016 \|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-16}} In September 2017, four jihadists were stripped of their citizenship.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2017/sep/13/netherlands\-strip\-four\-jihadists\-of\-citizenship\-1656702\.html\|title\=Netherlands strip four jihadists of citizenship\|work\=The New Indian Express\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-16}}
In 2017 the [Dutch security service AIVD](/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service "General Intelligence and Security Service") approximated the number of female jihadists in the Netherlands to about 100 and at least 80 women had left the Netherlands to join the conflict, the majority of whom joined ISIS. When the military pressure increased on jihadist groups in Syra and Iraq, Netherlands\-originating women tried to flee the area.{{Cite web\|url\=https://english.aivd.nl/latest/news/2017/12/18/women\-play\-significant\-role\-in\-jihadism\|title\=Women play significant role in jihadism\|last\=Koninkrijksrelaties\|first\=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en\|website\=english.aivd.nl\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-01\|date\=18 December 2017}}
In the 2012 – November 2018 period, above 310 individuals had travelled from the Netherlands to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. Of those 85 had been killed and 55 returned to the Netherlands. Of the surviving Dutch foreign fighters in the region, 135 are fighters in the conflict zone and three quarters are members of ISIL. The remaining quarter have joined groups such as [Hay'at Tahrir al\-Sham](/wiki/Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham") or [Tanzim Hurras al\-Deen](/wiki/Tanzim_Hurras_al-Deen "Tanzim Hurras al-Deen").{{Cite book\|url\=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2018/11/09/the\-legacy\-of\-syria\-global\-jihadism\-remains\-a\-threat\-to\-europe\|title\=Syria's Legacy \- Global jihadism remains a threat to Europe\|publisher\=\[\[General Intelligence and Security Service]]\|year\=2018\|pages\=8\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201090804/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2018/11/09/the\-legacy\-of\-syria\-global\-jihadism\-remains\-a\-threat\-to\-europe\|archive\-date\=1 December 2018}}
#### Norway
{{Main\|Islam in Norway}}
On 27 May 2014, a Somali and two Kosovars, all Norwegian citizens from [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo "Oslo"), were arrested after being suspected of supporting the ISIS. The death of Kosovar, Egzon Avdyli, who grew up in Norway, was covered in the media. He had also been a spokesman for the Norway\-based [Prophet's Ummah](/wiki/Profetens_Ummah "Profetens Ummah") and was said to have left for Syria earlier in the year. He "supported the establishment of an Islamic state in Norway or other Western countries." At least 50 were thought to have traveled from Norway to Syria to fight for the Islamists, with Norwegian intelligence groups said to be concerned of the danger of them returning.
In May 2015 two men, 30\-year\-old Djibril Abdi Bashir and 28\-year\-old Valon Avdyli, were sentenced in Norway to four years in prison for joining Islamic State militants in [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"). Valon's 25\-year\-old brother, Visar Avdyli, was convicted of providing logistical support, and sentenced to a seven\-month prison term.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4655304,00\.html\|title\=Norwegian court convicts 3 men of links to ISIS\|work\=ynet\|date\=8 May 2015\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}
About 70 people have left Norway to become foreign fighters in Syria or Iraq, while around 20 have returned.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/09/swedes\-nab\-norwegian\-man\-suspected\-heading\-to\-join\-jihadi\-fighters\-in\-syria\-and/\|title\=Swedes nab Norwegian man suspected of heading to join jihadi fighters in Syria and Iraq\|publisher\=Fox News\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}} It is estimated that at least 124 people have travelled from Denmark to Syria and/or Iraq since January 2011\.
In February 2019, Prime Minister [Erna Solberg](/wiki/Erna_Solberg "Erna Solberg") said that fighters who return to Norway will be investigated by police and face criminal charges.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.aftenposten.no/article/ap\-qn9j0g.html\|title\=Erna Solberg: IS\-krigere kan vende hjem, men de vil bli straffeforfulgt\|last\=NTB\|first\=Olga Stokke\|website\=Aftenposten\|language\=nb\-NO\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-21}}
In May 2019 it was announced that both men and women who had joined the Islamic State who only had residence permits in Norway would have their permits annulled to prevent them from returning to Norway.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.vg.no/i/2G9ojx\|title\=Trekker oppholdstillatelsen for alle med IS\-tilknytning\|website\=vg.no\|language\=no\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-04}} In September 2019, 15 [foreigners in Norway](/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway "Immigration to Norway") had their residence permits revoked.{{Cite news\|url\=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid\=83\&artikel\=7299474\|title\=Norska IS\-resenärer förlorar uppehållstillstånd \- Nyheter (Ekot)\|newspaper\=Sveriges Radio\|date\=14 September 2019\|language\=sv\|access\-date\=2019\-09\-15}}
#### Poland
In 2015, about 20–40 Polish citizens were believed to have travelled to the conflict zone, most of them at the time did not live in Poland but in other European countries. One of those carried out a suicide attack on an oil refinery in June 2015\.
#### Spain
{{See also\|Islam in Spain\|Terrorism in Spain}}
An ICCT report shows that more than 139 people have travelled from Spain to Syria and/or Iraq by November 2015 with about 10% of those being female.
A detailed analysis of 20 fighters who had joined before 2014 showed that eleven of those were Spanish citizens and the remaining were [Moroccans living in Spain](/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain "Moroccans in Spain"). Most of those who joined lived in the [Ceuta](/wiki/Ceuta "Ceuta") enclave in North Africa, but also [Girona](/wiki/Girona "Girona") and [Malaga](/wiki/M%C3%A1laga "Málaga"). At the time of departure, most were married with children and were either students or low\-skilled workers. Several were known to police for drug trafficking. Of those 20, three Muslim Spanish from Ceuta became [suicide bombers](/wiki/Suicide_attack "Suicide attack").
In a joint operation in mid\-March, Spanish and Moroccan security services targeted an al Qaeda recruiting network and arrested four suspected members in Spain and three others in Morocco. The network, whose activities extend to Morocco, Belgium, France, Tunisia, Turkey, Libya, Mali, Indonesia, and Syria, is headed by Melilla resident Mustafa Maya Amaya, who funneled recruits to the ISIS, the Al Nusrah Front and AQIM. Some of those arrested had returned home from conflict zones such as Syria; and in January, a suspected jihadist returning from Syria was arrested in Málaga as a potential "threat to national security." On 30 April, Spanish security forces, working with French police, arrested Abdelmalek Tanem, a dual Algerian\-French citizen, in [Almeria](/wiki/Almeria "Almeria"), who had recently returned from Syria where he worked towards facilitating integration of Europeans into the Al Nusrah Front and ISIS. On 30 May 2014, Spanish security forces arrested six people in [Melilla](/wiki/Melilla "Melilla") who were involved in a network that sends fighters to al Qaeda camps in Syria, Mali, and Libya. The cell leader, Benaissa Laghmouchi Baghdadi, had spent eight months in Syria and also had ties to [al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb](/wiki/Al_Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb") (AQIM) and the [Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa](/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa "Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa") (MUJAO) in Mali. Some of those arrested also had linked to [Sharia4Spain](/wiki/Sharia4Spain "Sharia4Spain").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2014/04/30/norwegian\-killed\-in\-syrian\-conflict/\|title\=Norwegian killed in Syrian conflict\|date\=30 April 2014 \|publisher\=Newsinenglish.no\|access\-date\=12 October 2014}}
#### Sweden
{{Main\|Islam in Sweden\#Violent extremism}}
Up to 2018, an estimated 300 individuals had travelled from Sweden to join the civil war in Syria.{{Cite book\|url\=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo\_def\_web.pdf\|title\=DE\-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN \- Comparing Challenges and Approaches\|last\=Vidino\|display\-authors\=etal\|publisher\=ISPI\|year\=2018\|isbn\=9788867058198\|location\=Milano\|pages\=14}} In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/kurdisk\-kalla\-41\-is\-svenskar\-fangslade\-i\-syrien/\|title\=Kurdisk källa: 41 IS\-svenskar fängslade i Syrien \- DN.SE\|date\=24 March 2018\|work\=Dagens Nyheter\|access\-date\=25 March 2018\|language\=sv\-se}}
In February 2019, the [prime minister of Sweden](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden "Prime Minister of Sweden") [Stefan Löfven](/wiki/Stefan_L%C3%B6fven "Stefan Löfven") announced that Swedish authorities had discouraged travel to the conflict zone in Syria since 2011\. The prime minister also said that Swedish authorities would offer no help or assistance to people who had joined or fought the Islamic State.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/lofven\-stanger\-dorren\-for\-is\-svenskar\|title\=Löfven stänger dörren för återvändande IS\-anslutna svenskar\|last1\=Fock\|first1\=Carin\|date\=2019\-02\-24\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-24\|last2\=Blomgren\|first2\=Stina\|language\=sv}}
In March 2019, Swedish Television conducted a survey of 41 Islamic State fighters who had returned of whom 12 were women. A third of those who returned to Sweden have since been convicted of serious crimes such as attempted murder, money laundering, extortion, drug offences, fraud, aggravated assault and tax evasion.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/nyhetstecken/is\-hemvandare\-domda\-for\-grova\-brott\|title\=IS\-hemvändare dömda för grova brott\|last\=Andersson\|first\=Marja\|date\=2019\-03\-14\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-15\|language\=sv}} [Michael Skråmo](/wiki/Michael_Skr%C3%A5mo "Michael Skråmo"), a Norwegian\-Swedish fighter for ISIL who resided in Sweden,{{cite web\|url\=https://doku.nu/2018/09/19/michael\-skramos\-nya\-vadjan\-be\-for\-mig/\|title\=Michael Skråmos nya vädjan: "Be för mig!" – Doku.nu\|last\=Doku\|date\=19 September 2018}} was killed in March 2019\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.itv.com/news/2019\-03\-14/children\-islamic\-fighter\-michael\-skramo\-caliphate\-sweden\-video/\|title\=Children of notorious IS fighter Michael Skråmo left orphaned and alone in caliphate after he is killed in Baghouz\|website\=ITV News\|date\=14 March 2019}}
On 3 August 2013, two [Lebanese\-Swedish](/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Sweden "Lebanese people in Sweden") brothers, Hassan and Moatasem Deeb, were killed in a rebel assault on the Abu Zeid army checkpoint near Qalaat al\-Hosn, according to their cousin and a Tripoli cleric. Moatasem died as he detonated his explosive vest in a car at the checkpoint and his brother died in the ensuing fighting. This followed their other brother, Rabih's, death in Tripoli the previous year.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/08/03/lebanese\-swedish\-brothers\-killed\-in\-syria/\#ixzz2b0P2Bc5u\|title\=Lebanese\-Swedish brothers killed in Syria\|date\=3 August 2013\|access\-date\=20 September 2013\|publisher\=Fox News}}
The Syrian\-born chairman of the [Stockholm mosque](/wiki/Stockholm_Mosque "Stockholm Mosque"), Haytham Rahmeh, reportedly smuggled weapons to the rebels for 18 months. Rahmeh, a member of the Syrian National Council, a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood and member of [Islamic relief in Sweden](/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden%23Islamic_Relief "Islam in Sweden#Islamic Relief") was said to have bought the weapons mainly in Libya and with support from the Commission for Civilian Protection and then transported them through Turkey to Syria.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.thelocal.se/20131031/swedish\-imam\-smuggling\-weapons\-into\-syria\-report\|title\=Swedish imam smuggles weapons to Syria: report\|date\=2013\-10\-31\|newspaper\=The Local Sweden\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-14}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid\=493\&artikel\=5692250\|title\=Svensken Haytham Rahmeh har startat en grupp med soldater i Syrien \- Klartext\|newspaper\=Sveriges Radio\|date\=November 2013\|language\=sv\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-14}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.meforum.org/7403/islamic\-relief\-charity\-extremism\-terror\|title\=Islamic Relief: Charity, Extremism \& Terror\|last\=Westrop\|first\=Sam\|website\=Middle East Forum\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-14}}
In June 2019, it was reported that four foreign fighters who had returned from the conflict in Middle East had become employees of the Islamic charter school *Vetenskapsskolan* which is funded by tax payers. Two of them were women who followed their children to live among groups affiliated to the Islamic State.{{Cite news\|url\=https://doku.nu/2019/06/18/atervandare\-utbildade\-barn\-pa\-vetenskapsskolan/\|title\=Återvändare utbildade barn på Vetenskapsskolan – Doku.nu\|last\=Doku\|newspaper\=Doku.nu \|date\=18 June 2019\|language\=sv\-SE\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-26}}
#### United Kingdom
{{See also\|Sharmeena Begum\|Shamina Begum}}
[Robin Simcox](/wiki/Robin_Simcox "Robin Simcox") of the [Henry Jackson Society](/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society "Henry Jackson Society") claimed that the number of British citizens who went to fight in Syria is higher than during the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") and [Afghanistan War](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29 "War in Afghanistan (2001–present)") combined. The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation assessed that up to 366 British citizens had been involved in the war in Syria as of December 2013\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/05/why\-british\-boys\-are\-fighting\-s\-201458103336479836\.html\|title\=Why British boys are fighting in Syria's war\|date\=12 May 2014\|access\-date\=12 May 2014}} However, a report from the International Centre for Counter\-Terrorism – The Hague from April 2016, showed that there are between 700 and 760 foreign fighters from the United Kingdom. Over 350 people have returned to the UK. The Rayat al\-Tawheed group is composed of British combatants linked to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Similarly, the suffix "al\-Britani" was adopted by British Islamist fighters. In May 2014, a British citizen was killed in fighting.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-27681189 \|title\=Syria crisis: British man 'killed during battle' \|publisher\=BBC News \|date\=3 June 2014 \|access\-date\=10 June 2014}} The [Free Syrian Army](/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army "Free Syrian Army")'s Abdullah al\-Bashir asserted that British fighters were the largest foreign contingent of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.{{cite web\|url\=http://en.alalam.ir/news/1597606 \|title\=British militants, the most bloodthirsty in Syria \|publisher\=En.alalam.ir \|date\=26 May 2014 \|access\-date\=10 June 2014}}
During [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan") 2014, over 140 Imams signed an [open letter](/wiki/Open_letter "Open letter") asking British Muslims not to travel to Syria (as well as ISIL conflict that had spread to Iraq at the time). Additionally, they were urged to make donations to people in the country from the U.K. itself with one such imam, Shahid Raza of Leicester Central Mosque, making the call.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-28182206 \|title\=Syria and Iraq: Ramadan plea to British Muslims \|publisher\=BBC News \|date\=6 July 2014 \|access\-date\=18 July 2014}}
An ISIL video released by British\-based Abu Muthanna al Yemeni claimed "We have brothers from Bangladesh, from Iraq, from Cambodia, Australia, U.K." In November, *[Regnum](/wiki/Regnum_news_agency "Regnum news agency")* reported that "White Widow" [Samantha Lewthwaite](/wiki/Samantha_Lewthwaite "Samantha Lewthwaite"), who had fought in Syria the previous month, was shot dead by a Russian voluntary sniper while she was fighting for the Ukrainian volunteer battalion [Aidar](/wiki/Aidar_Battalion "Aidar Battalion") during the [War in Donbass](/wiki/War_in_Donbas_%282014%E2%80%932022%29 "War in Donbas (2014–2022)"). Though it was not formally verified, and her father has not confirmed the reports, it was reported in the Western press.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk\-news/wanted\-british\-white\-widow\-terrorist\-4616471\|title\=Wanted British 'White Widow' terrorist Samantha Lewthwaite 'shot dead by Russian sniper in Ukraine'\|author\=Will Stewart\|date\=12 November 2014\|work\=Mirror\|access\-date\=4 March 2015}}
Around Mosul a suicide bombing was carried out by a past inmate of Guantanamo called Jamal al Harith.{{cite tweet\|user\=thomasjoscelyn\|author\=Thomas Joscelyn\|number\=834247493789609984\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=1\. \*Story coming\*: Jamal al Harith, ex\-Guantanamo detainee who blew himself up for \#ISIS near Mosul was detained in Afghanistan alongside...}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/ex\-guantanamo\-detainee\-carried\-out\-suicide\-attack\-near\-mosul\-iraq.php \|title\=Ex\-Guantanamo detainee carried out suicide attack near Mosul, Iraq\|last\=Joscelyn\|first\=Thomas \|date\=22 February 2017 \|website\=Long War Journal \|publisher\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.memri.org/jttm/isis\-posts\-image\-british\-former\-gitmo\-prisoner\-who\-carried\-out\-martyrdom\-operation\-near\-mosul \|title\=ISIS Posts Image Of British Former Gitmo Prisoner Who Carried Out Martyrdom Operation Near Mosul \|date\=20 February 2017 \|publisher\=MEMRI}} Ronald Fiddler was the original name of Jamal Al\-Harith, the past inmate terrorist of Guantanamo who killed himself for ISIS.{{cite tweet\|user\=thomasjoscelyn\|author\=Thomas Joscelyn\|number\=834146807768838149\|date\=21 February 2017\|title\=1\. British press has identified an \#ISIS suicide bomber as ex\-\#Guantanamo detainee Jamal Al\-Harith (Ronald Fiddler)}}{{cite news \|last\=Baig \|first\=Assed \|date\= 21 February 2017 \|title\= Isis suicide bomber is former Guantanamo detainee \|url\=https://www.channel4\.com/news/isis\-suicide\-bomber\-is\-former\-guantanamo\-detainee \|newspaper\=Channel 4 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/ex\-gitmo\-detainee\-and\-islamic\-states\-leader\-in\-chechnya\-designated\-by\-state\-department.php \|title\=Ex\-Gitmo detainee, Islamic State's leader in Chechnya designated by State Department\|last\=Joscelyn\|first\=Thomas \|date\=13 July 2016 \|website\=Long War Journal \|publisher\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}{{cite tweet\|user\=thomasjoscelyn\|author\=Thomas Joscelyn\|number\=834438535037988865\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=Jamal al Harith (Ronald Fiddler) is the second former \#Guantanamo detainee to carry out a suicide attack on behalf...}} Britain had given him £1,000,000 [stg](/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling") over his time in Guantanamo.{{cite news \|last\=Rayner \|first\=Gordon \|date\=22 February 2017 \|title\= British man who launched Isil suicide attack was Guantanamo Bay detainee awarded £1m compensation \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/21/british\-man\-launched\-isil\-suicide\-attack\-guantanamo\-bay\-detainee/ \|newspaper\=The Telegraph }}{{cite tweet\|user\=alkhames\|author\=عبد العزيز الخميس\|number\=834176924750577664\|date\=21 February 2017\|title\=كلّف هذا الإرهابي دافع الضرائب البريطاني مليون جنيه إسترليني لإخراجه من جوانتنامو، رد الجميل: ففجر نفسه ومدنيين في...}} The Conservatives gave him the money.{{cite tweet\|user\=InstituteGC\|author\=Tony Blair Institute\|number\=834376552204947457\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=Tony Blair response to Jamal al\-Harith story}}{{cite tweet\|user\=RobinSimcox\|author\=Robin Simcox\|number\=834408574797352961\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=Blair was not faultless in this saga but he is clearly correct to point out the Mail's utterly outrageous hypocrisy.}} He also called himself Abu Zakariya.{{cite tweet\|user\=Rita\_Katz\|author\=Rita Katz\|number\=834123106889371649\|date\=21 February 2017\|title\=2\) AbuZakariya (Jamal al\-Harith/Ronald Fiddler) was released from \#Guantanamo in2004; Was compensated £1million. T…}}{{cite news \|last\=Moore \|first\=Mark \|date\=21 February 2017 \|title\=ISIS suicide bomber in Iraq was former Gitmo detainee \|url\=https://nypost.com/2017/02/21/former\-gitmo\-detainee\-detonates\-suicide\-bomb\-in\-iraq/ \|newspaper\=New York Post}} Fiddler's parents were Jamaican.{{cite web \|url\=http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2017/02/21/analysis\-the\-need\-for\-caution\-in\-releasing\-guantanamo\-inmates/ \|title\=Analysis: 'The Need for Caution in Releasing Guantanamo Inmates' \|last\=Orton \|first\=Kyle \|date\=21 February 2017 \|publisher\=Henry Jackson Society \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062538/http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2017/02/21/analysis\-the\-need\-for\-caution\-in\-releasing\-guantanamo\-inmates/ \|archive\-date\=27 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite tweet\|user\=KyleWOrton\|author\=Kyle Orton\|number\=834205170590420992\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=Ronald Fiddler was given £1m by the UK govt after being imprisoned in GTMO. He blew himself up for \#IS yesterday....}} He went to Tell Abyad.{{cite tweet\|user\=bjoernstritzel\|author\=Björn Stritzel\|number\=834486138232569856\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=According to his personal ISIS file, 50 y/o Fiddler crossed into Syria via Tell Abyad and enlisted with ISIS 18/04/...}}
The United Kingdom stripped some of the fighters of their UK citizenship{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/07/671520315/foreign\-wives\-and\-children\-of\-isis\-are\-held\-in\-syria\-with\-uncertain\-future\|title\=Foreign Wives And Children Of ISIS Are Held In Syria With Uncertain Future\|website\=NPR.org\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-09}} to prevent them from returning, as this would constitute an influx of militants.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ministers\-strip\-150\-jihadists\-of\-uk\-passports\-53fn899w2\|title\=Ministers strip 150 jihadists of UK passports\|last\=Dipesh Gadher\|first\=Tim Shipman, Richard Kerbaj and\|date\=2017\-07\-30\|work\=The Sunday Times\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-09\|language\=en\|issn\=0956\-1382}} The Crown Prosecution Service warned in 2014 that "any British resident travelling to take part in fighting will face criminal charges", although [Charles Farr](/wiki/Charles_Farr_%28civil_servant%29 "Charles Farr (civil servant)"), head of the Office for Security and Counter\-Terrorism, said that the government did not want to target those with humanitarian aims, and would exercise judgement in such cases.{{cite news\|newspaper\=\[\[London Evening Standard]]\|date\=25 February 2014\|page\=1\|last\=Bentham\|first\=Martin\|title\=Security Chief warns of 9/11 Syria Threat}}
The U.K. arrested former [Guantanamo Bay detention camp](/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp "Guantanamo Bay detention camp") detainee [Moazzam Begg](/wiki/Moazzam_Begg "Moazzam Begg") for "attending \[a] terrorist training camp" in Syria and "facilitating terrorism overseas."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/02/uk\-holds\-ex\-guantanamo\-inmate\-over\-syria\-trip\-2014225143222328690\.html\|title\=UK holds ex\-Guantanamo inmate over Syria trip\|publisher\=Al Jazeera English\|access\-date\=10 June 2014}}
In October 2019, British officials initiated the repatriation of stranded children in Syria by getting in touch with local authorities to identify unattended children and create a safe passage from them to the UK.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/20/uk\-to\-repatriate\-isis\-children\-in\-syria\|title\=UK takes steps to bring Isis children stranded in Syria World news\|last\=Shaw\|first\=Thomas\|date\=2019\-10\-20\|website\=GO Tech Daily\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-20}}
### United States
On October 1, 2020, the [United States Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") said that they have successfully repatriated 27 Americans from Syria and Iraq.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-10\-01\|title\=The United States Has Repatriated 27 Americans from Syria and Iraq Including Ten Charged with Terrorism\-Related Offenses for Their Support to ISIS\|url\=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/united\-states\-has\-repatriated\-27\-americans\-syria\-and\-iraq\-including\-ten\-charged\-terrorism\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-14\|website\=justice.gov\|language\=en}} [Mohammad Hamzeh Khan](/wiki/Mohammad_Hamzeh_Khan "Mohammad Hamzeh Khan") arrested by the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") while leaving to join ISIS, declared that ISIS had established the perfect Islamic state and that he felt obligated to "migrate" there.{{cite web\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/06/opinions/bergen\-isis\-american\-recruits/index.html\|title\=Who are ISIS' American recruits?\|author1\=Peter Bergen \|author2\=David Sterman \|date\=6 May 2015\|publisher\=CNN\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}} Ahmad Khan, an American teenager, was to meet a member of ISIS in Turkey.{{cite web\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/07/us/who\-is\-mohammed\-hamzah\-khan/\|title\=Who is Mohammed Hamzah Khan?\|author\=Jethro Mullen and Ted Rowlands, CNN\|date\=7 October 2014\|publisher\=CNN\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}} Another young American, of 17 years\-old, acknowledged distributing nearly 7 thousand tweets in support of ISIS, as well as aiding the immigration of another youth to [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria").{{cite web\|url\=http://alhayat.com/Articles/9495270/\|title\=الحياة \- شاب اميركي يعترف بنشر 7 آلاف تغريدة دعماً لـ "داعش"\|work\=Alhayat\|access\-date\=18 April 2016\|archive\-date\=26 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326152340/http://www.alhayat.com/Articles/9495270/\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Australasia
#### Australia
There were also Australians{{cite news\|url\=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/middle\-east/syria/130301/the\-australian\-terrorist\-abu\-walid\-yusuf\-toprakkaya\-syria\-rebels\-assad \|title\=An Australian in Syria: The journey of a foreign fighter \|work\=GlobalPost \|date\=4 March 2013 \|access\-date\=2 July 2013}} and citizens of the United States fighting for the Syrian opposition camp,{{cite web\|url\=http://m.voanews.com/a/us\-man\-suspected\-of\-fighting\-alongside\-militants\-killed\-in\-syria/2429355\.html\|title\=Details Emerge About Douglas McCain, American Jihadist Killed in Syria\|agency\=VOA\|access\-date\=12 October 2014}} despite possible prosecution by their government for terrorism amid fears they could return home and carry out attacks.{{cite web \|url\=https://icct.nl/publication/pathways\-of\-foreign\-fighters\-policy\-options\-and\-their\-unintended\-consequences/ \|title\=Pathways of Foreign Fighters: Policy Options and Their (Un)Intended Consequences \|date\=26 May 2015 \|publisher\=The International Centre for Counter\-Terrorism \- The Hague (ICCT) \|access\-date\=1 September 2016 \|last1\=Bakker \|first1\=Prof Dr Edwin \|last2\=Reed \|first2\=Dr Alastair \|archive\-date\=22 September 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922082744/https://icct.nl/publication/pathways\-of\-foreign\-fighters\-policy\-options\-and\-their\-unintended\-consequences/ \|url\-status\=dead }} Australian security agencies estimated about 200 Australians to be fighting in the country with dozens said to be part of the Nusra Front.{{cite web\|url\=http://muslimvillage.com/2013/07/01/41109/australia\-lists\-anti\-bashar\-fighters\-as\-a\-terrorist\-group/ \|title\=Australian rebel fighters in Syria could face terrorism charges \|publisher\=MuslimVillage.com \|date\= July 2013\|access\-date\=2 July 2013}}
There were an estimated 50–100 Australians fighting in the country as of January 2014, with total calculations for the war reaching about 200 fighters. About six were reported to have died and the others were suggested as having returned home. In Sydney and Melbourne, in particular, opponents and supporters of the government have resorted to beatings, assaults, shootings and property, largely along sectarian lines. There were more than 15 incidents of violence involving members of the Lebanese, Turkish and Syrian communities, although in 2013 it had decreased from the previous year. The [Australian Security Intelligence Organisation](/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation "Australian Security Intelligence Organisation") (ASIO) reported at the end of the year: "The situation in Syria, with the potential for violence spilling into other parts of the Middle East, increases the possibility of associated communal violence in Australia and remains a concern for ASIO." Zaky Mallah, the first person to be charged and acquitted under Australia's anti\-terrorism laws, suggested: "The majority of Australians heading to Syria are from Lebanese backgrounds. The Lebanese youth here feel disadvantaged, isolated and discriminated against. Many \[are] unemployed and have turned to religion as a result." After the death of a couple from western Sydney in the country, [Minister for Immigration and Border Protection](/wiki/Minister_for_Immigration_and_Border_Protection "Minister for Immigration and Border Protection") [Scott Morrison](/wiki/Scott_Morrison "Scott Morrison") suggested those fighting in Syria could risk losing their citizenship, while the [Australian Federal Police](/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police "Australian Federal Police") added that those returning from the fighting would be considered a national security threat. ASIO confiscated the passports of those it suspected of travelling to engage in "politically motivated violence;" from mid\-2012 to mid\-2013 18 passports were confiscated.{{cite web\|author\=Sophie Cousins \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/australian\-fighters\-syria\-alarm\-officials\-201422132139299187\.html \|title\=Australian fighters in Syria alarm officials \|publisher\=Al Jazeera English \|date\=4 February 2014 \|access\-date\=4 February 2014}}
In December 2018, Australian authorities stripped a jihadist who had fought for ISIS and was held in Turkey on terror\-related charges of his [Australian citizenship](/wiki/Australian_nationality_law "Australian nationality law"). He had left Australia for Syria in 2013\. The jihadist had both Australian and Fijian citizenship and according to Australian law, an individual holding dual citizenship can be stripped of citizenship if convicted or suspected of terror offences.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-australia\-46706710\|title\=Australian jihadist stripped of citizenship\|date\=2018\-12\-29\|publisher\=BBC News\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-29\|language\=en\-GB}}
In 2013, A suicide attack on a school where Syrian troops were stationed in Deir al\-Zor was said to have been perpetrated by an Australian named Abu Asma al\-Australi for the al\-Nusra Front. Reports indicated he was from Queensland and travelled to Syria with his wife before sending her back to Australia. A spokesman for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade said that the Australian government was aware of the reports that an Australian had killed himself, but could not confirm any of the speculation. He added that the government had concern about its citizens fighting in the country, including with the al\-Nusra Front.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.theage.com.au/national/australian\-man\-in\-syria\-abu\-asma\-alaustrali\-suspected\-to\-be\-suicide\-bomber\-20130914\-2trfh.html\#ixzz2erdFr4qL\|title\=Australian man in Syria, 'Abu Asma al\-Australi', suspected to be suicide bomber\|author1\=Natalie O'Brien\|date\=14 September 2013\|access\-date\=20 September 2013\|work\=The Age\|author2\=Nick Ralston\|location\=Melbourne}}
#### New Zealand
In mid\-October 2014, the\-then [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand "Prime Minister of New Zealand") [John Key](/wiki/John_Key "John Key") confirmed that several New Zealand foreign fighters had joined various Middle Eastern factions including ISIS.{{cite web \|last1\=Key \|first1\=John \|title\=Review of foreign fighters security settings to begin \|url\=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/review\-foreign\-fighters\-security\-settings\-begin \|website\=Beehive.govt.nz \|publisher\=\[\[New Zealand Government]] \|access\-date\=4 March 2019}} That same month, the New Zealand Government approved "terms of references" allowing the [Department of Internal Affairs](/wiki/Department_of_Internal_Affairs_%28New_Zealand%29 "Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)") to suspend the passports of prospective foreign fighters and the [New Zealand Security Intelligence Service](/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service "New Zealand Security Intelligence Service") to conduct video surveillance of those individuals. The Prime Minister also confirmed that the Government maintained a watchlist of 30 to 40 "people of concern in the foreign fighter context" including individuals who had traveled to Syria to engage with ISIS.{{cite web \|title\=Treatment of Foreign Fighters in Selected Jurisdictions: Country Surveys \|url\=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/foreign\-fighters/country\-surveys.php\#New%20Zealand \|publisher\=\[\[Library of Congress]] \|access\-date\=4 March 2019\|date\=December 2014 }}{{cite web \|title\=Regulatory Impact Statement: Foreign Terrorist Fighters \|url\=https://dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2017\-03/ris\-foreign\-terrorist\-fighters\_0\.pdf \|publisher\=\[\[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (New Zealand)\|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] \|access\-date\=4 March 2019}}
In December 2014, the [Fifth National Government](/wiki/Fifth_National_Government "Fifth National Government") passed a [Countering Terrorist Fighters Legislation Act](/wiki/Countering_Terrorist_Fighters_Legislation_Act "Countering Terrorist Fighters Legislation Act") with the support of the [Labour](/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party "New Zealand Labour Party"), [ACT](/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand "ACT New Zealand"), and [United Future](/wiki/United_Future "United Future") parties which amended three existing laws to give the NZSIS greater powers of surveillance and the [Minister of Internal Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Internal_Affairs_%28New_Zealand%29 "Minister of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)") greater powers to cancel and suspend passports.{{cite news \|last1\=Young \|first1\=Audrey \|title\=Foreign fighters bill passes 94 \- 27 \|url\=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=11371580 \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|newspaper\=\[\[New Zealand Herald]] \|date\=9 December 2014}}{{cite web \|last1\=Key \|first1\=John \|title\=Foreign fighters legislation passes \|url\=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/foreign\-fighters\-legislation\-passes \|website\=Beehive.govt.nz \|publisher\=\[\[New Zealand Government]] \|access\-date\=4 March 2019}} In October 2016, Key also confirmed that several New Zealand foreign "jihadis" and "jihadi brides" had traveled to Syria and Iraq to join ISIS. He confirmed that some had traveled via Australia and that some had dual citizenship.{{cite news \|last1\=Moir \|first1\=Jo \|title\=Foreign fighters in the Middle East could return to New Zealand as Islamic State crumbles \- John Key \|url\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/85681951/foreign\-fighters\-in\-the\-middle\-east\-could\-return\-to\-new\-zealand\-as\-islamic\-state\-crumbles\-\-john\-key \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|work\=\[\[Stuff.co.nz]] \|date\=24 October 2016}} By December 2018, the *[New Zealand Herald](/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald "New Zealand Herald")* reported that eight individuals had their passports cancelled, withdrawn, or applications denied under the Counter Terrorist Fighters Legislation Act.{{cite news \|last1\=Bayer \|first1\=Kurt \|title\=Terror laws designed to stop Kiwis joining Isis results in eight passports cancelled or suspended \|url\=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=12172473 \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|newspaper\=\[\[New Zealand Herald]] \|date\=7 December 2018}}
According to a [TVNZ](/wiki/TVNZ "TVNZ") "Sunday" programme that aired on 11 March 2018, several New Zealanders including "Ashley" and "Sores" had also traveled to Syria to fight in support of the Kurdish [Democratic Union Party](/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_%28Syria%29 "Democratic Union Party (Syria)")'s militias [People's Protection Units](/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units "People's Protection Units") (YPG) and the [Women's Protection Units](/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units "Women's Protection Units") (YPJ), which were fighting against ISIS.{{cite news \|title\=Sunday \- Kiwi foreign fighters \|url\=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/sunday/clips/kiwi\-foreign\-fighters \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|publisher\=\[\[TVNZ]] \|date\=11 March 2018}}
One notable New Zealand citizen who had become an ISIS foreign fighter is [Mark John Taylor](/wiki/Mark_John_Taylor "Mark John Taylor") (also known as Mohammad Daniel and Abu Abdul Rahman), who was designated as a "[Specially Designated Global Terrorist](/wiki/Specially_Designated_Global_Terrorist "Specially Designated Global Terrorist")" by the [United States Department of State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State") in 2017\.{{cite news \|last1\=Hutching \|first1\=Matthew \|title\=US finally classifies Kiwi jihadist a terrorist \|url\=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2017/03/us\-finally\-classifies\-kiwi\-jihadist\-a\-terrorist.html \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|publisher\=\[\[Newshub]] \|date\=31 March 2017}} In April 2015, Taylor published a [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") video calling on Australian and New Zealand Jihadists to attack police and military personnel on [Anzac Day](/wiki/Anzac_Day "Anzac Day").{{cite news \|last1\=Jones \|first1\=Nicholas \|title\=Kiwi jihadist calls for Anzac Day terror \|url\=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=11438179 \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|newspaper\=\[\[New Zealand Herald]] \|date\=24 April 2015}} In early March 2019, it was reported by the [Australian Broadcasting Company](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Company "Australian Broadcasting Company") that Taylor had been captured by Kurdish forces in Syria and is seeking to return home.{{cite news \|last1\=Harvey \|first1\=Adam \|last2\=Dredge \|first2\=Suzanne \|title\=New Zealand jihadist Mark Taylor captured in Syria and jailed in Kurdish prison \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019\-03\-04/new\-zealand\-islamic\-statjihadist\-mark\-taylor\-captured\-and\-jailed/10866382 \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|publisher\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|date\=4 March 2019}}{{cite news \|title\=New Zealand jihadist Mark Taylor captured in Syria and jailed in Kurdish prison\|url\=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/383879/new\-zealand\-jihadist\-mark\-taylor\-captured\-in\-syria\-and\-jailed\-in\-kurdish\-prison \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|publisher\=\[\[Radio New Zealand]] \|date\=4 March 2019}}{{cite news \|title\=Kiwi jihadist Mark Taylor surrenders and is being held in Syrian prison \|url\=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=12209243 \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|newspaper\=\[\[New Zealand Herald]] \|date\=4 March 2019}} In response, Prime Minister [Jacinda Ardern](/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern "Jacinda Ardern") confirmed that New Zealand would not be stripping Taylor of his citizenship but that he would have to make his own travel arrangements. She also warned that he could face prosecution for joining a terrorist organisation should he return to New Zealand.{{cite news \|last1\=Kirk \|first1\=Stacey \|title\='Kiwi jihadi' Mark Taylor to remain citizen, but on his own in Syria \- PM \|url\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111008836/kiwi\-jihadi\-mark\-taylor\-to\-remain\-citizen\-but\-on\-his\-own\-in\-syria\-\-pm \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|work\=\[\[Stuff.co.nz]] \|date\=4 March 2019}}{{cite news \|title\=Kiwi jihadist Mark Taylor may face legal action in NZ, says Jacinda Ardern \|url\=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=12209373 \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|newspaper\=\[\[New Zealand Herald]] \|date\=4 March 2019}}{{cite news \|last1\=Molyneux \|first1\=Vita \|last2\=Webb\-Lidall \|first2\=Alice \|last3\=O'Brien \|first3\=Tova \|title\='Kiwi Jihadi' Mark Taylor could face legal action in New Zealand \- Jacinda Ardern \|url\=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new\-zealand/2019/03/kiwi\-jihadi\-mark\-taylor\-could\-face\-legal\-action\-in\-new\-zealand\-jacinda\-ardern.html \|access\-date\=4 March 2019 \|publisher\=\[\[Newshub]] \|date\=4 March 2019}}
### Others
Other Non\-Arab fighters came from Turkey, Tajikistan and Pakistan. Though they were reported to be callous, under\-trained and poor, particularly in comparison to the Chechens. Other Muslim contingents included: South and Central Asians (Afghans, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis), Westerners (Belgian, British, French, U.S., The core foreign support lies with the Al Qaeda\-linked [ISIS](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_Syria "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria"), which is in opposition to the [Islamic Front](/wiki/Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29 "Islamic Front (Syria)") and other non\-Islamist groups.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-bomb\-idUSBREA0J10L20140120 \|title\=Sixteen killed by twin bombs at Syria\-Turkey border post \|work\=Reuters \|date\=20 January 2014\|access\-date\=4 February 2014 \|first\=Oliver \|last\=Holmes}} Reports indicated the inclusion of Buddhist\-majority [Khmers](/wiki/Khmer_people "Khmer people") fighting with ISIS, including those who studied in madrassas in the Middle East. A Turkish member of the Turkistan Islamic Party Hudhayfah al\-Turki blew himself up in Aleppo.{{cite web \|url\=http://jihadology.net/2016/10/28/new\-video\-message\-from\-%E1%B8%A5izb\-al\-islami\-al\-turkistani\-in\-bilad\-al\-sham\-will\-of\-the\-martyr\-%E1%B8%A5udhayfah\-al\-turki/ \|title\=New video message from Ḥizb al\-Islāmī al\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\-Shām: "Will of the Martyr Ḥudhayfah al\-Turkī" \|date\=28 October 2016 \|website\=Jihadology }}
A French national named Ubeydullah was killed while fighting for the Turkistan Islamic Party in 2017\.{{cite tweet\|user\=Weissenberg7\|author\=Caleb Weiss\|number\=833135318563950593\|date\=19 February 2017\|title\=TIP figure on Twitter said that a second French fighter was killed in \#Syria}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/turkistan\-islamic\-party\-in\-syria\-confirms\-death\-of\-french\-born\-fighter.php \|title\=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria confirms death of French\-born fighter \|last\=Weiss \|first\=Caleb \|date\=19 February 2017 \|website\=Long War Journal \|publisher\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies }}{{cite tweet\|user\=LongWarJournal\|author\=Long War Journal\|number\=833133399367938049\|date\=19 February 2017\|title\=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria confirms death of French\-born fighter \-}}{{cite tweet\|user\=VegetaMoustache\|author\=Gilles N.\|number\=833088428342378499\|date\=18 February 2017\|title\=@Weissenberg7 seems he was french}}{{cite web \|url\=https://twitter.com/yahyaturki01/status/832675942757593094 \|title\=\#Türkistan İslam Cemaati/Partisi Suriye ketibemizden Fransalı kardeşimiz şehit (inşAllah) Ubeydullah \|last\=Turki \|first\=Ebu Yahya \|date\=17 February 2017 \|website\=Twitter \|access\-date\=20 February 2017}} {{dead link\|date\=December 2017\|fix\-attempted\=yes\|bot\=TweetCiteBot}}{{cite web \|url\=https://twitter.com/Alsahmmedia91/status/833167679297052673 \|title\=\#Türkistan İslam Cemaati/Partisi Suriye ketibemizden Fransalı kardeşimiz şehit (inşAllah) Ubeydullah \|date\=18 February 2017 \|publisher\=Twitter \|access\-date\=20 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222180432/https://twitter.com/Alsahmmedia91/status/833167679297052673 \|archive\-date\=22 February 2017 \|df\=dmy\-all }}{{better source needed\|Twitter and blogs\|date\=November 2018}} The Turkistan Islamic Party had another member from France, Reda Layachi, who was of Moroccan descent and went by the name Abu Talha.{{cite news \|last1\=Simon \|first1\=Pascal \|last2\=Machard\|first2\= Pauline \|date\=29 December 2015 \|title\=Terrorisme. Exclusif: le djihadiste hérouvillais identifié \|url\=http://www.ouest\-france.fr/normandie/caen\-14000/terrorisme\-exclusif\-le\-djihadiste\-herouvillais\-identifie\-3946824 \|newspaper\=Ouest\-France}}{{cite news \|date\=28 December 2015 \|title\=Terrorisme. Un jeune homme d'Hérouville\-Saint\-Clair tué en Syrie \|url\=http://www.ouest\-france.fr/normandie/caen\-14000/terrorisme\-un\-jeune\-homme\-ddherouville\-saint\-clair\-tue\-en\-syrie\-3946178 \|newspaper\=Ouest\-France }}{{cite tweet\|user\=\_DavidThomson\|author\=David Thomson\|number\=681206233571946496\|date\=27 December 2015\|title\=Le groupe jihadiste "Parti islamique turkistanais" diffuse la photo du Français Abu Talha annoncé tué dans ses rangs}}{{cite tweet\|user\=\_DavidThomson\|author\=David Thomson\|number\=681445187562901504\|date\=28 December 2015\|title\=Après vérification: ce Français d'origine marocaine était originaire d'une petite ville de Basse\-Normandie (marié, env 18 ans, 2 enfants)}}
|
[
"Origins\n-------",
"Fighters include those from the Gulf Arab states, Tunisia (following its own [Tunisian revolution](/wiki/Tunisian_revolution \"Tunisian revolution\")), Libya (following the [Libyan Civil War](/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_%282011%29 \"Libyan Civil War (2011)\")), China, other Arab states, Russia, including the North Caucasus region, and Western countries.Mark Youngman and Cerwyn Moore (2017\\) ‘Russian\\-Speaking’ Fighters in Syria, Iraq and at Home: Consequences and Context' According to the [Syrian Arab Army](/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army \"Syrian Arab Army\"), by September 2014 a total of 54,000 foreign jihadists had come to fight, with the largest groups being from [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") (14,000\\), Saudi Arabians (12,000\\), Lebanese (9,000\\), Iraqis, and Tunisians.Mohanad Hashim. [\"Iraq and Syria: Who are the foreign fighters?\"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29043331). BBC. September 3, 2014\\. Foreign fighters tend to join different groups depending on nationality: for example, Tunisians and Western\\-born Muslims favor the [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\"), while Algerians and Moroccans prefer the al\\-Nusra Front.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2020}} Some jihadist groups are dominated by a single nationality, as is the case with the [Caucasus Emirate](/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate \"Caucasus Emirate\") (Chechens) and the [Turkistan Islamic Party](/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria \"Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria\") (Uyghurs), or the pro\\-government Afghan Shia [Liwa Fatemiyoun](/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun \"Liwa Fatemiyoun\").",
"A 7 December 2015 report by the [Soufan Group](/wiki/Soufan_Group \"Soufan Group\") gave estimates for the number of foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq by their country and region of origin based on information dated between 2014 and 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://soufangroup.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG\\_ForeignFightersUpdate\\_FINAL3\\.pdf\\|title\\=Foreign Fighters An Updated Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria and Iraq\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[the Soufan Group]]\\|date\\=7 December 2015\\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=25 October 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025055832/http://soufangroup.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG\\_ForeignFightersUpdate\\_FINAL3\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The study, which only included foreign fighters with ISIL, al\\-Nusra and other Sunni jihadist factions, listed the countries with the largest number of foreign fighters were Tunisia (6,000\\), Saudi Arabia (2,500\\), Russia (2,400\\), Turkey (2,100\\), Jordan (2,000\\+){{cite web\\|url\\=http://qz.com/568503/foreign\\-fighters\\-in\\-iraq\\-and\\-syria\\-come\\-from\\-86\\-countries\\-and\\-their\\-numbers\\-have\\-doubled/\\|title\\=Foreign fighters in Iraq and Syria come from 86 countries—and their numbers have doubled\\|work\\=Quartz\\|author\\=Aamna Mohdin\\|date\\=8 December 2015\\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2016}} while the number of fighters by region was reported to be: the Middle East (8240\\), the Maghreb (8,000\\), Western Europe (5,000\\), former Soviet Republics (4,700\\), Southeast Asia (900\\), the Balkans (875\\), and North America (289\\). Of Western Europe's estimated 5000 total fighters, almost 3700 fighters were produced by just four Western European countries: France (1,700\\), Germany (760\\), the United Kingdom (760\\), and Belgium (470\\). Between 2014 and 2015, the report estimated a nearly 300% increase in the number of fighters originating from Russia and Central Asia whereas the total number of fighters traveling to Syria and Iraq had become \"relatively flat.\" The report mentioned that the flow of foreign fighters \"is neither uniform by region nor by country,\" with some countries having distinguishable \"Hotbeds of recruitment\" with some hotbeds, such as the Lisleby district of [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\")'s [Fredrikstad](/wiki/Fredrikstad \"Fredrikstad\") which is populated by only 6000 people, being small and relatively new while other cities and regions, such as [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia \"Tunisia\")'s [Bizerte](/wiki/Bizerte \"Bizerte\") and [Ben Gardane](/wiki/Ben_Gardane \"Ben Gardane\"), [Libya](/wiki/Libya \"Libya\")'s [Derna](/wiki/Derna_District \"Derna District\"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 \"Georgia (country)\")'s [Pankisi Gorge](/wiki/Pankisi_Gorge \"Pankisi Gorge\"), and [Molenbeek](/wiki/Molenbeek \"Molenbeek\") in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\"), \"are well\\-established incubators and radiators of extremist behavior.\" The Soufan Group reported on 15 October 2016 that there has been \"a significant increase in the number of foreign fighters travelling to Syria\" since 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.middle\\-east\\-online.com/english/?id\\=79269\\|title\\=How Many Foreign Fighters in Syria\\|work\\=Middle East Online\\|date\\=15 October 2016\\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019190531/http://www.middle\\-east\\-online.com/english/?id\\=79269\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The [U.S. State Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State \"United States Department of State\") reported on 2 June 2016 that their \"intelligence community\" estimated that possibly \"in excess of 40,000 total foreign fighters have gone to the conflict \\[in Syria] and from over 100 countries\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/06/258013\\.htm\\|title\\=Country Reports on Terrorism 2015\\|work\\=US State Department\\|date\\=2 June 2016\\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2016\\|quote\\=QUESTION: I might have missed this somewhere else in the report, but in the 2014 report you state specifically that the rate of foreign fighter terrorist travel to Syria was more than 16,000 from 90 countries. In this year's report you write that thousands of foreign terrorist fighters came from more than 100 countries. Is there a specific number for foreign terrorist fighter travel to Syria or – MR SIBERELL: Yeah. Well, the numbers that we have available to us come from analysis out of our intelligence community. And I think the most recent figures they've provided – and these are not calendar year 2015; this will be the most recent – but I've seen in excess of 40,000 total foreign fighters have gone to the conflict and from over 100 countries. But it's been difficult, of course, to associate the numbers with a particular date and time, and that's because of the way that the numbers come in and the reporting. So it's been difficult to correlate.}}",
"The phenomenon causes concerns in the home countries of the foreign fighters. The phenomenon is not new, but the size and variety of origins in this case were unusual.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://icct.nl/publication/report\\-the\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-phenomenon\\-in\\-the\\-eu\\-profiles\\-threats\\-policies/\\|title\\=The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union\\|date\\=April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2016\\|publisher\\=The International Centre for Counter\\-Terrorism \\- The Hague (ICCT)\\|pages\\=29, 46 and more}}",
"### Muslim world",
"#### Arab world",
"In 2012, it was reported that most recruits to Syria are Arabs (Lebanese, Iraqis, Jordanians, Palestinians, Kuwaitis, Tunisians, Libyans, Algerians, Egyptians, Saudis, Sudanese and Yemenis). The largest contingents of about 500\\-900 fighters came from Syria's neighbors: Lebanese, Iraqis, Palestinians and Jordanians, many of whom fought U.S. forces in Iraq. The second\\-largest contingent was from Arab countries in North Africa: around 75\\-300 fighters from Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria.",
"##### Neighbouring countries",
"###### Lebanon",
"{{further\\|Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon}}\nMostly Lebanese fighters in Syria tend to have their own groups and militias. Thousands of Lebanese fight on the pro\\-government side. The most significant Lebanese force in Syria is [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah \"Hezbollah\"), which in September 2017 said it had 10,000 fighters in Syria.{{cite web \\|last\\=Ahren \\|first\\=Raphael \\|author2\\=AFP \\|title\\=Syrian rebels near Israel border ordered to surrender by regime forces \\|website\\=The Times of Israel \\|date\\=27 December 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/syrian\\-rebels\\-near\\-israel\\-border\\-ordered\\-to\\-surrender\\-by\\-regime\\-forces/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}} In 2017, it was reported that Hezbollah had lost between 1,700 and 1,800 fighters in the Syrian war.{{cite web \\|last\\=Clarke \\|first\\=Colin P. \\|title\\=A glass half empty? Taking stock of Hezbollah's losses in Syria \\|website\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|date\\=15 October 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/A\\-glass\\-half\\-empty\\-Taking\\-stock\\-of\\-Hezbollahs\\-losses\\-in\\-Syria\\-507497 \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}} In 2018, it was reported that at least 1,232 Lebanese Shia militia fighters had been killed.",
"On the anti\\-government side, members of [Fatah al\\-Islam](/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam \"Fatah al-Islam\") and the [Abdullah Azzam Brigades](/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam_Brigades \"Abdullah Azzam Brigades\") were also present though they were fighting under independent banners. Many Lebanese fighters for the opposition come from the Sunni stronghold of [Tripoli](/wiki/Tripoli%2C_Lebanon \"Tripoli, Lebanon\"). The city's Sunni cleric Sheik Masen al\\-Mohammed said: \"The struggle for freedom in Syria is our own struggle for freedom. We Lebanese are part of the Syrian revolution, part of the rebellion. If Syria gains its freedom, then we will also win in Lebanon.\" He also said of Syrian President [Bashar al\\-Assad](/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad \"Bashar al-Assad\") that he was an \"infidel. ... It is the duty of every Muslim, every Arab to fight the infidels. There is a holy war in Syria and the young men there are conducting jihad. For blood, for honor, for freedom, for dignity. We know of Palestinian, Libyan and Yemen fighters who are active there.\"",
"###### Iraq",
"{{further\\|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}\n[Islamic State of Iraq](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq \"Islamic State of Iraq\") (ISI) was active in Syria until 2013\\. Al\\-Qaeda's central command authorized the Syrian ISI member [Abu Mohammad al\\-Golani](/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani \"Abu Mohammad al-Julani\") to set up a Syrian offshoot of al Qaeda. Golani and a small group of ISI operatives who crossed into Syria, and reached out to cells of militant Islamists who had been released by the Assad government from [military prisons](/wiki/Sednaya_Prison \"Sednaya Prison\") in May–June 2011\\. Golani's group formally announced itself under the name \"[Jabhat al\\-Nusra l'Ahl as\\-Sham](/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front \"Al-Nusra Front\")\" on 23 January 2012\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Jihad Next Door \\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/al\\-qaeda\\-iraq\\-syria\\-108214\\_full.html\\|date\\=23 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2015 \\|work\\=Politico\\|first\\=Rania\\|last\\=Abouzeid}} Since then, there have been growing rifts between the various factions of al\\-Qaeda and ISIS.",
"In addition, Iraqi Shia militia have had a heavy presence on the pro\\-government side in Syria, in militias including [Harakat al\\-Nujaba](/wiki/Harakat_al-Nujaba \"Harakat al-Nujaba\"), [Kataib Seyyed al\\-Shuhada](/wiki/Kataib_Seyyed_al-Shuhada \"Kataib Seyyed al-Shuhada\"), and [Kataib Hezbollah](/wiki/Kataib_Hezbollah \"Kataib Hezbollah\").Phillip Smyth, [The Shiite Jihad In Syria And Its Regional Effects](https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713052402/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138\\_Smyth\\-2\\.pdf \\|date\\=2015\\-07\\-13 }}, The Washington Institute For Near East Policy, Policy Focus 138, 2015 Iraqi [Popular Mobilisation Forces](/wiki/Popular_Mobilisation_Forces \"Popular Mobilisation Forces\") militias have been heavily deployed in Syria on the side of the government, often with the stated aim of defending Shi'ite shrines. Although at the time of the formation of the PMF, most of its component groups were primarily engaged in Iraq against ISIL, after the reduction of the immediate ISIL threat in Iraq from 2015, many returned to Syria. For instance, in January 2015 Kata’ib Sayyid al\\-Shuhada announced the deaths of two of its fighters in defense of [Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque](/wiki/Sayyidah_Zainab_Mosque%2C_Damascus \"Sayyidah Zainab Mosque, Damascus\") in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\"), and the militia's involvement in the [2015 Southern Syria offensive](/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive \"2015 Southern Syria offensive\") was documented by the Iraqi TV station Al\\-Anwar 2\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=Aymenn Jawad Al\\-Tamimi\\|title\\=The Return of Iraqi Shi'i Militias to Syria \\|publisher\\=Middle East Institute \\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-16 \\|url\\=https://www.mei.edu/publications/return\\-iraqi\\-shii\\-militias\\-syria \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-28}} In mid\\-2016, pro\\-government media reported that Harakat Al\\-Nujaba announced that they were sending 2,000 fighters to the southern Aleppo front.{{cite web \\|title\\=Iraqi fighters pour into southern Aleppo \\|website\\=AMN \\- Al\\-Masdar News \\| المصدر نيوز \\|date\\=8 August 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iraqi\\-fighters\\-pour\\-southern\\-aleppo/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002620/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iraqi\\-fighters\\-pour\\-southern\\-aleppo/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Between January 2012 and August 2018, at least 117 Iraq Shia fighters died in Syria.{{cite web \\|title\\=Fractured Iraqi Shia Militias in Syria \\|publisher\\=Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington \\|date\\=22 August 2018 \\|url\\=https://agsiw.org/fractured\\-iraqi\\-shia\\-militias\\-in\\-syria/ \\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2018}} According to some reports, the number of Iraqi fighters killed in Syria in that period may be as high as 1,200\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=The New Arab \\|title\\=Bodies of Iraqis killed in Syria received in Baghdad \\|website\\=alaraby \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-02 \\|url\\=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/2/2/bodies\\-of\\-iraqis\\-killed\\-in\\-syria\\-received\\-in\\-baghdad \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-28}}",
"###### Israel",
"In 2013, there was one report of [Israeli\\-Arabs](/wiki/Israeli-Arabs \"Israeli-Arabs\") found to have traveled to Syria and fought for the rebels. One returnee who briefly fought in Syria was convicted of \"endangering national security.\" The case was described as \"unprecedented\", and Judge Avraham Yaakov said that \"there's no legal guidance regarding the rebel groups fighting in Syria.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Jul\\-08/222945\\-israel\\-jails\\-arab\\-citizen\\-who\\-briefly\\-joined\\-syrias\\-rebels.ashx\\#ixzz2YUi1Cyul \\|title\\=Israel jails Arab citizen who briefly joined Syria's rebels \\|newspaper\\=The Daily Star \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2013}}",
"##### Gulf states",
"In 2013, Bahraini Sunni [sheikh](/wiki/Sheikh \"Sheikh\") [Adel al\\-Hamad](/wiki/Adel_al-Hamad \"Adel al-Hamad\") said that his son, Abdulrahman, was killed while fighting in Syria and that he had \"hoped to fall as a martyr.\" He added: \"He visited Syria once, then he returned to Bahrain where he prepared his fighting gear and returned to Syria.\" In response, Interior Minister [Rashid bin Abdullah al\\-Khalifa](/wiki/Rashid_bin_Abdullah_al-Khalifa \"Rashid bin Abdullah al-Khalifa\") said that support should be given from the international community and that individuals should not be indoctrinated and radicalised. It follows calls from mosques to join the \"jihad\" in Syria.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/May\\-30/218898\\-bahraini\\-killed\\-in\\-syria\\-fight\\-government\\-warns\\-citizens.ashx\\#axzz2XpZNyLi6 \\|title\\=Bahraini killed in Syria fight, government warns citizens \\|newspaper\\=The Daily Star \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}} There are also Saudi fighters.{{cite news\\|author\\=Ghaith Abdul\\-Ahad in Aleppo \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/23/syria\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-joining\\-war \\|title\\=Syria: the foreign fighters joining the war against Bashar al\\-Assad \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|date\\= 23 September 2012\\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013 \\|location\\=London}} In 2013, *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")* reported that over 1,200 death row inmates were sent from Saudi Arabia to fight against the Syrian government.{{cite news\\|author\\=Michael Winter \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/21/saudi\\-inmates\\-fight\\-syria\\-commute\\-death\\-sentences/1852629/ \\|title\\=Saudis sent death\\-row inmates to fight Syria \\|work\\=USA Today \\|date\\=21 January 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2013}}",
"Bahraini Shia youth traveled to receive Iranian training in camps and battlefronts in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria,{{cite web \\|title\\=The Evolution of Shia Insurgency in Bahrain \\|author\\=Michael Knights and Matthew Levitt\\|publisher\\=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy \\|date\\=January 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\\-analysis/view/the\\-evolution\\-of\\-shia\\-insurgency\\-in\\-bahrain \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}} and there have been reports that a Bahraini Shia militia, Saraya Al Mukhtar (The Chosen Brigades), was fighting in Syria on the pro\\-government side in 2015\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Bahraini group 'among militias backing Assad' \\|website\\=Trade Arabia \\|date\\=20 November 2015 \\|url\\=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/MISC\\_295126\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140107/http://www.tradearabia.com/news/MISC\\_295126\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"##### North Africa",
"###### Libya",
"Libya's [National Transitional Council](/wiki/National_Transitional_Council \"National Transitional Council\") was the first and only UN recognised entity to see the [Syrian National Council](/wiki/Syrian_National_Council \"Syrian National Council\") as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. In December 2011, it was reported in the French media that the former [Libyan Islamic Fighting Group](/wiki/Libyan_Islamic_Fighting_Group \"Libyan Islamic Fighting Group\")'s [Abdulhakim Belhadj](/wiki/Abdulhakim_Belhadj \"Abdulhakim Belhadj\")'s associate [Abd al\\-Mehdi al\\-Harati](/wiki/Mahdi_Al-Harati \"Mahdi Al-Harati\") was leading a Libyan group of fighters with rumours suggesting some of the Nusra Front's fighters came from this group. Arms from the recently concluded [Libyan Civil War](/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War \"2011 Libyan Civil War\") were also present in Syria.{{cite news \\|title\\=In Turnabout, Syria Rebels Get Libyan Weapons \\|first1\\=C.J. \\|last1\\=Chivers \\|first2\\=Eric \\|last2\\=Schmitt \\|first3\\=Mark \\|last3\\=Mazzetti \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/22/world/africa/in\\-a\\-turnabout\\-syria\\-rebels\\-get\\-libyan\\-weapons.html?pagewanted\\=all\\&\\_r\\=1\\& \\|newspaper\\=New York Times \\|date\\=21 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2013}} While many fighters from the civil war were reported to have gone to fight in Syria, several were said to have returned home amidst escalating violence and threats of a new civil war.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-africa\\-30011640\\|title\\=BBC News \\- Libya violence: Activists beheaded in Derna\\|newspaper\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2015\\|date\\=11 November 2014}}",
"###### Morocco",
"In 2017 it was estimated that {{Val\\|1623}} Moroccans and 2000 Moroccan\\-Europeans had travelled to join the Islamic State caliphate in the [Syrian Civil War](/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War \"Syrian Civil War\"), which along with other fighters from MENA countries contributed a significant force to ISIS.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo\\_def\\_web.pdf\\|title\\=DE\\-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN \\- Comparing Challenges and Approaches\\|last\\=Vidino\\|display\\-authors\\=etal\\|publisher\\=ISPI\\|year\\=2018\\|isbn\\=9788867058198\\|location\\=Milano\\|pages\\=62–63}}",
"###### Tunisia",
"Following the first [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring \"Arab Spring\") uprising that led to the [Tunisian revolution](/wiki/Tunisian_revolution \"Tunisian revolution\"), many Tunisian fighters fought alongside Syrian rebels. In early 2012, Tunisia also withdrew recognition of Syria.{{cite news\\|last\\=Amara \\|first\\=Tarek \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-tunisia\\-flag\\-idUSTRE8130IF20120204 \\|title\\=Tunisia to withdraw recognition of Syria government \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|date\\=4 February 2012\\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}} Tunisians have been killed or captured in Syria, with at least five deaths from the town of [Ben Guerdane](/wiki/Ben_Guerdane \"Ben Guerdane\"), from where many fighters departed Tunisia for Syria. The Syrian government informed the United Nations of the arrest of 26 alleged al\\-Qaeda militants, 19 of whom were Tunisian.{{cite news\\|last\\=Noueihed \\|first\\=Lin \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-tunisia\\-fighters\\-idUSBRE84D0UN20120514 \\|title\\=Tunisian Islamists join jihad against Syria's Assad \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|date\\=14 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}} Tunisians are reportedly a large percentage of the foreign Arab fighters in the country. President [Moncef Marzouki](/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki \"Moncef Marzouki\")'s spokesman Adnan Mancer said that the government was trying to follow up on the fate of Tunisians in Syria with the help of international organisations like the Red Cross as official ties between governments had been cut. He said: \"Our youth have good intentions, but it is possible they fell into the hands of manipulators.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/world/tunisian\\-radicals\\-travel\\-to\\-syria\\-308459\\.html \\|title\\=Tunisian radicals travel to Syria \\|publisher\\=Kyivpost.com \\|date\\=21 June 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}} In March 2013, an inquiry was initiated in Tunisia into the recruitment of Tunisian Islamists to fight in Syria. In May, Foreign Minister [Othmane Jarandi](/wiki/Othmane_Jarandi \"Othmane Jarandi\") said that there were about 800 Tunisians fighting for the opposition in Syria. He added that \"the repatriation of Tunisians can be facilitated by the embassy in Lebanon after the government makes contact with the Syrian authorities about imprisoned Tunisian citizens.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/82683 \\|title\\=Tunisia FM: 800 Tunisian Islamists Fighting in Syria \\|publisher\\=Naharnet.com \\|date\\=11 May 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}}",
"In 2017, it was estimated that Tunisia had contributed about 7,000 fighters to the Islamic State, forming the largest contingent among the MENA countries.",
"##### Others",
"In June 2013, a recently promoted [Jordanian Air Force](/wiki/Jordanian_Air_Force \"Jordanian Air Force\") captain was reported to have taken leave from his job and traveled to Turkey in order to fight for the Nusra Front.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Jul\\-01/222153\\-jordan\\-air\\-force\\-captain\\-joins\\-syria\\-jihadists\\-sources.ashx\\#axzz2XpZNyLi6 \\|title\\=Jordan air force captain joins Syria jihadists: sources \\|newspaper\\=The Daily Star \\|date\\=19 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}}",
"[Palestinians](/wiki/Palestinians \"Palestinians\") have also fought for both sides of the conflict with [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\") being more supportive of the opposition and the [PFLP\\-GC](/wiki/PFLP-GC \"PFLP-GC\") supporting the government.",
"A leading [Mauritanian](/wiki/Mauritania \"Mauritania\") jihadist ideologue, Sheikh [Abu al\\-Mundhir al\\-Shinqiti](/wiki/Abu_al-Mundhir_al-Shinqiti \"Abu al-Mundhir al-Shinqiti\") called in 2012 for support for the Nusra Front.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\\-analysis/view/foreign\\-fighters\\-trickle\\-into\\-the\\-syrian\\-rebellion \\|title\\=Foreign Fighters Trickle into the Syrian Rebellion \\|publisher\\=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy \\|date\\=11 June 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}}",
"##### Iran",
"{{Main\\|Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war}}\nThousands of Iranian operatives—as many as 10,000 by the end of 2013[Iran boosts support to Syria](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/10654144/Iran-boosts-support-to-Syria.html), *Telegraph*, 21 February 2014—have fought in the Syrian war on the pro\\-government side, including regular troops and militia members. In 2018, Tehran said that 2,100 Iranian soldiers have been killed in Syria and Iraq over the past seven years.{{cite web \\|title\\=Tehran: 2,100 Iranian soldiers killed in Syria and Iraq \\|website\\=Middle East Monitor \\|date\\=7 March 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180307\\-tehran\\-2100\\-iranian\\-soldiers\\-killed\\-in\\-syria\\-and\\-iraq/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}}",
"##### Azerbaijan",
"[Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\") has a largely non\\-observant Shia population with a Sunni minority. Some Sunni citizens of Azerbaijan have joined terrorist organizations in Syria.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2015/02/02/the\\-clear\\-banner\\-azerbaijani\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-in\\-2014/\\|title\\=The Clear Banner: The Forgotten Fighters: Azerbaijani Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq\\|work\\=JIHADOLOGY\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2014/01/28/guest\\-post\\-azerbaijani\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-in\\-syria/\\|title\\=GUEST POST: Azerbaijani Foreign Fighters in Syria\\|work\\=JIHADOLOGY\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=iGkL9uwZdN4\\|title\\=Suriyada azərbaycanlı vəhhabilər kütləvi şəkildə öldürüldü\\|date\\=25 March 2014\\|publisher\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.meydan.tv/az/site/opinion/791/rim\\-suriyaya\\-5\\-manatla\\-gedib\\-v\\-deo.htm\\|title\\=\"Ərim Suriyaya 5 manatla gedib\" \\[ VİDEO ]\\|author\\=Meydan TV\\|work\\=Meydan TV \\- Alternativ və Azad Media Kanalı\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930071155/http://www.meydan.tv/az/site/opinion/791/rim\\-suriyaya\\-5\\-manatla\\-gedib\\-v\\-deo.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The estimated number of Azerbaijanis in Syria ranges from 200 to 300\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\\-state\\-azerbaijan\\-killed\\-syria/26642573\\.html\\|title\\=Why Did An Azerbaijani Wrestling Champion Join (And Die For) IS?\\|newspaper\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|date\\=17 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2015}}",
"#### Afghanistan",
"Afghan Shia fighters have had a major presence in Syria on the pro\\-government side.{{cite web \\| last\\=Alfoneh \\| first\\=Ali \\| title\\=Tehran's Shia Foreign Legions \\| website\\=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace \\| date\\=30 January 2018 \\| url\\=https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/01/30/tehran\\-s\\-shia\\-foreign\\-legions\\-pub\\-75387 \\| access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}} In 2018, it was reported that 2,000 Afghan had been killed and more than 8000 wounded in Syria in the past five years, fighting for the [Liwa Fatemiyoun](/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun \"Liwa Fatemiyoun\"), composed mainly of members of the [Hazarah](/wiki/Hazarah \"Hazarah\") Afghan minority.{{cite web \\|title\\=2,000 Afghan soldiers killed in Syria \\|website\\=ANF News \\|date\\=23 January 2018 \\|url\\=https://anfenglish.com/news/2\\-000\\-afghans\\-in\\-iranian\\-army\\-killed\\-in\\-syria\\-24069 \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}} The Brigade reportedly had 10,000–20,000 fighters in 2016\\-2017\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission\\-accomplished\\-whats\\-next\\-irans\\-afghan\\-fighters\\-syria/ \\|title\\=Mission Accomplished? What's Next for Iran's Afghan Fighters in Syria \\|author\\=Ahmad Shuja Jamal \\|work\\=War on the Rocks \\|date\\=13 February 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=4 August 2018}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Khalil \\|first1\\=Ahmad Bilal \\|last2\\=Diplomat \\|first2\\=The \\|title\\=What Does the Syrian War Mean for Afghanistan? \\|website\\=The Diplomat \\|date\\=15 April 2017 \\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/what\\-does\\-the\\-syrian\\-war\\-mean\\-for\\-afghanistan/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Moslih \\|first\\=Hashmatallah \\|title\\=Iran 'foreign legion' leans on Afghan Shia in Syria war \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|date\\=22 January 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/iran\\-foreign\\-legion\\-leans\\-afghan\\-shia\\-syria\\-war\\-160122130355206\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}}",
"#### Pakistan",
"In 2013, the [Pakistani Taliban](/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban \"Pakistani Taliban\") said that its fighters, from a variety of countries, were fighting against the Syrian government. They were reportedly working with the Nusra Front and al\\-Qaeda in Iraq. The group's commanders said that they sought to fight in Syria in order to foster closer links with al\\-Qaeda's central leadership. An unnamed Taliban commander was quoted by [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\") in 2013 as saying that the group was fighting alongside their Mujahedeen friends: \"When our brothers needed our help, we sent hundreds of fighters along with our Arab friends.\" He added that videos would be released showing the group's \"victories\" in Syria. Another commander said: \"Since our Arab brothers have come here for our support, we are bound to help them in their respective countries and that is what we did in Syria. We have established our own camps in Syria. Some of our people go and then return after spending some time fighting there.{{cite news\\|author\\=Atul Aneja \\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south\\-asia/pak\\-taliban\\-presence\\-turns\\-syria\\-into\\-a\\-theatre\\-of\\-global\\-jihad/article4918221\\.ece?homepage\\=true \\|title\\=Pak. Taliban presence turns Syria into a theatre of global jihad \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|date\\=15 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2013 \\|location\\=Chennai, India}} The group's spokesman, Abdul Rashid Abbasi, said on 16 July 2013 that its first batch of fighters had arrived in Syria and set up a command and control centre and that another batch of at least 120 fighters were expected to join the others within a week.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137167916826540\\.html \\|title\\=Pakistan Taliban says its fighters in Syria \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English \\|date\\=16 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2013}} While a militant said that 100 fighters had reached Syria and another 20 were on the way with an untold number of volunteers waiting, the Foreign Office spokesman Aizaz Chaudhry said: \"We have seen these reports in the media and the concerned authorities are verifying these claims by the militants.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/1861891/report\\-pakistan\\-verifying\\-reports\\-of\\-taliban\\-fighting\\-in\\-syria \\|title\\=Pakistan verifying reports of Taliban fighting in Syria \\|publisher\\=Dnaindia.com \\|date\\=16 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2013}} However, the Istanbul\\-based [Syrian National Council](/wiki/Syrian_National_Council \"Syrian National Council\") released a statement that read: \"We ask for clarification regarding coverage that reflects poorly on the Syrian revolution, particularly news about Taliban's office in Syria and other news items about Islamist fighters.\" It also cited the Taliban's [Shura Council](/wiki/Shura_Council \"Shura Council\") as denying the news and calling it a \"rumor.\" Specifically, Ahmed Kamel said the reports of the Taliban's presence were a \"systematic\" and \"rapid\" campaign by pro\\-government outlets to \"smear\" the rebels. He said that these were \"sick attempts to make the Syrian people look like a bunch of radical Islamists. Syria is bigger than all of these lies and we know, based on our contacts inside Syria, that no Pakistani Taliban are fighting alongside the Syrian rebels. The Taliban want to kill Americans and Israelis, so why they should go to Syria when we are fighting for freedom, democracy and justice against a tyrant?\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/18/world/meast/syria\\-pakistan\\-taliban\\-claim/?hpt\\=hp\\_t3 \\|title\\=Syrian opposition questions Taliban rebel role \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=19 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2013}}",
"In addition, large numbers of Pakistani Shia fighters have fought on the pro\\-government side, mainly in the [Zeinabiyoun Brigade](/wiki/Zeinabiyoun_Brigade \"Zeinabiyoun Brigade\"), which has up to 1,000 fighters in Syria.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1007694/iran\\-recruits\\-pakistani\\-shias\\-for\\-combat\\-in\\-syria/\\|title\\=Iran recruits Pakistani Shias for combat in Syria\\|date\\=11 December 2015\\|newspaper\\=The Express Tribune}} 158 Shia Pakistani fighters were killed in Syria between January 2012 and August 2018\\.",
"The Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) have shared a list of the names of 29 Pakistanis among who are in their custody for fighting for the Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).{{Cite web\\|title\\=US interrogates Pakistan's ISIS terrorists in Syria\\|url\\=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/us\\-interrogates\\-pakistans\\-isis\\-terrorists\\-in\\-syria\\-5757431\\.html/amp\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-04\\|website\\=moneycontrol.com\\|date\\=26 August 2020 }}",
"#### Central Asia",
"In September 2013, a Kazakh and two Kyrgyz returned from Syria and were arrested in [Osh](/wiki/Osh \"Osh\") on terrorism charges on claims that they were sent to Kyrgyzstan by the [Islamic Jihad Union](/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Union \"Islamic Jihad Union\") (IJU) to perpetrate attacks. In early February 2014, six suspects were arrested in Osh, some of whom were said to have trained in camps in Syria before returning to Kyrgyzstan. They were reportedly planning attacks in Osh and [Bishkek](/wiki/Bishkek \"Bishkek\"). Some Kyrgyz fighters that were known to be in Syria joined the Al Nusrah Front.{{cite web \\|author\\=Linda Lundquist \\|url\\=http://lubpak.com/archives/314433\\#sthash.vnvxPLti.dpuf \\|title\\=Analysis: Blowback from the Syrian jihad has begun \\|publisher\\=Lubpak.com \\|date\\=4 June 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926143331/http://lubpak.com/archives/314433\\#sthash.vnvxPLti.dpuf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Kazakhs have joined ISIL in Syria. ISIL released a video called \"Race Toward Good\" showing Kazakh children being trained as fighters.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/kazakhstan\\-isis\\-syria\\-recruiting/26724862\\.html\\|title\\=Kazakhstan Muftiate: 'Kazakh Jihadis' With IS In Syria 'Acting Against Islam'\\|newspaper\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|date\\=4 December 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}} The families of Kazakh fighters have accompanied them to Syria including children and women.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/under\\-black\\-flag\\-kazakhstan\\-kazakh\\-women\\-islamic\\-state/26698040\\.html\\|title\\=Kazakhstan Intelligence: 150 Kazakh Women Are Members Of IS\\|newspaper\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|date\\=20 November 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs\\-news\\-from\\-elsewhere\\-24642632\\|title\\=Kazakhstan: Video claims of 'family jihad' \\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|date\\=23 October 2013}} According to the testimony of a Kazakh student who returned to Kazakhstan from Syria, the Arab Jihadist rebels in Syria were racist against the Kazakhs, assigned them the most difficult duties, and called them \"Chinese\" and there were little feelings of solidarity among the militants. A new video of ISIL Kazakh child soldiers being given military training was reported in the media.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\\-state\\-children\\-terror\\-training\\-video/27312748\\.html\\|title\\='Next Generation' Stars In IS Terror\\-Training Video Of 'Caliphate Cub'\\|newspaper\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|date\\=18 October 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015 \\|last1\\=Paraszczuk \\|first1\\=Joanna }} SDF reported that they had seized Kazakh passports.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/arisroussinos/status/714394208371666944\\|title\\=aris roussinos on Twitter\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328163538/https://twitter.com/arisroussinos/status/714394208371666944\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2016\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.anfenglish.com/kurdistan/relations\\-between\\-turkey\\-and\\-isis\\-documented\\-once\\-again\\#\\|title\\=ANF \\- Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011091717/https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/relations\\-between\\-turkey\\-and\\-isis\\-documented\\-once\\-again\\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Shadadi emir{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2022}} was [Abu Khatab al\\-Kazakhi](/wiki/Abu_Khatab_al-Kazakhi \"Abu Khatab al-Kazakhi\"), who died in Syria.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=716995854423293952\\|date\\=4 April 2016\\|title\\=Who Was Abu Aisha Kazakhi, The Kazakh IS Militant Killed In Palmyra?}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=715803908132700160\\|date\\=1 April 2016\\|title\\=\\#IS militant Abu Aisha al\\-Kazakhi has been killed, he went to \\#Syria from \\#Kazakhstan w his 2 kids}}{{better source needed\\|Twitter\\|date\\=May 2022}} Kazakh and Uzbek ISIS members invited entire families form their home countries.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\\-state\\-central\\-asia\\-recruitment\\-family\\-affair/27653606\\.html\\|title\\=IS Central Asian Recruitment Drive A Family Affair\\|newspaper\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|date\\=4 April 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016 \\|last1\\=Paraszczuk \\|first1\\=Joanna }}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=716974196211978240\\|date\\=4 April 2016\\|title\\=How \\#IS Central Asian Recruitment Drive Is A Family Affair}}",
"Uzbek foreign fighters in Syria include [Imam Bukhari Jamaat](/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat \"Imam Bukhari Jamaat\") (كتيبة الامام البخاري) (Uzbek: Imom al buxoriy katibasi) (Turkish: İmam Buhari Cemaati),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://janlok.in/tag/katibat\\-al\\-imam\\-bukhari/\\|title\\=Katibat Al\\-Imam BukhariJanlok \\- Janlok\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024133417/http://janlok.in/tag/katibat\\-al\\-imam\\-bukhari/\\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2015\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gW\\_zCQAAQBAJ\\&q\\=katibat\\+bukhari\\+iraq\\&pg\\=PT84\\|title\\=The Islamic State\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|isbn\\=9789351774006\\|last1\\=Lister\\|first1\\=Charles R.\\|date\\=May 2015\\|publisher\\=HarperCollins India }} [Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad](/wiki/Katibat_al_Tawhid_wal_Jihad \"Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad\") (كتيبة التوحيد والجهاد) (Uzbek: Tavhid va Jihod katibasi) (Turkish: Tevhid ve Cihad Cemaati),{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Paraszczuk \\|first\\=Joanna \\|user\\=joaska\\_ \\|number\\=759296386097672192 \\|date\\=30 July 2016 \\|title\\=Fighters from the Uzbek group Tawhid wal Jihod in \\#syria (anyone know what this landmark is?) https://t.co/1ODPVu9iYP \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Paraszczuk \\|first\\=Joanna \\|user\\=joaska\\_ \\|number\\=759312091396341760 \\|date\\=30 July 2016 \\|title\\=Uzbek Jamaat Tawhid wal Jihod shashlik https://t.co/JjB8w6yS62 \\|language\\=hi \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Weiss \\|first\\=Caleb \\|user\\=Weissenberg7 \\|number\\=760212899990212608 \\|date\\=1 August 2016 \\|title\\=Jabhat Fatah al Sham's (rebranded AQ in \\#Syria) largely Uzbek battalion Tawhid wal Jihad in southern \\#Aleppo https://t.co/gQxsLIiDO1 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Weiss \\|first\\=Caleb \\|user\\=Weissenberg7 \\|number\\=760219422313156608 \\|date\\=1 August 2016 \\|title\\=@elmirbadalov KTJ is an Uzbek group. Have been tracking it since its inception over a year ago. Its website is down or I'd send you the link \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Weiss \\|first\\=Caleb \\|user\\=Weissenberg7 \\|number\\=760219783228891136 \\|date\\=1 August 2016 \\|title\\=@elmirbadalov But most of its propaganda is released in Uzbek. It has stated it is largely Uzbek in the past too. https://t.co/v3G69uSFbm \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Weiss \\|first\\=Caleb \\|user\\=Weissenberg7 \\|number\\=760220004893589504 \\|date\\=1 August 2016 \\|title\\=@elmirbadalov In this post here I summarized a good deal of the info I have on them: https://t.co/m3BLdLjrn0 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Weiss \\|first\\=Caleb \\|user\\=Weissenberg7 \\|number\\=760214596254707712 \\|date\\=1 August 2016 \\|title\\=@HasanMustafaS Chechens no longer the only \"shock troops\" in the jihadist world. \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Paraszczuk \\|first\\=Joanna \\|user\\=joaska\\_ \\|number\\=760421737221726208 \\|date\\=2 August 2016 \\|title\\=Abdulqudus \\& Abdulhaq of Uzbek katiba Tawhid wa Jihod, (Jabhat Fateh al Sham) both killed cc @BarnoAnvar https://t.co/G0PJAijsnj \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2021}}{{cite tweet \\|last\\=Paraszczuk \\|first\\=Joanna \\|user\\=joaska\\_ \\|number\\=760422193754959872 \\|date\\=2 August 2016 \\|title\\=Абу Убайда аль Мадани, шариатский в узбекской Катибе Тавхид ва Жиход https://t.co/vkdErUMEDI \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2021}}{{better source needed\\|Twitter\\|date\\=May 2022}} and [Katibat Sayfulla](/wiki/Katibat_Sayfulla \"Katibat Sayfulla\") (كتيبة سيف الله), which is part of Jabhat al\\-Nusra.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2022}}",
"Uzbek Jihadist groups operate four training camps in Syria.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/06/over\\-100\\-jihadist\\-training\\-camps\\-identified\\-in\\-iraq\\-and\\-syria.php\\|title\\=Over 100 jihadist training camps identified in Iraq and Syria\\|work\\=The Long War Journal\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|date\\=21 June 2015}}",
"Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad (Тавҳид ва Жиҳод),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ozodlik.mobi/a/27450425\\.html\\|title\\=Ўшда \"Тавҳид ва Жиҳод\" гуруҳининг 8 нафар аъзоси ушланди\\|work\\=Озодлик радиоси\\|date\\=26 December 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}} also called *Jannat Oshiklari*,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/contentlive/live\\-blog\\-syria\\-islamic\\-state\\-isis/27363628\\.html?liveshare\\=82008\\#featured\\|title\\=Live Blog: Tracking Islamic State\\|date\\=29 February 2016 \\|publisher\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}} is a largely Uzbek group active in northern Syria that was led by Abu Saloh.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/uzbek\\-group\\-pledges\\-allegiance\\-to\\-al\\-nusrah\\-front.php\\|title\\=Uzbek group pledges allegiance to Al Nusrah Front \\| FDD's Long War Journal\\|first\\=Mike Merlo\\|last\\=Says\\|website\\=longwarjournal.org}} It participated in the [2015 Northwestern Syria offensive](/wiki/2015_Northwestern_Syria_offensive \"2015 Northwestern Syria offensive\"),{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=A\\-8TznIrq\\-g\\|title\\=Idlibga oid so'ngi qishloqlardagi janglar \\- Идлибга оид сўнги қишлоқлардаги жанглар\\|date\\=31 July 2015\\|work\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2015}}{{better source needed\\|YouTube\\|date\\=May 2022}} the [Al\\-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015\\)](/wiki/Al-Ghab_offensive_%28July%E2%80%93August_2015%29 \"Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015)\"),{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Rlx9gHXP4Z0\\|title\\=Tel Vosit qishlog'idagi amaliyot \\- Тел Восит қишлоғидаги амалиёт\\|date\\=5 August 2015\\|work\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2015}}{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=7n74ZuNUPIo\\|title\\=Sahl al G'ob mintaqasidagi fathlari \\- Саҳл ал Ғоб минтақасидаги фатҳлар\\|date\\=12 August 2015\\|work\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2015}}{{better source needed\\|YouTube\\|date\\=May 2022}} [Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016\\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_%282012%E2%80%932016%29 \"Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)\"){{cite web \\| url\\= http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/07/al\\-nusrah\\-front\\-new\\-coalition\\-aleppo.php \\|title\\= Al Nusrah Front, allies form new coalition for battle in Aleppo \\|website\\= The Long War Journal \\|last\\=Joscelyn \\|first\\= Thomas\\|date\\= 3 July 2015 \\|access\\-date\\= 4 July 2015 \\|quote\\= Jaysh al Fateh (\"Army of Conquest\") Qalamoun was formed in early May to fight Hezbollah, the Iranian\\-backed terrorist group that supports Bashar al Assad's regime, and the Islamic State.}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://elat.ir/1395/04/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87/\\|title\\=مشارکت تیپ ازبکستانی القاعده در نبردهای جنوب حلب\\+عکس \\- پایگاه خبری تحلیلی علت\\|work\\=elat.ir\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718083324/http://elat.ir/1395/04/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87/\\|archive\\-date\\=18 July 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}[http://tnews.ir/news/8e2865183806\\.html](http://tnews.ir/news/8e2865183806.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623083214/http://tnews.ir/news/8e2865183806\\.html\\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-23}}<http://www.parset.com/FaNews/271872_msharkat_tip_azbaksatany_alghaadeh_dar_nabradhay_janob_halb_aks.html> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014951/http://www.parset.com/FaNews/271872\\_msharkat\\_tip\\_azbaksatany\\_alghaadeh\\_dar\\_nabradhay\\_janob\\_halb\\_aks.html\\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-07}}[http://mashreghnews\\-jahan.sotiba.ir/page\\-79793\\.html](http://mashreghnews-jahan.sotiba.ir/page-79793.html){{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://macho.ir/cgi\\-sys/suspendedpage.cgi\\|title\\=Account Suspended\\|website\\=macho.ir\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-05\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-14\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814195436/http://macho.ir/cgi\\-sys/suspendedpage.cgi\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://newslist.ir/news/general/693481/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82\\-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2/t/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C\\-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\\-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8\\-%D8%B9\\|title\\=مشارکت تیپ ازبکستانی القاعده در نبردهای جنوب حلب\\+عکس \\- لیست اخبار\\|date\\=21 June 2016\\|work\\=newslist.ir\\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006082657/http://newslist.ir/news/general/693481/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82\\-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2/t/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C\\-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\\-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8\\-%D8%B9\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}[http://www.shomaokhabar.com/news/details/912dcdad\\-2ff9\\-4ce1\\-bd6f\\-be8466f69366/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C\\-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\\-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8\\-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3](http://www.shomaokhabar.com/news/details/912dcdad-2ff9-4ce1-bd6f-be8466f69366/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3) {{cite web\\|url\\=http://sahebkhabar.ir/news/13550469/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C\\-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\\-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8\\-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3\\|title\\=مشارکت تیپ ازبکستانی القاعده در نبردهای جنوب حلب\\+عکس\\|date\\=21 June 2016\\|work\\=sahebkhabar.ir}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.emrooznews.com/news/50219/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\\-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE\\-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87\\-%D8%AF%D8%B1\\-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C\\-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8\\.html\\|title\\=پرونده \"معمّای پول و پارلمان\"\\|روایت نماینده مجلس از هزینه ۱۲ میلیارد تومانی یک کاندیدای انتخابات \\- امروز نیوز }} {{dead link\\|date\\=August 2020}}{{cbignore}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=LongWarJournal\\|author\\=Long War Journal\\|number\\=746421833516253184\\|date\\=24 June 2016\\|title\\=Al Qaeda and allies gain more ground in Aleppo province by @thomasjoscelyn}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/06/al\\-qaeda\\-and\\-allies\\-gain\\-more\\-ground\\-in\\-aleppo\\-province.php\\|title\\=Al Qaeda and allies gain more ground in Aleppo province \\- FDD's Long War Journal\\|work\\=longwarjournal.org}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.peypi.com/detay/rejim\\-cetelerinin\\-kacarken\\-arakalarinda\\-biraktigi\\-ganimetlerin\\-bir\\-kismi\\-lazkiye\\-kinessibba/868278%7B%7Bdead\\+link%7Cdate\\=October\\+2017\\+%7Cbot\\=InternetArchiveBot\\+%7Cfix\\-attempted\\=yes\\+%7D%7D\\|title\\=Peypi \\- Sosyal Gündem\\|website\\=peypi.com}} the [Siege of Al\\-Fu'ah\\-Kafarya (2015\\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Al-Fu%27ah-Kafarya_%282015%29 \"Siege of Al-Fu'ah-Kafarya (2015)\"),{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=E0rUHZ8yXno\\|title\\=Фуа минтақаси жанглари \\- Fua mintaqasi janglari\\|date\\=19 September 2015\\|work\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}{{better source needed\\|are any of these reliable?\\|date\\=May 2022}} and the seizure of the Qarmid military camp.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://videoonline.su/video/6URQiQOQWXI\\|title\\=Қармид муаскари учун жанглар\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928053701/http://videoonline.su/video/6URQiQOQWXI\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Nw0mGam0n5w\\&t\\=3m8s\\|title\\=Қормид \"Куфр\" муаскарига ҳужум \\- Qormid \"Kufr\" muaskariga hujum\\|date\\=30 April 2015\\|work\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://videoonline.su/video/Nw0mGam0n5w\\|title\\=Қормид 'Куфр' муаскарига ҳужум \\- Qormid 'Kufr' muaskariga hujum смотреть видео онлайн бесплатно в хорошем качестве\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928052156/http://videoonline.su/video/Nw0mGam0n5w\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{better source needed\\|are any of these reliable?\\|date\\=May 2022}} It was a former part of Jabhat al\\-Nusra{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2022}} and was still an ally of the group in 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/02/over\\-150\\-killed\\-in\\-aleppo\\-fighting.php\\|title\\=Over 150 killed in Aleppo fighting\\|work\\=The Long War Journal\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|date\\=19 February 2015}}",
"Katibat al Imam al Bukhari is also called Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/imam\\-bukhari\\-jamaat\\|title\\=Imam Bukhari Jamaat\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}} The Uzbek group Imam Bukhari Jamaat pledged allegiance to the Taliban.{{cite tweet \\|author\\=Jihadology \\|user\\=Jihadology\\_Net \\|number\\=756130583105769472 \\|date\\=21 July 2016 \\|title\\=New video message from Katībat Imām al\\-Bukhārī: \"Pledge of Allegiance to Mawlāwī Hībat... https://t.co/KNTiPGbGHz https://t.co/WqAzWMNKQ0 \\|language\\=lv \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2021}} Uzbek foreign fighters have flocked to Katibat Imam al\\-Bukhari.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\\-analysis/view/26142\\|title\\=Syria: The Epicenter of Future Jihad\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206144007/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\\-analysis/view/26142\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Salahuddin al\\-Uzbeki is the leader of Imam Bukhari Jamaat and his son Umar, a 16 year old teenager, died while fighting in Aleppo against the Syrian military.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\\-state\\-commander\\-got\\-son\\-killed\\-in\\-syria/27225025\\.html\\|title\\=Why An Uzbek Militant Commander Got His Son Killed Fighting In Syria\\|work\\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\\|date\\=3 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015 \\|last1\\=Paraszczuk \\|first1\\=Joanna }}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\\-uzbek\\-militant\\-jihad\\-age\\-limit/27251073\\.html\\|title\\=Uzbek Militant: Jihad Has No Age Limit\\|newspaper\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|date\\=16 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015 \\|last1\\=Paraszczuk \\|first1\\=Joanna \\|last2\\=Anvar \\|first2\\=Barno }} A member of Imam Bukhari Jamaat defended the utilization of child soldiers.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=RFERL\\|author\\=RFE/RL\\|number\\=644244128935510016\\|date\\=16 September 2015\\|title\\=An Uzbek militant in \\#Syria tries to justify the use of children as fighters on the battlefield ►}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=644087556607475712\\|date\\=16 September 2015\\|title\\=\\#Uzbek militant explains that \"jihad has no age limit\" by me \\& @BarnoAnvar}} Allegiance was pledged to the Taliban and their leader [Mullah Omar](/wiki/Mullah_Omar \"Mullah Omar\") by Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\\-state\\-uzbek\\-militant\\-faction\\-syria\\-taliban/26686992\\.html\\|title\\=Main Uzbek Militant Faction In Syria Swears Loyalty To Taliban\\|work\\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\\|date\\=12 November 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/12/jihadists\\_continue\\_t.php\\|title\\=Jihadists continue to advertise training camps in Iraq and Syria\\|work\\=The Long War Journal\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|date\\=28 December 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://foreignfighters.weebly.com/archive/category/all/2\\|title\\=All Categories\\|work\\=Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}} {{dead link\\|date\\=January 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\\-state\\-weeping\\-suicide\\-bomber\\-migrant\\-worker\\-kyrgyzstan\\-russia/27305925\\.html\\|title\\=How Babur The Migrant Worker Became Jafar The Weeping Suicide Bomber\\|newspaper\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|date\\=14 October 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015 \\|last1\\=Paraszczuk \\|first1\\=Joanna }}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\\-state\\-tajik\\-brothers\\-syria\\-shirbekov/27273447\\.html\\|title\\=How Three Brothers Went To Syria, Taking Their Families With Them\\|work\\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\\|date\\=27 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}} On the VK social networking website, an illustration of a militant aiming an RPG at Santa Claus' flying sleigh was posted by Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=679668190595657729\\|date\\=23 December 2015\\|title\\=When Uzbek Militants Stole Xmas: \\#Uzbek Al\\-Bukhari Jamaat posted this pic on its VK account. cc @BarnoAnvar}} The leader of Imam Bukhari Jamaat is Salohiddin. Child soldiers are being drilled by Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/12/uzbek\\-group\\-in\\-syria\\-trains\\-children\\-for\\-jihad.php\\|title\\=Uzbek group in Syria trains children for jihad\\|work\\=The Long War Journal\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}} They battled in Aleppo and Latakia's Jabal al Akrad region.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=Weissenberg7\\|author\\=Caleb Weiss\\|number\\=703642163494658048\\|date\\=27 February 2016\\|title\\=Uzbek group Katibat Imam Bukhari (close to AQ and loyal to the Taliban) sending troops to \\#Aleppo front last week}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=Weissenberg7\\|author\\=Caleb Weiss\\|number\\=703642754098839552\\|date\\=27 February 2016\\|title\\=Katibat Imam Bukhari also highlighted fighting in Jabal al Akrad in \\#Latakia last week}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://buhoriy.com/News\\_d85168\\.html\\|title\\=Бухорий Катибаси Ҳалабга ёрдамчи куч юборди\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012914/http://buhoriy.com/News\\_d85168\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://buhoriy.com/m/News\\_d85168\\.html\\|title\\=Бухорий Катибаси Ҳалабга ёрдамчи куч юборди\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012908/http://buhoriy.com/m/News\\_d85168\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=VJVznSs34Ts\\|title\\=Lazaqiyaning Jabal Akrod tog'ida kofirlar bilan to'qnashuv\\|date\\=13 February 2016\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016\\|via\\=YouTube}} The [Siege of al\\-Fu'ah and Kafriya](/wiki/Siege_of_al-Fu%27ah_and_Kafriya \"Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya\") is participated in by Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=Weissenberg7\\|author\\=Caleb Weiss\\|number\\=829523612830928896\\|date\\=9 February 2017\\|title\\=The Uzbek Imam Bukhari Jamaat also involved in recent clashes in Fua and Kafraya \\#Idlib with the CE in \\#Syria (also...}} There are separate wings in both Syria and Afghanistan of the Uzbek Imam Bukhari Jamaat.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/uzbek\\-jihadist\\-group\\-claims\\-ambush\\-in\\-northern\\-afghanistan.php \\|title\\=Uzbek jihadist group claims ambush in northern Afghanistan \\|last\\=Weiss \\|first\\=Caleb \\|date\\=9 February 2017 \\|website\\=Long War Journal \\|publisher\\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2017}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=LongWarJournal\\|author\\=Long War Journal\\|number\\=829823660936540163\\|date\\=9 February 2017\\|title\\=Uzbek jihadist group claims ambush in northern Afghanistan \\-}}",
"Katibat Sayfulla is part of Jabhat al\\-Nusra.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=639007939735519232\\|date\\=2 September 2015\\|title\\=Katibat Sayfulla (Uzbek led faction in Nusra) in operation against Western\\-backed Harakat al\\-Hazm (old pic obvs)}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\\-state\\-al\\-nusra\\-front\\-crowdfunding/27272117\\.html\\|title\\=Al\\-Qaeda's Affiliate In Syria Tries Crowdfunding\\|work\\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\\|date\\=29 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015 \\|last1\\=Paraszczuk \\|first1\\=Joanna }} It participated in the [Siege of Abu al\\-Duhur Airbase](/wiki/Siege_of_Abu_al-Duhur_Airbase \"Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\\=24130\\|title\\=Uzbek\\-Led Katiba Sayfullah (Nusra) Involved In Abu Duhour Air Base Assault\\|work\\=From Chechnya To Syria\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=645235946883932160\\|date\\=19 September 2015\\|title\\=\\#Uzbek\\-Led Katiba Sayfullah (\\#Nusra) Involved In Abu Duhour Air Base Assault}}",
"Uzbek fighters in ISIL have participated in suicide bombings.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2015/Mar\\-12/290493\\-isis\\-says\\-australian\\-teen\\-behind\\-iraq\\-suicide\\-bombing.ashx\\|title\\=ISIS says Australian teen behind Iraq suicide bombing\\|work\\=The Daily Star Newspaper \\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}} Uzbeks make up ISIL's Katibat Al\\-Ghurabaa.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=MosulEye\\|author\\=Mosul Eye عين الموصل\\|number\\=829782286895824896\\|date\\=9 February 2017\\|title\\=A document of the battalion known as \"Katibat Al\\-Ghurabaa\" (the Foreigners battalion) of ISIL, consists of Ozbeck f...}}",
"ISIL has recruited hundreds of Tajiks from [Tajikistan](/wiki/Tajikistan \"Tajikistan\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/russia\\-tajik\\-in\\-limbo\\-after\\-tricked\\-syria\\-islamic\\-state/27445161\\.html\\|title\\=After Fleeing IS Recruiters, A Precarious Limbo In Moscow\\|newspaper\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|date\\=23 December 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016 \\|last1\\=Balmforth \\|first1\\=Tom }}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/tajikistan\\-double\\-estimate\\-of\\-islamic\\-state\\-members/27509293\\.html\\|title\\=Authorities Say Up To 1,000 Tajiks Joined IS In Syria, Iraq\\|newspaper\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|date\\=25 January 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.tj/en/news/how\\-many\\-tajik\\-jihadists\\-fighting\\-isil\\-syria\\-and\\-iraq\\|title\\=How many Tajik jihadists fighting for ISIL in Syria and Iraq? \\- ASIA\\-Plus\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.iraqinews.com/arab\\-world\\-news/tajik\\-prosecutor\\-reveals\\-death\\-100\\-tajik\\-fighters\\-ranks\\-isis/\\|title\\=Tajik Prosecutor reveals the death of 100 Tajik fighters in the ranks of ISIS \\- Iraqi News\\|first\\=Abdelhak\\|last\\=Mamoun\\|date\\=3 August 2015\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.islamicinvitationturkey.com/2015/11/24/over\\-300\\-tajik\\-isil\\-members\\-killed\\-in\\-syria\\-iraq/\\|title\\=Over 300 Tajik ISIL Members Killed in Syria, Iraq \\- Islamic Invitation Turkey\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006085058/http://www.islamicinvitationturkey.com/2015/11/24/over\\-300\\-tajik\\-isil\\-members\\-killed\\-in\\-syria\\-iraq/\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.avesta.tj/eng/5854\\-over\\-100\\-tajik\\-citizens\\-killed\\-in\\-syria\\-iraq.html \\|title\\=Over 100 Tajik citizens killed in Syria, Iraq » Avesta.Tj \\- information agency \\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617173025/http://www.avesta.tj/eng/5854\\-over\\-100\\-tajik\\-citizens\\-killed\\-in\\-syria\\-iraq.html \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2015/01/20/the\\-clear\\-banner\\-tajik\\-fighters\\-in\\-iraq\\-and\\-syria/\\|title\\=The Clear Banner: Tajik Fighters in Iraq and Syria\\|first\\=Aaron Y.\\|last\\=Zelin\\|date\\=20 January 2015\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/01/18/about\\-200\\-tajik\\-citizens\\-fighting\\-in\\-syria\\-iraq/\\|title \\= 'About 200 Tajik citizens fighting in Syria, Iraq' • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights\\|date \\= 18 January 2015}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923053534/http://ww1\\.el\\-akhbar.com/en/Over\\-Tajik\\-ISIL\\-Members\\-Killed\\-31906/](https://web.archive.org/web/20200923053534/http://ww1.el-akhbar.com/en/Over-Tajik-ISIL-Members-Killed-31906/) {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tajikistannews.net/index.php/sid/238855515\\|title\\=Over 300 Tajik ISIL Members Killed in Syria, Iraq\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006082615/http://www.tajikistannews.net/index.php/sid/238855515\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.islam14\\.com/english/?p\\=14587\\|title\\=Over 100 Tajik citizens killed in Syria, Iraq: Chief prosecutor \\- islam 14 english\\|date\\=1 August 2015\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919134955/http://www.islam14\\.com/english/?p\\=14587\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/content/rferl\\-why\\-did\\-a\\-tajik\\-student\\-and\\-mixed\\-martial\\-arts\\-champ\\-die\\-for\\-is\\-in\\-iraq/2656421\\.html\\|title\\=Why Did Tajik Student, MMA Champ Die for IS in Iraq?\\|date\\=24 February 2015 \\|publisher\\=Voice of America\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016}}",
"Once the Central Asians died in battle, their wives were given to other fighters.{{cite news \\|last\\=Botobekov \\|first\\=Uran \\|date\\=10 January 2017 \\|title\\=The Central Asian Women on the Frontline of Jihad \\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/the\\-central\\-asian\\-women\\-on\\-the\\-frontline\\-of\\-jihad/ \\|newspaper\\=The Diplomat}}",
"70 Uzbeks died in Idlib after a Turkistan Islamic Party site was hit by a missile.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=carolmalouf\\|author\\=Carol Malouf Khattab\\|number\\=829062965353648128\\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|title\\=A cruise missile targeted \\#Turkistan Islamic Party in \\#Idlib city killing more than 70 \\#Uzbeks most of them women \\& children}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=carolmalouf\\|author\\=Carol Malouf Khattab\\|number\\=829061605581283328\\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|title\\=قصف صواريخ من البحر على \\#ادلب المدينة استهدفت الحزب الاسلامي التركستاني سقط خلالها ٧٠ قتيل من الجنسية الأوزبكية أكثريتهم من النساء والأطفال}}",
"A bombing by the Russians{{cite tweet\\|user\\=TahrirSy\\|author\\=TahrirSy تحرير سوري\\|number\\=828968695594618880\\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|title\\=\\#Syria \\#TahrirSouri Uzbek Jihadi AbuRofiq the commander of Malhama tactical\"tactical consulting company\"killed in R...}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=TahrirSy\\|author\\=TahrirSy تحرير سوري\\|number\\=828981155819028480\\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|title\\=\\#سوريا \\#تحرير\\_سوري مقتل ابو رفيق قائد ما يسمى ب\"ملحمة للاستشارات القتالية\"في قصف الطيران الروسي على ادلب الليلة الم...}} killed \"Malhama tactical\" leader Abu Rofiq.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=aldin\\_ww\\|author\\=Aldin 🇧🇦\\|number\\=828969192716115970\\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|title\\=Reports that Uzbek Jihadi Abu Rofiq, the commander of \"Malhama tactical\" consulting company is killed in \\#RuAF airs...}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=828950797555752960\\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|title\\=Reports that Abu Rofik has been killed in air strike. I've tracked him pretty much since he appeared in Syria.}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=NeilPHauer\\|author\\=Neil Hauer\\|number\\=828981158121705472\\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|title\\=Confirmed: Malhama Tactical leader Abu Rofik has been killed in an airstrike}} He claimed to be unaffiliated.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=828980085046800384\\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|title\\=.@joshua\\_landis he's never sworn bayah to Nusra etc \\& always maintained independence}} He was called Abu Rofik Abdul Mukaddim Tatarstani.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joshua\\_landis\\|author\\=Joshua Landis\\|number\\=828957806371942400\\|date\\=7 February 2017\\|title\\=Abu Rofik (or Rafik) Abdul Mukaddim Tatarstani \\- Russian speaking al\\-Qaida operative in Syiria Killed in airstrike}} He operated in Syria.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/RaoKomar747/status/805812625670021120 \\|title\\=This is Abu Rofiq, an Uzbek/Russian jihadist in Syria. He claims he served in Russias elite Airborne Troops (VDV). He leads Malhama Tactical \\|last\\=Kumar \\|first\\=Rao \\|date\\=5 December 2016 \\|publisher\\=Twitter \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20161207164228/https://twitter.com/RaoKomar747/status/805812625670021120 \\|archive\\-date\\= 7 December 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2017}} The Turkistan Islamic Party has operated with Malhama Tactical.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/RaoKomar747/status/805818357069074432 \\|title\\=Turkistan Islamic Party has operated with Malhama Tactical \\|last\\=Kumar \\|first\\=Rao \\|date\\=5 December 2016 \\|publisher\\=Twitter}} {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2017 \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}}{{better source needed\\|Twitter and blogs\\|date\\=November 2018}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Komar\\|first1\\=Rao \\|last2\\=Borys\\|first2\\=Christian \\|last3\\=Woods\\|first3\\=Eric \\|date\\=10 February 2017 \\|title\\=The Blackwater of Jihad \\|url\\=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/10/the\\-world\\-first\\-jihadi\\-private\\-military\\-contractor\\-syria\\-russia\\-malhama\\-tactical/ \\|newspaper\\=Foreign Policy}} The Turkistan Islamic Party, Ajnad Kavkaz and Nusra received instruction under Malhama tactical.{{cite news \\|last\\=Antonopoulos \\|first\\=Paul \\|date\\=7 February 2017 \\|title\\=Prominent Uzbek commander taken out by Russian airstrike in Idlib \\|url\\=https://mobile.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent\\-uzbek\\-commander\\-taken\\-russian\\-airstrike\\-idlib/ \\|newspaper\\=Al\\-Masdar News \\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 April 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421161126/https://mobile.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent\\-uzbek\\-commander\\-taken\\-russian\\-airstrike\\-idlib/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{better source needed\\|Bad source for rebel/aQ details\\|date\\=November 2018}}",
"Former countries which were part of the Soviet Union were sending large numbers of fighters to Syria according to Putin.{{cite news \\|date\\=23 February 2017 \\|title\\=Встреча с военнослужащими Северного флота \\|url\\=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53940 \\|newspaper\\=Президент России \\|location\\=Москва, Кремль }} However, data regarding the flow of foreign fighters from Central Asian states remains patchy, with some researchers cautioning against inaccurate reporting, commentary by lobby groups, and think tank reports which are not based on triangulated data.",
"#### Southeast Asia",
"[Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") and [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") are the main source of foreign fighters from [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\") with an estimated of 500 Indonesians and 200 Malaysians have travelling to Syria to fight for the [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Iraq_and_the_Levant \"Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/what\\-you\\-think/article/why\\-malaysia\\-has\\-a\\-problem\\-with\\-islamic\\-state\\-julien\\-gradot \\|title\\=Why Malaysia has a problem with Islamic State \\|first\\=Julien \\|last\\=Gradot \\|newspaper\\=The Malay Mail \\|date\\=21 October 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2015}} It is also suspected that more than 200 Filipinos,{{by whom\\|date\\=February 2016}} mostly the members of [Abu Sayyaf](/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf \"Abu Sayyaf\") (ASG) and [Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters](/wiki/Bangsamoro_Islamic_Freedom_Fighters \"Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters\") (BIFF) are training and fighting in Iraq and Syria under Islamic State.",
"In March 2019, the Malaysian Government has announced that it would allow Malaysian foreign fighters to return provided that they comply with checks and enforcement and complete a one\\-month government\\-run rehabilitation programme. This rehabilitation program involves returnees being examined by psychologists and clerics. Ayob Khan Mydin Pitchay, the counter\\-terrorism head of the [Malaysian Special Branch](/wiki/Malaysian_Special_Branch \"Malaysian Special Branch\"), has confirmed that 11 Malaysians have returned including eight men, a woman, and two young children. The men were charged in court and convicted while the woman attended a rehabilitation programme. According to Ayob, 51 Malaysians remain in Syria including 17 children.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Chew \\|first1\\=Amy \\|title\\=Malaysia offers citizens conditional return as ISIL crumbles \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/malaysia\\-offers\\-citizens\\-conditional\\-return\\-isil\\-crumbles\\-190312012544910\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2019 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera English\\|Al Jazeera]] \\|date\\=12 March 2019}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Chew \\|first1\\=Amy \\|title\\=As 20 Malaysians remain in Syria's crumbling Islamic State caliphate, others are seeking to return home \\|url\\=https://www.scmp.com/week\\-asia/people/article/3001734/malaysian\\-mother\\-who\\-went\\-syria\\-join\\-islamic\\-state\\-now\\-wants\\-come \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2019 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[South China Morning Post]] \\|date\\=15 March 2019}}",
"### Georgia",
"According to Georgia's State Security Service, around 50 Georgian citizens, principally from the [Kist](/wiki/Kist_people \"Kist people\") ([Chechen](/wiki/Chechens \"Chechens\"))\\-populated [Pankisi Gorge](/wiki/Pankisi_Gorge \"Pankisi Gorge\"), had joined the Islamist groups in Syria and Iraq as of June 2016\\. By June 2017, at least 25 citizens of Georgia have died in these conflicts.{{cite news\\|title\\=Georgian from Pankisi Gorge Killed in Syria\\|url\\=http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id\\=30162\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2017\\|work\\=Civil Georgia\\|date\\=6 June 2017}} A veteran of the [2008 Russo\\-Georgian War](/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War \"Russo-Georgian War\") and a former sergeant in the [Georgian](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 \"Georgia (country)\") Army, [Abu Omar al\\-Shishani](/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Shishani \"Abu Omar al-Shishani\"), served as a commander for the Islamic State in Syria.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic\\-state\\-why\\-kadyrov\\-claims\\-shishani\\-killed/26692100\\.html\\|publisher\\=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\\|title\\= The Chechen Leader With A Grudge And The IS Commander With Nine Lives \\|date\\=14 November 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\\=25084\\|title\\=Umar Shishani's Man Who Fought At Menagh, Then Was Killed In Dagestan\\|date\\=28 April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=725704607255552000\\|date\\=28 April 2016\\|title\\=Umar Shishani's Man Who Fought At Menagh, Then Was Killed In Dagestan}} Another one is [Muslim Shishani](/wiki/Muslim_Abu_Walid_al_Shishani \"Muslim Abu Walid al Shishani\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\\=25074\\|title\\=More About Muslim Shishani's Early Years As a Militant In Ingushetia (With Pics!)\\|date\\=19 April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=joaska\\_\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszczuk\\|number\\=722366109593133056\\|date\\=19 April 2016\\|title\\=More About Muslim Shishani's Early Years As a Militant In Ingushetia (With Pics!)}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\\=21316\\|title\\=Syria: Who is Muslim Abu Walid Shishani? Part One\\|date\\=26 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016}}",
"### China",
"#### Jihadist foreign fighters",
"{{Main\\|Turkistan Islamic Party}}\n[thumb\\|Flag of Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria](/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg \"Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.svg\")\nThe [Uyghur](/wiki/Uyghurs \"Uyghurs\") militant group [Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria](/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria \"Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria\") (TIP) sent a large number of its fighters, operating in a unit called the \"Turkistan Brigade\" (Katibat Turkistani), to take part in the [Syrian Civil War](/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War \"Syrian Civil War\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist\\-News/tip\\-division\\-in\\-syria\\-releases\\-video\\-promoting\\-cause\\-inciting\\-for\\-jihad.html\\|title\\=TIP Division in Syria Releases Video Promoting Cause, Inciting for Jihad\\|publisher\\=SITE Institute\\|date\\=6 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/Tuba4Ilan1\\|title\\=Tuba 4 Ilan 1\\|work\\=Internet Archive\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|date\\=18 August 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/Raziman\\|title\\=Raziman\\|work\\=Internet Archive\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|date\\=23 September 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/mensure\\|title\\=mensure\\|work\\=Internet Archive\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015\\|date\\=31 August 2015}} They have taken part in numerous battles in Syria, including the [2015 Jisr al\\-Shughur offensive](/wiki/2015_Jisr_al-Shughur_offensive \"2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive\").{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=JEnv694zinM\\|title\\=A short video showing the opening of yesterdays ongoing battle in Jisr ash\\-Shugur\\|date\\=22 April 2015\\|work\\=YouTube\\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2015}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Weiss\\|first\\=Caleb\\|title\\=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria involved in new Idlib offensive\\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/turkistan\\-islamic\\-party\\-in\\-syria\\-involved\\-in\\-new\\-idlib\\-offensive.php\\|work\\=Long War Journal\\|date\\=23 April 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Turkistan Islamic Party had significant role in recent Idlib offensive\\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/turkistan\\-islamic\\-party\\-had\\-significant\\-role\\-recent\\-idlib\\-offensive.php\\|website\\=Long War Journal\\|date\\=30 April 2015\\|first\\=Caleb\\|last\\=Weiss}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=Conflicts\\|author\\=Conflict News\\|number\\=594579201266585602\\|date\\=2 May 2015\\|title\\=Footage of Uighurs fighting in \\#Syria @ \\#Jisr\\_Shughour. \\#China likely not a fan of this.}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thelineofsteel.weebly.com/analysis/turkistan\\-islamic\\-party\\-in\\-syria\\-fighting\\-alongside\\-junud\\-al\\-sham\\-in\\-idlib\\|title\\=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria fighting alongside Junud al Sham in Idlib\\|work\\=The Line of Steel\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}} The leader of TIP (ETIM) in Syria was Abu Rida al\\-Turkestani.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\\-analysis/view/26142 \\|title\\=Syria: The Epicenter of Future Jihad \\|last1\\=Zelin \\|first1\\=Aaron Y. \\|date\\=30 June 2014 \\|website\\=The Washington Institute \\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206144007/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\\-analysis/view/26142 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/ar/policy\\-analysis/view/syria\\-the\\-epicenter\\-of\\-future\\-jihad \\|title\\=سوريا، مركز الجهاد المستقبلي \\|last1\\=زيلين \\|first1\\=هارون ي. \\|date\\=30 June 2014 \\|website\\=معهد واشنطن \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627003510/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/ar/policy\\-analysis/view/syria\\-the\\-epicenter\\-of\\-future\\-jihad \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://foreignfighters.weebly.com/archive/category/turkestan\\-islamic\\-party \\|title\\=Turkestan Islamic Party \\|date\\=14 April 2015 \\|website\\=Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022161851/http://foreignfighters.weebly.com/archive/category/turkestan\\-islamic\\-party \\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2015 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thelineofsteel.weebly.com/news/turkestan\\-islamic\\-party\\-in\\-syria\\|title\\=Turkestan Islamic Party in Syria\\|work\\=The Line of Steel\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}",
"The Turkistan Islamic Party is allied to Al\\-Qaeda.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://jamestown.org/program/china\\-saudi\\-arabia\\-solidify\\-strategic\\-partnership\\-amid\\-looming\\-risks/ \\|title\\=China and Saudi Arabia Solidify Strategic Partnership Amid Looming Risks \\|last\\=Zambelis \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=2 March 2017 \\|newspaper\\=Jamestown \\|publisher\\=The Jamestown Foundation }} [Jabhat Fatah al\\-Sham](/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham \"Jabhat Fatah al-Sham\") included [Abu Omar al\\-Turkistani](/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Turkistani \"Abu Omar al-Turkistani\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/01/pentagon\\-airstrikes\\-kill\\-20\\-al\\-qaeda\\-fighters\\-in\\-northern\\-syria.php \\|title\\=Pentagon: Airstrikes kill 20 or more al Qaeda fighters in northern Syria \\|last\\=Joscelyn \\|first\\=Thomas \\|date\\=5 January 2017 \\|website\\=Long War Journal \\|publisher\\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/01/us\\-kills\\-more\\-than\\-100\\-al\\-qaeda\\-operatives\\-in\\-strike\\-on\\-syrian\\-training\\-camp.php \\|title\\=US kills more than 100 al Qaeda operatives in strike on Syrian training camp \\|last\\=Roggio \\|first\\=Bill \\|date\\=20 January 2017 \\|website\\=Long War Journal \\|publisher\\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}} The death of Abu Omar al\\-Turkistani happened on 19 January 2017\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Botobekov \\|first\\=Uran \\|title\\=What's Are China's Stakes in Syria?\\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/whats\\-are\\-chinas\\-stakes\\-in\\-syria/\\|work\\=The Diplomat\\|date\\=27 January 2017}} The death of Al\\-Turkistani was confirmed by JFS.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist\\-News/jfs\\-condemns\\-american\\-airstrike\\-on\\-training\\-camp\\-in\\-aleppo\\-declares\\-u\\-s\\-chose\\-assad\\-regime\\-over\\-syrian\\-people.html \\|title\\= JFS Condemns American Airstrike on Training Camp in Aleppo, Declares U.S. Chose Assad Regime Over Syrian People \\|date\\=20 January 2017 \\|publisher\\=SITE Intelligence Group}} Iran and Russia were attacked by the Turkistan Islamic Party.{{cite news\\|last\\=Botobekov \\|first\\=Uran \\|title\\=China's Nightmare: Xinjiang Jihadists Go Global\\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/chinas\\-nightmare\\-xinjiang\\-jihadists\\-go\\-global/\\|work\\=The Diplomat\\|date\\=17 August 2016}} Jabal al\\-Zawiya, Ariha, and Jisr al\\-shoghur are locations in Idlib where there are many Uighur Turkistan Islamic Party members.{{cite news \\|last\\=Ali\\|first\\=Mohanad Hage\\|date\\=12 March 2016 \\|title\\=China's proxy war in Syria: Revealing the role of Uighur fighters \\|url\\=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/2016/03/02/China\\-s\\-proxy\\-war\\-in\\-Syria\\-Revealing\\-the\\-role\\-of\\-Uighur\\-fighters\\-.html \\|publisher\\=Al Arabiya English}} Fahd Jasim al\\-Furayj, a Lieutenant General, Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Syria had discussions with Guan Youfei, a Rear Admiral {{cite news \\|last\\=Liu\\|first\\=Zhen\\|date\\=16 August 2016 \\|title\\=Chinese military to provide 'aid and training assistance' to Syrian government \\|url\\=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy\\-defence/article/2004676/chinese\\-military\\-provide\\-aid\\-and\\-training\\-assistance \\|newspaper\\=South China Morning Post}}",
"The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant released a video featuring an 80\\-year\\-old Uyghur man who came to join ISIL in Syria along with his grandchildren, wife, and daughter after he was inspired by his son who died in combat in Syria.{{cite news\\|title\\=80\\-year\\-old Chinese man joins Islamic State\\|url\\=http://www.therakyatpost.com/world/2015/06/04/80\\-year\\-old\\-chinese\\-man\\-joins\\-islamic\\-state/\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2015\\|agency\\=The Rakyat Post\\|date\\=4 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605040630/http://www.therakyatpost.com/world/2015/06/04/80\\-year\\-old\\-chinese\\-man\\-joins\\-islamic\\-state/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Setiawan\\|first1\\=Teguh\\|title\\=Muhammad Amin, Serdadu ISIS Tertua asal Tiongkok\\|url\\=http://m.inilah.com/news/detail/2210582/muhammad\\-amin\\-serdadu\\-isis\\-tertua\\-asal\\-tiongkok\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2015\\|agency\\=INILAHCOM\\|date\\=3 June 2015}}{{cite news \\|author1\\=Muhaimin \\|title\\=Usia 80 Tahun, Inilah Militan ISIS Tertua asal China \\|url\\=http://international.sindonews.com/read/1008724/43/usia\\-80\\-tahun\\-inilah\\-militan\\-isis\\-tertua\\-asal\\-china\\-1433393428 \\|agency\\=SINDONEWS.com\\|date\\=4 June 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2017}}{{cite news\\|title\\=\\[VIDEO] \\- Usia Sudah 80 Tahun, Kakek Asal Cina Ini Bergabung dengan ISIS\\|url\\=http://jabar.tribunnews.com/2015/06/04/video\\-usia\\-sudah\\-80\\-tahun\\-kakek\\-asal\\-cina\\-ini\\-bergabung\\-dengan\\-isis\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2015\\|publisher\\=TRIBUNJABAR.CO.ID\\|date\\=4 January 2015}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Crowcroft\\|first1\\=Orlando\\|title\\=The oldest Isis jihadi: 80\\-year\\-old Chinese grandfather fights for Islamic State in Syria\\|url\\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oldest\\-isis\\-jihadi\\-80\\-year\\-old\\-chinese\\-grandfather\\-fights\\-islamic\\-state\\-syria\\-1504293\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2015\\|agency\\=International Business Times\\|date\\=3 June 2015 }} Footage also emerged online of a Chinese rebel fighter in Syria, ne Bo Wang, a Muslim convert who calls himself Youssef. He appeared in a video in the northern Syrian countryside, in which he condemned the Syrian government for \"butchering every Muslim here in cold blood, including children and women\" and stating that \"people have no freedom, no democracy, no security and no respect here, not at all.\" He also spoke of [historical Chinese ties to Syria](/wiki/China%E2%80%93Syria_relations \"China–Syria relations\"), claiming that the Chinese government had destroyed the \"traditional friendship between the Chinese and Arab people\" because they \"sell weapons and provide financial assistance to the Assad government.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/world/asia/an\\-unlikely\\-chinese\\-warrior\\-in\\-the\\-battle\\-for\\-syria.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|first\\=Edward \\|last\\=Wong \\|title\\=An Unlikely Warrior in the Battle for Syria \\|date\\=29 March 2013}}",
"[Eric Draitser](/wiki/Eric_Draitser \"Eric Draitser\") accused Turkish intelligence and the government of Turkey of helping transport Uighur jihadists.{{cite news \\|date\\=11 February 2015 \\|title\\=Çin'de tanıdık bir şebeke: Türkiye, Uygurları cihada nasıl yolluyor? \\|url\\=http://haber.sol.org.tr/dunya/cinde\\-tanidik\\-bir\\-sebeke\\-turkiye\\-uygurlari\\-cihada\\-nasil\\-yolluyor\\-107478 \\|newspaper\\=Sol Haber}} Uighurs have been allowed to transit to Turkey.{{cite news \\|last\\=Tremblay \\|first\\=Pinar \\|date\\=6 January 2017 \\|title\\=Nightclub attack brings Turkey's IS battle to domestic soil \\|url\\=http://www.al\\-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/01/turkey\\-transformed\\-barrier\\-against\\-isis\\-battleground.html}} A Uighur language version of al\\-Bayan was published by ISIS.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist\\-News/is\\-begins\\-releasing\\-al\\-bayan\\-news\\-bulletins\\-in\\-uyghur.html \\|title\\=IS Begins Releasing al\\-Bayan News Bulletins in Uyghur \\|date\\=25 February 2016 \\|publisher\\=SITE Intelligence Group}}",
"After Jabal al\\-Arba'een was subjected to [bombardment by the coalition](/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Syria \"American-led intervention in Syria\"), [foreign fighters](/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War%23Druze \"Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War#Druze\") fled to [Jabal al\\-Summaq](/wiki/Jabal_al-Sumaq \"Jabal al-Sumaq\"). Homes of the [Druze](/wiki/Druze \"Druze\") religious minority of Jabal al\\-Summaq's Kuku village were forcibly stolen and attacked by [Turkistan Islamic Party](/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party \"Turkistan Islamic Party\") [Uyghurs](/wiki/Uyghurs \"Uyghurs\") and [Uzbeks](/wiki/Uzbeks \"Uzbeks\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2015/10/additional\\-notes\\-on\\-the\\-druze\\-of\\-jabal\\-al\\-summaq \\|title\\=Additional Notes on the Druze of Jabal al\\-Summaq \\|last\\=Al\\-Tamimi \\|first\\=Aymenn Jawad \\|date\\=6 October 2015 \\|website\\=Aymenn Jawad Al\\-Tamimi}} Update (24 January 2017\\)",
"Around Ariha, Russian plane bombs on 12 January 2017 killed the family of a [Turkistan Islamic Party](/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party \"Turkistan Islamic Party\") Uyghur leader and the leader himself.{{cite news \\|last\\=المحمود \\|first\\=زيد \\|date\\=13 January 2017 \\|title\\=مقتل قياديٍ في الحزب الإسلامي التركستانيٍ جراء غاراتٍ روسيةٍ بإدلب \\|url\\=http://www.all4syria.info/Archive/379078 \\|newspaper\\=كلنا شركاء في الوطن }}{{cite news \\|last\\=المحمود \\|first\\=زيد \\|date\\=13 January 2017 \\|title\\=مقتل قياديٍ في الحزب الإسلامي التركستانيٍ جراء غاراتٍ روسيةٍ بإدلب \\|url\\=https://microsyria.com/2017/01/13/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84\\-%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8D\\-%D9%81%D9%8A\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113222919/https://microsyria.com/2017/01/13/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84\\-%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8D\\-%D9%81%D9%8A\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=13 January 2017 \\|newspaper\\=MICRO SYRIA}} Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı said that Russians bombed the family of Uyghur fighters in Idlib and the TIP retaliated by firing rockets against Iranian militias.{{cite news \\|title\\=Türkistan İslam Cemaati Grand Füzeleriyle İran Milislerini Vuruyor\\-VİDEO HABER \\|url\\=http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2017/01/16/turkistan\\-islam\\-cemaati\\-grand\\-fuzeleriyle\\-iran\\-milislerini\\-vuruyor/ \\|newspaper\\=Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405070504/http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2017/01/16/turkistan\\-islam\\-cemaati\\-grand\\-fuzeleriyle\\-iran\\-milislerini\\-vuruyor/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Chechen groups, Katibat Tawhid wal Jihad (Uzbek), Imam Bukhari Jamaat (Uzbek), and Turkistan Islamic Party (Uighur) work with Nusra in Syria's northwestern area.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://asiatimes.com/2015/10/a\\-buffer\\-zone\\-for\\-erdogans\\-turkic\\-settlements\\-in\\-syria/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219143035/https://asiatimes.com/2015/10/a\\-buffer\\-zone\\-for\\-erdogans\\-turkic\\-settlements\\-in\\-syria/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-date\\=19 February 2020 \\|title\\= A buffer zone for Erdogan's Turkic settlements in Syria? \\|last\\=Lin \\|first\\=Christina \\|date\\=11 October 2015 \\|newspaper\\=Asia Times}}",
"Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members participated in the [Battle of Aleppo](/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_%282012%E2%80%9316%29%232016:Supply_lines_cut.2C_surrender_and_evacuation \"Supply lines cut.2C surrender and evacuation\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2016/10/17/new\\-video\\-message\\-from\\-%e1%b8%a5izb\\-al\\-islami\\-al\\-turkistani\\-in\\-bilad\\-al\\-sham\\-breaking\\-the\\-siege/ \\|title\\=New video message from Ḥizb al\\-Islāmī al\\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\\-Shām: \"Breaking the Siege\"\\|date\\=17 October 2016 \\|website\\=Jihadology}}",
"Children of militant Uighurs in the Turkistan Islamic Party have accompanied them.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.memri.org/jttm/turkestan\\-islamic\\-party\\-tip\\-publishes\\-photos\\-uighur\\-fighters\\-and\\-children\\-syria \\|title\\=Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP) Publishes Photos Of Uighur Fighters And Children In Syria \\|date\\=22 February 2017 \\|publisher\\=MEMRI}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.memri.org/reports/jihad\\-and\\-terrorism\\-threat\\-monitor\\-jttm\\-weekend\\-summary\\-236 \\|title\\=Jihad and Terrorism Threat Monitor (JTTM) Weekend Summary \\|date\\=24 February 2017 \\|number\\=Special Announcements No.523 \\|publisher\\=MEMRI}} A Frenchman died while serving in TIP ranks.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.memri.org/jttm/turkestan\\-islamic\\-party\\-tip\\-confirms\\-death\\-second\\-french\\-fighter \\|title\\=Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP) Confirms Death Of Second French Fighter \\|date\\=22 February 2017 \\|publisher\\=MEMRI}}",
"A Uighur language [nasheed](/wiki/Nasheed \"Nasheed\") was released by ISIS.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=VPAFernandez\\|author\\=Alberto Fernandez\\|number\\=836258979835703297\\|date\\=27 February 2017\\|title\\=New ISIS video even has ISIS signature nasheed sung in Uighur.}} Uighurs appeared in the film.{{cite news \\|last\\=Grace \\|first\\=Carrie \\|date\\=2 March 2017 \\|title\\='All\\-out offensive' in Xinjiang risks worsening grievances \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-asia\\-china\\-39137420}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Hornby \\|first\\=Lucy \\|date\\=2 March 2017 \\|title\\= Isis Uighurs threaten 'rivers of blood' in China \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/ddeb5872\\-ff1f\\-11e6\\-96f8\\-3700c5664d30 \\|work\\=Financial Times}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=ftchina\\|author\\=FT China\\|number\\=837257058995089409\\|date\\=2 March 2017\\|title\\=Isis Uighurs threaten 'rivers of blood' in China}} Uighur children appeared in an ISIS video.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=VPAFernandez\\|author\\=Alberto Fernandez\\|number\\=836260733289656322\\|date\\=27 February 2017\\|title\\=Video also shows military drills and ideological training of young Uighur boys, including explaining, reciting Sura...}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist\\-News/is\\-video\\-highlights\\-uyghur\\-fighters\\-and\\-children\\-training\\-camps\\-in\\-western\\-iraq.html \\|title\\=IS Video Highlights Uyghur Fighters and Children, Training Camps in Western Iraq \\|date\\=27 February 2017 \\|publisher\\=SITE Intelligence Group}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=RomainCaillet\\|author\\=Romain Caillet\\|number\\=836279148016459778\\|date\\=27 February 2017\\|title\\=Nouvelle vidéo de l'\\#EI consacrée à ses jihadistes ouïgours, des musulmans chinois turcophones.}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=Terror\\_Monitor\\|author\\=Terrormonitor.org\\|number\\=837137672418160640\\|date\\=2 March 2017\\|title\\=\\#IRAQ \\#IslamicState Threatens \\#China Of Upcoming Attacks, Featuring \\#Uighur Child Soldiers \\& Training Camps In New...}} The ISIS Uighur members attacked the \"moderate Syrian rebel\" members who were allied to the Turkistan Islamic Party.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=RomainCaillet\\|author\\=Romain Caillet\\|number\\=836292167098327040\\|date\\=27 February 2017\\|title\\=Point important : un intervenant excommunie le Parti Islamique du Turkistan en Syrie, pour ses alliances avec les \"...}} The Turkistan Islamic Party, linked to Al\\-Qaeda, was criticized by the ISIL video.{{cite news \\|date\\= 1 March 2017 \\|title\\=ISIL video threatens China with 'rivers of bloodshed' \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/isil\\-video\\-threatens\\-china\\-rivers\\-bloodshed\\-170301103927503\\.html \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera}}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://jihadology.net/2017/02/27/new\\-video\\-message\\-from\\-the\\-islamic\\-state\\-it\\-is\\-those\\-who\\-are\\-the\\-truthful\\-coverage\\-of\\-the\\-life\\-of\\-emigrants\\-from\\-eastern\\-turkistan\\-in\\-the\\-land\\-of\\-the\\-caliphate\\-wilayat\\-al\\-furat/ \\|title\\=New video message from The Islamic State: \"It Is Those Who Are The Truthful: Coverage of the Life of Emigrants From Eastern Turkistān In the Land of the Caliphate – Wilāyat al\\-Furāt\" \\|date\\=27 February 2017 \\|website\\=Jihadology}} Children with weapons appeared in the video.{{cite news \\|last\\=Gramer \\|first\\=Robbie \\|date\\=1 March 2017 \\|title\\=The Islamic State Pledged to Attack China Next. Here's Why. \\|url\\=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/01/the\\-islamic\\-state\\-pledged\\-to\\-attack\\-china\\-next\\-heres\\-why/ \\|newspaper\\=Foreign Policy}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Gramer \\|first\\=Robbie \\|date\\=1 March 2017 \\|title\\=ISIS just pledged to attack China — here's why \\|url\\=http://www.businessinsider.com/isis\\-pledges\\-attack\\-on\\-china\\-heres\\-why\\-2017\\-3 \\|newspaper\\=Business Insider}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Gramer \\|first\\=Robbie \\|date\\=1 March 2017 \\|title\\=Bloody Islamic State video puts China in cross hairs \\|url\\=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies\\-politics/article/2075183/bloody\\-islamic\\-state\\-video\\-puts\\-china\\-cross\\-hairs\\| newspaper\\=South China Morning Post}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Multimedia/is\\-video\\-highlights\\-uyghur\\-fighters\\-and\\-children\\-training\\-camps\\-in\\-western\\-iraq.html \\|title\\=IS Video Highlights Uyghur Fighters and Children, Training Camps in Western Iraq \\|date\\=27 February 2017 \\|publisher\\=SITE Intelligence Group}} Iraq was the location of the footage.{{cite news \\|date\\=1 March 2017 \\|title\\=ISIS Threatens China for First Time in Video Message \\|url\\=http://ifpnews.com/news/world/asia/2017/03/isis\\-threatens\\-china\\-for\\-first\\-time\\-in\\-video\\-message/ \\|newspaper\\=IFP News \\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308164150/http://ifpnews.com/news/world/asia/2017/03/isis\\-threatens\\-china\\-for\\-first\\-time\\-in\\-video\\-message/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Martina \\|first1\\=Michael \\|last2\\= Blanchard \\|first2\\=Ben \\|date\\=2 March 2017 \\|title\\=Uighur IS fighters vow blood will 'flow in rivers' in China \\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/news/uighur\\-fighters\\-vow\\-blood\\-flow\\-rivers\\-china\\-021316252\\.html?soc\\_src\\=mail\\&soc\\_trk\\=ma \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|location\\=Beijing}} The Islamic State's number of Uighur fighters is much smaller than that of the Turkistan Islamic Party's.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=Weissenberg7\\|author\\=Caleb Weiss\\|number\\=774721916187836416\\|date\\=10 September 2016\\|title\\=2\\. TIP is larger, by far, than any Uighur contingent in Islamic State. I have 134 killed TIP fighters in my data alone.}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=Weissenberg7\\|author\\=Caleb Weiss\\|number\\=818501555368423425\\|date\\=9 January 2017\\|title\\=PT's: With this, it would seem possible that at least some of the Islamic State's Uighur contingent came from TIP in these provinces.}}",
"Katibat al\\-Imam Bukhari (Uzbek), Uighur Turkistan Islamic Party, and the Uzbek Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad are major Central Asian, Syria based factions.{{cite news\\|last\\=Botobekov \\|first\\=Uran \\|title\\=The Transformation of Central Asian Jihadists in Syria\\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/the\\-transformation\\-of\\-central\\-asian\\-jihadists\\-in\\-syria/\\|work\\=The Diplomat\\|date\\=21 February 2017}}",
"Uighur foreign fighters were urged to come to Syria by videos released by the Turkistan Islamic Party.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2017/02/06/new\\-video\\-nashid\\-from\\-%e1%b8%a5izb\\-al\\-islami\\-al\\-turkistani\\-in\\-bilad\\-al\\-sham\\-strive\\-hard\\-oh\\-mujahidin\\-of\\-turkistan/ \\|title\\=New video nashīd from Ḥizb al\\-Islāmī al\\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\\-Shām: \"Strive Hard Oh Mujāhidīn of Turkistān\" \\|date\\=6 February 2017 \\|website\\=Jihadology}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2017/02/27/new\\-video\\-message\\-from\\-%e1%b8%a5izb\\-al\\-islami\\-al\\-turkistani\\-in\\-bilad\\-al\\-sham\\-a\\-call\\-from\\-the\\-front\\-lines\\-of\\-jihad\\-29/\\|title\\=New video message from Ḥizb al\\-Islāmī al\\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\\-Shām: \"A Call From the Front Lines of Jihad \\#29\" \\|date\\=27 February 2017 \\|website\\=Jihadology}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2017/02/05/new\\-video\\-message\\-from\\-%e1%b8%a5izb\\-al\\-islami\\-al\\-turkistani\\-in\\-bilad\\-al\\-sham\\-a\\-call\\-from\\-the\\-front\\-lines\\-of\\-jihad\\-28/ \\|title\\=New video message from Ḥizb al\\-Islāmī al\\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\\-Shām: \"A Call From the Front Lines of Jihad \\#28\" \\|date\\=5 February 2017 \\|website\\=Jihadology}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2017/01/12/new\\-video\\-message\\-from\\-%e1%b8%a5izb\\-al\\-islami\\-al\\-turkistani\\-in\\-bilad\\-al\\-sham\\-a\\-call\\-from\\-the\\-front\\-lines\\-of\\-jihad\\-27/ \\|title\\=New video message from Ḥizb al\\-Islāmī al\\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\\-Shām: \"A Call From the Front Lines of Jihad \\#27\" \\|date\\=12 January 2017 \\|website\\=Jihadology}} Uyghur foreign fighters in Syria were addressed and advised by [Muhaysini](/wiki/Muhaysini \"Muhaysini\") in a video speech released by the Turkistan Islamic Party.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2017/01/15/new\\-video\\-message\\-from\\-%e1%b8%a5izb\\-al\\-islami\\-al\\-turkistani\\-in\\-bilad\\-al\\-sham\\-dr\\-abd\\-allah\\-bin\\-mu%e1%b8%a5ammad\\-al\\-mu%e1%b8%a5aysini\\-message\\-to\\-those\\-who\\-migrated\\-from\\-turkistan/ \\|title\\=New video message from Ḥizb al\\-Islāmī al\\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\\-Shām: \"Dr. 'Abd Allah bin Muḥammad al\\-Muḥaysinī: Message To Those Who Migrated From Turkistān\" \\|date\\=15 January 2017 \\|website\\=Jihadology}} Footage of Muhaysini and [Abdul Razzaq al\\-Mahdi](/wiki/Abdul_Razzaq_al-Mahdi \"Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi\") giving speeches were used alongside old footage of [Hasan Mahsum](/wiki/Hasan_Mahsum \"Hasan Mahsum\") in \"Blessed Are the Strangers \\#6\", a video released by the Syria based wing of the Turkistan Islamic Party.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2017/01/01/new\\-video\\-message\\-from\\-%e1%b8%a5izb\\-al\\-islami\\-al\\-turkistani\\-in\\-bilad\\-al\\-sham\\-blessed\\-are\\-the\\-strangers\\-6/ \\|title\\=New video message from Ḥizb al\\-Islāmī al\\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\\-Shām: \"Blessed Are the Strangers \\#6\" \\|date\\=1 January 2017 \\|website\\=Jihadology}} \"Lovers of Paradise \\#20\" by the Turkistan Islamic Party showed Uyghur fighters in Syria.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2016/12/27/new\\-video\\-message\\-from\\-%E1%B8%A5izb\\-al\\-islami\\-al\\-turkistani\\-in\\-bilad\\-al\\-sham\\-lovers\\-of\\-paradise\\-20/ \\|title\\=New video message from Ḥizb al\\-Islāmī al\\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\\-Shām: \"Lovers of Paradise \\#20\" \\|date\\=27 December 2016 \\|website\\=Jihadology}}",
"#### People's Protection Units volunteers",
"In 2015 was known that at least two men from China were fighting in Syria for the YPG. One of them calls himself Ba Si Pan{{cite news \\|last1\\=Ni \\|first1\\=Vincent \\|title\\=The Chinese man fighting Islamic State \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-asia\\-china\\-35036879 \\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2019 \\|date\\=8 December 2015}} and the other is a Chinese\\-British communist named Huang Lei born in [Sichuan Province](/wiki/Sichuan_Province \"Sichuan Province\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Chinese\\-Born Militia Member Sends Selfies from Syria Frontlines \\- All China Women's Federation \\|url\\=http://www.womenofchina.cn/xhtml/news/newsmakers/15061305\\-1\\.htm \\|website\\=womenofchina.cn \\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2019 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"### Russia",
"The Russian security agency [Federal Security Service](/wiki/Federal_Security_Service \"Federal Security Service\") in July 2013 estimated that about 200 Russian citizens were fighting for the Syrian opposition, while it expressed fears the fighters could carry out militant attacks upon returning.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/fsb\\-worried\\-about\\-russian\\-fighters\\-in\\-syria/480036\\.html\\#ixzz2XprNQs99 \\|title\\=FSB Worried About Russian Fighters in Syria \\|newspaper\\=The Moscow Times \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}} In December 2013, the Russian media estimate for Russian citizens fighting for the rebels was increased to 400\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mignews.com/news/society/world/051213\\_152234\\_59587\\.html \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Общество \\| Россия готовит спецназ к противостоянию боевикам из Сирии \\|language\\=ru \\|publisher\\=MIGnews \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921073653/https://mignews.com/news/society/world/051213\\_152234\\_59587\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Academic research has highlighted unprecedented levels of mobilisation by Russian\\-speaking volunteers, while also illustrating inherent ambiguities in official estimates.Mark Youngman and Cerwyn Moore (2017\\) *Russian\\-Speaking' Fighters in Syria, Iraq and at Home: Causes and Consequences* Although often cited as Chechen, due to the widespread use of the Arabic moniker al\\-Shishani, foreign fighters came from a wide variety of ethnic and sub\\-ethnic groups.Cerwyn Moore (2015\\) Foreign Bodies: Transnational Activism, the Insurgency in the North Caucasus and \"Beyond\", *Terrorism and Political Violence*, vol.27, no.3, 395–415\\. At least some also came from Diaspora communities.",
"{{See also\\|Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War\\|Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War}}\nJMA cut it links to ISIL in late 2013,\"[Should Georgia Fear IS Threat To Its Pankisi Gorge?](http://www.rferl.org/content/georgia-isis-islamic-state-pankisi-gorge-russia/26637101.html)\". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 14 October 2014\\. and continued respecting the [Oath of Allegiance](/wiki/Bay%27at \"Bay'at\") they had made to the [Caucasus Emirate](/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate \"Caucasus Emirate\")'s [Dokka Umarov](/wiki/Dokka_Umarov \"Dokka Umarov\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Syria crisis: Omar Shishani, Chechen jihadist leader\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-25151104\\|work\\=BBC\\|date\\=3 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2013}} In September 2015, JMA joined the al\\-Nusra Front.{{cite news\\|title\\=Insurgent group pledges allegiance to al Qaeda's Syria wing\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-mideast\\-crisis\\-syria\\-nusra\\-idUSKCN0RN1Z920150923\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=23 September 2015\\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2015}} Besides JMA, numerous other small factions and groups involving Russian\\-speaking foreign fighters, including some with links to the North Caucasus, are active in parts of Syria and Iraq. One of the more powerful Chechen\\-dominated militias in Syria was [Junud al\\-Sham](/wiki/Junud_al-Sham \"Junud al-Sham\"), but it fractured in course of 2016\\. Since then, [Ajnad al\\-Kavkaz](/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz \"Ajnad al-Kavkaz\") has become the most important independent rebel group led by North Caucasians in Syria. The group's leadership consists of [Second Chechen War](/wiki/Second_Chechen_War \"Second Chechen War\") veterans.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\\=25309\\|title\\=Interview \\& Letter from Ajnad al\\-Kavkaz amir Abdul Hakim Shishani\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszuk\\|work\\=From Chechnya to Syria\\|date\\=23 November 2014\\|access\\-date\\=9 May 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://theintercept.com/2016/09/03/in\\-turkey\\-a\\-chechen\\-commander\\-makes\\-plans\\-for\\-war\\-in\\-syria/\\|title\\=In Turkey, a Chechen Commander Makes Plans for War in Syria\\|author\\=Marcin Mamon\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Intercept]]\\|date\\=3 September 2016\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p\\=24632\\|title\\=A more detailed biography of Khamza Shishani of Ajnad al\\-Kavkaz\\|author\\=Joanna Paraszuk\\|work\\=From Chechnya to Syria\\|date\\=3 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=9 May 2017}}",
"As of September 2015, according to [Russian Civic Chamber](/wiki/Civic_Chamber_of_the_Russian_Federation \"Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation\")'s commission on public diplomacy and compatriots abroad, approximately 2,500 Russian nationals and 7,000 citizens of other post\\-Soviet republics were fighting alongside [ISIL](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\").\"[Security Service At Moscow Airport Detains Siberian Man Suspected To Join ISIS In Syria](http://www.ibtimes.com/security-service-moscow-airport-detains-siberian-man-suspected-join-isis-syria-2111685)\". *International Business Times*. 24 September 2015\\.",
"As well as the large number of Russians fighting for al\\-Qaeda or ISIS, thousands have fought on the government side. Up until 2015, Russia provided military assistance and private contractors (at least 1,700 Russian contractors had reportedly been deployed to Syria up 2017{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-mideast\\-crisis\\-syria\\-russia\\-fighters/dying\\-for\\-a\\-paycheck\\-the\\-russian\\-civilians\\-fighting\\-in\\-syria\\-idUSKBN1EF0RI \\|title\\=Dying for a paycheck: the Russian civilians fighting in Syria \\|first\\=Maria \\|last\\=Tsvetkova \\|editor\\-first\\=Timothy \\|editor\\-last\\=Heritage \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|date\\=December 21, 2017}}), but from September 2015 formal [Russian military intervention](/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War \"Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War\") began, after an official request by the Syrian government for [military aid](/wiki/Military_aid \"Military aid\") against rebel and [jihadist](/wiki/Jihadist \"Jihadist\") groups.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la\\-fg\\-kremlin\\-oks\\-troops\\-20150930\\-story.html\\|title\\=Russia launches airstrikes in Syria amid U.S. concern about targets\\|date\\=30 September 2015\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2015\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|author1\\=Patrick J. McDonnell\\|author2\\=W.J. Hennigan\\|author3\\=Nabih Bulos}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Russia carries out first air strikes in Syria\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/russian\\-carries\\-air\\-strikes\\-syria\\-150930133155190\\.html\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2015\\|date\\=30 September 2015}} Around 4,300 personnel were deployed,{{Cite news \\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-08 \\|title\\=Russian soldiers geolocated by photos in multiple Syria locations, bloggers say \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-mideast\\-crisis\\-syria\\-russia\\-idUSKCN0SX0H820151108 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-11}}{{cite news\\|publisher\\=ABC News\\|title\\=Key moments in Russia's campaign, involvement in Syrian war\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/key\\-moments\\-russias\\-campaign\\-involvement\\-syrian\\-war\\-48083114\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2017\\|date\\=16 June 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616170148/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/key\\-moments\\-russias\\-campaign\\-involvement\\-syrian\\-war\\-48083114\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2017\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}Russia's Defense Ministry never said how many troops it has in Syria, but turnout figures in voting from abroad in the September 2016 parliamentary elections indicated that Russian military personnel in the Arab nation at the time likely exceeded 4,300\\. and by September 2018 Russia had reported 112 losses.{{cite web \\|title\\=Russia lost 112 servicemen over three years of counter\\-terror operation in Syria \\- MP \\|agency\\=TASS: Military \\& Defense \\|url\\=http://tass.com/defense/1023714 \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}}",
"### Europe",
"Both European converts and immigrant or immigrant's children have gone to fight for the Syrian opposition. This includes citizens from France (with the leading number of fighters), followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Corradi \\|first\\=Edoardo \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-18 \\|title\\=Joining the fight: the Italian foreign fighters contingent of the Kurdish People's Protection Units \\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/italian\\-political\\-science\\-review\\-rivista\\-italiana\\-di\\-scienza\\-politica/article/joining\\-the\\-fight\\-the\\-italian\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-contingent\\-of\\-the\\-kurdish\\-peoples\\-protection\\-units/02E61B0DFAB16922510EFBA32C8F9BEF \\|journal\\=Italian Political Science Review {{!}} Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica \\|volume\\=53 \\|issue\\=2 \\|language\\=en \\|pages\\=201–219 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/ipo.2022\\.31 \\|issn\\=0048\\-8402\\|hdl\\=11567/1100255 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/home\\-grown\\-jihadism\\-italy\\-10309\\|title\\=Home\\-Grown Jihadism in Italy\\|publisher\\=Ispionline.it\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014\\|date\\=29 April 2014}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/06/28/opinion/sylvie\\-kauffmann\\-frances\\-homegrown\\-jihadists.html?referrer\\=\\&\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=27 June 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014\\|last1\\=Kauffmann \\|first1\\=Sylvie }} A report by the International Centre for Counter\\-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) from April 2016 shows that there is a total of 3,922\\-4,294 foreign fighters from EU Member States of whom 30 percent have returned to their home countries. EU anti\\-terrorism coordinator [Gilles de Kerchove](/wiki/Gilles_de_Kerchove \"Gilles de Kerchove\") said that this was a worrying trend as those who return could be more radicalized. [EUROPOL](/wiki/EUROPOL \"EUROPOL\") Director [Rob Wainright](/wiki/Rob_Wainright \"Rob Wainright\") issued his 2013 report and said that the returning fighters \"could incite other volunteers to join the armed struggle,\" as well as use their training, combat experience, knowledge and contacts to conduct such activities within the EU.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2013/06/19/Syria\\-EU\\-eyes\\-potential\\-threat\\-volunteer\\-fighters\\_8893641\\.html \\|title\\=Syria: EU eyes potential threat from volunteer fighters \\|date\\=19 June 2013 \\|publisher\\=Ansamed.ansa.it \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}}",
"European criminals are targeted by the Islamic State for recruitment, an estimated 50\\-80% of Europeans in IS have a criminal record. This is higher than al\\-Qaeda, where 25% of Europeans have a criminal record.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief\\_10\\_Terrorism\\_and\\_crime.pdf\\|title\\=The crime\\-terrorism nexus\\|last\\=Gaub \\& Lisiecka\\|date\\=April 2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[European Union Institute for Security Studies]]\\|pages\\=1–2\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019}}",
"The first European to fight for the Syrian opposition was reported by *[Der Spiegel](/wiki/Der_Spiegel \"Der Spiegel\")* to be a fighter for the Free Syrian Army who was \"a Frenchman who had just turned 24 and comes from a wealthy family. He just turned up here with his credit card in hand.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Putz \\|first\\=Ulrike \\|url\\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/foreign\\-jihadists\\-declare\\-war\\-on\\-syria\\-s\\-assad\\-a\\-824875\\.html \\|title\\=Foreign Jihadists Declare War on Syria's Assad \\|work\\=Der Spiegel \\|date\\=30 March 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}} A [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\")\\-born U.S.\\-convert to Islam was also the first U.S. citizen to be killed in Syria, reportedly by the government, as she was taking part in a reconnaissance mission with two Britons near Aleppo.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/30/syria\\-michigan\\-woman\\-killed/2477393/ \\|title\\=From Michigan to a violent death in Syria \\|work\\=USA Today \\|date\\=10 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013 \\|first\\=Niraj \\|last\\=Warikoo}} In July 2013, a U.S.\\-Egyptian man named Amiir Farouk Ibrahim (from Pennsylvania) went missing in Syria, presumed by the media to be fighting with rebel forces. His passport was discovered, amongst others, in an [Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\") base which had been captured by Kurdish rebels.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/170185 \\|title\\=U.S. Passport Found among Syria Jihadists \\|publisher\\=Israel National News \\|date\\=23 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}} His family was aware he was in Syria, but his father did not believe that his son had gone there for humanitarian purposes.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wpxi.com/news/news/local/pittsburgh\\-man\\-reportedly\\-dead\\-syria/nY4rk/ \\|title\\=Pittsburgh man reportedly dead in Syria \\|publisher\\=www.wpxi.com \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004732/http://www.wpxi.com/news/news/local/pittsburgh\\-man\\-reportedly\\-dead\\-syria/nY4rk/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://triblive.com/news/editorspicks/4415705\\-74/ibrahim\\-syria\\-syrian\\#ixzz2a9XASaYD\\&w \\|title\\=Pittsburgh man reported killed in Syria \\|publisher\\=TribLIVE \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2013}} Western countries, including the U.K., have provided aid to the rebels.{{cite news\\|author\\=Kim Sengupta \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/revealed\\-what\\-the\\-west\\-has\\-given\\-syrias\\-rebels\\-8756447\\.html \\|title\\=Revealed: What the West has given Syria's rebels \\|newspaper\\=The Independent \\|date\\=11 August 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2013 \\|location\\=London}} As of November 2013, there are believed to be approximately 600 fighters from Western countries in Syria.{{cite web\\|title\\=American and International Militants Drawn to Syria\\|url\\=http://www.adl.org/combating\\-hate/international\\-extremism\\-terrorism/c/syria\\-foreign\\-fighters.html\\#.Ul1ybBDQvZ0\\|publisher\\=Anti\\-Defamation League\\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2013}} Norway's Thomas Hegghammer issued a report that suggested one in nine Westerners who fight in foreign jihadist insurgencies end up becoming involved in attack plots back home. The Associate Director of the [Melbourne School of Government](/wiki/Melbourne_School_of_Government \"Melbourne School of Government\") David Malet, however, suggested that while research on foreign fighters was a new field, different studies showed another view to the likelihood of [blowback](/wiki/Blowback_%28intelligence%29 \"Blowback (intelligence)\") from returning fighters. \"Other studies show that most foreign fighters simply resume their previous lives so long as they are provided [amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty \"Amnesty\").\"",
"Meanwhile, France was estimated to have up to 700 of its citizens fighting in Syria.",
"#### Balkans",
"Muslims from the Balkans have joined the opposition in fighting against the Syrian government, and some have been killed.",
"In 2013, it was reported that many recruits came from Serbia's Muslim\\-inhabited [Sandžak](/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak \"Sandžak\") region, particularly the city of [Novi Pazar](/wiki/Novi_Pazar \"Novi Pazar\"). Several hundred come from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia. Many of the recruits were [Salafists](/wiki/Salafi \"Salafi\") and, though denied by some Salafist leaders, [Rešad Plojović](/wiki/Re%C5%A1ad_Plojovi%C4%87 \"Rešad Plojović\"), the deputy leader of the [Sandžak muftiate](/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak_muftiate \"Sandžak muftiate\"), said that \"some organisations and individuals \\[are recruiting Balkan Muslims]. There are centers or individuals who probably have connections with certain organisations, and they are motivating people. They also may know ways to transport them to the war zone. Let's be frank. Many here do not even know where Syria is. They cannot know how to go there and get involved in all that is happening there.\" [Anel Grbović](/wiki/Anel_Grbovi%C4%87 \"Anel Grbović\"), a journalist from *[Novi Pazar](/wiki/Novi_Pazar \"Novi Pazar\")*, wrote that most fighters from the Sandžak had been removed from the country's two official Islamic communities before traveling to Syria. \"The fact is, there are illegal organisations recruiting people here. The fact is, there are houses where they come together. The fact is, there are facilities where they conduct their religious rituals – which means they exclude themselves from the mosque. That means they exclude themselves from the system of the Islamic community and are more easily influenced by some individuals or organisations.\" As for Albanian Muslims in Kosovo and Macedonia, they fought for the rebels in order to help \"Sunni brothers\" in their fight. At least one Macedonian fighter said he was recruited via an intermediary in Vienna. From Bosnia and Herzegovina, many [Bosniaks](/wiki/Bosniaks \"Bosniaks\") joined the Nusra Front as Salafists ([Salafism came to Bosnia](/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia \"Islam in Bosnia\") during the [Bosnian War](/wiki/Bosnian_War \"Bosnian War\") with Saudi financing, though foreign fighters in that war stayed on in the country despite controversy{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6642353\\.stm \\|title\\=Bosnia fighters face uncertain fate \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=10 May 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}}). Some of relatives of the fighters have said that the leader of the predominantly Salafist Bosnian village of [Gornja Maoča](/wiki/Gornja_Mao%C4%8Da \"Gornja Maoča\"), Nusret Imamović, recruited the fighters; however he refused to be interviewed about the allegations. The director of the Bosnian [State Investigation and Protection Agency](/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency \"State Investigation and Protection Agency\"), Goran Zubac, said that his office had questioned at least eight men linked to recruiting and sending the fighters to Syria, while he said his office was monitoring the Salafists. \"If our priority is to fight against terrorism and these activities are a part of this sector, then you can rest assured that nobody in the State Investigation and Protection Agency is sleeping.\"{{cite web\\|author1\\=Teodorovic Milos \\|author2\\=Ron Synovitz \\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/25011213\\.html \\|title\\=Balkan Militants Join Syria's Rebel Cause \\|publisher\\=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty \\|date\\=8 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}}",
"In 2013, [FTV](/wiki/Federalna_televizija \"Federalna televizija\") reported that a group of 52 Bosniak fighters went to Syria since the fighting commenced, though 32 fighters returned, while two were killed. An additional nine Bosniaks released a video tape saying they were going to fight in [Homs](/wiki/Homs \"Homs\"), though they also mentioned the *jihad*s in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://dalje.com/en\\-world/bosnian\\-radical\\-islamists\\-preparing\\-to\\-join\\-syrian\\-rebels/473536 \\|title\\=Bosnian radical Islamists preparing to join Syrian rebels \\|publisher\\=Dalje.com \\|date\\=26 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630102322/http://dalje.com/en\\-world/bosnian\\-radical\\-islamists\\-preparing\\-to\\-join\\-syrian\\-rebels/473536 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 June 2013 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"By April 2015, a total of 232 [Kosovo Albanians](/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians \"Kosovo Albanians\") had gone to Syria to fight with Islamist groups, most commonly the IS.{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=The Economist\\|title\\=Fight the Good Fight: With the Western Balkans at Peace, Some Go Abroad to Look for War\\|date\\=18 April 2015\\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21648697\\-western\\-balkans\\-peace\\-some\\-go\\-abroad\\-look\\-war\\-fight\\-good\\-fight}} Forty of these are from the town of [Skenderaj](/wiki/Skenderaj \"Skenderaj\") (Srbica), according to Kosovo police reports.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.b92\\.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy\\=2014\\&mm\\=05ⅆ\\=02\\&nav\\_category\\=640\\&nav\\_id\\=843121 \\|title\\=100 Albanaca sa KiM ratuje u Siriji \\|work\\=Vesti\\|publisher\\=B92 \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2014}} By September 2014, a total of 48 ethnic Albanians from several countries were killed fighting in Syria and Iraq.{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Info.ks\\|title\\=Još jedan kosovski Albanac poginuo u Siriji\\|trans\\-title\\=Another Kosovo Albanian Killed in Syria\\|language\\=sr\\|date\\=15 September 2014\\|url\\=http://www.info\\-ks.net/vijesti/crna\\-hronika/48188/jos\\-jedan\\-kosovski\\-albanac\\-poginuo\\-u\\-siriji}} According to the Kosovar Centre for Security Studies, around 60 Kosovar fighters have been killed in combat as of March 2016\\.{{cite news\\|author\\=Ervin Qafmolla\\|title\\=Offer Kosovar Fighters \"Jihadi Rehab\" to Combat Extremism\\|publisher\\=Balkan Insight\\|url\\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/offer\\-kosovar\\-fighters\\-jihadi\\-rehab\\-to\\-combat\\-extremism\\-\\-03\\-23\\-2016\\|date\\=24 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2016}} As of March 2016, the Albanian Government estimates that over 100 Albanian citizens have joined militant groups in Syria and Iraq, 18 of whom have been killed and 12 wounded.{{cite news\\|author\\=Aleksandra Bogdani\\|title\\=Albania Faces 'Jihadi Fighters in the Shadows' Threat\\|publisher\\=Balkan Insight\\|url\\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania\\-faces\\-jihadi\\-fighters\\-in\\-the\\-shadows\\-threat\\-03\\-21\\-2016\\|date\\=18 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2016}}",
"[Macedonian citizens of Albanian descent](/wiki/Albanians_in_Macedonia \"Albanians in Macedonia\") are also fighting in Syria, and six were reported to have been killed by 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.republika.mk/?p\\=123640\\|title\\=Another Macedonian Albanian reported killed in Syria\\|work\\=Republika Online\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015194751/http://english.republika.mk/?p\\=123640\\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/sixth\\-macedonian\\-albanian\\-reported\\-killed\\-in\\-syria\\|title\\=Another Macedonian Albanian Reported Killed in Syria\\|publisher\\=Balkaninsight.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014\\|date\\=14 May 2014}}",
"#### Belgium",
"{{Main\\|Islam in Belgium\\#Radicalization}}",
"As an ICCT report from April 2016 shows, Belgium has the highest per\\-capita foreign fighter contingent. The estimated number is between 420 and 516 individuals. This group consists of a wide age range, with people between 14 and 69 years old – with an average of 25\\.7\\.",
"Moroccan\\-born IS recruiter Khalid Zerkani recruited 72 young individuals with migrant backgrounds of whom most were [petty criminals](/wiki/Petty_crime \"Petty crime\"). He encouraged them to steal from non\\-Muslims in order to finance their journeys to join the caliphate.",
"The Chief of the '{{Ill\\|Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis\\|nl\\|Orgaan voor de Coördinatie en de Analyse van de Dreiging}}', [Paul Van Tigchelt](/wiki/Paul_Van_Tigchelt \"Paul Van Tigchelt\"), said on 28 September 2016 that there are 632 known persons designated as 'foreign terrorist fighters'. Out of these 632 people, 273 are believed to be abroad, fighting or dead.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/32616/Terreurdreiging\\-in\\-Belgie/article/detail/2890164/2016/09/28/Tiental\\-Syriegangers\\-zou\\-zonder\\-slechte\\-bedoelingen\\-willen\\-terugkeren\\-naar\\-Belgie.dhtml\\|title\\=Tiental Syriëgangers zou \"zonder slechte bedoelingen\" willen terugkeren naar België\\|date\\=28 September 2016\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016}}",
"In the 2012\\-2016 timespan, of the about 500 individuals who left the country to fight in the civil war in Syria, the great majority were of [Moroccan descent](/wiki/Moroccans_in_Belgium \"Moroccans in Belgium\") according to U.S. and Belgian authorities.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2016/04/04/473004999/when\\-it\\-comes\\-to\\-radicalization\\-in\\-belgium\\-turks\\-and\\-moroccans\\-are\\-different\\|title\\=When It Comes To Radicalization In Belgium, Turks and Moroccans Are Different\\|newspaper\\=NPR.org\\|publisher\\=NPR\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-10\\|quote\\=More than 500 Belgians have left for Syria since 2012 and most of them, according to Belgian and U.S. officials, have been of Moroccan descent.}}",
"In July 2020, Belgian authorities stripped eight IS fighters with dual citizenships of their Belgian citizenships, after Turkey had warned that IS supporters would be sent to their country of origin.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-30\\|title\\=Eight Brussels jihadists given eight days to hold on to their Belgian nationality\\|url\\=https://www.brusselstimes.com/all\\-news/world\\-all\\-news/124123/eight\\-brussels\\-jihadists\\-given\\-eight\\-days\\-to\\-hold\\-on\\-to\\-their\\-belgian\\-nationality/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-04\\|website\\=The Brussels Times\\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Denmark",
"{{Main\\|Islam in Denmark\\#Islamism and terrorism}}\nAccording to the [Danish Security and Intelligence Service](/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service \"Danish Security and Intelligence Service\") (PET), up to 125 people have left the country since 2011 to travel to the Syria/Iraq war zone where the majority joined the Islamic State. Of those who went, 27 have died and some deaths were due to participating in suicide attacks. A minority of those who went to groups who opposed Islamist organizations.",
"The great majority of those who joined the conflict were young Sunni Muslims of whom some were converts. Those who went were part of the Islamist scenes in [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\"), [Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus \"Aarhus\") and [Odense](/wiki/Odense \"Odense\"). Of the 22 who travelled from Aarhus, all came from the [Grimhøj mosque](/wiki/Grimh%C3%B8jmoskeen \"Grimhøjmoskeen\").",
"In March 2018, the government of Denmark changed the citizenship law so that children of Danish citizens fighting for the Islamic State will no longer automatically receive Danish citizenship.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/boern\\-af\\-danske\\-syrienskrigere\\-mister\\-retten\\-til\\-dansk\\-statsborgerskab\\|title\\=Børn af danske syrienskrigere mister retten til dansk statsborgerskab\\|website\\=DR\\|date\\=28 March 2019\\|language\\=da\\-DK\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-04}}",
"#### France",
"{{Main\\|Islam in France\\#Radicalisation}}",
"An ICCT report shows that more than 900 people have travelled from France to Syria and/or Iraq by October 2015\\. There is no profile that defines a French foreign fighter, except for mostly young males with a criminal record; foreign fighters come from different regions and socio\\-economic environments. About 200 were female and a few were entire families who intended to settle in the caliphate.{{Cite journal\\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-01\\|title\\= The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, Threats \\& Policies\\|url\\=https://icct.nl/publication/report\\-the\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-phenomenon\\-in\\-the\\-eu\\-profiles\\-threats\\-policies/\\|journal\\=Terrorism and Counter\\-Terrorism Studies\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|pages\\=31, 38–39, 46\\|doi\\=10\\.19165/2016\\.1\\.02\\|last1\\=Van Ginkel\\|first1\\=Bibi\\|last2\\=Boutin\\|first2\\=Bérénice\\|last3\\=Chauzal\\|first3\\=Grégory\\|last4\\=Dorsey \\|first4\\=Jessica\\|last5\\=Jegerings\\|first5\\=Marjolein\\|last6\\=Paulussen\\|first6\\=Christophe\\|last7\\=Pohl\\|first7\\=Johanna\\|last8\\=Reed\\|first8\\=Alastair\\|last9\\=Zavagli\\|first9\\=Sofia\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"In 2015 the USMA [Combating Terrorism Center](/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center \"Combating Terrorism Center\") identified 32 French facilitators who supported individuals intending to join jihadist groups in the Middle East.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://ctc.usma.edu/ctc\\-perspectives\\-the\\-french\\-foreign\\-fighter\\-threat\\-in\\-context/\\|title\\=The French Foreign Fighter Threat in Context\\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-14\\|website\\=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-09\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165459/https://ctc.usma.edu/ctc\\-perspectives\\-the\\-french\\-foreign\\-fighter\\-threat\\-in\\-context/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"By 2015, 14 of the foreign fighters from France had either died in suicide bombings or expressed their willingness to do so.",
"After it was revealed that a teen and other youths from Nice joined ISIS in Syria, the mother of one of the youths who was later reported dead filed a civil suit against the French government. The women accused the government of negligence for letting her son travel to a danger zone.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/09/french\\-mother\\-in\\-court\\-to\\-accuse\\-government\\-negligence\\-in\\-teen\\-son\\-one\\-way/\\|title\\=French mother in court to accuse government of negligence in teen son's one\\-way Syria journey\\|work\\=Fox News\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}",
"In Iraq and Syria foreign fighters from France number around 689 according to the French government.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=JcBrisard\\|author\\=Jean\\-Charles Brisard\\|number\\=835240307574861824\\|date\\=24 February 2017\\|title\\=French Gov Stats (Feb 22/23\\) \\#jihad: 689 nationals/residents in \\#Syria \\#Iraq including 293 women, 207 returnees, 249 dead}}",
"In May 2019, four French citizens were sentenced to death by an Iraqi court for joining the Islamic State. One of the convicts had served in the French army from the year 2000, and had done a tour in Afghanistan in 2009 and left the army in 2010\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/iraq\\-condemns\\-fourth\\-french\\-member\\-death\\-104437414\\.html\\|title\\=Iraq condemns fourth French IS member to death\\|website\\=news.yahoo.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-28}}",
"#### Germany",
"{{Main\\|Islam in Germany\\#Controversies}}",
"For Germany, the estimation is that between 720 and 760 people have travelled to Syria and/or Iraq. 40 percent of this group holds only German citizenship, while another 20 percent holds dual citizenship of which one is German.",
"In 2017, the federal police of Germany estimated that between 60% and two thirds of IS fighters coming from Germany had a criminal record, with the vast majority (98%) being repeat offenders with an average of 7\\.6 crimes per individual.",
"In February 2019, [Katrin Göring\\-Eckardt](/wiki/Katrin_G%C3%B6ring-Eckardt \"Katrin Göring-Eckardt\") from [the Green](/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens \"Alliance 90/The Greens\") party encouraged the government of Germany to bring German citizens who had fought for the Islamic State back to Germany.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2019\\-02/syrien\\-haftbefehl\\-is\\-kaempfer\\-forderung\\-rueckholung\\-gruene\\|title\\=Syrien: Grüne fordern Rücknahme von IS\\-Kämpfern\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-18\\|work\\=Die Zeit\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-20\\|language\\=de\\-DE\\|issn\\=0044\\-2070}} The interior minister of Bavaria, [Joachim Herrmann](/wiki/Joachim_Herrmann_%28CSU%29 \"Joachim Herrmann (CSU)\") (CSU), encouraged the government to strip IS warriors of their German citizenship.",
"In April 2019, Germany changed the law so German citizens with dual citizenship who fight with foreign terrorist militias can be stripped of their German citizenship. The law also applies to members of the [PKK](/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party \"Kurdistan Workers' Party\"), which according to the [domestic intelligence agency](/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution \"Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution\") is \"the biggest and most powerful foreign extremist organization in Germany.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dw.com/cda/en/germany\\-approves\\-stripping\\-dual\\-national\\-terrorist\\-fighters\\-of\\-citizenship/a\\-48177392\\|title\\=Germany approves stripping dual national terrorist fighters of citizenship \\|date\\=April 3, 2019\\|website\\=Deutsche Welle\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-04}}",
"On August 19, 2019, Kurdish\\-led administration in Syria handed over four children, whose parents were \"Islamic State\" (IS) fighters, to Germany. Among the children are three orphans, including a boy, two girls, and a 6\\-month\\-old ailing girl. This was the first time Germany repatriated children of ISIS militants.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2019/Aug\\-19/489912\\-4\\-german\\-children\\-born\\-to\\-is\\-to\\-return\\-home\\-from\\-syria.ashx\\|title\\=4 German children born to Daesh to return home from Syria\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2019\\|newspaper\\=The Daily Star\\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819153834/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2019/Aug\\-19/489912\\-4\\-german\\-children\\-born\\-to\\-is\\-to\\-return\\-home\\-from\\-syria.ashx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In August 2019, US President Donald Trump threatened to release over 2,000 captured ISIS Fighters into France and Germany if US’ European allies did not repatriate \"their\" citizens\\-turned\\-terrorists.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.defenseone.com/politics/2019/08/trump\\-threatens\\-release\\-isis\\-fighters\\-france\\-germany/159361/\\|title\\=Trump Threatens to 'Release' ISIS Fighters into France, Germany\\|date\\=21 August 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2019\\|publisher\\=Defense One}}",
"Of 778 individuals who had travelled to the conflict zone from Germany, 504 or nearly two thirds, had criminal convictions and 32% of those had been sentenced for 5 crimes or more.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fhs.se/arkiv/nyheter/2019\\-10\\-21\\-lokalsamhallen\\-pressas\\-av\\-antagonistiska\\-hot.html\\|title\\=Lokalsamhällen pressas av antagonistiska hot (PDF)\\|website\\=fhs.se\\|page\\=55\\|language\\=sv\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-25}}",
"On October 16, 2019, a German National going by the name Konstantin Gedig AKA \"Andok Cotkar\" was killed by a Turkish Airstrike while serving with the [YPG International](/wiki/YPG_International \"YPG International\") branch outside of Sere Kaniye.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://nedaa\\-sy.com/en/news/16508\\|title\\=First foreign fighter of YPG militia killed in \"Peace Spring\"\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-23\\|website\\=Call Syria\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-21}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{Cite web\\|title\\=German man fighting for Kurds killed in Syria \\|date\\=November 5, 2019\\|url\\=https://www.dw.com/en/german\\-man\\-fighting\\-for\\-kurds\\-killed\\-in\\-syria/a\\-51120623\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-14\\|website\\=Deutsche Welle\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"#### Ireland",
"As of January 2015, the [Department of Justice](/wiki/Department_of_Justice_%28Ireland%29 \"Department of Justice (Ireland)\") estimates that approximately 50 Irish residents have travelled to Syria to fight for rebel forces in the civil war since 2011\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=O'Halloran\\|first1\\=Marie\\|last2\\=O'Regan\\|first2\\=Michael\\|title\\=Shatter says up to 30 Irish residents gone to fight in Syria\\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/shatter\\-says\\-up\\-to\\-30\\-irish\\-residents\\-gone\\-to\\-fight\\-in\\-syria\\-1\\.1680575\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times\\|date\\=5 February 2014}} At least three [Irish citizens](/wiki/Irish_nationality_law \"Irish nationality law\") are known to have been killed in combat.{{cite news\\|last1\\=McQuinn\\|first1\\=Cormac\\|title\\=26 fighters have left Ireland to join Syrian rebels\\|url\\=http://www.independent.ie/irish\\-news/26\\-fighters\\-have\\-left\\-ireland\\-to\\-join\\-syrian\\-rebels\\-29173266\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2014\\|work\\=Irish Independent\\|date\\=4 April 2013}} According to the Department of Justice, many have \"participated in the conflict under the flag of fundamentalist and extreme organisations\" and \"may pose certain threats\" upon their return to Ireland and the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"). The [Garda Síochána](/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na \"Garda Síochána\") (Irish national police) \"will continue to monitor developments in this area and take action as required,\" including officers from the Garda Middle Eastern Bureau of the [Special Detective Unit](/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit \"Special Detective Unit\") (SDU) and Garda Racial, Intercultural and Diversity Office (GRIDO).{{cite web\\|last1\\=Ryan\\|first1\\=Nicky\\|title\\=Gardaí monitoring potential radicalisation of Irish residents in Syrian conflict\\|url\\=http://www.thejournal.ie/syria\\-irish\\-conflict\\-travel\\-arms\\-rebel\\-civil\\-war\\-1300726\\-Feb2014/\\|publisher\\=thejournal.ie\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2014}} According to [The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence](/wiki/The_International_Centre_for_the_Study_of_Radicalisation_and_Political_Violence \"The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence\") (ICSR), \"per capita, Ireland is probably the biggest (contributor of fighters) of all the countries we looked at because Ireland has a small population.\"{{cite news\\|last1\\=Malik\\|first1\\=Shiv\\|title\\=Syria conflict drawing hundreds of jihadists from Europe, says report\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/03/syria\\-hundreds\\-jihadists\\-europe\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2014\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=3 April 2013}}",
"According to media reports, [Garda](/wiki/Garda_Crime_%26_Security_Branch \"Garda Crime & Security Branch\") and [Military Intelligence](/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_%28Ireland%29 \"Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)\") are monitoring between 30 and 60 potential [Islamist fighters](/wiki/Jihadism \"Jihadism\") both in the Irish state and Irish citizens fighting abroad in Syria and Iraq.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Brady\\|first1\\=Tom\\|last2\\=Phelan\\|first2\\=Shane\\|title\\=30 Irish jihad fighters travelling to Middle East from Dublin base\\|url\\=http://www.herald.ie/news/30\\-irish\\-jihad\\-fighters\\-travelling\\-to\\-middle\\-east\\-from\\-dublin\\-base\\-30525759\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2014\\|work\\=The Herald\\|date\\=21 August 2014}}",
"Security sources estimated that some 20 fighters may have returned to Ireland as of November 2015\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=O'Keefe\\|first1\\=Cormac\\|title\\=Islamic terrorists: Radicalisation and fighters returning to Ireland are our biggest threat\\|url\\=http://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/islamic\\-terrorists\\-radicalisation\\-and\\-fighters\\-returning\\-to\\-ireland\\-are\\-our\\-biggest\\-threat\\-366201\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2015\\|newspaper\\=Irish Examiner\\|date\\=21 November 2015}}",
"#### Italy",
"{{See also\\|Islam in Italy\\|Terrorism in Italy}}In the 2011\\-July 2018 period, foreign fighters linked to Italy (among them citizens or residents) numbered 135, which was less than both France (1,900\\) and Germany (about 1,000\\). Most joined jihadist groups such as the Islamic State and [Jabhat Al\\-Nusra](/wiki/Jabhat_Al-Nusra \"Jabhat Al-Nusra\"), while others joined non\\-jihadist formations or the Free Syrian Army. Unlike in other Western European countries where most of the fighters were born in the country, only a few of those who went to the conflict zone were born in Italy. 14 had Italian citizenship and 10 had dual citizenship. It was noted that the number of [Tunisian nationals living in Italy](/wiki/Tunisian_people_in_Italy \"Tunisian people in Italy\") who went to the conflict zone (39\\) was far higher than the number of Italians. Slightly more than half (50\\.4%) of fighters linked to Italy came from countries in [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\").12 of the fighters were from countries in the Balkans.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Vidino\\|first1\\=Dr Lorenzo\\|last2\\=Marone\\|first2\\=Dr Francesco\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-19\\|title\\=Destination Jihad: Italy's Foreign Fighters\\|url\\=https://icct.nl/publication/destination\\-jihad\\-italys\\-foreign\\-fighters/\\|journal\\=ICCT Report\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|publisher\\=The International Centre for Counter\\-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT)\\|pages\\=2, 22 (pdf download)}}",
"The wife of Moroccan kickboxer Abderrahim Moutaharrik—who was imprisoned in 2017 for allegedly having links to the terror organization, Islamic State (ISIS)—was deported from Italy to Morocco for security concerns.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/08/280925/italy\\-wife\\-of\\-moroccan\\-isis\\-fighter\\-morocco/\\|title\\=Italy Expels Wife of Moroccan ISIS Fighter to Morocco\\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2019\\|publisher\\=Morocco World News\\|date\\=23 August 2019}}",
"#### The Netherlands",
"{{Main\\|Islam in the Netherlands\\#Radicalisation}}",
"As of April 2016, 220 people had left to go to Syria/Iraq. The majority of them were male and under 25\\.",
"The [Parliament of Netherlands](/wiki/Parliament_of_Netherlands \"Parliament of Netherlands\") voted in 2016 for legislation to strip Dutch citizens who join ISIS or al Qaeda abroad of their citizenship, also if they have not been convicted of any crime. The law can only be applied to individuals with double citizenship. Justice Minister [Ard Van der Steur](/wiki/Ard_van_der_Steur \"Ard van der Steur\") stated the legal changes were necessary to stop jihadists from returning to the Netherlands.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/212749\\|title\\=Dutch Jihadists to be stripped of dual citizenship\\|website\\=Israel National News\\|date\\=24 May 2016 \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-16}} In September 2017, four jihadists were stripped of their citizenship.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2017/sep/13/netherlands\\-strip\\-four\\-jihadists\\-of\\-citizenship\\-1656702\\.html\\|title\\=Netherlands strip four jihadists of citizenship\\|work\\=The New Indian Express\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-16}}",
"In 2017 the [Dutch security service AIVD](/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service \"General Intelligence and Security Service\") approximated the number of female jihadists in the Netherlands to about 100 and at least 80 women had left the Netherlands to join the conflict, the majority of whom joined ISIS. When the military pressure increased on jihadist groups in Syra and Iraq, Netherlands\\-originating women tried to flee the area.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://english.aivd.nl/latest/news/2017/12/18/women\\-play\\-significant\\-role\\-in\\-jihadism\\|title\\=Women play significant role in jihadism\\|last\\=Koninkrijksrelaties\\|first\\=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en\\|website\\=english.aivd.nl\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-01\\|date\\=18 December 2017}}",
"In the 2012 – November 2018 period, above 310 individuals had travelled from the Netherlands to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. Of those 85 had been killed and 55 returned to the Netherlands. Of the surviving Dutch foreign fighters in the region, 135 are fighters in the conflict zone and three quarters are members of ISIL. The remaining quarter have joined groups such as [Hay'at Tahrir al\\-Sham](/wiki/Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham \"Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham\") or [Tanzim Hurras al\\-Deen](/wiki/Tanzim_Hurras_al-Deen \"Tanzim Hurras al-Deen\").{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2018/11/09/the\\-legacy\\-of\\-syria\\-global\\-jihadism\\-remains\\-a\\-threat\\-to\\-europe\\|title\\=Syria's Legacy \\- Global jihadism remains a threat to Europe\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Intelligence and Security Service]]\\|year\\=2018\\|pages\\=8\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201090804/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2018/11/09/the\\-legacy\\-of\\-syria\\-global\\-jihadism\\-remains\\-a\\-threat\\-to\\-europe\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2018}}",
"#### Norway",
"{{Main\\|Islam in Norway}}",
"On 27 May 2014, a Somali and two Kosovars, all Norwegian citizens from [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo \"Oslo\"), were arrested after being suspected of supporting the ISIS. The death of Kosovar, Egzon Avdyli, who grew up in Norway, was covered in the media. He had also been a spokesman for the Norway\\-based [Prophet's Ummah](/wiki/Profetens_Ummah \"Profetens Ummah\") and was said to have left for Syria earlier in the year. He \"supported the establishment of an Islamic state in Norway or other Western countries.\" At least 50 were thought to have traveled from Norway to Syria to fight for the Islamists, with Norwegian intelligence groups said to be concerned of the danger of them returning.",
"In May 2015 two men, 30\\-year\\-old Djibril Abdi Bashir and 28\\-year\\-old Valon Avdyli, were sentenced in Norway to four years in prison for joining Islamic State militants in [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"). Valon's 25\\-year\\-old brother, Visar Avdyli, was convicted of providing logistical support, and sentenced to a seven\\-month prison term.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4655304,00\\.html\\|title\\=Norwegian court convicts 3 men of links to ISIS\\|work\\=ynet\\|date\\=8 May 2015\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}",
"About 70 people have left Norway to become foreign fighters in Syria or Iraq, while around 20 have returned.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/09/swedes\\-nab\\-norwegian\\-man\\-suspected\\-heading\\-to\\-join\\-jihadi\\-fighters\\-in\\-syria\\-and/\\|title\\=Swedes nab Norwegian man suspected of heading to join jihadi fighters in Syria and Iraq\\|publisher\\=Fox News\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}} It is estimated that at least 124 people have travelled from Denmark to Syria and/or Iraq since January 2011\\.",
"In February 2019, Prime Minister [Erna Solberg](/wiki/Erna_Solberg \"Erna Solberg\") said that fighters who return to Norway will be investigated by police and face criminal charges.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aftenposten.no/article/ap\\-qn9j0g.html\\|title\\=Erna Solberg: IS\\-krigere kan vende hjem, men de vil bli straffeforfulgt\\|last\\=NTB\\|first\\=Olga Stokke\\|website\\=Aftenposten\\|language\\=nb\\-NO\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-21}}",
"In May 2019 it was announced that both men and women who had joined the Islamic State who only had residence permits in Norway would have their permits annulled to prevent them from returning to Norway.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vg.no/i/2G9ojx\\|title\\=Trekker oppholdstillatelsen for alle med IS\\-tilknytning\\|website\\=vg.no\\|language\\=no\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-04}} In September 2019, 15 [foreigners in Norway](/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway \"Immigration to Norway\") had their residence permits revoked.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid\\=83\\&artikel\\=7299474\\|title\\=Norska IS\\-resenärer förlorar uppehållstillstånd \\- Nyheter (Ekot)\\|newspaper\\=Sveriges Radio\\|date\\=14 September 2019\\|language\\=sv\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-15}}",
"#### Poland",
"In 2015, about 20–40 Polish citizens were believed to have travelled to the conflict zone, most of them at the time did not live in Poland but in other European countries. One of those carried out a suicide attack on an oil refinery in June 2015\\.",
"#### Spain",
"{{See also\\|Islam in Spain\\|Terrorism in Spain}}\nAn ICCT report shows that more than 139 people have travelled from Spain to Syria and/or Iraq by November 2015 with about 10% of those being female.",
"A detailed analysis of 20 fighters who had joined before 2014 showed that eleven of those were Spanish citizens and the remaining were [Moroccans living in Spain](/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain \"Moroccans in Spain\"). Most of those who joined lived in the [Ceuta](/wiki/Ceuta \"Ceuta\") enclave in North Africa, but also [Girona](/wiki/Girona \"Girona\") and [Malaga](/wiki/M%C3%A1laga \"Málaga\"). At the time of departure, most were married with children and were either students or low\\-skilled workers. Several were known to police for drug trafficking. Of those 20, three Muslim Spanish from Ceuta became [suicide bombers](/wiki/Suicide_attack \"Suicide attack\").",
"In a joint operation in mid\\-March, Spanish and Moroccan security services targeted an al Qaeda recruiting network and arrested four suspected members in Spain and three others in Morocco. The network, whose activities extend to Morocco, Belgium, France, Tunisia, Turkey, Libya, Mali, Indonesia, and Syria, is headed by Melilla resident Mustafa Maya Amaya, who funneled recruits to the ISIS, the Al Nusrah Front and AQIM. Some of those arrested had returned home from conflict zones such as Syria; and in January, a suspected jihadist returning from Syria was arrested in Málaga as a potential \"threat to national security.\" On 30 April, Spanish security forces, working with French police, arrested Abdelmalek Tanem, a dual Algerian\\-French citizen, in [Almeria](/wiki/Almeria \"Almeria\"), who had recently returned from Syria where he worked towards facilitating integration of Europeans into the Al Nusrah Front and ISIS. On 30 May 2014, Spanish security forces arrested six people in [Melilla](/wiki/Melilla \"Melilla\") who were involved in a network that sends fighters to al Qaeda camps in Syria, Mali, and Libya. The cell leader, Benaissa Laghmouchi Baghdadi, had spent eight months in Syria and also had ties to [al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb](/wiki/Al_Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb \"Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb\") (AQIM) and the [Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa](/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa \"Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa\") (MUJAO) in Mali. Some of those arrested also had linked to [Sharia4Spain](/wiki/Sharia4Spain \"Sharia4Spain\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2014/04/30/norwegian\\-killed\\-in\\-syrian\\-conflict/\\|title\\=Norwegian killed in Syrian conflict\\|date\\=30 April 2014 \\|publisher\\=Newsinenglish.no\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014}}",
"#### Sweden",
"{{Main\\|Islam in Sweden\\#Violent extremism}}",
"Up to 2018, an estimated 300 individuals had travelled from Sweden to join the civil war in Syria.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo\\_def\\_web.pdf\\|title\\=DE\\-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN \\- Comparing Challenges and Approaches\\|last\\=Vidino\\|display\\-authors\\=etal\\|publisher\\=ISPI\\|year\\=2018\\|isbn\\=9788867058198\\|location\\=Milano\\|pages\\=14}} In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/kurdisk\\-kalla\\-41\\-is\\-svenskar\\-fangslade\\-i\\-syrien/\\|title\\=Kurdisk källa: 41 IS\\-svenskar fängslade i Syrien \\- DN.SE\\|date\\=24 March 2018\\|work\\=Dagens Nyheter\\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2018\\|language\\=sv\\-se}}",
"In February 2019, the [prime minister of Sweden](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden \"Prime Minister of Sweden\") [Stefan Löfven](/wiki/Stefan_L%C3%B6fven \"Stefan Löfven\") announced that Swedish authorities had discouraged travel to the conflict zone in Syria since 2011\\. The prime minister also said that Swedish authorities would offer no help or assistance to people who had joined or fought the Islamic State.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/lofven\\-stanger\\-dorren\\-for\\-is\\-svenskar\\|title\\=Löfven stänger dörren för återvändande IS\\-anslutna svenskar\\|last1\\=Fock\\|first1\\=Carin\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-24\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-24\\|last2\\=Blomgren\\|first2\\=Stina\\|language\\=sv}}",
"In March 2019, Swedish Television conducted a survey of 41 Islamic State fighters who had returned of whom 12 were women. A third of those who returned to Sweden have since been convicted of serious crimes such as attempted murder, money laundering, extortion, drug offences, fraud, aggravated assault and tax evasion.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/nyhetstecken/is\\-hemvandare\\-domda\\-for\\-grova\\-brott\\|title\\=IS\\-hemvändare dömda för grova brott\\|last\\=Andersson\\|first\\=Marja\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-14\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-15\\|language\\=sv}} [Michael Skråmo](/wiki/Michael_Skr%C3%A5mo \"Michael Skråmo\"), a Norwegian\\-Swedish fighter for ISIL who resided in Sweden,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://doku.nu/2018/09/19/michael\\-skramos\\-nya\\-vadjan\\-be\\-for\\-mig/\\|title\\=Michael Skråmos nya vädjan: \"Be för mig!\" – Doku.nu\\|last\\=Doku\\|date\\=19 September 2018}} was killed in March 2019\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/news/2019\\-03\\-14/children\\-islamic\\-fighter\\-michael\\-skramo\\-caliphate\\-sweden\\-video/\\|title\\=Children of notorious IS fighter Michael Skråmo left orphaned and alone in caliphate after he is killed in Baghouz\\|website\\=ITV News\\|date\\=14 March 2019}}",
"On 3 August 2013, two [Lebanese\\-Swedish](/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Sweden \"Lebanese people in Sweden\") brothers, Hassan and Moatasem Deeb, were killed in a rebel assault on the Abu Zeid army checkpoint near Qalaat al\\-Hosn, according to their cousin and a Tripoli cleric. Moatasem died as he detonated his explosive vest in a car at the checkpoint and his brother died in the ensuing fighting. This followed their other brother, Rabih's, death in Tripoli the previous year.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/08/03/lebanese\\-swedish\\-brothers\\-killed\\-in\\-syria/\\#ixzz2b0P2Bc5u\\|title\\=Lebanese\\-Swedish brothers killed in Syria\\|date\\=3 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2013\\|publisher\\=Fox News}}",
"The Syrian\\-born chairman of the [Stockholm mosque](/wiki/Stockholm_Mosque \"Stockholm Mosque\"), Haytham Rahmeh, reportedly smuggled weapons to the rebels for 18 months. Rahmeh, a member of the Syrian National Council, a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood and member of [Islamic relief in Sweden](/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden%23Islamic_Relief \"Islam in Sweden#Islamic Relief\") was said to have bought the weapons mainly in Libya and with support from the Commission for Civilian Protection and then transported them through Turkey to Syria.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thelocal.se/20131031/swedish\\-imam\\-smuggling\\-weapons\\-into\\-syria\\-report\\|title\\=Swedish imam smuggles weapons to Syria: report\\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-31\\|newspaper\\=The Local Sweden\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-14}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid\\=493\\&artikel\\=5692250\\|title\\=Svensken Haytham Rahmeh har startat en grupp med soldater i Syrien \\- Klartext\\|newspaper\\=Sveriges Radio\\|date\\=November 2013\\|language\\=sv\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-14}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.meforum.org/7403/islamic\\-relief\\-charity\\-extremism\\-terror\\|title\\=Islamic Relief: Charity, Extremism \\& Terror\\|last\\=Westrop\\|first\\=Sam\\|website\\=Middle East Forum\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-14}}",
"In June 2019, it was reported that four foreign fighters who had returned from the conflict in Middle East had become employees of the Islamic charter school *Vetenskapsskolan* which is funded by tax payers. Two of them were women who followed their children to live among groups affiliated to the Islamic State.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://doku.nu/2019/06/18/atervandare\\-utbildade\\-barn\\-pa\\-vetenskapsskolan/\\|title\\=Återvändare utbildade barn på Vetenskapsskolan – Doku.nu\\|last\\=Doku\\|newspaper\\=Doku.nu \\|date\\=18 June 2019\\|language\\=sv\\-SE\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-26}}",
"#### United Kingdom",
"{{See also\\|Sharmeena Begum\\|Shamina Begum}}",
"[Robin Simcox](/wiki/Robin_Simcox \"Robin Simcox\") of the [Henry Jackson Society](/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society \"Henry Jackson Society\") claimed that the number of British citizens who went to fight in Syria is higher than during the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\") and [Afghanistan War](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29 \"War in Afghanistan (2001–present)\") combined. The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation assessed that up to 366 British citizens had been involved in the war in Syria as of December 2013\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/05/why\\-british\\-boys\\-are\\-fighting\\-s\\-201458103336479836\\.html\\|title\\=Why British boys are fighting in Syria's war\\|date\\=12 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2014}} However, a report from the International Centre for Counter\\-Terrorism – The Hague from April 2016, showed that there are between 700 and 760 foreign fighters from the United Kingdom. Over 350 people have returned to the UK. The Rayat al\\-Tawheed group is composed of British combatants linked to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Similarly, the suffix \"al\\-Britani\" was adopted by British Islamist fighters. In May 2014, a British citizen was killed in fighting.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-27681189 \\|title\\=Syria crisis: British man 'killed during battle' \\|publisher\\=BBC News \\|date\\=3 June 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2014}} The [Free Syrian Army](/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army \"Free Syrian Army\")'s Abdullah al\\-Bashir asserted that British fighters were the largest foreign contingent of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://en.alalam.ir/news/1597606 \\|title\\=British militants, the most bloodthirsty in Syria \\|publisher\\=En.alalam.ir \\|date\\=26 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2014}}",
"During [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan \"Ramadan\") 2014, over 140 Imams signed an [open letter](/wiki/Open_letter \"Open letter\") asking British Muslims not to travel to Syria (as well as ISIL conflict that had spread to Iraq at the time). Additionally, they were urged to make donations to people in the country from the U.K. itself with one such imam, Shahid Raza of Leicester Central Mosque, making the call.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-28182206 \\|title\\=Syria and Iraq: Ramadan plea to British Muslims \\|publisher\\=BBC News \\|date\\=6 July 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2014}}",
"An ISIL video released by British\\-based Abu Muthanna al Yemeni claimed \"We have brothers from Bangladesh, from Iraq, from Cambodia, Australia, U.K.\" In November, *[Regnum](/wiki/Regnum_news_agency \"Regnum news agency\")* reported that \"White Widow\" [Samantha Lewthwaite](/wiki/Samantha_Lewthwaite \"Samantha Lewthwaite\"), who had fought in Syria the previous month, was shot dead by a Russian voluntary sniper while she was fighting for the Ukrainian volunteer battalion [Aidar](/wiki/Aidar_Battalion \"Aidar Battalion\") during the [War in Donbass](/wiki/War_in_Donbas_%282014%E2%80%932022%29 \"War in Donbas (2014–2022)\"). Though it was not formally verified, and her father has not confirmed the reports, it was reported in the Western press.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk\\-news/wanted\\-british\\-white\\-widow\\-terrorist\\-4616471\\|title\\=Wanted British 'White Widow' terrorist Samantha Lewthwaite 'shot dead by Russian sniper in Ukraine'\\|author\\=Will Stewart\\|date\\=12 November 2014\\|work\\=Mirror\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2015}}",
"Around Mosul a suicide bombing was carried out by a past inmate of Guantanamo called Jamal al Harith.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=thomasjoscelyn\\|author\\=Thomas Joscelyn\\|number\\=834247493789609984\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=1\\. \\*Story coming\\*: Jamal al Harith, ex\\-Guantanamo detainee who blew himself up for \\#ISIS near Mosul was detained in Afghanistan alongside...}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/ex\\-guantanamo\\-detainee\\-carried\\-out\\-suicide\\-attack\\-near\\-mosul\\-iraq.php \\|title\\=Ex\\-Guantanamo detainee carried out suicide attack near Mosul, Iraq\\|last\\=Joscelyn\\|first\\=Thomas \\|date\\=22 February 2017 \\|website\\=Long War Journal \\|publisher\\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.memri.org/jttm/isis\\-posts\\-image\\-british\\-former\\-gitmo\\-prisoner\\-who\\-carried\\-out\\-martyrdom\\-operation\\-near\\-mosul \\|title\\=ISIS Posts Image Of British Former Gitmo Prisoner Who Carried Out Martyrdom Operation Near Mosul \\|date\\=20 February 2017 \\|publisher\\=MEMRI}} Ronald Fiddler was the original name of Jamal Al\\-Harith, the past inmate terrorist of Guantanamo who killed himself for ISIS.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=thomasjoscelyn\\|author\\=Thomas Joscelyn\\|number\\=834146807768838149\\|date\\=21 February 2017\\|title\\=1\\. British press has identified an \\#ISIS suicide bomber as ex\\-\\#Guantanamo detainee Jamal Al\\-Harith (Ronald Fiddler)}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Baig \\|first\\=Assed \\|date\\= 21 February 2017 \\|title\\= Isis suicide bomber is former Guantanamo detainee \\|url\\=https://www.channel4\\.com/news/isis\\-suicide\\-bomber\\-is\\-former\\-guantanamo\\-detainee \\|newspaper\\=Channel 4 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/ex\\-gitmo\\-detainee\\-and\\-islamic\\-states\\-leader\\-in\\-chechnya\\-designated\\-by\\-state\\-department.php \\|title\\=Ex\\-Gitmo detainee, Islamic State's leader in Chechnya designated by State Department\\|last\\=Joscelyn\\|first\\=Thomas \\|date\\=13 July 2016 \\|website\\=Long War Journal \\|publisher\\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=thomasjoscelyn\\|author\\=Thomas Joscelyn\\|number\\=834438535037988865\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=Jamal al Harith (Ronald Fiddler) is the second former \\#Guantanamo detainee to carry out a suicide attack on behalf...}} Britain had given him £1,000,000 [stg](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\") over his time in Guantanamo.{{cite news \\|last\\=Rayner \\|first\\=Gordon \\|date\\=22 February 2017 \\|title\\= British man who launched Isil suicide attack was Guantanamo Bay detainee awarded £1m compensation \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/21/british\\-man\\-launched\\-isil\\-suicide\\-attack\\-guantanamo\\-bay\\-detainee/ \\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph }}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=alkhames\\|author\\=عبد العزيز الخميس\\|number\\=834176924750577664\\|date\\=21 February 2017\\|title\\=كلّف هذا الإرهابي دافع الضرائب البريطاني مليون جنيه إسترليني لإخراجه من جوانتنامو، رد الجميل: ففجر نفسه ومدنيين في...}} The Conservatives gave him the money.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=InstituteGC\\|author\\=Tony Blair Institute\\|number\\=834376552204947457\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=Tony Blair response to Jamal al\\-Harith story}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=RobinSimcox\\|author\\=Robin Simcox\\|number\\=834408574797352961\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=Blair was not faultless in this saga but he is clearly correct to point out the Mail's utterly outrageous hypocrisy.}} He also called himself Abu Zakariya.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=Rita\\_Katz\\|author\\=Rita Katz\\|number\\=834123106889371649\\|date\\=21 February 2017\\|title\\=2\\) AbuZakariya (Jamal al\\-Harith/Ronald Fiddler) was released from \\#Guantanamo in2004; Was compensated £1million. T…}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Moore \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=21 February 2017 \\|title\\=ISIS suicide bomber in Iraq was former Gitmo detainee \\|url\\=https://nypost.com/2017/02/21/former\\-gitmo\\-detainee\\-detonates\\-suicide\\-bomb\\-in\\-iraq/ \\|newspaper\\=New York Post}} Fiddler's parents were Jamaican.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2017/02/21/analysis\\-the\\-need\\-for\\-caution\\-in\\-releasing\\-guantanamo\\-inmates/ \\|title\\=Analysis: 'The Need for Caution in Releasing Guantanamo Inmates' \\|last\\=Orton \\|first\\=Kyle \\|date\\=21 February 2017 \\|publisher\\=Henry Jackson Society \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062538/http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2017/02/21/analysis\\-the\\-need\\-for\\-caution\\-in\\-releasing\\-guantanamo\\-inmates/ \\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=KyleWOrton\\|author\\=Kyle Orton\\|number\\=834205170590420992\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=Ronald Fiddler was given £1m by the UK govt after being imprisoned in GTMO. He blew himself up for \\#IS yesterday....}} He went to Tell Abyad.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=bjoernstritzel\\|author\\=Björn Stritzel\\|number\\=834486138232569856\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=According to his personal ISIS file, 50 y/o Fiddler crossed into Syria via Tell Abyad and enlisted with ISIS 18/04/...}}",
"The United Kingdom stripped some of the fighters of their UK citizenship{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/07/671520315/foreign\\-wives\\-and\\-children\\-of\\-isis\\-are\\-held\\-in\\-syria\\-with\\-uncertain\\-future\\|title\\=Foreign Wives And Children Of ISIS Are Held In Syria With Uncertain Future\\|website\\=NPR.org\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-09}} to prevent them from returning, as this would constitute an influx of militants.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ministers\\-strip\\-150\\-jihadists\\-of\\-uk\\-passports\\-53fn899w2\\|title\\=Ministers strip 150 jihadists of UK passports\\|last\\=Dipesh Gadher\\|first\\=Tim Shipman, Richard Kerbaj and\\|date\\=2017\\-07\\-30\\|work\\=The Sunday Times\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-09\\|language\\=en\\|issn\\=0956\\-1382}} The Crown Prosecution Service warned in 2014 that \"any British resident travelling to take part in fighting will face criminal charges\", although [Charles Farr](/wiki/Charles_Farr_%28civil_servant%29 \"Charles Farr (civil servant)\"), head of the Office for Security and Counter\\-Terrorism, said that the government did not want to target those with humanitarian aims, and would exercise judgement in such cases.{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[London Evening Standard]]\\|date\\=25 February 2014\\|page\\=1\\|last\\=Bentham\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=Security Chief warns of 9/11 Syria Threat}}",
"The U.K. arrested former [Guantanamo Bay detention camp](/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp \"Guantanamo Bay detention camp\") detainee [Moazzam Begg](/wiki/Moazzam_Begg \"Moazzam Begg\") for \"attending \\[a] terrorist training camp\" in Syria and \"facilitating terrorism overseas.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/02/uk\\-holds\\-ex\\-guantanamo\\-inmate\\-over\\-syria\\-trip\\-2014225143222328690\\.html\\|title\\=UK holds ex\\-Guantanamo inmate over Syria trip\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English\\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2014}}",
"In October 2019, British officials initiated the repatriation of stranded children in Syria by getting in touch with local authorities to identify unattended children and create a safe passage from them to the UK.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/20/uk\\-to\\-repatriate\\-isis\\-children\\-in\\-syria\\|title\\=UK takes steps to bring Isis children stranded in Syria World news\\|last\\=Shaw\\|first\\=Thomas\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-20\\|website\\=GO Tech Daily\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-20}}",
"### United States",
"On October 1, 2020, the [United States Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") said that they have successfully repatriated 27 Americans from Syria and Iraq.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-01\\|title\\=The United States Has Repatriated 27 Americans from Syria and Iraq Including Ten Charged with Terrorism\\-Related Offenses for Their Support to ISIS\\|url\\=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/united\\-states\\-has\\-repatriated\\-27\\-americans\\-syria\\-and\\-iraq\\-including\\-ten\\-charged\\-terrorism\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-14\\|website\\=justice.gov\\|language\\=en}} [Mohammad Hamzeh Khan](/wiki/Mohammad_Hamzeh_Khan \"Mohammad Hamzeh Khan\") arrested by the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") while leaving to join ISIS, declared that ISIS had established the perfect Islamic state and that he felt obligated to \"migrate\" there.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/06/opinions/bergen\\-isis\\-american\\-recruits/index.html\\|title\\=Who are ISIS' American recruits?\\|author1\\=Peter Bergen \\|author2\\=David Sterman \\|date\\=6 May 2015\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}} Ahmad Khan, an American teenager, was to meet a member of ISIS in Turkey.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/07/us/who\\-is\\-mohammed\\-hamzah\\-khan/\\|title\\=Who is Mohammed Hamzah Khan?\\|author\\=Jethro Mullen and Ted Rowlands, CNN\\|date\\=7 October 2014\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}} Another young American, of 17 years\\-old, acknowledged distributing nearly 7 thousand tweets in support of ISIS, as well as aiding the immigration of another youth to [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://alhayat.com/Articles/9495270/\\|title\\=الحياة \\- شاب اميركي يعترف بنشر 7 آلاف تغريدة دعماً لـ \"داعش\"\\|work\\=Alhayat\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=26 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326152340/http://www.alhayat.com/Articles/9495270/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Australasia",
"#### Australia",
"There were also Australians{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/middle\\-east/syria/130301/the\\-australian\\-terrorist\\-abu\\-walid\\-yusuf\\-toprakkaya\\-syria\\-rebels\\-assad \\|title\\=An Australian in Syria: The journey of a foreign fighter \\|work\\=GlobalPost \\|date\\=4 March 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2013}} and citizens of the United States fighting for the Syrian opposition camp,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.voanews.com/a/us\\-man\\-suspected\\-of\\-fighting\\-alongside\\-militants\\-killed\\-in\\-syria/2429355\\.html\\|title\\=Details Emerge About Douglas McCain, American Jihadist Killed in Syria\\|agency\\=VOA\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014}} despite possible prosecution by their government for terrorism amid fears they could return home and carry out attacks.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://icct.nl/publication/pathways\\-of\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-policy\\-options\\-and\\-their\\-unintended\\-consequences/ \\|title\\=Pathways of Foreign Fighters: Policy Options and Their (Un)Intended Consequences \\|date\\=26 May 2015 \\|publisher\\=The International Centre for Counter\\-Terrorism \\- The Hague (ICCT) \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2016 \\|last1\\=Bakker \\|first1\\=Prof Dr Edwin \\|last2\\=Reed \\|first2\\=Dr Alastair \\|archive\\-date\\=22 September 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922082744/https://icct.nl/publication/pathways\\-of\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-policy\\-options\\-and\\-their\\-unintended\\-consequences/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Australian security agencies estimated about 200 Australians to be fighting in the country with dozens said to be part of the Nusra Front.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://muslimvillage.com/2013/07/01/41109/australia\\-lists\\-anti\\-bashar\\-fighters\\-as\\-a\\-terrorist\\-group/ \\|title\\=Australian rebel fighters in Syria could face terrorism charges \\|publisher\\=MuslimVillage.com \\|date\\= July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2013}}",
"There were an estimated 50–100 Australians fighting in the country as of January 2014, with total calculations for the war reaching about 200 fighters. About six were reported to have died and the others were suggested as having returned home. In Sydney and Melbourne, in particular, opponents and supporters of the government have resorted to beatings, assaults, shootings and property, largely along sectarian lines. There were more than 15 incidents of violence involving members of the Lebanese, Turkish and Syrian communities, although in 2013 it had decreased from the previous year. The [Australian Security Intelligence Organisation](/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation \"Australian Security Intelligence Organisation\") (ASIO) reported at the end of the year: \"The situation in Syria, with the potential for violence spilling into other parts of the Middle East, increases the possibility of associated communal violence in Australia and remains a concern for ASIO.\" Zaky Mallah, the first person to be charged and acquitted under Australia's anti\\-terrorism laws, suggested: \"The majority of Australians heading to Syria are from Lebanese backgrounds. The Lebanese youth here feel disadvantaged, isolated and discriminated against. Many \\[are] unemployed and have turned to religion as a result.\" After the death of a couple from western Sydney in the country, [Minister for Immigration and Border Protection](/wiki/Minister_for_Immigration_and_Border_Protection \"Minister for Immigration and Border Protection\") [Scott Morrison](/wiki/Scott_Morrison \"Scott Morrison\") suggested those fighting in Syria could risk losing their citizenship, while the [Australian Federal Police](/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police \"Australian Federal Police\") added that those returning from the fighting would be considered a national security threat. ASIO confiscated the passports of those it suspected of travelling to engage in \"politically motivated violence;\" from mid\\-2012 to mid\\-2013 18 passports were confiscated.{{cite web\\|author\\=Sophie Cousins \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/australian\\-fighters\\-syria\\-alarm\\-officials\\-201422132139299187\\.html \\|title\\=Australian fighters in Syria alarm officials \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English \\|date\\=4 February 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2014}}",
"In December 2018, Australian authorities stripped a jihadist who had fought for ISIS and was held in Turkey on terror\\-related charges of his [Australian citizenship](/wiki/Australian_nationality_law \"Australian nationality law\"). He had left Australia for Syria in 2013\\. The jihadist had both Australian and Fijian citizenship and according to Australian law, an individual holding dual citizenship can be stripped of citizenship if convicted or suspected of terror offences.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-australia\\-46706710\\|title\\=Australian jihadist stripped of citizenship\\|date\\=2018\\-12\\-29\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-29\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"In 2013, A suicide attack on a school where Syrian troops were stationed in Deir al\\-Zor was said to have been perpetrated by an Australian named Abu Asma al\\-Australi for the al\\-Nusra Front. Reports indicated he was from Queensland and travelled to Syria with his wife before sending her back to Australia. A spokesman for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade said that the Australian government was aware of the reports that an Australian had killed himself, but could not confirm any of the speculation. He added that the government had concern about its citizens fighting in the country, including with the al\\-Nusra Front.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.theage.com.au/national/australian\\-man\\-in\\-syria\\-abu\\-asma\\-alaustrali\\-suspected\\-to\\-be\\-suicide\\-bomber\\-20130914\\-2trfh.html\\#ixzz2erdFr4qL\\|title\\=Australian man in Syria, 'Abu Asma al\\-Australi', suspected to be suicide bomber\\|author1\\=Natalie O'Brien\\|date\\=14 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2013\\|work\\=The Age\\|author2\\=Nick Ralston\\|location\\=Melbourne}}",
"#### New Zealand",
"In mid\\-October 2014, the\\-then [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand \"Prime Minister of New Zealand\") [John Key](/wiki/John_Key \"John Key\") confirmed that several New Zealand foreign fighters had joined various Middle Eastern factions including ISIS.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Key \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=Review of foreign fighters security settings to begin \\|url\\=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/review\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-security\\-settings\\-begin \\|website\\=Beehive.govt.nz \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Government]] \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019}} That same month, the New Zealand Government approved \"terms of references\" allowing the [Department of Internal Affairs](/wiki/Department_of_Internal_Affairs_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)\") to suspend the passports of prospective foreign fighters and the [New Zealand Security Intelligence Service](/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service \"New Zealand Security Intelligence Service\") to conduct video surveillance of those individuals. The Prime Minister also confirmed that the Government maintained a watchlist of 30 to 40 \"people of concern in the foreign fighter context\" including individuals who had traveled to Syria to engage with ISIS.{{cite web \\|title\\=Treatment of Foreign Fighters in Selected Jurisdictions: Country Surveys \\|url\\=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/foreign\\-fighters/country\\-surveys.php\\#New%20Zealand \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Library of Congress]] \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019\\|date\\=December 2014 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Regulatory Impact Statement: Foreign Terrorist Fighters \\|url\\=https://dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2017\\-03/ris\\-foreign\\-terrorist\\-fighters\\_0\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (New Zealand)\\|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019}}",
"In December 2014, the [Fifth National Government](/wiki/Fifth_National_Government \"Fifth National Government\") passed a [Countering Terrorist Fighters Legislation Act](/wiki/Countering_Terrorist_Fighters_Legislation_Act \"Countering Terrorist Fighters Legislation Act\") with the support of the [Labour](/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party \"New Zealand Labour Party\"), [ACT](/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand \"ACT New Zealand\"), and [United Future](/wiki/United_Future \"United Future\") parties which amended three existing laws to give the NZSIS greater powers of surveillance and the [Minister of Internal Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Internal_Affairs_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Minister of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)\") greater powers to cancel and suspend passports.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Young \\|first1\\=Audrey \\|title\\=Foreign fighters bill passes 94 \\- 27 \\|url\\=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=11371580 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Herald]] \\|date\\=9 December 2014}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Key \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=Foreign fighters legislation passes \\|url\\=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/foreign\\-fighters\\-legislation\\-passes \\|website\\=Beehive.govt.nz \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Government]] \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019}} In October 2016, Key also confirmed that several New Zealand foreign \"jihadis\" and \"jihadi brides\" had traveled to Syria and Iraq to join ISIS. He confirmed that some had traveled via Australia and that some had dual citizenship.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Moir \\|first1\\=Jo \\|title\\=Foreign fighters in the Middle East could return to New Zealand as Islamic State crumbles \\- John Key \\|url\\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/85681951/foreign\\-fighters\\-in\\-the\\-middle\\-east\\-could\\-return\\-to\\-new\\-zealand\\-as\\-islamic\\-state\\-crumbles\\-\\-john\\-key \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Stuff.co.nz]] \\|date\\=24 October 2016}} By December 2018, the *[New Zealand Herald](/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald \"New Zealand Herald\")* reported that eight individuals had their passports cancelled, withdrawn, or applications denied under the Counter Terrorist Fighters Legislation Act.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Bayer \\|first1\\=Kurt \\|title\\=Terror laws designed to stop Kiwis joining Isis results in eight passports cancelled or suspended \\|url\\=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=12172473 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Herald]] \\|date\\=7 December 2018}}",
"According to a [TVNZ](/wiki/TVNZ \"TVNZ\") \"Sunday\" programme that aired on 11 March 2018, several New Zealanders including \"Ashley\" and \"Sores\" had also traveled to Syria to fight in support of the Kurdish [Democratic Union Party](/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_%28Syria%29 \"Democratic Union Party (Syria)\")'s militias [People's Protection Units](/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units \"People's Protection Units\") (YPG) and the [Women's Protection Units](/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units \"Women's Protection Units\") (YPJ), which were fighting against ISIS.{{cite news \\|title\\=Sunday \\- Kiwi foreign fighters \\|url\\=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/sunday/clips/kiwi\\-foreign\\-fighters \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[TVNZ]] \\|date\\=11 March 2018}}",
"One notable New Zealand citizen who had become an ISIS foreign fighter is [Mark John Taylor](/wiki/Mark_John_Taylor \"Mark John Taylor\") (also known as Mohammad Daniel and Abu Abdul Rahman), who was designated as a \"[Specially Designated Global Terrorist](/wiki/Specially_Designated_Global_Terrorist \"Specially Designated Global Terrorist\")\" by the [United States Department of State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State \"United States Department of State\") in 2017\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hutching \\|first1\\=Matthew \\|title\\=US finally classifies Kiwi jihadist a terrorist \\|url\\=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2017/03/us\\-finally\\-classifies\\-kiwi\\-jihadist\\-a\\-terrorist.html \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Newshub]] \\|date\\=31 March 2017}} In April 2015, Taylor published a [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") video calling on Australian and New Zealand Jihadists to attack police and military personnel on [Anzac Day](/wiki/Anzac_Day \"Anzac Day\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Jones \\|first1\\=Nicholas \\|title\\=Kiwi jihadist calls for Anzac Day terror \\|url\\=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=11438179 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Herald]] \\|date\\=24 April 2015}} In early March 2019, it was reported by the [Australian Broadcasting Company](/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Company \"Australian Broadcasting Company\") that Taylor had been captured by Kurdish forces in Syria and is seeking to return home.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Harvey \\|first1\\=Adam \\|last2\\=Dredge \\|first2\\=Suzanne \\|title\\=New Zealand jihadist Mark Taylor captured in Syria and jailed in Kurdish prison \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019\\-03\\-04/new\\-zealand\\-islamic\\-statjihadist\\-mark\\-taylor\\-captured\\-and\\-jailed/10866382 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \\|date\\=4 March 2019}}{{cite news \\|title\\=New Zealand jihadist Mark Taylor captured in Syria and jailed in Kurdish prison\\|url\\=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/383879/new\\-zealand\\-jihadist\\-mark\\-taylor\\-captured\\-in\\-syria\\-and\\-jailed\\-in\\-kurdish\\-prison \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Radio New Zealand]] \\|date\\=4 March 2019}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Kiwi jihadist Mark Taylor surrenders and is being held in Syrian prison \\|url\\=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=12209243 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Herald]] \\|date\\=4 March 2019}} In response, Prime Minister [Jacinda Ardern](/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern \"Jacinda Ardern\") confirmed that New Zealand would not be stripping Taylor of his citizenship but that he would have to make his own travel arrangements. She also warned that he could face prosecution for joining a terrorist organisation should he return to New Zealand.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Kirk \\|first1\\=Stacey \\|title\\='Kiwi jihadi' Mark Taylor to remain citizen, but on his own in Syria \\- PM \\|url\\=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111008836/kiwi\\-jihadi\\-mark\\-taylor\\-to\\-remain\\-citizen\\-but\\-on\\-his\\-own\\-in\\-syria\\-\\-pm \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Stuff.co.nz]] \\|date\\=4 March 2019}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Kiwi jihadist Mark Taylor may face legal action in NZ, says Jacinda Ardern \\|url\\=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=12209373 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Herald]] \\|date\\=4 March 2019}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Molyneux \\|first1\\=Vita \\|last2\\=Webb\\-Lidall \\|first2\\=Alice \\|last3\\=O'Brien \\|first3\\=Tova \\|title\\='Kiwi Jihadi' Mark Taylor could face legal action in New Zealand \\- Jacinda Ardern \\|url\\=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new\\-zealand/2019/03/kiwi\\-jihadi\\-mark\\-taylor\\-could\\-face\\-legal\\-action\\-in\\-new\\-zealand\\-jacinda\\-ardern.html \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2019 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Newshub]] \\|date\\=4 March 2019}}",
"### Others",
"Other Non\\-Arab fighters came from Turkey, Tajikistan and Pakistan. Though they were reported to be callous, under\\-trained and poor, particularly in comparison to the Chechens. Other Muslim contingents included: South and Central Asians (Afghans, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis), Westerners (Belgian, British, French, U.S., The core foreign support lies with the Al Qaeda\\-linked [ISIS](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_Syria \"Islamic State of Iraq and Syria\"), which is in opposition to the [Islamic Front](/wiki/Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29 \"Islamic Front (Syria)\") and other non\\-Islamist groups.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-bomb\\-idUSBREA0J10L20140120 \\|title\\=Sixteen killed by twin bombs at Syria\\-Turkey border post \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=20 January 2014\\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2014 \\|first\\=Oliver \\|last\\=Holmes}} Reports indicated the inclusion of Buddhist\\-majority [Khmers](/wiki/Khmer_people \"Khmer people\") fighting with ISIS, including those who studied in madrassas in the Middle East. A Turkish member of the Turkistan Islamic Party Hudhayfah al\\-Turki blew himself up in Aleppo.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://jihadology.net/2016/10/28/new\\-video\\-message\\-from\\-%E1%B8%A5izb\\-al\\-islami\\-al\\-turkistani\\-in\\-bilad\\-al\\-sham\\-will\\-of\\-the\\-martyr\\-%E1%B8%A5udhayfah\\-al\\-turki/ \\|title\\=New video message from Ḥizb al\\-Islāmī al\\-Turkistānī in Bilād al\\-Shām: \"Will of the Martyr Ḥudhayfah al\\-Turkī\" \\|date\\=28 October 2016 \\|website\\=Jihadology }}",
"A French national named Ubeydullah was killed while fighting for the Turkistan Islamic Party in 2017\\.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=Weissenberg7\\|author\\=Caleb Weiss\\|number\\=833135318563950593\\|date\\=19 February 2017\\|title\\=TIP figure on Twitter said that a second French fighter was killed in \\#Syria}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/turkistan\\-islamic\\-party\\-in\\-syria\\-confirms\\-death\\-of\\-french\\-born\\-fighter.php \\|title\\=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria confirms death of French\\-born fighter \\|last\\=Weiss \\|first\\=Caleb \\|date\\=19 February 2017 \\|website\\=Long War Journal \\|publisher\\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies }}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=LongWarJournal\\|author\\=Long War Journal\\|number\\=833133399367938049\\|date\\=19 February 2017\\|title\\=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria confirms death of French\\-born fighter \\-}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=VegetaMoustache\\|author\\=Gilles N.\\|number\\=833088428342378499\\|date\\=18 February 2017\\|title\\=@Weissenberg7 seems he was french}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/yahyaturki01/status/832675942757593094 \\|title\\=\\#Türkistan İslam Cemaati/Partisi Suriye ketibemizden Fransalı kardeşimiz şehit (inşAllah) Ubeydullah \\|last\\=Turki \\|first\\=Ebu Yahya \\|date\\=17 February 2017 \\|website\\=Twitter \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2017}} {{dead link\\|date\\=December 2017\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes\\|bot\\=TweetCiteBot}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/Alsahmmedia91/status/833167679297052673 \\|title\\=\\#Türkistan İslam Cemaati/Partisi Suriye ketibemizden Fransalı kardeşimiz şehit (inşAllah) Ubeydullah \\|date\\=18 February 2017 \\|publisher\\=Twitter \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222180432/https://twitter.com/Alsahmmedia91/status/833167679297052673 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 February 2017 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{better source needed\\|Twitter and blogs\\|date\\=November 2018}} The Turkistan Islamic Party had another member from France, Reda Layachi, who was of Moroccan descent and went by the name Abu Talha.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Simon \\|first1\\=Pascal \\|last2\\=Machard\\|first2\\= Pauline \\|date\\=29 December 2015 \\|title\\=Terrorisme. Exclusif: le djihadiste hérouvillais identifié \\|url\\=http://www.ouest\\-france.fr/normandie/caen\\-14000/terrorisme\\-exclusif\\-le\\-djihadiste\\-herouvillais\\-identifie\\-3946824 \\|newspaper\\=Ouest\\-France}}{{cite news \\|date\\=28 December 2015 \\|title\\=Terrorisme. Un jeune homme d'Hérouville\\-Saint\\-Clair tué en Syrie \\|url\\=http://www.ouest\\-france.fr/normandie/caen\\-14000/terrorisme\\-un\\-jeune\\-homme\\-ddherouville\\-saint\\-clair\\-tue\\-en\\-syrie\\-3946178 \\|newspaper\\=Ouest\\-France }}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=\\_DavidThomson\\|author\\=David Thomson\\|number\\=681206233571946496\\|date\\=27 December 2015\\|title\\=Le groupe jihadiste \"Parti islamique turkistanais\" diffuse la photo du Français Abu Talha annoncé tué dans ses rangs}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=\\_DavidThomson\\|author\\=David Thomson\\|number\\=681445187562901504\\|date\\=28 December 2015\\|title\\=Après vérification: ce Français d'origine marocaine était originaire d'une petite ville de Basse\\-Normandie (marié, env 18 ans, 2 enfants)}}",
""
] |
### Europe
Both European converts and immigrant or immigrant's children have gone to fight for the Syrian opposition. This includes citizens from France (with the leading number of fighters), followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy.{{Cite journal \|last\=Corradi \|first\=Edoardo \|date\=2022\-11\-18 \|title\=Joining the fight: the Italian foreign fighters contingent of the Kurdish People's Protection Units \|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/italian\-political\-science\-review\-rivista\-italiana\-di\-scienza\-politica/article/joining\-the\-fight\-the\-italian\-foreign\-fighters\-contingent\-of\-the\-kurdish\-peoples\-protection\-units/02E61B0DFAB16922510EFBA32C8F9BEF \|journal\=Italian Political Science Review {{!}} Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica \|volume\=53 \|issue\=2 \|language\=en \|pages\=201–219 \|doi\=10\.1017/ipo.2022\.31 \|issn\=0048\-8402\|hdl\=11567/1100255 \|hdl\-access\=free }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/home\-grown\-jihadism\-italy\-10309\|title\=Home\-Grown Jihadism in Italy\|publisher\=Ispionline.it\|access\-date\=12 October 2014\|date\=29 April 2014}}{{cite news\|url\=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/06/28/opinion/sylvie\-kauffmann\-frances\-homegrown\-jihadists.html?referrer\=\&\_r\=0\|title\=Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=27 June 2014 \|access\-date\=12 October 2014\|last1\=Kauffmann \|first1\=Sylvie }} A report by the International Centre for Counter\-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) from April 2016 shows that there is a total of 3,922\-4,294 foreign fighters from EU Member States of whom 30 percent have returned to their home countries. EU anti\-terrorism coordinator [Gilles de Kerchove](/wiki/Gilles_de_Kerchove "Gilles de Kerchove") said that this was a worrying trend as those who return could be more radicalized. [EUROPOL](/wiki/EUROPOL "EUROPOL") Director [Rob Wainright](/wiki/Rob_Wainright "Rob Wainright") issued his 2013 report and said that the returning fighters "could incite other volunteers to join the armed struggle," as well as use their training, combat experience, knowledge and contacts to conduct such activities within the EU.{{cite web\|url\=http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2013/06/19/Syria\-EU\-eyes\-potential\-threat\-volunteer\-fighters\_8893641\.html \|title\=Syria: EU eyes potential threat from volunteer fighters \|date\=19 June 2013 \|publisher\=Ansamed.ansa.it \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}}
European criminals are targeted by the Islamic State for recruitment, an estimated 50\-80% of Europeans in IS have a criminal record. This is higher than al\-Qaeda, where 25% of Europeans have a criminal record.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief\_10\_Terrorism\_and\_crime.pdf\|title\=The crime\-terrorism nexus\|last\=Gaub \& Lisiecka\|date\=April 2017\|publisher\=\[\[European Union Institute for Security Studies]]\|pages\=1–2\|access\-date\=14 April 2019}}
The first European to fight for the Syrian opposition was reported by *[Der Spiegel](/wiki/Der_Spiegel "Der Spiegel")* to be a fighter for the Free Syrian Army who was "a Frenchman who had just turned 24 and comes from a wealthy family. He just turned up here with his credit card in hand."{{cite news\|last\=Putz \|first\=Ulrike \|url\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/foreign\-jihadists\-declare\-war\-on\-syria\-s\-assad\-a\-824875\.html \|title\=Foreign Jihadists Declare War on Syria's Assad \|work\=Der Spiegel \|date\=30 March 2012 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}} A [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan")\-born U.S.\-convert to Islam was also the first U.S. citizen to be killed in Syria, reportedly by the government, as she was taking part in a reconnaissance mission with two Britons near Aleppo.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/30/syria\-michigan\-woman\-killed/2477393/ \|title\=From Michigan to a violent death in Syria \|work\=USA Today \|date\=10 June 2013 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013 \|first\=Niraj \|last\=Warikoo}} In July 2013, a U.S.\-Egyptian man named Amiir Farouk Ibrahim (from Pennsylvania) went missing in Syria, presumed by the media to be fighting with rebel forces. His passport was discovered, amongst others, in an [Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant") base which had been captured by Kurdish rebels.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/170185 \|title\=U.S. Passport Found among Syria Jihadists \|publisher\=Israel National News \|date\=23 July 2013 \|access\-date\=28 July 2013}} His family was aware he was in Syria, but his father did not believe that his son had gone there for humanitarian purposes.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wpxi.com/news/news/local/pittsburgh\-man\-reportedly\-dead\-syria/nY4rk/ \|title\=Pittsburgh man reportedly dead in Syria \|publisher\=www.wpxi.com \|access\-date\=28 July 2013 \|archive\-date\=5 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004732/http://www.wpxi.com/news/news/local/pittsburgh\-man\-reportedly\-dead\-syria/nY4rk/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|url\=http://triblive.com/news/editorspicks/4415705\-74/ibrahim\-syria\-syrian\#ixzz2a9XASaYD\&w \|title\=Pittsburgh man reported killed in Syria \|publisher\=TribLIVE \|access\-date\=20 September 2013}} Western countries, including the U.K., have provided aid to the rebels.{{cite news\|author\=Kim Sengupta \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/revealed\-what\-the\-west\-has\-given\-syrias\-rebels\-8756447\.html \|title\=Revealed: What the West has given Syria's rebels \|newspaper\=The Independent \|date\=11 August 2013 \|access\-date\=20 September 2013 \|location\=London}} As of November 2013, there are believed to be approximately 600 fighters from Western countries in Syria.{{cite web\|title\=American and International Militants Drawn to Syria\|url\=http://www.adl.org/combating\-hate/international\-extremism\-terrorism/c/syria\-foreign\-fighters.html\#.Ul1ybBDQvZ0\|publisher\=Anti\-Defamation League\|access\-date\=25 November 2013}} Norway's Thomas Hegghammer issued a report that suggested one in nine Westerners who fight in foreign jihadist insurgencies end up becoming involved in attack plots back home. The Associate Director of the [Melbourne School of Government](/wiki/Melbourne_School_of_Government "Melbourne School of Government") David Malet, however, suggested that while research on foreign fighters was a new field, different studies showed another view to the likelihood of [blowback](/wiki/Blowback_%28intelligence%29 "Blowback (intelligence)") from returning fighters. "Other studies show that most foreign fighters simply resume their previous lives so long as they are provided [amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty "Amnesty")."
Meanwhile, France was estimated to have up to 700 of its citizens fighting in Syria.
#### Balkans
Muslims from the Balkans have joined the opposition in fighting against the Syrian government, and some have been killed.
In 2013, it was reported that many recruits came from Serbia's Muslim\-inhabited [Sandžak](/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak "Sandžak") region, particularly the city of [Novi Pazar](/wiki/Novi_Pazar "Novi Pazar"). Several hundred come from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia. Many of the recruits were [Salafists](/wiki/Salafi "Salafi") and, though denied by some Salafist leaders, [Rešad Plojović](/wiki/Re%C5%A1ad_Plojovi%C4%87 "Rešad Plojović"), the deputy leader of the [Sandžak muftiate](/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak_muftiate "Sandžak muftiate"), said that "some organisations and individuals \[are recruiting Balkan Muslims]. There are centers or individuals who probably have connections with certain organisations, and they are motivating people. They also may know ways to transport them to the war zone. Let's be frank. Many here do not even know where Syria is. They cannot know how to go there and get involved in all that is happening there." [Anel Grbović](/wiki/Anel_Grbovi%C4%87 "Anel Grbović"), a journalist from *[Novi Pazar](/wiki/Novi_Pazar "Novi Pazar")*, wrote that most fighters from the Sandžak had been removed from the country's two official Islamic communities before traveling to Syria. "The fact is, there are illegal organisations recruiting people here. The fact is, there are houses where they come together. The fact is, there are facilities where they conduct their religious rituals – which means they exclude themselves from the mosque. That means they exclude themselves from the system of the Islamic community and are more easily influenced by some individuals or organisations." As for Albanian Muslims in Kosovo and Macedonia, they fought for the rebels in order to help "Sunni brothers" in their fight. At least one Macedonian fighter said he was recruited via an intermediary in Vienna. From Bosnia and Herzegovina, many [Bosniaks](/wiki/Bosniaks "Bosniaks") joined the Nusra Front as Salafists ([Salafism came to Bosnia](/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia "Islam in Bosnia") during the [Bosnian War](/wiki/Bosnian_War "Bosnian War") with Saudi financing, though foreign fighters in that war stayed on in the country despite controversy{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6642353\.stm \|title\=Bosnia fighters face uncertain fate \|work\=BBC News \|date\=10 May 2007 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}}). Some of relatives of the fighters have said that the leader of the predominantly Salafist Bosnian village of [Gornja Maoča](/wiki/Gornja_Mao%C4%8Da "Gornja Maoča"), Nusret Imamović, recruited the fighters; however he refused to be interviewed about the allegations. The director of the Bosnian [State Investigation and Protection Agency](/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency "State Investigation and Protection Agency"), Goran Zubac, said that his office had questioned at least eight men linked to recruiting and sending the fighters to Syria, while he said his office was monitoring the Salafists. "If our priority is to fight against terrorism and these activities are a part of this sector, then you can rest assured that nobody in the State Investigation and Protection Agency is sleeping."{{cite web\|author1\=Teodorovic Milos \|author2\=Ron Synovitz \|url\=http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/25011213\.html \|title\=Balkan Militants Join Syria's Rebel Cause \|publisher\=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty \|date\=8 June 2013 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013}}
In 2013, [FTV](/wiki/Federalna_televizija "Federalna televizija") reported that a group of 52 Bosniak fighters went to Syria since the fighting commenced, though 32 fighters returned, while two were killed. An additional nine Bosniaks released a video tape saying they were going to fight in [Homs](/wiki/Homs "Homs"), though they also mentioned the *jihad*s in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{cite web \|url\=http://dalje.com/en\-world/bosnian\-radical\-islamists\-preparing\-to\-join\-syrian\-rebels/473536 \|title\=Bosnian radical Islamists preparing to join Syrian rebels \|publisher\=Dalje.com \|date\=26 June 2013 \|access\-date\=1 July 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630102322/http://dalje.com/en\-world/bosnian\-radical\-islamists\-preparing\-to\-join\-syrian\-rebels/473536 \|archive\-date\=30 June 2013 \|df\=dmy\-all }}
By April 2015, a total of 232 [Kosovo Albanians](/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians "Kosovo Albanians") had gone to Syria to fight with Islamist groups, most commonly the IS.{{cite news\|newspaper\=The Economist\|title\=Fight the Good Fight: With the Western Balkans at Peace, Some Go Abroad to Look for War\|date\=18 April 2015\|url\=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21648697\-western\-balkans\-peace\-some\-go\-abroad\-look\-war\-fight\-good\-fight}} Forty of these are from the town of [Skenderaj](/wiki/Skenderaj "Skenderaj") (Srbica), according to Kosovo police reports.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.b92\.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy\=2014\&mm\=05ⅆ\=02\&nav\_category\=640\&nav\_id\=843121 \|title\=100 Albanaca sa KiM ratuje u Siriji \|work\=Vesti\|publisher\=B92 \|access\-date\=10 June 2014}} By September 2014, a total of 48 ethnic Albanians from several countries were killed fighting in Syria and Iraq.{{cite web\|publisher\=Info.ks\|title\=Još jedan kosovski Albanac poginuo u Siriji\|trans\-title\=Another Kosovo Albanian Killed in Syria\|language\=sr\|date\=15 September 2014\|url\=http://www.info\-ks.net/vijesti/crna\-hronika/48188/jos\-jedan\-kosovski\-albanac\-poginuo\-u\-siriji}} According to the Kosovar Centre for Security Studies, around 60 Kosovar fighters have been killed in combat as of March 2016\.{{cite news\|author\=Ervin Qafmolla\|title\=Offer Kosovar Fighters "Jihadi Rehab" to Combat Extremism\|publisher\=Balkan Insight\|url\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/offer\-kosovar\-fighters\-jihadi\-rehab\-to\-combat\-extremism\-\-03\-23\-2016\|date\=24 March 2016\|access\-date\=3 April 2016}} As of March 2016, the Albanian Government estimates that over 100 Albanian citizens have joined militant groups in Syria and Iraq, 18 of whom have been killed and 12 wounded.{{cite news\|author\=Aleksandra Bogdani\|title\=Albania Faces 'Jihadi Fighters in the Shadows' Threat\|publisher\=Balkan Insight\|url\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania\-faces\-jihadi\-fighters\-in\-the\-shadows\-threat\-03\-21\-2016\|date\=18 March 2016\|access\-date\=3 April 2016}}
[Macedonian citizens of Albanian descent](/wiki/Albanians_in_Macedonia "Albanians in Macedonia") are also fighting in Syria, and six were reported to have been killed by 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.republika.mk/?p\=123640\|title\=Another Macedonian Albanian reported killed in Syria\|work\=Republika Online\|access\-date\=12 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015194751/http://english.republika.mk/?p\=123640\|archive\-date\=15 October 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/sixth\-macedonian\-albanian\-reported\-killed\-in\-syria\|title\=Another Macedonian Albanian Reported Killed in Syria\|publisher\=Balkaninsight.com\|access\-date\=12 October 2014\|date\=14 May 2014}}
#### Belgium
{{Main\|Islam in Belgium\#Radicalization}}
As an ICCT report from April 2016 shows, Belgium has the highest per\-capita foreign fighter contingent. The estimated number is between 420 and 516 individuals. This group consists of a wide age range, with people between 14 and 69 years old – with an average of 25\.7\.
Moroccan\-born IS recruiter Khalid Zerkani recruited 72 young individuals with migrant backgrounds of whom most were [petty criminals](/wiki/Petty_crime "Petty crime"). He encouraged them to steal from non\-Muslims in order to finance their journeys to join the caliphate.
The Chief of the '{{Ill\|Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis\|nl\|Orgaan voor de Coördinatie en de Analyse van de Dreiging}}', [Paul Van Tigchelt](/wiki/Paul_Van_Tigchelt "Paul Van Tigchelt"), said on 28 September 2016 that there are 632 known persons designated as 'foreign terrorist fighters'. Out of these 632 people, 273 are believed to be abroad, fighting or dead.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/32616/Terreurdreiging\-in\-Belgie/article/detail/2890164/2016/09/28/Tiental\-Syriegangers\-zou\-zonder\-slechte\-bedoelingen\-willen\-terugkeren\-naar\-Belgie.dhtml\|title\=Tiental Syriëgangers zou "zonder slechte bedoelingen" willen terugkeren naar België\|date\=28 September 2016\|access\-date\=27 October 2016}}
In the 2012\-2016 timespan, of the about 500 individuals who left the country to fight in the civil war in Syria, the great majority were of [Moroccan descent](/wiki/Moroccans_in_Belgium "Moroccans in Belgium") according to U.S. and Belgian authorities.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2016/04/04/473004999/when\-it\-comes\-to\-radicalization\-in\-belgium\-turks\-and\-moroccans\-are\-different\|title\=When It Comes To Radicalization In Belgium, Turks and Moroccans Are Different\|newspaper\=NPR.org\|publisher\=NPR\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-10\|quote\=More than 500 Belgians have left for Syria since 2012 and most of them, according to Belgian and U.S. officials, have been of Moroccan descent.}}
In July 2020, Belgian authorities stripped eight IS fighters with dual citizenships of their Belgian citizenships, after Turkey had warned that IS supporters would be sent to their country of origin.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-07\-30\|title\=Eight Brussels jihadists given eight days to hold on to their Belgian nationality\|url\=https://www.brusselstimes.com/all\-news/world\-all\-news/124123/eight\-brussels\-jihadists\-given\-eight\-days\-to\-hold\-on\-to\-their\-belgian\-nationality/\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-04\|website\=The Brussels Times\|language\=en}}
#### Denmark
{{Main\|Islam in Denmark\#Islamism and terrorism}}
According to the [Danish Security and Intelligence Service](/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service "Danish Security and Intelligence Service") (PET), up to 125 people have left the country since 2011 to travel to the Syria/Iraq war zone where the majority joined the Islamic State. Of those who went, 27 have died and some deaths were due to participating in suicide attacks. A minority of those who went to groups who opposed Islamist organizations.
The great majority of those who joined the conflict were young Sunni Muslims of whom some were converts. Those who went were part of the Islamist scenes in [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen"), [Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus "Aarhus") and [Odense](/wiki/Odense "Odense"). Of the 22 who travelled from Aarhus, all came from the [Grimhøj mosque](/wiki/Grimh%C3%B8jmoskeen "Grimhøjmoskeen").
In March 2018, the government of Denmark changed the citizenship law so that children of Danish citizens fighting for the Islamic State will no longer automatically receive Danish citizenship.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/boern\-af\-danske\-syrienskrigere\-mister\-retten\-til\-dansk\-statsborgerskab\|title\=Børn af danske syrienskrigere mister retten til dansk statsborgerskab\|website\=DR\|date\=28 March 2019\|language\=da\-DK\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-04}}
#### France
{{Main\|Islam in France\#Radicalisation}}
An ICCT report shows that more than 900 people have travelled from France to Syria and/or Iraq by October 2015\. There is no profile that defines a French foreign fighter, except for mostly young males with a criminal record; foreign fighters come from different regions and socio\-economic environments. About 200 were female and a few were entire families who intended to settle in the caliphate.{{Cite journal\|date\=2016\-04\-01\|title\= The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, Threats \& Policies\|url\=https://icct.nl/publication/report\-the\-foreign\-fighters\-phenomenon\-in\-the\-eu\-profiles\-threats\-policies/\|journal\=Terrorism and Counter\-Terrorism Studies\|language\=en\-US\|pages\=31, 38–39, 46\|doi\=10\.19165/2016\.1\.02\|last1\=Van Ginkel\|first1\=Bibi\|last2\=Boutin\|first2\=Bérénice\|last3\=Chauzal\|first3\=Grégory\|last4\=Dorsey \|first4\=Jessica\|last5\=Jegerings\|first5\=Marjolein\|last6\=Paulussen\|first6\=Christophe\|last7\=Pohl\|first7\=Johanna\|last8\=Reed\|first8\=Alastair\|last9\=Zavagli\|first9\=Sofia\|doi\-access\=free}}
In 2015 the USMA [Combating Terrorism Center](/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center "Combating Terrorism Center") identified 32 French facilitators who supported individuals intending to join jihadist groups in the Middle East.{{Cite web\|url\=https://ctc.usma.edu/ctc\-perspectives\-the\-french\-foreign\-fighter\-threat\-in\-context/\|title\=The French Foreign Fighter Threat in Context\|date\=2015\-11\-14\|website\=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-09\|archive\-date\=2018\-12\-09\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165459/https://ctc.usma.edu/ctc\-perspectives\-the\-french\-foreign\-fighter\-threat\-in\-context/\|url\-status\=dead}}
By 2015, 14 of the foreign fighters from France had either died in suicide bombings or expressed their willingness to do so.
After it was revealed that a teen and other youths from Nice joined ISIS in Syria, the mother of one of the youths who was later reported dead filed a civil suit against the French government. The women accused the government of negligence for letting her son travel to a danger zone.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/09/french\-mother\-in\-court\-to\-accuse\-government\-negligence\-in\-teen\-son\-one\-way/\|title\=French mother in court to accuse government of negligence in teen son's one\-way Syria journey\|work\=Fox News\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}
In Iraq and Syria foreign fighters from France number around 689 according to the French government.{{cite tweet\|user\=JcBrisard\|author\=Jean\-Charles Brisard\|number\=835240307574861824\|date\=24 February 2017\|title\=French Gov Stats (Feb 22/23\) \#jihad: 689 nationals/residents in \#Syria \#Iraq including 293 women, 207 returnees, 249 dead}}
In May 2019, four French citizens were sentenced to death by an Iraqi court for joining the Islamic State. One of the convicts had served in the French army from the year 2000, and had done a tour in Afghanistan in 2009 and left the army in 2010\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/iraq\-condemns\-fourth\-french\-member\-death\-104437414\.html\|title\=Iraq condemns fourth French IS member to death\|website\=news.yahoo.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-28}}
#### Germany
{{Main\|Islam in Germany\#Controversies}}
For Germany, the estimation is that between 720 and 760 people have travelled to Syria and/or Iraq. 40 percent of this group holds only German citizenship, while another 20 percent holds dual citizenship of which one is German.
In 2017, the federal police of Germany estimated that between 60% and two thirds of IS fighters coming from Germany had a criminal record, with the vast majority (98%) being repeat offenders with an average of 7\.6 crimes per individual.
In February 2019, [Katrin Göring\-Eckardt](/wiki/Katrin_G%C3%B6ring-Eckardt "Katrin Göring-Eckardt") from [the Green](/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens "Alliance 90/The Greens") party encouraged the government of Germany to bring German citizens who had fought for the Islamic State back to Germany.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2019\-02/syrien\-haftbefehl\-is\-kaempfer\-forderung\-rueckholung\-gruene\|title\=Syrien: Grüne fordern Rücknahme von IS\-Kämpfern\|date\=2019\-02\-18\|work\=Die Zeit\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-20\|language\=de\-DE\|issn\=0044\-2070}} The interior minister of Bavaria, [Joachim Herrmann](/wiki/Joachim_Herrmann_%28CSU%29 "Joachim Herrmann (CSU)") (CSU), encouraged the government to strip IS warriors of their German citizenship.
In April 2019, Germany changed the law so German citizens with dual citizenship who fight with foreign terrorist militias can be stripped of their German citizenship. The law also applies to members of the [PKK](/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party "Kurdistan Workers' Party"), which according to the [domestic intelligence agency](/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution "Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution") is "the biggest and most powerful foreign extremist organization in Germany."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dw.com/cda/en/germany\-approves\-stripping\-dual\-national\-terrorist\-fighters\-of\-citizenship/a\-48177392\|title\=Germany approves stripping dual national terrorist fighters of citizenship \|date\=April 3, 2019\|website\=Deutsche Welle\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-04}}
On August 19, 2019, Kurdish\-led administration in Syria handed over four children, whose parents were "Islamic State" (IS) fighters, to Germany. Among the children are three orphans, including a boy, two girls, and a 6\-month\-old ailing girl. This was the first time Germany repatriated children of ISIS militants.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2019/Aug\-19/489912\-4\-german\-children\-born\-to\-is\-to\-return\-home\-from\-syria.ashx\|title\=4 German children born to Daesh to return home from Syria\|access\-date\=19 August 2019\|newspaper\=The Daily Star\|archive\-date\=19 August 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819153834/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2019/Aug\-19/489912\-4\-german\-children\-born\-to\-is\-to\-return\-home\-from\-syria.ashx\|url\-status\=dead}}
In August 2019, US President Donald Trump threatened to release over 2,000 captured ISIS Fighters into France and Germany if US’ European allies did not repatriate "their" citizens\-turned\-terrorists.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.defenseone.com/politics/2019/08/trump\-threatens\-release\-isis\-fighters\-france\-germany/159361/\|title\=Trump Threatens to 'Release' ISIS Fighters into France, Germany\|date\=21 August 2019 \|access\-date\=21 August 2019\|publisher\=Defense One}}
Of 778 individuals who had travelled to the conflict zone from Germany, 504 or nearly two thirds, had criminal convictions and 32% of those had been sentenced for 5 crimes or more.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.fhs.se/arkiv/nyheter/2019\-10\-21\-lokalsamhallen\-pressas\-av\-antagonistiska\-hot.html\|title\=Lokalsamhällen pressas av antagonistiska hot (PDF)\|website\=fhs.se\|page\=55\|language\=sv\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-25}}
On October 16, 2019, a German National going by the name Konstantin Gedig AKA "Andok Cotkar" was killed by a Turkish Airstrike while serving with the [YPG International](/wiki/YPG_International "YPG International") branch outside of Sere Kaniye.{{Cite web\|url\=http://nedaa\-sy.com/en/news/16508\|title\=First foreign fighter of YPG militia killed in "Peace Spring"\|date\=2019\-10\-23\|website\=Call Syria\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-21}}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{Cite web\|title\=German man fighting for Kurds killed in Syria \|date\=November 5, 2019\|url\=https://www.dw.com/en/german\-man\-fighting\-for\-kurds\-killed\-in\-syria/a\-51120623\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-14\|website\=Deutsche Welle\|language\=en\-GB}}
#### Ireland
As of January 2015, the [Department of Justice](/wiki/Department_of_Justice_%28Ireland%29 "Department of Justice (Ireland)") estimates that approximately 50 Irish residents have travelled to Syria to fight for rebel forces in the civil war since 2011\.{{cite news\|last1\=O'Halloran\|first1\=Marie\|last2\=O'Regan\|first2\=Michael\|title\=Shatter says up to 30 Irish residents gone to fight in Syria\|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/shatter\-says\-up\-to\-30\-irish\-residents\-gone\-to\-fight\-in\-syria\-1\.1680575\|access\-date\=3 June 2014\|newspaper\=The Irish Times\|date\=5 February 2014}} At least three [Irish citizens](/wiki/Irish_nationality_law "Irish nationality law") are known to have been killed in combat.{{cite news\|last1\=McQuinn\|first1\=Cormac\|title\=26 fighters have left Ireland to join Syrian rebels\|url\=http://www.independent.ie/irish\-news/26\-fighters\-have\-left\-ireland\-to\-join\-syrian\-rebels\-29173266\.html\|access\-date\=3 June 2014\|work\=Irish Independent\|date\=4 April 2013}} According to the Department of Justice, many have "participated in the conflict under the flag of fundamentalist and extreme organisations" and "may pose certain threats" upon their return to Ireland and the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"). The [Garda Síochána](/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na "Garda Síochána") (Irish national police) "will continue to monitor developments in this area and take action as required," including officers from the Garda Middle Eastern Bureau of the [Special Detective Unit](/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit "Special Detective Unit") (SDU) and Garda Racial, Intercultural and Diversity Office (GRIDO).{{cite web\|last1\=Ryan\|first1\=Nicky\|title\=Gardaí monitoring potential radicalisation of Irish residents in Syrian conflict\|url\=http://www.thejournal.ie/syria\-irish\-conflict\-travel\-arms\-rebel\-civil\-war\-1300726\-Feb2014/\|publisher\=thejournal.ie\|access\-date\=3 June 2014}} According to [The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence](/wiki/The_International_Centre_for_the_Study_of_Radicalisation_and_Political_Violence "The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence") (ICSR), "per capita, Ireland is probably the biggest (contributor of fighters) of all the countries we looked at because Ireland has a small population."{{cite news\|last1\=Malik\|first1\=Shiv\|title\=Syria conflict drawing hundreds of jihadists from Europe, says report\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/03/syria\-hundreds\-jihadists\-europe\|access\-date\=3 June 2014\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=3 April 2013}}
According to media reports, [Garda](/wiki/Garda_Crime_%26_Security_Branch "Garda Crime & Security Branch") and [Military Intelligence](/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_%28Ireland%29 "Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)") are monitoring between 30 and 60 potential [Islamist fighters](/wiki/Jihadism "Jihadism") both in the Irish state and Irish citizens fighting abroad in Syria and Iraq.{{cite news\|last1\=Brady\|first1\=Tom\|last2\=Phelan\|first2\=Shane\|title\=30 Irish jihad fighters travelling to Middle East from Dublin base\|url\=http://www.herald.ie/news/30\-irish\-jihad\-fighters\-travelling\-to\-middle\-east\-from\-dublin\-base\-30525759\.html\|access\-date\=25 August 2014\|work\=The Herald\|date\=21 August 2014}}
Security sources estimated that some 20 fighters may have returned to Ireland as of November 2015\.{{cite news\|last1\=O'Keefe\|first1\=Cormac\|title\=Islamic terrorists: Radicalisation and fighters returning to Ireland are our biggest threat\|url\=http://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/islamic\-terrorists\-radicalisation\-and\-fighters\-returning\-to\-ireland\-are\-our\-biggest\-threat\-366201\.html\|access\-date\=21 November 2015\|newspaper\=Irish Examiner\|date\=21 November 2015}}
#### Italy
{{See also\|Islam in Italy\|Terrorism in Italy}}In the 2011\-July 2018 period, foreign fighters linked to Italy (among them citizens or residents) numbered 135, which was less than both France (1,900\) and Germany (about 1,000\). Most joined jihadist groups such as the Islamic State and [Jabhat Al\-Nusra](/wiki/Jabhat_Al-Nusra "Jabhat Al-Nusra"), while others joined non\-jihadist formations or the Free Syrian Army. Unlike in other Western European countries where most of the fighters were born in the country, only a few of those who went to the conflict zone were born in Italy. 14 had Italian citizenship and 10 had dual citizenship. It was noted that the number of [Tunisian nationals living in Italy](/wiki/Tunisian_people_in_Italy "Tunisian people in Italy") who went to the conflict zone (39\) was far higher than the number of Italians. Slightly more than half (50\.4%) of fighters linked to Italy came from countries in [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa").12 of the fighters were from countries in the Balkans.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Vidino\|first1\=Dr Lorenzo\|last2\=Marone\|first2\=Dr Francesco\|date\=2019\-03\-19\|title\=Destination Jihad: Italy's Foreign Fighters\|url\=https://icct.nl/publication/destination\-jihad\-italys\-foreign\-fighters/\|journal\=ICCT Report\|language\=en\-US\|publisher\=The International Centre for Counter\-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT)\|pages\=2, 22 (pdf download)}}
The wife of Moroccan kickboxer Abderrahim Moutaharrik—who was imprisoned in 2017 for allegedly having links to the terror organization, Islamic State (ISIS)—was deported from Italy to Morocco for security concerns.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/08/280925/italy\-wife\-of\-moroccan\-isis\-fighter\-morocco/\|title\=Italy Expels Wife of Moroccan ISIS Fighter to Morocco\|access\-date\=23 August 2019\|publisher\=Morocco World News\|date\=23 August 2019}}
#### The Netherlands
{{Main\|Islam in the Netherlands\#Radicalisation}}
As of April 2016, 220 people had left to go to Syria/Iraq. The majority of them were male and under 25\.
The [Parliament of Netherlands](/wiki/Parliament_of_Netherlands "Parliament of Netherlands") voted in 2016 for legislation to strip Dutch citizens who join ISIS or al Qaeda abroad of their citizenship, also if they have not been convicted of any crime. The law can only be applied to individuals with double citizenship. Justice Minister [Ard Van der Steur](/wiki/Ard_van_der_Steur "Ard van der Steur") stated the legal changes were necessary to stop jihadists from returning to the Netherlands.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/212749\|title\=Dutch Jihadists to be stripped of dual citizenship\|website\=Israel National News\|date\=24 May 2016 \|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-16}} In September 2017, four jihadists were stripped of their citizenship.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2017/sep/13/netherlands\-strip\-four\-jihadists\-of\-citizenship\-1656702\.html\|title\=Netherlands strip four jihadists of citizenship\|work\=The New Indian Express\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-16}}
In 2017 the [Dutch security service AIVD](/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service "General Intelligence and Security Service") approximated the number of female jihadists in the Netherlands to about 100 and at least 80 women had left the Netherlands to join the conflict, the majority of whom joined ISIS. When the military pressure increased on jihadist groups in Syra and Iraq, Netherlands\-originating women tried to flee the area.{{Cite web\|url\=https://english.aivd.nl/latest/news/2017/12/18/women\-play\-significant\-role\-in\-jihadism\|title\=Women play significant role in jihadism\|last\=Koninkrijksrelaties\|first\=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en\|website\=english.aivd.nl\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-01\|date\=18 December 2017}}
In the 2012 – November 2018 period, above 310 individuals had travelled from the Netherlands to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. Of those 85 had been killed and 55 returned to the Netherlands. Of the surviving Dutch foreign fighters in the region, 135 are fighters in the conflict zone and three quarters are members of ISIL. The remaining quarter have joined groups such as [Hay'at Tahrir al\-Sham](/wiki/Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham") or [Tanzim Hurras al\-Deen](/wiki/Tanzim_Hurras_al-Deen "Tanzim Hurras al-Deen").{{Cite book\|url\=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2018/11/09/the\-legacy\-of\-syria\-global\-jihadism\-remains\-a\-threat\-to\-europe\|title\=Syria's Legacy \- Global jihadism remains a threat to Europe\|publisher\=\[\[General Intelligence and Security Service]]\|year\=2018\|pages\=8\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201090804/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2018/11/09/the\-legacy\-of\-syria\-global\-jihadism\-remains\-a\-threat\-to\-europe\|archive\-date\=1 December 2018}}
#### Norway
{{Main\|Islam in Norway}}
On 27 May 2014, a Somali and two Kosovars, all Norwegian citizens from [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo "Oslo"), were arrested after being suspected of supporting the ISIS. The death of Kosovar, Egzon Avdyli, who grew up in Norway, was covered in the media. He had also been a spokesman for the Norway\-based [Prophet's Ummah](/wiki/Profetens_Ummah "Profetens Ummah") and was said to have left for Syria earlier in the year. He "supported the establishment of an Islamic state in Norway or other Western countries." At least 50 were thought to have traveled from Norway to Syria to fight for the Islamists, with Norwegian intelligence groups said to be concerned of the danger of them returning.
In May 2015 two men, 30\-year\-old Djibril Abdi Bashir and 28\-year\-old Valon Avdyli, were sentenced in Norway to four years in prison for joining Islamic State militants in [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"). Valon's 25\-year\-old brother, Visar Avdyli, was convicted of providing logistical support, and sentenced to a seven\-month prison term.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-4655304,00\.html\|title\=Norwegian court convicts 3 men of links to ISIS\|work\=ynet\|date\=8 May 2015\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}}
About 70 people have left Norway to become foreign fighters in Syria or Iraq, while around 20 have returned.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/09/swedes\-nab\-norwegian\-man\-suspected\-heading\-to\-join\-jihadi\-fighters\-in\-syria\-and/\|title\=Swedes nab Norwegian man suspected of heading to join jihadi fighters in Syria and Iraq\|publisher\=Fox News\|access\-date\=25 October 2015}} It is estimated that at least 124 people have travelled from Denmark to Syria and/or Iraq since January 2011\.
In February 2019, Prime Minister [Erna Solberg](/wiki/Erna_Solberg "Erna Solberg") said that fighters who return to Norway will be investigated by police and face criminal charges.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.aftenposten.no/article/ap\-qn9j0g.html\|title\=Erna Solberg: IS\-krigere kan vende hjem, men de vil bli straffeforfulgt\|last\=NTB\|first\=Olga Stokke\|website\=Aftenposten\|language\=nb\-NO\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-21}}
In May 2019 it was announced that both men and women who had joined the Islamic State who only had residence permits in Norway would have their permits annulled to prevent them from returning to Norway.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.vg.no/i/2G9ojx\|title\=Trekker oppholdstillatelsen for alle med IS\-tilknytning\|website\=vg.no\|language\=no\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-04}} In September 2019, 15 [foreigners in Norway](/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway "Immigration to Norway") had their residence permits revoked.{{Cite news\|url\=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid\=83\&artikel\=7299474\|title\=Norska IS\-resenärer förlorar uppehållstillstånd \- Nyheter (Ekot)\|newspaper\=Sveriges Radio\|date\=14 September 2019\|language\=sv\|access\-date\=2019\-09\-15}}
#### Poland
In 2015, about 20–40 Polish citizens were believed to have travelled to the conflict zone, most of them at the time did not live in Poland but in other European countries. One of those carried out a suicide attack on an oil refinery in June 2015\.
#### Spain
{{See also\|Islam in Spain\|Terrorism in Spain}}
An ICCT report shows that more than 139 people have travelled from Spain to Syria and/or Iraq by November 2015 with about 10% of those being female.
A detailed analysis of 20 fighters who had joined before 2014 showed that eleven of those were Spanish citizens and the remaining were [Moroccans living in Spain](/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain "Moroccans in Spain"). Most of those who joined lived in the [Ceuta](/wiki/Ceuta "Ceuta") enclave in North Africa, but also [Girona](/wiki/Girona "Girona") and [Malaga](/wiki/M%C3%A1laga "Málaga"). At the time of departure, most were married with children and were either students or low\-skilled workers. Several were known to police for drug trafficking. Of those 20, three Muslim Spanish from Ceuta became [suicide bombers](/wiki/Suicide_attack "Suicide attack").
In a joint operation in mid\-March, Spanish and Moroccan security services targeted an al Qaeda recruiting network and arrested four suspected members in Spain and three others in Morocco. The network, whose activities extend to Morocco, Belgium, France, Tunisia, Turkey, Libya, Mali, Indonesia, and Syria, is headed by Melilla resident Mustafa Maya Amaya, who funneled recruits to the ISIS, the Al Nusrah Front and AQIM. Some of those arrested had returned home from conflict zones such as Syria; and in January, a suspected jihadist returning from Syria was arrested in Málaga as a potential "threat to national security." On 30 April, Spanish security forces, working with French police, arrested Abdelmalek Tanem, a dual Algerian\-French citizen, in [Almeria](/wiki/Almeria "Almeria"), who had recently returned from Syria where he worked towards facilitating integration of Europeans into the Al Nusrah Front and ISIS. On 30 May 2014, Spanish security forces arrested six people in [Melilla](/wiki/Melilla "Melilla") who were involved in a network that sends fighters to al Qaeda camps in Syria, Mali, and Libya. The cell leader, Benaissa Laghmouchi Baghdadi, had spent eight months in Syria and also had ties to [al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb](/wiki/Al_Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb") (AQIM) and the [Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa](/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa "Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa") (MUJAO) in Mali. Some of those arrested also had linked to [Sharia4Spain](/wiki/Sharia4Spain "Sharia4Spain").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2014/04/30/norwegian\-killed\-in\-syrian\-conflict/\|title\=Norwegian killed in Syrian conflict\|date\=30 April 2014 \|publisher\=Newsinenglish.no\|access\-date\=12 October 2014}}
#### Sweden
{{Main\|Islam in Sweden\#Violent extremism}}
Up to 2018, an estimated 300 individuals had travelled from Sweden to join the civil war in Syria.{{Cite book\|url\=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo\_def\_web.pdf\|title\=DE\-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN \- Comparing Challenges and Approaches\|last\=Vidino\|display\-authors\=etal\|publisher\=ISPI\|year\=2018\|isbn\=9788867058198\|location\=Milano\|pages\=14}} In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/kurdisk\-kalla\-41\-is\-svenskar\-fangslade\-i\-syrien/\|title\=Kurdisk källa: 41 IS\-svenskar fängslade i Syrien \- DN.SE\|date\=24 March 2018\|work\=Dagens Nyheter\|access\-date\=25 March 2018\|language\=sv\-se}}
In February 2019, the [prime minister of Sweden](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden "Prime Minister of Sweden") [Stefan Löfven](/wiki/Stefan_L%C3%B6fven "Stefan Löfven") announced that Swedish authorities had discouraged travel to the conflict zone in Syria since 2011\. The prime minister also said that Swedish authorities would offer no help or assistance to people who had joined or fought the Islamic State.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/lofven\-stanger\-dorren\-for\-is\-svenskar\|title\=Löfven stänger dörren för återvändande IS\-anslutna svenskar\|last1\=Fock\|first1\=Carin\|date\=2019\-02\-24\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-24\|last2\=Blomgren\|first2\=Stina\|language\=sv}}
In March 2019, Swedish Television conducted a survey of 41 Islamic State fighters who had returned of whom 12 were women. A third of those who returned to Sweden have since been convicted of serious crimes such as attempted murder, money laundering, extortion, drug offences, fraud, aggravated assault and tax evasion.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/nyhetstecken/is\-hemvandare\-domda\-for\-grova\-brott\|title\=IS\-hemvändare dömda för grova brott\|last\=Andersson\|first\=Marja\|date\=2019\-03\-14\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-15\|language\=sv}} [Michael Skråmo](/wiki/Michael_Skr%C3%A5mo "Michael Skråmo"), a Norwegian\-Swedish fighter for ISIL who resided in Sweden,{{cite web\|url\=https://doku.nu/2018/09/19/michael\-skramos\-nya\-vadjan\-be\-for\-mig/\|title\=Michael Skråmos nya vädjan: "Be för mig!" – Doku.nu\|last\=Doku\|date\=19 September 2018}} was killed in March 2019\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.itv.com/news/2019\-03\-14/children\-islamic\-fighter\-michael\-skramo\-caliphate\-sweden\-video/\|title\=Children of notorious IS fighter Michael Skråmo left orphaned and alone in caliphate after he is killed in Baghouz\|website\=ITV News\|date\=14 March 2019}}
On 3 August 2013, two [Lebanese\-Swedish](/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Sweden "Lebanese people in Sweden") brothers, Hassan and Moatasem Deeb, were killed in a rebel assault on the Abu Zeid army checkpoint near Qalaat al\-Hosn, according to their cousin and a Tripoli cleric. Moatasem died as he detonated his explosive vest in a car at the checkpoint and his brother died in the ensuing fighting. This followed their other brother, Rabih's, death in Tripoli the previous year.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/08/03/lebanese\-swedish\-brothers\-killed\-in\-syria/\#ixzz2b0P2Bc5u\|title\=Lebanese\-Swedish brothers killed in Syria\|date\=3 August 2013\|access\-date\=20 September 2013\|publisher\=Fox News}}
The Syrian\-born chairman of the [Stockholm mosque](/wiki/Stockholm_Mosque "Stockholm Mosque"), Haytham Rahmeh, reportedly smuggled weapons to the rebels for 18 months. Rahmeh, a member of the Syrian National Council, a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood and member of [Islamic relief in Sweden](/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden%23Islamic_Relief "Islam in Sweden#Islamic Relief") was said to have bought the weapons mainly in Libya and with support from the Commission for Civilian Protection and then transported them through Turkey to Syria.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.thelocal.se/20131031/swedish\-imam\-smuggling\-weapons\-into\-syria\-report\|title\=Swedish imam smuggles weapons to Syria: report\|date\=2013\-10\-31\|newspaper\=The Local Sweden\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-14}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid\=493\&artikel\=5692250\|title\=Svensken Haytham Rahmeh har startat en grupp med soldater i Syrien \- Klartext\|newspaper\=Sveriges Radio\|date\=November 2013\|language\=sv\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-14}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.meforum.org/7403/islamic\-relief\-charity\-extremism\-terror\|title\=Islamic Relief: Charity, Extremism \& Terror\|last\=Westrop\|first\=Sam\|website\=Middle East Forum\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-14}}
In June 2019, it was reported that four foreign fighters who had returned from the conflict in Middle East had become employees of the Islamic charter school *Vetenskapsskolan* which is funded by tax payers. Two of them were women who followed their children to live among groups affiliated to the Islamic State.{{Cite news\|url\=https://doku.nu/2019/06/18/atervandare\-utbildade\-barn\-pa\-vetenskapsskolan/\|title\=Återvändare utbildade barn på Vetenskapsskolan – Doku.nu\|last\=Doku\|newspaper\=Doku.nu \|date\=18 June 2019\|language\=sv\-SE\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-26}}
#### United Kingdom
{{See also\|Sharmeena Begum\|Shamina Begum}}
[Robin Simcox](/wiki/Robin_Simcox "Robin Simcox") of the [Henry Jackson Society](/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society "Henry Jackson Society") claimed that the number of British citizens who went to fight in Syria is higher than during the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") and [Afghanistan War](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29 "War in Afghanistan (2001–present)") combined. The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation assessed that up to 366 British citizens had been involved in the war in Syria as of December 2013\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/05/why\-british\-boys\-are\-fighting\-s\-201458103336479836\.html\|title\=Why British boys are fighting in Syria's war\|date\=12 May 2014\|access\-date\=12 May 2014}} However, a report from the International Centre for Counter\-Terrorism – The Hague from April 2016, showed that there are between 700 and 760 foreign fighters from the United Kingdom. Over 350 people have returned to the UK. The Rayat al\-Tawheed group is composed of British combatants linked to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Similarly, the suffix "al\-Britani" was adopted by British Islamist fighters. In May 2014, a British citizen was killed in fighting.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-27681189 \|title\=Syria crisis: British man 'killed during battle' \|publisher\=BBC News \|date\=3 June 2014 \|access\-date\=10 June 2014}} The [Free Syrian Army](/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army "Free Syrian Army")'s Abdullah al\-Bashir asserted that British fighters were the largest foreign contingent of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.{{cite web\|url\=http://en.alalam.ir/news/1597606 \|title\=British militants, the most bloodthirsty in Syria \|publisher\=En.alalam.ir \|date\=26 May 2014 \|access\-date\=10 June 2014}}
During [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan") 2014, over 140 Imams signed an [open letter](/wiki/Open_letter "Open letter") asking British Muslims not to travel to Syria (as well as ISIL conflict that had spread to Iraq at the time). Additionally, they were urged to make donations to people in the country from the U.K. itself with one such imam, Shahid Raza of Leicester Central Mosque, making the call.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-28182206 \|title\=Syria and Iraq: Ramadan plea to British Muslims \|publisher\=BBC News \|date\=6 July 2014 \|access\-date\=18 July 2014}}
An ISIL video released by British\-based Abu Muthanna al Yemeni claimed "We have brothers from Bangladesh, from Iraq, from Cambodia, Australia, U.K." In November, *[Regnum](/wiki/Regnum_news_agency "Regnum news agency")* reported that "White Widow" [Samantha Lewthwaite](/wiki/Samantha_Lewthwaite "Samantha Lewthwaite"), who had fought in Syria the previous month, was shot dead by a Russian voluntary sniper while she was fighting for the Ukrainian volunteer battalion [Aidar](/wiki/Aidar_Battalion "Aidar Battalion") during the [War in Donbass](/wiki/War_in_Donbas_%282014%E2%80%932022%29 "War in Donbas (2014–2022)"). Though it was not formally verified, and her father has not confirmed the reports, it was reported in the Western press.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk\-news/wanted\-british\-white\-widow\-terrorist\-4616471\|title\=Wanted British 'White Widow' terrorist Samantha Lewthwaite 'shot dead by Russian sniper in Ukraine'\|author\=Will Stewart\|date\=12 November 2014\|work\=Mirror\|access\-date\=4 March 2015}}
Around Mosul a suicide bombing was carried out by a past inmate of Guantanamo called Jamal al Harith.{{cite tweet\|user\=thomasjoscelyn\|author\=Thomas Joscelyn\|number\=834247493789609984\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=1\. \*Story coming\*: Jamal al Harith, ex\-Guantanamo detainee who blew himself up for \#ISIS near Mosul was detained in Afghanistan alongside...}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/ex\-guantanamo\-detainee\-carried\-out\-suicide\-attack\-near\-mosul\-iraq.php \|title\=Ex\-Guantanamo detainee carried out suicide attack near Mosul, Iraq\|last\=Joscelyn\|first\=Thomas \|date\=22 February 2017 \|website\=Long War Journal \|publisher\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.memri.org/jttm/isis\-posts\-image\-british\-former\-gitmo\-prisoner\-who\-carried\-out\-martyrdom\-operation\-near\-mosul \|title\=ISIS Posts Image Of British Former Gitmo Prisoner Who Carried Out Martyrdom Operation Near Mosul \|date\=20 February 2017 \|publisher\=MEMRI}} Ronald Fiddler was the original name of Jamal Al\-Harith, the past inmate terrorist of Guantanamo who killed himself for ISIS.{{cite tweet\|user\=thomasjoscelyn\|author\=Thomas Joscelyn\|number\=834146807768838149\|date\=21 February 2017\|title\=1\. British press has identified an \#ISIS suicide bomber as ex\-\#Guantanamo detainee Jamal Al\-Harith (Ronald Fiddler)}}{{cite news \|last\=Baig \|first\=Assed \|date\= 21 February 2017 \|title\= Isis suicide bomber is former Guantanamo detainee \|url\=https://www.channel4\.com/news/isis\-suicide\-bomber\-is\-former\-guantanamo\-detainee \|newspaper\=Channel 4 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/ex\-gitmo\-detainee\-and\-islamic\-states\-leader\-in\-chechnya\-designated\-by\-state\-department.php \|title\=Ex\-Gitmo detainee, Islamic State's leader in Chechnya designated by State Department\|last\=Joscelyn\|first\=Thomas \|date\=13 July 2016 \|website\=Long War Journal \|publisher\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}{{cite tweet\|user\=thomasjoscelyn\|author\=Thomas Joscelyn\|number\=834438535037988865\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=Jamal al Harith (Ronald Fiddler) is the second former \#Guantanamo detainee to carry out a suicide attack on behalf...}} Britain had given him £1,000,000 [stg](/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling") over his time in Guantanamo.{{cite news \|last\=Rayner \|first\=Gordon \|date\=22 February 2017 \|title\= British man who launched Isil suicide attack was Guantanamo Bay detainee awarded £1m compensation \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/21/british\-man\-launched\-isil\-suicide\-attack\-guantanamo\-bay\-detainee/ \|newspaper\=The Telegraph }}{{cite tweet\|user\=alkhames\|author\=عبد العزيز الخميس\|number\=834176924750577664\|date\=21 February 2017\|title\=كلّف هذا الإرهابي دافع الضرائب البريطاني مليون جنيه إسترليني لإخراجه من جوانتنامو، رد الجميل: ففجر نفسه ومدنيين في...}} The Conservatives gave him the money.{{cite tweet\|user\=InstituteGC\|author\=Tony Blair Institute\|number\=834376552204947457\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=Tony Blair response to Jamal al\-Harith story}}{{cite tweet\|user\=RobinSimcox\|author\=Robin Simcox\|number\=834408574797352961\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=Blair was not faultless in this saga but he is clearly correct to point out the Mail's utterly outrageous hypocrisy.}} He also called himself Abu Zakariya.{{cite tweet\|user\=Rita\_Katz\|author\=Rita Katz\|number\=834123106889371649\|date\=21 February 2017\|title\=2\) AbuZakariya (Jamal al\-Harith/Ronald Fiddler) was released from \#Guantanamo in2004; Was compensated £1million. T…}}{{cite news \|last\=Moore \|first\=Mark \|date\=21 February 2017 \|title\=ISIS suicide bomber in Iraq was former Gitmo detainee \|url\=https://nypost.com/2017/02/21/former\-gitmo\-detainee\-detonates\-suicide\-bomb\-in\-iraq/ \|newspaper\=New York Post}} Fiddler's parents were Jamaican.{{cite web \|url\=http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2017/02/21/analysis\-the\-need\-for\-caution\-in\-releasing\-guantanamo\-inmates/ \|title\=Analysis: 'The Need for Caution in Releasing Guantanamo Inmates' \|last\=Orton \|first\=Kyle \|date\=21 February 2017 \|publisher\=Henry Jackson Society \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062538/http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2017/02/21/analysis\-the\-need\-for\-caution\-in\-releasing\-guantanamo\-inmates/ \|archive\-date\=27 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite tweet\|user\=KyleWOrton\|author\=Kyle Orton\|number\=834205170590420992\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=Ronald Fiddler was given £1m by the UK govt after being imprisoned in GTMO. He blew himself up for \#IS yesterday....}} He went to Tell Abyad.{{cite tweet\|user\=bjoernstritzel\|author\=Björn Stritzel\|number\=834486138232569856\|date\=22 February 2017\|title\=According to his personal ISIS file, 50 y/o Fiddler crossed into Syria via Tell Abyad and enlisted with ISIS 18/04/...}}
The United Kingdom stripped some of the fighters of their UK citizenship{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/07/671520315/foreign\-wives\-and\-children\-of\-isis\-are\-held\-in\-syria\-with\-uncertain\-future\|title\=Foreign Wives And Children Of ISIS Are Held In Syria With Uncertain Future\|website\=NPR.org\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-09}} to prevent them from returning, as this would constitute an influx of militants.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ministers\-strip\-150\-jihadists\-of\-uk\-passports\-53fn899w2\|title\=Ministers strip 150 jihadists of UK passports\|last\=Dipesh Gadher\|first\=Tim Shipman, Richard Kerbaj and\|date\=2017\-07\-30\|work\=The Sunday Times\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-09\|language\=en\|issn\=0956\-1382}} The Crown Prosecution Service warned in 2014 that "any British resident travelling to take part in fighting will face criminal charges", although [Charles Farr](/wiki/Charles_Farr_%28civil_servant%29 "Charles Farr (civil servant)"), head of the Office for Security and Counter\-Terrorism, said that the government did not want to target those with humanitarian aims, and would exercise judgement in such cases.{{cite news\|newspaper\=\[\[London Evening Standard]]\|date\=25 February 2014\|page\=1\|last\=Bentham\|first\=Martin\|title\=Security Chief warns of 9/11 Syria Threat}}
The U.K. arrested former [Guantanamo Bay detention camp](/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp "Guantanamo Bay detention camp") detainee [Moazzam Begg](/wiki/Moazzam_Begg "Moazzam Begg") for "attending \[a] terrorist training camp" in Syria and "facilitating terrorism overseas."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/02/uk\-holds\-ex\-guantanamo\-inmate\-over\-syria\-trip\-2014225143222328690\.html\|title\=UK holds ex\-Guantanamo inmate over Syria trip\|publisher\=Al Jazeera English\|access\-date\=10 June 2014}}
In October 2019, British officials initiated the repatriation of stranded children in Syria by getting in touch with local authorities to identify unattended children and create a safe passage from them to the UK.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/20/uk\-to\-repatriate\-isis\-children\-in\-syria\|title\=UK takes steps to bring Isis children stranded in Syria World news\|last\=Shaw\|first\=Thomas\|date\=2019\-10\-20\|website\=GO Tech Daily\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-20}}
|
[
"### Europe",
"Both European converts and immigrant or immigrant's children have gone to fight for the Syrian opposition. This includes citizens from France (with the leading number of fighters), followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Corradi \\|first\\=Edoardo \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-18 \\|title\\=Joining the fight: the Italian foreign fighters contingent of the Kurdish People's Protection Units \\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/italian\\-political\\-science\\-review\\-rivista\\-italiana\\-di\\-scienza\\-politica/article/joining\\-the\\-fight\\-the\\-italian\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-contingent\\-of\\-the\\-kurdish\\-peoples\\-protection\\-units/02E61B0DFAB16922510EFBA32C8F9BEF \\|journal\\=Italian Political Science Review {{!}} Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica \\|volume\\=53 \\|issue\\=2 \\|language\\=en \\|pages\\=201–219 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/ipo.2022\\.31 \\|issn\\=0048\\-8402\\|hdl\\=11567/1100255 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/home\\-grown\\-jihadism\\-italy\\-10309\\|title\\=Home\\-Grown Jihadism in Italy\\|publisher\\=Ispionline.it\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014\\|date\\=29 April 2014}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/06/28/opinion/sylvie\\-kauffmann\\-frances\\-homegrown\\-jihadists.html?referrer\\=\\&\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=27 June 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014\\|last1\\=Kauffmann \\|first1\\=Sylvie }} A report by the International Centre for Counter\\-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) from April 2016 shows that there is a total of 3,922\\-4,294 foreign fighters from EU Member States of whom 30 percent have returned to their home countries. EU anti\\-terrorism coordinator [Gilles de Kerchove](/wiki/Gilles_de_Kerchove \"Gilles de Kerchove\") said that this was a worrying trend as those who return could be more radicalized. [EUROPOL](/wiki/EUROPOL \"EUROPOL\") Director [Rob Wainright](/wiki/Rob_Wainright \"Rob Wainright\") issued his 2013 report and said that the returning fighters \"could incite other volunteers to join the armed struggle,\" as well as use their training, combat experience, knowledge and contacts to conduct such activities within the EU.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2013/06/19/Syria\\-EU\\-eyes\\-potential\\-threat\\-volunteer\\-fighters\\_8893641\\.html \\|title\\=Syria: EU eyes potential threat from volunteer fighters \\|date\\=19 June 2013 \\|publisher\\=Ansamed.ansa.it \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}}",
"European criminals are targeted by the Islamic State for recruitment, an estimated 50\\-80% of Europeans in IS have a criminal record. This is higher than al\\-Qaeda, where 25% of Europeans have a criminal record.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief\\_10\\_Terrorism\\_and\\_crime.pdf\\|title\\=The crime\\-terrorism nexus\\|last\\=Gaub \\& Lisiecka\\|date\\=April 2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[European Union Institute for Security Studies]]\\|pages\\=1–2\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2019}}",
"The first European to fight for the Syrian opposition was reported by *[Der Spiegel](/wiki/Der_Spiegel \"Der Spiegel\")* to be a fighter for the Free Syrian Army who was \"a Frenchman who had just turned 24 and comes from a wealthy family. He just turned up here with his credit card in hand.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Putz \\|first\\=Ulrike \\|url\\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/foreign\\-jihadists\\-declare\\-war\\-on\\-syria\\-s\\-assad\\-a\\-824875\\.html \\|title\\=Foreign Jihadists Declare War on Syria's Assad \\|work\\=Der Spiegel \\|date\\=30 March 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}} A [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\")\\-born U.S.\\-convert to Islam was also the first U.S. citizen to be killed in Syria, reportedly by the government, as she was taking part in a reconnaissance mission with two Britons near Aleppo.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/30/syria\\-michigan\\-woman\\-killed/2477393/ \\|title\\=From Michigan to a violent death in Syria \\|work\\=USA Today \\|date\\=10 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013 \\|first\\=Niraj \\|last\\=Warikoo}} In July 2013, a U.S.\\-Egyptian man named Amiir Farouk Ibrahim (from Pennsylvania) went missing in Syria, presumed by the media to be fighting with rebel forces. His passport was discovered, amongst others, in an [Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\") base which had been captured by Kurdish rebels.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/170185 \\|title\\=U.S. Passport Found among Syria Jihadists \\|publisher\\=Israel National News \\|date\\=23 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013}} His family was aware he was in Syria, but his father did not believe that his son had gone there for humanitarian purposes.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wpxi.com/news/news/local/pittsburgh\\-man\\-reportedly\\-dead\\-syria/nY4rk/ \\|title\\=Pittsburgh man reportedly dead in Syria \\|publisher\\=www.wpxi.com \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004732/http://www.wpxi.com/news/news/local/pittsburgh\\-man\\-reportedly\\-dead\\-syria/nY4rk/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://triblive.com/news/editorspicks/4415705\\-74/ibrahim\\-syria\\-syrian\\#ixzz2a9XASaYD\\&w \\|title\\=Pittsburgh man reported killed in Syria \\|publisher\\=TribLIVE \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2013}} Western countries, including the U.K., have provided aid to the rebels.{{cite news\\|author\\=Kim Sengupta \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/revealed\\-what\\-the\\-west\\-has\\-given\\-syrias\\-rebels\\-8756447\\.html \\|title\\=Revealed: What the West has given Syria's rebels \\|newspaper\\=The Independent \\|date\\=11 August 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2013 \\|location\\=London}} As of November 2013, there are believed to be approximately 600 fighters from Western countries in Syria.{{cite web\\|title\\=American and International Militants Drawn to Syria\\|url\\=http://www.adl.org/combating\\-hate/international\\-extremism\\-terrorism/c/syria\\-foreign\\-fighters.html\\#.Ul1ybBDQvZ0\\|publisher\\=Anti\\-Defamation League\\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2013}} Norway's Thomas Hegghammer issued a report that suggested one in nine Westerners who fight in foreign jihadist insurgencies end up becoming involved in attack plots back home. The Associate Director of the [Melbourne School of Government](/wiki/Melbourne_School_of_Government \"Melbourne School of Government\") David Malet, however, suggested that while research on foreign fighters was a new field, different studies showed another view to the likelihood of [blowback](/wiki/Blowback_%28intelligence%29 \"Blowback (intelligence)\") from returning fighters. \"Other studies show that most foreign fighters simply resume their previous lives so long as they are provided [amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty \"Amnesty\").\"",
"Meanwhile, France was estimated to have up to 700 of its citizens fighting in Syria.",
"#### Balkans",
"Muslims from the Balkans have joined the opposition in fighting against the Syrian government, and some have been killed.",
"In 2013, it was reported that many recruits came from Serbia's Muslim\\-inhabited [Sandžak](/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak \"Sandžak\") region, particularly the city of [Novi Pazar](/wiki/Novi_Pazar \"Novi Pazar\"). Several hundred come from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia. Many of the recruits were [Salafists](/wiki/Salafi \"Salafi\") and, though denied by some Salafist leaders, [Rešad Plojović](/wiki/Re%C5%A1ad_Plojovi%C4%87 \"Rešad Plojović\"), the deputy leader of the [Sandžak muftiate](/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak_muftiate \"Sandžak muftiate\"), said that \"some organisations and individuals \\[are recruiting Balkan Muslims]. There are centers or individuals who probably have connections with certain organisations, and they are motivating people. They also may know ways to transport them to the war zone. Let's be frank. Many here do not even know where Syria is. They cannot know how to go there and get involved in all that is happening there.\" [Anel Grbović](/wiki/Anel_Grbovi%C4%87 \"Anel Grbović\"), a journalist from *[Novi Pazar](/wiki/Novi_Pazar \"Novi Pazar\")*, wrote that most fighters from the Sandžak had been removed from the country's two official Islamic communities before traveling to Syria. \"The fact is, there are illegal organisations recruiting people here. The fact is, there are houses where they come together. The fact is, there are facilities where they conduct their religious rituals – which means they exclude themselves from the mosque. That means they exclude themselves from the system of the Islamic community and are more easily influenced by some individuals or organisations.\" As for Albanian Muslims in Kosovo and Macedonia, they fought for the rebels in order to help \"Sunni brothers\" in their fight. At least one Macedonian fighter said he was recruited via an intermediary in Vienna. From Bosnia and Herzegovina, many [Bosniaks](/wiki/Bosniaks \"Bosniaks\") joined the Nusra Front as Salafists ([Salafism came to Bosnia](/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia \"Islam in Bosnia\") during the [Bosnian War](/wiki/Bosnian_War \"Bosnian War\") with Saudi financing, though foreign fighters in that war stayed on in the country despite controversy{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6642353\\.stm \\|title\\=Bosnia fighters face uncertain fate \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=10 May 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}}). Some of relatives of the fighters have said that the leader of the predominantly Salafist Bosnian village of [Gornja Maoča](/wiki/Gornja_Mao%C4%8Da \"Gornja Maoča\"), Nusret Imamović, recruited the fighters; however he refused to be interviewed about the allegations. The director of the Bosnian [State Investigation and Protection Agency](/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency \"State Investigation and Protection Agency\"), Goran Zubac, said that his office had questioned at least eight men linked to recruiting and sending the fighters to Syria, while he said his office was monitoring the Salafists. \"If our priority is to fight against terrorism and these activities are a part of this sector, then you can rest assured that nobody in the State Investigation and Protection Agency is sleeping.\"{{cite web\\|author1\\=Teodorovic Milos \\|author2\\=Ron Synovitz \\|url\\=http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/25011213\\.html \\|title\\=Balkan Militants Join Syria's Rebel Cause \\|publisher\\=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty \\|date\\=8 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013}}",
"In 2013, [FTV](/wiki/Federalna_televizija \"Federalna televizija\") reported that a group of 52 Bosniak fighters went to Syria since the fighting commenced, though 32 fighters returned, while two were killed. An additional nine Bosniaks released a video tape saying they were going to fight in [Homs](/wiki/Homs \"Homs\"), though they also mentioned the *jihad*s in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://dalje.com/en\\-world/bosnian\\-radical\\-islamists\\-preparing\\-to\\-join\\-syrian\\-rebels/473536 \\|title\\=Bosnian radical Islamists preparing to join Syrian rebels \\|publisher\\=Dalje.com \\|date\\=26 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630102322/http://dalje.com/en\\-world/bosnian\\-radical\\-islamists\\-preparing\\-to\\-join\\-syrian\\-rebels/473536 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 June 2013 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"By April 2015, a total of 232 [Kosovo Albanians](/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians \"Kosovo Albanians\") had gone to Syria to fight with Islamist groups, most commonly the IS.{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=The Economist\\|title\\=Fight the Good Fight: With the Western Balkans at Peace, Some Go Abroad to Look for War\\|date\\=18 April 2015\\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21648697\\-western\\-balkans\\-peace\\-some\\-go\\-abroad\\-look\\-war\\-fight\\-good\\-fight}} Forty of these are from the town of [Skenderaj](/wiki/Skenderaj \"Skenderaj\") (Srbica), according to Kosovo police reports.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.b92\\.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy\\=2014\\&mm\\=05ⅆ\\=02\\&nav\\_category\\=640\\&nav\\_id\\=843121 \\|title\\=100 Albanaca sa KiM ratuje u Siriji \\|work\\=Vesti\\|publisher\\=B92 \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2014}} By September 2014, a total of 48 ethnic Albanians from several countries were killed fighting in Syria and Iraq.{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Info.ks\\|title\\=Još jedan kosovski Albanac poginuo u Siriji\\|trans\\-title\\=Another Kosovo Albanian Killed in Syria\\|language\\=sr\\|date\\=15 September 2014\\|url\\=http://www.info\\-ks.net/vijesti/crna\\-hronika/48188/jos\\-jedan\\-kosovski\\-albanac\\-poginuo\\-u\\-siriji}} According to the Kosovar Centre for Security Studies, around 60 Kosovar fighters have been killed in combat as of March 2016\\.{{cite news\\|author\\=Ervin Qafmolla\\|title\\=Offer Kosovar Fighters \"Jihadi Rehab\" to Combat Extremism\\|publisher\\=Balkan Insight\\|url\\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/offer\\-kosovar\\-fighters\\-jihadi\\-rehab\\-to\\-combat\\-extremism\\-\\-03\\-23\\-2016\\|date\\=24 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2016}} As of March 2016, the Albanian Government estimates that over 100 Albanian citizens have joined militant groups in Syria and Iraq, 18 of whom have been killed and 12 wounded.{{cite news\\|author\\=Aleksandra Bogdani\\|title\\=Albania Faces 'Jihadi Fighters in the Shadows' Threat\\|publisher\\=Balkan Insight\\|url\\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania\\-faces\\-jihadi\\-fighters\\-in\\-the\\-shadows\\-threat\\-03\\-21\\-2016\\|date\\=18 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2016}}",
"[Macedonian citizens of Albanian descent](/wiki/Albanians_in_Macedonia \"Albanians in Macedonia\") are also fighting in Syria, and six were reported to have been killed by 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.republika.mk/?p\\=123640\\|title\\=Another Macedonian Albanian reported killed in Syria\\|work\\=Republika Online\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015194751/http://english.republika.mk/?p\\=123640\\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/sixth\\-macedonian\\-albanian\\-reported\\-killed\\-in\\-syria\\|title\\=Another Macedonian Albanian Reported Killed in Syria\\|publisher\\=Balkaninsight.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014\\|date\\=14 May 2014}}",
"#### Belgium",
"{{Main\\|Islam in Belgium\\#Radicalization}}",
"As an ICCT report from April 2016 shows, Belgium has the highest per\\-capita foreign fighter contingent. The estimated number is between 420 and 516 individuals. This group consists of a wide age range, with people between 14 and 69 years old – with an average of 25\\.7\\.",
"Moroccan\\-born IS recruiter Khalid Zerkani recruited 72 young individuals with migrant backgrounds of whom most were [petty criminals](/wiki/Petty_crime \"Petty crime\"). He encouraged them to steal from non\\-Muslims in order to finance their journeys to join the caliphate.",
"The Chief of the '{{Ill\\|Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis\\|nl\\|Orgaan voor de Coördinatie en de Analyse van de Dreiging}}', [Paul Van Tigchelt](/wiki/Paul_Van_Tigchelt \"Paul Van Tigchelt\"), said on 28 September 2016 that there are 632 known persons designated as 'foreign terrorist fighters'. Out of these 632 people, 273 are believed to be abroad, fighting or dead.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/32616/Terreurdreiging\\-in\\-Belgie/article/detail/2890164/2016/09/28/Tiental\\-Syriegangers\\-zou\\-zonder\\-slechte\\-bedoelingen\\-willen\\-terugkeren\\-naar\\-Belgie.dhtml\\|title\\=Tiental Syriëgangers zou \"zonder slechte bedoelingen\" willen terugkeren naar België\\|date\\=28 September 2016\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2016}}",
"In the 2012\\-2016 timespan, of the about 500 individuals who left the country to fight in the civil war in Syria, the great majority were of [Moroccan descent](/wiki/Moroccans_in_Belgium \"Moroccans in Belgium\") according to U.S. and Belgian authorities.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2016/04/04/473004999/when\\-it\\-comes\\-to\\-radicalization\\-in\\-belgium\\-turks\\-and\\-moroccans\\-are\\-different\\|title\\=When It Comes To Radicalization In Belgium, Turks and Moroccans Are Different\\|newspaper\\=NPR.org\\|publisher\\=NPR\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-10\\|quote\\=More than 500 Belgians have left for Syria since 2012 and most of them, according to Belgian and U.S. officials, have been of Moroccan descent.}}",
"In July 2020, Belgian authorities stripped eight IS fighters with dual citizenships of their Belgian citizenships, after Turkey had warned that IS supporters would be sent to their country of origin.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-30\\|title\\=Eight Brussels jihadists given eight days to hold on to their Belgian nationality\\|url\\=https://www.brusselstimes.com/all\\-news/world\\-all\\-news/124123/eight\\-brussels\\-jihadists\\-given\\-eight\\-days\\-to\\-hold\\-on\\-to\\-their\\-belgian\\-nationality/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-04\\|website\\=The Brussels Times\\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Denmark",
"{{Main\\|Islam in Denmark\\#Islamism and terrorism}}\nAccording to the [Danish Security and Intelligence Service](/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service \"Danish Security and Intelligence Service\") (PET), up to 125 people have left the country since 2011 to travel to the Syria/Iraq war zone where the majority joined the Islamic State. Of those who went, 27 have died and some deaths were due to participating in suicide attacks. A minority of those who went to groups who opposed Islamist organizations.",
"The great majority of those who joined the conflict were young Sunni Muslims of whom some were converts. Those who went were part of the Islamist scenes in [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\"), [Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus \"Aarhus\") and [Odense](/wiki/Odense \"Odense\"). Of the 22 who travelled from Aarhus, all came from the [Grimhøj mosque](/wiki/Grimh%C3%B8jmoskeen \"Grimhøjmoskeen\").",
"In March 2018, the government of Denmark changed the citizenship law so that children of Danish citizens fighting for the Islamic State will no longer automatically receive Danish citizenship.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/boern\\-af\\-danske\\-syrienskrigere\\-mister\\-retten\\-til\\-dansk\\-statsborgerskab\\|title\\=Børn af danske syrienskrigere mister retten til dansk statsborgerskab\\|website\\=DR\\|date\\=28 March 2019\\|language\\=da\\-DK\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-04}}",
"#### France",
"{{Main\\|Islam in France\\#Radicalisation}}",
"An ICCT report shows that more than 900 people have travelled from France to Syria and/or Iraq by October 2015\\. There is no profile that defines a French foreign fighter, except for mostly young males with a criminal record; foreign fighters come from different regions and socio\\-economic environments. About 200 were female and a few were entire families who intended to settle in the caliphate.{{Cite journal\\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-01\\|title\\= The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, Threats \\& Policies\\|url\\=https://icct.nl/publication/report\\-the\\-foreign\\-fighters\\-phenomenon\\-in\\-the\\-eu\\-profiles\\-threats\\-policies/\\|journal\\=Terrorism and Counter\\-Terrorism Studies\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|pages\\=31, 38–39, 46\\|doi\\=10\\.19165/2016\\.1\\.02\\|last1\\=Van Ginkel\\|first1\\=Bibi\\|last2\\=Boutin\\|first2\\=Bérénice\\|last3\\=Chauzal\\|first3\\=Grégory\\|last4\\=Dorsey \\|first4\\=Jessica\\|last5\\=Jegerings\\|first5\\=Marjolein\\|last6\\=Paulussen\\|first6\\=Christophe\\|last7\\=Pohl\\|first7\\=Johanna\\|last8\\=Reed\\|first8\\=Alastair\\|last9\\=Zavagli\\|first9\\=Sofia\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"In 2015 the USMA [Combating Terrorism Center](/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center \"Combating Terrorism Center\") identified 32 French facilitators who supported individuals intending to join jihadist groups in the Middle East.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://ctc.usma.edu/ctc\\-perspectives\\-the\\-french\\-foreign\\-fighter\\-threat\\-in\\-context/\\|title\\=The French Foreign Fighter Threat in Context\\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-14\\|website\\=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-09\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165459/https://ctc.usma.edu/ctc\\-perspectives\\-the\\-french\\-foreign\\-fighter\\-threat\\-in\\-context/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"By 2015, 14 of the foreign fighters from France had either died in suicide bombings or expressed their willingness to do so.",
"After it was revealed that a teen and other youths from Nice joined ISIS in Syria, the mother of one of the youths who was later reported dead filed a civil suit against the French government. The women accused the government of negligence for letting her son travel to a danger zone.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/09/french\\-mother\\-in\\-court\\-to\\-accuse\\-government\\-negligence\\-in\\-teen\\-son\\-one\\-way/\\|title\\=French mother in court to accuse government of negligence in teen son's one\\-way Syria journey\\|work\\=Fox News\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}",
"In Iraq and Syria foreign fighters from France number around 689 according to the French government.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=JcBrisard\\|author\\=Jean\\-Charles Brisard\\|number\\=835240307574861824\\|date\\=24 February 2017\\|title\\=French Gov Stats (Feb 22/23\\) \\#jihad: 689 nationals/residents in \\#Syria \\#Iraq including 293 women, 207 returnees, 249 dead}}",
"In May 2019, four French citizens were sentenced to death by an Iraqi court for joining the Islamic State. One of the convicts had served in the French army from the year 2000, and had done a tour in Afghanistan in 2009 and left the army in 2010\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/iraq\\-condemns\\-fourth\\-french\\-member\\-death\\-104437414\\.html\\|title\\=Iraq condemns fourth French IS member to death\\|website\\=news.yahoo.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-28}}",
"#### Germany",
"{{Main\\|Islam in Germany\\#Controversies}}",
"For Germany, the estimation is that between 720 and 760 people have travelled to Syria and/or Iraq. 40 percent of this group holds only German citizenship, while another 20 percent holds dual citizenship of which one is German.",
"In 2017, the federal police of Germany estimated that between 60% and two thirds of IS fighters coming from Germany had a criminal record, with the vast majority (98%) being repeat offenders with an average of 7\\.6 crimes per individual.",
"In February 2019, [Katrin Göring\\-Eckardt](/wiki/Katrin_G%C3%B6ring-Eckardt \"Katrin Göring-Eckardt\") from [the Green](/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens \"Alliance 90/The Greens\") party encouraged the government of Germany to bring German citizens who had fought for the Islamic State back to Germany.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2019\\-02/syrien\\-haftbefehl\\-is\\-kaempfer\\-forderung\\-rueckholung\\-gruene\\|title\\=Syrien: Grüne fordern Rücknahme von IS\\-Kämpfern\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-18\\|work\\=Die Zeit\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-20\\|language\\=de\\-DE\\|issn\\=0044\\-2070}} The interior minister of Bavaria, [Joachim Herrmann](/wiki/Joachim_Herrmann_%28CSU%29 \"Joachim Herrmann (CSU)\") (CSU), encouraged the government to strip IS warriors of their German citizenship.",
"In April 2019, Germany changed the law so German citizens with dual citizenship who fight with foreign terrorist militias can be stripped of their German citizenship. The law also applies to members of the [PKK](/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party \"Kurdistan Workers' Party\"), which according to the [domestic intelligence agency](/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution \"Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution\") is \"the biggest and most powerful foreign extremist organization in Germany.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dw.com/cda/en/germany\\-approves\\-stripping\\-dual\\-national\\-terrorist\\-fighters\\-of\\-citizenship/a\\-48177392\\|title\\=Germany approves stripping dual national terrorist fighters of citizenship \\|date\\=April 3, 2019\\|website\\=Deutsche Welle\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-04}}",
"On August 19, 2019, Kurdish\\-led administration in Syria handed over four children, whose parents were \"Islamic State\" (IS) fighters, to Germany. Among the children are three orphans, including a boy, two girls, and a 6\\-month\\-old ailing girl. This was the first time Germany repatriated children of ISIS militants.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2019/Aug\\-19/489912\\-4\\-german\\-children\\-born\\-to\\-is\\-to\\-return\\-home\\-from\\-syria.ashx\\|title\\=4 German children born to Daesh to return home from Syria\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2019\\|newspaper\\=The Daily Star\\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819153834/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2019/Aug\\-19/489912\\-4\\-german\\-children\\-born\\-to\\-is\\-to\\-return\\-home\\-from\\-syria.ashx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In August 2019, US President Donald Trump threatened to release over 2,000 captured ISIS Fighters into France and Germany if US’ European allies did not repatriate \"their\" citizens\\-turned\\-terrorists.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.defenseone.com/politics/2019/08/trump\\-threatens\\-release\\-isis\\-fighters\\-france\\-germany/159361/\\|title\\=Trump Threatens to 'Release' ISIS Fighters into France, Germany\\|date\\=21 August 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2019\\|publisher\\=Defense One}}",
"Of 778 individuals who had travelled to the conflict zone from Germany, 504 or nearly two thirds, had criminal convictions and 32% of those had been sentenced for 5 crimes or more.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fhs.se/arkiv/nyheter/2019\\-10\\-21\\-lokalsamhallen\\-pressas\\-av\\-antagonistiska\\-hot.html\\|title\\=Lokalsamhällen pressas av antagonistiska hot (PDF)\\|website\\=fhs.se\\|page\\=55\\|language\\=sv\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-25}}",
"On October 16, 2019, a German National going by the name Konstantin Gedig AKA \"Andok Cotkar\" was killed by a Turkish Airstrike while serving with the [YPG International](/wiki/YPG_International \"YPG International\") branch outside of Sere Kaniye.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://nedaa\\-sy.com/en/news/16508\\|title\\=First foreign fighter of YPG militia killed in \"Peace Spring\"\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-23\\|website\\=Call Syria\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-21}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{Cite web\\|title\\=German man fighting for Kurds killed in Syria \\|date\\=November 5, 2019\\|url\\=https://www.dw.com/en/german\\-man\\-fighting\\-for\\-kurds\\-killed\\-in\\-syria/a\\-51120623\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-14\\|website\\=Deutsche Welle\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"#### Ireland",
"As of January 2015, the [Department of Justice](/wiki/Department_of_Justice_%28Ireland%29 \"Department of Justice (Ireland)\") estimates that approximately 50 Irish residents have travelled to Syria to fight for rebel forces in the civil war since 2011\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=O'Halloran\\|first1\\=Marie\\|last2\\=O'Regan\\|first2\\=Michael\\|title\\=Shatter says up to 30 Irish residents gone to fight in Syria\\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/shatter\\-says\\-up\\-to\\-30\\-irish\\-residents\\-gone\\-to\\-fight\\-in\\-syria\\-1\\.1680575\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times\\|date\\=5 February 2014}} At least three [Irish citizens](/wiki/Irish_nationality_law \"Irish nationality law\") are known to have been killed in combat.{{cite news\\|last1\\=McQuinn\\|first1\\=Cormac\\|title\\=26 fighters have left Ireland to join Syrian rebels\\|url\\=http://www.independent.ie/irish\\-news/26\\-fighters\\-have\\-left\\-ireland\\-to\\-join\\-syrian\\-rebels\\-29173266\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2014\\|work\\=Irish Independent\\|date\\=4 April 2013}} According to the Department of Justice, many have \"participated in the conflict under the flag of fundamentalist and extreme organisations\" and \"may pose certain threats\" upon their return to Ireland and the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"). The [Garda Síochána](/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na \"Garda Síochána\") (Irish national police) \"will continue to monitor developments in this area and take action as required,\" including officers from the Garda Middle Eastern Bureau of the [Special Detective Unit](/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit \"Special Detective Unit\") (SDU) and Garda Racial, Intercultural and Diversity Office (GRIDO).{{cite web\\|last1\\=Ryan\\|first1\\=Nicky\\|title\\=Gardaí monitoring potential radicalisation of Irish residents in Syrian conflict\\|url\\=http://www.thejournal.ie/syria\\-irish\\-conflict\\-travel\\-arms\\-rebel\\-civil\\-war\\-1300726\\-Feb2014/\\|publisher\\=thejournal.ie\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2014}} According to [The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence](/wiki/The_International_Centre_for_the_Study_of_Radicalisation_and_Political_Violence \"The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence\") (ICSR), \"per capita, Ireland is probably the biggest (contributor of fighters) of all the countries we looked at because Ireland has a small population.\"{{cite news\\|last1\\=Malik\\|first1\\=Shiv\\|title\\=Syria conflict drawing hundreds of jihadists from Europe, says report\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/03/syria\\-hundreds\\-jihadists\\-europe\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2014\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=3 April 2013}}",
"According to media reports, [Garda](/wiki/Garda_Crime_%26_Security_Branch \"Garda Crime & Security Branch\") and [Military Intelligence](/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_%28Ireland%29 \"Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)\") are monitoring between 30 and 60 potential [Islamist fighters](/wiki/Jihadism \"Jihadism\") both in the Irish state and Irish citizens fighting abroad in Syria and Iraq.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Brady\\|first1\\=Tom\\|last2\\=Phelan\\|first2\\=Shane\\|title\\=30 Irish jihad fighters travelling to Middle East from Dublin base\\|url\\=http://www.herald.ie/news/30\\-irish\\-jihad\\-fighters\\-travelling\\-to\\-middle\\-east\\-from\\-dublin\\-base\\-30525759\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2014\\|work\\=The Herald\\|date\\=21 August 2014}}",
"Security sources estimated that some 20 fighters may have returned to Ireland as of November 2015\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=O'Keefe\\|first1\\=Cormac\\|title\\=Islamic terrorists: Radicalisation and fighters returning to Ireland are our biggest threat\\|url\\=http://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/islamic\\-terrorists\\-radicalisation\\-and\\-fighters\\-returning\\-to\\-ireland\\-are\\-our\\-biggest\\-threat\\-366201\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2015\\|newspaper\\=Irish Examiner\\|date\\=21 November 2015}}",
"#### Italy",
"{{See also\\|Islam in Italy\\|Terrorism in Italy}}In the 2011\\-July 2018 period, foreign fighters linked to Italy (among them citizens or residents) numbered 135, which was less than both France (1,900\\) and Germany (about 1,000\\). Most joined jihadist groups such as the Islamic State and [Jabhat Al\\-Nusra](/wiki/Jabhat_Al-Nusra \"Jabhat Al-Nusra\"), while others joined non\\-jihadist formations or the Free Syrian Army. Unlike in other Western European countries where most of the fighters were born in the country, only a few of those who went to the conflict zone were born in Italy. 14 had Italian citizenship and 10 had dual citizenship. It was noted that the number of [Tunisian nationals living in Italy](/wiki/Tunisian_people_in_Italy \"Tunisian people in Italy\") who went to the conflict zone (39\\) was far higher than the number of Italians. Slightly more than half (50\\.4%) of fighters linked to Italy came from countries in [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\").12 of the fighters were from countries in the Balkans.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Vidino\\|first1\\=Dr Lorenzo\\|last2\\=Marone\\|first2\\=Dr Francesco\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-19\\|title\\=Destination Jihad: Italy's Foreign Fighters\\|url\\=https://icct.nl/publication/destination\\-jihad\\-italys\\-foreign\\-fighters/\\|journal\\=ICCT Report\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|publisher\\=The International Centre for Counter\\-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT)\\|pages\\=2, 22 (pdf download)}}",
"The wife of Moroccan kickboxer Abderrahim Moutaharrik—who was imprisoned in 2017 for allegedly having links to the terror organization, Islamic State (ISIS)—was deported from Italy to Morocco for security concerns.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/08/280925/italy\\-wife\\-of\\-moroccan\\-isis\\-fighter\\-morocco/\\|title\\=Italy Expels Wife of Moroccan ISIS Fighter to Morocco\\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2019\\|publisher\\=Morocco World News\\|date\\=23 August 2019}}",
"#### The Netherlands",
"{{Main\\|Islam in the Netherlands\\#Radicalisation}}",
"As of April 2016, 220 people had left to go to Syria/Iraq. The majority of them were male and under 25\\.",
"The [Parliament of Netherlands](/wiki/Parliament_of_Netherlands \"Parliament of Netherlands\") voted in 2016 for legislation to strip Dutch citizens who join ISIS or al Qaeda abroad of their citizenship, also if they have not been convicted of any crime. The law can only be applied to individuals with double citizenship. Justice Minister [Ard Van der Steur](/wiki/Ard_van_der_Steur \"Ard van der Steur\") stated the legal changes were necessary to stop jihadists from returning to the Netherlands.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/212749\\|title\\=Dutch Jihadists to be stripped of dual citizenship\\|website\\=Israel National News\\|date\\=24 May 2016 \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-16}} In September 2017, four jihadists were stripped of their citizenship.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2017/sep/13/netherlands\\-strip\\-four\\-jihadists\\-of\\-citizenship\\-1656702\\.html\\|title\\=Netherlands strip four jihadists of citizenship\\|work\\=The New Indian Express\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-16}}",
"In 2017 the [Dutch security service AIVD](/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service \"General Intelligence and Security Service\") approximated the number of female jihadists in the Netherlands to about 100 and at least 80 women had left the Netherlands to join the conflict, the majority of whom joined ISIS. When the military pressure increased on jihadist groups in Syra and Iraq, Netherlands\\-originating women tried to flee the area.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://english.aivd.nl/latest/news/2017/12/18/women\\-play\\-significant\\-role\\-in\\-jihadism\\|title\\=Women play significant role in jihadism\\|last\\=Koninkrijksrelaties\\|first\\=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en\\|website\\=english.aivd.nl\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-01\\|date\\=18 December 2017}}",
"In the 2012 – November 2018 period, above 310 individuals had travelled from the Netherlands to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. Of those 85 had been killed and 55 returned to the Netherlands. Of the surviving Dutch foreign fighters in the region, 135 are fighters in the conflict zone and three quarters are members of ISIL. The remaining quarter have joined groups such as [Hay'at Tahrir al\\-Sham](/wiki/Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham \"Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham\") or [Tanzim Hurras al\\-Deen](/wiki/Tanzim_Hurras_al-Deen \"Tanzim Hurras al-Deen\").{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2018/11/09/the\\-legacy\\-of\\-syria\\-global\\-jihadism\\-remains\\-a\\-threat\\-to\\-europe\\|title\\=Syria's Legacy \\- Global jihadism remains a threat to Europe\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[General Intelligence and Security Service]]\\|year\\=2018\\|pages\\=8\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201090804/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2018/11/09/the\\-legacy\\-of\\-syria\\-global\\-jihadism\\-remains\\-a\\-threat\\-to\\-europe\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2018}}",
"#### Norway",
"{{Main\\|Islam in Norway}}",
"On 27 May 2014, a Somali and two Kosovars, all Norwegian citizens from [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo \"Oslo\"), were arrested after being suspected of supporting the ISIS. The death of Kosovar, Egzon Avdyli, who grew up in Norway, was covered in the media. He had also been a spokesman for the Norway\\-based [Prophet's Ummah](/wiki/Profetens_Ummah \"Profetens Ummah\") and was said to have left for Syria earlier in the year. He \"supported the establishment of an Islamic state in Norway or other Western countries.\" At least 50 were thought to have traveled from Norway to Syria to fight for the Islamists, with Norwegian intelligence groups said to be concerned of the danger of them returning.",
"In May 2015 two men, 30\\-year\\-old Djibril Abdi Bashir and 28\\-year\\-old Valon Avdyli, were sentenced in Norway to four years in prison for joining Islamic State militants in [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"). Valon's 25\\-year\\-old brother, Visar Avdyli, was convicted of providing logistical support, and sentenced to a seven\\-month prison term.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-4655304,00\\.html\\|title\\=Norwegian court convicts 3 men of links to ISIS\\|work\\=ynet\\|date\\=8 May 2015\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}}",
"About 70 people have left Norway to become foreign fighters in Syria or Iraq, while around 20 have returned.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/06/09/swedes\\-nab\\-norwegian\\-man\\-suspected\\-heading\\-to\\-join\\-jihadi\\-fighters\\-in\\-syria\\-and/\\|title\\=Swedes nab Norwegian man suspected of heading to join jihadi fighters in Syria and Iraq\\|publisher\\=Fox News\\|access\\-date\\=25 October 2015}} It is estimated that at least 124 people have travelled from Denmark to Syria and/or Iraq since January 2011\\.",
"In February 2019, Prime Minister [Erna Solberg](/wiki/Erna_Solberg \"Erna Solberg\") said that fighters who return to Norway will be investigated by police and face criminal charges.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aftenposten.no/article/ap\\-qn9j0g.html\\|title\\=Erna Solberg: IS\\-krigere kan vende hjem, men de vil bli straffeforfulgt\\|last\\=NTB\\|first\\=Olga Stokke\\|website\\=Aftenposten\\|language\\=nb\\-NO\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-21}}",
"In May 2019 it was announced that both men and women who had joined the Islamic State who only had residence permits in Norway would have their permits annulled to prevent them from returning to Norway.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vg.no/i/2G9ojx\\|title\\=Trekker oppholdstillatelsen for alle med IS\\-tilknytning\\|website\\=vg.no\\|language\\=no\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-04}} In September 2019, 15 [foreigners in Norway](/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway \"Immigration to Norway\") had their residence permits revoked.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid\\=83\\&artikel\\=7299474\\|title\\=Norska IS\\-resenärer förlorar uppehållstillstånd \\- Nyheter (Ekot)\\|newspaper\\=Sveriges Radio\\|date\\=14 September 2019\\|language\\=sv\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-15}}",
"#### Poland",
"In 2015, about 20–40 Polish citizens were believed to have travelled to the conflict zone, most of them at the time did not live in Poland but in other European countries. One of those carried out a suicide attack on an oil refinery in June 2015\\.",
"#### Spain",
"{{See also\\|Islam in Spain\\|Terrorism in Spain}}\nAn ICCT report shows that more than 139 people have travelled from Spain to Syria and/or Iraq by November 2015 with about 10% of those being female.",
"A detailed analysis of 20 fighters who had joined before 2014 showed that eleven of those were Spanish citizens and the remaining were [Moroccans living in Spain](/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain \"Moroccans in Spain\"). Most of those who joined lived in the [Ceuta](/wiki/Ceuta \"Ceuta\") enclave in North Africa, but also [Girona](/wiki/Girona \"Girona\") and [Malaga](/wiki/M%C3%A1laga \"Málaga\"). At the time of departure, most were married with children and were either students or low\\-skilled workers. Several were known to police for drug trafficking. Of those 20, three Muslim Spanish from Ceuta became [suicide bombers](/wiki/Suicide_attack \"Suicide attack\").",
"In a joint operation in mid\\-March, Spanish and Moroccan security services targeted an al Qaeda recruiting network and arrested four suspected members in Spain and three others in Morocco. The network, whose activities extend to Morocco, Belgium, France, Tunisia, Turkey, Libya, Mali, Indonesia, and Syria, is headed by Melilla resident Mustafa Maya Amaya, who funneled recruits to the ISIS, the Al Nusrah Front and AQIM. Some of those arrested had returned home from conflict zones such as Syria; and in January, a suspected jihadist returning from Syria was arrested in Málaga as a potential \"threat to national security.\" On 30 April, Spanish security forces, working with French police, arrested Abdelmalek Tanem, a dual Algerian\\-French citizen, in [Almeria](/wiki/Almeria \"Almeria\"), who had recently returned from Syria where he worked towards facilitating integration of Europeans into the Al Nusrah Front and ISIS. On 30 May 2014, Spanish security forces arrested six people in [Melilla](/wiki/Melilla \"Melilla\") who were involved in a network that sends fighters to al Qaeda camps in Syria, Mali, and Libya. The cell leader, Benaissa Laghmouchi Baghdadi, had spent eight months in Syria and also had ties to [al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb](/wiki/Al_Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb \"Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb\") (AQIM) and the [Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa](/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa \"Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa\") (MUJAO) in Mali. Some of those arrested also had linked to [Sharia4Spain](/wiki/Sharia4Spain \"Sharia4Spain\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2014/04/30/norwegian\\-killed\\-in\\-syrian\\-conflict/\\|title\\=Norwegian killed in Syrian conflict\\|date\\=30 April 2014 \\|publisher\\=Newsinenglish.no\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2014}}",
"#### Sweden",
"{{Main\\|Islam in Sweden\\#Violent extremism}}",
"Up to 2018, an estimated 300 individuals had travelled from Sweden to join the civil war in Syria.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo\\_def\\_web.pdf\\|title\\=DE\\-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN \\- Comparing Challenges and Approaches\\|last\\=Vidino\\|display\\-authors\\=etal\\|publisher\\=ISPI\\|year\\=2018\\|isbn\\=9788867058198\\|location\\=Milano\\|pages\\=14}} In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/kurdisk\\-kalla\\-41\\-is\\-svenskar\\-fangslade\\-i\\-syrien/\\|title\\=Kurdisk källa: 41 IS\\-svenskar fängslade i Syrien \\- DN.SE\\|date\\=24 March 2018\\|work\\=Dagens Nyheter\\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2018\\|language\\=sv\\-se}}",
"In February 2019, the [prime minister of Sweden](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden \"Prime Minister of Sweden\") [Stefan Löfven](/wiki/Stefan_L%C3%B6fven \"Stefan Löfven\") announced that Swedish authorities had discouraged travel to the conflict zone in Syria since 2011\\. The prime minister also said that Swedish authorities would offer no help or assistance to people who had joined or fought the Islamic State.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/lofven\\-stanger\\-dorren\\-for\\-is\\-svenskar\\|title\\=Löfven stänger dörren för återvändande IS\\-anslutna svenskar\\|last1\\=Fock\\|first1\\=Carin\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-24\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-24\\|last2\\=Blomgren\\|first2\\=Stina\\|language\\=sv}}",
"In March 2019, Swedish Television conducted a survey of 41 Islamic State fighters who had returned of whom 12 were women. A third of those who returned to Sweden have since been convicted of serious crimes such as attempted murder, money laundering, extortion, drug offences, fraud, aggravated assault and tax evasion.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/nyhetstecken/is\\-hemvandare\\-domda\\-for\\-grova\\-brott\\|title\\=IS\\-hemvändare dömda för grova brott\\|last\\=Andersson\\|first\\=Marja\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-14\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-15\\|language\\=sv}} [Michael Skråmo](/wiki/Michael_Skr%C3%A5mo \"Michael Skråmo\"), a Norwegian\\-Swedish fighter for ISIL who resided in Sweden,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://doku.nu/2018/09/19/michael\\-skramos\\-nya\\-vadjan\\-be\\-for\\-mig/\\|title\\=Michael Skråmos nya vädjan: \"Be för mig!\" – Doku.nu\\|last\\=Doku\\|date\\=19 September 2018}} was killed in March 2019\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/news/2019\\-03\\-14/children\\-islamic\\-fighter\\-michael\\-skramo\\-caliphate\\-sweden\\-video/\\|title\\=Children of notorious IS fighter Michael Skråmo left orphaned and alone in caliphate after he is killed in Baghouz\\|website\\=ITV News\\|date\\=14 March 2019}}",
"On 3 August 2013, two [Lebanese\\-Swedish](/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Sweden \"Lebanese people in Sweden\") brothers, Hassan and Moatasem Deeb, were killed in a rebel assault on the Abu Zeid army checkpoint near Qalaat al\\-Hosn, according to their cousin and a Tripoli cleric. Moatasem died as he detonated his explosive vest in a car at the checkpoint and his brother died in the ensuing fighting. This followed their other brother, Rabih's, death in Tripoli the previous year.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/08/03/lebanese\\-swedish\\-brothers\\-killed\\-in\\-syria/\\#ixzz2b0P2Bc5u\\|title\\=Lebanese\\-Swedish brothers killed in Syria\\|date\\=3 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2013\\|publisher\\=Fox News}}",
"The Syrian\\-born chairman of the [Stockholm mosque](/wiki/Stockholm_Mosque \"Stockholm Mosque\"), Haytham Rahmeh, reportedly smuggled weapons to the rebels for 18 months. Rahmeh, a member of the Syrian National Council, a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood and member of [Islamic relief in Sweden](/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden%23Islamic_Relief \"Islam in Sweden#Islamic Relief\") was said to have bought the weapons mainly in Libya and with support from the Commission for Civilian Protection and then transported them through Turkey to Syria.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thelocal.se/20131031/swedish\\-imam\\-smuggling\\-weapons\\-into\\-syria\\-report\\|title\\=Swedish imam smuggles weapons to Syria: report\\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-31\\|newspaper\\=The Local Sweden\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-14}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid\\=493\\&artikel\\=5692250\\|title\\=Svensken Haytham Rahmeh har startat en grupp med soldater i Syrien \\- Klartext\\|newspaper\\=Sveriges Radio\\|date\\=November 2013\\|language\\=sv\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-14}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.meforum.org/7403/islamic\\-relief\\-charity\\-extremism\\-terror\\|title\\=Islamic Relief: Charity, Extremism \\& Terror\\|last\\=Westrop\\|first\\=Sam\\|website\\=Middle East Forum\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-14}}",
"In June 2019, it was reported that four foreign fighters who had returned from the conflict in Middle East had become employees of the Islamic charter school *Vetenskapsskolan* which is funded by tax payers. Two of them were women who followed their children to live among groups affiliated to the Islamic State.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://doku.nu/2019/06/18/atervandare\\-utbildade\\-barn\\-pa\\-vetenskapsskolan/\\|title\\=Återvändare utbildade barn på Vetenskapsskolan – Doku.nu\\|last\\=Doku\\|newspaper\\=Doku.nu \\|date\\=18 June 2019\\|language\\=sv\\-SE\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-26}}",
"#### United Kingdom",
"{{See also\\|Sharmeena Begum\\|Shamina Begum}}",
"[Robin Simcox](/wiki/Robin_Simcox \"Robin Simcox\") of the [Henry Jackson Society](/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society \"Henry Jackson Society\") claimed that the number of British citizens who went to fight in Syria is higher than during the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\") and [Afghanistan War](/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29 \"War in Afghanistan (2001–present)\") combined. The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation assessed that up to 366 British citizens had been involved in the war in Syria as of December 2013\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/05/why\\-british\\-boys\\-are\\-fighting\\-s\\-201458103336479836\\.html\\|title\\=Why British boys are fighting in Syria's war\\|date\\=12 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2014}} However, a report from the International Centre for Counter\\-Terrorism – The Hague from April 2016, showed that there are between 700 and 760 foreign fighters from the United Kingdom. Over 350 people have returned to the UK. The Rayat al\\-Tawheed group is composed of British combatants linked to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Similarly, the suffix \"al\\-Britani\" was adopted by British Islamist fighters. In May 2014, a British citizen was killed in fighting.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-27681189 \\|title\\=Syria crisis: British man 'killed during battle' \\|publisher\\=BBC News \\|date\\=3 June 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2014}} The [Free Syrian Army](/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army \"Free Syrian Army\")'s Abdullah al\\-Bashir asserted that British fighters were the largest foreign contingent of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://en.alalam.ir/news/1597606 \\|title\\=British militants, the most bloodthirsty in Syria \\|publisher\\=En.alalam.ir \\|date\\=26 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2014}}",
"During [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan \"Ramadan\") 2014, over 140 Imams signed an [open letter](/wiki/Open_letter \"Open letter\") asking British Muslims not to travel to Syria (as well as ISIL conflict that had spread to Iraq at the time). Additionally, they were urged to make donations to people in the country from the U.K. itself with one such imam, Shahid Raza of Leicester Central Mosque, making the call.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-28182206 \\|title\\=Syria and Iraq: Ramadan plea to British Muslims \\|publisher\\=BBC News \\|date\\=6 July 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2014}}",
"An ISIL video released by British\\-based Abu Muthanna al Yemeni claimed \"We have brothers from Bangladesh, from Iraq, from Cambodia, Australia, U.K.\" In November, *[Regnum](/wiki/Regnum_news_agency \"Regnum news agency\")* reported that \"White Widow\" [Samantha Lewthwaite](/wiki/Samantha_Lewthwaite \"Samantha Lewthwaite\"), who had fought in Syria the previous month, was shot dead by a Russian voluntary sniper while she was fighting for the Ukrainian volunteer battalion [Aidar](/wiki/Aidar_Battalion \"Aidar Battalion\") during the [War in Donbass](/wiki/War_in_Donbas_%282014%E2%80%932022%29 \"War in Donbas (2014–2022)\"). Though it was not formally verified, and her father has not confirmed the reports, it was reported in the Western press.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk\\-news/wanted\\-british\\-white\\-widow\\-terrorist\\-4616471\\|title\\=Wanted British 'White Widow' terrorist Samantha Lewthwaite 'shot dead by Russian sniper in Ukraine'\\|author\\=Will Stewart\\|date\\=12 November 2014\\|work\\=Mirror\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2015}}",
"Around Mosul a suicide bombing was carried out by a past inmate of Guantanamo called Jamal al Harith.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=thomasjoscelyn\\|author\\=Thomas Joscelyn\\|number\\=834247493789609984\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=1\\. \\*Story coming\\*: Jamal al Harith, ex\\-Guantanamo detainee who blew himself up for \\#ISIS near Mosul was detained in Afghanistan alongside...}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/ex\\-guantanamo\\-detainee\\-carried\\-out\\-suicide\\-attack\\-near\\-mosul\\-iraq.php \\|title\\=Ex\\-Guantanamo detainee carried out suicide attack near Mosul, Iraq\\|last\\=Joscelyn\\|first\\=Thomas \\|date\\=22 February 2017 \\|website\\=Long War Journal \\|publisher\\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.memri.org/jttm/isis\\-posts\\-image\\-british\\-former\\-gitmo\\-prisoner\\-who\\-carried\\-out\\-martyrdom\\-operation\\-near\\-mosul \\|title\\=ISIS Posts Image Of British Former Gitmo Prisoner Who Carried Out Martyrdom Operation Near Mosul \\|date\\=20 February 2017 \\|publisher\\=MEMRI}} Ronald Fiddler was the original name of Jamal Al\\-Harith, the past inmate terrorist of Guantanamo who killed himself for ISIS.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=thomasjoscelyn\\|author\\=Thomas Joscelyn\\|number\\=834146807768838149\\|date\\=21 February 2017\\|title\\=1\\. British press has identified an \\#ISIS suicide bomber as ex\\-\\#Guantanamo detainee Jamal Al\\-Harith (Ronald Fiddler)}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Baig \\|first\\=Assed \\|date\\= 21 February 2017 \\|title\\= Isis suicide bomber is former Guantanamo detainee \\|url\\=https://www.channel4\\.com/news/isis\\-suicide\\-bomber\\-is\\-former\\-guantanamo\\-detainee \\|newspaper\\=Channel 4 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/ex\\-gitmo\\-detainee\\-and\\-islamic\\-states\\-leader\\-in\\-chechnya\\-designated\\-by\\-state\\-department.php \\|title\\=Ex\\-Gitmo detainee, Islamic State's leader in Chechnya designated by State Department\\|last\\=Joscelyn\\|first\\=Thomas \\|date\\=13 July 2016 \\|website\\=Long War Journal \\|publisher\\=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=thomasjoscelyn\\|author\\=Thomas Joscelyn\\|number\\=834438535037988865\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=Jamal al Harith (Ronald Fiddler) is the second former \\#Guantanamo detainee to carry out a suicide attack on behalf...}} Britain had given him £1,000,000 [stg](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\") over his time in Guantanamo.{{cite news \\|last\\=Rayner \\|first\\=Gordon \\|date\\=22 February 2017 \\|title\\= British man who launched Isil suicide attack was Guantanamo Bay detainee awarded £1m compensation \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/21/british\\-man\\-launched\\-isil\\-suicide\\-attack\\-guantanamo\\-bay\\-detainee/ \\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph }}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=alkhames\\|author\\=عبد العزيز الخميس\\|number\\=834176924750577664\\|date\\=21 February 2017\\|title\\=كلّف هذا الإرهابي دافع الضرائب البريطاني مليون جنيه إسترليني لإخراجه من جوانتنامو، رد الجميل: ففجر نفسه ومدنيين في...}} The Conservatives gave him the money.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=InstituteGC\\|author\\=Tony Blair Institute\\|number\\=834376552204947457\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=Tony Blair response to Jamal al\\-Harith story}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=RobinSimcox\\|author\\=Robin Simcox\\|number\\=834408574797352961\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=Blair was not faultless in this saga but he is clearly correct to point out the Mail's utterly outrageous hypocrisy.}} He also called himself Abu Zakariya.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=Rita\\_Katz\\|author\\=Rita Katz\\|number\\=834123106889371649\\|date\\=21 February 2017\\|title\\=2\\) AbuZakariya (Jamal al\\-Harith/Ronald Fiddler) was released from \\#Guantanamo in2004; Was compensated £1million. T…}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Moore \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=21 February 2017 \\|title\\=ISIS suicide bomber in Iraq was former Gitmo detainee \\|url\\=https://nypost.com/2017/02/21/former\\-gitmo\\-detainee\\-detonates\\-suicide\\-bomb\\-in\\-iraq/ \\|newspaper\\=New York Post}} Fiddler's parents were Jamaican.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2017/02/21/analysis\\-the\\-need\\-for\\-caution\\-in\\-releasing\\-guantanamo\\-inmates/ \\|title\\=Analysis: 'The Need for Caution in Releasing Guantanamo Inmates' \\|last\\=Orton \\|first\\=Kyle \\|date\\=21 February 2017 \\|publisher\\=Henry Jackson Society \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062538/http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2017/02/21/analysis\\-the\\-need\\-for\\-caution\\-in\\-releasing\\-guantanamo\\-inmates/ \\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite tweet\\|user\\=KyleWOrton\\|author\\=Kyle Orton\\|number\\=834205170590420992\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=Ronald Fiddler was given £1m by the UK govt after being imprisoned in GTMO. He blew himself up for \\#IS yesterday....}} He went to Tell Abyad.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=bjoernstritzel\\|author\\=Björn Stritzel\\|number\\=834486138232569856\\|date\\=22 February 2017\\|title\\=According to his personal ISIS file, 50 y/o Fiddler crossed into Syria via Tell Abyad and enlisted with ISIS 18/04/...}}",
"The United Kingdom stripped some of the fighters of their UK citizenship{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/07/671520315/foreign\\-wives\\-and\\-children\\-of\\-isis\\-are\\-held\\-in\\-syria\\-with\\-uncertain\\-future\\|title\\=Foreign Wives And Children Of ISIS Are Held In Syria With Uncertain Future\\|website\\=NPR.org\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-09}} to prevent them from returning, as this would constitute an influx of militants.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ministers\\-strip\\-150\\-jihadists\\-of\\-uk\\-passports\\-53fn899w2\\|title\\=Ministers strip 150 jihadists of UK passports\\|last\\=Dipesh Gadher\\|first\\=Tim Shipman, Richard Kerbaj and\\|date\\=2017\\-07\\-30\\|work\\=The Sunday Times\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-09\\|language\\=en\\|issn\\=0956\\-1382}} The Crown Prosecution Service warned in 2014 that \"any British resident travelling to take part in fighting will face criminal charges\", although [Charles Farr](/wiki/Charles_Farr_%28civil_servant%29 \"Charles Farr (civil servant)\"), head of the Office for Security and Counter\\-Terrorism, said that the government did not want to target those with humanitarian aims, and would exercise judgement in such cases.{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[London Evening Standard]]\\|date\\=25 February 2014\\|page\\=1\\|last\\=Bentham\\|first\\=Martin\\|title\\=Security Chief warns of 9/11 Syria Threat}}",
"The U.K. arrested former [Guantanamo Bay detention camp](/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp \"Guantanamo Bay detention camp\") detainee [Moazzam Begg](/wiki/Moazzam_Begg \"Moazzam Begg\") for \"attending \\[a] terrorist training camp\" in Syria and \"facilitating terrorism overseas.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/02/uk\\-holds\\-ex\\-guantanamo\\-inmate\\-over\\-syria\\-trip\\-2014225143222328690\\.html\\|title\\=UK holds ex\\-Guantanamo inmate over Syria trip\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English\\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2014}}",
"In October 2019, British officials initiated the repatriation of stranded children in Syria by getting in touch with local authorities to identify unattended children and create a safe passage from them to the UK.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/20/uk\\-to\\-repatriate\\-isis\\-children\\-in\\-syria\\|title\\=UK takes steps to bring Isis children stranded in Syria World news\\|last\\=Shaw\\|first\\=Thomas\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-20\\|website\\=GO Tech Daily\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-20}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Today, pedestrian malls are relatively rare in the U.S., except for areas with many tourists and other visitors. They were more closely tied to the success of retail than in Europe, and by the 1980s, most did not succeed competing with ever more elaborate enclosed malls. Almost all of this generation of pedestrian malls built from 1959 through to the 1970s, have disappeared, or were shrunk down in the 1990s at the request of the retailers. Half of Kalamazoo's pedestrian mall, America's first, has been converted into a regular street with auto traffic, though with wide sidewalks.{{cite journal \|last1\=Feriel \|first1\=Cédric \|title\=Pedestrians, cars and the city \|journal\=Metropolitics \|date\=May 29, 2013 \|issue\=From opposition to cohabitation \|url\=https://www.metropolitiques.eu/Pedestrians\-cars\-and\-the\-city.html}}
### First generation (1959–1970s)
In 1959, [Kalamazoo, Michigan](/wiki/Kalamazoo%2C_Michigan "Kalamazoo, Michigan"), was the first American city to implement a "pedestrian mall" in its downtown core,{{cite journal\|last1\=Robertson\|first1\=Kent\|title\=The Status of Pedestrian Malls in American Downtowns\|journal\=Urban Affairs Quarterly\|date\=1990\|volume\=26\|issue\=2\|pages\=250–273\|doi\=10\.1177/004208169002600206\|s2cid\=154847964}}
This became a method that some cities applied for their downtowns to compete with the growing suburban shopping malls of the time. In the 1960s and 70s over 200 towns in the United States adopted this approach.
In 2009, there were at least 75 pedestrian malls in the U.S.{{cite web \| title\= North America cities that have (or had) a pedestrian mall \| url\=http://www.urbanreviewstl.com/?cat\=676 \| publisher\=www.urbanreviewstl.com \| date\= \| accessdate\=2009\-04\-17}} Besides the [Kalamazoo Mall](/wiki/Kalamazoo_Mall "Kalamazoo Mall"), some notable examples are the [Church Street Marketplace](/wiki/Church_Street_Marketplace "Church Street Marketplace") in Burlington, Vermont; the [Downtown Mall](/wiki/Downtown_Mall "Downtown Mall") in Charlottesville, Virginia; the [Third Street Promenade](/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade "Third Street Promenade") in Santa Monica, California;{{cite journal\|url\=http://www.palgrave\-journals.com/udi/journal/v13/n3/full/udi20088a.html\|title\=Santa Monica's Third Street Promenade: the failure and resurgence of a downtown pedestrian mall\|year\=2008 \|doi\=10\.1057/udi.2008\.8 \|last1\=Pojani \|first1\=Dorina \|journal\=Urban Design International \|volume\=13 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=141–155 \|s2cid\=108994768 }} the Buffalo Place Main Street Pedestrian Mall in Buffalo, New York; [Ithaca Commons](/wiki/Ithaca_Commons "Ithaca Commons") in Ithaca, New York; the [Pearl Street Mall](/wiki/Pearl_Street_Mall "Pearl Street Mall") in Boulder, Colorado; St. Charles, Missouri; Salem, Massachusetts; [Ped Mall](/wiki/Ped_Mall_%28Iowa_City%29 "Ped Mall (Iowa City)") in Iowa City, Iowa; [Lincoln Road](/wiki/Lincoln_Road "Lincoln Road") in Miami Beach, Florida; the [Fulton Mall](/wiki/Fulton_Mall_%28Fresno%29 "Fulton Mall (Fresno)") in Fresno, California; the [K Street Mall](/wiki/K_Street_Mall "K Street Mall") in Sacramento, California; the [16th Street Mall](/wiki/16th_Street_Mall "16th Street Mall") in Denver, Colorado; [State Street](/wiki/State_Street_%28Madison%29 "State Street (Madison)") in Madison, Wisconsin; [Nicollet Mall](/wiki/Nicollet_Mall "Nicollet Mall") in Minneapolis, Minnesota; [The Grove](/wiki/The_Grove_at_Farmers_Market "The Grove at Farmers Market") in Los Angeles, California; Fort Street Mall in Honolulu, Hawaii; [City Center](/wiki/Oakland_City_Center "Oakland City Center") in Oakland, California; [Walnut Street](/wiki/Des_Moines%2C_Iowa "Des Moines, Iowa") in Des Moines, Iowa, [Downtown Crossing](/wiki/Downtown_Crossing "Downtown Crossing") and [Faneuil Hall](/wiki/Faneuil_Hall "Faneuil Hall")/[Quincy Market](/wiki/Quincy_Market "Quincy Market") in Boston; [Washington Street Mall](/wiki/Washington_Street_Mall "Washington Street Mall") in Cape May, New Jersey; and The Downtown Cumberland Mall in [Cumberland, Maryland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland "Cumberland, Maryland"). Typically these downtown pedestrian malls were three or four linear blocks simply blocked off to private street traffic, with fountains, benches, planters that doubled as seating areas, [bollards](/wiki/Bollard "Bollard"), playgrounds, interfaces to public transit and other amenities installed to attract shoppers.
Many were later re\-converted to accommodate automobile traffic within twenty years.
### Surviving first generation pedestrian malls
However, most of these areas are still popular attractions today. The [Pearl Street Mall](/wiki/Pearl_Street_Mall "Pearl Street Mall") in Boulder continues to thrive with its college crowd atmosphere and the [Third Street Promenade](/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade "Third Street Promenade") in Santa Monica thrives on tourist traffic. The [Downtown Mall](/wiki/Downtown_Mall "Downtown Mall") in [Charlottesville, Virginia](/wiki/Charlottesville%2C_Virginia "Charlottesville, Virginia"), now a vital business, entertainment, and retail area, spent roughly twenty years as a somewhat depressed stretch until an ice skating rink and [multiplex](/wiki/Multiplex_%28movie_theater%29 "Multiplex (movie theater)") opened on it in the mid\-1990s. Broadway St. in [Eugene, Oregon](/wiki/Eugene%2C_Oregon "Eugene, Oregon"), is finally being developed with a hotel, movie theater, and retail after decades of limited economic activity following its experiment with a pedestrian mall.
The Federal Plaza in [Downtown Youngstown](/wiki/Downtown_Youngstown "Downtown Youngstown"), Ohio is a similar case. Since the unsuccessful Federal Plaza has been ripped up and redesigned in 2004, the city of Youngstown has seen the development of a new entertainment district erupt. A new arena, two new courthouses, federal buildings, bistros and other new night\-spots have placed themselves in Youngstown's core.
Burlington, Vermont's [Church Street Marketplace](/wiki/Church_Street_Marketplace "Church Street Marketplace") has been expanded from the original three blocks to four, encompassing the entirety of the city's commercial "main street," and remains a thriving cultural center with shops, restaurants, vendor carts, sidewalk performers and special events which does not appear to be affected by the development of big box store farms in neighboring [Williston](/wiki/Williston%2C_Vermont "Williston, Vermont").
[Poughkeepsie](/wiki/Poughkeepsie_%28city%29%2C_New_York "Poughkeepsie (city), New York"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)"), on the other hand, has reverted its Main Mall to vehicular traffic, having failed at maintaining a place pedestrians wanted to be (it was, at least in part, Poughkeepsie's initial success which convinced Burlington to proceed with its Marketplace project).
### New generation
In 1989, [Santa Monica, California](/wiki/Santa_Monica%2C_California "Santa Monica, California") on the [Westside of Los Angeles](/wiki/Westside_of_Los_Angeles "Westside of Los Angeles"), renovated and relaunched its 1960s\-era pedestrian mall as the [Third Street Promenade](/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade "Third Street Promenade"), and renovated both the adjacent [Santa Monica Pier](/wiki/Santa_Monica_Pier "Santa Monica Pier") and adjacent enclosed mall, [Santa Monica Place](/wiki/Santa_Monica_Place "Santa Monica Place"), all together helping to draw both domestic and international visitors and locals from across Greater Los Angeles locals.
[thumb\|Pedestrianized area in [Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square "Times Square"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City")](/wiki/File:Times_Square%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237734924%29.jpg "Times Square, Manhattan, New York (7237734924).jpg")
In the mid\-2010s, former New York Mayor [Michael Bloomberg](/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg "Michael Bloomberg") worked during his final term in office to create pedestrian malls in major tourist centers that had also been areas of severe automobile congestion such as [Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square "Times Square"){{cite news\|last\=Torossian, Ronn\|author\-link\=Ronn Torossian\|title\=New York For New Yorkers\|url\=http://observer.com/2014/05/new\-york\-for\-new\-yorkers/\|newspaper\=New York Observer\|date\=14 May 2014}} and [Herald Square](/wiki/Herald_Square "Herald Square").
### Unconventional examples
#### Las Vegas
[thumb\|[Fremont Street Experience](/wiki/Fremont_Street_Experience "Fremont Street Experience") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas") with the neon lights on](/wiki/Image:LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg "LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg")
In 1994–5, [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas") pedestrianized and covered its main downtown street, lined with smaller casinos, and created the [Fremont Street Experience](/wiki/Fremont_Street_Experience "Fremont Street Experience"). [*Pedestrian zones in cities*, National Urban League, 2020](https://www.nlc.org/sites/default/files/2020-01/CS_PedestrianReport_Final_WEB.pdf)
#### San Antonio
The [San Antonio River Walk](/wiki/San_Antonio_River_Walk "San Antonio River Walk") is a special\-case pedestrian street, one level down from the automobile street. The River Walk winds and loops under bridges as two parallel sidewalks lined with restaurants and shops, connecting the major tourist draws from [Alamo Plaza](/wiki/Alamo_Plaza "Alamo Plaza") to [Rivercenter](/wiki/Rivercenter "Rivercenter"), to [HemisFair Plaza](/wiki/HemisFair_Plaza "HemisFair Plaza"), to the [Transit Tower](/wiki/Transit_Tower "Transit Tower"). Most downtown buildings have street entrances and separate river entrances one level below. This separates the automotive service grid (delivery and ambulance/police vehicles) from pedestrian traffic below, provides bridges, walkways, and staircases, and attempts to balance retail, commercial, office, green space and cultural uses.
### During the COVID\-19 pandemic in the United States
During the [COVID\-19 pandemic in the United States](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") some cities pedestrianized additional streets in order to encourage [social distancing](/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") and in many cases to provide extra rooms for restaurants to serve food on patios extended into the newly available spaces. In New York, this was applied to up to 100 miles of streets across the city.{{cite news \|last1\=Spivack \|first1\=Caroline \|title\=New York will open up to 100 miles of streets to pedestrians: The move will help New Yorkers socially distance amid the coronavirus pandemic \|url\=https://ny.curbed.com/2020/4/27/21238276/nyc\-coronavirus\-opens\-100\-miles\-streets\-pedestrians\-biking \|publisher\=Curbed \|date\=April 27, 2020}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Today, pedestrian malls are relatively rare in the U.S., except for areas with many tourists and other visitors. They were more closely tied to the success of retail than in Europe, and by the 1980s, most did not succeed competing with ever more elaborate enclosed malls. Almost all of this generation of pedestrian malls built from 1959 through to the 1970s, have disappeared, or were shrunk down in the 1990s at the request of the retailers. Half of Kalamazoo's pedestrian mall, America's first, has been converted into a regular street with auto traffic, though with wide sidewalks.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Feriel \\|first1\\=Cédric \\|title\\=Pedestrians, cars and the city \\|journal\\=Metropolitics \\|date\\=May 29, 2013 \\|issue\\=From opposition to cohabitation \\|url\\=https://www.metropolitiques.eu/Pedestrians\\-cars\\-and\\-the\\-city.html}}",
"### First generation (1959–1970s)",
"In 1959, [Kalamazoo, Michigan](/wiki/Kalamazoo%2C_Michigan \"Kalamazoo, Michigan\"), was the first American city to implement a \"pedestrian mall\" in its downtown core,{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Robertson\\|first1\\=Kent\\|title\\=The Status of Pedestrian Malls in American Downtowns\\|journal\\=Urban Affairs Quarterly\\|date\\=1990\\|volume\\=26\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=250–273\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/004208169002600206\\|s2cid\\=154847964}}",
"This became a method that some cities applied for their downtowns to compete with the growing suburban shopping malls of the time. In the 1960s and 70s over 200 towns in the United States adopted this approach.",
"In 2009, there were at least 75 pedestrian malls in the U.S.{{cite web \\| title\\= North America cities that have (or had) a pedestrian mall \\| url\\=http://www.urbanreviewstl.com/?cat\\=676 \\| publisher\\=www.urbanreviewstl.com \\| date\\= \\| accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-17}} Besides the [Kalamazoo Mall](/wiki/Kalamazoo_Mall \"Kalamazoo Mall\"), some notable examples are the [Church Street Marketplace](/wiki/Church_Street_Marketplace \"Church Street Marketplace\") in Burlington, Vermont; the [Downtown Mall](/wiki/Downtown_Mall \"Downtown Mall\") in Charlottesville, Virginia; the [Third Street Promenade](/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade \"Third Street Promenade\") in Santa Monica, California;{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://www.palgrave\\-journals.com/udi/journal/v13/n3/full/udi20088a.html\\|title\\=Santa Monica's Third Street Promenade: the failure and resurgence of a downtown pedestrian mall\\|year\\=2008 \\|doi\\=10\\.1057/udi.2008\\.8 \\|last1\\=Pojani \\|first1\\=Dorina \\|journal\\=Urban Design International \\|volume\\=13 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=141–155 \\|s2cid\\=108994768 }} the Buffalo Place Main Street Pedestrian Mall in Buffalo, New York; [Ithaca Commons](/wiki/Ithaca_Commons \"Ithaca Commons\") in Ithaca, New York; the [Pearl Street Mall](/wiki/Pearl_Street_Mall \"Pearl Street Mall\") in Boulder, Colorado; St. Charles, Missouri; Salem, Massachusetts; [Ped Mall](/wiki/Ped_Mall_%28Iowa_City%29 \"Ped Mall (Iowa City)\") in Iowa City, Iowa; [Lincoln Road](/wiki/Lincoln_Road \"Lincoln Road\") in Miami Beach, Florida; the [Fulton Mall](/wiki/Fulton_Mall_%28Fresno%29 \"Fulton Mall (Fresno)\") in Fresno, California; the [K Street Mall](/wiki/K_Street_Mall \"K Street Mall\") in Sacramento, California; the [16th Street Mall](/wiki/16th_Street_Mall \"16th Street Mall\") in Denver, Colorado; [State Street](/wiki/State_Street_%28Madison%29 \"State Street (Madison)\") in Madison, Wisconsin; [Nicollet Mall](/wiki/Nicollet_Mall \"Nicollet Mall\") in Minneapolis, Minnesota; [The Grove](/wiki/The_Grove_at_Farmers_Market \"The Grove at Farmers Market\") in Los Angeles, California; Fort Street Mall in Honolulu, Hawaii; [City Center](/wiki/Oakland_City_Center \"Oakland City Center\") in Oakland, California; [Walnut Street](/wiki/Des_Moines%2C_Iowa \"Des Moines, Iowa\") in Des Moines, Iowa, [Downtown Crossing](/wiki/Downtown_Crossing \"Downtown Crossing\") and [Faneuil Hall](/wiki/Faneuil_Hall \"Faneuil Hall\")/[Quincy Market](/wiki/Quincy_Market \"Quincy Market\") in Boston; [Washington Street Mall](/wiki/Washington_Street_Mall \"Washington Street Mall\") in Cape May, New Jersey; and The Downtown Cumberland Mall in [Cumberland, Maryland](/wiki/Cumberland%2C_Maryland \"Cumberland, Maryland\"). Typically these downtown pedestrian malls were three or four linear blocks simply blocked off to private street traffic, with fountains, benches, planters that doubled as seating areas, [bollards](/wiki/Bollard \"Bollard\"), playgrounds, interfaces to public transit and other amenities installed to attract shoppers.",
"Many were later re\\-converted to accommodate automobile traffic within twenty years.",
"### Surviving first generation pedestrian malls",
"However, most of these areas are still popular attractions today. The [Pearl Street Mall](/wiki/Pearl_Street_Mall \"Pearl Street Mall\") in Boulder continues to thrive with its college crowd atmosphere and the [Third Street Promenade](/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade \"Third Street Promenade\") in Santa Monica thrives on tourist traffic. The [Downtown Mall](/wiki/Downtown_Mall \"Downtown Mall\") in [Charlottesville, Virginia](/wiki/Charlottesville%2C_Virginia \"Charlottesville, Virginia\"), now a vital business, entertainment, and retail area, spent roughly twenty years as a somewhat depressed stretch until an ice skating rink and [multiplex](/wiki/Multiplex_%28movie_theater%29 \"Multiplex (movie theater)\") opened on it in the mid\\-1990s. Broadway St. in [Eugene, Oregon](/wiki/Eugene%2C_Oregon \"Eugene, Oregon\"), is finally being developed with a hotel, movie theater, and retail after decades of limited economic activity following its experiment with a pedestrian mall.",
"The Federal Plaza in [Downtown Youngstown](/wiki/Downtown_Youngstown \"Downtown Youngstown\"), Ohio is a similar case. Since the unsuccessful Federal Plaza has been ripped up and redesigned in 2004, the city of Youngstown has seen the development of a new entertainment district erupt. A new arena, two new courthouses, federal buildings, bistros and other new night\\-spots have placed themselves in Youngstown's core.",
"Burlington, Vermont's [Church Street Marketplace](/wiki/Church_Street_Marketplace \"Church Street Marketplace\") has been expanded from the original three blocks to four, encompassing the entirety of the city's commercial \"main street,\" and remains a thriving cultural center with shops, restaurants, vendor carts, sidewalk performers and special events which does not appear to be affected by the development of big box store farms in neighboring [Williston](/wiki/Williston%2C_Vermont \"Williston, Vermont\").",
"[Poughkeepsie](/wiki/Poughkeepsie_%28city%29%2C_New_York \"Poughkeepsie (city), New York\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"), on the other hand, has reverted its Main Mall to vehicular traffic, having failed at maintaining a place pedestrians wanted to be (it was, at least in part, Poughkeepsie's initial success which convinced Burlington to proceed with its Marketplace project).",
"### New generation",
"In 1989, [Santa Monica, California](/wiki/Santa_Monica%2C_California \"Santa Monica, California\") on the [Westside of Los Angeles](/wiki/Westside_of_Los_Angeles \"Westside of Los Angeles\"), renovated and relaunched its 1960s\\-era pedestrian mall as the [Third Street Promenade](/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade \"Third Street Promenade\"), and renovated both the adjacent [Santa Monica Pier](/wiki/Santa_Monica_Pier \"Santa Monica Pier\") and adjacent enclosed mall, [Santa Monica Place](/wiki/Santa_Monica_Place \"Santa Monica Place\"), all together helping to draw both domestic and international visitors and locals from across Greater Los Angeles locals.\n[thumb\\|Pedestrianized area in [Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square \"Times Square\"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\")](/wiki/File:Times_Square%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237734924%29.jpg \"Times Square, Manhattan, New York (7237734924).jpg\")\nIn the mid\\-2010s, former New York Mayor [Michael Bloomberg](/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg \"Michael Bloomberg\") worked during his final term in office to create pedestrian malls in major tourist centers that had also been areas of severe automobile congestion such as [Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square \"Times Square\"){{cite news\\|last\\=Torossian, Ronn\\|author\\-link\\=Ronn Torossian\\|title\\=New York For New Yorkers\\|url\\=http://observer.com/2014/05/new\\-york\\-for\\-new\\-yorkers/\\|newspaper\\=New York Observer\\|date\\=14 May 2014}} and [Herald Square](/wiki/Herald_Square \"Herald Square\").",
"### Unconventional examples",
"#### Las Vegas",
"[thumb\\|[Fremont Street Experience](/wiki/Fremont_Street_Experience \"Fremont Street Experience\") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\") with the neon lights on](/wiki/Image:LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg \"LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg\")\nIn 1994–5, [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\") pedestrianized and covered its main downtown street, lined with smaller casinos, and created the [Fremont Street Experience](/wiki/Fremont_Street_Experience \"Fremont Street Experience\"). [*Pedestrian zones in cities*, National Urban League, 2020](https://www.nlc.org/sites/default/files/2020-01/CS_PedestrianReport_Final_WEB.pdf)",
"#### San Antonio",
"The [San Antonio River Walk](/wiki/San_Antonio_River_Walk \"San Antonio River Walk\") is a special\\-case pedestrian street, one level down from the automobile street. The River Walk winds and loops under bridges as two parallel sidewalks lined with restaurants and shops, connecting the major tourist draws from [Alamo Plaza](/wiki/Alamo_Plaza \"Alamo Plaza\") to [Rivercenter](/wiki/Rivercenter \"Rivercenter\"), to [HemisFair Plaza](/wiki/HemisFair_Plaza \"HemisFair Plaza\"), to the [Transit Tower](/wiki/Transit_Tower \"Transit Tower\"). Most downtown buildings have street entrances and separate river entrances one level below. This separates the automotive service grid (delivery and ambulance/police vehicles) from pedestrian traffic below, provides bridges, walkways, and staircases, and attempts to balance retail, commercial, office, green space and cultural uses.",
"### During the COVID\\-19 pandemic in the United States",
"During the [COVID\\-19 pandemic in the United States](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") some cities pedestrianized additional streets in order to encourage [social distancing](/wiki/Social_distancing \"Social distancing\") and in many cases to provide extra rooms for restaurants to serve food on patios extended into the newly available spaces. In New York, this was applied to up to 100 miles of streets across the city.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Spivack \\|first1\\=Caroline \\|title\\=New York will open up to 100 miles of streets to pedestrians: The move will help New Yorkers socially distance amid the coronavirus pandemic \\|url\\=https://ny.curbed.com/2020/4/27/21238276/nyc\\-coronavirus\\-opens\\-100\\-miles\\-streets\\-pedestrians\\-biking \\|publisher\\=Curbed \\|date\\=April 27, 2020}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
To impress a girl that he likes, Wallace "Suitcase" Jefferson applies for a job at the newly formed [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA"). Unfortunately, since America's "love affair with racism was in full swing", Jefferson learns that NASA is whites\-only. Undaunted, Jefferson and his friend "Loopie" Louie Hays form their own astronaut group. Their creation—the Negro American Space Society of Astronauts (NASSA)—is a resounding success, with more than 240 "blackstronauts" signing up by 1960\. The venture also brings personal success to Jefferson—he wins the girl's heart and later marries her.
Using spaceships cobbled together from old rocket engines, landing capsules, a school bus, and a used Cadillac, NASSA quickly becomes a major player in the space race. Its members farm out across the country, barnstorming in small towns to raise money and becoming minor celebrities. In Washington, the US government worries about losing the space race to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), but is "ten times as worried" about losing the race to NASSA.
Like NASA, NASSA suffers some significant setbacks. Sullivan Carew dies a hero's death when his rocket\-powered school bus burns up in the atmosphere, while Peter "Stinky Pete" Carver catches fire in an Illinois church parking lot. Unlike NASA, however, the blackstronauts refuse to slow the pace of their program (Stinky Pete is extinguished and makes another launch the following day).
The film features a letter from Sullivan Carew to his wife written two days before his death. It is a parody of the real\-life letter by [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army "Union Army") soldier [Sullivan Ballou](/wiki/Sullivan_Ballou "Sullivan Ballou"), which was used by Ken Burns in his documentary *[The Civil War](/wiki/The_Civil_War_%28documentary%29 "The Civil War (documentary)")*.
NASA attempts to lure away those members of NASSA who have light skin and can [pass as white](/wiki/Passing_%28racial_identity%29 "Passing (racial identity)"), including [Gordon Cooper](/wiki/Gordon_Cooper "Gordon Cooper") and [Buzz Aldrin](/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin"). When this fails to produce the desired effect, the government issues a "black blackout" and forces the mainstream media to focus only on negative issues affecting the black community. Soon the newspapers are full of stories about crime and riots, and the achievements of NASSA go unreported.
On September 31, 1966, Suitcase Jefferson and Louie Hayes land their rocket\-powered [Coupe de Ville](/wiki/Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville "Cadillac Coupe de Ville") on the surface of the [Moon](/wiki/Moon "Moon") and return safely to Earth. Their amazing feat is buried by the black blackout, and appears on page 34 of the *Cincinnati Enquirer* (and, presumably, gets the same treatment in other papers). The article reads as follows:
{{cquote\|'''Negroes Land on Moon'''
Talk about getting lost! Wallace Jefferson and Louis Hayes, both negroes, have wandered all the way to the moon!
The hapless pair entered lunar orbit late yesterday afternoon and finally landed on the surface of the moon several hours later. They plan to return later this week.
The incident is not a total tragedy. "We may want to talk with these negroes," said NASA mission commander Deke Slayton. "Their mishap may just help us in our goal to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade." }}
Saddened by the nation's lack of interest in their heroics, Jefferson and his friends decide to shut down NASSA.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"To impress a girl that he likes, Wallace \"Suitcase\" Jefferson applies for a job at the newly formed [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\"). Unfortunately, since America's \"love affair with racism was in full swing\", Jefferson learns that NASA is whites\\-only. Undaunted, Jefferson and his friend \"Loopie\" Louie Hays form their own astronaut group. Their creation—the Negro American Space Society of Astronauts (NASSA)—is a resounding success, with more than 240 \"blackstronauts\" signing up by 1960\\. The venture also brings personal success to Jefferson—he wins the girl's heart and later marries her.",
"Using spaceships cobbled together from old rocket engines, landing capsules, a school bus, and a used Cadillac, NASSA quickly becomes a major player in the space race. Its members farm out across the country, barnstorming in small towns to raise money and becoming minor celebrities. In Washington, the US government worries about losing the space race to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"), but is \"ten times as worried\" about losing the race to NASSA.",
"Like NASA, NASSA suffers some significant setbacks. Sullivan Carew dies a hero's death when his rocket\\-powered school bus burns up in the atmosphere, while Peter \"Stinky Pete\" Carver catches fire in an Illinois church parking lot. Unlike NASA, however, the blackstronauts refuse to slow the pace of their program (Stinky Pete is extinguished and makes another launch the following day).",
"The film features a letter from Sullivan Carew to his wife written two days before his death. It is a parody of the real\\-life letter by [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army \"Union Army\") soldier [Sullivan Ballou](/wiki/Sullivan_Ballou \"Sullivan Ballou\"), which was used by Ken Burns in his documentary *[The Civil War](/wiki/The_Civil_War_%28documentary%29 \"The Civil War (documentary)\")*.",
"NASA attempts to lure away those members of NASSA who have light skin and can [pass as white](/wiki/Passing_%28racial_identity%29 \"Passing (racial identity)\"), including [Gordon Cooper](/wiki/Gordon_Cooper \"Gordon Cooper\") and [Buzz Aldrin](/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin \"Buzz Aldrin\"). When this fails to produce the desired effect, the government issues a \"black blackout\" and forces the mainstream media to focus only on negative issues affecting the black community. Soon the newspapers are full of stories about crime and riots, and the achievements of NASSA go unreported.",
"On September 31, 1966, Suitcase Jefferson and Louie Hayes land their rocket\\-powered [Coupe de Ville](/wiki/Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville \"Cadillac Coupe de Ville\") on the surface of the [Moon](/wiki/Moon \"Moon\") and return safely to Earth. Their amazing feat is buried by the black blackout, and appears on page 34 of the *Cincinnati Enquirer* (and, presumably, gets the same treatment in other papers). The article reads as follows:",
"{{cquote\\|'''Negroes Land on Moon'''",
"Talk about getting lost! Wallace Jefferson and Louis Hayes, both negroes, have wandered all the way to the moon!",
"The hapless pair entered lunar orbit late yesterday afternoon and finally landed on the surface of the moon several hours later. They plan to return later this week.",
"The incident is not a total tragedy. \"We may want to talk with these negroes,\" said NASA mission commander Deke Slayton. \"Their mishap may just help us in our goal to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade.\" }}",
"Saddened by the nation's lack of interest in their heroics, Jefferson and his friends decide to shut down NASSA.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Raised in [Bakersfield, California](/wiki/Bakersfield%2C_California "Bakersfield, California"), Sakuragi played [college basketball](/wiki/College_basketball "College basketball") at the [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles") (UCLA), and was a member of the [Bruins](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball "UCLA Bruins men's basketball")' national championship team in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball_team "1994–95 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team"). He was able to play all five [positions](/wiki/Basketball_positions "Basketball positions").{{cite news\|last1\=Bolch\|first1\=Ben\|last2\=Maddy\|first2\=Eric\|title\=Where are they now? A look at UCLA's 1995 NCAA men's basketball championship team\|date\=March 21, 2020\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/ucla/story/2020\-03\-21/where\-are\-they\-now\-ucla\-1995\-ncaa\-mens\-basketball\-title\-team\|access\-date\=March 22, 2020}} On the NCAA championship team in his freshman year, Sakuragi was named the team's most valuable freshman along with [Toby Bailey](/wiki/Toby_Bailey "Toby Bailey").{{cite web\|last\=Finney \|first\=Ryan \|title\=2010–11 UCLA Men's Basketball Media Guide \|page\=111 \|year\=2010 \|publisher\=UCLA Athletic Department \|url\=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/ucla/sports/m\-baskbl/auto\_pdf/1011MBB\_MG\_History.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213026/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/ucla/sports/m\-baskbl/auto\_pdf/1011MBB\_MG\_History.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 8, 2011 \|ref\=finney2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} He was named to the [All\-Pac\-10](/wiki/List_of_All-Pacific-12_Conference_men%27s_basketball_teams "List of All-Pacific-12 Conference men's basketball teams") first team during his sophomore and senior seasons,[Finney 2010](/wiki/%23finney2010 "#finney2010"), p. 105\. and was also named the Bruins' co\-most valuable player both years as well.[Finney 2010](/wiki/%23finney2010 "#finney2010"), p. 110\. He averaged 14\.2 points per game in his four\-year career at the school. He was selected by the [Vancouver Grizzlies](/wiki/Vancouver_Grizzlies "Vancouver Grizzlies") in the 2nd round (56th pick) of the [1998 NBA draft](/wiki/1998_NBA_draft "1998 NBA draft") where he played one season.Kaz Nagatsuka, [Former UCLA player gets Japanese citizenship, spot on national hoops team](https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2007/07/17/basketball/former-ucla-player-gets-japanese-citizenship-spot-on-national-hoops-team/), *The Japan Times*, July 17, 2007\.
Sakuragi played the next two years for teams in Las Vegas and France and summer\-league teams in Puerto Rico and the Philippines. In 2001, he moved to Japan to play for the [Aisin Seahorses](/wiki/Aisin_Seahorses "Aisin Seahorses") of the [JBL Super League](/wiki/JBL_Super_League "JBL Super League"), averaging 21\.5 points and 11\.6 rebounds per game in 2006\.
Sakuragi's application to become a [naturalized](/wiki/Naturalized "Naturalized") Japanese citizen cleared on July 2, 2007, and he changed his name from J. R. Henderson to J. R. Sakuragi.Jerry Crowe, [Former Bruin a true citizen of the world](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-24-sp-crowe24-story.html), *Los Angeles Times*, July 24, 2007\. He chose his new name for two reasons: firstly, he thought a Japanese name would speed up the naturalization, and secondly for the Japanese [sakura](/wiki/Sakura "Sakura") cherry blossoms. It also corresponded to the name of [Hanamichi Sakuragi](/wiki/Hanamichi_Sakuragi "Hanamichi Sakuragi"), the protagonist of the popular basketball manga *[Slam Dunk](/wiki/Slam_Dunk_%28manga%29 "Slam Dunk (manga)")*.[Former Bruin is now Japan’s J.R. Sakuragi](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jan-21-sp-crowe21-story.html), *Los Angeles Times*, January 21, 2008\.
Sakuragi played for the [Japan national team](/wiki/Japan_national_basketball_team "Japan national basketball team") as they competed in the [2007 FIBA Asia Championship](/wiki/2007_FIBA_Asia_Championship "2007 FIBA Asia Championship"), a qualifier for the [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics").Jerry Crowe, [Former Bruin finds security in his adopted homeland](http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-crowe24jul24,1,3614788.story), *Los Angeles Times*, July 24, 2007\.
To comply with Japanese naturalization requirements, Sakuragi taught himself to read, speak and write Japanese at a "rudimentary level". He intended to stay in Japan without intention of returning to live in the U.S.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Raised in [Bakersfield, California](/wiki/Bakersfield%2C_California \"Bakersfield, California\"), Sakuragi played [college basketball](/wiki/College_basketball \"College basketball\") at the [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles \"University of California, Los Angeles\") (UCLA), and was a member of the [Bruins](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball \"UCLA Bruins men's basketball\")' national championship team in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball_team \"1994–95 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team\"). He was able to play all five [positions](/wiki/Basketball_positions \"Basketball positions\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bolch\\|first1\\=Ben\\|last2\\=Maddy\\|first2\\=Eric\\|title\\=Where are they now? A look at UCLA's 1995 NCAA men's basketball championship team\\|date\\=March 21, 2020\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/ucla/story/2020\\-03\\-21/where\\-are\\-they\\-now\\-ucla\\-1995\\-ncaa\\-mens\\-basketball\\-title\\-team\\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2020}} On the NCAA championship team in his freshman year, Sakuragi was named the team's most valuable freshman along with [Toby Bailey](/wiki/Toby_Bailey \"Toby Bailey\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Finney \\|first\\=Ryan \\|title\\=2010–11 UCLA Men's Basketball Media Guide \\|page\\=111 \\|year\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=UCLA Athletic Department \\|url\\=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/ucla/sports/m\\-baskbl/auto\\_pdf/1011MBB\\_MG\\_History.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213026/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/ucla/sports/m\\-baskbl/auto\\_pdf/1011MBB\\_MG\\_History.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 8, 2011 \\|ref\\=finney2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He was named to the [All\\-Pac\\-10](/wiki/List_of_All-Pacific-12_Conference_men%27s_basketball_teams \"List of All-Pacific-12 Conference men's basketball teams\") first team during his sophomore and senior seasons,[Finney 2010](/wiki/%23finney2010 \"#finney2010\"), p. 105\\. and was also named the Bruins' co\\-most valuable player both years as well.[Finney 2010](/wiki/%23finney2010 \"#finney2010\"), p. 110\\. He averaged 14\\.2 points per game in his four\\-year career at the school. He was selected by the [Vancouver Grizzlies](/wiki/Vancouver_Grizzlies \"Vancouver Grizzlies\") in the 2nd round (56th pick) of the [1998 NBA draft](/wiki/1998_NBA_draft \"1998 NBA draft\") where he played one season.Kaz Nagatsuka, [Former UCLA player gets Japanese citizenship, spot on national hoops team](https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2007/07/17/basketball/former-ucla-player-gets-japanese-citizenship-spot-on-national-hoops-team/), *The Japan Times*, July 17, 2007\\.",
"Sakuragi played the next two years for teams in Las Vegas and France and summer\\-league teams in Puerto Rico and the Philippines. In 2001, he moved to Japan to play for the [Aisin Seahorses](/wiki/Aisin_Seahorses \"Aisin Seahorses\") of the [JBL Super League](/wiki/JBL_Super_League \"JBL Super League\"), averaging 21\\.5 points and 11\\.6 rebounds per game in 2006\\.",
"Sakuragi's application to become a [naturalized](/wiki/Naturalized \"Naturalized\") Japanese citizen cleared on July 2, 2007, and he changed his name from J. R. Henderson to J. R. Sakuragi.Jerry Crowe, [Former Bruin a true citizen of the world](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-24-sp-crowe24-story.html), *Los Angeles Times*, July 24, 2007\\. He chose his new name for two reasons: firstly, he thought a Japanese name would speed up the naturalization, and secondly for the Japanese [sakura](/wiki/Sakura \"Sakura\") cherry blossoms. It also corresponded to the name of [Hanamichi Sakuragi](/wiki/Hanamichi_Sakuragi \"Hanamichi Sakuragi\"), the protagonist of the popular basketball manga *[Slam Dunk](/wiki/Slam_Dunk_%28manga%29 \"Slam Dunk (manga)\")*.[Former Bruin is now Japan’s J.R. Sakuragi](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jan-21-sp-crowe21-story.html), *Los Angeles Times*, January 21, 2008\\.",
"Sakuragi played for the [Japan national team](/wiki/Japan_national_basketball_team \"Japan national basketball team\") as they competed in the [2007 FIBA Asia Championship](/wiki/2007_FIBA_Asia_Championship \"2007 FIBA Asia Championship\"), a qualifier for the [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\").Jerry Crowe, [Former Bruin finds security in his adopted homeland](http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-crowe24jul24,1,3614788.story), *Los Angeles Times*, July 24, 2007\\.",
"To comply with Japanese naturalization requirements, Sakuragi taught himself to read, speak and write Japanese at a \"rudimentary level\". He intended to stay in Japan without intention of returning to live in the U.S.",
""
] |
Background
----------
### Basis of film
{{main\|Robin Lee Graham}}
Robin Lee Graham (born 1949\) set out to sail around the world alone as a teenager in the summer of 1965\. *[National Geographic Magazine](/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine "National Geographic Magazine")* carried the story in three issues from 1966 to 1970, and he co\-wrote a book detailing his journey called *Dove.* Graham was just 16 when he set out from [Southern California](/wiki/Southern_California "Southern California") and headed west in his 24\-foot Lapworth sailboat. In Fiji, he married his wife Patti, and after almost five years, sailed back into his home port. After he and Patti attended [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), they moved to [Montana](/wiki/Montana "Montana"). He collaborated with a writer on a book of the journey which became a best seller.{{cite news\|title\=Voyage of the Dove: Robin Graham became youngest to sail around globe, but pursuit of freedom produced loneliness until he found spiritual sense and a wife\|author\=Macher, Charles\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=Dec 16, 1972\|page\=oc\_a1}}
### Development
Gregory Peck moved into film producing in the early 70s, following his dissatisfaction with some of his late 60s films such as *[Marooned](/wiki/Marooned_%281969_film%29 "Marooned (1969 film)")* and *[Mackenna's Gold](/wiki/Mackenna%27s_Gold "Mackenna's Gold")*, and the recutting of *[I Walk the Line](/wiki/I_Walk_the_Line_%28film%29 "I Walk the Line (film)")*. He decided to take time out from acting and work as a producer. His first effort, an adaptation of the play, *The Trial of the Catonsville Nine*, had not been a success so he spent six months reading material to find his next project.{{cite news\|title\=Gregory Peck, producer\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=Feb 9, 1974\|page\=10}}
Peck was told about the series of articles on Graham that were in *National Geographic* and that a book was being written about him. Peck read the book while it was still in galleys. "I was attracted really because of the character of the boy", said Peck. "He was a very odd fella, an eccentric who sailed around the world at 16\. Loners make interesting heroes." He also liked that it was "a strong adventure story."
Peck optioned the screen rights for $10,000 of his own money. He knew [Nat Cohen](/wiki/Nat_Cohen "Nat Cohen") and [Bernard Delfont](/wiki/Bernard_Delfont "Bernard Delfont") of [EMI Films](/wiki/EMI_Films "EMI Films") from being on the board of Capitol Records. They gave him $150,000 to purchase the screen rights outright and to write a script.
EMI wanted a US partner and Paramount agreed to come on board.
Filming began under the title of *Here There Be Dragons*. However, there was concern this would confuse audiences into thinking it was a martial arts film. *Upon a Painted Ocean* was considered as a title before selecting *The Dove*.
Director Charles Jarrott said the film will "make a positive statement about a youth who set out to do something and succeeded. It's not a Disney story, there is some abrasion to it."
"You can read one or two things into it, the father\-son relationship being what it is in the picture", said Peck. "The movie will make you wonder why a kid would want to drop out, why he wasn't offered the kind of future he was interested in."
### Casting
Peck says at one time they discussed casting "one or two rock stars" in the lead roles "but they're kind of practiced and slick and a little too sophisticated. We looked for naturalness, sympathetic personalities and original personalities. We looked for kids who weren't hindered by too much self confidence, people that had chemistry."{{cite news\|title\=At a new helm, Peck sails into production\|author\=Colander, Pat\|work\=Chicago Tribune\|date\=Oct 6, 1974\|page\=e5}}
Joseph Bottoms was cast in the lead role. "The whole picture depends on the kid", said Jarrott. "If you're stuck on the other side of the world and he doesn't work out, you can't recast the part."
Deborah Raffin was cast as his girlfriend.
### Shooting
The film is a travelogue of sorts and the producers filmed on location throughout the world over a four\-month period with a 32\-person crew. Filming locations included: [Suva, Fiji](/wiki/Suva "Suva"); [Darwin, Northern Territory](/wiki/Darwin%2C_Northern_Territory "Darwin, Northern Territory"), [Fremantle, Western Australia](/wiki/Fremantle%2C_Western_Australia "Fremantle, Western Australia"); [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"), South Africa; [Lourenço Marques](/wiki/Maputo "Maputo"), [Mozambique](/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique "Portuguese Mozambique"); [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal "Panama Canal"), [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama"); [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador "Ecuador"); and Los Angeles.
Instead of sailing a boat around the world, Peck bought nine identical boats and shipped them to nine different locations.
While largely accurate, the film fictionalizes a few elements. Robin and Patti actually married about halfway through his journey, in South Africa, but the film saves their marriage for the finale, and places it in the Galapagos Islands. In addition, Robin actually sold *Dove* in Saint Thomas, about 3/4 of the way through his journey, and replaced her with the larger *Return of Dove*, but the film has him keep the same boat for the duration of his journey.
"It was a terrific gamble", said Peck. "It was exhilarating. I feel I play a role in every scene, even if I don't direct it or act in it. I helped to shape it. I made the thing happen in the first place. Whatever has happened, over the past two years I've certainly known I've been alive."
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"### Basis of film",
"{{main\\|Robin Lee Graham}}\nRobin Lee Graham (born 1949\\) set out to sail around the world alone as a teenager in the summer of 1965\\. *[National Geographic Magazine](/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine \"National Geographic Magazine\")* carried the story in three issues from 1966 to 1970, and he co\\-wrote a book detailing his journey called *Dove.* Graham was just 16 when he set out from [Southern California](/wiki/Southern_California \"Southern California\") and headed west in his 24\\-foot Lapworth sailboat. In Fiji, he married his wife Patti, and after almost five years, sailed back into his home port. After he and Patti attended [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\"), they moved to [Montana](/wiki/Montana \"Montana\"). He collaborated with a writer on a book of the journey which became a best seller.{{cite news\\|title\\=Voyage of the Dove: Robin Graham became youngest to sail around globe, but pursuit of freedom produced loneliness until he found spiritual sense and a wife\\|author\\=Macher, Charles\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=Dec 16, 1972\\|page\\=oc\\_a1}}",
"### Development",
"Gregory Peck moved into film producing in the early 70s, following his dissatisfaction with some of his late 60s films such as *[Marooned](/wiki/Marooned_%281969_film%29 \"Marooned (1969 film)\")* and *[Mackenna's Gold](/wiki/Mackenna%27s_Gold \"Mackenna's Gold\")*, and the recutting of *[I Walk the Line](/wiki/I_Walk_the_Line_%28film%29 \"I Walk the Line (film)\")*. He decided to take time out from acting and work as a producer. His first effort, an adaptation of the play, *The Trial of the Catonsville Nine*, had not been a success so he spent six months reading material to find his next project.{{cite news\\|title\\=Gregory Peck, producer\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=Feb 9, 1974\\|page\\=10}}",
"Peck was told about the series of articles on Graham that were in *National Geographic* and that a book was being written about him. Peck read the book while it was still in galleys. \"I was attracted really because of the character of the boy\", said Peck. \"He was a very odd fella, an eccentric who sailed around the world at 16\\. Loners make interesting heroes.\" He also liked that it was \"a strong adventure story.\"",
"Peck optioned the screen rights for $10,000 of his own money. He knew [Nat Cohen](/wiki/Nat_Cohen \"Nat Cohen\") and [Bernard Delfont](/wiki/Bernard_Delfont \"Bernard Delfont\") of [EMI Films](/wiki/EMI_Films \"EMI Films\") from being on the board of Capitol Records. They gave him $150,000 to purchase the screen rights outright and to write a script.",
"EMI wanted a US partner and Paramount agreed to come on board.",
"Filming began under the title of *Here There Be Dragons*. However, there was concern this would confuse audiences into thinking it was a martial arts film. *Upon a Painted Ocean* was considered as a title before selecting *The Dove*.",
"Director Charles Jarrott said the film will \"make a positive statement about a youth who set out to do something and succeeded. It's not a Disney story, there is some abrasion to it.\"",
"\"You can read one or two things into it, the father\\-son relationship being what it is in the picture\", said Peck. \"The movie will make you wonder why a kid would want to drop out, why he wasn't offered the kind of future he was interested in.\"",
"### Casting",
"Peck says at one time they discussed casting \"one or two rock stars\" in the lead roles \"but they're kind of practiced and slick and a little too sophisticated. We looked for naturalness, sympathetic personalities and original personalities. We looked for kids who weren't hindered by too much self confidence, people that had chemistry.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=At a new helm, Peck sails into production\\|author\\=Colander, Pat\\|work\\=Chicago Tribune\\|date\\=Oct 6, 1974\\|page\\=e5}}",
"Joseph Bottoms was cast in the lead role. \"The whole picture depends on the kid\", said Jarrott. \"If you're stuck on the other side of the world and he doesn't work out, you can't recast the part.\"",
"Deborah Raffin was cast as his girlfriend.",
"### Shooting",
"The film is a travelogue of sorts and the producers filmed on location throughout the world over a four\\-month period with a 32\\-person crew. Filming locations included: [Suva, Fiji](/wiki/Suva \"Suva\"); [Darwin, Northern Territory](/wiki/Darwin%2C_Northern_Territory \"Darwin, Northern Territory\"), [Fremantle, Western Australia](/wiki/Fremantle%2C_Western_Australia \"Fremantle, Western Australia\"); [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), South Africa; [Lourenço Marques](/wiki/Maputo \"Maputo\"), [Mozambique](/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique \"Portuguese Mozambique\"); [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal \"Panama Canal\"), [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\"); [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\"); and Los Angeles.",
"Instead of sailing a boat around the world, Peck bought nine identical boats and shipped them to nine different locations.",
"While largely accurate, the film fictionalizes a few elements. Robin and Patti actually married about halfway through his journey, in South Africa, but the film saves their marriage for the finale, and places it in the Galapagos Islands. In addition, Robin actually sold *Dove* in Saint Thomas, about 3/4 of the way through his journey, and replaced her with the larger *Return of Dove*, but the film has him keep the same boat for the duration of his journey.",
"\"It was a terrific gamble\", said Peck. \"It was exhilarating. I feel I play a role in every scene, even if I don't direct it or act in it. I helped to shape it. I made the thing happen in the first place. Whatever has happened, over the past two years I've certainly known I've been alive.\"",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Pawel began to develop an interest in the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula") while studying [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco") and classical Spanish dance in junior high school.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rebeccapawel.com/biography.html \|title\=About Rebecca Pawel \|accessdate\=2007\-11\-01 \|publisher\=RebeccaPawel.com}} She graduated from [Stuyvesant High School](/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School "Stuyvesant High School") in 1995, where she furthered her interest in Spain during a school trip to Madrid. In her undergraduate studies at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") she majored in [Spanish\-language literature](/wiki/Spanish_literature "Spanish literature"), with a concentration in the literature of the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula").{{cite web \|last\=Hopkins \|first\=Curt \|date\=2007\-01\-08 \|url\=http://morphemetales.wordpress.com/2007/01/08/interview\-with\-rebecca\-pawel/ \|title\=Interview with Rebecca Pawel \|publisher\=Morpheme Tales\| accessdate\=2007\-04\-23}}{{Cite web \|title\=Columbia College Today \|url\=https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct\_archive/sep02/sep02\_bookshelf2\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-11 \|website\=www.college.columbia.edu}} She received her [master's](/wiki/Master%27s_degree "Master's degree") from [Teachers College](/wiki/Teachers_College%2C_Columbia_University "Teachers College, Columbia University") in 2000\.
Pawel has asserted she never intended to write mysteries, and came upon the idea almost by accident. In the summer of 2000, while on vacation in Spain, Pawel sent an e\-mail to her college professor, Persephone Braham, asking if she could pick her up anything while she was there.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2013}} Braham requested she bring back some murder mysteries set in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"). When Pawel confessed she couldn't think of any such mysteries, but that a mystery set in the Spanish capital after the [Nationalist's](/wiki/Nationalist_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 "Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)") [siege](/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid "Siege of Madrid") would be a great idea, Braham suggested Pawel go ahead and write it. Eight weeks later, Pawel completed the manuscript for *Death of a Nationalist*.
At age 24, Pawel was signed by [Soho Press](/wiki/Soho_Press "Soho Press"), a publisher of mysteries set in exotic locations, on the strength of her first two manuscripts, *Death of a Nationalist* and *Law of Return*.
In 2004, *Death of a Nationalist* won the [Edgar Award](/wiki/Edgar_Award "Edgar Award") for "Best First Novel".{{cite news \|last\=Marritz \|first\=Ilya \|date\=2004\-12\-21 \|url\=http://www.nysun.com/article/6587 \|title\=This Brooklyn Teacher has a Mysterious Second Career \|publisher\=\[\[The New York Sun]] \|accessdate\=2007\-04\-23}} It was also nominated for the [Macavity Award](/wiki/Macavity_Award "Macavity Award") at [Bouchercon](/wiki/Bouchercon "Bouchercon"), and was a finalist for the [LA Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times") Book Prize. *Death of a Nationalist* was originally conceived as a stand\-alone mystery, but became the foundation for an entire series of novels centered around the character of Carlos Tejada Alonso y León.
The first Spanish\-language edition of *Death of a Nationalist* appeared in 2005\.
Pawel teaches English at [The High School for Enterprise, Business and Technology](/wiki/The_High_School_for_Enterprise%2C_Business_and_Technology "The High School for Enterprise, Business and Technology") in [Williamsburg](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Brooklyn "Williamsburg, Brooklyn"), [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn").
She recently finished the first draft of an as\-yet untitled novel set in Renaissance [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders") in 1577\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Pawel began to develop an interest in the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\") while studying [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco \"Flamenco\") and classical Spanish dance in junior high school.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rebeccapawel.com/biography.html \\|title\\=About Rebecca Pawel \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-11\\-01 \\|publisher\\=RebeccaPawel.com}} She graduated from [Stuyvesant High School](/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School \"Stuyvesant High School\") in 1995, where she furthered her interest in Spain during a school trip to Madrid. In her undergraduate studies at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\") she majored in [Spanish\\-language literature](/wiki/Spanish_literature \"Spanish literature\"), with a concentration in the literature of the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Hopkins \\|first\\=Curt \\|date\\=2007\\-01\\-08 \\|url\\=http://morphemetales.wordpress.com/2007/01/08/interview\\-with\\-rebecca\\-pawel/ \\|title\\=Interview with Rebecca Pawel \\|publisher\\=Morpheme Tales\\| accessdate\\=2007\\-04\\-23}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Columbia College Today \\|url\\=https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct\\_archive/sep02/sep02\\_bookshelf2\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-11 \\|website\\=www.college.columbia.edu}} She received her [master's](/wiki/Master%27s_degree \"Master's degree\") from [Teachers College](/wiki/Teachers_College%2C_Columbia_University \"Teachers College, Columbia University\") in 2000\\.",
"Pawel has asserted she never intended to write mysteries, and came upon the idea almost by accident. In the summer of 2000, while on vacation in Spain, Pawel sent an e\\-mail to her college professor, Persephone Braham, asking if she could pick her up anything while she was there.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2013}} Braham requested she bring back some murder mysteries set in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\"). When Pawel confessed she couldn't think of any such mysteries, but that a mystery set in the Spanish capital after the [Nationalist's](/wiki/Nationalist_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 \"Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)\") [siege](/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid \"Siege of Madrid\") would be a great idea, Braham suggested Pawel go ahead and write it. Eight weeks later, Pawel completed the manuscript for *Death of a Nationalist*.",
"At age 24, Pawel was signed by [Soho Press](/wiki/Soho_Press \"Soho Press\"), a publisher of mysteries set in exotic locations, on the strength of her first two manuscripts, *Death of a Nationalist* and *Law of Return*.",
"In 2004, *Death of a Nationalist* won the [Edgar Award](/wiki/Edgar_Award \"Edgar Award\") for \"Best First Novel\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Marritz \\|first\\=Ilya \\|date\\=2004\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\=http://www.nysun.com/article/6587 \\|title\\=This Brooklyn Teacher has a Mysterious Second Career \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The New York Sun]] \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-04\\-23}} It was also nominated for the [Macavity Award](/wiki/Macavity_Award \"Macavity Award\") at [Bouchercon](/wiki/Bouchercon \"Bouchercon\"), and was a finalist for the [LA Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\") Book Prize. *Death of a Nationalist* was originally conceived as a stand\\-alone mystery, but became the foundation for an entire series of novels centered around the character of Carlos Tejada Alonso y León.",
"The first Spanish\\-language edition of *Death of a Nationalist* appeared in 2005\\.",
"Pawel teaches English at [The High School for Enterprise, Business and Technology](/wiki/The_High_School_for_Enterprise%2C_Business_and_Technology \"The High School for Enterprise, Business and Technology\") in [Williamsburg](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Brooklyn \"Williamsburg, Brooklyn\"), [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\").",
"She recently finished the first draft of an as\\-yet untitled novel set in Renaissance [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\") in 1577\\.",
""
] |
Build\-up to Operation: Zero Tolerance
--------------------------------------
### Lead\-in
Before the *[Onslaught](/wiki/Onslaught_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Onslaught (Marvel Comics)")* crossover, [Bastion](/wiki/Bastion_%28comics%29 "Bastion (comics)") introduces himself to high echelons and foreign dignitaries in a secret meeting in the sub\-basement of the Pentagon. He gives hints that whatever Onslaught is, he threatens both humans and mutants. As for the "mutant problem", he offers the services of his project, "Operation: Zero Tolerance".*Uncanny X\-Men* \#333\. Marvel Comics.
Bastion has also started operations to escalate human\-mutant frictions and accelerate his "Zero Tolerance" plan,*X\-Men Unlimited* (1993\) \#11\. Marvel Comics. as well as pulling political strings with Valerie Cooper to use X\-Factor (led by [Forge](/wiki/Forge_%28character%29 "Forge (character)") at the time) as his personal "mutant militia".*X\-Factor* (1st series) \#127\. Marvel Comics.
### Aftermath of the Onslaught Saga
Most of the core non\-mutant superhero teams (the [Fantastic Four](/wiki/Fantastic_Four "Fantastic Four"), a number of [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 "Avengers (comics)") and [Bruce Banner](/wiki/Hulk "Hulk")), along with the surprising aid of [Doctor Doom](/wiki/Doctor_Doom "Doctor Doom"), in the Marvel universe "sacrificed" themselves in order to help destroy Onslaught by leaping into his body, which consisted of raw energy at the time. The only superheroes who were left outside of Onslaught were all mutants who could not enter into Onslaught due to his ability to siphon their powers and a handful of non\-mutant superheroes including [Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man"), [Daredevil](/wiki/Daredevil_%28Marvel_Comics_character%29 "Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)"), and [Doctor Strange](/wiki/Doctor_Strange "Doctor Strange") that were not present at the battle. Members of the [X\-Men](/wiki/X-Men "X-Men") were then left to physically attack Onslaught directly and eventually succeeded in destroying him and in the process, seemingly those who had leapt into his energy form as well.*Onslaught: Marvel Universe* One\-Shot (1996\). Marvel Comics.
Bastion has invested time and resources in [Graydon Creed](/wiki/Graydon_Creed "Graydon Creed")'s anti\-mutant campaign in order to expedite his own anti\-mutant plan: "Operation: Zero Tolerance".*Uncanny X\-Men* \#334, 339\. Marvel Comics.*X\-Factor* (1st series) \#128\. Marvel Comics.
[Professor Charles Xavier](/wiki/Professor_X "Professor X") surrenders himself to the United States government (represented by [Valerie Cooper](/wiki/Valerie_Cooper "Valerie Cooper"))*X\-Men* (1991\) \#57\. Marvel Comics. and is taken to a secret location, where he is subject to Bastion's interrogation techniques.*Onslaught: Epilogue*. Marvel Comics.
### The assassination of Graydon Creed
The disappearance of non\-mutant heroes led to a great amount of distrust being harbored toward all mutantkind. Shortly thereafter, Graydon Creed was assassinated by what was meant to look like an energy blast of some kind.*X\-Factor* (1st series) \#130\. Marvel Comics. This escalated humanity's festering feelings toward mutants.
The fallout of both of these events served as a springboard for the man known as Bastion to suggest to the government that they should begin a plan. In order to keep the nation safe from the growing mutant threat, Bastion proposed the capture and extermination of as many mutants as he could find.
|
[
"Build\\-up to Operation: Zero Tolerance\n--------------------------------------",
"### Lead\\-in",
"Before the *[Onslaught](/wiki/Onslaught_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Onslaught (Marvel Comics)\")* crossover, [Bastion](/wiki/Bastion_%28comics%29 \"Bastion (comics)\") introduces himself to high echelons and foreign dignitaries in a secret meeting in the sub\\-basement of the Pentagon. He gives hints that whatever Onslaught is, he threatens both humans and mutants. As for the \"mutant problem\", he offers the services of his project, \"Operation: Zero Tolerance\".*Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#333\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Bastion has also started operations to escalate human\\-mutant frictions and accelerate his \"Zero Tolerance\" plan,*X\\-Men Unlimited* (1993\\) \\#11\\. Marvel Comics. as well as pulling political strings with Valerie Cooper to use X\\-Factor (led by [Forge](/wiki/Forge_%28character%29 \"Forge (character)\") at the time) as his personal \"mutant militia\".*X\\-Factor* (1st series) \\#127\\. Marvel Comics.",
"### Aftermath of the Onslaught Saga",
"Most of the core non\\-mutant superhero teams (the [Fantastic Four](/wiki/Fantastic_Four \"Fantastic Four\"), a number of [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 \"Avengers (comics)\") and [Bruce Banner](/wiki/Hulk \"Hulk\")), along with the surprising aid of [Doctor Doom](/wiki/Doctor_Doom \"Doctor Doom\"), in the Marvel universe \"sacrificed\" themselves in order to help destroy Onslaught by leaping into his body, which consisted of raw energy at the time. The only superheroes who were left outside of Onslaught were all mutants who could not enter into Onslaught due to his ability to siphon their powers and a handful of non\\-mutant superheroes including [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\"), [Daredevil](/wiki/Daredevil_%28Marvel_Comics_character%29 \"Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)\"), and [Doctor Strange](/wiki/Doctor_Strange \"Doctor Strange\") that were not present at the battle. Members of the [X\\-Men](/wiki/X-Men \"X-Men\") were then left to physically attack Onslaught directly and eventually succeeded in destroying him and in the process, seemingly those who had leapt into his energy form as well.*Onslaught: Marvel Universe* One\\-Shot (1996\\). Marvel Comics.",
"Bastion has invested time and resources in [Graydon Creed](/wiki/Graydon_Creed \"Graydon Creed\")'s anti\\-mutant campaign in order to expedite his own anti\\-mutant plan: \"Operation: Zero Tolerance\".*Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#334, 339\\. Marvel Comics.*X\\-Factor* (1st series) \\#128\\. Marvel Comics.",
"[Professor Charles Xavier](/wiki/Professor_X \"Professor X\") surrenders himself to the United States government (represented by [Valerie Cooper](/wiki/Valerie_Cooper \"Valerie Cooper\"))*X\\-Men* (1991\\) \\#57\\. Marvel Comics. and is taken to a secret location, where he is subject to Bastion's interrogation techniques.*Onslaught: Epilogue*. Marvel Comics.",
"### The assassination of Graydon Creed",
"The disappearance of non\\-mutant heroes led to a great amount of distrust being harbored toward all mutantkind. Shortly thereafter, Graydon Creed was assassinated by what was meant to look like an energy blast of some kind.*X\\-Factor* (1st series) \\#130\\. Marvel Comics. This escalated humanity's festering feelings toward mutants.",
"The fallout of both of these events served as a springboard for the man known as Bastion to suggest to the government that they should begin a plan. In order to keep the nation safe from the growing mutant threat, Bastion proposed the capture and extermination of as many mutants as he could find.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Bastion, along with the aid of his newly constructed [Prime Sentinels](/wiki/Prime_Sentinel "Prime Sentinel"), is given approval to implement this plan, which is dubbed "Operation: Zero Tolerance".
### Prelude
Bastion captures [Jubilation Lee](/wiki/Jubilation_Lee "Jubilation Lee") and makes her his prisoner.*Uncanny X\-Men* \#343\. Marvel Comics.
Returning from a mission in Hong Kong, a team of 5 X\-Men (consisting of [Cyclops](/wiki/Cyclops_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Cyclops (Marvel Comics)"), [Jean Grey](/wiki/Jean_Grey "Jean Grey"), [Storm](/wiki/Storm_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Storm (Marvel Comics)"), [Wolverine](/wiki/Wolverine_%28character%29 "Wolverine (character)"), and [Cannonball](/wiki/Cannonball_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Cannonball (Marvel Comics)")) are attacked mid\-air by Prime Sentinels.*X\-Men* (1991\) \#64\. Marvel Comics. All five are captured and exposed to Xavier to further humiliate him.*X\-Men* (1991\) \#65\. Marvel Comics. Henry Peter Gyrich spins a false story that the X\-Men attacked American authorities and their reaction was in self\-defense.*X\-Men* (1991\) \#65\. Marvel Comics.
Bastion is also able to seize control of the [Xavier Institute for Higher Learning](/wiki/X-Mansion "X-Mansion")*X\-Men* (1991\) \#65\. Marvel Comics. (in the process gaining access to vital information regarding numerous mutants).
### Main issues
#### Prisoners
Over the course of the story, [Jubilee](/wiki/Jubilee_%28character%29 "Jubilee (character)") is captured and mentally abused in order to access the secrets she knows.*X\-Men* \#64\. Marvel Comics.
The 5 captured X\-Men make their escape from a compound of Operation Zero Tolerance and hide in the desert.*Wolverine* \#115\-118\. Marvel Comics.
#### X\-Mansion invaded
Cable infiltrates the X\-Mansion after it was occupied by Operation: Zero Tolerance to free [Caliban](/wiki/Caliban_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Caliban (Marvel Comics)") and destroy Xavier's files to prevent Bastion from getting access to them. The X\-Mansion is stripped of its technology.
#### On the run
[Cecilia Reyes](/wiki/Cecilia_Reyes "Cecilia Reyes") and [Marrow](/wiki/Marrow_%28character%29 "Marrow (character)") join the X\-Men after confronting Bastion with [Iceman](/wiki/Iceman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Iceman (Marvel Comics)"). During this time, Iceman acts as a leader of the small splinter group he is traveling with (consisting of the previous mentioned Cecilia Reyes and Marrow as well as [Sabra](/wiki/Sabra_%28comics%29 "Sabra (comics)"), who has been tracking Bastion and investigating the actions of the Operation: Zero Tolerance operatives). Despite initially being ambushed by numerous Prime Sentinels, they manage to locate the home of Rose Gilberti, the woman who cared for Bastion, in Connecticut. Upon their arrival, they are surprised by Bastion and the Prime Sentinels, who have been waiting in the home after having taken both Gilberti and a detective's son hostage. After hearing what Bastion has to say in regard to her mother, Marrow becomes enraged and tries to viciously assault the woman, claiming revenge for the fate that her mentor Callisto suffered as a result of her encounter with Operation: Zero Tolerance. This prompts Iceman to stop her, only to mount an attack against Bastion on his own. Iceman is able to catch Bastion by surprise, knocking him out of the house and onto a nearby shoreline. Despite initially having the upper hand against Bastion, Iceman halts his attack in an attempt to goad Bastion into killing him. As Bastion begins to relay orders to his battalion of Prime Sentinels to destroy the mutants, [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D.") forces converge en masse to the shoreline, revoking the rights of Operation: Zero Tolerance to further act on American soil. Faced with the knowledge that S.H.I.E.L.D. has been given authorization to use necessary force to stop him, Bastion issues the command to his Prime Sentinels to stand down. Bastion is then arrested and taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody at the end of the storyline.*X\-Men* (1991\) \#66\-69\. Marvel Comics.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Bastion, along with the aid of his newly constructed [Prime Sentinels](/wiki/Prime_Sentinel \"Prime Sentinel\"), is given approval to implement this plan, which is dubbed \"Operation: Zero Tolerance\".",
"### Prelude",
"Bastion captures [Jubilation Lee](/wiki/Jubilation_Lee \"Jubilation Lee\") and makes her his prisoner.*Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#343\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Returning from a mission in Hong Kong, a team of 5 X\\-Men (consisting of [Cyclops](/wiki/Cyclops_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Cyclops (Marvel Comics)\"), [Jean Grey](/wiki/Jean_Grey \"Jean Grey\"), [Storm](/wiki/Storm_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Storm (Marvel Comics)\"), [Wolverine](/wiki/Wolverine_%28character%29 \"Wolverine (character)\"), and [Cannonball](/wiki/Cannonball_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Cannonball (Marvel Comics)\")) are attacked mid\\-air by Prime Sentinels.*X\\-Men* (1991\\) \\#64\\. Marvel Comics. All five are captured and exposed to Xavier to further humiliate him.*X\\-Men* (1991\\) \\#65\\. Marvel Comics. Henry Peter Gyrich spins a false story that the X\\-Men attacked American authorities and their reaction was in self\\-defense.*X\\-Men* (1991\\) \\#65\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Bastion is also able to seize control of the [Xavier Institute for Higher Learning](/wiki/X-Mansion \"X-Mansion\")*X\\-Men* (1991\\) \\#65\\. Marvel Comics. (in the process gaining access to vital information regarding numerous mutants).",
"### Main issues",
"#### Prisoners",
"Over the course of the story, [Jubilee](/wiki/Jubilee_%28character%29 \"Jubilee (character)\") is captured and mentally abused in order to access the secrets she knows.*X\\-Men* \\#64\\. Marvel Comics.",
"The 5 captured X\\-Men make their escape from a compound of Operation Zero Tolerance and hide in the desert.*Wolverine* \\#115\\-118\\. Marvel Comics.",
"#### X\\-Mansion invaded",
"Cable infiltrates the X\\-Mansion after it was occupied by Operation: Zero Tolerance to free [Caliban](/wiki/Caliban_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Caliban (Marvel Comics)\") and destroy Xavier's files to prevent Bastion from getting access to them. The X\\-Mansion is stripped of its technology.",
"#### On the run",
"[Cecilia Reyes](/wiki/Cecilia_Reyes \"Cecilia Reyes\") and [Marrow](/wiki/Marrow_%28character%29 \"Marrow (character)\") join the X\\-Men after confronting Bastion with [Iceman](/wiki/Iceman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Iceman (Marvel Comics)\"). During this time, Iceman acts as a leader of the small splinter group he is traveling with (consisting of the previous mentioned Cecilia Reyes and Marrow as well as [Sabra](/wiki/Sabra_%28comics%29 \"Sabra (comics)\"), who has been tracking Bastion and investigating the actions of the Operation: Zero Tolerance operatives). Despite initially being ambushed by numerous Prime Sentinels, they manage to locate the home of Rose Gilberti, the woman who cared for Bastion, in Connecticut. Upon their arrival, they are surprised by Bastion and the Prime Sentinels, who have been waiting in the home after having taken both Gilberti and a detective's son hostage. After hearing what Bastion has to say in regard to her mother, Marrow becomes enraged and tries to viciously assault the woman, claiming revenge for the fate that her mentor Callisto suffered as a result of her encounter with Operation: Zero Tolerance. This prompts Iceman to stop her, only to mount an attack against Bastion on his own. Iceman is able to catch Bastion by surprise, knocking him out of the house and onto a nearby shoreline. Despite initially having the upper hand against Bastion, Iceman halts his attack in an attempt to goad Bastion into killing him. As Bastion begins to relay orders to his battalion of Prime Sentinels to destroy the mutants, [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\") forces converge en masse to the shoreline, revoking the rights of Operation: Zero Tolerance to further act on American soil. Faced with the knowledge that S.H.I.E.L.D. has been given authorization to use necessary force to stop him, Bastion issues the command to his Prime Sentinels to stand down. Bastion is then arrested and taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody at the end of the storyline.*X\\-Men* (1991\\) \\#66\\-69\\. Marvel Comics.",
""
] |
GDP and employment
------------------
This is a chart depicting the trend of the [gross domestic product](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") in Uzbekistan in constant prices of 1995, estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of [soum](/wiki/Uzbekistani_soum "Uzbekistani soum").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G%3D2001 \|title\=Edit/Review Countries \|access\-date\=2015\-03\-03 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611172746/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G\=2001 \|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-11 }} The chart also shows the [consumer price index](/wiki/Consumer_price_index "Consumer price index")(CPI) as a measure of inflation from the same source and the end\-of\-year U.S. dollar exchange rate from the Central Bank of the Uzbekistan database. For purchasing power parity comparisons in 2006, the [U.S. dollar](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar") is exchanged at 340 som.
| Year | GDP (constant prices) | US Dollar Exchange | CPI (2000\=100\) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | 330,042 | 1 soum | 0\.07 |
| 1995 | 302,790 | 36 soum | 20 |
| 2000 | 356,325 | 325 soum | 100 |
| 2003 | 402,361 | 980 soum | 166 |
| 2006 | 497,525 | 1,240 soum | 226 |
[420px\|thumb\|left\|Uzbekistan: growth of GDP in constant prices 1992–2008](/wiki/File:Uzbekistan_GDPgrowth1992-2008_cropped.jpg "Uzbekistan GDPgrowth1992-2008 cropped.jpg")
Uzbekistan's GDP, like that of all CIS countries, declined during the first years of transition and then recovered after 1995, as the cumulative effect of policy reforms began to be felt. It showed robust growth, rising by 4% per year between 1998 and 2003, and accelerating thereafter to 7%\-8% per year. In 2011 the growth rate rose to 9%.
Given the growing economy, the total number of people employed rose from 8\.5 million in 1995 to 13\.5 million in 2011\. This increase of nearly 25% in the labor force lagged behind the increase in GDP during the same period (64%, see chart), which implied a significant increase in [labor productivity](/wiki/Labor_productivity "Labor productivity"). Official [unemployment](/wiki/Unemployment "Unemployment") is low: less than 30,000 job seekers were registered in government labor exchanges in 2005\-2006 (0\.3% of the labor force). Underemployment, on the other hand, is quite high, especially in agriculture, which accounts for fully 28% of all employed, many working part\-time on small household plots.
The minimum wage, public\-sector wages, and old\-age pensions are raised twice a year to ensure that base income is not eroded by inflation. Although no statistics are published on average wages in Uzbekistan, pensions as a proxy for the average wage increased significantly between 1995 and 2006, both in real terms and in U.S. dollars. The monthly old\-age pension increased in real (CPI\-adjusted) soums by almost a factor of 5 between 1995 and 2006\. The monthly pension in U.S. dollars was around $20–$25 until 2000, then dropped to $15–$20 between 2001 and 2004, and now is $64\. The minimum wage was raised to $34\.31 in November 2011\.[Ferghana.Ru Information Agency](http://www.ferghana.ru/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510223155/http://www.ferghana.ru/ \|date\=2020\-05\-10 }}, October 24, 2007 Assuming that the average wages in the country are at a level of 3\-4 times the monthly pension, we estimate the wages in 2006 at $100–$250 per month, or $3–$8 per day.
According to the forecast by the Asian Development Bank, the GDP in Uzbekistan in 2009 was expected to grow by 7%.{{Cite web \|url\=http://traveluzbekistan.info/index.php/uzbek\-economy/60\-uzbekistan\-gdp\-forecast\-for\-2009\.html \|title\=Uzbekistan GDP forecast for 2009\-2010 \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-28 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810130052/http://traveluzbekistan.info/index.php/uzbek\-economy/60\-uzbekistan\-gdp\-forecast\-for\-2009\.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-08\-10 \|url\-status\=dead }} Meanwhile, in 2010 the Uzbekistan GDP growth is predicted at 6,5%.
|
[
"GDP and employment\n------------------",
"This is a chart depicting the trend of the [gross domestic product](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product \"Gross domestic product\") in Uzbekistan in constant prices of 1995, estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of [soum](/wiki/Uzbekistani_soum \"Uzbekistani soum\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G%3D2001 \\|title\\=Edit/Review Countries \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611172746/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G\\=2001 \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-11 }} The chart also shows the [consumer price index](/wiki/Consumer_price_index \"Consumer price index\")(CPI) as a measure of inflation from the same source and the end\\-of\\-year U.S. dollar exchange rate from the Central Bank of the Uzbekistan database. For purchasing power parity comparisons in 2006, the [U.S. dollar](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\") is exchanged at 340 som.",
"",
"| Year | GDP (constant prices) | US Dollar Exchange | CPI (2000\\=100\\) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1992 | 330,042 | 1 soum | 0\\.07 |\n| 1995 | 302,790 | 36 soum | 20 |\n| 2000 | 356,325 | 325 soum | 100 |\n| 2003 | 402,361 | 980 soum | 166 |\n| 2006 | 497,525 | 1,240 soum | 226 |",
"[420px\\|thumb\\|left\\|Uzbekistan: growth of GDP in constant prices 1992–2008](/wiki/File:Uzbekistan_GDPgrowth1992-2008_cropped.jpg \"Uzbekistan GDPgrowth1992-2008 cropped.jpg\")",
"Uzbekistan's GDP, like that of all CIS countries, declined during the first years of transition and then recovered after 1995, as the cumulative effect of policy reforms began to be felt. It showed robust growth, rising by 4% per year between 1998 and 2003, and accelerating thereafter to 7%\\-8% per year. In 2011 the growth rate rose to 9%.",
"Given the growing economy, the total number of people employed rose from 8\\.5 million in 1995 to 13\\.5 million in 2011\\. This increase of nearly 25% in the labor force lagged behind the increase in GDP during the same period (64%, see chart), which implied a significant increase in [labor productivity](/wiki/Labor_productivity \"Labor productivity\"). Official [unemployment](/wiki/Unemployment \"Unemployment\") is low: less than 30,000 job seekers were registered in government labor exchanges in 2005\\-2006 (0\\.3% of the labor force). Underemployment, on the other hand, is quite high, especially in agriculture, which accounts for fully 28% of all employed, many working part\\-time on small household plots.",
"The minimum wage, public\\-sector wages, and old\\-age pensions are raised twice a year to ensure that base income is not eroded by inflation. Although no statistics are published on average wages in Uzbekistan, pensions as a proxy for the average wage increased significantly between 1995 and 2006, both in real terms and in U.S. dollars. The monthly old\\-age pension increased in real (CPI\\-adjusted) soums by almost a factor of 5 between 1995 and 2006\\. The monthly pension in U.S. dollars was around $20–$25 until 2000, then dropped to $15–$20 between 2001 and 2004, and now is $64\\. The minimum wage was raised to $34\\.31 in November 2011\\.[Ferghana.Ru Information Agency](http://www.ferghana.ru/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510223155/http://www.ferghana.ru/ \\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-10 }}, October 24, 2007 Assuming that the average wages in the country are at a level of 3\\-4 times the monthly pension, we estimate the wages in 2006 at $100–$250 per month, or $3–$8 per day.",
"According to the forecast by the Asian Development Bank, the GDP in Uzbekistan in 2009 was expected to grow by 7%.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://traveluzbekistan.info/index.php/uzbek\\-economy/60\\-uzbekistan\\-gdp\\-forecast\\-for\\-2009\\.html \\|title\\=Uzbekistan GDP forecast for 2009\\-2010 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-28 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810130052/http://traveluzbekistan.info/index.php/uzbek\\-economy/60\\-uzbekistan\\-gdp\\-forecast\\-for\\-2009\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Meanwhile, in 2010 the Uzbekistan GDP growth is predicted at 6,5%.",
""
] |
Literary legacy
---------------
### English and Lowland Scots
Many Jacobite folk songs emerged in Scotland in the [Romantic era](/wiki/Romantic_era "Romantic era"); a number of examples were collected by Scott's colleague [James Hogg](/wiki/James_Hogg "James Hogg") in his *Jacobite Reliques*, including several he likely composed himself. Scots poets such as [Sir Walter Scott](/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott "Sir Walter Scott"), [Robert Burns](/wiki/Robert_Burns "Robert Burns"), [Alicia Ann Spottiswoode](/wiki/Alicia_Ann_Spottiswoode "Alicia Ann Spottiswoode"), [Agnes Maxwell MacLeod](/wiki/Agnes_Maxwell_MacLeod "Agnes Maxwell MacLeod"), and [Carolina Nairne, Lady Nairne](/wiki/Carolina_Nairne%2C_Lady_Nairne "Carolina Nairne, Lady Nairne") (whose "[Bonnie Charlie](/wiki/Bonnie_Charlie "Bonnie Charlie")" remains popular) added further examples. Many of these songs have seen a renewed popularity since the beginning of the [British folk revival](/wiki/British_folk_revival "British folk revival") in the 1950s.
Relatively few of the most famous surviving songs, except for those by [William Hamilton](/wiki/William_Hamilton_%28Jacobite_poet%29 "William Hamilton (Jacobite poet)") and [James Robson](/wiki/James_Robson_%28poet_and_songwriter%29 "James Robson (poet and songwriter)"), actually date from the time of the risings and the majority of those that do are in other languages than English or Scots.
### Irish language literature
As demonstrated in 1924 by [Daniel Corkery](/wiki/Daniel_Corkery_%28author%29 "Daniel Corkery (author)"), in [Modern literature in Irish](/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish "Modern literature in Irish"), Jacobitism inspired the enormously influential [Aisling](/wiki/Aisling "Aisling") or [dream vision](/wiki/Dream_vision "Dream vision") genre of [Irish bardic poetry](/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry "Irish bardic poetry"). One of the most widely known is *[Mo Ghile Mear](/wiki/Mo_Ghile_Mear "Mo Ghile Mear")* by [Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Cl%C3%A1rach_Mac_Domhnaill "Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill"). Other important Jacobite poets who composed immortal verse in [Munster Irish](/wiki/Munster_Irish "Munster Irish") during the 18th\-century included [Aogán Ó Rathaille](/wiki/Aog%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Rathaille "Aogán Ó Rathaille"), [Éamonn an Chnoic](/wiki/%C3%89amonn_an_Chnoic "Éamonn an Chnoic"), [Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin](/wiki/Tadhg_Gaelach_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in "Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin"), [Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin](/wiki/Eoghan_Rua_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in "Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin"), and [Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara](/wiki/Donnchadh_Ruadh_Mac_Conmara "Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara"). The [Aisling](/wiki/Aisling "Aisling") poetic genre has also remained a living tradition and has been adapted, by poets such as [Máire Bhuidhe Ní Laoghaire](/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Bhu%C3%AD_N%C3%AD_Laoghaire "Máire Bhuí Ní Laoghaire"), [Pádraig Phiarais Cúndún](/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Phiarais_C%C3%BAnd%C3%BAn "Pádraig Phiarais Cúndún"), and [Seán Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Gaelach_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in "Seán Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin") to more recent causes and struggles by the [Irish people](/wiki/Irish_people "Irish people"). Since 1976, an Aisling poem by Liam mac Uistín in honour of "those who gave their lives for Irish freedom" has been permanently displayed at the [Garden of Remembrance](/wiki/Garden_of_Remembrance_%28Dublin%29 "Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)") in [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin").
### Scottish Gaelic literature
By 1933, [John Lorne Campbell](/wiki/John_Lorne_Campbell "John Lorne Campbell") published the groundbreaking book *Highland Songs of the Forty\-Five*, consisting of 32 Gaelic song\-poems, which were analyzed for political content, annotated, and published with facing translations into English [blank verse](/wiki/Blank_verse "Blank verse"), or unrhymed [iambic pentameter](/wiki/Iambic_pentameter "Iambic pentameter"); the real cultural, political, and religious reasons for the [Jacobite rising of 1745](/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745 "Jacobite rising of 1745") had been obscured by the novels of Sir [Walter Scott](/wiki/Walter_Scott "Walter Scott") and [Robert Louis Stevenson](/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson "Robert Louis Stevenson"), who both depicted, "the Highlander as a [romantic hero](/wiki/Tragic_hero "Tragic hero") fighting for a lost cause."Ray Perman (2013\), *The Man Who Gave Away His Island: A Life of John Lorne Campbell*, [Birlinn Limited](/wiki/Birlinn_Limited "Birlinn Limited"). Pages 23\-26\. In response, Campbell set out to give, "a voice to the voiceless \- ordinary men who had never been allowed to speak for themselves".Ray Perman (2013\), *The Man Who Gave Away His Island: A Life of John Lorne Campbell*, [Birlinn Limited](/wiki/Birlinn_Limited "Birlinn Limited"). Page 26\.
As Campbell's volume and his later published writings revealed to the [English\-speaking world](/wiki/Anglosphere "Anglosphere"), within [Scottish Gaelic literature](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature "Scottish Gaelic literature"), Jacobite ideology and the events of the risings inspired the immortal poetry of [Iain Lom](/wiki/Iain_Lom "Iain Lom"), [Sìleas na Ceapaich](/wiki/S%C3%ACleas_na_Ceapaich "Sìleas na Ceapaich"), [Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair](/wiki/Alasdair_Mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair "Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair"), [Iain Mac Fhearchair](/wiki/Iain_Mac_Fhearchair "Iain Mac Fhearchair"), [Catriona Nic Fhearghais](/wiki/Catriona_Nic_Fhearghais "Catriona Nic Fhearghais"), [Iain Ruadh Stùibhart](/wiki/John_Roy_Stuart "John Roy Stuart"), and [William Ross](/wiki/William_Ross_%28poet%29 "William Ross (poet)"). Despite also composing immortal poetry of his own about fighting for the government in the [Campbell of Argyll Militia](/wiki/Campbell_of_Argyll_Militia "Campbell of Argyll Militia") during the [Battle of Falkirk Muir](/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir "Battle of Falkirk Muir") in 1746, John Lorne Campbell (1979\), *Highland Songs of the Forty\-Five*, [Arno Press](/wiki/Arno_Press "Arno Press"), New York City. pp. 193\-225\. their contemporary, [Duncan Ban MacIntyre](/wiki/Duncan_Ban_MacIntyre "Duncan Ban MacIntyre"), offers in his later poetry, according to Campbell, "an interesting testimony to the bitter disillusionment of the Highlanders who had come to the aid of the Government, to be in the end treated no better that those who had rebelled against it." John Lorne Campbell (1979\), *Highland Songs of the Forty\-Five*, [Arno Press](/wiki/Arno_Press "Arno Press"), New York City. pp. 194\-195\.
|
[
"Literary legacy\n---------------",
"### English and Lowland Scots",
"Many Jacobite folk songs emerged in Scotland in the [Romantic era](/wiki/Romantic_era \"Romantic era\"); a number of examples were collected by Scott's colleague [James Hogg](/wiki/James_Hogg \"James Hogg\") in his *Jacobite Reliques*, including several he likely composed himself. Scots poets such as [Sir Walter Scott](/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott \"Sir Walter Scott\"), [Robert Burns](/wiki/Robert_Burns \"Robert Burns\"), [Alicia Ann Spottiswoode](/wiki/Alicia_Ann_Spottiswoode \"Alicia Ann Spottiswoode\"), [Agnes Maxwell MacLeod](/wiki/Agnes_Maxwell_MacLeod \"Agnes Maxwell MacLeod\"), and [Carolina Nairne, Lady Nairne](/wiki/Carolina_Nairne%2C_Lady_Nairne \"Carolina Nairne, Lady Nairne\") (whose \"[Bonnie Charlie](/wiki/Bonnie_Charlie \"Bonnie Charlie\")\" remains popular) added further examples. Many of these songs have seen a renewed popularity since the beginning of the [British folk revival](/wiki/British_folk_revival \"British folk revival\") in the 1950s.",
"Relatively few of the most famous surviving songs, except for those by [William Hamilton](/wiki/William_Hamilton_%28Jacobite_poet%29 \"William Hamilton (Jacobite poet)\") and [James Robson](/wiki/James_Robson_%28poet_and_songwriter%29 \"James Robson (poet and songwriter)\"), actually date from the time of the risings and the majority of those that do are in other languages than English or Scots.",
"### Irish language literature",
"As demonstrated in 1924 by [Daniel Corkery](/wiki/Daniel_Corkery_%28author%29 \"Daniel Corkery (author)\"), in [Modern literature in Irish](/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish \"Modern literature in Irish\"), Jacobitism inspired the enormously influential [Aisling](/wiki/Aisling \"Aisling\") or [dream vision](/wiki/Dream_vision \"Dream vision\") genre of [Irish bardic poetry](/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry \"Irish bardic poetry\"). One of the most widely known is *[Mo Ghile Mear](/wiki/Mo_Ghile_Mear \"Mo Ghile Mear\")* by [Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Cl%C3%A1rach_Mac_Domhnaill \"Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill\"). Other important Jacobite poets who composed immortal verse in [Munster Irish](/wiki/Munster_Irish \"Munster Irish\") during the 18th\\-century included [Aogán Ó Rathaille](/wiki/Aog%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Rathaille \"Aogán Ó Rathaille\"), [Éamonn an Chnoic](/wiki/%C3%89amonn_an_Chnoic \"Éamonn an Chnoic\"), [Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin](/wiki/Tadhg_Gaelach_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in \"Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin\"), [Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin](/wiki/Eoghan_Rua_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in \"Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin\"), and [Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara](/wiki/Donnchadh_Ruadh_Mac_Conmara \"Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara\"). The [Aisling](/wiki/Aisling \"Aisling\") poetic genre has also remained a living tradition and has been adapted, by poets such as [Máire Bhuidhe Ní Laoghaire](/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Bhu%C3%AD_N%C3%AD_Laoghaire \"Máire Bhuí Ní Laoghaire\"), [Pádraig Phiarais Cúndún](/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Phiarais_C%C3%BAnd%C3%BAn \"Pádraig Phiarais Cúndún\"), and [Seán Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Gaelach_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in \"Seán Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin\") to more recent causes and struggles by the [Irish people](/wiki/Irish_people \"Irish people\"). Since 1976, an Aisling poem by Liam mac Uistín in honour of \"those who gave their lives for Irish freedom\" has been permanently displayed at the [Garden of Remembrance](/wiki/Garden_of_Remembrance_%28Dublin%29 \"Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)\") in [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\").",
"### Scottish Gaelic literature",
"By 1933, [John Lorne Campbell](/wiki/John_Lorne_Campbell \"John Lorne Campbell\") published the groundbreaking book *Highland Songs of the Forty\\-Five*, consisting of 32 Gaelic song\\-poems, which were analyzed for political content, annotated, and published with facing translations into English [blank verse](/wiki/Blank_verse \"Blank verse\"), or unrhymed [iambic pentameter](/wiki/Iambic_pentameter \"Iambic pentameter\"); the real cultural, political, and religious reasons for the [Jacobite rising of 1745](/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745 \"Jacobite rising of 1745\") had been obscured by the novels of Sir [Walter Scott](/wiki/Walter_Scott \"Walter Scott\") and [Robert Louis Stevenson](/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson \"Robert Louis Stevenson\"), who both depicted, \"the Highlander as a [romantic hero](/wiki/Tragic_hero \"Tragic hero\") fighting for a lost cause.\"Ray Perman (2013\\), *The Man Who Gave Away His Island: A Life of John Lorne Campbell*, [Birlinn Limited](/wiki/Birlinn_Limited \"Birlinn Limited\"). Pages 23\\-26\\. In response, Campbell set out to give, \"a voice to the voiceless \\- ordinary men who had never been allowed to speak for themselves\".Ray Perman (2013\\), *The Man Who Gave Away His Island: A Life of John Lorne Campbell*, [Birlinn Limited](/wiki/Birlinn_Limited \"Birlinn Limited\"). Page 26\\.",
"As Campbell's volume and his later published writings revealed to the [English\\-speaking world](/wiki/Anglosphere \"Anglosphere\"), within [Scottish Gaelic literature](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature \"Scottish Gaelic literature\"), Jacobite ideology and the events of the risings inspired the immortal poetry of [Iain Lom](/wiki/Iain_Lom \"Iain Lom\"), [Sìleas na Ceapaich](/wiki/S%C3%ACleas_na_Ceapaich \"Sìleas na Ceapaich\"), [Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair](/wiki/Alasdair_Mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair \"Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair\"), [Iain Mac Fhearchair](/wiki/Iain_Mac_Fhearchair \"Iain Mac Fhearchair\"), [Catriona Nic Fhearghais](/wiki/Catriona_Nic_Fhearghais \"Catriona Nic Fhearghais\"), [Iain Ruadh Stùibhart](/wiki/John_Roy_Stuart \"John Roy Stuart\"), and [William Ross](/wiki/William_Ross_%28poet%29 \"William Ross (poet)\"). Despite also composing immortal poetry of his own about fighting for the government in the [Campbell of Argyll Militia](/wiki/Campbell_of_Argyll_Militia \"Campbell of Argyll Militia\") during the [Battle of Falkirk Muir](/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir \"Battle of Falkirk Muir\") in 1746, John Lorne Campbell (1979\\), *Highland Songs of the Forty\\-Five*, [Arno Press](/wiki/Arno_Press \"Arno Press\"), New York City. pp. 193\\-225\\. their contemporary, [Duncan Ban MacIntyre](/wiki/Duncan_Ban_MacIntyre \"Duncan Ban MacIntyre\"), offers in his later poetry, according to Campbell, \"an interesting testimony to the bitter disillusionment of the Highlanders who had come to the aid of the Government, to be in the end treated no better that those who had rebelled against it.\" John Lorne Campbell (1979\\), *Highland Songs of the Forty\\-Five*, [Arno Press](/wiki/Arno_Press \"Arno Press\"), New York City. pp. 194\\-195\\.",
""
] |
Construction and career
-----------------------
The contract to build *Guardfish* was awarded to [New York Shipbuilding Corporation](/wiki/New_York_Shipbuilding_Corporation "New York Shipbuilding Corporation") in [Camden, New Jersey](/wiki/Camden%2C_New_Jersey "Camden, New Jersey") on 9 June 1960 and her [keel](/wiki/Keel "Keel") was [laid down](/wiki/Keel_laying "Keel laying") on 28 February 1961\. She was [launched](/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching "Ship naming and launching") on 15 May 1965, [sponsored](/wiki/Ship_sponsor "Ship sponsor") by Mrs. [Kenneth E. BeLieu](/wiki/Kenneth_E._BeLieu "Kenneth E. BeLieu"), wife of the Assistant [Secretary of the Navy](/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy "Secretary of the Navy"). *Guardfish* [commissioned](/wiki/Ship_commissioning "Ship commissioning") on 20 December 1966\.
The submarine departed Camden on 15 February 1967, and commenced shakedown training, conducting exercises in the [San Juan, Puerto Rico](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico "San Juan, Puerto Rico") area. Upon completion of these exercises, *Guardfish* transited the [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal "Panama Canal") and joined the [United States Pacific Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet "United States Pacific Fleet") as a unit of Submarine Squadron Seven, homeported in [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor"), [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii"). She participated in several submarine operations in the Pacific, steaming over {{convert\|40,000\|mi}} in her first year at sea.
On 13 January 1968, Commander H. A. Benton, USN, assumed command. After conducting a variety of submarine missions and exercises including her first six\-month Western Pacific deployment. In 1970 *Guardfish* returned to Atlantic waters to commence an overhaul at Ingalls Nuclear Shipbuilding Division, [Pascagoula, Mississippi](/wiki/Pascagoula%2C_Mississippi "Pascagoula, Mississippi"). On 4 November 1970, Commander D.C. Minton III, USN, assumed command. After overhaul, the ship returned to the Pacific as a unit of Submarine Squadron Seven. *Guardfish* participated in various submarine operations in the Pacific, for which she received the Navy Unit Commendation.
### Echo II
During the summer of 1972 *Guardfish* was deployed in the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan "Sea of Japan"). On 9 May the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") was heating up as the [Paris peace talks](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords "Paris Peace Accords") had broken down and American forces had commenced [mining Haiphong](/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money "Operation Pocket Money") and other major North Vietnamese harbors. The aim was to deny the [North Vietnamese Army](/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army "North Vietnamese Army") the advantage of being supplied by sea from their [communist](/wiki/Communist "Communist") allies. *Guardfish* was alerted by message of the possibility of a Soviet naval response.
*Guardfish* was positioned at [periscope depth](/wiki/Periscope_depth "Periscope depth") near the Soviet's largest Pacific naval base. Late on the evening of 10 May a surface contact was detected standing out the channel at high speed cutting across the normal channel boundaries and heading almost directly for the waiting *Guardfish*. As the contact closed in the growing darkness it was visually identify as a Soviet {{sclass2\|Echo II\|submarine\|0}} missile submarine. This class displaced 5,000 tons, was powered by a nuclear reactor, and carried eight [Shaddock](/wiki/SS-N-3_Shaddock "SS-N-3 Shaddock") surface\-to\-surface missiles, which could be fired at targets up to {{convert\|200\|mi}} away. *Guardfish* followed. Soon the Echo submerged and headed southeast at high speed.
During the next two days the Soviet submarine frequently slowed and spent long periods at periscope depth, probably receiving detailed orders from his naval commander. While listening for the Echo, *Guardfish* slowed which significantly extended her sonar detection range. To the crew's surprise and alarm they were able to detect at least two and possibly three other Soviet submarines in the area.
When the Echo II resumed its transit toward the southern exit of the Sea of Japan the commander of *Guardfish* broke radio silence and notified his operational commander of the situation. The Echo turned to clear this baffle area almost hourly. Frequent status reports were needed in Washington D.C. to assess the threat and intent of the Soviet forces. President Nixon and his National Security Advisor were briefed daily. Because high powered high frequency radio transmissions from *Guardfish* were subject to detection and location by the Soviet electronic intercept network, an alternate method of communicating was established. Navy Anti\-Submarine Warfare [P\-3 Orion](/wiki/P-3_Orion "P-3 Orion") aircraft flew covert missions over *Guardfish*{{'}}s projected location and received status reports via short range ultra high frequency radio either directly from *Guardfish* at periscope depth or via [SLOT buoys](/wiki/SLOT_buoy "SLOT buoy"), small expendable battery powered transmitters that could be programmed with a short message and shot out of the signal ejector while *Guardfish* remained at trail depth.
During this period of the trail every available submarine in the Pacific was urgently being deployed to provide protection for US aircraft carriers operating off the Vietnamese coast and to search for the other Soviet submarines. This deployment created a mutual interference problem for both *Guardfish* and the submarine operations staff. Once in the [Philippine Sea](/wiki/Philippine_Sea "Philippine Sea") the Echo turned southwest heading in the general direction of the [Bashi Channel](/wiki/Bashi_Channel "Bashi Channel"), the strait between Taiwan and the islands north of [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon"), Philippines. The Bashi is the usual northern entrance to the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea") and the skipper was sure that it was the Echo's objective, but their track continued well south of the normal course. Then the Echo slowed and came to periscope depth and went active on his fathometer on a short scale which was not suitable for the depth of water. The Echo then went deep, turned toward the Bashi Channel, and increased speed to {{convert\|16\|kn}}. After reporting this rapid course correction by slot buoy *Guardfish* rushed after the Soviet submarine knowing that the repositioning of US submarines would be nearly impossible on this short notice. As a precaution against collision with a US submarine the skipper changed depth to {{convert\|100\|m\|sp\=us}}, a depth commonly used by Soviet submarines and one he knew US submarines would avoid. This choice was justified when *Guardfish* detected a US submarine clearing to the north at high speed.
On 18 May the Echo entered the South China Sea and transited to a point approximately {{convert\|300\|mi}} off the coast of Luzon. For eight days he established a slow moving grid track which covered a rectangular patrol area approximately {{convert\|700\|mi}} from U.S. carriers along the Vietnamese coast and well beyond the 200\-mile range of its missiles.
While the tracking team struggled to maintain contact with the Echo, President Nixon went to Moscow for a summit meeting with Soviet's general secretary [Brezhnev](/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev "Leonid Brezhnev"). During the summit National Security Advisor [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") informed Brezhnev that the US knew the Soviets had deployed submarines and their presence so close to the Vietnamese War Zone was provocative and extremely dangerous. Within two days of this confrontation, the Soviets recalled their submarines and the Echo started north.
After transiting the Bashi Channel the Echo established a second patrol area in the Philippine Sea south of [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture "Okinawa Prefecture"). This area of the ocean had some of the worst possible acoustical properties. It was often crossed by merchant traffic and at night the biological noise and frequent rain showers were deafening to sonar. Contact was hard to maintain and forced *Guardfish* to trail at closer and closer ranges. A lengthy procedure to transfer the trail to another US submarine, just developed by the staff, was placed on the radio broadcast. While *Guardfish* was at periscope depth copying this urgent message, the Echo came unexpectedly to periscope depth and visually detected *Guardfish*. The maneuvers that followed by both *Guardfish* and the Echo were violent and at high speed. Holding on to an alerted contact proved to be impossible and contact with the Echo was lost. *Guardfish* returned to Guam on 10 June. The crew had been underway submerged for 123 days with only an eight\-day refit as a break.
On 15 December 1972, Commander B.G. Balderston, USN, assumed command. On 31 March 1973, Commander W.S. Rich, USN, assumed command. On 14 August 1974, *Guardfish* completed her 612th successful dive. *Guardfish* also underwent regular overhaul at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and went on WestPac. *Guardfish* departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in June 1975, to change homeports to [Vallejo, California](/wiki/Vallejo%2C_California "Vallejo, California").
### 1973 Reactor Accident
About 370 miles from [Puget Sound](/wiki/Puget_Sound "Puget Sound"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/05/29/Report\-Nuclear\-sub\-suffers\-accident\-off\-Oregon\-in\-1973/5351612417600/\|title \= Report: Nuclear sub suffers accident off Oregon in 1973}} sailing between [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor") and [Bangor, Washington](/wiki/Bangor%2C_Washington "Bangor, Washington"), the Guardfish suffered a leak in the primary coolant of its nuclear reactor.{{Cite web\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/559da885ca7c3f6252d67e400e92a846\|title \= Nuclear Sub Has Reactor Accident 16 Years Ago, Researchers Say\|website \= \[\[Associated Press]]}} A crewman performing a leak test on a valve accidentally created a path for coolant to flow out from the primary loop, which circulates through the reactor core.{{Cite web\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/559da885ca7c3f6252d67e400e92a846\|title \= Nuclear Sub Has Reactor Accident 16 Years Ago, Researchers Say\|website \= \[\[Associated Press]]}} The submarine surfaced to ventilate and decontaminate. Five crewman were sprayed with radioactive steam and required decontamination, followed by hospital care at [Puget Sound Naval Shipyard](/wiki/Puget_Sound_Naval_Shipyard "Puget Sound Naval Shipyard").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/05/29/Report\-Nuclear\-sub\-suffers\-accident\-off\-Oregon\-in\-1973/5351612417600/\|title \= Report: Nuclear sub suffers accident off Oregon in 1973}} The Navy did not publicly disclose the accident at the time and classified all records of the event.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/05/29/Report\-Nuclear\-sub\-suffers\-accident\-off\-Oregon\-in\-1973/5351612417600/\|title \= Report: Nuclear sub suffers accident off Oregon in 1973}}
### Mid to late 1970s
On 9 July 1975, Lieutenant Commander G.H. Kannady Jr., USN, assumed command. *Guardfish* entered [Mare Island Naval Shipyard](/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard "Mare Island Naval Shipyard") in August 1975 for refueling, and returned to sea in July 1977, Changing homeport to [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego"), California, as an operational unit of Submarine Squadron Three. *Guardfish* went through a refueling / [SUBSAFE](/wiki/SUBSAFE "SUBSAFE") overhaul at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, completing her first dive to full [test depth](/wiki/Test_depth "Test depth") in 1977\. In January 1979, *Guardfish* completed a successful six\-month deployment to WESTPAC and conducted special operations with one of the first digital sonar systems to deploy in the Pacific being awarded the [Meritorious Unit Commendation](/wiki/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation "Meritorious Unit Commendation").
On 9 February 1979, Commander R. E. Vaughan, USN, assumed command. *Guardfish* departed on a six\-month Western Pacific Deployment in 1980 and was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for operations during its deployment. From 16 to 21 May 1980 *Guardfish* visited the Australian Naval base HMAS Stirling in Rockingham, Western Australia, the only visit she would make to the base during her service.
### 1980s
On 2 July 1982, Commander D. A. Oltraver, USN, assumed command. The ship won the ASW "E" and Communications "C" in both 1982 and 1983, and was awarded the Silver Anchor Award in the spring of 1984 for her outstanding retention program. *Guardfish* entered Mare Island Naval Shipyard for regular overhaul in September 1983 and completed the overhaul in August 1985\.
On 24 August 1985, Commander T. W. Hack, USN, assumed command. GUARDFISH returned from a most successful six month Western Pacific Deployment in January 1987, for which she was awarded her third Navy Unit Commendation. *Guardfish* was also awarded the Silver Anchor Award for 1985 and 1986, and won the Submarine Squadron Three Battle Efficiency "E", ASW "A", Supply "E" and the Arleigh Burke Fleet Trophy for most improved ship in battle efficiency in the Pacific Fleet for Fiscal Year 1987\.
On 7 November 1987, Commander J. B. Bryant, USN, assumed command. *Guardfish* conducted two Western Pacific deployments and a three\-month Selective Restrictive Availability between September 1988 and October 1990\. The ship earned the Deck Seamanship Award for three consecutive years, 1988 through 1990, and was awarded the Silver Anchor and Battle "E" Awards in Fiscal Year 1989\.
### 1990s and fate
On 17 November 1990, Commander P. M. Higgins, USN, assumed command. *Guardfish* conducted a Northern Pacific Deployment before changing homeport in June 1991 to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington. The ship entered an inactivation availability in July 1991, and was decommissioned on 4 February 1992\. *Guardfish* earned the Silver Dolphin flag in 1991 for Enlisted Warfare Qualification excellence.
*Guardfish* was decommissioned and stricken from the [Naval Vessel Register](/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register "Naval Vessel Register") on 4 February 1992\. Her hulk entered the Nuclear Powered [Ship and Submarine Recycling Program](/wiki/Ship_and_Submarine_Recycling_Program "Ship and Submarine Recycling Program"). Recycling was completed on 9 July 1992\.
|
[
"Construction and career\n-----------------------",
"The contract to build *Guardfish* was awarded to [New York Shipbuilding Corporation](/wiki/New_York_Shipbuilding_Corporation \"New York Shipbuilding Corporation\") in [Camden, New Jersey](/wiki/Camden%2C_New_Jersey \"Camden, New Jersey\") on 9 June 1960 and her [keel](/wiki/Keel \"Keel\") was [laid down](/wiki/Keel_laying \"Keel laying\") on 28 February 1961\\. She was [launched](/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching \"Ship naming and launching\") on 15 May 1965, [sponsored](/wiki/Ship_sponsor \"Ship sponsor\") by Mrs. [Kenneth E. BeLieu](/wiki/Kenneth_E._BeLieu \"Kenneth E. BeLieu\"), wife of the Assistant [Secretary of the Navy](/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy \"Secretary of the Navy\"). *Guardfish* [commissioned](/wiki/Ship_commissioning \"Ship commissioning\") on 20 December 1966\\.",
"The submarine departed Camden on 15 February 1967, and commenced shakedown training, conducting exercises in the [San Juan, Puerto Rico](/wiki/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico \"San Juan, Puerto Rico\") area. Upon completion of these exercises, *Guardfish* transited the [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal \"Panama Canal\") and joined the [United States Pacific Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet \"United States Pacific Fleet\") as a unit of Submarine Squadron Seven, homeported in [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"), [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\"). She participated in several submarine operations in the Pacific, steaming over {{convert\\|40,000\\|mi}} in her first year at sea.",
"On 13 January 1968, Commander H. A. Benton, USN, assumed command. After conducting a variety of submarine missions and exercises including her first six\\-month Western Pacific deployment. In 1970 *Guardfish* returned to Atlantic waters to commence an overhaul at Ingalls Nuclear Shipbuilding Division, [Pascagoula, Mississippi](/wiki/Pascagoula%2C_Mississippi \"Pascagoula, Mississippi\"). On 4 November 1970, Commander D.C. Minton III, USN, assumed command. After overhaul, the ship returned to the Pacific as a unit of Submarine Squadron Seven. *Guardfish* participated in various submarine operations in the Pacific, for which she received the Navy Unit Commendation.",
"### Echo II",
"During the summer of 1972 *Guardfish* was deployed in the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan \"Sea of Japan\"). On 9 May the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") was heating up as the [Paris peace talks](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords \"Paris Peace Accords\") had broken down and American forces had commenced [mining Haiphong](/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money \"Operation Pocket Money\") and other major North Vietnamese harbors. The aim was to deny the [North Vietnamese Army](/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army \"North Vietnamese Army\") the advantage of being supplied by sea from their [communist](/wiki/Communist \"Communist\") allies. *Guardfish* was alerted by message of the possibility of a Soviet naval response.",
"*Guardfish* was positioned at [periscope depth](/wiki/Periscope_depth \"Periscope depth\") near the Soviet's largest Pacific naval base. Late on the evening of 10 May a surface contact was detected standing out the channel at high speed cutting across the normal channel boundaries and heading almost directly for the waiting *Guardfish*. As the contact closed in the growing darkness it was visually identify as a Soviet {{sclass2\\|Echo II\\|submarine\\|0}} missile submarine. This class displaced 5,000 tons, was powered by a nuclear reactor, and carried eight [Shaddock](/wiki/SS-N-3_Shaddock \"SS-N-3 Shaddock\") surface\\-to\\-surface missiles, which could be fired at targets up to {{convert\\|200\\|mi}} away. *Guardfish* followed. Soon the Echo submerged and headed southeast at high speed.",
"During the next two days the Soviet submarine frequently slowed and spent long periods at periscope depth, probably receiving detailed orders from his naval commander. While listening for the Echo, *Guardfish* slowed which significantly extended her sonar detection range. To the crew's surprise and alarm they were able to detect at least two and possibly three other Soviet submarines in the area.",
"When the Echo II resumed its transit toward the southern exit of the Sea of Japan the commander of *Guardfish* broke radio silence and notified his operational commander of the situation. The Echo turned to clear this baffle area almost hourly. Frequent status reports were needed in Washington D.C. to assess the threat and intent of the Soviet forces. President Nixon and his National Security Advisor were briefed daily. Because high powered high frequency radio transmissions from *Guardfish* were subject to detection and location by the Soviet electronic intercept network, an alternate method of communicating was established. Navy Anti\\-Submarine Warfare [P\\-3 Orion](/wiki/P-3_Orion \"P-3 Orion\") aircraft flew covert missions over *Guardfish*{{'}}s projected location and received status reports via short range ultra high frequency radio either directly from *Guardfish* at periscope depth or via [SLOT buoys](/wiki/SLOT_buoy \"SLOT buoy\"), small expendable battery powered transmitters that could be programmed with a short message and shot out of the signal ejector while *Guardfish* remained at trail depth.",
"During this period of the trail every available submarine in the Pacific was urgently being deployed to provide protection for US aircraft carriers operating off the Vietnamese coast and to search for the other Soviet submarines. This deployment created a mutual interference problem for both *Guardfish* and the submarine operations staff. Once in the [Philippine Sea](/wiki/Philippine_Sea \"Philippine Sea\") the Echo turned southwest heading in the general direction of the [Bashi Channel](/wiki/Bashi_Channel \"Bashi Channel\"), the strait between Taiwan and the islands north of [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\"), Philippines. The Bashi is the usual northern entrance to the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea \"South China Sea\") and the skipper was sure that it was the Echo's objective, but their track continued well south of the normal course. Then the Echo slowed and came to periscope depth and went active on his fathometer on a short scale which was not suitable for the depth of water. The Echo then went deep, turned toward the Bashi Channel, and increased speed to {{convert\\|16\\|kn}}. After reporting this rapid course correction by slot buoy *Guardfish* rushed after the Soviet submarine knowing that the repositioning of US submarines would be nearly impossible on this short notice. As a precaution against collision with a US submarine the skipper changed depth to {{convert\\|100\\|m\\|sp\\=us}}, a depth commonly used by Soviet submarines and one he knew US submarines would avoid. This choice was justified when *Guardfish* detected a US submarine clearing to the north at high speed.",
"On 18 May the Echo entered the South China Sea and transited to a point approximately {{convert\\|300\\|mi}} off the coast of Luzon. For eight days he established a slow moving grid track which covered a rectangular patrol area approximately {{convert\\|700\\|mi}} from U.S. carriers along the Vietnamese coast and well beyond the 200\\-mile range of its missiles.",
"While the tracking team struggled to maintain contact with the Echo, President Nixon went to Moscow for a summit meeting with Soviet's general secretary [Brezhnev](/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev \"Leonid Brezhnev\"). During the summit National Security Advisor [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger \"Henry Kissinger\") informed Brezhnev that the US knew the Soviets had deployed submarines and their presence so close to the Vietnamese War Zone was provocative and extremely dangerous. Within two days of this confrontation, the Soviets recalled their submarines and the Echo started north.",
"After transiting the Bashi Channel the Echo established a second patrol area in the Philippine Sea south of [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture \"Okinawa Prefecture\"). This area of the ocean had some of the worst possible acoustical properties. It was often crossed by merchant traffic and at night the biological noise and frequent rain showers were deafening to sonar. Contact was hard to maintain and forced *Guardfish* to trail at closer and closer ranges. A lengthy procedure to transfer the trail to another US submarine, just developed by the staff, was placed on the radio broadcast. While *Guardfish* was at periscope depth copying this urgent message, the Echo came unexpectedly to periscope depth and visually detected *Guardfish*. The maneuvers that followed by both *Guardfish* and the Echo were violent and at high speed. Holding on to an alerted contact proved to be impossible and contact with the Echo was lost. *Guardfish* returned to Guam on 10 June. The crew had been underway submerged for 123 days with only an eight\\-day refit as a break.",
"On 15 December 1972, Commander B.G. Balderston, USN, assumed command. On 31 March 1973, Commander W.S. Rich, USN, assumed command. On 14 August 1974, *Guardfish* completed her 612th successful dive. *Guardfish* also underwent regular overhaul at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and went on WestPac. *Guardfish* departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in June 1975, to change homeports to [Vallejo, California](/wiki/Vallejo%2C_California \"Vallejo, California\").",
"### 1973 Reactor Accident",
"About 370 miles from [Puget Sound](/wiki/Puget_Sound \"Puget Sound\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/05/29/Report\\-Nuclear\\-sub\\-suffers\\-accident\\-off\\-Oregon\\-in\\-1973/5351612417600/\\|title \\= Report: Nuclear sub suffers accident off Oregon in 1973}} sailing between [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\") and [Bangor, Washington](/wiki/Bangor%2C_Washington \"Bangor, Washington\"), the Guardfish suffered a leak in the primary coolant of its nuclear reactor.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/559da885ca7c3f6252d67e400e92a846\\|title \\= Nuclear Sub Has Reactor Accident 16 Years Ago, Researchers Say\\|website \\= \\[\\[Associated Press]]}} A crewman performing a leak test on a valve accidentally created a path for coolant to flow out from the primary loop, which circulates through the reactor core.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/559da885ca7c3f6252d67e400e92a846\\|title \\= Nuclear Sub Has Reactor Accident 16 Years Ago, Researchers Say\\|website \\= \\[\\[Associated Press]]}} The submarine surfaced to ventilate and decontaminate. Five crewman were sprayed with radioactive steam and required decontamination, followed by hospital care at [Puget Sound Naval Shipyard](/wiki/Puget_Sound_Naval_Shipyard \"Puget Sound Naval Shipyard\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/05/29/Report\\-Nuclear\\-sub\\-suffers\\-accident\\-off\\-Oregon\\-in\\-1973/5351612417600/\\|title \\= Report: Nuclear sub suffers accident off Oregon in 1973}} The Navy did not publicly disclose the accident at the time and classified all records of the event.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/05/29/Report\\-Nuclear\\-sub\\-suffers\\-accident\\-off\\-Oregon\\-in\\-1973/5351612417600/\\|title \\= Report: Nuclear sub suffers accident off Oregon in 1973}}",
"### Mid to late 1970s",
"On 9 July 1975, Lieutenant Commander G.H. Kannady Jr., USN, assumed command. *Guardfish* entered [Mare Island Naval Shipyard](/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard \"Mare Island Naval Shipyard\") in August 1975 for refueling, and returned to sea in July 1977, Changing homeport to [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\"), California, as an operational unit of Submarine Squadron Three. *Guardfish* went through a refueling / [SUBSAFE](/wiki/SUBSAFE \"SUBSAFE\") overhaul at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, completing her first dive to full [test depth](/wiki/Test_depth \"Test depth\") in 1977\\. In January 1979, *Guardfish* completed a successful six\\-month deployment to WESTPAC and conducted special operations with one of the first digital sonar systems to deploy in the Pacific being awarded the [Meritorious Unit Commendation](/wiki/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation \"Meritorious Unit Commendation\").",
"On 9 February 1979, Commander R. E. Vaughan, USN, assumed command. *Guardfish* departed on a six\\-month Western Pacific Deployment in 1980 and was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for operations during its deployment. From 16 to 21 May 1980 *Guardfish* visited the Australian Naval base HMAS Stirling in Rockingham, Western Australia, the only visit she would make to the base during her service.",
"### 1980s",
"On 2 July 1982, Commander D. A. Oltraver, USN, assumed command. The ship won the ASW \"E\" and Communications \"C\" in both 1982 and 1983, and was awarded the Silver Anchor Award in the spring of 1984 for her outstanding retention program. *Guardfish* entered Mare Island Naval Shipyard for regular overhaul in September 1983 and completed the overhaul in August 1985\\.",
"On 24 August 1985, Commander T. W. Hack, USN, assumed command. GUARDFISH returned from a most successful six month Western Pacific Deployment in January 1987, for which she was awarded her third Navy Unit Commendation. *Guardfish* was also awarded the Silver Anchor Award for 1985 and 1986, and won the Submarine Squadron Three Battle Efficiency \"E\", ASW \"A\", Supply \"E\" and the Arleigh Burke Fleet Trophy for most improved ship in battle efficiency in the Pacific Fleet for Fiscal Year 1987\\.",
"On 7 November 1987, Commander J. B. Bryant, USN, assumed command. *Guardfish* conducted two Western Pacific deployments and a three\\-month Selective Restrictive Availability between September 1988 and October 1990\\. The ship earned the Deck Seamanship Award for three consecutive years, 1988 through 1990, and was awarded the Silver Anchor and Battle \"E\" Awards in Fiscal Year 1989\\.",
"### 1990s and fate",
"On 17 November 1990, Commander P. M. Higgins, USN, assumed command. *Guardfish* conducted a Northern Pacific Deployment before changing homeport in June 1991 to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington. The ship entered an inactivation availability in July 1991, and was decommissioned on 4 February 1992\\. *Guardfish* earned the Silver Dolphin flag in 1991 for Enlisted Warfare Qualification excellence.",
"*Guardfish* was decommissioned and stricken from the [Naval Vessel Register](/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\") on 4 February 1992\\. Her hulk entered the Nuclear Powered [Ship and Submarine Recycling Program](/wiki/Ship_and_Submarine_Recycling_Program \"Ship and Submarine Recycling Program\"). Recycling was completed on 9 July 1992\\.",
""
] |
### Echo II
During the summer of 1972 *Guardfish* was deployed in the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan "Sea of Japan"). On 9 May the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") was heating up as the [Paris peace talks](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords "Paris Peace Accords") had broken down and American forces had commenced [mining Haiphong](/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money "Operation Pocket Money") and other major North Vietnamese harbors. The aim was to deny the [North Vietnamese Army](/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army "North Vietnamese Army") the advantage of being supplied by sea from their [communist](/wiki/Communist "Communist") allies. *Guardfish* was alerted by message of the possibility of a Soviet naval response.
*Guardfish* was positioned at [periscope depth](/wiki/Periscope_depth "Periscope depth") near the Soviet's largest Pacific naval base. Late on the evening of 10 May a surface contact was detected standing out the channel at high speed cutting across the normal channel boundaries and heading almost directly for the waiting *Guardfish*. As the contact closed in the growing darkness it was visually identify as a Soviet {{sclass2\|Echo II\|submarine\|0}} missile submarine. This class displaced 5,000 tons, was powered by a nuclear reactor, and carried eight [Shaddock](/wiki/SS-N-3_Shaddock "SS-N-3 Shaddock") surface\-to\-surface missiles, which could be fired at targets up to {{convert\|200\|mi}} away. *Guardfish* followed. Soon the Echo submerged and headed southeast at high speed.
During the next two days the Soviet submarine frequently slowed and spent long periods at periscope depth, probably receiving detailed orders from his naval commander. While listening for the Echo, *Guardfish* slowed which significantly extended her sonar detection range. To the crew's surprise and alarm they were able to detect at least two and possibly three other Soviet submarines in the area.
When the Echo II resumed its transit toward the southern exit of the Sea of Japan the commander of *Guardfish* broke radio silence and notified his operational commander of the situation. The Echo turned to clear this baffle area almost hourly. Frequent status reports were needed in Washington D.C. to assess the threat and intent of the Soviet forces. President Nixon and his National Security Advisor were briefed daily. Because high powered high frequency radio transmissions from *Guardfish* were subject to detection and location by the Soviet electronic intercept network, an alternate method of communicating was established. Navy Anti\-Submarine Warfare [P\-3 Orion](/wiki/P-3_Orion "P-3 Orion") aircraft flew covert missions over *Guardfish*{{'}}s projected location and received status reports via short range ultra high frequency radio either directly from *Guardfish* at periscope depth or via [SLOT buoys](/wiki/SLOT_buoy "SLOT buoy"), small expendable battery powered transmitters that could be programmed with a short message and shot out of the signal ejector while *Guardfish* remained at trail depth.
During this period of the trail every available submarine in the Pacific was urgently being deployed to provide protection for US aircraft carriers operating off the Vietnamese coast and to search for the other Soviet submarines. This deployment created a mutual interference problem for both *Guardfish* and the submarine operations staff. Once in the [Philippine Sea](/wiki/Philippine_Sea "Philippine Sea") the Echo turned southwest heading in the general direction of the [Bashi Channel](/wiki/Bashi_Channel "Bashi Channel"), the strait between Taiwan and the islands north of [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon"), Philippines. The Bashi is the usual northern entrance to the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea") and the skipper was sure that it was the Echo's objective, but their track continued well south of the normal course. Then the Echo slowed and came to periscope depth and went active on his fathometer on a short scale which was not suitable for the depth of water. The Echo then went deep, turned toward the Bashi Channel, and increased speed to {{convert\|16\|kn}}. After reporting this rapid course correction by slot buoy *Guardfish* rushed after the Soviet submarine knowing that the repositioning of US submarines would be nearly impossible on this short notice. As a precaution against collision with a US submarine the skipper changed depth to {{convert\|100\|m\|sp\=us}}, a depth commonly used by Soviet submarines and one he knew US submarines would avoid. This choice was justified when *Guardfish* detected a US submarine clearing to the north at high speed.
On 18 May the Echo entered the South China Sea and transited to a point approximately {{convert\|300\|mi}} off the coast of Luzon. For eight days he established a slow moving grid track which covered a rectangular patrol area approximately {{convert\|700\|mi}} from U.S. carriers along the Vietnamese coast and well beyond the 200\-mile range of its missiles.
While the tracking team struggled to maintain contact with the Echo, President Nixon went to Moscow for a summit meeting with Soviet's general secretary [Brezhnev](/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev "Leonid Brezhnev"). During the summit National Security Advisor [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") informed Brezhnev that the US knew the Soviets had deployed submarines and their presence so close to the Vietnamese War Zone was provocative and extremely dangerous. Within two days of this confrontation, the Soviets recalled their submarines and the Echo started north.
After transiting the Bashi Channel the Echo established a second patrol area in the Philippine Sea south of [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture "Okinawa Prefecture"). This area of the ocean had some of the worst possible acoustical properties. It was often crossed by merchant traffic and at night the biological noise and frequent rain showers were deafening to sonar. Contact was hard to maintain and forced *Guardfish* to trail at closer and closer ranges. A lengthy procedure to transfer the trail to another US submarine, just developed by the staff, was placed on the radio broadcast. While *Guardfish* was at periscope depth copying this urgent message, the Echo came unexpectedly to periscope depth and visually detected *Guardfish*. The maneuvers that followed by both *Guardfish* and the Echo were violent and at high speed. Holding on to an alerted contact proved to be impossible and contact with the Echo was lost. *Guardfish* returned to Guam on 10 June. The crew had been underway submerged for 123 days with only an eight\-day refit as a break.
On 15 December 1972, Commander B.G. Balderston, USN, assumed command. On 31 March 1973, Commander W.S. Rich, USN, assumed command. On 14 August 1974, *Guardfish* completed her 612th successful dive. *Guardfish* also underwent regular overhaul at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and went on WestPac. *Guardfish* departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in June 1975, to change homeports to [Vallejo, California](/wiki/Vallejo%2C_California "Vallejo, California").
|
[
"### Echo II",
"During the summer of 1972 *Guardfish* was deployed in the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan \"Sea of Japan\"). On 9 May the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") was heating up as the [Paris peace talks](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords \"Paris Peace Accords\") had broken down and American forces had commenced [mining Haiphong](/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money \"Operation Pocket Money\") and other major North Vietnamese harbors. The aim was to deny the [North Vietnamese Army](/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army \"North Vietnamese Army\") the advantage of being supplied by sea from their [communist](/wiki/Communist \"Communist\") allies. *Guardfish* was alerted by message of the possibility of a Soviet naval response.",
"*Guardfish* was positioned at [periscope depth](/wiki/Periscope_depth \"Periscope depth\") near the Soviet's largest Pacific naval base. Late on the evening of 10 May a surface contact was detected standing out the channel at high speed cutting across the normal channel boundaries and heading almost directly for the waiting *Guardfish*. As the contact closed in the growing darkness it was visually identify as a Soviet {{sclass2\\|Echo II\\|submarine\\|0}} missile submarine. This class displaced 5,000 tons, was powered by a nuclear reactor, and carried eight [Shaddock](/wiki/SS-N-3_Shaddock \"SS-N-3 Shaddock\") surface\\-to\\-surface missiles, which could be fired at targets up to {{convert\\|200\\|mi}} away. *Guardfish* followed. Soon the Echo submerged and headed southeast at high speed.",
"During the next two days the Soviet submarine frequently slowed and spent long periods at periscope depth, probably receiving detailed orders from his naval commander. While listening for the Echo, *Guardfish* slowed which significantly extended her sonar detection range. To the crew's surprise and alarm they were able to detect at least two and possibly three other Soviet submarines in the area.",
"When the Echo II resumed its transit toward the southern exit of the Sea of Japan the commander of *Guardfish* broke radio silence and notified his operational commander of the situation. The Echo turned to clear this baffle area almost hourly. Frequent status reports were needed in Washington D.C. to assess the threat and intent of the Soviet forces. President Nixon and his National Security Advisor were briefed daily. Because high powered high frequency radio transmissions from *Guardfish* were subject to detection and location by the Soviet electronic intercept network, an alternate method of communicating was established. Navy Anti\\-Submarine Warfare [P\\-3 Orion](/wiki/P-3_Orion \"P-3 Orion\") aircraft flew covert missions over *Guardfish*{{'}}s projected location and received status reports via short range ultra high frequency radio either directly from *Guardfish* at periscope depth or via [SLOT buoys](/wiki/SLOT_buoy \"SLOT buoy\"), small expendable battery powered transmitters that could be programmed with a short message and shot out of the signal ejector while *Guardfish* remained at trail depth.",
"During this period of the trail every available submarine in the Pacific was urgently being deployed to provide protection for US aircraft carriers operating off the Vietnamese coast and to search for the other Soviet submarines. This deployment created a mutual interference problem for both *Guardfish* and the submarine operations staff. Once in the [Philippine Sea](/wiki/Philippine_Sea \"Philippine Sea\") the Echo turned southwest heading in the general direction of the [Bashi Channel](/wiki/Bashi_Channel \"Bashi Channel\"), the strait between Taiwan and the islands north of [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\"), Philippines. The Bashi is the usual northern entrance to the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea \"South China Sea\") and the skipper was sure that it was the Echo's objective, but their track continued well south of the normal course. Then the Echo slowed and came to periscope depth and went active on his fathometer on a short scale which was not suitable for the depth of water. The Echo then went deep, turned toward the Bashi Channel, and increased speed to {{convert\\|16\\|kn}}. After reporting this rapid course correction by slot buoy *Guardfish* rushed after the Soviet submarine knowing that the repositioning of US submarines would be nearly impossible on this short notice. As a precaution against collision with a US submarine the skipper changed depth to {{convert\\|100\\|m\\|sp\\=us}}, a depth commonly used by Soviet submarines and one he knew US submarines would avoid. This choice was justified when *Guardfish* detected a US submarine clearing to the north at high speed.",
"On 18 May the Echo entered the South China Sea and transited to a point approximately {{convert\\|300\\|mi}} off the coast of Luzon. For eight days he established a slow moving grid track which covered a rectangular patrol area approximately {{convert\\|700\\|mi}} from U.S. carriers along the Vietnamese coast and well beyond the 200\\-mile range of its missiles.",
"While the tracking team struggled to maintain contact with the Echo, President Nixon went to Moscow for a summit meeting with Soviet's general secretary [Brezhnev](/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev \"Leonid Brezhnev\"). During the summit National Security Advisor [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger \"Henry Kissinger\") informed Brezhnev that the US knew the Soviets had deployed submarines and their presence so close to the Vietnamese War Zone was provocative and extremely dangerous. Within two days of this confrontation, the Soviets recalled their submarines and the Echo started north.",
"After transiting the Bashi Channel the Echo established a second patrol area in the Philippine Sea south of [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture \"Okinawa Prefecture\"). This area of the ocean had some of the worst possible acoustical properties. It was often crossed by merchant traffic and at night the biological noise and frequent rain showers were deafening to sonar. Contact was hard to maintain and forced *Guardfish* to trail at closer and closer ranges. A lengthy procedure to transfer the trail to another US submarine, just developed by the staff, was placed on the radio broadcast. While *Guardfish* was at periscope depth copying this urgent message, the Echo came unexpectedly to periscope depth and visually detected *Guardfish*. The maneuvers that followed by both *Guardfish* and the Echo were violent and at high speed. Holding on to an alerted contact proved to be impossible and contact with the Echo was lost. *Guardfish* returned to Guam on 10 June. The crew had been underway submerged for 123 days with only an eight\\-day refit as a break.",
"On 15 December 1972, Commander B.G. Balderston, USN, assumed command. On 31 March 1973, Commander W.S. Rich, USN, assumed command. On 14 August 1974, *Guardfish* completed her 612th successful dive. *Guardfish* also underwent regular overhaul at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and went on WestPac. *Guardfish* departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in June 1975, to change homeports to [Vallejo, California](/wiki/Vallejo%2C_California \"Vallejo, California\").",
""
] |
Career
------
Felicisimo Ampon was the son of former tennis player Felix Ampon and the brother of [Desideria Ampon](/wiki/Desideria_Ampon "Desideria Ampon"), who at her time dominated women's tennis in Asia.
Ampon made a good start of his career in the [Far Eastern Games](/wiki/Far_Eastern_Games "Far Eastern Games"), winning the tennis singles gold medal in the 1934 edition. He twice played in the Philippines Amateur Tennis Championships and was beaten in the play\-offs on both occasion. In 1936, he lost to eventual finalist Juanito Gavia in the quarterfinals. In 1937, he defeated Sam Ang and Alfredo Diy, and made it to the finals of the Philippines Championship but lost to Leonardo Gavia Jr. After a disappointing Philippines Championships campaign, Ampon bounced back.
After the war, Ampon made history by winning the [Wimbledon Plate Championship](/wiki/All_England_Plate "All England Plate") in 1948, a trophy for the 96 players who made an early exit in the first and second rounds of the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships "Wimbledon Championships").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/10/12/tennis\-star\-felicisimo\-h\-ampon\-76/ \|title\=Tennis Star Felicisimo H. Ampon, 76 \|author\=Jeremy Manier. \|work\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]] \|date\=October 12, 1997}}
In 1948 he won an International tournament in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1949 he won [Welsh Championships](/wiki/Welsh_Championships_%28tennis%29 "Welsh Championships (tennis)") singles title, defeating South African [Syd Levy](/wiki/Syd_Levy "Syd Levy") in the final, the Bristol Championships, again defeating Levy in the final, and in 1951 he became the singles champions at the [Swedish Hard Court Championships](/wiki/Swedish_Open "Swedish Open") on clay after defeating Deyro on the final.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article171326198 \|title\=Tiny Filipino Tennis Star. \|newspaper\=\[\[Daily Mercury \|Daily Mercury (Mackay, Qld. : 1906 \- 1954\)]] \|location\=Mackay, Qld. \|date\=13 August 1949 \|page\=9 \|publisher\=National Library of Australia}}{{cite book\|title\=Dunlop Lawn Tennis Annual and Almanack 1952\|date\=1952\|publisher\=Ed. J. Burrow \& Co. Ltd.\|location\=London\|page\=256\|editor\=G.P. Hughes\|editor\-link\=Pat Hughes (tennis)}} Ampon participated in the 1950 Pan American Tennis Championships in [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") and won the singles event, his finest career title. Defeating Davis Cup legend [Bill Talbert](/wiki/Bill_Talbert "Bill Talbert") ([USA](/wiki/United_States "United States")) in the semi\-finals and two\-time Grand Slam finalist [Tom Brown](/wiki/Tom_Brown_%28tennis%29 "Tom Brown (tennis)") (USA) in the finals.{{cite news\|title\=Felicisimo Ampon Whips Tom Brown\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=J4MtAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=dpkFAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4727%2C5067546\|newspaper\=The Montreal Gazette\|date\=Oct 9, 1950\|page\=18}} That victory, earned Ampon the first ever [Philippines Sportswriters Association](/wiki/Philippines_Sportswriters_Association "Philippines Sportswriters Association") (PSA) Athlete of the Year award in 2000\.{{cite news\|title\=Letter to the Postmaster\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8lU1AAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=aiUMAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2155%2C40732707\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\|date\=Mar 22, 2000}}
In 1952, Ampon made it to the quarter\-finals of the [French Open](/wiki/French_Open "French Open") at [Roland Garros](/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros "Stade Roland Garros") but narrowly lost to world number one [Frank Sedgman](/wiki/Frank_Sedgman "Frank Sedgman") ([AUS](/wiki/Australia "Australia")) he reached the final of the [Scottish Championships](/wiki/Scottish_Championships_%28tennis%29 "Scottish Championships (tennis)") losing to [Ian Ayre](/wiki/Ian_Ayre_%28tennis%29 "Ian Ayre (tennis)"). In 1953, he returned to Roland Garros and made impact, defeating the 1950 champion [Budge Patty](/wiki/Budge_Patty "Budge Patty") (USA) in the fourth round before losing to eventual champion [Ken Rosewall](/wiki/Ken_Rosewall "Ken Rosewall") (AUS) in the quarter\-finals. Both quarter\-finals was the highest finished by a Filipino in Grand Slam tennis. He also becomes the shortest player ever to play in Wimbledon history and won over 30 European trophies throughout his career.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.philtennis.com/ampon.php\|title\=PhilTennis: Official Website of the Philippine Tennis Association (PHILTA)\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-22\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318060926/http://philtennis.com/ampon.php\|archive\-date\=2009\-03\-18}} The same year Ampon lost an all\-Filipino final in [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo "Oslo"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), to Reymundo Deyro, arguably his greatest rival and partner in Philippine tennis history.
In [1958 Asian Games](/wiki/1958_Asian_Games "1958 Asian Games"), he was defeated again by Deyro in the finals of [men's singles tennis](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Asian_Games "Tennis at the Asian Games") and finished with a silver medal. He then partnered with Deyro to capture the men's doubles gold medal and with his sister Desideria Ampon captured the mixed doubles bronze medal.
In the Davis Cup he went on to lead the country in the Eastern Zone for more than a decade and made a prolific partnerships with other Filipino tennis legends [Raymundo Deyro](/wiki/Raymundo_Deyro "Raymundo Deyro"), [Johnny Jose](/wiki/Johnny_Jose "Johnny Jose") and [Cesar Carmona](/wiki/Cesar_Carmona "Cesar Carmona").
Ampon represented his country for the last time in 1968\. He ended his Davis Cup career holding the Philippine record for the most singles (34\-26\) and total wins (40\-35\) in history. He also won his last title, teaming up with [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong")'s [Kenneth Tsui](/wiki/Kenneth_Tsui "Kenneth Tsui") to capture the Chinese Recreational Club (CRC) Open men's double title.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tennishk.org/Archive/Articles/tabid/441/ctl/ArticleView/mid/369/articleId/1520/WayneWongSherChunWingcrownedCRCOpen2008Champions.aspx\|title\=Hong Kong Tennis Association Official Website\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-22\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220192611/http://www.tennishk.org/Archive/Articles/tabid/441/ctl/ArticleView/mid/369/articleId/1520/WayneWongSherChunWingcrownedCRCOpen2008Champions.aspx\|archive\-date\=2009\-02\-20}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Felicisimo Ampon was the son of former tennis player Felix Ampon and the brother of [Desideria Ampon](/wiki/Desideria_Ampon \"Desideria Ampon\"), who at her time dominated women's tennis in Asia.",
"Ampon made a good start of his career in the [Far Eastern Games](/wiki/Far_Eastern_Games \"Far Eastern Games\"), winning the tennis singles gold medal in the 1934 edition. He twice played in the Philippines Amateur Tennis Championships and was beaten in the play\\-offs on both occasion. In 1936, he lost to eventual finalist Juanito Gavia in the quarterfinals. In 1937, he defeated Sam Ang and Alfredo Diy, and made it to the finals of the Philippines Championship but lost to Leonardo Gavia Jr. After a disappointing Philippines Championships campaign, Ampon bounced back.",
"After the war, Ampon made history by winning the [Wimbledon Plate Championship](/wiki/All_England_Plate \"All England Plate\") in 1948, a trophy for the 96 players who made an early exit in the first and second rounds of the [Wimbledon Championships](/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships \"Wimbledon Championships\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/10/12/tennis\\-star\\-felicisimo\\-h\\-ampon\\-76/ \\|title\\=Tennis Star Felicisimo H. Ampon, 76 \\|author\\=Jeremy Manier. \\|work\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]] \\|date\\=October 12, 1997}}",
"In 1948 he won an International tournament in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1949 he won [Welsh Championships](/wiki/Welsh_Championships_%28tennis%29 \"Welsh Championships (tennis)\") singles title, defeating South African [Syd Levy](/wiki/Syd_Levy \"Syd Levy\") in the final, the Bristol Championships, again defeating Levy in the final, and in 1951 he became the singles champions at the [Swedish Hard Court Championships](/wiki/Swedish_Open \"Swedish Open\") on clay after defeating Deyro on the final.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article171326198 \\|title\\=Tiny Filipino Tennis Star. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily Mercury \\|Daily Mercury (Mackay, Qld. : 1906 \\- 1954\\)]] \\|location\\=Mackay, Qld. \\|date\\=13 August 1949 \\|page\\=9 \\|publisher\\=National Library of Australia}}{{cite book\\|title\\=Dunlop Lawn Tennis Annual and Almanack 1952\\|date\\=1952\\|publisher\\=Ed. J. Burrow \\& Co. Ltd.\\|location\\=London\\|page\\=256\\|editor\\=G.P. Hughes\\|editor\\-link\\=Pat Hughes (tennis)}} Ampon participated in the 1950 Pan American Tennis Championships in [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\") and won the singles event, his finest career title. Defeating Davis Cup legend [Bill Talbert](/wiki/Bill_Talbert \"Bill Talbert\") ([USA](/wiki/United_States \"United States\")) in the semi\\-finals and two\\-time Grand Slam finalist [Tom Brown](/wiki/Tom_Brown_%28tennis%29 \"Tom Brown (tennis)\") (USA) in the finals.{{cite news\\|title\\=Felicisimo Ampon Whips Tom Brown\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=J4MtAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=dpkFAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4727%2C5067546\\|newspaper\\=The Montreal Gazette\\|date\\=Oct 9, 1950\\|page\\=18}} That victory, earned Ampon the first ever [Philippines Sportswriters Association](/wiki/Philippines_Sportswriters_Association \"Philippines Sportswriters Association\") (PSA) Athlete of the Year award in 2000\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Letter to the Postmaster\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8lU1AAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=aiUMAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2155%2C40732707\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\|date\\=Mar 22, 2000}}",
"In 1952, Ampon made it to the quarter\\-finals of the [French Open](/wiki/French_Open \"French Open\") at [Roland Garros](/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros \"Stade Roland Garros\") but narrowly lost to world number one [Frank Sedgman](/wiki/Frank_Sedgman \"Frank Sedgman\") ([AUS](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")) he reached the final of the [Scottish Championships](/wiki/Scottish_Championships_%28tennis%29 \"Scottish Championships (tennis)\") losing to [Ian Ayre](/wiki/Ian_Ayre_%28tennis%29 \"Ian Ayre (tennis)\"). In 1953, he returned to Roland Garros and made impact, defeating the 1950 champion [Budge Patty](/wiki/Budge_Patty \"Budge Patty\") (USA) in the fourth round before losing to eventual champion [Ken Rosewall](/wiki/Ken_Rosewall \"Ken Rosewall\") (AUS) in the quarter\\-finals. Both quarter\\-finals was the highest finished by a Filipino in Grand Slam tennis. He also becomes the shortest player ever to play in Wimbledon history and won over 30 European trophies throughout his career.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.philtennis.com/ampon.php\\|title\\=PhilTennis: Official Website of the Philippine Tennis Association (PHILTA)\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318060926/http://philtennis.com/ampon.php\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-18}} The same year Ampon lost an all\\-Filipino final in [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo \"Oslo\"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), to Reymundo Deyro, arguably his greatest rival and partner in Philippine tennis history.",
"In [1958 Asian Games](/wiki/1958_Asian_Games \"1958 Asian Games\"), he was defeated again by Deyro in the finals of [men's singles tennis](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Asian_Games \"Tennis at the Asian Games\") and finished with a silver medal. He then partnered with Deyro to capture the men's doubles gold medal and with his sister Desideria Ampon captured the mixed doubles bronze medal.",
"In the Davis Cup he went on to lead the country in the Eastern Zone for more than a decade and made a prolific partnerships with other Filipino tennis legends [Raymundo Deyro](/wiki/Raymundo_Deyro \"Raymundo Deyro\"), [Johnny Jose](/wiki/Johnny_Jose \"Johnny Jose\") and [Cesar Carmona](/wiki/Cesar_Carmona \"Cesar Carmona\").",
"Ampon represented his country for the last time in 1968\\. He ended his Davis Cup career holding the Philippine record for the most singles (34\\-26\\) and total wins (40\\-35\\) in history. He also won his last title, teaming up with [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\")'s [Kenneth Tsui](/wiki/Kenneth_Tsui \"Kenneth Tsui\") to capture the Chinese Recreational Club (CRC) Open men's double title.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tennishk.org/Archive/Articles/tabid/441/ctl/ArticleView/mid/369/articleId/1520/WayneWongSherChunWingcrownedCRCOpen2008Champions.aspx\\|title\\=Hong Kong Tennis Association Official Website\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220192611/http://www.tennishk.org/Archive/Articles/tabid/441/ctl/ArticleView/mid/369/articleId/1520/WayneWongSherChunWingcrownedCRCOpen2008Champions.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-20}}",
""
] |
Mayoral candidates
------------------
### Hamid Alakozai
Nominated May 10\. Former CF reservist member. Considered running for president of Afghanistan in 2011\. Past advisor to the attorney general of Afghanistan.
### Ahmed Bouragba
Nominated July 26\. Bilingual teacher and former elected Council member for the Ontario College of Teachers. Bouragba is a social justice advocate and civil liberties activist. Ran for [Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario](/wiki/Conseil_des_%C3%A9coles_publiques_de_l%27Est_de_l%27Ontario "Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario") trustee in 2014\.
Citation: Y.B. v. Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario, 2017 HRTO 1240 (CanLII)
### Bernard Couchman
Nominated May 1\. Immigrant from Guyana; operates a marketing company.{{cite web\|url\=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local\-news/fuzzy\-on\-just\-when\-the\-vote\-is\-bernard\-couchman\-makes\-pitch\-for\-mayors\-job\|title\=Mayoral candidate calls for change, appears unclear when election is \- Ottawa Citizen\|author\=Matthew Pearson More Matthew Pearson\|work\=Ottawa Citizen\|access\-date\=28 October 2014}} He ran for mayor in 2014, finishing in last place (8th) with 1,255 votes (0\.51%).
### [Clive Doucet](/wiki/Clive_Doucet "Clive Doucet")
Nominated July 27\. City councillor for [Capital Ward](/wiki/Capital_Ward "Capital Ward") from 2001 to 2010\. He represented Capital Ward on the [Ottawa\-Carleton Regional Council](/wiki/Ottawa-Carleton_Regional_Council "Ottawa-Carleton Regional Council") from 1997 to 2000\. Ran for mayor in 2010\.
### Joey Drouin
Nominated July 27\. Businessman. Running on a platform of combining Ottawa and [Gatineau](/wiki/Gatineau "Gatineau").
### Ryan Lythall
Nominated July 9\. Disabilities advocate.
### Craig MacAulay
Nominated July 11\. Ran for city council in 2010 and 2014 in College Ward.
### Bruce McConville
Nominated July 26\. Garage operator from [Vanier](/wiki/Vanier%2C_Ontario "Vanier, Ontario"). Ran for city council in 2003 and 2006 in Rideau\-Vanier Ward.{{Cite web\|url\=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local\-news/reevely\-a\-good\-fight\-for\-mayor\-is\-good\-for\-ottawa\-and\-even\-for\-jim\-watson\|title \= Reevely: A good fight for mayor is good for Ottawa — and even for Jim Watson}} McConville was born August 30, 1962, in Eastview, Ontario (now Vanier). He dropped out of high school and would later start his garage in 1981\.{{cite news\|url\=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/adam\-why\-bruce\-mcconville\-thinks\-he\-can\-be\-ottawas\-next\-mayor\|title \= Adam: Why Bruce McConville thinks he can be Ottawa's next mayor\|newspaper \= Ottawacitizen}}
### Michael Pastien
Nominated May 16\. Self described "futurist".{{cite web\| url \= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/mayor\-ottawa\-candidates\-election\-1\.4850095\| title \= Meet your candidates for Ottawa mayor {{!}} CBC News}} Ran for city council in 2014 in Bay Ward and for public school trustee in 2010\.
### Moises Schachtler
Nominated July 4\. A former student of the University of Ottawa.
### James T. Sheahan
Nominated July 25\. [North Gower](/wiki/North_Gower%2C_Ontario "North Gower, Ontario") resident.
### [Jim Watson](/wiki/Jim_Watson_%28Canadian_politician%29 "Jim Watson (Canadian politician)")
Mayor Jim Watson had declared his intention to run for re\-election in early 2017\.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/jim\-watson\-seeks\-re\-election\-1\.4016869\| title \= Jim Watson to seek re\-election as Ottawa mayor in 2018 {{!}} CBC News}} He filed his nomination forms on May 1\.
|
[
"Mayoral candidates\n------------------",
"### Hamid Alakozai",
"Nominated May 10\\. Former CF reservist member. Considered running for president of Afghanistan in 2011\\. Past advisor to the attorney general of Afghanistan.",
"### Ahmed Bouragba",
"Nominated July 26\\. Bilingual teacher and former elected Council member for the Ontario College of Teachers. Bouragba is a social justice advocate and civil liberties activist. Ran for [Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario](/wiki/Conseil_des_%C3%A9coles_publiques_de_l%27Est_de_l%27Ontario \"Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario\") trustee in 2014\\. \nCitation: Y.B. v. Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario, 2017 HRTO 1240 (CanLII)",
"### Bernard Couchman",
"Nominated May 1\\. Immigrant from Guyana; operates a marketing company.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local\\-news/fuzzy\\-on\\-just\\-when\\-the\\-vote\\-is\\-bernard\\-couchman\\-makes\\-pitch\\-for\\-mayors\\-job\\|title\\=Mayoral candidate calls for change, appears unclear when election is \\- Ottawa Citizen\\|author\\=Matthew Pearson More Matthew Pearson\\|work\\=Ottawa Citizen\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2014}} He ran for mayor in 2014, finishing in last place (8th) with 1,255 votes (0\\.51%).",
"### [Clive Doucet](/wiki/Clive_Doucet \"Clive Doucet\")",
"Nominated July 27\\. City councillor for [Capital Ward](/wiki/Capital_Ward \"Capital Ward\") from 2001 to 2010\\. He represented Capital Ward on the [Ottawa\\-Carleton Regional Council](/wiki/Ottawa-Carleton_Regional_Council \"Ottawa-Carleton Regional Council\") from 1997 to 2000\\. Ran for mayor in 2010\\.",
"### Joey Drouin",
"Nominated July 27\\. Businessman. Running on a platform of combining Ottawa and [Gatineau](/wiki/Gatineau \"Gatineau\").",
"### Ryan Lythall",
"Nominated July 9\\. Disabilities advocate.",
"### Craig MacAulay",
"Nominated July 11\\. Ran for city council in 2010 and 2014 in College Ward.",
"### Bruce McConville",
"Nominated July 26\\. Garage operator from [Vanier](/wiki/Vanier%2C_Ontario \"Vanier, Ontario\"). Ran for city council in 2003 and 2006 in Rideau\\-Vanier Ward.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local\\-news/reevely\\-a\\-good\\-fight\\-for\\-mayor\\-is\\-good\\-for\\-ottawa\\-and\\-even\\-for\\-jim\\-watson\\|title \\= Reevely: A good fight for mayor is good for Ottawa — and even for Jim Watson}} McConville was born August 30, 1962, in Eastview, Ontario (now Vanier). He dropped out of high school and would later start his garage in 1981\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/adam\\-why\\-bruce\\-mcconville\\-thinks\\-he\\-can\\-be\\-ottawas\\-next\\-mayor\\|title \\= Adam: Why Bruce McConville thinks he can be Ottawa's next mayor\\|newspaper \\= Ottawacitizen}}",
"### Michael Pastien",
"Nominated May 16\\. Self described \"futurist\".{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/mayor\\-ottawa\\-candidates\\-election\\-1\\.4850095\\| title \\= Meet your candidates for Ottawa mayor {{!}} CBC News}} Ran for city council in 2014 in Bay Ward and for public school trustee in 2010\\.",
"### Moises Schachtler",
"Nominated July 4\\. A former student of the University of Ottawa.",
"### James T. Sheahan",
"Nominated July 25\\. [North Gower](/wiki/North_Gower%2C_Ontario \"North Gower, Ontario\") resident.",
"### [Jim Watson](/wiki/Jim_Watson_%28Canadian_politician%29 \"Jim Watson (Canadian politician)\")",
"Mayor Jim Watson had declared his intention to run for re\\-election in early 2017\\.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/jim\\-watson\\-seeks\\-re\\-election\\-1\\.4016869\\| title \\= Jim Watson to seek re\\-election as Ottawa mayor in 2018 {{!}} CBC News}} He filed his nomination forms on May 1\\.",
""
] |
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