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Great Train Robbery
-------------------
Field was a crucial member of the Great Train Robber gang. He was the link between the gang's organizers and the informants who knew the details of the Royal Mail train and he was also crucial in arranging for the gang's escape with the loot and in purchasing the gang's hideout at Leatherslade Farm and was entrusted with its clean up (which ended badly).
### Planning the robbery
The robbery was planned by several parties with no overall mastermind, although the robbery operation itself was planned and executed by [Bruce Reynolds](/wiki/Bruce_Reynolds "Bruce Reynolds"), the target and the information on the timing of the train and the amount of cash being carried, came from the unknown individual dubbed the "Ulsterman". The key field organisers were Gordon Goody, Buster Edwards, and Charlie Wilson.
According to one account by Piers Paul Read (1978\), in January 1963, shortly after the furore of the Airport Job had died down, Brian Field called Gordon Goody to a meeting at the Old Bailey and asked him whether he was interested in a large sum of money that only a large gang could steal. The following day, Goody and Edwards met with Field at his office at James and Wheater (New Quebec Street near Marble Arch). There they met with Field and another man called "Mark" who was well dressed, aged around 50, with hair turned silvery grey and who spoke with a smooth accent. "Mark" then convinced them to meet the actual informant and drove Edwards and Goody to Finsbury Park where they met another man they nicknamed the "Ulsterman", who was a slightly balding middle aged man, who spoke with a Northern Irish lilt (where Goody had grown up). The "Ulsterman" told them about the night mail trains doing runs between London and Glasgow with large amounts of money. Edwards and Goody then went and discussed the matter with Reynolds and Wilson and it was agreed that they should make a serious attempt. In the meantime they would recruit others and do practice train robberies. On 31 July, Goody and Edwards met with the "Ulsterman" for one last strategy meeting in Hyde Park. They agreed that his share of the loot would be delivered at Brian Field's house. It is at this meeting that Gordon Goody claimed that when he was in the toilet, Goody checked the pockets of his suit jacket and saw the name and address of the owner, presumably the "Ulsterman".The Train Robbers (1978\) by Piers Paul Read. The sources for this info was Gordon Goody and the late Buster Edwards, with Brian Field not interviewed for the book at all
### Leatherslade Farm
Bruce Reynolds and John Daly spotted a potential hideout in Leatherslade Farm at Brill only 27 miles from the crime scene. The farm also happened to be the only major farm in the area not labelled on local maps – the perfect hideout from the police. Field arranged for the farm to be purchased by one of his firm's clients, Leonard Dennis (Lennie) Field (no relation), who had come into some money as he was power of attorney over the affairs of his brother, Alexander Field who was serving time in prison. The two Fields went to see the farm, and in return for a promised sum from a robbery (though he was not told that it was a train robbery) Lennie Field agreed to act as the purchaser and pay the 10% deposit. John Denby Wheater, Field's employer, was the solicitor who carried out the conveyancing for the farm.
In addition to arranging the purchase of the farm, it was agreed that Brian Field would also arrange for the farm to be cleaned up and get rid of any trace of the robbers after they had left. When Gordon Goody asked about the details he was told that "Mark" would carry out the role of "Dustman" and clean up the farm in return for a 'drink' of £28,500\. According to Buster Edwards, he stole £10,000 in ten shilling notes to help pay "Mark's" drink.The Train Robbers (1978\) by Piers Paul Read (Pp80\-81\)
### The robbery
Gordon Goody flew back into England under an assumed name and stayed the night and the following day with the Fields before getting Brian to drive him to Leatherslade at night and only a few hours before the robbery was to take place.
The robbery itself was the largest cash robbery in British history and went off largely as planned, with the train stopping at the red lights at Sears Crossing in accordance with the plan. Train driver, Jack Mills, was coshed on the head, and was forced to drive the hijacked train to the robbery site at Bridego Bridge. Still on time, the robbery was done and the robbers went to Leatherslade Farm, leaving only 7 of the 128 bags of cash left on the train. The share was around £150,000 for the 17 full gang members, (15 robbers, Brian Field and the "Ulsterman").
Field was then supposed to collect Goody, Edwards and two shares of the loot for himself and the "Ulsterman", but the police speculation that the robbers were still close by, and the description of the vehicle given to police by one of the train staff, and broadcast to the public meant that the plans had to be changed. The police believed that they were still in the area rather than fled to London, so the plans changed from leaving on Sunday to leaving on Friday, and the vehicles they had at the farm could no longer be used because they had been seen by the train staff. Field came on Thursday and took Roy to London to pick up his share of the loot and to take Roy James to London to find an extra vehicle. Bruce Reynolds and John Daly picked up cars, one for Jimmy White and the other for Bruce, John, [Ronnie Biggs](/wiki/Ronnie_Biggs "Ronnie Biggs") and the replacement train driver. Brian, wife Karin and his associate "Mark" brought the vans and drove the rest of the gang that remained to 'Kabri' to recover. This was far from ideal as he had not planned to get this involved, but Karin accepted the change in plans.
The gang spent much time trying to wipe the farm free of prints and burning some items of clothing. On Monday, however, Charlie Wilson rang Brian Field to check whether the farm had been cleaned, and did not believe Field's assurances. He called a meeting with Edwards, Reynolds, Daly, and James and they agreed that they needed to be sure, so they called Field to a Tuesday meeting at which he admitted he wasn't. Wilson would have killed him there and then but was restrained by the others. By the time they had gotten ready to go back to the farm however, they heard some bad news – it had been discovered.
|
[
"Great Train Robbery\n-------------------",
"Field was a crucial member of the Great Train Robber gang. He was the link between the gang's organizers and the informants who knew the details of the Royal Mail train and he was also crucial in arranging for the gang's escape with the loot and in purchasing the gang's hideout at Leatherslade Farm and was entrusted with its clean up (which ended badly).",
"### Planning the robbery",
"The robbery was planned by several parties with no overall mastermind, although the robbery operation itself was planned and executed by [Bruce Reynolds](/wiki/Bruce_Reynolds \"Bruce Reynolds\"), the target and the information on the timing of the train and the amount of cash being carried, came from the unknown individual dubbed the \"Ulsterman\". The key field organisers were Gordon Goody, Buster Edwards, and Charlie Wilson.\nAccording to one account by Piers Paul Read (1978\\), in January 1963, shortly after the furore of the Airport Job had died down, Brian Field called Gordon Goody to a meeting at the Old Bailey and asked him whether he was interested in a large sum of money that only a large gang could steal. The following day, Goody and Edwards met with Field at his office at James and Wheater (New Quebec Street near Marble Arch). There they met with Field and another man called \"Mark\" who was well dressed, aged around 50, with hair turned silvery grey and who spoke with a smooth accent. \"Mark\" then convinced them to meet the actual informant and drove Edwards and Goody to Finsbury Park where they met another man they nicknamed the \"Ulsterman\", who was a slightly balding middle aged man, who spoke with a Northern Irish lilt (where Goody had grown up). The \"Ulsterman\" told them about the night mail trains doing runs between London and Glasgow with large amounts of money. Edwards and Goody then went and discussed the matter with Reynolds and Wilson and it was agreed that they should make a serious attempt. In the meantime they would recruit others and do practice train robberies. On 31 July, Goody and Edwards met with the \"Ulsterman\" for one last strategy meeting in Hyde Park. They agreed that his share of the loot would be delivered at Brian Field's house. It is at this meeting that Gordon Goody claimed that when he was in the toilet, Goody checked the pockets of his suit jacket and saw the name and address of the owner, presumably the \"Ulsterman\".The Train Robbers (1978\\) by Piers Paul Read. The sources for this info was Gordon Goody and the late Buster Edwards, with Brian Field not interviewed for the book at all",
"### Leatherslade Farm",
"Bruce Reynolds and John Daly spotted a potential hideout in Leatherslade Farm at Brill only 27 miles from the crime scene. The farm also happened to be the only major farm in the area not labelled on local maps – the perfect hideout from the police. Field arranged for the farm to be purchased by one of his firm's clients, Leonard Dennis (Lennie) Field (no relation), who had come into some money as he was power of attorney over the affairs of his brother, Alexander Field who was serving time in prison. The two Fields went to see the farm, and in return for a promised sum from a robbery (though he was not told that it was a train robbery) Lennie Field agreed to act as the purchaser and pay the 10% deposit. John Denby Wheater, Field's employer, was the solicitor who carried out the conveyancing for the farm.",
"In addition to arranging the purchase of the farm, it was agreed that Brian Field would also arrange for the farm to be cleaned up and get rid of any trace of the robbers after they had left. When Gordon Goody asked about the details he was told that \"Mark\" would carry out the role of \"Dustman\" and clean up the farm in return for a 'drink' of £28,500\\. According to Buster Edwards, he stole £10,000 in ten shilling notes to help pay \"Mark's\" drink.The Train Robbers (1978\\) by Piers Paul Read (Pp80\\-81\\)",
"### The robbery",
"Gordon Goody flew back into England under an assumed name and stayed the night and the following day with the Fields before getting Brian to drive him to Leatherslade at night and only a few hours before the robbery was to take place.",
"The robbery itself was the largest cash robbery in British history and went off largely as planned, with the train stopping at the red lights at Sears Crossing in accordance with the plan. Train driver, Jack Mills, was coshed on the head, and was forced to drive the hijacked train to the robbery site at Bridego Bridge. Still on time, the robbery was done and the robbers went to Leatherslade Farm, leaving only 7 of the 128 bags of cash left on the train. The share was around £150,000 for the 17 full gang members, (15 robbers, Brian Field and the \"Ulsterman\").",
"Field was then supposed to collect Goody, Edwards and two shares of the loot for himself and the \"Ulsterman\", but the police speculation that the robbers were still close by, and the description of the vehicle given to police by one of the train staff, and broadcast to the public meant that the plans had to be changed. The police believed that they were still in the area rather than fled to London, so the plans changed from leaving on Sunday to leaving on Friday, and the vehicles they had at the farm could no longer be used because they had been seen by the train staff. Field came on Thursday and took Roy to London to pick up his share of the loot and to take Roy James to London to find an extra vehicle. Bruce Reynolds and John Daly picked up cars, one for Jimmy White and the other for Bruce, John, [Ronnie Biggs](/wiki/Ronnie_Biggs \"Ronnie Biggs\") and the replacement train driver. Brian, wife Karin and his associate \"Mark\" brought the vans and drove the rest of the gang that remained to 'Kabri' to recover. This was far from ideal as he had not planned to get this involved, but Karin accepted the change in plans.",
"The gang spent much time trying to wipe the farm free of prints and burning some items of clothing. On Monday, however, Charlie Wilson rang Brian Field to check whether the farm had been cleaned, and did not believe Field's assurances. He called a meeting with Edwards, Reynolds, Daly, and James and they agreed that they needed to be sure, so they called Field to a Tuesday meeting at which he admitted he wasn't. Wilson would have killed him there and then but was restrained by the others. By the time they had gotten ready to go back to the farm however, they heard some bad news – it had been discovered.",
""
] |
Trial at Aylesbury
------------------
In early 1964, ten of the robbers were in custody. With three of the robbers on the run, (and little prospect of an arrest anytime soon), two others interrogated and released, (for lack of evidence), and two others completely overlooked by authorities, (no evidence or known ties to the other gang members), it was decided that the trial of those in custody should go ahead. Brian Field retained the services of Lewis Hawser [QC](/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel "Queen's Counsel") for his defence.
There were ten charges against 13 men: robbery (all except for John Wheater); conspiracy to rob (against all of them); receiving (3 charges against Roger Cordrey, 3 other charges against Bill Boal, and 1 against Brian Field), and 1 for perverting the course of justice against John Wheater.
### Trial location crucial to outcome
Since the crime was committed in Buckinghamshire, it was decided that the trial should occur there, despite the small size of the local court facilities (Aylesbury Assizes). The authorities were desperate to hold the trial in the countryside out of reach of London, as the Government was coming under heavy fire over the robbery and was insisting on a trial that could not be tampered with by robbers with a proven history of beating the system. This was because it was known that while London had much more capable court facilities, London juries, particularly for cases involving large robberies, were far more accessible to local London criminals and were often tampered with. So to hold the trial at Aylesbury, the local council building was converted into use as a trial court. It was for this reason that Field was desperate to get the trial shifted to London, and had his junior counsel open proceedings by objecting to the first juror claiming that Karin Field had been approached by a man who claimed that he could get at some of the jurors. Tommy Butler however was called upon to investigate the incident and make a report to Judge Davies, who promptly dismissed the claim. There was no way that Butler was going to let Field move the trial to London.The Train Robbers (1978\) by Piers Paul Read
### Trial evidence
The prosecution had their work cut out for them as there was no evidence linking the gang to the crime at either the hijacking location at Sears Crossing or the robbery location at Bridego Bridge. This made it tough to establish their involvement in the actual robbery or even the conspiracy. The only evidence against the gang as a whole involved fingerprints of the gang at Leatherslade Farm, and most of these were on moveable objects as the gang had wiped down most surfaces. For Field there were no prints at the farm, but he had been involved in the purchase of the farm, although Lennie Field had acted as the purchaser (although he only paid the deposit) and Field's boss John Wheater, had done the conveyancing. It was obvious to the jury that one of the three men was deeply involved but it was not obvious which one. Lennie Field generally was the most helpful of the witnesses and generally blamed Brian Field for his part of the robbery.
### Sentencing
Field was sentenced on 16 April 1964 with rest of the gang who had been caught, and he received 25 years for Conspiracy to Rob and 5 years for perverting the course of justice. He was found not guilty of the robbery itself (and in fact he was not present at the actual robbery).
### Appeal
On 13 July 1964, the appeals by Brian Field against the charges of conspiracy to rob were allowed. This meant that his sentence was effectively reduced to 5 years only. He was only reluctantly acquitted of the robbery, with Justice Atkinson stating that he would not be surprised if he was not only part of the conspiracy, but also one of the robbers. But given there was no evidence linking him to either the conspiracy or the robbery, there was little choice but to acquit him. The charges against the other men were all upheld, with the exception of Lennie Field, Roger Cordrey and Bill Boal. In the end Lennie Field and Bill Boal got some measure of justice, and Cordrey got lucky, although despite the reduction in sentence, Boal still died in prison in 1970 after a long illness.The Train Robbers by Piers Paul Read (1978\)
### Disparity in sentencing
The two members of the gang who benefitted the least from their share of the loot were also the two luckiest in sentencing, with Cordrey, who had most of his share recovered by police, and Field, who had two thirds of his share found in Dorking Wood by hikers (having been buried there by his father, who had found the money in a laundry bag under his bed) both avoiding 30 year sentences for robbery and conspiracy to rob.
|
[
"Trial at Aylesbury\n------------------",
"In early 1964, ten of the robbers were in custody. With three of the robbers on the run, (and little prospect of an arrest anytime soon), two others interrogated and released, (for lack of evidence), and two others completely overlooked by authorities, (no evidence or known ties to the other gang members), it was decided that the trial of those in custody should go ahead. Brian Field retained the services of Lewis Hawser [QC](/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel \"Queen's Counsel\") for his defence.",
"There were ten charges against 13 men: robbery (all except for John Wheater); conspiracy to rob (against all of them); receiving (3 charges against Roger Cordrey, 3 other charges against Bill Boal, and 1 against Brian Field), and 1 for perverting the course of justice against John Wheater.",
"### Trial location crucial to outcome",
"Since the crime was committed in Buckinghamshire, it was decided that the trial should occur there, despite the small size of the local court facilities (Aylesbury Assizes). The authorities were desperate to hold the trial in the countryside out of reach of London, as the Government was coming under heavy fire over the robbery and was insisting on a trial that could not be tampered with by robbers with a proven history of beating the system. This was because it was known that while London had much more capable court facilities, London juries, particularly for cases involving large robberies, were far more accessible to local London criminals and were often tampered with. So to hold the trial at Aylesbury, the local council building was converted into use as a trial court. It was for this reason that Field was desperate to get the trial shifted to London, and had his junior counsel open proceedings by objecting to the first juror claiming that Karin Field had been approached by a man who claimed that he could get at some of the jurors. Tommy Butler however was called upon to investigate the incident and make a report to Judge Davies, who promptly dismissed the claim. There was no way that Butler was going to let Field move the trial to London.The Train Robbers (1978\\) by Piers Paul Read",
"### Trial evidence",
"The prosecution had their work cut out for them as there was no evidence linking the gang to the crime at either the hijacking location at Sears Crossing or the robbery location at Bridego Bridge. This made it tough to establish their involvement in the actual robbery or even the conspiracy. The only evidence against the gang as a whole involved fingerprints of the gang at Leatherslade Farm, and most of these were on moveable objects as the gang had wiped down most surfaces. For Field there were no prints at the farm, but he had been involved in the purchase of the farm, although Lennie Field had acted as the purchaser (although he only paid the deposit) and Field's boss John Wheater, had done the conveyancing. It was obvious to the jury that one of the three men was deeply involved but it was not obvious which one. Lennie Field generally was the most helpful of the witnesses and generally blamed Brian Field for his part of the robbery.",
"### Sentencing",
"Field was sentenced on 16 April 1964 with rest of the gang who had been caught, and he received 25 years for Conspiracy to Rob and 5 years for perverting the course of justice. He was found not guilty of the robbery itself (and in fact he was not present at the actual robbery).",
"### Appeal",
"On 13 July 1964, the appeals by Brian Field against the charges of conspiracy to rob were allowed. This meant that his sentence was effectively reduced to 5 years only. He was only reluctantly acquitted of the robbery, with Justice Atkinson stating that he would not be surprised if he was not only part of the conspiracy, but also one of the robbers. But given there was no evidence linking him to either the conspiracy or the robbery, there was little choice but to acquit him. The charges against the other men were all upheld, with the exception of Lennie Field, Roger Cordrey and Bill Boal. In the end Lennie Field and Bill Boal got some measure of justice, and Cordrey got lucky, although despite the reduction in sentence, Boal still died in prison in 1970 after a long illness.The Train Robbers by Piers Paul Read (1978\\)",
"### Disparity in sentencing",
"The two members of the gang who benefitted the least from their share of the loot were also the two luckiest in sentencing, with Cordrey, who had most of his share recovered by police, and Field, who had two thirds of his share found in Dorking Wood by hikers (having been buried there by his father, who had found the money in a laundry bag under his bed) both avoiding 30 year sentences for robbery and conspiracy to rob.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1910\= 790
\|1920\= 1318
\|1930\= 721
\|1940\= 626
\|1950\= 469
\|1960\= 319
\|1970\= 247
\|1980\= 190
\|1990\= 144
\|2000\= 140
\|2010\= 136
\|2020\= 101
\|estyear\=2022
\|estimate\=97
\|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\-series/demo/popest/2020s\-total\-cities\-and\-towns.html \|date\=November 24, 2023\|title\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\-2022\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=November 24, 2023}}
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=United States Census Bureau\|author\-link\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=July 29, 2013}}
2020 Census
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2010, there were 136 people, 64 households, and 35 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|54\.4\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 93 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|37\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 89\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 9\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.7% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 8\.1% of the population.
There were 64 households, of which 25\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 4\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45\.3% were non\-families. 43\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.13 and the average family size was 2\.91\.
The median age in the town was 41 years. 23\.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 4\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27\.3% were from 25 to 44; 24\.3% were from 45 to 64; and 20\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 54\.4% male and 45\.6% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 140 people, 66 households, and 35 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\|55\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 101 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|39\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 99\.29% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.71% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.71% of the population.
There were 66 households, out of which 21\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 9\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45\.5% were non\-families. 42\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.12 and the average family size was 2\.78\.
In the town the population was spread out, with 19\.3% under the age of 18, 5\.0% from 18 to 24, 30\.7% from 25 to 44, 26\.4% from 45 to 64, and 18\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 109\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98\.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $29,219, and the median income for a family was $29,375\. Males had a median income of $24,821 versus $20,625 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $17,865\. There were 10\.2% of families and 16\.1% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 20\.9% of under eighteens and 7\.7% of those over 64\.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1910\\= 790\n\\|1920\\= 1318\n\\|1930\\= 721\n\\|1940\\= 626\n\\|1950\\= 469\n\\|1960\\= 319\n\\|1970\\= 247\n\\|1980\\= 190\n\\|1990\\= 144\n\\|2000\\= 140\n\\|2010\\= 136\n\\|2020\\= 101\n\\|estyear\\=2022\n\\|estimate\\=97\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\\-series/demo/popest/2020s\\-total\\-cities\\-and\\-towns.html \\|date\\=November 24, 2023\\|title\\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\\-2022\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=November 24, 2023}}\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=United States Census Bureau\\|author\\-link\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=July 29, 2013}} \n2020 Census\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 136 people, 64 households, and 35 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|54\\.4\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 93 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|37\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 89\\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 9\\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.7% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 8\\.1% of the population.",
"There were 64 households, of which 25\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 4\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\\.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45\\.3% were non\\-families. 43\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.13 and the average family size was 2\\.91\\.",
"The median age in the town was 41 years. 23\\.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 4\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27\\.3% were from 25 to 44; 24\\.3% were from 45 to 64; and 20\\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 54\\.4% male and 45\\.6% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 140 people, 66 households, and 35 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|55\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 101 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|39\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 99\\.29% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.71% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.71% of the population.",
"There were 66 households, out of which 21\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 9\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45\\.5% were non\\-families. 42\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.12 and the average family size was 2\\.78\\.",
"In the town the population was spread out, with 19\\.3% under the age of 18, 5\\.0% from 18 to 24, 30\\.7% from 25 to 44, 26\\.4% from 45 to 64, and 18\\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 109\\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98\\.2 males.",
"The median income for a household in the town was $29,219, and the median income for a family was $29,375\\. Males had a median income of $24,821 versus $20,625 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $17,865\\. There were 10\\.2% of families and 16\\.1% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 20\\.9% of under eighteens and 7\\.7% of those over 64\\.",
""
] |
Previous organizations founded
------------------------------
### Redefining Progress
In 1993, at age 25, Halstead founded Redefining Progress,{{Cite news \|last1\= Morin \| first1\= Richard \|last2\= Deane \|first2\= Claudia \|date\= 2001\-12\-10 \|title\= Big Thinker. Ted Halstead's New America Foundation Has It All: Money, Brains and Buzz \|work\= Style Section \| url \= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2001/12/10/big\-thinker/fd1eb0d8\-2cc8\-4653\-b2c5\-d1b0b4e6ebab/\| publisher \= \[\[The Washington Post]] \| page \=1}} an [environmental economics](/wiki/Environmental_economics "Environmental economics") think tank based in San Francisco, with a $15,000 seed grant from [Echoing Green](/wiki/Echoing_Green "Echoing Green"). Halstead served as Executive Director from 1993 to 1997\.
In 1995, Redefining Progress released the [Genuine Progress Indicator](/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator "Genuine progress indicator") (GPI),{{cite web\|url\=http://rprogress.org/sustainability\_indicators/genuine\_progress\_indicator.htm\|title\=Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)\|publisher\=Redefining Progress\|accessdate\=November 14, 2015}} an alternative to the [GDP](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product") that takes social and environmental costs into account. The GPI was launched in an October 1995 cover story in *[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")* entitled "If The Economy Is Up, Why Is America Down?" that Halstead co\-authored with colleagues Clifford Cobb and Jonathan Rowe.{{cite news\|title\=If The Economy Is Up, Why Is America Down?\|last1\=Cobb\|first1\=Clifford\|date\=October 1995\|work\=The Atlantic\|last2\=Halstead\|first2\=Ted\|last3\=Rowe\|first3\=Jonathan}}
In 1997, Redefining Progress organized the [Economists' Statement on Climate Change](/wiki/Economists%27_Statement_on_Climate_Change "Economists' Statement on Climate Change"){{cite web\|url\=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi\-bin/cpquery/?\&dbname\=cp105\&sid\=cp105KGP4l\&refer\=\&r\_n\=sr054\.105\&item\=\&sel\=TOC\_314499\&\|title\=Committee Reports 105th Congress (1997\-1998\), Senate Report 105\-054\|website\=\[\[THOMAS]]\|publisher\=The \[\[Library of Congress]]\|accessdate\=April 30, 2016}}{{Dead link\|date\=August 2021 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} to promote market\-based solutions to climate change. Over 2,600 economists and 19 Nobel Prize winners signed the statement.
Redefining Progress and Halstead also promoted the idea of a revenue\-neutral [carbon tax](/wiki/Carbon_tax "Carbon tax"),{{cite news\|title\=The Green Revenue Path\|last1\=Halstead\|first1\=Ted\|date\=September 10, 1995\|newspaper\=Washington Post\|last2\=Rowe\|first2\=Jonathan\|issue\=Opinion}} which the government of [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") was the first to implement in 2008\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/carbon\_tax.htm\|title\=Carbon Tax: Overview of The Revenue\-Neutral Carbon Tax\|publisher\=British Columbia Ministry of Finance\|accessdate\=November 14, 2015}}
Halstead stepped down as Executive Director of Redefining Progress in 1997, moving into a position on the board. Redefining Progress closed its doors in 2008\.
### New America
Halstead founded [New America](/wiki/New_America_%28organization%29 "New America (organization)") (formerly known as New America Foundation) in 1999,{{cite news\|title\=Silicon Valley's New Think Tank Stakes Out 'Radical Center'\|last1\=Lewis\|first1\=Neil A.\|date\=May 15, 1999\|work\=New York Times}} at the age of 30, and served as founding President and CEO until 2007\. Under his leadership, the organization grew rapidly to a staff of 100 and an annual budget of $10 million.{{cite news\|title\=Author, Ex\-Post Editor To Head D.C. Think Tank\|last1\=Weil\|first1\=Martin\|date\=July 23, 2007\|newspaper\=Washington Post\|last2\=Silverman\|first2\=Elissa}}
New America's original mission was to bring new voices and new ideas into the public debate,{{cite news \|last1\= \|first1\= \|date\=August 1999 \|title\=77 North Washington Street \|page\=6 \|work\=The Atlantic Monthly \|issue\=}} and to break out of the traditional liberal and conservative categories. [James Fallows](/wiki/James_Fallows "James Fallows") was the original chairman of New America's board of directors. [Eric Schmidt](/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt"), former Executive Chairman of [Google](/wiki/Google "Google") and [Alphabet Inc](/wiki/Alphabet_Inc "Alphabet Inc"), served as chairman of New America's Board from 2008 to 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.newamerica.org/experts/\|title\=Board of Directors\|last1\=New America\|accessdate\=November 14, 2015}}
Shortly after founding New America, Halstead and [Michael Lind](/wiki/Michael_Lind "Michael Lind") co\-authored "The Radical Center: The Future of American Politics," which Senator [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") described as “A political manifesto worthy of the Information Age.”{{cite book\|title\=The Radical Center: The Future of American Politics\|last1\=Amazon\|year\=2002\|publisher\=Knopf Doubleday Publishing \|isbn\=0385720297}} As a result, New America became known in its early years as a "Radical Centrist" think tank.
On December 10, 2001, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* published a Styles section profile on Halstead entitled "Big Thinker: Ted Halstead's New America Foundation Has It All: Money, Brains and Buzz".
[Steve Coll](/wiki/Steve_Coll "Steve Coll") succeeded Halstead as President and CEO of New America in 2007\. [Anne\-Marie Slaughter](/wiki/Anne-Marie_Slaughter "Anne-Marie Slaughter") became New America's third President and CEO in 2013\.{{cite news\|url\=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/new\-america\-foundation\-close\-to\-naming\-anne\-marie\-slaughter\-as\-president/\|title\=New America Foundation Naming Anne\-Marie Slaughter as President\|last1\=Cohen\|first1\=Patricia\|date\=April 2, 2013\|work\=New York Times}}
|
[
"Previous organizations founded\n------------------------------",
"### Redefining Progress",
"In 1993, at age 25, Halstead founded Redefining Progress,{{Cite news \\|last1\\= Morin \\| first1\\= Richard \\|last2\\= Deane \\|first2\\= Claudia \\|date\\= 2001\\-12\\-10 \\|title\\= Big Thinker. Ted Halstead's New America Foundation Has It All: Money, Brains and Buzz \\|work\\= Style Section \\| url \\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2001/12/10/big\\-thinker/fd1eb0d8\\-2cc8\\-4653\\-b2c5\\-d1b0b4e6ebab/\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\| page \\=1}} an [environmental economics](/wiki/Environmental_economics \"Environmental economics\") think tank based in San Francisco, with a $15,000 seed grant from [Echoing Green](/wiki/Echoing_Green \"Echoing Green\"). Halstead served as Executive Director from 1993 to 1997\\.",
"In 1995, Redefining Progress released the [Genuine Progress Indicator](/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator \"Genuine progress indicator\") (GPI),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rprogress.org/sustainability\\_indicators/genuine\\_progress\\_indicator.htm\\|title\\=Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)\\|publisher\\=Redefining Progress\\|accessdate\\=November 14, 2015}} an alternative to the [GDP](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product \"Gross domestic product\") that takes social and environmental costs into account. The GPI was launched in an October 1995 cover story in *[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")* entitled \"If The Economy Is Up, Why Is America Down?\" that Halstead co\\-authored with colleagues Clifford Cobb and Jonathan Rowe.{{cite news\\|title\\=If The Economy Is Up, Why Is America Down?\\|last1\\=Cobb\\|first1\\=Clifford\\|date\\=October 1995\\|work\\=The Atlantic\\|last2\\=Halstead\\|first2\\=Ted\\|last3\\=Rowe\\|first3\\=Jonathan}}",
"In 1997, Redefining Progress organized the [Economists' Statement on Climate Change](/wiki/Economists%27_Statement_on_Climate_Change \"Economists' Statement on Climate Change\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi\\-bin/cpquery/?\\&dbname\\=cp105\\&sid\\=cp105KGP4l\\&refer\\=\\&r\\_n\\=sr054\\.105\\&item\\=\\&sel\\=TOC\\_314499\\&\\|title\\=Committee Reports 105th Congress (1997\\-1998\\), Senate Report 105\\-054\\|website\\=\\[\\[THOMAS]]\\|publisher\\=The \\[\\[Library of Congress]]\\|accessdate\\=April 30, 2016}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2021 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} to promote market\\-based solutions to climate change. Over 2,600 economists and 19 Nobel Prize winners signed the statement.",
"Redefining Progress and Halstead also promoted the idea of a revenue\\-neutral [carbon tax](/wiki/Carbon_tax \"Carbon tax\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=The Green Revenue Path\\|last1\\=Halstead\\|first1\\=Ted\\|date\\=September 10, 1995\\|newspaper\\=Washington Post\\|last2\\=Rowe\\|first2\\=Jonathan\\|issue\\=Opinion}} which the government of [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") was the first to implement in 2008\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/carbon\\_tax.htm\\|title\\=Carbon Tax: Overview of The Revenue\\-Neutral Carbon Tax\\|publisher\\=British Columbia Ministry of Finance\\|accessdate\\=November 14, 2015}}",
"Halstead stepped down as Executive Director of Redefining Progress in 1997, moving into a position on the board. Redefining Progress closed its doors in 2008\\.",
"### New America",
"Halstead founded [New America](/wiki/New_America_%28organization%29 \"New America (organization)\") (formerly known as New America Foundation) in 1999,{{cite news\\|title\\=Silicon Valley's New Think Tank Stakes Out 'Radical Center'\\|last1\\=Lewis\\|first1\\=Neil A.\\|date\\=May 15, 1999\\|work\\=New York Times}} at the age of 30, and served as founding President and CEO until 2007\\. Under his leadership, the organization grew rapidly to a staff of 100 and an annual budget of $10 million.{{cite news\\|title\\=Author, Ex\\-Post Editor To Head D.C. Think Tank\\|last1\\=Weil\\|first1\\=Martin\\|date\\=July 23, 2007\\|newspaper\\=Washington Post\\|last2\\=Silverman\\|first2\\=Elissa}}",
"New America's original mission was to bring new voices and new ideas into the public debate,{{cite news \\|last1\\= \\|first1\\= \\|date\\=August 1999 \\|title\\=77 North Washington Street \\|page\\=6 \\|work\\=The Atlantic Monthly \\|issue\\=}} and to break out of the traditional liberal and conservative categories. [James Fallows](/wiki/James_Fallows \"James Fallows\") was the original chairman of New America's board of directors. [Eric Schmidt](/wiki/Eric_Schmidt \"Eric Schmidt\"), former Executive Chairman of [Google](/wiki/Google \"Google\") and [Alphabet Inc](/wiki/Alphabet_Inc \"Alphabet Inc\"), served as chairman of New America's Board from 2008 to 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.newamerica.org/experts/\\|title\\=Board of Directors\\|last1\\=New America\\|accessdate\\=November 14, 2015}}",
"Shortly after founding New America, Halstead and [Michael Lind](/wiki/Michael_Lind \"Michael Lind\") co\\-authored \"The Radical Center: The Future of American Politics,\" which Senator [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain \"John McCain\") described as “A political manifesto worthy of the Information Age.”{{cite book\\|title\\=The Radical Center: The Future of American Politics\\|last1\\=Amazon\\|year\\=2002\\|publisher\\=Knopf Doubleday Publishing \\|isbn\\=0385720297}} As a result, New America became known in its early years as a \"Radical Centrist\" think tank.",
"On December 10, 2001, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* published a Styles section profile on Halstead entitled \"Big Thinker: Ted Halstead's New America Foundation Has It All: Money, Brains and Buzz\".",
"[Steve Coll](/wiki/Steve_Coll \"Steve Coll\") succeeded Halstead as President and CEO of New America in 2007\\. [Anne\\-Marie Slaughter](/wiki/Anne-Marie_Slaughter \"Anne-Marie Slaughter\") became New America's third President and CEO in 2013\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/new\\-america\\-foundation\\-close\\-to\\-naming\\-anne\\-marie\\-slaughter\\-as\\-president/\\|title\\=New America Foundation Naming Anne\\-Marie Slaughter as President\\|last1\\=Cohen\\|first1\\=Patricia\\|date\\=April 2, 2013\\|work\\=New York Times}}",
""
] |
First attempts
--------------
[thumb\|JCS briefing (July 30, 1963\) with actual test yields.](/wiki/File:JCS_briefing_%28July_30%2C_1963%29.pdf "JCS briefing (July 30, 1963).pdf")
[thumb\|The [PGM\-17 Thor](/wiki/PGM-17_Thor "PGM-17 Thor") missile shown here is very similar to the Thor missile used for the launch of the nuclear warhead in all attempts of the *Bluegill, Starfish* and *Kingfish* nuclear tests of Operation Fishbowl*.*](/wiki/File:Thor-PGM-17.jpg "Thor-PGM-17.jpg")
According to the initial plan of Operation Fishbowl, the nuclear tests were to be *Bluegill*, *Starfish* and *Urraca*, in that order. If a test were to fail, the next attempt of the same test would be of the same name plus the word "prime." If *Bluegill* failed, the next attempt would be *Bluegill Prime*, and if *Bluegill Prime* failed, the next attempt would be *Bluegill Double Prime*, etc.
### Bluegill
The first planned test of Operation Fishbowl was on June 2, 1962, when a nuclear warhead was launched from Johnston Island on a [*Thor*](/wiki/Thor_%28rocket_family%29 "Thor (rocket family)") missile just after midnight. Although the *Thor* missile appeared to be on a normal trajectory, the radar tracking system lost track of the missile. Because of the large number of ships and aircraft in the area, there was no way to predict if the missile was on a safe trajectory, so the range safety officers ordered the missile with its warhead to be destroyed. No nuclear detonation occurred and no data was obtained, but subsequent investigation found that the Thor was actually following the proper flight trajectory.{{cite report \|title\=Operation Dominic I \|year\=1962 \|publisher\=Defense Nuclear Agency \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|id\=DNA 6040F \|url\=https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/2\-Hist\_Rpt\_Atm/1962\_DNA\_6040F.pdf \|access\-date\=August 5, 2021 \|archive\-date\=March 25, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325094742/https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/2\-Hist\_Rpt\_Atm/1962\_DNA\_6040F.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{rp\|247}}
### Starfish
The second planned test of Operation Fishbowl was on June 19, 1962\. The launch of a *Thor* missile with a nuclear warhead occurred just before midnight from Johnston Island. The *Thor* missile flew a normal trajectory for 59 seconds; then the rocket engine suddenly stopped, and the missile began to break apart. The range safety officer ordered the destruction of the missile and the warhead. The missile was between 30,000 and 35,000 feet (between 9\.1 and 10\.7 km) in altitude when it was destroyed.
Some of the missile parts fell on Johnston Island, and a large amount of missile debris fell into the ocean in the vicinity of the island. [Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal](/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal_%28United_States_Navy%29 "Explosive ordnance disposal (United States Navy)") and Underwater Demolition Team swimmers recovered approximately 250 pieces of the missile assembly during the next two weeks. Some of the debris was contaminated with [plutonium](/wiki/Plutonium "Plutonium"). Nonessential personnel had been evacuated from Johnston Island during the test.
### Starfish Prime
{{Main article\|Starfish Prime}}
On July 9, 1962, at 09:00:09 [Coordinated Universal Time](/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time"), which was nine seconds after 10 p.m. on July 8, Johnston Island local time, the *[Starfish Prime](/wiki/Starfish_Prime "Starfish Prime")* test was successfully detonated at an altitude of {{convert\|400\|km}}. The coordinates of the detonation were 16 degrees, 28 minutes North latitude, 169 degrees, 38 minutes West longitude (30 km, or about 18 mi, southwest of Johnston Island).{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ece.unm.edu/summa/notes/SDAN/0031\.pdf \|title\=Vittitoe, Charles N., "Did High\-Altitude EMP Cause the Hawaiian Streetlight Incident?" Sandia National Laboratories. June 1989\. \|access\-date\=December 28, 2009 \|archive\-date\=August 21, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821161725/http://www.ece.unm.edu/summa/notes/SDAN/0031\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} The actual weapon yield was very close to the design yield, which has been described by various sources at different values in the very narrow range of 1\.4 to 1\.45 [megatons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield "Nuclear weapon yield") (6\.0 PJ).
The *Thor* missile carrying the Starfish Prime warhead actually reached an apogee (maximum height) of about 1100 km (just over 680 miles), and the warhead was detonated on its downward trajectory when it had fallen to the programmed altitude of {{convert\|400\|km}}. The nuclear warhead detonated at 13 minutes and 41 seconds after liftoff of the Thor missile.[Dyal, P., Air Force Weapons Laboratory. Report ADA995428\. "Operation Dominic. Fish Bowl Series. Debris Expansion Experiment." December 10, 1965\. Page 15\.](http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA995428&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105204729/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\=ADA995428\&Location\=U2\&doc\=GetTRDoc.pdf \|date\=November 5, 2010 }} Retrieved July 17, 2010
*Starfish Prime* caused an [electromagnetic pulse](/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse "Electromagnetic pulse") (EMP) which was far larger than expected, so much larger that it drove much of the instrumentation off scale, causing great difficulty in getting accurate measurements. The *Starfish Prime* electromagnetic pulse also made those effects known to the public by causing electrical damage in Hawaii, about {{convert\|1445\|km\|\-1}} away from the detonation point, knocking out about 300 streetlights, setting off numerous burglar alarms and damaging a telephone company microwave link (the detonation time was nine seconds after 11 p.m. in Hawaii).
A total of 27 [sounding rockets](/wiki/Sounding_rocket "Sounding rocket") were launched from Johnston Island to obtain experimental data from the shot, with the first of the support rockets being launched 2 hours and 45 minutes before the launch of the Thor missile carrying the nuclear warhead. Most of these smaller instrumentation rockets were launched just after the time of the launch of the main Thor missile carrying the warhead. In addition, a large number of rocket\-borne instruments were launched from a firing area at [Barking Sands](/wiki/Barking_Sands_Missile_Base "Barking Sands Missile Base"), [Kauai](/wiki/Kauai "Kauai"), in the Hawaiian Islands.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\=ADA955411\&Location\=U2\&doc\=GetTRDoc.pdf \|title\=United States Department of Defense. Report ADA955411\. "A Quick Look at the Technical Results of Starfish Prime." August 1962\. \|access\-date\=May 7, 2010 \|archive\-date\=November 5, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105204805/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\=ADA955411\&Location\=U2\&doc\=GetTRDoc.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}
A very large number of United States military ships and aircraft were operating in support of *Starfish Prime* in the Johnston Island area and across the nearby North Pacific region, including the primary instrumentation ship [USAS American Mariner](/wiki/USAS_American_Mariner "USAS American Mariner") providing measurements conducted by personnel provided by RCA Service Company and Barnes Engineering Company. A few military ships and aircraft were also positioned in the southern conjugate region for the test, which was near the Samoan Islands. In addition, an uninvited observation ship from the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") was stationed near Johnston Island for the test and another Soviet scientific expeditionary ship was located in the southern conjugate region,United States Central Intelligence Agency. National Intelligence Estimate. Number **11\-2A\-63**. "The Soviet Atomic Energy Program." page 44\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.foia.cia.gov/search.asp \|title\=CIA FOIA \- Search Results \|access\-date\=April 28, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501184323/http://www.foia.cia.gov/search.asp \|archive\-date\=May 1, 2008 }} permanent features of all future oceanic nuclear testing.
After the *Starfish Prime* detonation, bright auroras were observed in the detonation area as well as in the southern conjugate region on the other side of the equator from the detonation. According to one of the first technical reports, "The visible phenomena due to the burst were widespread and quite intense; a very large area of the Pacific was illuminated by the auroral phenomena, from far south of the south magnetic conjugate area ([Tongatapu](/wiki/Tongatapu "Tongatapu")) through the burst area to far north of the north conjugate area ([French Frigate Shoals](/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals "French Frigate Shoals")). ... At twilight after the burst, resonant scattering of light from [lithium](/wiki/Lithium "Lithium") and other debris was observed at Johnston and French Frigate Shoals for many days confirming the longtime presence of debris in the atmosphere. An interesting side effect was that the [Royal New Zealand Air Force](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force "Royal New Zealand Air Force") was aided in anti\-submarine maneuvers by the light from the bomb."[United States Department of Defense. Report ADA955411\. "A Quick Look at the Technical Results of Starfish Prime." August 1962\.](http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=A955411&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212160604/http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\=A955411\&Location\=U2\&doc\=GetTRDoc.pdf \|date\=February 12, 2010 }}
The *Starfish Prime* [radiation belt](/wiki/List_of_artificial_radiation_belts "List of artificial radiation belts") persisted at high altitude for many months and damaged the United States satellites [*Traac*](/wiki/Transit_Research_and_Attitude_Control "Transit Research and Attitude Control"), [*Transit 4B*](/wiki/Transit_%28satellite%29 "Transit (satellite)"), [*Injun I*](/wiki/Injun_%28satellite%29 "Injun (satellite)") and [*Telstar I*](/wiki/Telstar "Telstar"), as well as the United Kingdom satellite [*Ariel*](/wiki/Ariel_1 "Ariel 1"). It also damaged the Soviet satellite [*Cosmos V*](/wiki/Kosmos_5 "Kosmos 5"). All of these satellites failed completely within several months of the *Starfish* detonation. There is also evidence that the *Starfish Prime* radiation belt may have damaged the satellites *Explorer 14, Explorer 15* and *[Relay 1](/wiki/Relay_1 "Relay 1")*.[Defense Nuclear Agency. Wenaas, E.P., Jaycor Report RE\-78\-2044\-057\. DNA Report ADA191291\. "Spacecraft Charging Effects on Satellites Following Starfish Event."](http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=A191291&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212192033/http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\=A191291\&Location\=U2\&doc\=GetTRDoc.pdf \|date\=February 12, 2010 }} Retrieved December 27, 2009 *Telstar I* lasted the longest of the satellites that were clearly damaged by the *Starfish Prime* radiation, with its complete failure occurring on February 21, 1963\.[National Space Science Data Center: Telstar 1](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-029A) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214081003/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id\=1962\-029A \|date\=February 14, 2020 }} Retrieved December 28, 2009
In 2010, the United States [Defense Threat Reduction Agency](/wiki/Defense_Threat_Reduction_Agency "Defense Threat Reduction Agency") issued a report that had been written in support of the United States Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack. The report, entitled "Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack," discusses in great detail the satellite damage caused by the *Starfish Prime* artificial radiation belts as well as other historical nuclear events that caused artificial radiation belts and their effects on many satellites that were then in orbit. The same report also projects the effects of one or more present\-day high altitude nuclear explosions upon the formation of artificial radiation belts and the probable resulting effects on satellites that were in orbit as of the year 2010\.
File:Starfish5\.JPG\|Starfish Prime from Hawaii
File:Starfish Prime Phenomena.jpg\|Starfish Prime Phenomena: toroidal cloud
File:Starfish prime 35mm frame.jpg\|Frame from a 35mm film of the starfish Prime Nuclear test
{{clear}}
### Bluegill Prime
On July 25, 1962, a second attempt was made to launch the *Bluegill* device, but ended in disaster when the Thor suffered a stuck valve preventing the flow of LOX to the combustion chamber. The engine lost thrust and unburned RP\-1 spilled down into the hot thrust chamber, igniting and starting a fire around the base of the missile. With the Thor engulfed in flames, the Range Safety Officer sent the destruct command, which split the rocket and ruptured both fuel tanks, completely destroying the missile and badly damaging the launch pad. The warhead charges also exploded asymmetrically and sprayed the area with the moderately radioactive core materials.
Although there was little danger of an accidental nuclear explosion, the destruction of the nuclear warhead on the launch pad caused contamination of the area by alpha\-emitting core materials. Burning rocket fuel, flowing through the cable trenches, caused extensive chemical contamination of the trenches and the equipment associated with the cabling in the trenches.
The radioactive contamination on Johnston Island was determined to be a major problem, and it was necessary to decontaminate the entire area before the badly damaged launch pad could be rebuilt.{{r\|DNA 6040F\|pages\=229\-241}}
File:Bluegill Prime Thor Missile Explodes.JPG\|Thor missile launch failure and explosion contaminates Johnston Island with Plutonium during the Operation ''Bluegill Prime''
File:Contaminated Johnston Island Launch Emplacement 1, Bluegill Prime, Thor failure, July 25, 1962\..jpg\|Launch Emplacement 1, contaminated during Thor missile launch failure, Operation ''Bluegill Prime''
File:Dominic Bluegill Prime radiation cleanup.jpg\|Inspection of ''Thor'' engine parts after the \[\[radioactive contamination]] following the ''Bluegill Prime'' fire on Johnston Island.
|
[
"First attempts\n--------------",
"[thumb\\|JCS briefing (July 30, 1963\\) with actual test yields.](/wiki/File:JCS_briefing_%28July_30%2C_1963%29.pdf \"JCS briefing (July 30, 1963).pdf\")\n[thumb\\|The [PGM\\-17 Thor](/wiki/PGM-17_Thor \"PGM-17 Thor\") missile shown here is very similar to the Thor missile used for the launch of the nuclear warhead in all attempts of the *Bluegill, Starfish* and *Kingfish* nuclear tests of Operation Fishbowl*.*](/wiki/File:Thor-PGM-17.jpg \"Thor-PGM-17.jpg\")",
"According to the initial plan of Operation Fishbowl, the nuclear tests were to be *Bluegill*, *Starfish* and *Urraca*, in that order. If a test were to fail, the next attempt of the same test would be of the same name plus the word \"prime.\" If *Bluegill* failed, the next attempt would be *Bluegill Prime*, and if *Bluegill Prime* failed, the next attempt would be *Bluegill Double Prime*, etc.",
"### Bluegill",
"The first planned test of Operation Fishbowl was on June 2, 1962, when a nuclear warhead was launched from Johnston Island on a [*Thor*](/wiki/Thor_%28rocket_family%29 \"Thor (rocket family)\") missile just after midnight. Although the *Thor* missile appeared to be on a normal trajectory, the radar tracking system lost track of the missile. Because of the large number of ships and aircraft in the area, there was no way to predict if the missile was on a safe trajectory, so the range safety officers ordered the missile with its warhead to be destroyed. No nuclear detonation occurred and no data was obtained, but subsequent investigation found that the Thor was actually following the proper flight trajectory.{{cite report \\|title\\=Operation Dominic I \\|year\\=1962 \\|publisher\\=Defense Nuclear Agency \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|id\\=DNA 6040F \\|url\\=https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/2\\-Hist\\_Rpt\\_Atm/1962\\_DNA\\_6040F.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 25, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325094742/https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/2\\-Hist\\_Rpt\\_Atm/1962\\_DNA\\_6040F.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{rp\\|247}}",
"### Starfish",
"The second planned test of Operation Fishbowl was on June 19, 1962\\. The launch of a *Thor* missile with a nuclear warhead occurred just before midnight from Johnston Island. The *Thor* missile flew a normal trajectory for 59 seconds; then the rocket engine suddenly stopped, and the missile began to break apart. The range safety officer ordered the destruction of the missile and the warhead. The missile was between 30,000 and 35,000 feet (between 9\\.1 and 10\\.7 km) in altitude when it was destroyed.",
"Some of the missile parts fell on Johnston Island, and a large amount of missile debris fell into the ocean in the vicinity of the island. [Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal](/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal_%28United_States_Navy%29 \"Explosive ordnance disposal (United States Navy)\") and Underwater Demolition Team swimmers recovered approximately 250 pieces of the missile assembly during the next two weeks. Some of the debris was contaminated with [plutonium](/wiki/Plutonium \"Plutonium\"). Nonessential personnel had been evacuated from Johnston Island during the test.",
"### Starfish Prime",
"{{Main article\\|Starfish Prime}}\nOn July 9, 1962, at 09:00:09 [Coordinated Universal Time](/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time \"Coordinated Universal Time\"), which was nine seconds after 10 p.m. on July 8, Johnston Island local time, the *[Starfish Prime](/wiki/Starfish_Prime \"Starfish Prime\")* test was successfully detonated at an altitude of {{convert\\|400\\|km}}. The coordinates of the detonation were 16 degrees, 28 minutes North latitude, 169 degrees, 38 minutes West longitude (30 km, or about 18 mi, southwest of Johnston Island).{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ece.unm.edu/summa/notes/SDAN/0031\\.pdf \\|title\\=Vittitoe, Charles N., \"Did High\\-Altitude EMP Cause the Hawaiian Streetlight Incident?\" Sandia National Laboratories. June 1989\\. \\|access\\-date\\=December 28, 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821161725/http://www.ece.unm.edu/summa/notes/SDAN/0031\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The actual weapon yield was very close to the design yield, which has been described by various sources at different values in the very narrow range of 1\\.4 to 1\\.45 [megatons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield \"Nuclear weapon yield\") (6\\.0 PJ).",
"The *Thor* missile carrying the Starfish Prime warhead actually reached an apogee (maximum height) of about 1100 km (just over 680 miles), and the warhead was detonated on its downward trajectory when it had fallen to the programmed altitude of {{convert\\|400\\|km}}. The nuclear warhead detonated at 13 minutes and 41 seconds after liftoff of the Thor missile.[Dyal, P., Air Force Weapons Laboratory. Report ADA995428\\. \"Operation Dominic. Fish Bowl Series. Debris Expansion Experiment.\" December 10, 1965\\. Page 15\\.](http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA995428&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105204729/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\\=ADA995428\\&Location\\=U2\\&doc\\=GetTRDoc.pdf \\|date\\=November 5, 2010 }} Retrieved July 17, 2010",
"*Starfish Prime* caused an [electromagnetic pulse](/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse \"Electromagnetic pulse\") (EMP) which was far larger than expected, so much larger that it drove much of the instrumentation off scale, causing great difficulty in getting accurate measurements. The *Starfish Prime* electromagnetic pulse also made those effects known to the public by causing electrical damage in Hawaii, about {{convert\\|1445\\|km\\|\\-1}} away from the detonation point, knocking out about 300 streetlights, setting off numerous burglar alarms and damaging a telephone company microwave link (the detonation time was nine seconds after 11 p.m. in Hawaii).",
"A total of 27 [sounding rockets](/wiki/Sounding_rocket \"Sounding rocket\") were launched from Johnston Island to obtain experimental data from the shot, with the first of the support rockets being launched 2 hours and 45 minutes before the launch of the Thor missile carrying the nuclear warhead. Most of these smaller instrumentation rockets were launched just after the time of the launch of the main Thor missile carrying the warhead. In addition, a large number of rocket\\-borne instruments were launched from a firing area at [Barking Sands](/wiki/Barking_Sands_Missile_Base \"Barking Sands Missile Base\"), [Kauai](/wiki/Kauai \"Kauai\"), in the Hawaiian Islands.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\\=ADA955411\\&Location\\=U2\\&doc\\=GetTRDoc.pdf \\|title\\=United States Department of Defense. Report ADA955411\\. \"A Quick Look at the Technical Results of Starfish Prime.\" August 1962\\. \\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 5, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105204805/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\\=ADA955411\\&Location\\=U2\\&doc\\=GetTRDoc.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"A very large number of United States military ships and aircraft were operating in support of *Starfish Prime* in the Johnston Island area and across the nearby North Pacific region, including the primary instrumentation ship [USAS American Mariner](/wiki/USAS_American_Mariner \"USAS American Mariner\") providing measurements conducted by personnel provided by RCA Service Company and Barnes Engineering Company. A few military ships and aircraft were also positioned in the southern conjugate region for the test, which was near the Samoan Islands. In addition, an uninvited observation ship from the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") was stationed near Johnston Island for the test and another Soviet scientific expeditionary ship was located in the southern conjugate region,United States Central Intelligence Agency. National Intelligence Estimate. Number **11\\-2A\\-63**. \"The Soviet Atomic Energy Program.\" page 44\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.foia.cia.gov/search.asp \\|title\\=CIA FOIA \\- Search Results \\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501184323/http://www.foia.cia.gov/search.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=May 1, 2008 }} permanent features of all future oceanic nuclear testing.",
"After the *Starfish Prime* detonation, bright auroras were observed in the detonation area as well as in the southern conjugate region on the other side of the equator from the detonation. According to one of the first technical reports, \"The visible phenomena due to the burst were widespread and quite intense; a very large area of the Pacific was illuminated by the auroral phenomena, from far south of the south magnetic conjugate area ([Tongatapu](/wiki/Tongatapu \"Tongatapu\")) through the burst area to far north of the north conjugate area ([French Frigate Shoals](/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals \"French Frigate Shoals\")). ... At twilight after the burst, resonant scattering of light from [lithium](/wiki/Lithium \"Lithium\") and other debris was observed at Johnston and French Frigate Shoals for many days confirming the longtime presence of debris in the atmosphere. An interesting side effect was that the [Royal New Zealand Air Force](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force \"Royal New Zealand Air Force\") was aided in anti\\-submarine maneuvers by the light from the bomb.\"[United States Department of Defense. Report ADA955411\\. \"A Quick Look at the Technical Results of Starfish Prime.\" August 1962\\.](http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=A955411&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212160604/http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi\\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\\=A955411\\&Location\\=U2\\&doc\\=GetTRDoc.pdf \\|date\\=February 12, 2010 }}",
"The *Starfish Prime* [radiation belt](/wiki/List_of_artificial_radiation_belts \"List of artificial radiation belts\") persisted at high altitude for many months and damaged the United States satellites [*Traac*](/wiki/Transit_Research_and_Attitude_Control \"Transit Research and Attitude Control\"), [*Transit 4B*](/wiki/Transit_%28satellite%29 \"Transit (satellite)\"), [*Injun I*](/wiki/Injun_%28satellite%29 \"Injun (satellite)\") and [*Telstar I*](/wiki/Telstar \"Telstar\"), as well as the United Kingdom satellite [*Ariel*](/wiki/Ariel_1 \"Ariel 1\"). It also damaged the Soviet satellite [*Cosmos V*](/wiki/Kosmos_5 \"Kosmos 5\"). All of these satellites failed completely within several months of the *Starfish* detonation. There is also evidence that the *Starfish Prime* radiation belt may have damaged the satellites *Explorer 14, Explorer 15* and *[Relay 1](/wiki/Relay_1 \"Relay 1\")*.[Defense Nuclear Agency. Wenaas, E.P., Jaycor Report RE\\-78\\-2044\\-057\\. DNA Report ADA191291\\. \"Spacecraft Charging Effects on Satellites Following Starfish Event.\"](http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=A191291&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212192033/http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi\\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\\=A191291\\&Location\\=U2\\&doc\\=GetTRDoc.pdf \\|date\\=February 12, 2010 }} Retrieved December 27, 2009 *Telstar I* lasted the longest of the satellites that were clearly damaged by the *Starfish Prime* radiation, with its complete failure occurring on February 21, 1963\\.[National Space Science Data Center: Telstar 1](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-029A) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214081003/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id\\=1962\\-029A \\|date\\=February 14, 2020 }} Retrieved December 28, 2009",
"In 2010, the United States [Defense Threat Reduction Agency](/wiki/Defense_Threat_Reduction_Agency \"Defense Threat Reduction Agency\") issued a report that had been written in support of the United States Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack. The report, entitled \"Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack,\" discusses in great detail the satellite damage caused by the *Starfish Prime* artificial radiation belts as well as other historical nuclear events that caused artificial radiation belts and their effects on many satellites that were then in orbit. The same report also projects the effects of one or more present\\-day high altitude nuclear explosions upon the formation of artificial radiation belts and the probable resulting effects on satellites that were in orbit as of the year 2010\\.\nFile:Starfish5\\.JPG\\|Starfish Prime from Hawaii\nFile:Starfish Prime Phenomena.jpg\\|Starfish Prime Phenomena: toroidal cloud\nFile:Starfish prime 35mm frame.jpg\\|Frame from a 35mm film of the starfish Prime Nuclear test\n{{clear}}",
"### Bluegill Prime",
"On July 25, 1962, a second attempt was made to launch the *Bluegill* device, but ended in disaster when the Thor suffered a stuck valve preventing the flow of LOX to the combustion chamber. The engine lost thrust and unburned RP\\-1 spilled down into the hot thrust chamber, igniting and starting a fire around the base of the missile. With the Thor engulfed in flames, the Range Safety Officer sent the destruct command, which split the rocket and ruptured both fuel tanks, completely destroying the missile and badly damaging the launch pad. The warhead charges also exploded asymmetrically and sprayed the area with the moderately radioactive core materials.",
"Although there was little danger of an accidental nuclear explosion, the destruction of the nuclear warhead on the launch pad caused contamination of the area by alpha\\-emitting core materials. Burning rocket fuel, flowing through the cable trenches, caused extensive chemical contamination of the trenches and the equipment associated with the cabling in the trenches.",
"The radioactive contamination on Johnston Island was determined to be a major problem, and it was necessary to decontaminate the entire area before the badly damaged launch pad could be rebuilt.{{r\\|DNA 6040F\\|pages\\=229\\-241}}\nFile:Bluegill Prime Thor Missile Explodes.JPG\\|Thor missile launch failure and explosion contaminates Johnston Island with Plutonium during the Operation ''Bluegill Prime'' \nFile:Contaminated Johnston Island Launch Emplacement 1, Bluegill Prime, Thor failure, July 25, 1962\\..jpg\\|Launch Emplacement 1, contaminated during Thor missile launch failure, Operation ''Bluegill Prime''\nFile:Dominic Bluegill Prime radiation cleanup.jpg\\|Inspection of ''Thor'' engine parts after the \\[\\[radioactive contamination]] following the ''Bluegill Prime'' fire on Johnston Island.",
"",
"",
""
] |
Continuation of the Fishbowl series
-----------------------------------
After a pause of nearly three months, Operation Fishbowl was ready to continue, beginning with another attempt at the *Bluegill* test.
### Bluegill Double Prime
Eighty\-two days after the failure of *Bluegill Prime*, about 30 minutes before midnight on the night of October 15, 1962, local Johnston Island time (October 16 [UTC](/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time")), another attempt was made at the *Bluegill* test. The *Thor* missile malfunctioned and began tumbling out of control about 85 seconds after launch, and the range safety officer ordered the destruction of the missile and its nuclear warhead about 95 seconds after launch.{{r\|DNA 6040F\|pages\=241}}
### Checkmate
On October 19, 1962, at about 90 minutes before midnight (local Johnston Island time), an XM\-33 *[Strypi](/wiki/Strypi "Strypi")* rocket launched a low\-yield nuclear warhead which detonated successfully at an altitude of {{convert\|147\|km\|mi}}. It was reported that the yield and burst altitude were very close to those desired, but according to most official documents the exact nuclear yield remains classified. It is reported in the open literature as simply being less than 20 kilotons. One report by the U.S. federal government, however, reported the Checkmate test yield as 10 kilotons.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\=ADA995365\&Location\=U2\&doc\=GetTRDoc.pdf \|title\=Allen, R.G., Jr., Project Officer. Report ADA995365\. "Operation Dominic: Christmas and Fish Bowl Series. Project Officers Report. Project 4\.1" March 30, 1965\. p. 17\. \|access\-date\=January 22, 2010 \|archive\-date\=June 4, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604025647/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\=ADA995365\&Location\=U2\&doc\=GetTRDoc.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}
It was reported that, "Observers on Johnston Island saw a green and blue circular region surrounded by a blood\-red ring formed overhead that faded in less than one minute. Blue\-green streamers and numerous pink striations formed, the latter lasting for 30 minutes. Observers at Samoa saw a white flash, which faded to orange and disappeared in about one minute."{{r\|DNA 6040F\|pages\=241}}
File:Dominic Checkmate 001\.jpg\|Operation Dominic/Fishbowl \- Checkmate shot.
File:Dominic Checkmate 002\.jpg\|Operation Dominic/Fishbowl \- Checkmate shot.
### Bluegill Triple Prime
The fourth attempt at the *Bluegill* test was launched on a *Thor* missile on October 25, 1962 (Johnston Island time). It resulted in a successful detonation of a submegaton nuclear warhead at about one minute before midnight, local time (the official [Coordinated Universal Time](/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time") was 0959 on October 26, 1962\). It was officially reported as being in the submegaton range (meaning more than 200 kilotons but less than one megaton), and most observers of the U.S. nuclear testing programs believe that the nuclear yield was about 400 kilotons.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/hane.html \|title\=Johnston's Archive. High Altitude Nuclear Explosions \|access\-date\=December 28, 2009 \|archive\-date\=January 9, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109164452/http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/hane.html \|url\-status\=live }} One report by the U.S. federal government reported the test yield as 200 kilotons.
Since all of the Operation Fishbowl tests were planned to occur during the night, the potential for eyeburn, especially for permanent retinal damage, was an important consideration at all levels of planning. Much research went into the potential eyeburn problem. One of the official reports for the project stated that, for the altitudes planned for the *Bluegill, Kingfish* and *Checkmate* tests, "the thermal\-pulse durations are of the same order of magnitude or shorter than the natural blink period which, for the average person, is about 150 milliseconds. Furthermore, the atmospheric attenuation is normally much less for a given distance than in the case of sea\-level or near\-sea\-level explosions. Consequently, the eye\-damage hazard is more severe."
Two cases of retinal damage did occur with military personnel on Johnston Island during the **Bluegill Triple Prime** test. Neither individual had his protective goggles in place at the instant of the detonation. One official report stated, "In the first case, acuity for central vision was 20/400 initially, but returned to 20/25 by six months. The second victim was less fortunate, as central vision did not improve beyond 20/60\. The lesion diameters were 0\.35 and 0\.50 mm respectively. Both individuals noted immediate visual disturbances, but neither was incapacitated."
There had been concern that eyeburn problems might occur during the earlier *Starfish Prime* test, since the countdown was rebroadcast by radio stations in Hawaii, and many civilians would be watching the thermonuclear detonation as it occurred, but no such problems in Hawaii were reported.
### Kingfish
The *Kingfish* detonation occurred at 0210 (Johnston Island time) on November 1, 1962, and was the fourth successful detonation of the Fishbowl series. It was officially reported only as being a submegaton explosion (meaning in the range of more than 200 kilotons, but less than a megaton), but most independent observers believe that it used the same 400 kiloton warhead as the *Bluegill Triple Prime* test, although one report by the U.S. federal government reported the test yield as 200 kilotons.
As with the other Fishbowl tests, a number of small rockets with various scientific instrumentation were launched from Johnson Island to monitor the effects of the high\-altitude explosion. In the case of the Kingfish test, 29 rockets were launched from Johnston Island in addition to the Thor rocket carrying the nuclear warhead.{{r\|DNA 6040F\|pages\=247}}
According to the official report, at the time of the *Kingfish* detonation, "Johnston Island observers saw a yellow\-white, luminous circle with intense purple streamers for the first minute. Some of the streamers displayed what appeared to be a rapid twisting motion at times. A large pale\-green patch appeared somewhat south of the burst and grew, becoming the dominant visible feature after 5 minutes. By H\+1 the green had become dull gray, but the feature persisted for 3 hours. At [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu "Oahu") a bright flash was observed and after about 10 seconds a great white ball appeared to rise slowly out of the sea and was visible for about 9 minutes."{{r\|DNA 6040F\|pages\=247}}
After most of the electromagnetic pulse measurements on Starfish Prime had failed because the EMP was so much larger than expected, extra care was taken to obtain accurate EMP measurements on the Bluegill Triple Prime and Kingfish tests. The EMP mechanism that had been hypothesized before Operation Fishbowl had been conclusively disproven by the *Starfish Prime* test. Prompt gamma ray output measurements on these later tests were also carefully obtained so that a new theory of the mechanism for high\-altitude EMP could be developed and confirmed. That new theory about the generation of nuclear EMP was developed by Los Alamos physicist [Conrad Longmire](/wiki/Conrad_Longmire "Conrad Longmire") in 1963, and it is the high\-altitude nuclear EMP theory that is still used today.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.futurescience.com/emp/NBC\_Report\_Fall\_Winter04\.pdf \|title\=Longmire, Conrad L., "Fifty Odd Years of EMP", NBC Report, Fall/Winter, 2004\. pp. 47\-51\. U.S. Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency \|access\-date\=March 28, 2015 \|archive\-date\=April 2, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140119/http://www.futurescience.com/emp/NBC\_Report\_Fall\_Winter04\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}
As of the beginning of 2011, the EMP waveforms and prompt gamma radiation outputs for *Bluegill Triple Prime* and *Kingfish* remain classified. An unclassified report confirms that these measurements were successfully made and that a subsequent theory (which is the one now used) was developed which describes the mechanism by which the high\-altitude EMP is generated. That new theory does give results which are consistent with both the *Bluegill Triple Prime* and *Kingfish* data.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ece.unm.edu/summa/notes/TheoreticalPDFs/TN368\.pdf \|title\=Longmire, Conrad L., Theoretical Note 368\. "Justification and Verification of High\-Altitude EMP Theory, Part 1\." Mission Research Corporation/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. June 1986\. Page 3\. \|access\-date\=February 5, 2010 \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718094610/http://www.ece.unm.edu/summa/notes/TheoreticalPDFs/TN368\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} (The report actually using the *Bluegill Triple Prime* and *Kingfish data* to confirm the new EMP theory is the still\-classified Part 2 of the unclassified report by Conrad Longmire.)
According to a Sandia National Laboratories report, EMP generated during the Operation Fishbowl tests caused "input circuit troubles in radio receivers during the *Starfish* and *Checkmat*e bursts; the triggering of surge arresters on an airplane with a trailing\-wire antenna during Starfish, Checkmate, and Bluegill; and the Oahu streetlight incident." (The "Oahu streetlight incident" refers to the 300 streetlights in Honolulu extinguished by the Starfish Prime detonation.)
File:Dominic Kingfish 001\.jpg\|Operation Dominic \- shot Kingfish. Detonation altitude: 96300m. Yield: 400kt.
File:Dominic Kingfish 002\.jpg\|Operation Dominic \- shot Kingfish. Detonation altitude: 96300m. Yield: 400kt.
### Tightrope
[thumb\|*Dominic Tightrope* nuclear test. Detonation.](/wiki/File:Operation_Dominic_-_Tightrope_-_Detonation.ogv "Operation Dominic - Tightrope - Detonation.ogv")
The final test of Operation Fishbowl was detonated at 2130 (9:30 p.m. local Johnston Island time) on November 3, 1962 (the time and date was officially recorded as 0730 [UTC](/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time"), November 4, 1962\). It was launched on a [Nike\-Hercules](/wiki/MIM-14_Nike-Hercules "MIM-14 Nike-Hercules") missile, and detonated at a lower altitude than the other Fishbowl tests. Although it was officially one of the Operation Fishbowl tests, it is sometimes not listed among high\-altitude nuclear tests because of its lower detonation altitude. The nuclear yield was reported in most official documents only as being less than 20 kilotons. One report by the U.S. federal government reported the *Tightrope* test yield as 10 kilotons.
"At Johnston Island, there was an intense white flash. Even with high\-density goggles, the burst was too bright to view, even for a few seconds. A distinct thermal pulse was also felt on the bare skin. A yellow\-orange disc was formed, which transformed itself into a purple doughnut. A glowing purple cloud was faintly visible for a few minutes."{{r\|DNA 6040F\|pages\=247}}
Seven rockets carrying scientific instrumentation were launched from Johnston Island in support of the *Tightrope* test, which was the final atmospheric test conducted by the United States.
|
[
"Continuation of the Fishbowl series\n-----------------------------------",
"After a pause of nearly three months, Operation Fishbowl was ready to continue, beginning with another attempt at the *Bluegill* test.",
"### Bluegill Double Prime",
"Eighty\\-two days after the failure of *Bluegill Prime*, about 30 minutes before midnight on the night of October 15, 1962, local Johnston Island time (October 16 [UTC](/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time \"Coordinated Universal Time\")), another attempt was made at the *Bluegill* test. The *Thor* missile malfunctioned and began tumbling out of control about 85 seconds after launch, and the range safety officer ordered the destruction of the missile and its nuclear warhead about 95 seconds after launch.{{r\\|DNA 6040F\\|pages\\=241}}",
"### Checkmate",
"On October 19, 1962, at about 90 minutes before midnight (local Johnston Island time), an XM\\-33 *[Strypi](/wiki/Strypi \"Strypi\")* rocket launched a low\\-yield nuclear warhead which detonated successfully at an altitude of {{convert\\|147\\|km\\|mi}}. It was reported that the yield and burst altitude were very close to those desired, but according to most official documents the exact nuclear yield remains classified. It is reported in the open literature as simply being less than 20 kilotons. One report by the U.S. federal government, however, reported the Checkmate test yield as 10 kilotons.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\\=ADA995365\\&Location\\=U2\\&doc\\=GetTRDoc.pdf \\|title\\=Allen, R.G., Jr., Project Officer. Report ADA995365\\. \"Operation Dominic: Christmas and Fish Bowl Series. Project Officers Report. Project 4\\.1\" March 30, 1965\\. p. 17\\. \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 4, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604025647/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi\\-bin/GetTRDoc?AD\\=ADA995365\\&Location\\=U2\\&doc\\=GetTRDoc.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"It was reported that, \"Observers on Johnston Island saw a green and blue circular region surrounded by a blood\\-red ring formed overhead that faded in less than one minute. Blue\\-green streamers and numerous pink striations formed, the latter lasting for 30 minutes. Observers at Samoa saw a white flash, which faded to orange and disappeared in about one minute.\"{{r\\|DNA 6040F\\|pages\\=241}}\nFile:Dominic Checkmate 001\\.jpg\\|Operation Dominic/Fishbowl \\- Checkmate shot.\nFile:Dominic Checkmate 002\\.jpg\\|Operation Dominic/Fishbowl \\- Checkmate shot.",
"",
"### Bluegill Triple Prime",
"The fourth attempt at the *Bluegill* test was launched on a *Thor* missile on October 25, 1962 (Johnston Island time). It resulted in a successful detonation of a submegaton nuclear warhead at about one minute before midnight, local time (the official [Coordinated Universal Time](/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time \"Coordinated Universal Time\") was 0959 on October 26, 1962\\). It was officially reported as being in the submegaton range (meaning more than 200 kilotons but less than one megaton), and most observers of the U.S. nuclear testing programs believe that the nuclear yield was about 400 kilotons.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/hane.html \\|title\\=Johnston's Archive. High Altitude Nuclear Explosions \\|access\\-date\\=December 28, 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 9, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109164452/http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/hane.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} One report by the U.S. federal government reported the test yield as 200 kilotons.",
"Since all of the Operation Fishbowl tests were planned to occur during the night, the potential for eyeburn, especially for permanent retinal damage, was an important consideration at all levels of planning. Much research went into the potential eyeburn problem. One of the official reports for the project stated that, for the altitudes planned for the *Bluegill, Kingfish* and *Checkmate* tests, \"the thermal\\-pulse durations are of the same order of magnitude or shorter than the natural blink period which, for the average person, is about 150 milliseconds. Furthermore, the atmospheric attenuation is normally much less for a given distance than in the case of sea\\-level or near\\-sea\\-level explosions. Consequently, the eye\\-damage hazard is more severe.\"",
"Two cases of retinal damage did occur with military personnel on Johnston Island during the **Bluegill Triple Prime** test. Neither individual had his protective goggles in place at the instant of the detonation. One official report stated, \"In the first case, acuity for central vision was 20/400 initially, but returned to 20/25 by six months. The second victim was less fortunate, as central vision did not improve beyond 20/60\\. The lesion diameters were 0\\.35 and 0\\.50 mm respectively. Both individuals noted immediate visual disturbances, but neither was incapacitated.\"",
"There had been concern that eyeburn problems might occur during the earlier *Starfish Prime* test, since the countdown was rebroadcast by radio stations in Hawaii, and many civilians would be watching the thermonuclear detonation as it occurred, but no such problems in Hawaii were reported.",
"### Kingfish",
"The *Kingfish* detonation occurred at 0210 (Johnston Island time) on November 1, 1962, and was the fourth successful detonation of the Fishbowl series. It was officially reported only as being a submegaton explosion (meaning in the range of more than 200 kilotons, but less than a megaton), but most independent observers believe that it used the same 400 kiloton warhead as the *Bluegill Triple Prime* test, although one report by the U.S. federal government reported the test yield as 200 kilotons.",
"As with the other Fishbowl tests, a number of small rockets with various scientific instrumentation were launched from Johnson Island to monitor the effects of the high\\-altitude explosion. In the case of the Kingfish test, 29 rockets were launched from Johnston Island in addition to the Thor rocket carrying the nuclear warhead.{{r\\|DNA 6040F\\|pages\\=247}}",
"According to the official report, at the time of the *Kingfish* detonation, \"Johnston Island observers saw a yellow\\-white, luminous circle with intense purple streamers for the first minute. Some of the streamers displayed what appeared to be a rapid twisting motion at times. A large pale\\-green patch appeared somewhat south of the burst and grew, becoming the dominant visible feature after 5 minutes. By H\\+1 the green had become dull gray, but the feature persisted for 3 hours. At [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu \"Oahu\") a bright flash was observed and after about 10 seconds a great white ball appeared to rise slowly out of the sea and was visible for about 9 minutes.\"{{r\\|DNA 6040F\\|pages\\=247}}",
"After most of the electromagnetic pulse measurements on Starfish Prime had failed because the EMP was so much larger than expected, extra care was taken to obtain accurate EMP measurements on the Bluegill Triple Prime and Kingfish tests. The EMP mechanism that had been hypothesized before Operation Fishbowl had been conclusively disproven by the *Starfish Prime* test. Prompt gamma ray output measurements on these later tests were also carefully obtained so that a new theory of the mechanism for high\\-altitude EMP could be developed and confirmed. That new theory about the generation of nuclear EMP was developed by Los Alamos physicist [Conrad Longmire](/wiki/Conrad_Longmire \"Conrad Longmire\") in 1963, and it is the high\\-altitude nuclear EMP theory that is still used today.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.futurescience.com/emp/NBC\\_Report\\_Fall\\_Winter04\\.pdf \\|title\\=Longmire, Conrad L., \"Fifty Odd Years of EMP\", NBC Report, Fall/Winter, 2004\\. pp. 47\\-51\\. U.S. Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency \\|access\\-date\\=March 28, 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140119/http://www.futurescience.com/emp/NBC\\_Report\\_Fall\\_Winter04\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"As of the beginning of 2011, the EMP waveforms and prompt gamma radiation outputs for *Bluegill Triple Prime* and *Kingfish* remain classified. An unclassified report confirms that these measurements were successfully made and that a subsequent theory (which is the one now used) was developed which describes the mechanism by which the high\\-altitude EMP is generated. That new theory does give results which are consistent with both the *Bluegill Triple Prime* and *Kingfish* data.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ece.unm.edu/summa/notes/TheoreticalPDFs/TN368\\.pdf \\|title\\=Longmire, Conrad L., Theoretical Note 368\\. \"Justification and Verification of High\\-Altitude EMP Theory, Part 1\\.\" Mission Research Corporation/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. June 1986\\. Page 3\\. \\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718094610/http://www.ece.unm.edu/summa/notes/TheoreticalPDFs/TN368\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} (The report actually using the *Bluegill Triple Prime* and *Kingfish data* to confirm the new EMP theory is the still\\-classified Part 2 of the unclassified report by Conrad Longmire.)",
"According to a Sandia National Laboratories report, EMP generated during the Operation Fishbowl tests caused \"input circuit troubles in radio receivers during the *Starfish* and *Checkmat*e bursts; the triggering of surge arresters on an airplane with a trailing\\-wire antenna during Starfish, Checkmate, and Bluegill; and the Oahu streetlight incident.\" (The \"Oahu streetlight incident\" refers to the 300 streetlights in Honolulu extinguished by the Starfish Prime detonation.)\nFile:Dominic Kingfish 001\\.jpg\\|Operation Dominic \\- shot Kingfish. Detonation altitude: 96300m. Yield: 400kt.\nFile:Dominic Kingfish 002\\.jpg\\|Operation Dominic \\- shot Kingfish. Detonation altitude: 96300m. Yield: 400kt.",
"",
"### Tightrope",
"[thumb\\|*Dominic Tightrope* nuclear test. Detonation.](/wiki/File:Operation_Dominic_-_Tightrope_-_Detonation.ogv \"Operation Dominic - Tightrope - Detonation.ogv\")\nThe final test of Operation Fishbowl was detonated at 2130 (9:30 p.m. local Johnston Island time) on November 3, 1962 (the time and date was officially recorded as 0730 [UTC](/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time \"Coordinated Universal Time\"), November 4, 1962\\). It was launched on a [Nike\\-Hercules](/wiki/MIM-14_Nike-Hercules \"MIM-14 Nike-Hercules\") missile, and detonated at a lower altitude than the other Fishbowl tests. Although it was officially one of the Operation Fishbowl tests, it is sometimes not listed among high\\-altitude nuclear tests because of its lower detonation altitude. The nuclear yield was reported in most official documents only as being less than 20 kilotons. One report by the U.S. federal government reported the *Tightrope* test yield as 10 kilotons.",
"\"At Johnston Island, there was an intense white flash. Even with high\\-density goggles, the burst was too bright to view, even for a few seconds. A distinct thermal pulse was also felt on the bare skin. A yellow\\-orange disc was formed, which transformed itself into a purple doughnut. A glowing purple cloud was faintly visible for a few minutes.\"{{r\\|DNA 6040F\\|pages\\=247}}",
"Seven rockets carrying scientific instrumentation were launched from Johnston Island in support of the *Tightrope* test, which was the final atmospheric test conducted by the United States.",
""
] |
Boxing
------
Boxing referees must pay close attention to the action between fighters, especially when they are fighting close to each other, because if a fighter is cut, the referee must decide whether it was caused by a punch or a head collision. Only the referee can make that decision.
Most head collisions in boxing are unintentional, especially when both boxers are trying for a [knockout](/wiki/Knockout "Knockout") and/or fighting at close range. An intentional head butt is considered a flagrant foul that can result in disqualification of the offender.
In the case of a cut to the head, the referee must consult the ringside physician as many times as the referee thinks necessary, whether or not the referee decides the cut was caused by a punch. If the doctor decides that the fighter cannot continue, the referee must stop the fight. If the referee decides that a punch caused the cut, the other boxer wins by technical knockout. If the referee decides it was produced by an unintentional headbutt, then so long as the fight has gone the required distance under the rules in effect for that fight, the judges at ringside must hand over their scorecards (including scores for the incomplete round), and the fighter ahead on points wins by technical decision.
If an intentional foul causes an injury where the contest is allowed to continue, but the fighter is unable to continue in a subsequent round, special rules are imposed once the fight has reached official status. If the fighter who is unable to continue is ahead on points, he wins. If the fighter is behind or tied, the fight is declared a technical draw because the fighter who deliberately fouls is ineligible to win.
The rules governing the required distance for a fighter to be declared a winner by technical decision vary by federation. Some require the fight to be in at least the fourth round; others (and most championship fights) require the fight to be past the halfway point (i.e., five rounds for a 10\-round match; six rounds for a 12\-round match). If a fight is stopped because of an unintentional headbutt without reaching the required distance, it is automatically declared a [technical draw](/wiki/Technical_draw "Technical draw"). Generally, every country where boxing is practiced accepts the four round or the halfway point as the right distance for a fight to be won or lost by technical decisions.{{cn\|date\=December 2023}}
A unique case happened between world champions [Daniel Santos](/wiki/Daniel_Santos_%28boxer%29 "Daniel Santos (boxer)") and [Antonio Margarito](/wiki/Antonio_Margarito "Antonio Margarito"): *both* of their fights ended in technical decisions, which is very rare in boxing. Their first bout was declared a draw, as it had gone only one minute before being stopped, and Santos won by a ten\-round split technical decision in their rematch.{{cn\|date\=December 2023}}
One of the most controversial technical decisions{{cn\|date\=December 2023}} in boxing history occurred in May 1994, when [Julio César Chávez](/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez "Julio César Chávez") regained the [World Boxing Council](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council "World Boxing Council") Light Welterweight title over his previous conqueror, [Frankie Randall](/wiki/Frankie_Randall "Frankie Randall"). Large percentages of both members of the media and the [Pay Per View](/wiki/Pay_Per_View "Pay Per View") public had Randall ahead by a substantial amount when the fight was stopped in the eighth round by a cut on Chávez's head, but the judges viewed the fight otherwise, giving the fight to Chávez by a split technical decision. Boxing magazines such as *[The Ring](/wiki/The_Ring_%28magazine%29 "The Ring (magazine)")* and *[KO](/wiki/KO_Magazine "KO Magazine")* criticized the judges, particularly judge [Ray Solis](/wiki/Ray_Solis "Ray Solis"), for scoring the fight for Chávez.
|
[
"Boxing\n------",
"Boxing referees must pay close attention to the action between fighters, especially when they are fighting close to each other, because if a fighter is cut, the referee must decide whether it was caused by a punch or a head collision. Only the referee can make that decision.",
"Most head collisions in boxing are unintentional, especially when both boxers are trying for a [knockout](/wiki/Knockout \"Knockout\") and/or fighting at close range. An intentional head butt is considered a flagrant foul that can result in disqualification of the offender.",
"In the case of a cut to the head, the referee must consult the ringside physician as many times as the referee thinks necessary, whether or not the referee decides the cut was caused by a punch. If the doctor decides that the fighter cannot continue, the referee must stop the fight. If the referee decides that a punch caused the cut, the other boxer wins by technical knockout. If the referee decides it was produced by an unintentional headbutt, then so long as the fight has gone the required distance under the rules in effect for that fight, the judges at ringside must hand over their scorecards (including scores for the incomplete round), and the fighter ahead on points wins by technical decision.",
"If an intentional foul causes an injury where the contest is allowed to continue, but the fighter is unable to continue in a subsequent round, special rules are imposed once the fight has reached official status. If the fighter who is unable to continue is ahead on points, he wins. If the fighter is behind or tied, the fight is declared a technical draw because the fighter who deliberately fouls is ineligible to win.",
"The rules governing the required distance for a fighter to be declared a winner by technical decision vary by federation. Some require the fight to be in at least the fourth round; others (and most championship fights) require the fight to be past the halfway point (i.e., five rounds for a 10\\-round match; six rounds for a 12\\-round match). If a fight is stopped because of an unintentional headbutt without reaching the required distance, it is automatically declared a [technical draw](/wiki/Technical_draw \"Technical draw\"). Generally, every country where boxing is practiced accepts the four round or the halfway point as the right distance for a fight to be won or lost by technical decisions.{{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}}",
"A unique case happened between world champions [Daniel Santos](/wiki/Daniel_Santos_%28boxer%29 \"Daniel Santos (boxer)\") and [Antonio Margarito](/wiki/Antonio_Margarito \"Antonio Margarito\"): *both* of their fights ended in technical decisions, which is very rare in boxing. Their first bout was declared a draw, as it had gone only one minute before being stopped, and Santos won by a ten\\-round split technical decision in their rematch.{{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}}",
"One of the most controversial technical decisions{{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}} in boxing history occurred in May 1994, when [Julio César Chávez](/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Julio César Chávez\") regained the [World Boxing Council](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council \"World Boxing Council\") Light Welterweight title over his previous conqueror, [Frankie Randall](/wiki/Frankie_Randall \"Frankie Randall\"). Large percentages of both members of the media and the [Pay Per View](/wiki/Pay_Per_View \"Pay Per View\") public had Randall ahead by a substantial amount when the fight was stopped in the eighth round by a cut on Chávez's head, but the judges viewed the fight otherwise, giving the fight to Chávez by a split technical decision. Boxing magazines such as *[The Ring](/wiki/The_Ring_%28magazine%29 \"The Ring (magazine)\")* and *[KO](/wiki/KO_Magazine \"KO Magazine\")* criticized the judges, particularly judge [Ray Solis](/wiki/Ray_Solis \"Ray Solis\"), for scoring the fight for Chávez.",
""
] |
Garages
-------
Selkent operates four bus garages.
### Bromley (TB)
[thumb\|North western entrance of Bromley bus garage on [Hastings Road](/wiki/A21_road_%28England%29 "A21 road (England)"), August 2016](/wiki/File:Bromley_bus_garage_-_north-west_corner_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5075313.jpg "Bromley bus garage - north-west corner - geograph.org.uk - 5075313.jpg")
As of February 2024, Bromley garage operates routes [61](/wiki/London_Buses_route_61 "London Buses route 61"), [146](/wiki/London_Buses_route_146 "London Buses route 146"), [246](/wiki/London_Buses_route_246 "London Buses route 246"), [261](/wiki/London_Buses_route_261 "London Buses route 261"), [314](/wiki/London_Buses_route_314 "London Buses route 314"), [336](/wiki/London_Buses_route_336 "London Buses route 336"), [638](/wiki/London_Buses_route_638 "London Buses route 638"), [684](/wiki/London_Buses_route_684 "London Buses route 684"), [B14](/wiki/London_Buses_route_B14 "London Buses route B14") and [SL3](/wiki/London_Buses_route_SL3 "London Buses route SL3").
#### History
Bromley garage was opened by the [London General Omnibus Company](/wiki/London_General_Omnibus_Company "London General Omnibus Company") in April 1924\. Built at a cost of £23,000, it was originally designed to house 60 buses, although the plan was to ultimately enlarge it to take an additional 40 when operations required it. Under an agreement reached with Thomas Tilling, the garage was allocated to the latter's use, along with Croydon and Lewisham, resulting in Tilling\-type vehicles being the mainstay of the fleet until 1949, when the final petrol\-engined [STL\-type](/wiki/AEC_Regent_I "AEC Regent I") double deckers were finally superseded. This was made possible by the hire of 17 AEC Regents from [Leeds City Transport](/wiki/Leeds_City_Transport "Leeds City Transport").
Between 1972 and 1979, [Daimler Fleetlines](/wiki/Daimler_Fleetline "Daimler Fleetline") joined the [AEC Regent III RTs](/wiki/AEC_Regent_III_RT "AEC Regent III RT"), running alongside them. [AEC Routemasters](/wiki/AEC_Routemaster "AEC Routemaster") were not introduced to Bromley until 1975, being replaced in 1984 by [Leyland Titans](/wiki/Leyland_Titan_%28B15%29 "Leyland Titan (B15)"). With regards to single\-deckers, Bromley first housed RF\-class AEC Regal IVs, arriving in 1952, which were gradually replaced by [AEC Swifts](/wiki/AEC_Swift "AEC Swift") between 1968 and 1971\. FS\-class [Ford Transit](/wiki/Ford_Transit "Ford Transit") minibuses were introduced in 1972 for local route B1,{{cite web\|url\= http://www.countrybus.org/FS/FS.htm \|title\=The London Transport Ford Transits \|publisher\=Ian's Bus Stop \|access\-date\=31 May 2014}} before these were replaced in 1976 by BS\-class [Bristol LHSs](/wiki/Bristol_LH "Bristol LH"). These were in turn replaced by longer, BL\-class Bristol LHs in 1978\. In 1977 [Leyland Nationals](/wiki/Leyland_National "Leyland National") replaced the last of the SMSs, and ran alongside the BLs until 1985, when Bromley became the domain of Nationals and Titans.
In the early 1990s, the Nationals were replaced by [Carlyle](/wiki/Carlyle_Works "Carlyle Works") bodied [Dennis Darts](/wiki/Dennis_Dart "Dennis Dart") and [MCW](/wiki/MCW_Metrorider "MCW Metrorider")/[Optare MetroRider](/wiki/Optare_MetroRider "Optare MetroRider") midibuses. After the takeover by Stagecoach, some of the Titans were replaced by [Volvo Olympians](/wiki/Volvo_Olympian "Volvo Olympian"), before the fleet at Bromley began to be standardised on the [Dennis Trident 2](/wiki/Dennis_Trident_2 "Dennis Trident 2") and the Dennis Dart SLF. In slightly more recent years, a plot of land on the opposite side of the side road (Lower Gravel Road) was developed into an open yard for storage of the larger number of generally longer, taller, wider vehicles required for today's operations.
### Kangley Bridge Road (KB)
As of April 2023, Kangley Bridge Road garage operates routes [181](/wiki/London_Buses_route_181 "London Buses route 181"), [284](/wiki/London_Buses_route_284 "London Buses route 284") and [356](/wiki/London_Buses_route_356 "London Buses route 356"). Buses are also regularly shared with Catford garage.
### Catford (TL)
[thumb\|Entrance to Catford bus garage on Bromley Road, May 2014](/wiki/File:Catford_bus_garage%2C_entrance_from_Bromley_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3991801.jpg "Catford bus garage, entrance from Bromley Road - geograph.org.uk - 3991801.jpg")
As of April 2024, Catford garage operates routes [47](/wiki/London_Buses_route_47 "London Buses route 47"), [54](/wiki/London_Buses_route_54 "London Buses route 54"), [75](/wiki/London_Buses_route_75 "London Buses route 75"), [124](/wiki/London_Buses_route_124 "London Buses route 124"), [136](/wiki/London_Buses_route_136 "London Buses route 136"), [160](/wiki/London_Buses_route_160 "London Buses route 160"), [199](/wiki/London_Buses_route_199 "London Buses route 199"), [273](/wiki/London_Buses_route_273 "London Buses route 273"), [621](/wiki/London_Buses_route_621 "London Buses route 621"), [660](/wiki/London_Buses_route_660 "London Buses route 660") and [N199](/wiki/London_Buses_route_N199 "London Buses route N199"). Some buses are also regularly shared with Kangley Bridge Road garage.{{cite book\|last1\=Carr\|first1\=Ken\|title\=The London Bus Guide\|date\=May 2015\|publisher\=Visions International Entertainment\|location\=Boreham\|isbn\=978\-0\-9931735\-3\-0\|edition\=5}}{{rp\|120}}
#### History
Catford Garage was opened in 1914 by the London General Omnibus Company, however it was requisitioned by the [War Department](/wiki/War_Department_%28United_Kingdom%29 "War Department (United Kingdom)") a year later and used to repair buses used as troop transports during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").{{cite news \|last\=Trotter \|first\=Sarah \|url\=https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/11207556\.pictured\-catford\-bus\-garage\-celebrates\-centenary\-with\-open\-day/ \|title\=PICTURED: Catford bus garage celebrates centenary with open day \|work\=News Shopper \|location\=Kent \|date\=12 May 2014 \|access\-date\=13 May 2014}} The garage did not re\-open until 1920, when Thomas Tilling's Lewisham operation moved there due to space constraints at his other garage. Originally coded L, for Lewisham, it was changed to TL in 1924 to avoid confusion with Loughton.
Thomas Tilling gained an agreement in 1923 to double the size of Catford and to open a new garage in Bromley to cope with the new housing estates that were springing up around the area. The roof has had to be raised twice, first in 1930 to enable double deck buses to use the garage and again in 1948 to accommodate [AEC Regent III RTs](/wiki/AEC_Regent_III_RT "AEC Regent III RT").
By 1954 Catford was operating some 194 RTs, the last leaving in 1978\. A [Leyland\-DAB](/wiki/Leyland-DAB_articulated_bus "Leyland-DAB articulated bus") [articulated bus](/wiki/Articulated_bus "Articulated bus"), the first such bus to operate in public service in [London](/wiki/Articulated_buses_in_London "Articulated buses in London"), was loaned to Selkent by [South Yorkshire Transport](/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Transport "South Yorkshire Transport") in April 1992\. Based at Catford, it was trialled primarily on [route 180](/wiki/London_Buses_route_180 "London Buses route 180") as part of evaluations into replacing double\-deckers on suburban London bus services as a form of [bus rapid transit](/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit "Bus rapid transit").{{cite magazine \|author\= \|date\=11 April 1992 \|title\=Selkent tests artic \|magazine\=Coach \& Bus Week \|issue\=8 \|page\=5 \|location\=Peterborough \|publisher\=Emap}}{{cite book \|last\=Wharmby \|first\=Matthew \|title\=The London Bendy Bus \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fcxODAAAQBAJ \|access\-date\=20 April 2024 \|date\=2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Pen \& Sword Books]] \|location\=Barnsley \|isbn\=978\-1\-78383\-172\-2}}{{rp\|7}}
### Plumstead (PD)
[thumb\|[Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC](/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro400_MMC "Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC") on [route 53](/wiki/London_Buses_route_53 "London Buses route 53") in [Plumstead](/wiki/Plumstead "Plumstead"), July 2022](/wiki/File:Route_53_bus_in_Plumstead.jpg "Route 53 bus in Plumstead.jpg")
As of January 2024, Plumstead garage operates routes [53](/wiki/London_Buses_route_53 "London Buses route 53"), [96](/wiki/London_Buses_route_96 "London Buses route 96"), [122](/wiki/London_Buses_route_122 "London Buses route 122"), [161](/wiki/London_Buses_route_161 "London Buses route 161"), [177](/wiki/London_Buses_route_177 "London Buses route 177"), [180](/wiki/London_Buses_route_180 "London Buses route 180"), [380](/wiki/London_Buses_route_380 "London Buses route 380"), [422](/wiki/London_Buses_route_422 "London Buses route 422"), [472](/wiki/London_Buses_route_472 "London Buses route 472"), [602](/wiki/London_Buses_route_602 "London Buses route 602") and [672](/wiki/London_Buses_route_672 "London Buses route 672").{{rp\|117}}
#### History
Originally intended to be called [Thamesmead](/wiki/Thamesmead "Thamesmead"), Plumstead garage was built in 1981 to replace the existing Plumstead and Abbey Wood garages, additionally being sited to serve the growing Thamesmead area.{{cite news \|last1\=Chamberlain \|first1\=Darryl \|title\=Plumstead bus garage open day is just the ticket for cancer charity \|url\=https://greenwichwire.co.uk/2021/09/18/plumstead\-bus\-garage\-open\-day\-is\-just\-the\-ticket\-for\-cancer\-charity/ \|access\-date\=20 April 2024 \|work\=The Greenwich Wire \|date\=18 September 2021}} Built to hold 185 buses, Plumstead initially had an allocation upon its opening entirely made up of [Scania Metropolitans](/wiki/Scania_Metropolitan "Scania Metropolitan"). By 1983, the garage had changed entirely to [Leyland Titans](/wiki/Leyland_Titan_%28B15%29 "Leyland Titan (B15)"), which by 1985 had begun to be phased out in favour of new [Leyland Olympians](/wiki/Leyland_Olympian "Leyland Olympian").{{cite magazine \|last\=Lyons \|first\=Mark \|date\=7 April 2021 \|title\=Three garages reach 40th anniversary \|url\=https://www.keybuses.com/article/three\-garages\-reach\-40th\-anniversary \|magazine\=Buses \|issue\=794 \|page\=24 \|location\=Stamford \|publisher\=Key Publishing \|access\-date\=20 April 2024 \|url\-access\=subscription}}
A 96\-seat [Alexander](/wiki/Walter_Alexander_Coachbuilders "Walter Alexander Coachbuilders") bodied tri\-axle [Leyland Olympian](/wiki/Leyland_Olympian "Leyland Olympian") destined for [Citybus](/wiki/Citybus_%28Hong_Kong%29 "Citybus (Hong Kong)") of [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") was loaned to Selkent from Citybus' UK subsidiary [Capital Citybus](/wiki/Capital_Citybus "Capital Citybus") in July 1992\. Based at Plumstead, it was trialled primarily on [route 53](/wiki/London_Buses_route_53 "London Buses route 53") for a fortnight before returning to Capital Citybus for a week's trial on [route 123](/wiki/London_Buses_route_123 "London Buses route 123"), after which it was shipped to Hong Kong.{{cite magazine \|author\= \|date\=25 July 1992 \|title\=Megadecker in service with rival \|magazine\=Coach \& Bus Week \|issue\=23 \|page\=6 \|location\=Peterborough \|publisher\=Emap}} The garage would later be home to 35 [Mercedes\-Benz Citaro](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Citaro "Mercedes-Benz Citaro") articulated buses that worked on [route 453](/wiki/London_Buses_route_453 "London Buses route 453") between March 2003 and April 2008,{{rp\|19\-20}} after which the service was operated by [London General](/wiki/London_General "London General").
|
[
"Garages\n-------",
"Selkent operates four bus garages.",
"### Bromley (TB)",
"[thumb\\|North western entrance of Bromley bus garage on [Hastings Road](/wiki/A21_road_%28England%29 \"A21 road (England)\"), August 2016](/wiki/File:Bromley_bus_garage_-_north-west_corner_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5075313.jpg \"Bromley bus garage - north-west corner - geograph.org.uk - 5075313.jpg\")\nAs of February 2024, Bromley garage operates routes [61](/wiki/London_Buses_route_61 \"London Buses route 61\"), [146](/wiki/London_Buses_route_146 \"London Buses route 146\"), [246](/wiki/London_Buses_route_246 \"London Buses route 246\"), [261](/wiki/London_Buses_route_261 \"London Buses route 261\"), [314](/wiki/London_Buses_route_314 \"London Buses route 314\"), [336](/wiki/London_Buses_route_336 \"London Buses route 336\"), [638](/wiki/London_Buses_route_638 \"London Buses route 638\"), [684](/wiki/London_Buses_route_684 \"London Buses route 684\"), [B14](/wiki/London_Buses_route_B14 \"London Buses route B14\") and [SL3](/wiki/London_Buses_route_SL3 \"London Buses route SL3\").",
"#### History",
"Bromley garage was opened by the [London General Omnibus Company](/wiki/London_General_Omnibus_Company \"London General Omnibus Company\") in April 1924\\. Built at a cost of £23,000, it was originally designed to house 60 buses, although the plan was to ultimately enlarge it to take an additional 40 when operations required it. Under an agreement reached with Thomas Tilling, the garage was allocated to the latter's use, along with Croydon and Lewisham, resulting in Tilling\\-type vehicles being the mainstay of the fleet until 1949, when the final petrol\\-engined [STL\\-type](/wiki/AEC_Regent_I \"AEC Regent I\") double deckers were finally superseded. This was made possible by the hire of 17 AEC Regents from [Leeds City Transport](/wiki/Leeds_City_Transport \"Leeds City Transport\").",
"Between 1972 and 1979, [Daimler Fleetlines](/wiki/Daimler_Fleetline \"Daimler Fleetline\") joined the [AEC Regent III RTs](/wiki/AEC_Regent_III_RT \"AEC Regent III RT\"), running alongside them. [AEC Routemasters](/wiki/AEC_Routemaster \"AEC Routemaster\") were not introduced to Bromley until 1975, being replaced in 1984 by [Leyland Titans](/wiki/Leyland_Titan_%28B15%29 \"Leyland Titan (B15)\"). With regards to single\\-deckers, Bromley first housed RF\\-class AEC Regal IVs, arriving in 1952, which were gradually replaced by [AEC Swifts](/wiki/AEC_Swift \"AEC Swift\") between 1968 and 1971\\. FS\\-class [Ford Transit](/wiki/Ford_Transit \"Ford Transit\") minibuses were introduced in 1972 for local route B1,{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.countrybus.org/FS/FS.htm \\|title\\=The London Transport Ford Transits \\|publisher\\=Ian's Bus Stop \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2014}} before these were replaced in 1976 by BS\\-class [Bristol LHSs](/wiki/Bristol_LH \"Bristol LH\"). These were in turn replaced by longer, BL\\-class Bristol LHs in 1978\\. In 1977 [Leyland Nationals](/wiki/Leyland_National \"Leyland National\") replaced the last of the SMSs, and ran alongside the BLs until 1985, when Bromley became the domain of Nationals and Titans.",
"In the early 1990s, the Nationals were replaced by [Carlyle](/wiki/Carlyle_Works \"Carlyle Works\") bodied [Dennis Darts](/wiki/Dennis_Dart \"Dennis Dart\") and [MCW](/wiki/MCW_Metrorider \"MCW Metrorider\")/[Optare MetroRider](/wiki/Optare_MetroRider \"Optare MetroRider\") midibuses. After the takeover by Stagecoach, some of the Titans were replaced by [Volvo Olympians](/wiki/Volvo_Olympian \"Volvo Olympian\"), before the fleet at Bromley began to be standardised on the [Dennis Trident 2](/wiki/Dennis_Trident_2 \"Dennis Trident 2\") and the Dennis Dart SLF. In slightly more recent years, a plot of land on the opposite side of the side road (Lower Gravel Road) was developed into an open yard for storage of the larger number of generally longer, taller, wider vehicles required for today's operations.",
"### Kangley Bridge Road (KB)",
"As of April 2023, Kangley Bridge Road garage operates routes [181](/wiki/London_Buses_route_181 \"London Buses route 181\"), [284](/wiki/London_Buses_route_284 \"London Buses route 284\") and [356](/wiki/London_Buses_route_356 \"London Buses route 356\"). Buses are also regularly shared with Catford garage.",
"### Catford (TL)",
"[thumb\\|Entrance to Catford bus garage on Bromley Road, May 2014](/wiki/File:Catford_bus_garage%2C_entrance_from_Bromley_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3991801.jpg \"Catford bus garage, entrance from Bromley Road - geograph.org.uk - 3991801.jpg\")\nAs of April 2024, Catford garage operates routes [47](/wiki/London_Buses_route_47 \"London Buses route 47\"), [54](/wiki/London_Buses_route_54 \"London Buses route 54\"), [75](/wiki/London_Buses_route_75 \"London Buses route 75\"), [124](/wiki/London_Buses_route_124 \"London Buses route 124\"), [136](/wiki/London_Buses_route_136 \"London Buses route 136\"), [160](/wiki/London_Buses_route_160 \"London Buses route 160\"), [199](/wiki/London_Buses_route_199 \"London Buses route 199\"), [273](/wiki/London_Buses_route_273 \"London Buses route 273\"), [621](/wiki/London_Buses_route_621 \"London Buses route 621\"), [660](/wiki/London_Buses_route_660 \"London Buses route 660\") and [N199](/wiki/London_Buses_route_N199 \"London Buses route N199\"). Some buses are also regularly shared with Kangley Bridge Road garage.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Carr\\|first1\\=Ken\\|title\\=The London Bus Guide\\|date\\=May 2015\\|publisher\\=Visions International Entertainment\\|location\\=Boreham\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9931735\\-3\\-0\\|edition\\=5}}{{rp\\|120}}",
"#### History",
"Catford Garage was opened in 1914 by the London General Omnibus Company, however it was requisitioned by the [War Department](/wiki/War_Department_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"War Department (United Kingdom)\") a year later and used to repair buses used as troop transports during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Trotter \\|first\\=Sarah \\|url\\=https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/11207556\\.pictured\\-catford\\-bus\\-garage\\-celebrates\\-centenary\\-with\\-open\\-day/ \\|title\\=PICTURED: Catford bus garage celebrates centenary with open day \\|work\\=News Shopper \\|location\\=Kent \\|date\\=12 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2014}} The garage did not re\\-open until 1920, when Thomas Tilling's Lewisham operation moved there due to space constraints at his other garage. Originally coded L, for Lewisham, it was changed to TL in 1924 to avoid confusion with Loughton.",
"Thomas Tilling gained an agreement in 1923 to double the size of Catford and to open a new garage in Bromley to cope with the new housing estates that were springing up around the area. The roof has had to be raised twice, first in 1930 to enable double deck buses to use the garage and again in 1948 to accommodate [AEC Regent III RTs](/wiki/AEC_Regent_III_RT \"AEC Regent III RT\").",
"By 1954 Catford was operating some 194 RTs, the last leaving in 1978\\. A [Leyland\\-DAB](/wiki/Leyland-DAB_articulated_bus \"Leyland-DAB articulated bus\") [articulated bus](/wiki/Articulated_bus \"Articulated bus\"), the first such bus to operate in public service in [London](/wiki/Articulated_buses_in_London \"Articulated buses in London\"), was loaned to Selkent by [South Yorkshire Transport](/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Transport \"South Yorkshire Transport\") in April 1992\\. Based at Catford, it was trialled primarily on [route 180](/wiki/London_Buses_route_180 \"London Buses route 180\") as part of evaluations into replacing double\\-deckers on suburban London bus services as a form of [bus rapid transit](/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit \"Bus rapid transit\").{{cite magazine \\|author\\= \\|date\\=11 April 1992 \\|title\\=Selkent tests artic \\|magazine\\=Coach \\& Bus Week \\|issue\\=8 \\|page\\=5 \\|location\\=Peterborough \\|publisher\\=Emap}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Wharmby \\|first\\=Matthew \\|title\\=The London Bendy Bus \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fcxODAAAQBAJ \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|date\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Pen \\& Sword Books]] \\|location\\=Barnsley \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78383\\-172\\-2}}{{rp\\|7}}",
"### Plumstead (PD)",
"[thumb\\|[Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC](/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro400_MMC \"Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC\") on [route 53](/wiki/London_Buses_route_53 \"London Buses route 53\") in [Plumstead](/wiki/Plumstead \"Plumstead\"), July 2022](/wiki/File:Route_53_bus_in_Plumstead.jpg \"Route 53 bus in Plumstead.jpg\")\nAs of January 2024, Plumstead garage operates routes [53](/wiki/London_Buses_route_53 \"London Buses route 53\"), [96](/wiki/London_Buses_route_96 \"London Buses route 96\"), [122](/wiki/London_Buses_route_122 \"London Buses route 122\"), [161](/wiki/London_Buses_route_161 \"London Buses route 161\"), [177](/wiki/London_Buses_route_177 \"London Buses route 177\"), [180](/wiki/London_Buses_route_180 \"London Buses route 180\"), [380](/wiki/London_Buses_route_380 \"London Buses route 380\"), [422](/wiki/London_Buses_route_422 \"London Buses route 422\"), [472](/wiki/London_Buses_route_472 \"London Buses route 472\"), [602](/wiki/London_Buses_route_602 \"London Buses route 602\") and [672](/wiki/London_Buses_route_672 \"London Buses route 672\").{{rp\\|117}}",
"#### History",
"Originally intended to be called [Thamesmead](/wiki/Thamesmead \"Thamesmead\"), Plumstead garage was built in 1981 to replace the existing Plumstead and Abbey Wood garages, additionally being sited to serve the growing Thamesmead area.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Chamberlain \\|first1\\=Darryl \\|title\\=Plumstead bus garage open day is just the ticket for cancer charity \\|url\\=https://greenwichwire.co.uk/2021/09/18/plumstead\\-bus\\-garage\\-open\\-day\\-is\\-just\\-the\\-ticket\\-for\\-cancer\\-charity/ \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|work\\=The Greenwich Wire \\|date\\=18 September 2021}} Built to hold 185 buses, Plumstead initially had an allocation upon its opening entirely made up of [Scania Metropolitans](/wiki/Scania_Metropolitan \"Scania Metropolitan\"). By 1983, the garage had changed entirely to [Leyland Titans](/wiki/Leyland_Titan_%28B15%29 \"Leyland Titan (B15)\"), which by 1985 had begun to be phased out in favour of new [Leyland Olympians](/wiki/Leyland_Olympian \"Leyland Olympian\").{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Lyons \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=7 April 2021 \\|title\\=Three garages reach 40th anniversary \\|url\\=https://www.keybuses.com/article/three\\-garages\\-reach\\-40th\\-anniversary \\|magazine\\=Buses \\|issue\\=794 \\|page\\=24 \\|location\\=Stamford \\|publisher\\=Key Publishing \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}",
"A 96\\-seat [Alexander](/wiki/Walter_Alexander_Coachbuilders \"Walter Alexander Coachbuilders\") bodied tri\\-axle [Leyland Olympian](/wiki/Leyland_Olympian \"Leyland Olympian\") destined for [Citybus](/wiki/Citybus_%28Hong_Kong%29 \"Citybus (Hong Kong)\") of [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") was loaned to Selkent from Citybus' UK subsidiary [Capital Citybus](/wiki/Capital_Citybus \"Capital Citybus\") in July 1992\\. Based at Plumstead, it was trialled primarily on [route 53](/wiki/London_Buses_route_53 \"London Buses route 53\") for a fortnight before returning to Capital Citybus for a week's trial on [route 123](/wiki/London_Buses_route_123 \"London Buses route 123\"), after which it was shipped to Hong Kong.{{cite magazine \\|author\\= \\|date\\=25 July 1992 \\|title\\=Megadecker in service with rival \\|magazine\\=Coach \\& Bus Week \\|issue\\=23 \\|page\\=6 \\|location\\=Peterborough \\|publisher\\=Emap}} The garage would later be home to 35 [Mercedes\\-Benz Citaro](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Citaro \"Mercedes-Benz Citaro\") articulated buses that worked on [route 453](/wiki/London_Buses_route_453 \"London Buses route 453\") between March 2003 and April 2008,{{rp\\|19\\-20}} after which the service was operated by [London General](/wiki/London_General \"London General\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Petit was born in 1961, in [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille"), to an [engineer](/wiki/Engineer "Engineer") father and an English [teacher](/wiki/Teacher "Teacher") mother. He grew up in [Lorraine](/wiki/Lorraine "Lorraine"), where his father came to work in the [steel industry](/wiki/Steel_industry "Steel industry"). He attended the lycée Schuman, then entered the [lycée Fabert](/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fabert "Lycée Fabert") to study higher mathematics.
In September 1982, he did a 16\-month national service in [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon "Cameroon"), and on his return, he decided to work full time on a social project in the Borny ZUP, in [Metz](/wiki/Metz "Metz"). He spent eleven years as [director](/wiki/Company_director "Company director") of the Borny social center management committee.
In 1994, he became [director](/wiki/Director_%28business%29 "Director (business)") of the Bévoye intercultural center, a cross\-border experience for young Europeans.
In 1998, he joined the Compagnie générale de chauffe, the forerunner of the [Veolia](/wiki/Veolia "Veolia") Énergie group, which in 2000 offered him the opportunity to move to [Central Europe](/wiki/Central_Europe "Central Europe") ([Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania") and then Poland) where the group was actively developing at the time.
From 2005 to 2009, he managed Onyx Polska (Veolia Environnement). He was elected by the profession as President of the Polish Waste Treatment Employers' Union. In this capacity, he participated to the works of the [Polish Parliament](/wiki/Polish_Parliament "Polish Parliament").
In 2009 and 2010, he worked on a freelance basis, carrying out a wide range of engineering and [transition management](/wiki/Transition_management "Transition management") assignments in Europe (methane capture in the old mines of the [Donbas](/wiki/Donbas "Donbas"), advice to a Polish MEP for the Cop 15, heating network audits in [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe"), etc.).
In August 2010, the BTP Consolis (Bonna Sabla) building and public works group asked him to go to [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt"), initially to revitalize its Egyptian subsidiary, then for objectives that were quickly less ambitious in economic terms after the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring"). After five years, he returned to [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"), still for the Consolis group, to create "Consolis Central Europe". He manages this company and its subsidiaries (Romania, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Serbia, [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine")). He left the Consolis group in August 2016\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Petit was born in 1961, in [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\"), to an [engineer](/wiki/Engineer \"Engineer\") father and an English [teacher](/wiki/Teacher \"Teacher\") mother. He grew up in [Lorraine](/wiki/Lorraine \"Lorraine\"), where his father came to work in the [steel industry](/wiki/Steel_industry \"Steel industry\"). He attended the lycée Schuman, then entered the [lycée Fabert](/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fabert \"Lycée Fabert\") to study higher mathematics.",
"In September 1982, he did a 16\\-month national service in [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon \"Cameroon\"), and on his return, he decided to work full time on a social project in the Borny ZUP, in [Metz](/wiki/Metz \"Metz\"). He spent eleven years as [director](/wiki/Company_director \"Company director\") of the Borny social center management committee.",
"In 1994, he became [director](/wiki/Director_%28business%29 \"Director (business)\") of the Bévoye intercultural center, a cross\\-border experience for young Europeans.",
"In 1998, he joined the Compagnie générale de chauffe, the forerunner of the [Veolia](/wiki/Veolia \"Veolia\") Énergie group, which in 2000 offered him the opportunity to move to [Central Europe](/wiki/Central_Europe \"Central Europe\") ([Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania \"Lithuania\") and then Poland) where the group was actively developing at the time.",
"From 2005 to 2009, he managed Onyx Polska (Veolia Environnement). He was elected by the profession as President of the Polish Waste Treatment Employers' Union. In this capacity, he participated to the works of the [Polish Parliament](/wiki/Polish_Parliament \"Polish Parliament\").",
"In 2009 and 2010, he worked on a freelance basis, carrying out a wide range of engineering and [transition management](/wiki/Transition_management \"Transition management\") assignments in Europe (methane capture in the old mines of the [Donbas](/wiki/Donbas \"Donbas\"), advice to a Polish MEP for the Cop 15, heating network audits in [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\"), etc.).",
"In August 2010, the BTP Consolis (Bonna Sabla) building and public works group asked him to go to [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\"), initially to revitalize its Egyptian subsidiary, then for objectives that were quickly less ambitious in economic terms after the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring \"Arab Spring\"). After five years, he returned to [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"), still for the Consolis group, to create \"Consolis Central Europe\". He manages this company and its subsidiaries (Romania, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Serbia, [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\")). He left the Consolis group in August 2016\\.",
""
] |
Features
--------
### Flyme
{{Main\|Meizu\#Flyme OS}}
The Meizu U20 was released with an updated version of [Flyme OS](/wiki/Flyme_OS "Flyme OS"), a modified operating system based on [Android Marshmallow](/wiki/Android_Marshmallow "Android Marshmallow"). It features an alternative, flat design and improved one\-handed usability.
### Hardware and design
The Meizu U20 features a [MediaTek Helio P10](/wiki/MediaTek%23Octa-_and_deca-core "MediaTek#Octa- and deca-core") [system\-on\-a\-chip](/wiki/System-on-a-chip "System-on-a-chip") with an array of eight [ARM](/wiki/ARM_architecture "ARM architecture") [Cortex\-A53](/wiki/Cortex-A53 "Cortex-A53") [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit") cores, an ARM [Mali\-T860](/wiki/Mali "Mali") MP2 [GPU](/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit "Graphics processing unit") and 2 or 3 GB of [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory "Random-access memory").
The U20 is available in four different colors (white, black, champagne gold and rose gold) and comes with either 2 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage or with 3 GB of RAM and 32 GB of internal storage.
The Meizu U20 has a full\-metal frame, while the front and the back are made out of glass. The U20 measures {{convert\|153\.0\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} x {{convert\|75\.4\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} x {{convert\|7\.7\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} and weighs {{convert\|158\|g\|oz\|abbr\=on}}. It has a [slate form factor](/wiki/Form_factor_%28mobile_phones%29%23Touchscreen/slate "Form factor (mobile phones)#Touchscreen/slate"), being rectangular with rounded corners and has only one central physical button at the front.
Unlike most other Android smartphones, the U10 doesn't have capacitive buttons nor on\-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The U10 further extends this button by a [fingerprint sensor](/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition%23Fingerprint_sensors "Fingerprint recognition#Fingerprint sensors") called mTouch.
The U20 features a fully laminated 5\.5\-inch [multi\-touch](/wiki/Multi-touch "Multi-touch") [capacitive touchscreen](/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen "Capacitive touchscreen") display with a [HD](/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution%23Full_HD_%281920x1080%29 "Graphics display resolution#Full HD (1920x1080)") resolution of 1080 by 1920 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 400 ppi.
In addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3\.5mm [TRS audio jack](/wiki/Phone_connector_%28audio%29 "Phone connector (audio)") on the top and a [microUSB (Micro\-B type) port](/wiki/USB%23Mini_and_micro_connectors "USB#Mini and micro connectors") on the bottom for charging and connectivity.
The Meizu U20 has two cameras. The rear camera has a resolution of 13 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel "Megapixel"), a ƒ/2\.2 aperture, a 5\-element lens, phase\-detection autofocus and an LED flash.
The front camera has a resolution of 5 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel "Megapixel"), a ƒ/2\.0 aperture and a 4\-element lens.
|
[
"Features\n--------",
"### Flyme",
"{{Main\\|Meizu\\#Flyme OS}}",
"The Meizu U20 was released with an updated version of [Flyme OS](/wiki/Flyme_OS \"Flyme OS\"), a modified operating system based on [Android Marshmallow](/wiki/Android_Marshmallow \"Android Marshmallow\"). It features an alternative, flat design and improved one\\-handed usability.",
"### Hardware and design",
"The Meizu U20 features a [MediaTek Helio P10](/wiki/MediaTek%23Octa-_and_deca-core \"MediaTek#Octa- and deca-core\") [system\\-on\\-a\\-chip](/wiki/System-on-a-chip \"System-on-a-chip\") with an array of eight [ARM](/wiki/ARM_architecture \"ARM architecture\") [Cortex\\-A53](/wiki/Cortex-A53 \"Cortex-A53\") [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit \"Central processing unit\") cores, an ARM [Mali\\-T860](/wiki/Mali \"Mali\") MP2 [GPU](/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit \"Graphics processing unit\") and 2 or 3 GB of [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory \"Random-access memory\").",
"The U20 is available in four different colors (white, black, champagne gold and rose gold) and comes with either 2 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage or with 3 GB of RAM and 32 GB of internal storage.",
"The Meizu U20 has a full\\-metal frame, while the front and the back are made out of glass. The U20 measures {{convert\\|153\\.0\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} x {{convert\\|75\\.4\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} x {{convert\\|7\\.7\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} and weighs {{convert\\|158\\|g\\|oz\\|abbr\\=on}}. It has a [slate form factor](/wiki/Form_factor_%28mobile_phones%29%23Touchscreen/slate \"Form factor (mobile phones)#Touchscreen/slate\"), being rectangular with rounded corners and has only one central physical button at the front.\nUnlike most other Android smartphones, the U10 doesn't have capacitive buttons nor on\\-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The U10 further extends this button by a [fingerprint sensor](/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition%23Fingerprint_sensors \"Fingerprint recognition#Fingerprint sensors\") called mTouch.",
"The U20 features a fully laminated 5\\.5\\-inch [multi\\-touch](/wiki/Multi-touch \"Multi-touch\") [capacitive touchscreen](/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen \"Capacitive touchscreen\") display with a [HD](/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution%23Full_HD_%281920x1080%29 \"Graphics display resolution#Full HD (1920x1080)\") resolution of 1080 by 1920 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 400 ppi.",
"In addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3\\.5mm [TRS audio jack](/wiki/Phone_connector_%28audio%29 \"Phone connector (audio)\") on the top and a [microUSB (Micro\\-B type) port](/wiki/USB%23Mini_and_micro_connectors \"USB#Mini and micro connectors\") on the bottom for charging and connectivity.",
"The Meizu U20 has two cameras. The rear camera has a resolution of 13 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel \"Megapixel\"), a ƒ/2\\.2 aperture, a 5\\-element lens, phase\\-detection autofocus and an LED flash.\nThe front camera has a resolution of 5 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel \"Megapixel\"), a ƒ/2\\.0 aperture and a 4\\-element lens.",
""
] |
### Hardware and design
The Meizu U20 features a [MediaTek Helio P10](/wiki/MediaTek%23Octa-_and_deca-core "MediaTek#Octa- and deca-core") [system\-on\-a\-chip](/wiki/System-on-a-chip "System-on-a-chip") with an array of eight [ARM](/wiki/ARM_architecture "ARM architecture") [Cortex\-A53](/wiki/Cortex-A53 "Cortex-A53") [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit") cores, an ARM [Mali\-T860](/wiki/Mali "Mali") MP2 [GPU](/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit "Graphics processing unit") and 2 or 3 GB of [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory "Random-access memory").
The U20 is available in four different colors (white, black, champagne gold and rose gold) and comes with either 2 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage or with 3 GB of RAM and 32 GB of internal storage.
The Meizu U20 has a full\-metal frame, while the front and the back are made out of glass. The U20 measures {{convert\|153\.0\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} x {{convert\|75\.4\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} x {{convert\|7\.7\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}} and weighs {{convert\|158\|g\|oz\|abbr\=on}}. It has a [slate form factor](/wiki/Form_factor_%28mobile_phones%29%23Touchscreen/slate "Form factor (mobile phones)#Touchscreen/slate"), being rectangular with rounded corners and has only one central physical button at the front.
Unlike most other Android smartphones, the U10 doesn't have capacitive buttons nor on\-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The U10 further extends this button by a [fingerprint sensor](/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition%23Fingerprint_sensors "Fingerprint recognition#Fingerprint sensors") called mTouch.
The U20 features a fully laminated 5\.5\-inch [multi\-touch](/wiki/Multi-touch "Multi-touch") [capacitive touchscreen](/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen "Capacitive touchscreen") display with a [HD](/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution%23Full_HD_%281920x1080%29 "Graphics display resolution#Full HD (1920x1080)") resolution of 1080 by 1920 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 400 ppi.
In addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3\.5mm [TRS audio jack](/wiki/Phone_connector_%28audio%29 "Phone connector (audio)") on the top and a [microUSB (Micro\-B type) port](/wiki/USB%23Mini_and_micro_connectors "USB#Mini and micro connectors") on the bottom for charging and connectivity.
The Meizu U20 has two cameras. The rear camera has a resolution of 13 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel "Megapixel"), a ƒ/2\.2 aperture, a 5\-element lens, phase\-detection autofocus and an LED flash.
The front camera has a resolution of 5 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel "Megapixel"), a ƒ/2\.0 aperture and a 4\-element lens.
|
[
"### Hardware and design",
"The Meizu U20 features a [MediaTek Helio P10](/wiki/MediaTek%23Octa-_and_deca-core \"MediaTek#Octa- and deca-core\") [system\\-on\\-a\\-chip](/wiki/System-on-a-chip \"System-on-a-chip\") with an array of eight [ARM](/wiki/ARM_architecture \"ARM architecture\") [Cortex\\-A53](/wiki/Cortex-A53 \"Cortex-A53\") [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit \"Central processing unit\") cores, an ARM [Mali\\-T860](/wiki/Mali \"Mali\") MP2 [GPU](/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit \"Graphics processing unit\") and 2 or 3 GB of [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory \"Random-access memory\").",
"The U20 is available in four different colors (white, black, champagne gold and rose gold) and comes with either 2 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage or with 3 GB of RAM and 32 GB of internal storage.",
"The Meizu U20 has a full\\-metal frame, while the front and the back are made out of glass. The U20 measures {{convert\\|153\\.0\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} x {{convert\\|75\\.4\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} x {{convert\\|7\\.7\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} and weighs {{convert\\|158\\|g\\|oz\\|abbr\\=on}}. It has a [slate form factor](/wiki/Form_factor_%28mobile_phones%29%23Touchscreen/slate \"Form factor (mobile phones)#Touchscreen/slate\"), being rectangular with rounded corners and has only one central physical button at the front.\nUnlike most other Android smartphones, the U10 doesn't have capacitive buttons nor on\\-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The U10 further extends this button by a [fingerprint sensor](/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition%23Fingerprint_sensors \"Fingerprint recognition#Fingerprint sensors\") called mTouch.",
"The U20 features a fully laminated 5\\.5\\-inch [multi\\-touch](/wiki/Multi-touch \"Multi-touch\") [capacitive touchscreen](/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen \"Capacitive touchscreen\") display with a [HD](/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution%23Full_HD_%281920x1080%29 \"Graphics display resolution#Full HD (1920x1080)\") resolution of 1080 by 1920 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 400 ppi.",
"In addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3\\.5mm [TRS audio jack](/wiki/Phone_connector_%28audio%29 \"Phone connector (audio)\") on the top and a [microUSB (Micro\\-B type) port](/wiki/USB%23Mini_and_micro_connectors \"USB#Mini and micro connectors\") on the bottom for charging and connectivity.",
"The Meizu U20 has two cameras. The rear camera has a resolution of 13 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel \"Megapixel\"), a ƒ/2\\.2 aperture, a 5\\-element lens, phase\\-detection autofocus and an LED flash.\nThe front camera has a resolution of 5 [MP](/wiki/Megapixel \"Megapixel\"), a ƒ/2\\.0 aperture and a 4\\-element lens.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Los Angeles Dodgers
[thumb\|left\|Dickson with the [Oklahoma City Dodgers](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Dodgers "Oklahoma City Dodgers")](/wiki/Image:Okdickson.jpg "Okdickson.jpg")
The [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers") selected Dickson in the 12th round of the [2011 MLB Draft](/wiki/2011_MLB_Draft "2011 MLB Draft").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.cgi?id\=dickso000oko\|title\=O'Koyea Dickson minor league statistics \& history\|work\=Baseball Reference}} He spent 2011 with the [Ogden Raptors](/wiki/Ogden_Raptors "Ogden Raptors") and 2012 with the [Great Lakes Loons](/wiki/Great_Lakes_Loons "Great Lakes Loons"). He hit .280 with 15 homers and 88 RBI in 2013 with the [Rancho Cucamonga Quakes](/wiki/Rancho_Cucamonga_Quakes "Rancho Cucamonga Quakes") of the [California League](/wiki/California_League "California League"). In 2014, he played with the AA [Chattanooga Lookouts](/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts "Chattanooga Lookouts") of the [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_League_%281964%E2%80%932020%29 "Southern League (1964–2020)"), where he hit .269 with 17 homers and 73 RBI and scored an invite to spring training for 2015\. He was assigned to the AAA [Oklahoma City Dodgers](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Dodgers "Oklahoma City Dodgers").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.insidesocal.com/dodgers/2015/04/07/revealed\-opening\-day\-roster\-for\-triple\-a\-oklahoma\-city/\|title\=Revealed: Opening Day roster for Triple\-A Oklahoma City.\|work\=LA Daily News\|first\=J.P.\|last\=Hoornstra\|date\=April 7, 2015\|access\-date\=April 7, 2015}} He appeared in 117 games and hit .262 with 12 homers and 50 RBI. In 2016, he remained with Oklahoma City and hit .328 with 18 homers and 64 RBIs in 101 games. In 2017, he played in 116 games and hit .246 with 24 homers and 76 RBI for Oklahoma City.
The Dodgers promoted Dickson to the major leagues for the first time on September 1, 2017\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.truebluela.com/2017/9/1/16238334/dodgers\-roster\-moves\-september\-clayton\-kershaw\-alex\-verdugo\-andre\-ethier\-okoyea\-dickson\|title\=Dodgers make flurry of roster moves as rosters expand\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=September 1, 2017\|access\-date\=September 1, 2017}} He made his major league debut the following day as the starting [leftfielder](/wiki/Leftfielder "Leftfielder") and was hitless in three at\-bats with one walk.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201709021\.shtml\|title\=Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Box Score, September 2, 2017\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=September 3, 2017}} He appeared in a total of seven games and had one hit in seven at\-bats for the Dodgers.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/d/dicksok01\.shtml\|title\=O'Koyea Dickson Statistics \& History\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=November 6, 2017}} His first major league hit was a single to centerfield off of [Madison Bumgarner](/wiki/Madison_Bumgarner "Madison Bumgarner") of the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") on September 23, 2017\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201709230\.shtml\|title\=San Francisco Giants at Los Angeles Dodgers Box Score, September 23, 2017\|work\=Baseball Reference\|access\-date\=November 6, 2017}} He suffered a shoulder injury late in the month and was placed on the disabled list.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\-sp\-dodgers\-rockies\-20170929\-story.html\|title\=Dodgers promote speedy Tim Locastro for last\-minute playoff audition\|work\=LA Times\|first\=Andy\|last\=McCullough\|date\=September 29, 2017\|access\-date\=November 6, 2017}} Dickson was outrighted to the minors and removed from the 40\-man roster on November 6, 2017\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.truebluela.com/2017/11/6/16604446/logan\-forsythe\-option\-exercised\-2018\-dodgers\|title\=Dodgers exercise 2018 option on Logan Forsythe\|work\=SB Nation\|first\=Eric\|last\=Stephen\|date\=November 6, 2017\|access\-date\=November 6, 2017}} He elected free agency the same day.{{Cite web\|title\=Minor League Free Agents 2017\|url\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\-league\-free\-agents\-2017/?amphtml\|access\-date\=July 15, 2023\|website\=baseballamerica.com\|language\=en}}
### Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles
On December 26, 2017, Dickson signed a contract with the [Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles](/wiki/Tohoku_Rakuten_Golden_Eagles "Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles") of [Nippon Professional Baseball](/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball "Nippon Professional Baseball") (NPB).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2017/12/26/baseball/japanese\-baseball/eagles\-finalize\-deal\-veteran\-outfielder\-okoyea\-dickson/\#.WkJ\_Jd\-nHIV\|title\=Eagles finalize deal with veteran outfielder O'Koyea Dickson\|work\=Japan Times\|date\=December 26, 2017\|access\-date\=December 26, 2017}} He became a free agent following the 2018 season.
### Washington Nationals
On February 15, 2019, Dickson signed a minor league contract with the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals "Washington Nationals").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\-league\-transactions\-nov\-6\-21\-2018/\|title\=Minor League Transactions: Feb 16 \- Feb 22\|work\=Baseball America\|first\=Matt\|last\=Eddy\|date\=February 26, 2019\|access\-date\=March 6, 2019}} He was released on May 14, 2019\.
### Sugar Land Skeeters
On June 3, 2019, Dickson signed with the [Sugar Land Skeeters](/wiki/Sugar_Land_Skeeters "Sugar Land Skeeters") of the [Atlantic League of Professional Baseball](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball "Atlantic League of Professional Baseball").
### Generales de Durango
On June 25, 2019, Dickson's contract was purchased by the [Generales de Durango](/wiki/Generales_de_Durango "Generales de Durango") of the [Mexican League](/wiki/Mexican_League "Mexican League"). He was released on July 29, 2019\.
### Vallejo Admirals
On August 3, 2019, Dickson signed with the [Vallejo Admirals](/wiki/Vallejo_Admirals "Vallejo Admirals") of the [Pacific Association](/wiki/Pacific_Association "Pacific Association").
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Los Angeles Dodgers",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Dickson with the [Oklahoma City Dodgers](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Dodgers \"Oklahoma City Dodgers\")](/wiki/Image:Okdickson.jpg \"Okdickson.jpg\")\nThe [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\") selected Dickson in the 12th round of the [2011 MLB Draft](/wiki/2011_MLB_Draft \"2011 MLB Draft\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.cgi?id\\=dickso000oko\\|title\\=O'Koyea Dickson minor league statistics \\& history\\|work\\=Baseball Reference}} He spent 2011 with the [Ogden Raptors](/wiki/Ogden_Raptors \"Ogden Raptors\") and 2012 with the [Great Lakes Loons](/wiki/Great_Lakes_Loons \"Great Lakes Loons\"). He hit .280 with 15 homers and 88 RBI in 2013 with the [Rancho Cucamonga Quakes](/wiki/Rancho_Cucamonga_Quakes \"Rancho Cucamonga Quakes\") of the [California League](/wiki/California_League \"California League\"). In 2014, he played with the AA [Chattanooga Lookouts](/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts \"Chattanooga Lookouts\") of the [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_League_%281964%E2%80%932020%29 \"Southern League (1964–2020)\"), where he hit .269 with 17 homers and 73 RBI and scored an invite to spring training for 2015\\. He was assigned to the AAA [Oklahoma City Dodgers](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Dodgers \"Oklahoma City Dodgers\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.insidesocal.com/dodgers/2015/04/07/revealed\\-opening\\-day\\-roster\\-for\\-triple\\-a\\-oklahoma\\-city/\\|title\\=Revealed: Opening Day roster for Triple\\-A Oklahoma City.\\|work\\=LA Daily News\\|first\\=J.P.\\|last\\=Hoornstra\\|date\\=April 7, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=April 7, 2015}} He appeared in 117 games and hit .262 with 12 homers and 50 RBI. In 2016, he remained with Oklahoma City and hit .328 with 18 homers and 64 RBIs in 101 games. In 2017, he played in 116 games and hit .246 with 24 homers and 76 RBI for Oklahoma City.",
"The Dodgers promoted Dickson to the major leagues for the first time on September 1, 2017\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.truebluela.com/2017/9/1/16238334/dodgers\\-roster\\-moves\\-september\\-clayton\\-kershaw\\-alex\\-verdugo\\-andre\\-ethier\\-okoyea\\-dickson\\|title\\=Dodgers make flurry of roster moves as rosters expand\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=September 1, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2017}} He made his major league debut the following day as the starting [leftfielder](/wiki/Leftfielder \"Leftfielder\") and was hitless in three at\\-bats with one walk.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201709021\\.shtml\\|title\\=Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Box Score, September 2, 2017\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2017}} He appeared in a total of seven games and had one hit in seven at\\-bats for the Dodgers.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/d/dicksok01\\.shtml\\|title\\=O'Koyea Dickson Statistics \\& History\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2017}} His first major league hit was a single to centerfield off of [Madison Bumgarner](/wiki/Madison_Bumgarner \"Madison Bumgarner\") of the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") on September 23, 2017\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201709230\\.shtml\\|title\\=San Francisco Giants at Los Angeles Dodgers Box Score, September 23, 2017\\|work\\=Baseball Reference\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2017}} He suffered a shoulder injury late in the month and was placed on the disabled list.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la\\-sp\\-dodgers\\-rockies\\-20170929\\-story.html\\|title\\=Dodgers promote speedy Tim Locastro for last\\-minute playoff audition\\|work\\=LA Times\\|first\\=Andy\\|last\\=McCullough\\|date\\=September 29, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2017}} Dickson was outrighted to the minors and removed from the 40\\-man roster on November 6, 2017\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.truebluela.com/2017/11/6/16604446/logan\\-forsythe\\-option\\-exercised\\-2018\\-dodgers\\|title\\=Dodgers exercise 2018 option on Logan Forsythe\\|work\\=SB Nation\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Stephen\\|date\\=November 6, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=November 6, 2017}} He elected free agency the same day.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Minor League Free Agents 2017\\|url\\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\\-league\\-free\\-agents\\-2017/?amphtml\\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2023\\|website\\=baseballamerica.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles",
"On December 26, 2017, Dickson signed a contract with the [Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles](/wiki/Tohoku_Rakuten_Golden_Eagles \"Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles\") of [Nippon Professional Baseball](/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball \"Nippon Professional Baseball\") (NPB).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2017/12/26/baseball/japanese\\-baseball/eagles\\-finalize\\-deal\\-veteran\\-outfielder\\-okoyea\\-dickson/\\#.WkJ\\_Jd\\-nHIV\\|title\\=Eagles finalize deal with veteran outfielder O'Koyea Dickson\\|work\\=Japan Times\\|date\\=December 26, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 26, 2017}} He became a free agent following the 2018 season.",
"### Washington Nationals",
"On February 15, 2019, Dickson signed a minor league contract with the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals \"Washington Nationals\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor\\-league\\-transactions\\-nov\\-6\\-21\\-2018/\\|title\\=Minor League Transactions: Feb 16 \\- Feb 22\\|work\\=Baseball America\\|first\\=Matt\\|last\\=Eddy\\|date\\=February 26, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=March 6, 2019}} He was released on May 14, 2019\\.",
"### Sugar Land Skeeters",
"On June 3, 2019, Dickson signed with the [Sugar Land Skeeters](/wiki/Sugar_Land_Skeeters \"Sugar Land Skeeters\") of the [Atlantic League of Professional Baseball](/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball \"Atlantic League of Professional Baseball\").",
"### Generales de Durango",
"On June 25, 2019, Dickson's contract was purchased by the [Generales de Durango](/wiki/Generales_de_Durango \"Generales de Durango\") of the [Mexican League](/wiki/Mexican_League \"Mexican League\"). He was released on July 29, 2019\\.",
"### Vallejo Admirals",
"On August 3, 2019, Dickson signed with the [Vallejo Admirals](/wiki/Vallejo_Admirals \"Vallejo Admirals\") of the [Pacific Association](/wiki/Pacific_Association \"Pacific Association\").",
""
] |
Characters
----------
**Frankie** played by Isobel Middleton
Frankie is a female robot who works at the café as the manageress. She is the smartest of the trio and uses many of the gadgets on her body to help out with problems and to sometimes fight the Baroness.
**Igor** played by David Shimwell
Igor is a 1\-trillion\-millenniums\-old [Transylvanian](/wiki/Transylvania "Transylvania") man who has very poor hygiene (but claims it's an old Transylvanian custom). He also works at the café as the cook, and loves making potions and other weird concoctions. He also has a pet dustbin called Vinny. Igor also has a short temper, when he gets angry he has a 'Monster Wobbly' where he breathes fire and throws saucepans and custard pies (which always hit Skull) at other monsters.
**Mummy** played by [Toby Sedgwick](/wiki/Toby_Sedgwick "Toby Sedgwick")
Mummy is a 6000\-year\-old [Egyptian](/wiki/Ancient_Egypt "Ancient Egypt") [mummy](/wiki/Mummy "Mummy") who works at the café as the caretaker. He is very dim\-witted and often gets stuff wrong. He also pronounces his Ms as Rs (So he called himself Rummy). Mummy sleeps in a coffin.
**Baroness de Monstro** played by [Peta Lily](/wiki/Peta_Lily "Peta Lily")
The Baroness is the bad\-tempered boss of the monsters. She also hates the monsters having any kind of fun and meals being given away for free. She created Frankie to help her manage the café.
### Minor characters
**Vinny the Bin**
Igor's pet dustbin, who acts very much like a dog and will eat anything.
**Skull** voiced and puppeteered by [Simon Davies](/wiki/Simon_Davies_%28Welsh_TV_presenter%29 "Simon Davies (Welsh TV presenter)")
A talking skull who lives in the Monster Café. He always tells incredibly bad jokes and is often mistreated, by being turned into a cabbage by the Baroness or having a custard pie thrown at him by Igor.
**Chas** played by Richard Ashton
Monster Café's best and favourite customer. Chas loves eating slugs and talks with a very strong [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham") accent.
[Marcel McCalla](/wiki/Marcel_McCalla "Marcel McCalla") narrates the show.
|
[
"Characters\n----------",
"**Frankie** played by Isobel Middleton",
"Frankie is a female robot who works at the café as the manageress. She is the smartest of the trio and uses many of the gadgets on her body to help out with problems and to sometimes fight the Baroness.",
"**Igor** played by David Shimwell",
"Igor is a 1\\-trillion\\-millenniums\\-old [Transylvanian](/wiki/Transylvania \"Transylvania\") man who has very poor hygiene (but claims it's an old Transylvanian custom). He also works at the café as the cook, and loves making potions and other weird concoctions. He also has a pet dustbin called Vinny. Igor also has a short temper, when he gets angry he has a 'Monster Wobbly' where he breathes fire and throws saucepans and custard pies (which always hit Skull) at other monsters.",
"**Mummy** played by [Toby Sedgwick](/wiki/Toby_Sedgwick \"Toby Sedgwick\")",
"Mummy is a 6000\\-year\\-old [Egyptian](/wiki/Ancient_Egypt \"Ancient Egypt\") [mummy](/wiki/Mummy \"Mummy\") who works at the café as the caretaker. He is very dim\\-witted and often gets stuff wrong. He also pronounces his Ms as Rs (So he called himself Rummy). Mummy sleeps in a coffin.",
"**Baroness de Monstro** played by [Peta Lily](/wiki/Peta_Lily \"Peta Lily\")",
"The Baroness is the bad\\-tempered boss of the monsters. She also hates the monsters having any kind of fun and meals being given away for free. She created Frankie to help her manage the café.",
"### Minor characters",
"**Vinny the Bin**",
"Igor's pet dustbin, who acts very much like a dog and will eat anything.",
"**Skull** voiced and puppeteered by [Simon Davies](/wiki/Simon_Davies_%28Welsh_TV_presenter%29 \"Simon Davies (Welsh TV presenter)\")",
"A talking skull who lives in the Monster Café. He always tells incredibly bad jokes and is often mistreated, by being turned into a cabbage by the Baroness or having a custard pie thrown at him by Igor.",
"**Chas** played by Richard Ashton",
"Monster Café's best and favourite customer. Chas loves eating slugs and talks with a very strong [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\") accent.",
"[Marcel McCalla](/wiki/Marcel_McCalla \"Marcel McCalla\") narrates the show.",
""
] |
History
-------
### The Pre\-War Years
Mr E R Gudge commenced trading at Crossroads Garage, 44 Frensham Road, Lower Bourne on 3 January 1921\. The company operated primarily as a motor vehicle dealer and repairer, and owned two private hire cars. Following a fire on 3 January 1923, a new larger workshop was constructed and the decision was made to operate vehicles for passenger transport. Company records show that in 1926 the first coach was purchased. A further seven vehicles were bought between 1929 and 1939\. During this period, the company had quickly become established as a reliable company undertaking daily excursions, and as a private hire specialist.A history of E R Gudge and Comfy Coaches Ltd by Phil Sawkins
### World War II
Following declaration of war in 1939 parts of Crossroads Garage were requisitioned as an [Auxiliary Fire Service](/wiki/Auxiliary_Fire_Service "Auxiliary Fire Service") station which was staffed full\-time.
During 1940 a contract for the conveyance of workmen and [ENSA](/wiki/Entertainments_National_Service_Association "Entertainments National Service Association") artists kept the coach business viable until the end of the war. The close proximity of [Aldershot Garrison](/wiki/Aldershot_Garrison "Aldershot Garrison") helped to provide this much\-needed business. In 1940 \- 1941 two further vehicles were purchased, these having been first registered in [Falkirk](/wiki/Falkirk "Falkirk") in 1936, and [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans "St Albans") in 1939; both had been operated by the [War Department](/wiki/War_Department_%28United_Kingdom%29 "War Department (United Kingdom)") and arrived in camouflage. In 1943 another coach was purchased second\-hand.
### The post\-war years
Following the cessation of hostilities the company was allowed to recommence work, although this was restricted to a 35\-mile radius, which made [Southsea](/wiki/Southsea "Southsea") a popular destination. These excursions were heavily oversubscribed with passengers from the surrounding area, determined to return to their normal ways of recreation. One of the vehicles was used during VE parade celebrations, in Lower Bourne and Farnham.
The late 1940s saw a significant expansion of the fleet and disposal of some of the older vehicles. This was a substantial investment for the company, and reiterated its intention to give the passengers reliability and comfort. In 1953 the company opened a booking office in Castle Street, Farnham, which offered over one hundred licensed destinations. The popular day excursions to the South Coast continued, with trips to [Clacton on Sea](/wiki/Clacton_on_Sea "Clacton on Sea"), [Widecombe](/wiki/Widecombe "Widecombe"), and [Bekonscot Model Village](/wiki/Bekonscot "Bekonscot") being examples of the excursions on offer. The company now operated three\-day excursions to [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool "Blackpool"); North and South [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon") and special excursions were on offer. The private hire business proved so popular, that on Saturdays during the summer months the assistance of other operators was required. Occasionally, assistance was required on a Sunday, with owned company vehicles being solely responsible for excursion and tour business during these busy periods.
For the long distance work an extra fuel tank was added, and the seating capacity reduced for passenger comfort. Manning levels on the vehicles were also varied to accommodate some locations. For long distance day tours, generally those of over 300 miles (popularly known as Picnic Tours), allowance was made for two drivers to be available for one coach or three drivers to two vehicles, dependent on passenger numbers.
Contracts with the Education Authority and school trips were awarded to the company, and many people in the local area have fond memories of travelling on a Comfy Coach. Special tours were also being undertaken, such as two\-week tours of [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") with Farnham Town Junior Choir.
Modernisation of the fleet continued through the 1950s and, in 1956, the company first participated in the [British Coach Rally](/wiki/British_Coach_Rally "British Coach Rally") at [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton"), the inaugural rally having taken place in 1955 at Clacton. The rally was held over two days, normally in April or May. On this occasion the first day consisted of the driving section, where the vehicle was timed en route, which that year commenced at the Marquis of Granby in [Esher](/wiki/Esher "Esher") through controlled check points to Madeira Drive in Brighton. Five driving skills tests were completed on arrival at Brighton, with a further three skills tests and the [Concours d'Elegance](/wiki/Concours_d%27Elegance "Concours d'Elegance"), the judging of the vehicle, taking place on the Sunday. From the fifty four entrants that year, 10th position on the Concours d'Elegance was achieved. In 1958 driver R Bell achieved First in the Road Section and Driving tests, and Second on the Concours d'Elegance.
The company continued to modernise its fleet through the 1950s but 1961 was the last year the company purchased a vehicle. On the retirement of the founder Mr Ernie Gudge in 1962, his son Mr Norman Gudge considered the option of retaining the two businesses (Comfy Coaches Ltd and the service garage of E R Gudge), by employing a manager for one of the two and retaining full control. Both businesses were enjoying good support from the public, but due to the affordability of the motor car, it was perceived that more growth could be achieved by retaining the service garage. Comfy Coaches Ltd ceased trading in April 1962\.
The route licences and the Farnham Booking Office business were sold to Aldershot and District Traction Company, and the vehicles sold to several private companies. The vacated garage space was used for the expansion of car servicing and repair, which proved to be a successful [Morris](/wiki/Morris_Motors "Morris Motors"), [Riley](/wiki/Riley_Motor "Riley Motor") and [MG](/wiki/MG_Cars "MG Cars") dealership. The business passed through various hands until, in 2012, planning permission was granted for development of the site as housing.{{cite web \|url\=http://maps.waverley.gov.uk/connect/?mapcfg\=planning \|title\=Waverley Borough Council Maps \|accessdate\=2013\-07\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826055547/http://maps.waverley.gov.uk/connect/?mapcfg\=planning \|archivedate\=2013\-08\-26 }} WA/2012/0164 Erection of 14 dwellings together with the formation of access road and associated works following demolition of existing buildings (revision of WA/2011/0410\) (as amplified by email dated 04/05/2012 and survey information received).
### Heritage activities
In April 1962 Taylor's of [Sutton Scotney](/wiki/Sutton_Scotney "Sutton Scotney") purchased 999 PPL, the 29 seat Bedford J4ZL with a [Plaxton](/wiki/Plaxton "Plaxton") Body, which they operated to around 1993 in the latter years as [Nostalgic Tours](/wiki/Nostalgic_Tours "Nostalgic Tours"). During 1994 Mr Norman Gudge was looking for an ex Comfy Coach, with the view to restoration. Contact was made with Taylor's who sold the coach back to Norman Gudge in April 1994 some 32 years after the original sale on the demise of Comfy Coaches.
Appropriate storage facilities proved to be a problem and after a couple of moves the vehicle ended up residing in the corner of a farmyard. A significant amount of mechanical renovation was undertaken at this time, but the body remained untouched.
During early 2004 a number of interested parties, including the founder's grandson, formed an alliance to rescue and restore the coach. A section of a modern farm building has since been leased to provide covered accommodation and the restoration has begun. A support group, the Comfy Coaches Interest Group has been formed with the intention of not only supporting the coach restoration project, but to gather and protect an archive of photographs, documents and other items relating to Comfy Coaches.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### The Pre\\-War Years",
"Mr E R Gudge commenced trading at Crossroads Garage, 44 Frensham Road, Lower Bourne on 3 January 1921\\. The company operated primarily as a motor vehicle dealer and repairer, and owned two private hire cars. Following a fire on 3 January 1923, a new larger workshop was constructed and the decision was made to operate vehicles for passenger transport. Company records show that in 1926 the first coach was purchased. A further seven vehicles were bought between 1929 and 1939\\. During this period, the company had quickly become established as a reliable company undertaking daily excursions, and as a private hire specialist.A history of E R Gudge and Comfy Coaches Ltd by Phil Sawkins",
"### World War II",
"Following declaration of war in 1939 parts of Crossroads Garage were requisitioned as an [Auxiliary Fire Service](/wiki/Auxiliary_Fire_Service \"Auxiliary Fire Service\") station which was staffed full\\-time.",
"During 1940 a contract for the conveyance of workmen and [ENSA](/wiki/Entertainments_National_Service_Association \"Entertainments National Service Association\") artists kept the coach business viable until the end of the war. The close proximity of [Aldershot Garrison](/wiki/Aldershot_Garrison \"Aldershot Garrison\") helped to provide this much\\-needed business. In 1940 \\- 1941 two further vehicles were purchased, these having been first registered in [Falkirk](/wiki/Falkirk \"Falkirk\") in 1936, and [St Albans](/wiki/St_Albans \"St Albans\") in 1939; both had been operated by the [War Department](/wiki/War_Department_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"War Department (United Kingdom)\") and arrived in camouflage. In 1943 another coach was purchased second\\-hand.",
"### The post\\-war years",
"Following the cessation of hostilities the company was allowed to recommence work, although this was restricted to a 35\\-mile radius, which made [Southsea](/wiki/Southsea \"Southsea\") a popular destination. These excursions were heavily oversubscribed with passengers from the surrounding area, determined to return to their normal ways of recreation. One of the vehicles was used during VE parade celebrations, in Lower Bourne and Farnham.",
"The late 1940s saw a significant expansion of the fleet and disposal of some of the older vehicles. This was a substantial investment for the company, and reiterated its intention to give the passengers reliability and comfort. In 1953 the company opened a booking office in Castle Street, Farnham, which offered over one hundred licensed destinations. The popular day excursions to the South Coast continued, with trips to [Clacton on Sea](/wiki/Clacton_on_Sea \"Clacton on Sea\"), [Widecombe](/wiki/Widecombe \"Widecombe\"), and [Bekonscot Model Village](/wiki/Bekonscot \"Bekonscot\") being examples of the excursions on offer. The company now operated three\\-day excursions to [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool \"Blackpool\"); North and South [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\") and special excursions were on offer. The private hire business proved so popular, that on Saturdays during the summer months the assistance of other operators was required. Occasionally, assistance was required on a Sunday, with owned company vehicles being solely responsible for excursion and tour business during these busy periods.",
"For the long distance work an extra fuel tank was added, and the seating capacity reduced for passenger comfort. Manning levels on the vehicles were also varied to accommodate some locations. For long distance day tours, generally those of over 300 miles (popularly known as Picnic Tours), allowance was made for two drivers to be available for one coach or three drivers to two vehicles, dependent on passenger numbers.",
"Contracts with the Education Authority and school trips were awarded to the company, and many people in the local area have fond memories of travelling on a Comfy Coach. Special tours were also being undertaken, such as two\\-week tours of [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") with Farnham Town Junior Choir.",
"Modernisation of the fleet continued through the 1950s and, in 1956, the company first participated in the [British Coach Rally](/wiki/British_Coach_Rally \"British Coach Rally\") at [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"), the inaugural rally having taken place in 1955 at Clacton. The rally was held over two days, normally in April or May. On this occasion the first day consisted of the driving section, where the vehicle was timed en route, which that year commenced at the Marquis of Granby in [Esher](/wiki/Esher \"Esher\") through controlled check points to Madeira Drive in Brighton. Five driving skills tests were completed on arrival at Brighton, with a further three skills tests and the [Concours d'Elegance](/wiki/Concours_d%27Elegance \"Concours d'Elegance\"), the judging of the vehicle, taking place on the Sunday. From the fifty four entrants that year, 10th position on the Concours d'Elegance was achieved. In 1958 driver R Bell achieved First in the Road Section and Driving tests, and Second on the Concours d'Elegance.",
"The company continued to modernise its fleet through the 1950s but 1961 was the last year the company purchased a vehicle. On the retirement of the founder Mr Ernie Gudge in 1962, his son Mr Norman Gudge considered the option of retaining the two businesses (Comfy Coaches Ltd and the service garage of E R Gudge), by employing a manager for one of the two and retaining full control. Both businesses were enjoying good support from the public, but due to the affordability of the motor car, it was perceived that more growth could be achieved by retaining the service garage. Comfy Coaches Ltd ceased trading in April 1962\\.",
"The route licences and the Farnham Booking Office business were sold to Aldershot and District Traction Company, and the vehicles sold to several private companies. The vacated garage space was used for the expansion of car servicing and repair, which proved to be a successful [Morris](/wiki/Morris_Motors \"Morris Motors\"), [Riley](/wiki/Riley_Motor \"Riley Motor\") and [MG](/wiki/MG_Cars \"MG Cars\") dealership. The business passed through various hands until, in 2012, planning permission was granted for development of the site as housing.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://maps.waverley.gov.uk/connect/?mapcfg\\=planning \\|title\\=Waverley Borough Council Maps \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-07\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826055547/http://maps.waverley.gov.uk/connect/?mapcfg\\=planning \\|archivedate\\=2013\\-08\\-26 }} WA/2012/0164 Erection of 14 dwellings together with the formation of access road and associated works following demolition of existing buildings (revision of WA/2011/0410\\) (as amplified by email dated 04/05/2012 and survey information received).",
"### Heritage activities",
"In April 1962 Taylor's of [Sutton Scotney](/wiki/Sutton_Scotney \"Sutton Scotney\") purchased 999 PPL, the 29 seat Bedford J4ZL with a [Plaxton](/wiki/Plaxton \"Plaxton\") Body, which they operated to around 1993 in the latter years as [Nostalgic Tours](/wiki/Nostalgic_Tours \"Nostalgic Tours\"). During 1994 Mr Norman Gudge was looking for an ex Comfy Coach, with the view to restoration. Contact was made with Taylor's who sold the coach back to Norman Gudge in April 1994 some 32 years after the original sale on the demise of Comfy Coaches.",
"Appropriate storage facilities proved to be a problem and after a couple of moves the vehicle ended up residing in the corner of a farmyard. A significant amount of mechanical renovation was undertaken at this time, but the body remained untouched.",
"During early 2004 a number of interested parties, including the founder's grandson, formed an alliance to rescue and restore the coach. A section of a modern farm building has since been leased to provide covered accommodation and the restoration has begun. A support group, the Comfy Coaches Interest Group has been formed with the intention of not only supporting the coach restoration project, but to gather and protect an archive of photographs, documents and other items relating to Comfy Coaches.",
""
] |
### The post\-war years
Following the cessation of hostilities the company was allowed to recommence work, although this was restricted to a 35\-mile radius, which made [Southsea](/wiki/Southsea "Southsea") a popular destination. These excursions were heavily oversubscribed with passengers from the surrounding area, determined to return to their normal ways of recreation. One of the vehicles was used during VE parade celebrations, in Lower Bourne and Farnham.
The late 1940s saw a significant expansion of the fleet and disposal of some of the older vehicles. This was a substantial investment for the company, and reiterated its intention to give the passengers reliability and comfort. In 1953 the company opened a booking office in Castle Street, Farnham, which offered over one hundred licensed destinations. The popular day excursions to the South Coast continued, with trips to [Clacton on Sea](/wiki/Clacton_on_Sea "Clacton on Sea"), [Widecombe](/wiki/Widecombe "Widecombe"), and [Bekonscot Model Village](/wiki/Bekonscot "Bekonscot") being examples of the excursions on offer. The company now operated three\-day excursions to [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool "Blackpool"); North and South [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon") and special excursions were on offer. The private hire business proved so popular, that on Saturdays during the summer months the assistance of other operators was required. Occasionally, assistance was required on a Sunday, with owned company vehicles being solely responsible for excursion and tour business during these busy periods.
For the long distance work an extra fuel tank was added, and the seating capacity reduced for passenger comfort. Manning levels on the vehicles were also varied to accommodate some locations. For long distance day tours, generally those of over 300 miles (popularly known as Picnic Tours), allowance was made for two drivers to be available for one coach or three drivers to two vehicles, dependent on passenger numbers.
Contracts with the Education Authority and school trips were awarded to the company, and many people in the local area have fond memories of travelling on a Comfy Coach. Special tours were also being undertaken, such as two\-week tours of [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") with Farnham Town Junior Choir.
Modernisation of the fleet continued through the 1950s and, in 1956, the company first participated in the [British Coach Rally](/wiki/British_Coach_Rally "British Coach Rally") at [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton"), the inaugural rally having taken place in 1955 at Clacton. The rally was held over two days, normally in April or May. On this occasion the first day consisted of the driving section, where the vehicle was timed en route, which that year commenced at the Marquis of Granby in [Esher](/wiki/Esher "Esher") through controlled check points to Madeira Drive in Brighton. Five driving skills tests were completed on arrival at Brighton, with a further three skills tests and the [Concours d'Elegance](/wiki/Concours_d%27Elegance "Concours d'Elegance"), the judging of the vehicle, taking place on the Sunday. From the fifty four entrants that year, 10th position on the Concours d'Elegance was achieved. In 1958 driver R Bell achieved First in the Road Section and Driving tests, and Second on the Concours d'Elegance.
The company continued to modernise its fleet through the 1950s but 1961 was the last year the company purchased a vehicle. On the retirement of the founder Mr Ernie Gudge in 1962, his son Mr Norman Gudge considered the option of retaining the two businesses (Comfy Coaches Ltd and the service garage of E R Gudge), by employing a manager for one of the two and retaining full control. Both businesses were enjoying good support from the public, but due to the affordability of the motor car, it was perceived that more growth could be achieved by retaining the service garage. Comfy Coaches Ltd ceased trading in April 1962\.
The route licences and the Farnham Booking Office business were sold to Aldershot and District Traction Company, and the vehicles sold to several private companies. The vacated garage space was used for the expansion of car servicing and repair, which proved to be a successful [Morris](/wiki/Morris_Motors "Morris Motors"), [Riley](/wiki/Riley_Motor "Riley Motor") and [MG](/wiki/MG_Cars "MG Cars") dealership. The business passed through various hands until, in 2012, planning permission was granted for development of the site as housing.{{cite web \|url\=http://maps.waverley.gov.uk/connect/?mapcfg\=planning \|title\=Waverley Borough Council Maps \|accessdate\=2013\-07\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826055547/http://maps.waverley.gov.uk/connect/?mapcfg\=planning \|archivedate\=2013\-08\-26 }} WA/2012/0164 Erection of 14 dwellings together with the formation of access road and associated works following demolition of existing buildings (revision of WA/2011/0410\) (as amplified by email dated 04/05/2012 and survey information received).
|
[
"### The post\\-war years",
"Following the cessation of hostilities the company was allowed to recommence work, although this was restricted to a 35\\-mile radius, which made [Southsea](/wiki/Southsea \"Southsea\") a popular destination. These excursions were heavily oversubscribed with passengers from the surrounding area, determined to return to their normal ways of recreation. One of the vehicles was used during VE parade celebrations, in Lower Bourne and Farnham.",
"The late 1940s saw a significant expansion of the fleet and disposal of some of the older vehicles. This was a substantial investment for the company, and reiterated its intention to give the passengers reliability and comfort. In 1953 the company opened a booking office in Castle Street, Farnham, which offered over one hundred licensed destinations. The popular day excursions to the South Coast continued, with trips to [Clacton on Sea](/wiki/Clacton_on_Sea \"Clacton on Sea\"), [Widecombe](/wiki/Widecombe \"Widecombe\"), and [Bekonscot Model Village](/wiki/Bekonscot \"Bekonscot\") being examples of the excursions on offer. The company now operated three\\-day excursions to [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool \"Blackpool\"); North and South [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\") and special excursions were on offer. The private hire business proved so popular, that on Saturdays during the summer months the assistance of other operators was required. Occasionally, assistance was required on a Sunday, with owned company vehicles being solely responsible for excursion and tour business during these busy periods.",
"For the long distance work an extra fuel tank was added, and the seating capacity reduced for passenger comfort. Manning levels on the vehicles were also varied to accommodate some locations. For long distance day tours, generally those of over 300 miles (popularly known as Picnic Tours), allowance was made for two drivers to be available for one coach or three drivers to two vehicles, dependent on passenger numbers.",
"Contracts with the Education Authority and school trips were awarded to the company, and many people in the local area have fond memories of travelling on a Comfy Coach. Special tours were also being undertaken, such as two\\-week tours of [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") with Farnham Town Junior Choir.",
"Modernisation of the fleet continued through the 1950s and, in 1956, the company first participated in the [British Coach Rally](/wiki/British_Coach_Rally \"British Coach Rally\") at [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"), the inaugural rally having taken place in 1955 at Clacton. The rally was held over two days, normally in April or May. On this occasion the first day consisted of the driving section, where the vehicle was timed en route, which that year commenced at the Marquis of Granby in [Esher](/wiki/Esher \"Esher\") through controlled check points to Madeira Drive in Brighton. Five driving skills tests were completed on arrival at Brighton, with a further three skills tests and the [Concours d'Elegance](/wiki/Concours_d%27Elegance \"Concours d'Elegance\"), the judging of the vehicle, taking place on the Sunday. From the fifty four entrants that year, 10th position on the Concours d'Elegance was achieved. In 1958 driver R Bell achieved First in the Road Section and Driving tests, and Second on the Concours d'Elegance.",
"The company continued to modernise its fleet through the 1950s but 1961 was the last year the company purchased a vehicle. On the retirement of the founder Mr Ernie Gudge in 1962, his son Mr Norman Gudge considered the option of retaining the two businesses (Comfy Coaches Ltd and the service garage of E R Gudge), by employing a manager for one of the two and retaining full control. Both businesses were enjoying good support from the public, but due to the affordability of the motor car, it was perceived that more growth could be achieved by retaining the service garage. Comfy Coaches Ltd ceased trading in April 1962\\.",
"The route licences and the Farnham Booking Office business were sold to Aldershot and District Traction Company, and the vehicles sold to several private companies. The vacated garage space was used for the expansion of car servicing and repair, which proved to be a successful [Morris](/wiki/Morris_Motors \"Morris Motors\"), [Riley](/wiki/Riley_Motor \"Riley Motor\") and [MG](/wiki/MG_Cars \"MG Cars\") dealership. The business passed through various hands until, in 2012, planning permission was granted for development of the site as housing.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://maps.waverley.gov.uk/connect/?mapcfg\\=planning \\|title\\=Waverley Borough Council Maps \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-07\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826055547/http://maps.waverley.gov.uk/connect/?mapcfg\\=planning \\|archivedate\\=2013\\-08\\-26 }} WA/2012/0164 Erection of 14 dwellings together with the formation of access road and associated works following demolition of existing buildings (revision of WA/2011/0410\\) (as amplified by email dated 04/05/2012 and survey information received).",
""
] |
Professional wrestling career
-----------------------------
After leaving high school, Lincoln began wrestling in showground bouts staged by Roy Bell. He went on to wrestle under the ring name "Elmo Lincoln". During his late teens, he wrestled in Singapore.
In 1951, at the age of 19, Lincoln emigrated to the United Kingdom. He initially wrestled as "James Lincoln" and "Paul Lincoln" before [George Kidd](/wiki/George_Kidd_%28wrestler%29 "George Kidd (wrestler)") advised him to wear a [mask](/wiki/Wrestling_mask "Wrestling mask") and adopt the ring name "Dr. Death".
As Dr. Death, Lincoln "brought fear to [wrestling rings](/wiki/Wrestling_ring "Wrestling ring") across [the South](/wiki/Southern_England "Southern England") throughout the '50s and '60s." He was known to wrestle on cards as Paul Lincoln and then again as Dr. Death. During the 1960s, he had a heated feud with the heroic [White Angel](/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Hayes "Lord Alfred Hayes"); during one bout in [The Metropolitan Theatre](/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Theatre "The Metropolitan Theatre"), an audience member shot him with an [air gun](/wiki/Air_gun "Air gun"). The feud culminated in a [mask versus mask match](/wiki/Lucha_libre%23Luchas_de_Apuestas "Lucha libre#Luchas de Apuestas") that was won by Lincoln.
Within a year of arriving in the UK, Lincoln began promoting. His promotion, Paul Lincoln Managements,{{cite book\|title\=Municipal Journal, Public Works Engineer Contractor's Guide\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=B9vnAAAAMAAJ\|year\=1963\|volume\=71}} competed against then\-market leader [Joint Promotions](/wiki/Joint_Promotions "Joint Promotions") by using contacts at Granada Theatres to market his events and by bringing in international stars such as [Ski Hi Lee](/wiki/Ski_Hi_Lee "Ski Hi Lee") and "The Wild Man of Borneo". In the 1960s, Lincoln was reportedly bought out by Joint Promotions for £1 million. and his promotion was merged into Joint in 1970\.
After [Bert Assirati](/wiki/Bert_Assirati "Bert Assirati") was stripped of the [British Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/British_Heavyweight_Championship "British Heavyweight Championship") by [Joint Promotions](/wiki/Joint_Promotions "Joint Promotions") in 1958, Lincoln led a collective of independent promoters named the British Wrestling Federation (not to be confused with the similarly\-named promotion later run by [Orig Williams](/wiki/Orig_Williams "Orig Williams")) who continued to recognise Assirati as champion. When Assirati was injured in 1960, Lincoln and his BWF associates switched recognition to [Shirley Crabtree](/wiki/Shirley_Crabtree "Shirley Crabtree"). Unhappy with this, Assirati conducted a campaign of harassment against Crabtree at BWF shows, forcing him to retire from wrestling for several years.{{Cite web\|url\=https://houseofdeception.com/British\_Wrestling\_History.html\|title \= House of Deception \- History of British Wrestling}}
In the 1970s, Lincoln was unmasked in a bout with [Peter Maivia](/wiki/Peter_Maivia "Peter Maivia"). He went on to wrestle in [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia "Valencia"), Spain before returning to Australia in 1975, where he wrestled in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") as "Major Lincoln". He returned to the UK in 1986, settling in [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton "Southampton").
|
[
"Professional wrestling career\n-----------------------------",
"After leaving high school, Lincoln began wrestling in showground bouts staged by Roy Bell. He went on to wrestle under the ring name \"Elmo Lincoln\". During his late teens, he wrestled in Singapore.",
"In 1951, at the age of 19, Lincoln emigrated to the United Kingdom. He initially wrestled as \"James Lincoln\" and \"Paul Lincoln\" before [George Kidd](/wiki/George_Kidd_%28wrestler%29 \"George Kidd (wrestler)\") advised him to wear a [mask](/wiki/Wrestling_mask \"Wrestling mask\") and adopt the ring name \"Dr. Death\".",
"As Dr. Death, Lincoln \"brought fear to [wrestling rings](/wiki/Wrestling_ring \"Wrestling ring\") across [the South](/wiki/Southern_England \"Southern England\") throughout the '50s and '60s.\" He was known to wrestle on cards as Paul Lincoln and then again as Dr. Death. During the 1960s, he had a heated feud with the heroic [White Angel](/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Hayes \"Lord Alfred Hayes\"); during one bout in [The Metropolitan Theatre](/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Theatre \"The Metropolitan Theatre\"), an audience member shot him with an [air gun](/wiki/Air_gun \"Air gun\"). The feud culminated in a [mask versus mask match](/wiki/Lucha_libre%23Luchas_de_Apuestas \"Lucha libre#Luchas de Apuestas\") that was won by Lincoln.",
"Within a year of arriving in the UK, Lincoln began promoting. His promotion, Paul Lincoln Managements,{{cite book\\|title\\=Municipal Journal, Public Works Engineer Contractor's Guide\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=B9vnAAAAMAAJ\\|year\\=1963\\|volume\\=71}} competed against then\\-market leader [Joint Promotions](/wiki/Joint_Promotions \"Joint Promotions\") by using contacts at Granada Theatres to market his events and by bringing in international stars such as [Ski Hi Lee](/wiki/Ski_Hi_Lee \"Ski Hi Lee\") and \"The Wild Man of Borneo\". In the 1960s, Lincoln was reportedly bought out by Joint Promotions for £1 million. and his promotion was merged into Joint in 1970\\.",
"After [Bert Assirati](/wiki/Bert_Assirati \"Bert Assirati\") was stripped of the [British Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/British_Heavyweight_Championship \"British Heavyweight Championship\") by [Joint Promotions](/wiki/Joint_Promotions \"Joint Promotions\") in 1958, Lincoln led a collective of independent promoters named the British Wrestling Federation (not to be confused with the similarly\\-named promotion later run by [Orig Williams](/wiki/Orig_Williams \"Orig Williams\")) who continued to recognise Assirati as champion. When Assirati was injured in 1960, Lincoln and his BWF associates switched recognition to [Shirley Crabtree](/wiki/Shirley_Crabtree \"Shirley Crabtree\"). Unhappy with this, Assirati conducted a campaign of harassment against Crabtree at BWF shows, forcing him to retire from wrestling for several years.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://houseofdeception.com/British\\_Wrestling\\_History.html\\|title \\= House of Deception \\- History of British Wrestling}}",
"In the 1970s, Lincoln was unmasked in a bout with [Peter Maivia](/wiki/Peter_Maivia \"Peter Maivia\"). He went on to wrestle in [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia \"Valencia\"), Spain before returning to Australia in 1975, where he wrestled in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") as \"Major Lincoln\". He returned to the UK in 1986, settling in [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton \"Southampton\").",
""
] |
Philanthropy
------------
It is reported that Tseng Cheng served in over 20 public service positions in Hong Kong, Macau, and Zhuhai, China.[中国侨界](http://www.chinaqw.com/node2/node116/node1165/node1177/node1836/userobject6ai129570.html). Chinaqw.com. Retrieved 19 October 2011\. His work spanned education, culture, disaster relief, public health, housing, and welfare. He was president of several charitable organisations, including director of the [Tung Wah Group of Hospitals](/wiki/Tung_Wah_Group_of_Hospitals "Tung Wah Group of Hospitals").
In 2007, the Tseng Charitable Fund was established for charitable causes in Hong Kong and China. According to statistics, the Fund has donated over 1,180 million yuan for public welfare for work in education, health, and disaster relief.[曾庆辉\_新浪广东新闻中心\_新浪广东](http://gd.news.sina.com.cn/news/2009/11/17/723951.html). Gd.news.sina.com.cn (18 November 2009\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\.
In the spring of 1994, Tseng returned from Hong Kong to visit his hometown of Zhuhai to find primitive, poor school conditions. In the late 1990s, Tseng funded the construction of a Vocational School, Zhuhai Ji Da Elementary School ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|吉大小学}})[中国·珠海](http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/fwzc/bmdha/jy/xxjy/200707/t20070719_150906.html). Zhuhai.gov.cn. Retrieved 19 October 2011\.[珠海香洲区吉大小学:教育置业网](http://www.edufang.com/jyxx.asp?id=2168). Edufang.com (1 October 2010\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\. and a student's residence in his ancestral home of [Zhuhai](/wiki/Zhuhai "Zhuhai"), China. He also created a 10 million yuan Tseng Scholarship for high achieving, low income students.[珠海香洲区吉大小学颁发"曾宪备奖学金"——中新网](http://www.chinanews.com.cn/zgqj/2010/08-19/2477360.shtml). Chinanews.com.cn. Retrieved 19 October 2011\.[http://www.zhnews.net/html/20100715/080811,250006\.html](http://www.zhnews.net/html/20100715/080811,250006.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726192917/http://www.zhnews.net/html/20100715/080811,250006\.html \|date\=26 July 2011 }} He visited the school ten times to oversee the high\-quality construction of the five\-story building.[珠海乡音](http://www.zhuhai-voice.com/magazine/41/12.html). Zhuhai\-voice.com. Retrieved 19 October 2011\. His donation of nearly 15 million yuan was the largest ever donated to Zhuhai by patriotic compatriots[情倾桑梓捐资助学十三载](http://www.cnr.cn/zhfw/xwzx/zhjj/200809/t20080911_505097975.html). Cnr.cn (11 September 2008\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\.
In 1998, Tseng donated to the renovation of the Tseng Cheng Zhuhai Nanping Polytechnic School ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|曾正理工学校}}). In 2000, the government mandated that the school needed a new student apartment and solicited donations due to tight education funding. Tseng donated an additional 300 million yuan with no conditions. Tseng served as honorary President of the Zhuhai Nanping Polytechnic School,[中国·珠海](http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/fwzc/gysy/200901/t20090122_150719.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719131527/http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/fwzc/gysy/200901/t20090122\_150719\.html \|date\=19 July 2011 }}. Zhuhai.gov.cn (22 January 2009\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\.[中国·珠海](http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/fwzc/bmdha/jy/zxjy/200707/t20070719_150930.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719131534/http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/fwzc/bmdha/jy/zxjy/200707/t20070719\_150930\.html \|date\=19 July 2011 }}. Zhuhai.gov.cn. Retrieved 19 October 2011\. which was subsequently named after him. With student apartments, integrated laboratories, fencing halls, and a swimming pool, the school is one of the highest performing schools in Zhuhai.[学校概况\_我的网站](http://www.zhnpzx.net/a/xuexiaogaikuang/xuexiaojianjie/2009/1230/2.html). Zhnpzx.net (30 December 2009\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\. A small museum in the school is dedicated to him.[http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/ggfw/bmdha/jy/zxjy/200707/t20070719\_1561\.html](http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/ggfw/bmdha/jy/zxjy/200707/t20070719_1561.html){{dead link\|date\=October 2011}} In addition, the 20 million yuan Tseng scholarship program rewards 100 students annually for outstanding performance.[侨网](http://gocn.southcn.com/qw2index/2006dfqw/2006dfqwzh/200909020005.htm). Gocn.southcn.com (2 September 2009\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\.
In 1994, Tseng was awarded Guangdong Province's Advancement for Teaching of Individuals ({{lang\|zh\|尊师重教先进个人}}) award. In 1998, he was recognised with the Zhuhai Advancement of Children ({{lang\|zh\-hans\|珠海市热爱儿童先进个人}}) award and was hired to consult for the CPPCC Xiangzhou District Committee.
In 1999, Tseng was awarded Zhuhai Honorary Citizenship by various members of the [Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference](/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference") (CPPCC) and the District People's Congress.[曾正及其胞弟曾宪备](http://www.zengshi.net/bbs/mini/Default.asp?15-6607-0-0-0-0-0-a-.htm). Zengshi.net. Retrieved 19 October 2011\.
After the [2008 Sichuan earthquake](/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake "2008 Sichuan earthquake"), the Tseng Charity Fund donated 10 million yuan to support earthquake relief work in Wenchuan, China.
|
[
"Philanthropy\n------------",
"It is reported that Tseng Cheng served in over 20 public service positions in Hong Kong, Macau, and Zhuhai, China.[中国侨界](http://www.chinaqw.com/node2/node116/node1165/node1177/node1836/userobject6ai129570.html). Chinaqw.com. Retrieved 19 October 2011\\. His work spanned education, culture, disaster relief, public health, housing, and welfare. He was president of several charitable organisations, including director of the [Tung Wah Group of Hospitals](/wiki/Tung_Wah_Group_of_Hospitals \"Tung Wah Group of Hospitals\").",
"In 2007, the Tseng Charitable Fund was established for charitable causes in Hong Kong and China. According to statistics, the Fund has donated over 1,180 million yuan for public welfare for work in education, health, and disaster relief.[曾庆辉\\_新浪广东新闻中心\\_新浪广东](http://gd.news.sina.com.cn/news/2009/11/17/723951.html). Gd.news.sina.com.cn (18 November 2009\\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\\.",
"In the spring of 1994, Tseng returned from Hong Kong to visit his hometown of Zhuhai to find primitive, poor school conditions. In the late 1990s, Tseng funded the construction of a Vocational School, Zhuhai Ji Da Elementary School ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|吉大小学}})[中国·珠海](http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/fwzc/bmdha/jy/xxjy/200707/t20070719_150906.html). Zhuhai.gov.cn. Retrieved 19 October 2011\\.[珠海香洲区吉大小学:教育置业网](http://www.edufang.com/jyxx.asp?id=2168). Edufang.com (1 October 2010\\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\\. and a student's residence in his ancestral home of [Zhuhai](/wiki/Zhuhai \"Zhuhai\"), China. He also created a 10 million yuan Tseng Scholarship for high achieving, low income students.[珠海香洲区吉大小学颁发\"曾宪备奖学金\"——中新网](http://www.chinanews.com.cn/zgqj/2010/08-19/2477360.shtml). Chinanews.com.cn. Retrieved 19 October 2011\\.[http://www.zhnews.net/html/20100715/080811,250006\\.html](http://www.zhnews.net/html/20100715/080811,250006.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726192917/http://www.zhnews.net/html/20100715/080811,250006\\.html \\|date\\=26 July 2011 }} He visited the school ten times to oversee the high\\-quality construction of the five\\-story building.[珠海乡音](http://www.zhuhai-voice.com/magazine/41/12.html). Zhuhai\\-voice.com. Retrieved 19 October 2011\\. His donation of nearly 15 million yuan was the largest ever donated to Zhuhai by patriotic compatriots[情倾桑梓捐资助学十三载](http://www.cnr.cn/zhfw/xwzx/zhjj/200809/t20080911_505097975.html). Cnr.cn (11 September 2008\\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\\.",
"In 1998, Tseng donated to the renovation of the Tseng Cheng Zhuhai Nanping Polytechnic School ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|曾正理工学校}}). In 2000, the government mandated that the school needed a new student apartment and solicited donations due to tight education funding. Tseng donated an additional 300 million yuan with no conditions. Tseng served as honorary President of the Zhuhai Nanping Polytechnic School,[中国·珠海](http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/fwzc/gysy/200901/t20090122_150719.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719131527/http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/fwzc/gysy/200901/t20090122\\_150719\\.html \\|date\\=19 July 2011 }}. Zhuhai.gov.cn (22 January 2009\\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\\.[中国·珠海](http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/fwzc/bmdha/jy/zxjy/200707/t20070719_150930.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719131534/http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/fwzc/bmdha/jy/zxjy/200707/t20070719\\_150930\\.html \\|date\\=19 July 2011 }}. Zhuhai.gov.cn. Retrieved 19 October 2011\\. which was subsequently named after him. With student apartments, integrated laboratories, fencing halls, and a swimming pool, the school is one of the highest performing schools in Zhuhai.[学校概况\\_我的网站](http://www.zhnpzx.net/a/xuexiaogaikuang/xuexiaojianjie/2009/1230/2.html). Zhnpzx.net (30 December 2009\\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\\. A small museum in the school is dedicated to him.[http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/ggfw/bmdha/jy/zxjy/200707/t20070719\\_1561\\.html](http://www.zhuhai.gov.cn/ggfw/bmdha/jy/zxjy/200707/t20070719_1561.html){{dead link\\|date\\=October 2011}} In addition, the 20 million yuan Tseng scholarship program rewards 100 students annually for outstanding performance.[侨网](http://gocn.southcn.com/qw2index/2006dfqw/2006dfqwzh/200909020005.htm). Gocn.southcn.com (2 September 2009\\). Retrieved 19 October 2011\\.",
"In 1994, Tseng was awarded Guangdong Province's Advancement for Teaching of Individuals ({{lang\\|zh\\|尊师重教先进个人}}) award. In 1998, he was recognised with the Zhuhai Advancement of Children ({{lang\\|zh\\-hans\\|珠海市热爱儿童先进个人}}) award and was hired to consult for the CPPCC Xiangzhou District Committee.",
"In 1999, Tseng was awarded Zhuhai Honorary Citizenship by various members of the [Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference](/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference \"Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\") (CPPCC) and the District People's Congress.[曾正及其胞弟曾宪备](http://www.zengshi.net/bbs/mini/Default.asp?15-6607-0-0-0-0-0-a-.htm). Zengshi.net. Retrieved 19 October 2011\\.",
"After the [2008 Sichuan earthquake](/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake \"2008 Sichuan earthquake\"), the Tseng Charity Fund donated 10 million yuan to support earthquake relief work in Wenchuan, China.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Originally a textile engineer, he was headmaster of a weaving school in Borås, Sweden, before moving to Finland to work as a manager of a textile factory. Although already married with a son, he fell in love with a circus performer from Hungary whose opposition to a relationship he overcame by arranging a sham civil wedding ceremony in 1900 with an officiant and two witnesses. His new “wife”, with whom he then the lived for 19 years, only became aware of the situation when Damm found a new romantic interest and wanted a divorce. After a long and acrimonious legal battle, in which he denied ever being married to her and accused her of being a spy, he was ordered to pay alimony but refused and fled to France.
Damm designed a number of crypto machines, based on patents filed in Sweden, the US and many other countries. His most notable invention is that of the rotor principle, laid down in a patent application filed in Sweden on 10 October 1919, three days after Hugo Koch applied for a similar invention in the Netherlands.
To exploit his ideas, a company named AB Cryptograph was founded. Originally founded as a patent consortium, Cryptograph was established on 15 June 1915\. The company itself began a year later. Cryptograph never became economically viable despite capital infusions by [Emanuel Nobel](/wiki/Emanuel_Nobel "Emanuel Nobel"), brother of [Alfred Nobel](/wiki/Alfred_Nobel "Alfred Nobel"). When Damm’s legal shenanigans in connection with his faked marriage became too much of an embarrassment, he was forced to give up his position in the company and moved to France where he died in 1928\. In 1925, [Boris Hagelin](/wiki/Boris_Hagelin "Boris Hagelin") was placed in charge of the management of the company and the development of its products, having joined AB Cryptograph in 1922\.
Damm's first machines for Cryptograph were the "Mecano Cryptographer Model A\-1" and its interoperable portable counterpart, Model A\-2, both produced in 1917\. The A\-1 was fitted with a keyboard. A later version (1921\) could print the plaintext together with two copies of the plaintext onto tape. The machine used a chain of links, which could be reassembled by the user as part of the [key](/wiki/Key_%28cryptography%29 "Key (cryptography)"). Some of the links moved a 25\-disk "key body" forward, some back.
The A\-21 (1923\) and the A\-22 (1925\) consisted of a cylinder with 26 mixed alphabet strips around it. Another strip, bearing the normal A–Z alphabet was nearby, and could take one of two positions, dependent on the movement of chain similar to the A\-1\. In operation, the cylinder rotated one step, as did the chain, controlling the position of the reference alphabet. To encipher or decipher (the system was set up to be reciprocal), a letter could be read off from the reference alphabet to a cylinder alphabet using a slit at the top of the machine.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Originally a textile engineer, he was headmaster of a weaving school in Borås, Sweden, before moving to Finland to work as a manager of a textile factory. Although already married with a son, he fell in love with a circus performer from Hungary whose opposition to a relationship he overcame by arranging a sham civil wedding ceremony in 1900 with an officiant and two witnesses. His new “wife”, with whom he then the lived for 19 years, only became aware of the situation when Damm found a new romantic interest and wanted a divorce. After a long and acrimonious legal battle, in which he denied ever being married to her and accused her of being a spy, he was ordered to pay alimony but refused and fled to France.",
"Damm designed a number of crypto machines, based on patents filed in Sweden, the US and many other countries. His most notable invention is that of the rotor principle, laid down in a patent application filed in Sweden on 10 October 1919, three days after Hugo Koch applied for a similar invention in the Netherlands.",
"To exploit his ideas, a company named AB Cryptograph was founded. Originally founded as a patent consortium, Cryptograph was established on 15 June 1915\\. The company itself began a year later. Cryptograph never became economically viable despite capital infusions by [Emanuel Nobel](/wiki/Emanuel_Nobel \"Emanuel Nobel\"), brother of [Alfred Nobel](/wiki/Alfred_Nobel \"Alfred Nobel\"). When Damm’s legal shenanigans in connection with his faked marriage became too much of an embarrassment, he was forced to give up his position in the company and moved to France where he died in 1928\\. In 1925, [Boris Hagelin](/wiki/Boris_Hagelin \"Boris Hagelin\") was placed in charge of the management of the company and the development of its products, having joined AB Cryptograph in 1922\\.",
"Damm's first machines for Cryptograph were the \"Mecano Cryptographer Model A\\-1\" and its interoperable portable counterpart, Model A\\-2, both produced in 1917\\. The A\\-1 was fitted with a keyboard. A later version (1921\\) could print the plaintext together with two copies of the plaintext onto tape. The machine used a chain of links, which could be reassembled by the user as part of the [key](/wiki/Key_%28cryptography%29 \"Key (cryptography)\"). Some of the links moved a 25\\-disk \"key body\" forward, some back.",
"The A\\-21 (1923\\) and the A\\-22 (1925\\) consisted of a cylinder with 26 mixed alphabet strips around it. Another strip, bearing the normal A–Z alphabet was nearby, and could take one of two positions, dependent on the movement of chain similar to the A\\-1\\. In operation, the cylinder rotated one step, as did the chain, controlling the position of the reference alphabet. To encipher or decipher (the system was set up to be reciprocal), a letter could be read off from the reference alphabet to a cylinder alphabet using a slit at the top of the machine.",
""
] |
Background
----------
José Padilla was born in [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras "Honduras") in 1950\. He later emigrated to the United States and became a lawful permanent resident.Petitioner's brief to the US Supreme Court: [http://www.abanet.org/publiced/preview/briefs/pdfs/07\-08/08\-651\_Petitioner.pdf](http://www.abanet.org/publiced/preview/briefs/pdfs/07-08/08-651_Petitioner.pdf) Padilla served in the US military during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") and received an honorable discharge. As of 2010, Padilla had been a lawful resident in the United States for more than 40 years.
In 2001, Padilla was working as a commercial truck driver when he was arrested in [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky") for transporting [marijuana](/wiki/Marijuana "Marijuana"). His defense attorney told him that he "did not have to worry" about the conviction affecting his immigration status, so he pleaded guilty pursuant to a [plea bargain](/wiki/Plea_bargaining_in_the_United_States "Plea bargaining in the United States").*Padilla v. Kentucky*, [130 S.Ct. 1473](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16837631125059475725&q=130+S.Ct.+1473&hl=en&as_sdt=2,26&as_vis=1), 1478 (2010\). However, this advice was incorrect, as Padilla's deportation was virtually automatic.*Padilla*, 130 S.Ct. at 1478\. In 2004, Padilla filed a [pro se](/wiki/Pro_se "Pro se") motion for post\-conviction relief, alleging that he had been given bad advice by his attorney.
The [Sixth Amendment](/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution"), as interpreted by the Court in *[Gideon v. Wainwright](/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright "Gideon v. Wainwright")*, guarantees criminal defendants legal counsel. *[Strickland v. Washington](/wiki/Strickland_v._Washington "Strickland v. Washington")*, a subsequent decision, further requires that defendants receive effective counsel. If defendants receive [ineffective assistance of counsel](/wiki/Ineffective_assistance_of_counsel "Ineffective assistance of counsel"), they may be able to get their convictions overturned.
Traditionally, defense attorneys were required to advise their clients only of the direct consequences of convictions: the sentence likely to result from a plea bargain, the maximum sentence one might face at trial, and the risk of conviction at trial. The Sixth Amendment does not require attorneys to tell their clients about any [collateral consequences](/wiki/Collateral_consequences_of_criminal_conviction_%28U.S.%29 "Collateral consequences of criminal conviction (U.S.)"): civil penalties such as loss of professional licenses, loss of government benefits, and loss of voting rights. Before *Padilla*, deportation was considered a collateral consequence, and thus not a consequence about which attorneys had to provide legal advice.
Padilla argued that the bad advice he had been given was ineffective assistance and therefore his conviction breached the Sixth Amendment. Padilla won his case in the Kentucky Appellate Court, but the Commonwealth requested the [Kentucky Supreme Court](/wiki/Kentucky_Supreme_Court "Kentucky Supreme Court") hear the case on [discretionary review](/wiki/Discretionary_review "Discretionary review"). That court applied a harsh version of the collateral consequences rule, reasoning that whether Padilla’s attorney failed to advise him or affirmatively misadvised him before his plea made no difference.*Commonwealth. v. Padilla*, 253 S.W.3d 482, 484\-85 (Ky. 2008\). The court held that even affirmative misadvice about deportation provided no grounds for relief under Strickland.*Padilla*, 253 S.W.3d at 485\.
As the Supreme Court agreed to hear it,{{cite web\|title\=08\-651 Padilla v. Kentucky: Questions Presented\|url\=https://www.supremecourt.gov/qp/08\-00651qp.pdf\|publisher\=Supreme Court of the United States}} the case posed two questions: (1\) whether the mandatory [deportation](/wiki/Deportation "Deportation") that results from a guilty plea to trafficking in marijuana is a "[collateral consequence](/wiki/Collateral_consequences_of_criminal_charges "Collateral consequences of criminal charges")" and counsel is thereby relieved of an affirmative duty to advise his client about it in accordance with the guarantees of the Sixth Amendment; and, (2\) assuming deportation is a "collateral consequence", whether counsel's gross misadvice about deportation constitutes a ground for setting aside a guilty plea that is induced by that advice. Ultimately, the Court re\-framed the case in a way that made the collateral consequences doctrine irrelevant.
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"José Padilla was born in [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras \"Honduras\") in 1950\\. He later emigrated to the United States and became a lawful permanent resident.Petitioner's brief to the US Supreme Court: [http://www.abanet.org/publiced/preview/briefs/pdfs/07\\-08/08\\-651\\_Petitioner.pdf](http://www.abanet.org/publiced/preview/briefs/pdfs/07-08/08-651_Petitioner.pdf) Padilla served in the US military during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") and received an honorable discharge. As of 2010, Padilla had been a lawful resident in the United States for more than 40 years.",
"In 2001, Padilla was working as a commercial truck driver when he was arrested in [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\") for transporting [marijuana](/wiki/Marijuana \"Marijuana\"). His defense attorney told him that he \"did not have to worry\" about the conviction affecting his immigration status, so he pleaded guilty pursuant to a [plea bargain](/wiki/Plea_bargaining_in_the_United_States \"Plea bargaining in the United States\").*Padilla v. Kentucky*, [130 S.Ct. 1473](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16837631125059475725&q=130+S.Ct.+1473&hl=en&as_sdt=2,26&as_vis=1), 1478 (2010\\). However, this advice was incorrect, as Padilla's deportation was virtually automatic.*Padilla*, 130 S.Ct. at 1478\\. In 2004, Padilla filed a [pro se](/wiki/Pro_se \"Pro se\") motion for post\\-conviction relief, alleging that he had been given bad advice by his attorney.",
"The [Sixth Amendment](/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"), as interpreted by the Court in *[Gideon v. Wainwright](/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright \"Gideon v. Wainwright\")*, guarantees criminal defendants legal counsel. *[Strickland v. Washington](/wiki/Strickland_v._Washington \"Strickland v. Washington\")*, a subsequent decision, further requires that defendants receive effective counsel. If defendants receive [ineffective assistance of counsel](/wiki/Ineffective_assistance_of_counsel \"Ineffective assistance of counsel\"), they may be able to get their convictions overturned.",
"Traditionally, defense attorneys were required to advise their clients only of the direct consequences of convictions: the sentence likely to result from a plea bargain, the maximum sentence one might face at trial, and the risk of conviction at trial. The Sixth Amendment does not require attorneys to tell their clients about any [collateral consequences](/wiki/Collateral_consequences_of_criminal_conviction_%28U.S.%29 \"Collateral consequences of criminal conviction (U.S.)\"): civil penalties such as loss of professional licenses, loss of government benefits, and loss of voting rights. Before *Padilla*, deportation was considered a collateral consequence, and thus not a consequence about which attorneys had to provide legal advice.",
"Padilla argued that the bad advice he had been given was ineffective assistance and therefore his conviction breached the Sixth Amendment. Padilla won his case in the Kentucky Appellate Court, but the Commonwealth requested the [Kentucky Supreme Court](/wiki/Kentucky_Supreme_Court \"Kentucky Supreme Court\") hear the case on [discretionary review](/wiki/Discretionary_review \"Discretionary review\"). That court applied a harsh version of the collateral consequences rule, reasoning that whether Padilla’s attorney failed to advise him or affirmatively misadvised him before his plea made no difference.*Commonwealth. v. Padilla*, 253 S.W.3d 482, 484\\-85 (Ky. 2008\\). The court held that even affirmative misadvice about deportation provided no grounds for relief under Strickland.*Padilla*, 253 S.W.3d at 485\\.",
"As the Supreme Court agreed to hear it,{{cite web\\|title\\=08\\-651 Padilla v. Kentucky: Questions Presented\\|url\\=https://www.supremecourt.gov/qp/08\\-00651qp.pdf\\|publisher\\=Supreme Court of the United States}} the case posed two questions: (1\\) whether the mandatory [deportation](/wiki/Deportation \"Deportation\") that results from a guilty plea to trafficking in marijuana is a \"[collateral consequence](/wiki/Collateral_consequences_of_criminal_charges \"Collateral consequences of criminal charges\")\" and counsel is thereby relieved of an affirmative duty to advise his client about it in accordance with the guarantees of the Sixth Amendment; and, (2\\) assuming deportation is a \"collateral consequence\", whether counsel's gross misadvice about deportation constitutes a ground for setting aside a guilty plea that is induced by that advice. Ultimately, the Court re\\-framed the case in a way that made the collateral consequences doctrine irrelevant.",
""
] |
Conversion and church involvement
---------------------------------
Sarah Granger was a daughter of [Oliver Granger](/wiki/Oliver_Granger "Oliver Granger") and his wife, Lydia Dibble. She was born in [Phelps, New York](/wiki/Phelps_%28village%29%2C_New_York "Phelps (village), New York") to a prominent Puritan family.{{Cite book\| author\=Thatcher, Blythe Darlyn \| chapter\=Sarah Melissa Granger Kimball \| title\=Heroines of the Restoration \| year\=1997 \| publisher\=Bookcraft \| location\=Salt Lake City, UT \| editor\=Smith, Barbara B. \| editor2\=Thatcher, Blythe Darlyn}}{{Cite book\| author\=Derr, Jill Mulvay \| title\=Sarah M. Kimball \| year\=1976 \| publisher\=Signature Books \| location\=Salt Lake City, UT}}{{Rp\|3}} In 1830, Sarah's father acquired a copy of the [Book of Mormon](/wiki/Book_of_Mormon "Book of Mormon"), and stated he had a vision of the ancient prophet, [Moroni](/wiki/Moroni_%28Book_of_Mormon_prophet%29 "Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)"), testifying of the book's truth. Her family soon joined the [Church of Christ](/wiki/Church_of_Christ_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)"), which was founded by [Joseph Smith](/wiki/Joseph_Smith "Joseph Smith"). Three years after their conversion, the family moved to [Kirtland, Ohio](/wiki/Kirtland%2C_Ohio "Kirtland, Ohio") with other church members. There, a teenage Sarah attended Smith's [School of the Prophets](/wiki/School_of_the_Prophets "School of the Prophets"), which focused on religious and secular education. Sarah and her family then moved to [Commerce, Illinois](/wiki/Nauvoo%2C_Illinois "Nauvoo, Illinois"), which soon became Nauvoo.
In Nauvoo, Sarah met Hiram S. Kimball, a non\-Latter Day Saint merchant. The couple married in 1840 and welcomed their first child in 1841\. Together, they had six children, including three who were adopted.{{Cite book\| author\=Pearce, Virginia H. \| chapter\=In Blessing Others We Are Blessed: Sarah Melissa Granger Kimball \| title\=Women of Faith in the Latter Days \| year\=2011 \| publisher\=Deseret Book \| location\=Salt Lake City, UT \| editor\=Turley Jr., Richard E. \| editor2\=Chapman, Brittany A.}} At the time of their first son's birth, church members were working on construction of the [Nauvoo Temple](/wiki/Nauvoo_Temple "Nauvoo Temple"). Sarah desired to contribute to the construction efforts, but felt uncomfortable donating since Hiram was not a member of the church. After discussing a contribution, Hiram donated a plot of land north of the temple property. Hiram was later baptized in 1843\.
The initial meeting in preparation to organize the Relief Society was held in the Kimball home. A dozen Latter Day Saint sisters gathered in hopes of "forming a 'Ladies Society' for future service projects". [Eliza R. Snow](/wiki/Eliza_R._Snow "Eliza R. Snow") assisted in creating formal guidelines for the organizations and preparing them for Smith's approval. On March 17, 1842, the Female Relief Society of Nauvoo was organized under the direction of Smith and the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 "Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)").Utah Division of State History, "Markers and Monuments Database: Sarah Melissa Granger Kimball Marker." Utah Department of Heritage and Arts. [https://heritage.utah.gov/apps/history/markers/detailed\_results.php?markerid\=3323](https://heritage.utah.gov/apps/history/markers/detailed_results.php?markerid=3323) By 1844, the Nauvoo Relief Society had 1,341 members.
The Kimball family moved west with the [Mormon pioneers](/wiki/Mormon_pioneers "Mormon pioneers"), settling in [Salt Lake City](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City") in 1851\. However, Sarah made the initial journey alone with the children, as Hiram's business required him to stay in New York for some time. When Hiram did join the family out west, he had very little money and was in poor health. To support her family, Sarah taught schoolchildren.
In her early forties, Sarah began to worry about having rejected Joseph Smith in Nauvoo over the teaching of plural marriage, telling him to "teach it to someone else."{{cite book \|last1\=Ulrich \|first1\=Lauren Thatcher \|title\=A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women's Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835\-1870 \|date\=2017 \|publisher\=Alfred A. Knopf \|location\=New York \|isbn\=9780307594907 \|page\=373}} In 1858 Brigham Young offered a solution that her husband Hiram should stand as proxy during her [sealing](/wiki/Sealing_%28Mormonism%29 "Sealing (Mormonism)") to Joseph Smith.
|
[
"Conversion and church involvement\n---------------------------------",
"Sarah Granger was a daughter of [Oliver Granger](/wiki/Oliver_Granger \"Oliver Granger\") and his wife, Lydia Dibble. She was born in [Phelps, New York](/wiki/Phelps_%28village%29%2C_New_York \"Phelps (village), New York\") to a prominent Puritan family.{{Cite book\\| author\\=Thatcher, Blythe Darlyn \\| chapter\\=Sarah Melissa Granger Kimball \\| title\\=Heroines of the Restoration \\| year\\=1997 \\| publisher\\=Bookcraft \\| location\\=Salt Lake City, UT \\| editor\\=Smith, Barbara B. \\| editor2\\=Thatcher, Blythe Darlyn}}{{Cite book\\| author\\=Derr, Jill Mulvay \\| title\\=Sarah M. Kimball \\| year\\=1976 \\| publisher\\=Signature Books \\| location\\=Salt Lake City, UT}}{{Rp\\|3}} In 1830, Sarah's father acquired a copy of the [Book of Mormon](/wiki/Book_of_Mormon \"Book of Mormon\"), and stated he had a vision of the ancient prophet, [Moroni](/wiki/Moroni_%28Book_of_Mormon_prophet%29 \"Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)\"), testifying of the book's truth. Her family soon joined the [Church of Christ](/wiki/Church_of_Christ_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)\"), which was founded by [Joseph Smith](/wiki/Joseph_Smith \"Joseph Smith\"). Three years after their conversion, the family moved to [Kirtland, Ohio](/wiki/Kirtland%2C_Ohio \"Kirtland, Ohio\") with other church members. There, a teenage Sarah attended Smith's [School of the Prophets](/wiki/School_of_the_Prophets \"School of the Prophets\"), which focused on religious and secular education. Sarah and her family then moved to [Commerce, Illinois](/wiki/Nauvoo%2C_Illinois \"Nauvoo, Illinois\"), which soon became Nauvoo.",
"In Nauvoo, Sarah met Hiram S. Kimball, a non\\-Latter Day Saint merchant. The couple married in 1840 and welcomed their first child in 1841\\. Together, they had six children, including three who were adopted.{{Cite book\\| author\\=Pearce, Virginia H. \\| chapter\\=In Blessing Others We Are Blessed: Sarah Melissa Granger Kimball \\| title\\=Women of Faith in the Latter Days \\| year\\=2011 \\| publisher\\=Deseret Book \\| location\\=Salt Lake City, UT \\| editor\\=Turley Jr., Richard E. \\| editor2\\=Chapman, Brittany A.}} At the time of their first son's birth, church members were working on construction of the [Nauvoo Temple](/wiki/Nauvoo_Temple \"Nauvoo Temple\"). Sarah desired to contribute to the construction efforts, but felt uncomfortable donating since Hiram was not a member of the church. After discussing a contribution, Hiram donated a plot of land north of the temple property. Hiram was later baptized in 1843\\.",
"The initial meeting in preparation to organize the Relief Society was held in the Kimball home. A dozen Latter Day Saint sisters gathered in hopes of \"forming a 'Ladies Society' for future service projects\". [Eliza R. Snow](/wiki/Eliza_R._Snow \"Eliza R. Snow\") assisted in creating formal guidelines for the organizations and preparing them for Smith's approval. On March 17, 1842, the Female Relief Society of Nauvoo was organized under the direction of Smith and the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)\").Utah Division of State History, \"Markers and Monuments Database: Sarah Melissa Granger Kimball Marker.\" Utah Department of Heritage and Arts. [https://heritage.utah.gov/apps/history/markers/detailed\\_results.php?markerid\\=3323](https://heritage.utah.gov/apps/history/markers/detailed_results.php?markerid=3323) By 1844, the Nauvoo Relief Society had 1,341 members.",
"The Kimball family moved west with the [Mormon pioneers](/wiki/Mormon_pioneers \"Mormon pioneers\"), settling in [Salt Lake City](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City \"Salt Lake City\") in 1851\\. However, Sarah made the initial journey alone with the children, as Hiram's business required him to stay in New York for some time. When Hiram did join the family out west, he had very little money and was in poor health. To support her family, Sarah taught schoolchildren.",
"In her early forties, Sarah began to worry about having rejected Joseph Smith in Nauvoo over the teaching of plural marriage, telling him to \"teach it to someone else.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Ulrich \\|first1\\=Lauren Thatcher \\|title\\=A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women's Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835\\-1870 \\|date\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=Alfred A. Knopf \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=9780307594907 \\|page\\=373}} In 1858 Brigham Young offered a solution that her husband Hiram should stand as proxy during her [sealing](/wiki/Sealing_%28Mormonism%29 \"Sealing (Mormonism)\") to Joseph Smith.",
""
] |
Biography and military career
-----------------------------
He was born on 1 November 1927 in Hải Châu, Đà Nẵng, into a Confucian family. His designated birthplace is in Kim Long, Hương Trà district, Thừa Thiên province. In 1947 he graduated from the French program at Quoc Hoc Khai Dinh Hue High School with a full Baccalaureate degree (Part II). In August of the same year, he entered the Merchant Marine School. In December 1948, he graduated as a Marine Captain, serving in this profession until joining the army.
### Vietnamese National Army
At the end of 1951, he and a number of marine officers were selected to join the National Army Navy which was part of the French Union Army. He Attended the 1st course at Nha Trang Naval Academy which opened on 1 January 1952\. With a total of 9 students, all were sent to the [Arromanches](/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Arromanches "French aircraft carrier Arromanches") aircraft carrier for professional training, then rotated. through the Far Eastern Battleships of the French Navy *(because the Nha Trang Naval Training Center is under construction)*. In July, the whole course returned to Nha Trang to continue training. On 1 October 1952, he graduated from the navy with the rank of naval lieutenant in command. After graduating, he was assigned to serve in the Volunteer Corps. On 1 October 1953, he was promoted to naval lieutenant holds the position of Deputy Commander of the Volunteer Corps. In July 1954, he was promoted to naval captain, received and became the first captain of the Jiangsu HQ\-535, which was transferred by the French Navy to the Vietnamese Navy.
### Republic of Vietnam Navy
On 26 October 1956, after a year of service in the National Army, he went on to serve the Republic of Vietnam Navy where he was promoted to the rank of Navy Major to assume the position of Commander of the Dau Hai area. At this time, he, along with Colonel [Linh Quang Viên](/wiki/Linh_Quang_Vi%C3%AAn "Linh Quang Viên"), were observers of the Southeast Asian Inter\-Defense Navy exercise on the aircraft carrier Enterprise for 15 days from Singapore to Subic Bay Philippines. By mid\-1957, he was appointed Chief of Staff in the Navy Command led by Major Trần Văn Chơn as Commander.
In August 1959, he was appointed as Navy Commander, replacing Major [Trần Văn Chơn](/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Ch%C6%A1n "Trần Văn Chơn"), who was sent to study at the [Naval War College](/wiki/Naval_War_College "Naval War College") in the United States. In October 1959, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Navy. He was very loyal to President [Ngô Đình Diệm](/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem "Ngo Dinh Diem"). In the mid\-1960s, he established the Marine Force to prevent the infiltration of people and weapons by the [North Vietnamese Army](/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam "People's Army of Vietnam").
On 11 November 1960, the [Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Airborne_Division "Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division") [led a coup](/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt "1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt") to overthrow the Diệm government, but he supported forces loyal to Diệm and the coup eventually collapsed. On 27 February 1962, when two pilots, Lieutenant Nguyễn Văn Cử and Lieutenant [Phạm Phú Quốc](/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c "Phạm Phú Quốc"), [bombed the Independence Palace](/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing "1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing"), he directed Navy warships to shoot down the attacking aircraft and they successfully shot down Quốc who was then captured by an RVNN patrol.{{cite news\|title\=Vietnamese win in stab at reds\|author\=Bigart, Homer\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=3 March 1962\|author\-link\=Homer Bigart}} Soon afterwards, he was promoted to the rank of Captain. On 3 January 1963, he was appointed as Commander of the operation "Waves of love", to pacify and secure the people in Nam Can, Ca Mau.
On 1 November 1963, a number of senior officers successfully organized a coup against Diệm. At 9:45 a.m. on 1 November, he was travelling on the [Bien Hoa](/wiki/Bien_Hoa "Bien Hoa") highway heading to Thu Duc, with two Navy officers under his command, Major [Trương Học Lực](/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_H%E1%BB%8Dc_L%E1%BB%B1c "Trương Học Lực"), Commander of Region 3 Rivers and Captain [Nguyễn Kim Hương Giang](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kim_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Giang "Nguyễn Kim Hương Giang"), commander of the 24th Volunteer Corps and commander Đoàn Giang Vận. These two officers were ordered by the generals leading the coup to remove him from the position of Commander of the Navy, so they tricked him into going to Thủ Đức and killed him in the rubber forest. Immediately after, the Revolutionary Military Council, chaired by General [Dương Văn Minh](/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh "Dương Văn Minh"), appointed Colonel [Chung Tấn Cang](/wiki/Chung_T%E1%BA%A5n_Cang "Chung Tấn Cang") to the position of Commander of the Navy.
|
[
"Biography and military career\n-----------------------------",
"He was born on 1 November 1927 in Hải Châu, Đà Nẵng, into a Confucian family. His designated birthplace is in Kim Long, Hương Trà district, Thừa Thiên province. In 1947 he graduated from the French program at Quoc Hoc Khai Dinh Hue High School with a full Baccalaureate degree (Part II). In August of the same year, he entered the Merchant Marine School. In December 1948, he graduated as a Marine Captain, serving in this profession until joining the army.",
"### Vietnamese National Army",
"At the end of 1951, he and a number of marine officers were selected to join the National Army Navy which was part of the French Union Army. He Attended the 1st course at Nha Trang Naval Academy which opened on 1 January 1952\\. With a total of 9 students, all were sent to the [Arromanches](/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Arromanches \"French aircraft carrier Arromanches\") aircraft carrier for professional training, then rotated. through the Far Eastern Battleships of the French Navy *(because the Nha Trang Naval Training Center is under construction)*. In July, the whole course returned to Nha Trang to continue training. On 1 October 1952, he graduated from the navy with the rank of naval lieutenant in command. After graduating, he was assigned to serve in the Volunteer Corps. On 1 October 1953, he was promoted to naval lieutenant holds the position of Deputy Commander of the Volunteer Corps. In July 1954, he was promoted to naval captain, received and became the first captain of the Jiangsu HQ\\-535, which was transferred by the French Navy to the Vietnamese Navy.",
"### Republic of Vietnam Navy",
"On 26 October 1956, after a year of service in the National Army, he went on to serve the Republic of Vietnam Navy where he was promoted to the rank of Navy Major to assume the position of Commander of the Dau Hai area. At this time, he, along with Colonel [Linh Quang Viên](/wiki/Linh_Quang_Vi%C3%AAn \"Linh Quang Viên\"), were observers of the Southeast Asian Inter\\-Defense Navy exercise on the aircraft carrier Enterprise for 15 days from Singapore to Subic Bay Philippines. By mid\\-1957, he was appointed Chief of Staff in the Navy Command led by Major Trần Văn Chơn as Commander.",
"In August 1959, he was appointed as Navy Commander, replacing Major [Trần Văn Chơn](/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Ch%C6%A1n \"Trần Văn Chơn\"), who was sent to study at the [Naval War College](/wiki/Naval_War_College \"Naval War College\") in the United States. In October 1959, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Navy. He was very loyal to President [Ngô Đình Diệm](/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem \"Ngo Dinh Diem\"). In the mid\\-1960s, he established the Marine Force to prevent the infiltration of people and weapons by the [North Vietnamese Army](/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam \"People's Army of Vietnam\").",
"On 11 November 1960, the [Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Airborne_Division \"Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division\") [led a coup](/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt \"1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt\") to overthrow the Diệm government, but he supported forces loyal to Diệm and the coup eventually collapsed. On 27 February 1962, when two pilots, Lieutenant Nguyễn Văn Cử and Lieutenant [Phạm Phú Quốc](/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c \"Phạm Phú Quốc\"), [bombed the Independence Palace](/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing \"1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing\"), he directed Navy warships to shoot down the attacking aircraft and they successfully shot down Quốc who was then captured by an RVNN patrol.{{cite news\\|title\\=Vietnamese win in stab at reds\\|author\\=Bigart, Homer\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=3 March 1962\\|author\\-link\\=Homer Bigart}} Soon afterwards, he was promoted to the rank of Captain. On 3 January 1963, he was appointed as Commander of the operation \"Waves of love\", to pacify and secure the people in Nam Can, Ca Mau.",
"On 1 November 1963, a number of senior officers successfully organized a coup against Diệm. At 9:45 a.m. on 1 November, he was travelling on the [Bien Hoa](/wiki/Bien_Hoa \"Bien Hoa\") highway heading to Thu Duc, with two Navy officers under his command, Major [Trương Học Lực](/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_H%E1%BB%8Dc_L%E1%BB%B1c \"Trương Học Lực\"), Commander of Region 3 Rivers and Captain [Nguyễn Kim Hương Giang](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kim_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Giang \"Nguyễn Kim Hương Giang\"), commander of the 24th Volunteer Corps and commander Đoàn Giang Vận. These two officers were ordered by the generals leading the coup to remove him from the position of Commander of the Navy, so they tricked him into going to Thủ Đức and killed him in the rubber forest. Immediately after, the Revolutionary Military Council, chaired by General [Dương Văn Minh](/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh \"Dương Văn Minh\"), appointed Colonel [Chung Tấn Cang](/wiki/Chung_T%E1%BA%A5n_Cang \"Chung Tấn Cang\") to the position of Commander of the Navy.",
""
] |
Origins
-------
In the latter years of the eighteenth century, coal pits were opened up in what became the northern and eastern parts of the [Bristol Coalfield](/wiki/Bristol_Coalfield "Bristol Coalfield") and the [Somerset Coalfield](/wiki/Somerset_Coalfield "Somerset Coalfield"). Extracting the coal was only part of the process, and bringing it to market was the necessary next step; before proper roads existed, land transport of heavy bulk materials posed huge challenges, although rivers and canals provided a partial solution.
The important industrial city of Bristol generated a massive demand for coal, for domestic and industrial purposes, and the proprietors of pits in the [Coalpit Heath](/wiki/Coalpit_Heath "Coalpit Heath") area, about {{convert\|9\|mi\|spell\=in}} north\-east of the city, turned their attention to wagonways and tramways as a solution to their transport problem. Numerous schemes were put forward, but none gained the necessary financial support until the [Bristol and Gloucestershire Railway](/wiki/Bristol_and_Gloucestershire_Railway "Bristol and Gloucestershire Railway") was formed, in October 1827\. In this article the Bristol and Gloucestershire Railway will be abbreviated to B\&GlosR.
[thumb\|A\&GR bridge under the Keynsham to Willsbridge roadIt](/wiki/File:A%26GR_bridge_under_A4175.jpg "A&GR bridge under A4175.jpg") was to be a horse\-operated railway, running from pits in the Coalpit Heath area to a wharf on the [Floating Harbour](/wiki/Floating_Harbour "Floating Harbour") in Bristol. During the meetings to determine the support for the proposed railway, the [Kennet and Avon Canal](/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal "Kennet and Avon Canal") company had expressed a desire that here should be a branch to the River Avon, with which the canal connected, near Keynsham, and this was apparently agreed to. This was to enable the canal company to convey coal to Bath and further east to the Wiltshire towns it served.
{{Infobox UK legislation
\| short\_title \= Avon and Gloucestershire Railway Act 1828
\| type \= Act
\| parliament \= Parliament of the United Kingdom
\| long\_title \= An Act for making and maintaining a Railway or Tram Road from Rodwall Hill, in the Parish of Mangotsfield in the County of Gloucester, to the River Avon in the Parish of Bitton in the same County.
\| year \= 1828
\| citation \= \[\[9 Geo. 4]]. c. xciv
\| introduced\_commons \=
\| introduced\_lords \=
\| territorial\_extent \=
\| royal\_assent \= 19 June 1828
\| commencement \=
\| expiry\_date \=
\| repeal\_date \=
\| amends \=
\| replaces \=
\| amendments \=
\| repealing\_legislation \=
\| related\_legislation \=
\| status \=
\| legislation\_history \=
\| theyworkforyou \=
\| millbankhansard \=
\| original\_text \= https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo4/9/94/pdfs/ukla\_18280094\_en.pdf
\| revised\_text \=
\| use\_new\_UK\-LEG \=
\| UK\-LEG\_title \=
\| collapsed \= yes
}}
At the meeting it was decided that construction of the Keynsham branch of the B\&GR line would be handed over to a separate company, the Avon and Gloucestershire Railway (A\&GR). The A\&GR would have running powers over the section of the B\&GlosR to reach the collieries. The Kennet and Avon Canal (K\&ACC) agreed to subscribe £10,000 towards the project, which was estimated by John BlackwellJohn Priestley, *Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, of Great Britain*, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, London, 1831, accessible at <https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eUqIucVmZjwC> to cost £20,226 11s 2d. The promoters obtained an act of Parliament, the **{{visible anchor\|Avon and Gloucestershire Railway Act 1828}}** ([9 Geo. 4](/wiki/9_Geo._4 "9 Geo. 4"). c. xciv), for their line on 19 June 1828; the parliamentary expenses were paid by the canal company.Kenneth R Clew, *The Kennet and Avon Canal*, David \& Charles, Newton Abbot, 1968, {{ISBN\|0\-7153\-4225\-8}}Colin G Maggs, *The Bristol and Gloucester Railway and the Avon and Gloucestershire Railway*, second edition 1992, Oakwood Press, Headington, {{ISBN\|0 85361 435 0}}
As was usual at this date, maximum toll rates were stipulated in the act, as well as wharfage and warehousing; cranage was also specified: 6d for under two tons; 1s 0d for less than three tons; 1s 6d for less than four tons; and so progressively advancing 6d per ton.
The A\&GR would run from a junction with the B\&GlosR line at [Mangotsfield](/wiki/Mangotsfield "Mangotsfield") (close to the site of the later Mangotsfield North Junction on the later main line railway) and follow a southerly course to the River Avon. Any coal from Coalpit Heath for the A\&GR line would therefore travel over the B\&GlosR line as far as the junction.
The majority of the shares in the new company were in the hands of the K\&ACC and within a year the canal company bought out all the privately\-owned shares, so that they owned the A\&GR outright. Following this, the K\&ACC borrowed £20,000 to help fund the building of the A\&GR. They borrowed a further £10,000 in 1831 and another £10,000 in 1832\.
Mission creep followed, as several branches were proposed in October 1829, including a {{convert\|3\|mi\|adj\=on\|spell\=in}} branch to Wick Limestone Rocks; this was not in fact built. A {{convert\|43\|chain\|mi km\|adj\=on}} branch to Soundwell Colliery from Siston Common was built, as was a {{convert\|25\|chain\|mi km\|adj\=on}} branch to Londonderry Wharf on the River Avon; also proposed at this time was a Shortwood Colliery branch from Mangotsfield; this was actually built by the B\&GlosR.
The B\&GlosR regarded these proposed branches as hostile: the colliery branches invaded territory they regarded as their own. The Londonderry Wharf branch was hugely significant as it lay on the Bristol side of Keynsham lock, on the River Avon: it would enable the A\&GR company to transfer coal to river vessels there and take it into Bristol, by\-passing most of the B\&GlosR line. The A\&GR declined to accept that there had been any territorial understanding, but did concede the transfer of the Shortwood branch to the B\&GlosR.
|
[
"Origins\n-------",
"In the latter years of the eighteenth century, coal pits were opened up in what became the northern and eastern parts of the [Bristol Coalfield](/wiki/Bristol_Coalfield \"Bristol Coalfield\") and the [Somerset Coalfield](/wiki/Somerset_Coalfield \"Somerset Coalfield\"). Extracting the coal was only part of the process, and bringing it to market was the necessary next step; before proper roads existed, land transport of heavy bulk materials posed huge challenges, although rivers and canals provided a partial solution.",
"The important industrial city of Bristol generated a massive demand for coal, for domestic and industrial purposes, and the proprietors of pits in the [Coalpit Heath](/wiki/Coalpit_Heath \"Coalpit Heath\") area, about {{convert\\|9\\|mi\\|spell\\=in}} north\\-east of the city, turned their attention to wagonways and tramways as a solution to their transport problem. Numerous schemes were put forward, but none gained the necessary financial support until the [Bristol and Gloucestershire Railway](/wiki/Bristol_and_Gloucestershire_Railway \"Bristol and Gloucestershire Railway\") was formed, in October 1827\\. In this article the Bristol and Gloucestershire Railway will be abbreviated to B\\&GlosR.",
"[thumb\\|A\\&GR bridge under the Keynsham to Willsbridge roadIt](/wiki/File:A%26GR_bridge_under_A4175.jpg \"A&GR bridge under A4175.jpg\") was to be a horse\\-operated railway, running from pits in the Coalpit Heath area to a wharf on the [Floating Harbour](/wiki/Floating_Harbour \"Floating Harbour\") in Bristol. During the meetings to determine the support for the proposed railway, the [Kennet and Avon Canal](/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal \"Kennet and Avon Canal\") company had expressed a desire that here should be a branch to the River Avon, with which the canal connected, near Keynsham, and this was apparently agreed to. This was to enable the canal company to convey coal to Bath and further east to the Wiltshire towns it served.",
"{{Infobox UK legislation\n\\| short\\_title \\= Avon and Gloucestershire Railway Act 1828\n\\| type \\= Act\n\\| parliament \\= Parliament of the United Kingdom\n\\| long\\_title \\= An Act for making and maintaining a Railway or Tram Road from Rodwall Hill, in the Parish of Mangotsfield in the County of Gloucester, to the River Avon in the Parish of Bitton in the same County.\n\\| year \\= 1828\n\\| citation \\= \\[\\[9 Geo. 4]]. c. xciv\n\\| introduced\\_commons \\= \n\\| introduced\\_lords \\= \n\\| territorial\\_extent \\= \n\\| royal\\_assent \\= 19 June 1828\n\\| commencement \\= \n\\| expiry\\_date \\= \n\\| repeal\\_date \\= \n\\| amends \\= \n\\| replaces \\= \n\\| amendments \\= \n\\| repealing\\_legislation \\= \n\\| related\\_legislation \\= \n\\| status \\= \n\\| legislation\\_history \\= \n\\| theyworkforyou \\= \n\\| millbankhansard \\= \n\\| original\\_text \\= https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo4/9/94/pdfs/ukla\\_18280094\\_en.pdf\n\\| revised\\_text \\= \n\\| use\\_new\\_UK\\-LEG \\= \n\\| UK\\-LEG\\_title \\= \n\\| collapsed \\= yes\n}}\nAt the meeting it was decided that construction of the Keynsham branch of the B\\&GR line would be handed over to a separate company, the Avon and Gloucestershire Railway (A\\&GR). The A\\&GR would have running powers over the section of the B\\&GlosR to reach the collieries. The Kennet and Avon Canal (K\\&ACC) agreed to subscribe £10,000 towards the project, which was estimated by John BlackwellJohn Priestley, *Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, of Great Britain*, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, London, 1831, accessible at <https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eUqIucVmZjwC> to cost £20,226 11s 2d. The promoters obtained an act of Parliament, the **{{visible anchor\\|Avon and Gloucestershire Railway Act 1828}}** ([9 Geo. 4](/wiki/9_Geo._4 \"9 Geo. 4\"). c. xciv), for their line on 19 June 1828; the parliamentary expenses were paid by the canal company.Kenneth R Clew, *The Kennet and Avon Canal*, David \\& Charles, Newton Abbot, 1968, {{ISBN\\|0\\-7153\\-4225\\-8}}Colin G Maggs, *The Bristol and Gloucester Railway and the Avon and Gloucestershire Railway*, second edition 1992, Oakwood Press, Headington, {{ISBN\\|0 85361 435 0}}",
"As was usual at this date, maximum toll rates were stipulated in the act, as well as wharfage and warehousing; cranage was also specified: 6d for under two tons; 1s 0d for less than three tons; 1s 6d for less than four tons; and so progressively advancing 6d per ton.",
"The A\\&GR would run from a junction with the B\\&GlosR line at [Mangotsfield](/wiki/Mangotsfield \"Mangotsfield\") (close to the site of the later Mangotsfield North Junction on the later main line railway) and follow a southerly course to the River Avon. Any coal from Coalpit Heath for the A\\&GR line would therefore travel over the B\\&GlosR line as far as the junction.",
"The majority of the shares in the new company were in the hands of the K\\&ACC and within a year the canal company bought out all the privately\\-owned shares, so that they owned the A\\&GR outright. Following this, the K\\&ACC borrowed £20,000 to help fund the building of the A\\&GR. They borrowed a further £10,000 in 1831 and another £10,000 in 1832\\.",
"Mission creep followed, as several branches were proposed in October 1829, including a {{convert\\|3\\|mi\\|adj\\=on\\|spell\\=in}} branch to Wick Limestone Rocks; this was not in fact built. A {{convert\\|43\\|chain\\|mi km\\|adj\\=on}} branch to Soundwell Colliery from Siston Common was built, as was a {{convert\\|25\\|chain\\|mi km\\|adj\\=on}} branch to Londonderry Wharf on the River Avon; also proposed at this time was a Shortwood Colliery branch from Mangotsfield; this was actually built by the B\\&GlosR.",
"The B\\&GlosR regarded these proposed branches as hostile: the colliery branches invaded territory they regarded as their own. The Londonderry Wharf branch was hugely significant as it lay on the Bristol side of Keynsham lock, on the River Avon: it would enable the A\\&GR company to transfer coal to river vessels there and take it into Bristol, by\\-passing most of the B\\&GlosR line. The A\\&GR declined to accept that there had been any territorial understanding, but did concede the transfer of the Shortwood branch to the B\\&GlosR.",
""
] |
Construction and opening
------------------------
[thumb\|Old rails (but not the earliest pattern) in use as fencing at Londonderry Farm](/wiki/File:A%26GR_rails_at_Londonderry_Farm.jpg "A&GR rails at Londonderry Farm.jpg")
{{Infobox UK legislation
\| short\_title \= Avon and Gloucestershire Railway Act 1831
\| type \= Act
\| parliament \= Parliament of the United Kingdom
\| long\_title \= An Act to alter the Line of the Avon and Gloucester Rail Way, to make certain Branches from the same, and to amend the Act for making the said Rail Way.
\| year \= 1831
\| citation \= \[\[1 \& 2 Will. 4]]. c. xii
\| introduced\_commons \=
\| introduced\_lords \=
\| territorial\_extent \=
\| royal\_assent \= 30 July 1831
\| commencement \=
\| expiry\_date \=
\| repeal\_date \=
\| amends \=
\| replaces \=
\| amendments \=
\| repealing\_legislation \=
\| related\_legislation \=
\| status \=
\| legislation\_history \=
\| theyworkforyou \=
\| millbankhansard \=
\| original\_text \= https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Will4/1\-2/12/pdfs/ukla\_18310012\_en.pdf
\| revised\_text \=
\| use\_new\_UK\-LEG \=
\| UK\-LEG\_title \=
\| collapsed \= yes
}}
Obtaining the necessary land for the line proved difficult, and a further act of Parliament, the **{{visible anchor\|Avon and Gloucestershire Railway Act 1831}}** ([1 \& 2 Will. 4](/wiki/1_%26_2_Will._4 "1 & 2 Will. 4"). c. xii) on 30 July 1831 authorised some deviations, additional capital of £15,000 and yet more branches; these were all short lines to pits close to the A\&GR line. Two were actually built: Redfield Lane to Haul Lane (or Hole Lane) pit ({{convert\|6\|chain\|mi km}}) and Siston Common to Soundwell ({{convert\|43\|chain\|mi km}}). Two others were authorised but were not built.
At a committee meeting at the Backs Office, Bitton, on 27 October 1830, the committeePresumably the management committee for the A\&GR set up by the Kennet and Avon Canal Company as owners travelled from there to Haul Lane pit in a "pattern wagon". Presumably this means a standardised design for independent hauliers to adopt, and the journey was probably rail\-borne.
It was reported that there were problems with the levels in the Willsbridge Tunnel, requiring it to be deepened, and that two bridges were found to have been constructed improperly, requiring remedial works by the contractor.
The advantages of the railway over horse\-and\-cart transport were to be considerable, and the pit proprietors were anxious to start using the line; six empty wagons were sent to Haul Lane on 30 December 1830\. The Haul Lane coal must have been loaded on the main line, the coal being brought to the railway by horse and cart. (A tramway branch was built to the Pit but this was much later.) The loaded wagons were taken down immediately, so that the lower part of the line can be considered to have carried its first traffic on that day or shortly afterwards. The coal was destined for Bristol, but the Londonderry branch was not ready, so they were taken to the less\-convenient Keynsham wharf, but the A\&GR charged the rates as if Londonderry was used.
In January 1831 the owner of Soundwell Colliery asked the company to make a branch there, with a financial contribution from him. The committee were unable to take on the additional commitment, but indicated that they would give him every facility to do the work himself, including the use of the company's wagons and route for the actual construction without charge. In fact this seems to have been done by the company, and quickly accomplished; on 17 October 1831 the branch was ready; the cost of laying it was £716 13s 4d, which was repaid to the K\&ACC by the colliery owner.
On 16 January 1831 traffic started to be carried from Siston Hill Pit, also being loaded on the main line. It was acknowledged that this was unsatisfactory, and that "turnouts" (sidings or passing loops) were required there and at Haul Lane, with possibly a branch at the latter.
[thumb\|The wharf at Keynsham (2012\)The](/wiki/File:Keynsham_Wharf_of_the_A%26GR.jpg "Keynsham Wharf of the A&GR.jpg") winter weather made further work difficult, and the B\&GlosR line was in difficulty also; however its contractor, Woodward, undertook to complete the northern half of that line (which the A\&GR needed, in order to receive the Coalpit Heath coal) by 1 August. The B\&GlosR and its contractor were evidently delaying matters, and threats of legal sanctions by the A\&GR company were required to force action by them; this resulted in the physical connection at the junction of the two lines at Mangotsfield being made ready on 5 June 1831; but the B\&GlosR line onward to the pits at Coalpit Heath was not yet ready.
After further prevarication, the northern section of the B\&GlosR was opened by 17 July 1832, although the exact date is unknown, and as the A\&GR line had already been made ready this may be regarded as the date of its full opening, except for the Londonderry branch. The cost had been £52,710 6s 11d.
The Londonderry branch was only started in September 1832 and completed by July 1833; the wharf was opened in the first week in October 1833, having cost £1,541 15s 7d.
|
[
"Construction and opening\n------------------------",
"[thumb\\|Old rails (but not the earliest pattern) in use as fencing at Londonderry Farm](/wiki/File:A%26GR_rails_at_Londonderry_Farm.jpg \"A&GR rails at Londonderry Farm.jpg\")\n{{Infobox UK legislation\n\\| short\\_title \\= Avon and Gloucestershire Railway Act 1831\n\\| type \\= Act\n\\| parliament \\= Parliament of the United Kingdom\n\\| long\\_title \\= An Act to alter the Line of the Avon and Gloucester Rail Way, to make certain Branches from the same, and to amend the Act for making the said Rail Way.\n\\| year \\= 1831\n\\| citation \\= \\[\\[1 \\& 2 Will. 4]]. c. xii\n\\| introduced\\_commons \\= \n\\| introduced\\_lords \\= \n\\| territorial\\_extent \\= \n\\| royal\\_assent \\= 30 July 1831\n\\| commencement \\= \n\\| expiry\\_date \\= \n\\| repeal\\_date \\= \n\\| amends \\= \n\\| replaces \\= \n\\| amendments \\= \n\\| repealing\\_legislation \\= \n\\| related\\_legislation \\= \n\\| status \\= \n\\| legislation\\_history \\= \n\\| theyworkforyou \\= \n\\| millbankhansard \\= \n\\| original\\_text \\= https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Will4/1\\-2/12/pdfs/ukla\\_18310012\\_en.pdf\n\\| revised\\_text \\= \n\\| use\\_new\\_UK\\-LEG \\= \n\\| UK\\-LEG\\_title \\= \n\\| collapsed \\= yes\n}}\nObtaining the necessary land for the line proved difficult, and a further act of Parliament, the **{{visible anchor\\|Avon and Gloucestershire Railway Act 1831}}** ([1 \\& 2 Will. 4](/wiki/1_%26_2_Will._4 \"1 & 2 Will. 4\"). c. xii) on 30 July 1831 authorised some deviations, additional capital of £15,000 and yet more branches; these were all short lines to pits close to the A\\&GR line. Two were actually built: Redfield Lane to Haul Lane (or Hole Lane) pit ({{convert\\|6\\|chain\\|mi km}}) and Siston Common to Soundwell ({{convert\\|43\\|chain\\|mi km}}). Two others were authorised but were not built.",
"At a committee meeting at the Backs Office, Bitton, on 27 October 1830, the committeePresumably the management committee for the A\\&GR set up by the Kennet and Avon Canal Company as owners travelled from there to Haul Lane pit in a \"pattern wagon\". Presumably this means a standardised design for independent hauliers to adopt, and the journey was probably rail\\-borne.",
"It was reported that there were problems with the levels in the Willsbridge Tunnel, requiring it to be deepened, and that two bridges were found to have been constructed improperly, requiring remedial works by the contractor.",
"The advantages of the railway over horse\\-and\\-cart transport were to be considerable, and the pit proprietors were anxious to start using the line; six empty wagons were sent to Haul Lane on 30 December 1830\\. The Haul Lane coal must have been loaded on the main line, the coal being brought to the railway by horse and cart. (A tramway branch was built to the Pit but this was much later.) The loaded wagons were taken down immediately, so that the lower part of the line can be considered to have carried its first traffic on that day or shortly afterwards. The coal was destined for Bristol, but the Londonderry branch was not ready, so they were taken to the less\\-convenient Keynsham wharf, but the A\\&GR charged the rates as if Londonderry was used.",
"In January 1831 the owner of Soundwell Colliery asked the company to make a branch there, with a financial contribution from him. The committee were unable to take on the additional commitment, but indicated that they would give him every facility to do the work himself, including the use of the company's wagons and route for the actual construction without charge. In fact this seems to have been done by the company, and quickly accomplished; on 17 October 1831 the branch was ready; the cost of laying it was £716 13s 4d, which was repaid to the K\\&ACC by the colliery owner.",
"On 16 January 1831 traffic started to be carried from Siston Hill Pit, also being loaded on the main line. It was acknowledged that this was unsatisfactory, and that \"turnouts\" (sidings or passing loops) were required there and at Haul Lane, with possibly a branch at the latter.",
"[thumb\\|The wharf at Keynsham (2012\\)The](/wiki/File:Keynsham_Wharf_of_the_A%26GR.jpg \"Keynsham Wharf of the A&GR.jpg\") winter weather made further work difficult, and the B\\&GlosR line was in difficulty also; however its contractor, Woodward, undertook to complete the northern half of that line (which the A\\&GR needed, in order to receive the Coalpit Heath coal) by 1 August. The B\\&GlosR and its contractor were evidently delaying matters, and threats of legal sanctions by the A\\&GR company were required to force action by them; this resulted in the physical connection at the junction of the two lines at Mangotsfield being made ready on 5 June 1831; but the B\\&GlosR line onward to the pits at Coalpit Heath was not yet ready.",
"After further prevarication, the northern section of the B\\&GlosR was opened by 17 July 1832, although the exact date is unknown, and as the A\\&GR line had already been made ready this may be regarded as the date of its full opening, except for the Londonderry branch. The cost had been £52,710 6s 11d.",
"The Londonderry branch was only started in September 1832 and completed by July 1833; the wharf was opened in the first week in October 1833, having cost £1,541 15s 7d.",
""
] |
Bristol and Gloucester Railway gauge conversion
-----------------------------------------------
On 11 July 1839 the first meeting took place of the newly authorised [Bristol and Gloucester Railway](/wiki/Bristol_and_Gloucester_Railway "Bristol and Gloucester Railway") (B\&GR); the new company name must not be confused with the existing Bristol and Gloucestershire Railway (B\&GlosR). The Bristol and Gloucester company planned to form part of a chain of railways connecting to Gloucester and the huge manufacturing district of Birmingham. It was authorised to purchase the Bristol and Gloucestershire company, and to build a new line from Westerleigh on that line as far as Standish, about {{convert\|11\|mi}} short of Gloucester. There it would join the [Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway](/wiki/Cheltenham_and_Great_Western_Union_Railway "Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway") (C\&GWUR), then under construction, and trains would run over that company's line to Gloucester. A [Birmingham and Gloucester Railway](/wiki/Birmingham_and_Gloucester_Railway "Birmingham and Gloucester Railway") company had been formed and was under construction, completing the chain. However the C\&GWUR was a [broad gauge](/wiki/Broad_gauge "Broad gauge") railway, and this [break of gauge](/wiki/Break-of-gauge "Break-of-gauge") was to be a source of significant complication for all concerned, including the A\&GR.
After considerable negotiation, in March 1843, the B\&GR decided to build its line as a broad gauge railway; this would simplify the running from Standish to Gloucester, and ensure friendly relations with the powerful [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway "Great Western Railway")—the GWR was in the process of purchasing the C\&GWUR. The Bristol \& Gloucester therefore had to convert the former Bristol and Gloucestershire route to the broad gauge.
To carry out the work, the section of that line between Westerleigh and the Mangotsfield Junction with the A\&GR was temporarily closed from 5 June 1844, and re\-opened as a mixed gauge line—the first in the country—on 29 July 1844\. During the closure the Coalpit Heath collieries were unable to send coal to the A\&GR. The B\&GR's own track was broad gauge with longitudinal timbers under the rails; the narrow gauge track was formed with cross\-sleepers and {{cvt\|35\|lb/yd\|kg/m}} fishbelly rails; the narrow rails were {{convert\|2\|in\|spell\=in}} higher than the broad gauge rails, and at the junctions the broad gauge rails were not interrupted, it being arranged that the narrow gauge vehicles would pass over the broad gauge rails.
[thumb\|Avon House, the former headquarters building at the Avon Wharf, KeynshamAs](/wiki/File:A%26GR_headquarters_building%2C_Keynsham%2C_ENgland.jpg "A&GR headquarters building, Keynsham, ENgland.jpg") the B\&GR was going to operate locomotive hauled passenger trains, they indicated that the A\&GR trains—still horse drawn—should only start on the common track section immediately following a passenger train. There were to be six a day, and the distance involved was {{convert\|2\.6\|mi}}. The A\&GR fiercely resisted this restriction, demanding unrestricted freedom to operate, and Major\-General Pasley of [Her Majesty's Railway Inspectorate](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Railway_Inspectorate "Her Majesty's Railway Inspectorate") had to arbitrate. He formed the view that the A\&GR traffic was very light, amounting to one or two trains every day, and he stated that the proposed limitation was reasonable.
From the Kennet and Avon's point of view, as owners of the A\&GR, the matter looked rather different:
> There were now difficulties with the Avon \& Gloucestershire horse railway, which the canal owned. It had never been a success, and in 1841 £45,000 of capital spent on it had to be written off. Then the Bristol \& Gloucester Railway bought the Bristol \& Gloucestershire horse railway, with which the A\&GR connected, and converted it to the broad gauge and to locomotive operation, the narrow gauge being left in place for the part over which the A\&GR ran to Coalpit Heath. It took an hour to pull an A\&GR train over this section, and their trains were fitted in with the six steam trains a day of the Bristol \& Gloucester. Somewhat naturally the Kennet \& Avon complained of the results of this system, and the Board of Trade stopped the working by horses when it came to their ears. Eventually after a discussion the B\&GR offered to haul two trains a day of A\&GR waggons each way along the joint stretch with their locomotives at 6d a ton including toll, and this offer was accepted.Charles Hadfield, *The Canals of Southern England*, Phoenix House Ltd., London, 1955
Later Pasley said that an independent track for the A\&GR was desirable, but the A\&GR found this unaffordable, and no further traffic ran from the Coalpit Heath pits. An impasse was reached, until on 26 August 1844 the Bristol and Gloucester company wrote to the A\&GR proposing a compromise in which they would convert the A\&GR line to broad gauge at their own expense, or alternatively haul A\&GR trains with their own locomotives over the broad gauge section. The A\&GR refused this proposal and in October the B\&GR "agreed to lay a second line of narrow gauge rails"—it is not clear whether this meant an independent track alongside the Bristol and Gloucester line.
They did so quite quickly but when Pasley's assistant made an inspection on 27 November 1844, he found that the junctions and turnouts had not been properly formed. It appears that the impasse continued, for it was in November 1849 that a representative of the Coalpit Heath colliery asked why the A\&GR line had not been completed as agreed. The A\&GR committee replied that they were trying to reach an arrangement with the [Midland Railway](/wiki/Midland_Railway "Midland Railway") company (as successors to the B\&GR) but this too seems to have been in vain. By this time most of the Coalpit Heath pits had ceased operation and the potential traffic was probably very small.
|
[
"Bristol and Gloucester Railway gauge conversion\n-----------------------------------------------",
"On 11 July 1839 the first meeting took place of the newly authorised [Bristol and Gloucester Railway](/wiki/Bristol_and_Gloucester_Railway \"Bristol and Gloucester Railway\") (B\\&GR); the new company name must not be confused with the existing Bristol and Gloucestershire Railway (B\\&GlosR). The Bristol and Gloucester company planned to form part of a chain of railways connecting to Gloucester and the huge manufacturing district of Birmingham. It was authorised to purchase the Bristol and Gloucestershire company, and to build a new line from Westerleigh on that line as far as Standish, about {{convert\\|11\\|mi}} short of Gloucester. There it would join the [Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway](/wiki/Cheltenham_and_Great_Western_Union_Railway \"Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway\") (C\\&GWUR), then under construction, and trains would run over that company's line to Gloucester. A [Birmingham and Gloucester Railway](/wiki/Birmingham_and_Gloucester_Railway \"Birmingham and Gloucester Railway\") company had been formed and was under construction, completing the chain. However the C\\&GWUR was a [broad gauge](/wiki/Broad_gauge \"Broad gauge\") railway, and this [break of gauge](/wiki/Break-of-gauge \"Break-of-gauge\") was to be a source of significant complication for all concerned, including the A\\&GR.",
"After considerable negotiation, in March 1843, the B\\&GR decided to build its line as a broad gauge railway; this would simplify the running from Standish to Gloucester, and ensure friendly relations with the powerful [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway \"Great Western Railway\")—the GWR was in the process of purchasing the C\\&GWUR. The Bristol \\& Gloucester therefore had to convert the former Bristol and Gloucestershire route to the broad gauge.",
"To carry out the work, the section of that line between Westerleigh and the Mangotsfield Junction with the A\\&GR was temporarily closed from 5 June 1844, and re\\-opened as a mixed gauge line—the first in the country—on 29 July 1844\\. During the closure the Coalpit Heath collieries were unable to send coal to the A\\&GR. The B\\&GR's own track was broad gauge with longitudinal timbers under the rails; the narrow gauge track was formed with cross\\-sleepers and {{cvt\\|35\\|lb/yd\\|kg/m}} fishbelly rails; the narrow rails were {{convert\\|2\\|in\\|spell\\=in}} higher than the broad gauge rails, and at the junctions the broad gauge rails were not interrupted, it being arranged that the narrow gauge vehicles would pass over the broad gauge rails.",
"[thumb\\|Avon House, the former headquarters building at the Avon Wharf, KeynshamAs](/wiki/File:A%26GR_headquarters_building%2C_Keynsham%2C_ENgland.jpg \"A&GR headquarters building, Keynsham, ENgland.jpg\") the B\\&GR was going to operate locomotive hauled passenger trains, they indicated that the A\\&GR trains—still horse drawn—should only start on the common track section immediately following a passenger train. There were to be six a day, and the distance involved was {{convert\\|2\\.6\\|mi}}. The A\\&GR fiercely resisted this restriction, demanding unrestricted freedom to operate, and Major\\-General Pasley of [Her Majesty's Railway Inspectorate](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Railway_Inspectorate \"Her Majesty's Railway Inspectorate\") had to arbitrate. He formed the view that the A\\&GR traffic was very light, amounting to one or two trains every day, and he stated that the proposed limitation was reasonable.",
"From the Kennet and Avon's point of view, as owners of the A\\&GR, the matter looked rather different:",
"",
"> There were now difficulties with the Avon \\& Gloucestershire horse railway, which the canal owned. It had never been a success, and in 1841 £45,000 of capital spent on it had to be written off. Then the Bristol \\& Gloucester Railway bought the Bristol \\& Gloucestershire horse railway, with which the A\\&GR connected, and converted it to the broad gauge and to locomotive operation, the narrow gauge being left in place for the part over which the A\\&GR ran to Coalpit Heath. It took an hour to pull an A\\&GR train over this section, and their trains were fitted in with the six steam trains a day of the Bristol \\& Gloucester. Somewhat naturally the Kennet \\& Avon complained of the results of this system, and the Board of Trade stopped the working by horses when it came to their ears. Eventually after a discussion the B\\&GR offered to haul two trains a day of A\\&GR waggons each way along the joint stretch with their locomotives at 6d a ton including toll, and this offer was accepted.Charles Hadfield, *The Canals of Southern England*, Phoenix House Ltd., London, 1955",
"Later Pasley said that an independent track for the A\\&GR was desirable, but the A\\&GR found this unaffordable, and no further traffic ran from the Coalpit Heath pits. An impasse was reached, until on 26 August 1844 the Bristol and Gloucester company wrote to the A\\&GR proposing a compromise in which they would convert the A\\&GR line to broad gauge at their own expense, or alternatively haul A\\&GR trains with their own locomotives over the broad gauge section. The A\\&GR refused this proposal and in October the B\\&GR \"agreed to lay a second line of narrow gauge rails\"—it is not clear whether this meant an independent track alongside the Bristol and Gloucester line.",
"They did so quite quickly but when Pasley's assistant made an inspection on 27 November 1844, he found that the junctions and turnouts had not been properly formed. It appears that the impasse continued, for it was in November 1849 that a representative of the Coalpit Heath colliery asked why the A\\&GR line had not been completed as agreed. The A\\&GR committee replied that they were trying to reach an arrangement with the [Midland Railway](/wiki/Midland_Railway \"Midland Railway\") company (as successors to the B\\&GR) but this too seems to have been in vain. By this time most of the Coalpit Heath pits had ceased operation and the potential traffic was probably very small.",
""
] |
Route
-----
[thumb\|The Avon and Gloucestershire Railway network](/wiki/File:Avon_%26_Glos_Rly.gif "Avon & Glos Rly.gif")
The wharf on the river Avon was at a place called the Backs, opposite Keynsham; it was about {{convert\|15\|yd}} long and the line approached at right angles, with a wagon turntable to serve the wharf\-side siding. A weigh\-house, stables and workshops were located here, as also was Avonside House, the company headquarters, a building now in use as a private residence. A siding {{convert\|400\|yd}} long led westwards to the quarry the company used.
The main line ran northwards, climbing and in a cutting and passing under a farm overbridge near Londonderry Farm, and then through a long bridge under the present\-day A4175 (Keynsham to Willsbridge) road. Continuing across the field, the Londonderry branch ascends and joins the main line, which then runs to Willsbridge, where there was a "wharf". The line crossed the turnpike road (the present\-day A431\) on the level immediately to the west of the road junction, entering a cutting and then a tunnel {{convert\|156\|yd}} long; this area is now occupied by a water company. On the north side of the tunnel, the line ran in a deep rock cutting, now accessible as "The Dramway", a local walking route, and the line curved round the western shoulder of the hillside to a point known as Tramway Junction, where the California Colliery branch trailed in.
There followed another rock cutting and then a tunnel under Cherry Garden Lane, and then a longer tunnel, at {{convert\|73\|yd}}, after which the line ran under Barry Road and then alongside Oldland Common High Street on its east side. Immediately after passing under Redfield Lane, the Haul Lane Pit branch diverged to the left, crossing the main road. Further north the line crossed to the west side of the main road in a {{convert\|66\|yd\|adj\=on}} tunnel, then crossing Victoria Road and then Poplar Road on the level.
Next the line crossed under a lane near Warmley church, with Goldney Pit and Crown Pit adjacent to the line on its east side, respectively south and north of Warmley High Street. After another overbridge the line swings to the west to follow the contour. The Soundwell Pit branch diverges here: Maggs says at the level crossing just north of Willow Tree Farm but a farm of that name does not appear on available Ordnance Survey maps, nor can the route of the branch line be traced. The pit closed in 1853\. The branch line was graded against loaded traffic.
The main line swings back to the north\-east, under a road near the later Mangotsfield South Junction (of the main line railway) and the Goose Green road, trailing in to join the Bristol and Gloucestershire line at what became Mangotsfield North Junction.
When the Midland Railway was constructing its Bath branch, the A\&GR route was re\-aligned immediately east of the new line.
The Londonderry branch ran from a wharf on the River Avon just south of the point where [Siston Brook](/wiki/Siston_Brook "Siston Brook") (or Wamley Brook) joins the main river. There were three sidings and a weigh\-house there. The route to join the main line near Clack's Farm ran in a shallow cutting as it ran north\-east.
A description of the whole route, with photographs and a sketch map, based on an inspection in 1932, is given by Baxter.{{cite journal\|last\=Baxter\|first\=B.\|title\=The Avon and Gloucestershire Tramroad as it is Today\|journal\=The Railway Magazine\|date\=December 1932\|pages\=431–434}}
|
[
"Route\n-----",
"[thumb\\|The Avon and Gloucestershire Railway network](/wiki/File:Avon_%26_Glos_Rly.gif \"Avon & Glos Rly.gif\")\nThe wharf on the river Avon was at a place called the Backs, opposite Keynsham; it was about {{convert\\|15\\|yd}} long and the line approached at right angles, with a wagon turntable to serve the wharf\\-side siding. A weigh\\-house, stables and workshops were located here, as also was Avonside House, the company headquarters, a building now in use as a private residence. A siding {{convert\\|400\\|yd}} long led westwards to the quarry the company used.",
"The main line ran northwards, climbing and in a cutting and passing under a farm overbridge near Londonderry Farm, and then through a long bridge under the present\\-day A4175 (Keynsham to Willsbridge) road. Continuing across the field, the Londonderry branch ascends and joins the main line, which then runs to Willsbridge, where there was a \"wharf\". The line crossed the turnpike road (the present\\-day A431\\) on the level immediately to the west of the road junction, entering a cutting and then a tunnel {{convert\\|156\\|yd}} long; this area is now occupied by a water company. On the north side of the tunnel, the line ran in a deep rock cutting, now accessible as \"The Dramway\", a local walking route, and the line curved round the western shoulder of the hillside to a point known as Tramway Junction, where the California Colliery branch trailed in.",
"There followed another rock cutting and then a tunnel under Cherry Garden Lane, and then a longer tunnel, at {{convert\\|73\\|yd}}, after which the line ran under Barry Road and then alongside Oldland Common High Street on its east side. Immediately after passing under Redfield Lane, the Haul Lane Pit branch diverged to the left, crossing the main road. Further north the line crossed to the west side of the main road in a {{convert\\|66\\|yd\\|adj\\=on}} tunnel, then crossing Victoria Road and then Poplar Road on the level.",
"Next the line crossed under a lane near Warmley church, with Goldney Pit and Crown Pit adjacent to the line on its east side, respectively south and north of Warmley High Street. After another overbridge the line swings to the west to follow the contour. The Soundwell Pit branch diverges here: Maggs says at the level crossing just north of Willow Tree Farm but a farm of that name does not appear on available Ordnance Survey maps, nor can the route of the branch line be traced. The pit closed in 1853\\. The branch line was graded against loaded traffic.",
"The main line swings back to the north\\-east, under a road near the later Mangotsfield South Junction (of the main line railway) and the Goose Green road, trailing in to join the Bristol and Gloucestershire line at what became Mangotsfield North Junction.",
"When the Midland Railway was constructing its Bath branch, the A\\&GR route was re\\-aligned immediately east of the new line.",
"The Londonderry branch ran from a wharf on the River Avon just south of the point where [Siston Brook](/wiki/Siston_Brook \"Siston Brook\") (or Wamley Brook) joins the main river. There were three sidings and a weigh\\-house there. The route to join the main line near Clack's Farm ran in a shallow cutting as it ran north\\-east.",
"A description of the whole route, with photographs and a sketch map, based on an inspection in 1932, is given by Baxter.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Baxter\\|first\\=B.\\|title\\=The Avon and Gloucestershire Tramroad as it is Today\\|journal\\=The Railway Magazine\\|date\\=December 1932\\|pages\\=431–434}}",
""
] |
By region
---------
### East Asian art
#### China
Traditional Chinese artists sought to capture the interrelated, vast and multifaceted aspects of nature here are on earth and in the heavens. From the article "The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'", Heaven appears "before us only this bright shining mass; but in its immeasurable extent, the sun, the moon, stars and constellations are suspended in it, and all things are embraced under it."[*The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'.*](http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_97-01/99sp_leni_rubenstein_chinese_art.pdf) The Schiller Institute. Retrieved 28 August 2012\.{{rp\|52–53}} Night scenes, not otherwise distinguishable from daytime in Chinese art, include candles, light emanating from a building, the moon, or lake mists.{{rp\|70}}
Symbolism plays an enduring role in the telling of a story through painting or other Chinese art. For instance, stars and the moon are important both for religious significance and as an illustration of [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology").Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 10\. {{ISBN\|0\-804\-83864\-X}}. Symbols used in art may be grouped into four overarching categories: religious imagery, divine and mortal beings, symbols from nature and inanimate objects.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 12\. {{ISBN\|0\-804\-83864\-X}}. Some examples of symbols include bats which means both good wishes and good luck. The moon, aside from religious and mythical connotations, can also mean a month. The particular way an image is depicted has meaning – like a round eyed\-cat means it's a night scene.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 13\. {{ISBN\|0\-804\-83864\-X}}.
Artists use rice paper, silk or wood panels to paint night scenes. Silk has illuminating effect, while wood panels create a dark background.
##### Battle
File:Battle of Oroi\-Jalatu.jpg\|A collaboration between Chinese and European painters, ''The Battle of Oroi\-Jalatu'', (China, \[\[Qing dynasty]]), 1756
##### Folklore and literature
###### Literature
File:Zhou Wenjing\-Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night.jpg\|\[\[Zhou Wenjing]], ''Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early \[\[Ming dynasty]]), \[\[National Palace Museum]]
File:Liu Jun\-Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night.jpg\|\[\[Liu Jun (painter)\|Liu Jun]], ''Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early Ming dynasty), \[\[Palace Museum]].
File:Leng Mei \- Figures \- Spring Evening Banquet.jpg\|\[\[Leng Mei]],''Spring Evening Banquet'', (China, \[\[Qing dynasty]]), 1677–1742, National Palace Museum, Taipei.
File:Gai Qi Hong Lou Meng 2\.jpg\|Gai Qi, ''Scene from 'Dream of the Red Chamber','' c. 1816, Qing dynasty
*Dream of the Red Chamber* and *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio* were inspiration for night time paintings.
Almost 500 legendary tales written by [Pu Songling](/wiki/Pu_Songling "Pu Songling") are compiled in *[Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio](/wiki/Strange_Stories_from_a_Chinese_Studio "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio")* or *Liaozhai Zhiyi*. The tales, inspired by oral storytelling, include strong mythical characters like ghosts, immortals, beasts and foxes. They also offer commentary about people, particularly the privileged and court officials, whose human frailties may result in unfair, unjust and other unfavorable treatment to others.{{Cite web \|url\=http://history.cultural\-china.com/ \|title\=/en/221H12432H14964\.html ''Themes of Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.'' Cultural China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\. \|access\-date\=1 September 2012 \|archive\-date\=20 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220175602/http://history.cultural\-china.com/ \|url\-status\=dead }} He wrote with vivid imagery about the music of heaven, the inability of the light produced by a fire\-fly to illuminate the demons of the night, red rings in the sky that shear the heads off of men, and the six conditions of existence: men, sinners, angels, demons, beasts and devils. Nighttime is a symbol for people's inability to understand the world around them. And the supernatural beings are meant to be a mirror to examine the nature of man. From a preface by T'ang Meng Lai to the book, Lai states that the book should prompt the readers to reflect upon the following: "We marvel at devils and foxes: we do not marvel at man. But who is it that causes a man to move and to speak?"Sung\-ling, Pu (author) and Herbert A. Giles (translator). (1880\). [*Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.*](https://archive.org/stream/strangestoriesfr00pusuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up) London: Thomas De La Rue and Company. pp. xviii–xxvi. One collection of the illustrated stories is at the National Museum of China.[Illustrated collection of *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio*](http://114.255.205.171/english/tabid/549/Default.aspx?AntiqueLanguageID=3805). National Museum of China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\.
###### Ghosts and hell
File:Dai Jin. The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui. 189,7x120,2\. Palace Museum, Beijing.jpg\|\[\[Dai Jin]], ''The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui'', 15th century, \[\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.
File:Yanluo.JPG\|''Yanluo'', judge of Hell, inspired by the Hindu deity Yama
Many of the Chinese ghost beliefs have been accepted by neighboring cultures, notably Japan and south\-east Asia.
Ghost beliefs are closely associated with the traditional Chinese religion based on ancestor worship, many of which were incorporated in [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism"). Later beliefs were influenced by [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism"), and in turn influenced and created uniquely Chinese Buddhist beliefs.
[Zhong Kui](/wiki/Zhong_Kui "Zhong Kui") is a [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology") figure, generally a vanquisher of ghosts and evil beings, and reputedly able to command 80,000 [demons](/wiki/Demon "Demon"). Another mythological figure is *Yan luo*, the judge of Hell.
##### Mood setting
File:Han Gan Night\-Shining White.jpg\|\[\[Han Gan]], ''Night\-Shining White Horse,'' ca. 750, \[\[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
File:Ma Yuan\-Banquet by Lantern Light.jpg\|\[\[Ma Yuan (painter)\|Ma Yuan]], ''Banquet by Lantern Light'', circa 1200 (China, \[\[Song dynasty]]), \[\[National Palace Museum]], Taipei.
File:Ma Lin Guests.jpg\|\[\[Ma Lin (painter)\|Ma Lin]], ''Waiting for Guests by Lamplight'', circa 1250 (China, Song dynasty)
File:Dai Jin\-Traveling in Spring Returning at Night.jpg\|\[\[Dai Jin]], ''Returning Late from a Spring Outing'', 15th century, (China, Early \[\[Ming dynasty]]), \[\[National Palace Museum]]{{\#tag:ref\|Likely made in the 15th century. \[\[Dai Jin]] was born in 1388, which would have made him twelve at the turn of the century.\|group\=nb}}
File:Landscape after Night Rain Shower.jpg\|\[\[Kun Can]], ''Landscape after Night Rain Shower'', (China, Qing dynasty), 1660, \[\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.
File:YuanJiang\-Penglai Island.jpg\|\[\[Yuan Jiang]], ''Penglai Island'', 1708, \[\[Palace Museum]]
File:A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring.jpg\|\[\[Huang Shen]], ''A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring'', (China, \[\[Qing dynasty]]), before 1772
Chinese artists focus on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony of man and nature, as perceived according to [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism") and [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist_art "Buddhist art") concepts.[Robert van Gulik](/wiki/Robert_van_Gulik "Robert van Gulik"), "Gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese Animal Lore". The Hague, 1967\. Artists, like [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi "Su Shi") used their skills in [calligraphy](/wiki/Calligraphy "Calligraphy") (the art of beautiful writing) to make ink paintings that expressed ideas based upon the philosophies of Chinese dynasties and Confucius. Their works also express their feelings and the inner spirit of their subject.{{rp\|42, 45–46, 48, 50}}
Within a night scene, homesickness is expressed by flying birds looking to find a place to rest for the night{{rp\|65}}
###### Han Gan, *Night\-Shining White Horse*
Han Gan created *Night\-Shining White Horse* to dramatically capture the spirit of the imperial stallion, a symbol of China's powerfulness using only ink and paper. The stark image, without color or shading, exposes the true essence of the scene.Hearn, Maxwell. (June 2008\). [*Chinese Painting.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chin/hd_chin.htm) In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.
###### Ma Lin, *Waiting for Guests by Lamplight*
*Waiting for Guests by Lamplight* was painted in the Song dynasty by [Ma Lin](/wiki/Ma_Lin_%28painter%29 "Ma Lin (painter)"),Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997\). *Three thousand years of Chinese painting*. New Haven, Yale University Press. p. 133\. {{ISBN\|0\-300\-07013\-6}}[*Ma Lin – Quietly Listening to Wind in the Pines*.](http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm_public/System/View.jsp?type=1&ObjectID=347) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222190906/http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm\_public/System/View.jsp?type\=1\&ObjectID\=347 \|date\=2014\-02\-22 }} National Palace Museum. (Chinese) Retrieved 5 August 2012\. son of famous Chinese painter [Ma Yuan](/wiki/Ma_Yuan_%28painter%29 "Ma Yuan (painter)").{{\#tag:ref\|Ma Lin was from a famous family of painters, out of which, for at least 150 years, one painter in each generation received official appointment to the Imperial Painting Academy.\|group\=nb}} Using *shi i* ([English](/wiki/English_language "English language"): poetic ideas){{\#tag:ref\|''Shi i'', poetry inspired painting, is similar in outcome to the \[\[three perfections]] practice. \|group\=nb}}, Ma Lin painted the evening scene based upon a poem by Su Shi. In it, a man sits in the door of a pavilion during a full moon. A gentle mood is set by soft, low\-lying fog before the mountains and crabapple trees. Leading up to the building is a line of candles specially placed near the blossoming crab apple trees – to "illuminate their beauty".{{rp\|45}}
The poem by 11th century poet [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi "Su Shi") that inspired Ma Lin is:
> My fear is that in the depth of night,
> The flowers will fall asleep and depart.
> So I light the tall candles,
> To illuminate their beauty.{{rp\|45}}
##### Moon
File:OngSchanTchowPineInMoonlight.jpg\|Ong Schan Tchow, ''Pine In Moonlight'' (China)
In Chinese night paintings, the moon often symbolizes loneliness of the painting's character. It also sets the mood for a romantic setting. Chinese paintings also depict [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology") characters who symbolize moonlight activity, such as [Yue\-Laou](/wiki/Yue-Laou "Yue-Laou"), the "old man of the moonlight" and [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e "Chang'e"), the Chinese goddess of the moon.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
###### Chang'e, goddess of the moon
\<!\-\- Commented out because image was deleted: File:Goddess chang'e.jpg\|Artist Unknown, ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace'', 16th\-17th century (China, \[\[Ming dynasty]]){{deletable image\-caption\|Wednesday, 12 November 2014}} \-\-\>
*The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace* depicts [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e "Chang'e"), the Chinese goddess of the moon from [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology").{{\#tag:ref\|From Chinese legends, Chang'e was the wife of a hunter named Yi. She drank a potion intended for her husband that made her immortal. She then flew to the moon, afraid that her husband would be angry with her, where she lives in a moon palace.\[http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectNumber\=F1909\.244a ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace.''] Freer – Sackler, The Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 28 August 2012\.\|group\=nb}} The late Ming dynasty fan painting shows her outside the Palace of Boundless Cold. *Chang'e Flying to the Moon* is a contemporary depiction of the goddess.
##### Political statement
{{wide image\|Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 1 edit.jpg\|2000px\|\[\[Gu Hongzhong]], ''Night Revels of Han Xizai'', (China, \[\[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]), 10th century
\|dir\=rtl}}
*Night Revels of Han Xizai* was painted by [Gu Hongzhong](/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong "Gu Hongzhong") during the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms](/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms") period when dynasties replaced one another at an alarming rate. Fives vignettes are told about a party that Han Xizai, a minister of Li Yu, hosts. In the first scene (viewed from right to left), Han listens to the [pipa](/wiki/Pipa "Pipa") with his guests. Then, he watches dancers, takes a rest, plays string instruments, and finally sees guests off. It is believed that this painting was made in response to a request by emperor Li Yu to Gu,[*The Private Realm of the Literati.*](http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/tliterat.htm) University of Washington: A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. Retrieved 27 August 2012\.[*Han Xizai at Night Dinner Painting Depicts Extravagant Life.*](http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_39759.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211034819/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en\_artqa/2003\-09/24/content\_39759\.htm \|date\=2006\-12\-11 }} China Culture, Ministry of Culture, China. Retrieved 27 August 2012\. following Han's declination of an offer to be prime minister. One interpretation is that the painting was a way of chastising Han for having a carefree nightlife rather than accepting greater political responsibility.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
#### Japan
While paintings are generally a snapshot of a moment in time, the Japanese iji dôzu ([English](/wiki/English_language "English language"): "different time, same illustration") technique is used to is illustrate activities that occur in different periods of time. *A Long Tale for an Autumn Night* uses that technique through a progression of time and activities over one night.{{\#tag:ref\|This is similar in concept to \[\[Paolo Uccello]]'s triple\-painting set of the \[\[Battle of San Romano]] that begins in dawn and ends tragically in the dead of night.\|group\=nb}} During the Autumn night a Buddhist monk and his lover experience a fearful night of a demon in initially disguised as a man, a battle, and threat of suicide – all the more sinister by the gloom of night.[*A Long Tale for an Autumn Night*. Scroll 3\.](http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/60038545) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\. Note: there are three web pages, one for each scroll. [Scroll 1](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2002.459.1) and [Scroll 2](http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/60038544?img=0)
##### Battle
File:Illustrated Story of Night Attack on Yoshitsune's Residence At Horikawa, 16th Century.jpg\|Artist unknown, ''Illustrated Story of Night Attack on \[\[Minamoto no Yoshitsune\|Yoshitune]]'s Residence At Horikawa'', 16th century (Japan)
File:Kunichika Toyohara \- Sen Taiheiki gigokuden \- Walters 95339\.jpg\|\[\[Toyohara Kunichika]], ''Sen Taiheiki gigokuden'', 1890, \[\[Walters Art Museum]]
##### Folklore and literature
###### Ghosts and witches
File:Yoshitoshi The Ghost.jpg\|\[\[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]], ''The Ghost of Genji's Love'' based upon the book ''\[\[The Tale of Genji]]'', 1886
File:Yoshitoshi, Oya Taro Mitsukuni.jpg\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Ōya Tarō Mitsukuni'' from the series One Hundred (Ghost) Stories from China and Japan (Wakan hyaku monogatari), 1865\.
###### Demons and hell
File:Hyakki Yako 1\.jpg\|\[\[Hyakki Yagyō]], ''Night Parade With One Hundred Demons scroll'', \[\[Edo period]], Japan, Metropolitan Museum of Art\<ref\>\[http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search\-the\-collections/60050081 ''Night Parade of One Hundred Demons.''] New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.\</ref\>
File:Avici hell.jpg\|Artist unknown, ''Avici hell,'' 13th century (Japanese), \[\[Tokyo National Museum]]
###### *One Hundred Aspects of the Moon*
In the 19th century [Tsukioka Yoshitoshi](/wiki/Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi "Tsukioka Yoshitoshi") made a series of 100 [ukiyo\-e](/wiki/Ukiyo-e "Ukiyo-e"), Japanese wood block prints, called *[One Hundred Aspects of the Moon](/wiki/One_Hundred_Aspects_of_the_Moon "One Hundred Aspects of the Moon")* that introduced Japanese and Chinese folklore during a period of increasing western presence. The works captured "a moment in time and held suspended by a poetic dialogue with the moon." The moon symbolized different meanings depending upon whether it was a full moon or not. The moon's "waxing and waning", also used as the basis of the Japanese lunar calendar, could illustrate what time of the month an event occurred and ascribe a manner in which it was to be interpreted, such as the character's loneliness.[*One Hundred Aspects of the Moon*](http://www.internationalfolkart.org/exhibitions/past/moonweb/about.html) {{\#tag:ref\|Yoshitoshi's death poem was: "Holding back the night, With its increasing brilliance, The summer moon.\|group\=nb}}
File:YoshiOldwoman.jpg\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Gravemarker Moon'', 100 Aspects of the Moon \#25, 3rd month of 1886
File:Yoshitoshi \- Wang Changling \- Tsuki hyakushi no. 54\.jpg\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Wang Changling'', 100 Aspects of the Moon \#54, 1887
File:Pleine lune Mushasi Yoshitoshi.jpg\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Full Moon in Mushasi'', 100 Aspects of the Moon, 1890
In *Gravemarker Moon*, the famous poet [Ono no Komachi](/wiki/Ono_no_Komachi "Ono no Komachi") meditates on the arrogance and heartlessness she displayed to her suitors as a young beauty.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
*Wang Changling* is the name of the poet who wrote: "The night is still and a hundred flowers are fragrant in the western palace. She orders the screen to be rolled up, regretting the passing of spring with the Yunhe across her lap. She gazes at the moon, the colors of the trees are hazy in the indistinct moonlight."{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
###### *Tale of Genji*
File:Ilustration of The Tale of Genji.jpg\|\[\[Tosa Mitsuoki]],{{\#tag:ref\|The illustration about Asagao (chapter 20\) is traditionally credited to Tosa Mitsuoki (1617–1691\)\|group\=nb}} ''Illustration of the Tale of Genji'', late 17th century
File:Brooklyn Museum \- Scene from the Tale of Genji \- overall.jpg\|''Scene from the Tale of Genji'', 16th century, Brooklyn Museum
*Tale of Genji* also included [*Tale of Genji's love*](/wiki/Night_in_paintings_%28Eastern_art%29%23Ghosts_and_witches "Night in paintings (Eastern art)#Ghosts and witches"), which has an illustration.
##### Landscapes
File:Snowclad houses in the night.jpg\|\[\[Yosa Buson]], ''Snowclad houses in the night'', 1778 (Japan), Miho Museum of Art
File:Toyokuni II \- 8 Famous Views (Meisho Hakkei), Night Rain at Oyama (Maya Mountain).jpg\|Utagawa Toyokuni II, ''Night Rain,'' Maya Mountain from the 8 Famous Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, late 18th century \- early 19th century
File:Hiroshige nuit de neige à Kambara.JPG\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Nuit de neige à Kambara ''
File:100 views edo 098\.jpg\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Fireworks at Ryōgoku (Ryōgoku Hanabi), \[\[One Hundred Famous Views of Edo]] \#98'', 1858, Brooklyn museum
File:Hiroshige Travellers on a mountain path at night.jpg\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Travellers on a mountain path at night''
According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, *Night Rains*, of the 8 Famous Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, is "a venerable theme in both Chinese and Japanese painting".[*Night Rain at the Double\-Shelf Stand*.](http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/60001247) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.
*Fireworks at Ryōgoku* captures the popular summer entertainment called "taking in the cool of the evening."[*Fireworks at Ryogoku (Ryogoku Hanabi), No. 98 from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo*.](http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/121712/Fireworks_at_Ryogoku_Ryogoku_Hanabi_No._98_from_One_Hundred_Famous_Views_of_Edo/) Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.
##### Mood setting
File:Watanabe Shotei14\.jpg\|\[\[Watanabe Shōtei]], ''Blue Birds at Night'', 1851–1918
File:Utagawa Yoshitaki \- Night Traveler \- Walters 9590\.jpg\|\[\[Utagawa Yoshitaki]], ''Night Traveler'', circa between 1860 and 69 (late Edo), \[\[Walters Art Museum]]
File:Matsuke Heikichi \- Nogaku zue \- Walters 95249\.jpg\|\[\[Kōgyo Tsukioka]], ''Nogaku zue'', 1899 (Meiji), \[\[Walters Art Museum]]
File:Omoda Seiju 1\.jpg\|Omoda Seiju, ''Yotsuyu (Night Dew)'', 1926 (Japan)
##### Moon
File:New Moon over the brushwood gate.jpg\|''New Moon over the brushwood gate'', 1405 (Japan), \[\[National Treasure of Japan]]
File:Nishimura Shigenaga \- Four Seasons – Autumn Moon above the Reception Room.jpg\|Nishimura Shigenaga, ''Four Seasons – Autumn Moon above the Reception Room,'' 1725–1730
File:Brooklyn Museum \- Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon \- Suzuki Harunobu.jpg\|\[\[Suzuki Harunobu]], ''Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon,'' 18th century, Brooklyn Museum.
Hiroshige Man on horseback crossing a bridge.jpg\|\[\[Utagawa Hiroshige]], ''Man on horseback crossing a bridge, \[\[The Sixty\-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō]]''
[Suzuki Harunobu](/wiki/Suzuki_Harunobu "Suzuki Harunobu") made many night paintings, including *Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon.*[*Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon.*](http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/search/?q=Two+Girls+on+the+Veranda+Looking+at+the+Moon&prev_q=&x=33&y=11) Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\. Many of the settings were warm relational studies, such as *Night Rain at the Double\-Shelf Stand* which includes a parlor scene with two young women and a boy. A soft mood is set with the presence of a tea set and portable hearth for boiling water. The Metropolitan Museum of Art states that this painting is a nod to *Night Rains* of 8 Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, a painting well respected by both the Japanese and Chinese.
#### Korea
File:Water\-Moon Avalokiteshvara.jpg\|''Water\-Moon Avalokiteshvara'', first half of the 14th century, \[\[Goryeo dynasty]], Korea, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
File:Landscapes in the Style of An Kyeon\-Evening.Bell.from.Mist.jpg\|''Landscapes in the Style of An Kyôn: Evening Bell from Mist\-Shrouded Temple and Autumn Moon over Lake Dongting,'' 15th century, Chosôn dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Hyewon\-Jeongbyeon.yahwa.jpg\|\[\[Shin Yunbok]], ''Chatting at a well at night'', In the late \[\[Joseon]] period, presumed after 1805, \[\[Gansong Art Museum]] in \[\[Seoul]], \[\[South Korea]]
File:First Electric Light at Gyeongbok Palace 1887\.png\|Geumchoo Nam\-ho Lee, ''First Electric Light at \[\[Gyeongbok Palace]]'', 1887 (\[\[Korean art\|Korean]]), Korea Electric Power Corporation
File:Brooklyn Museum \- Rabbits and Moon.jpg\|Artist Unknown(Korean), ''Rabbits and Moon'', 19th century, Brooklyn Museum
Buddhism was an important part of Korean art since about the time of the [Unified Silla](/wiki/Unified_Silla "Unified Silla") period when there was a desire to be open to other religions. This resulted in the use of Buddhist themes in art work and the creation of Buddhist temples. In the 14th century, a work was made of *Water\-Moon Avalokiteshvara*,Smith, Judith G. (1998\) *Arts of Korea.* Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 29, 33\. {{ISBN\|0870998501}}. a compassionate and wise bodhisattva who wears a halo as a sign of his divinity and has waves of water splashing his feet. A legendary hare stands under a cassia tree in the moon creating the elixir of immortality.[*Water\-Moon Avalokiteshvara.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/14.76.6) Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 September 2012\.Smith, Judith G. (1998\) *Arts of Korea.* Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 180\. {{ISBN\|0870998501}}.
### South Asian art
#### India
[thumb\|200px\|Artist unknown, *Radha at night*, circa 1650 ([Mughal](/wiki/Mughal_painting "Mughal painting")), [Kupferstichkabinett](/wiki/Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin "Kupferstichkabinett Berlin") Berlin](/wiki/File:Indischer_Maler_um_1650_%28I%29_001.jpg "Indischer Maler um 1650 (I) 001.jpg")
For traditional art, there is little difference between the way night and day are illustrated and the colors that are used. For instance, in early [Rajput (also called Rajasthani) paintings](/wiki/Rajput_painting "Rajput painting"), the only way to read that the painting is a night scene is through the presence of torches or candles. Later in the Rajput period, both somewhat influenced by Western art, night scenes were painted dramatically with shadows and [Mughal paintings](/wiki/Mughal_paintings "Mughal paintings") used [chiaroscuro](/wiki/Chiaroscuro "Chiaroscuro") for shading.Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (2003\). *History of Indian and Indonesian Art*. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 128, 131\. {{ISBN\|0\-766\-15801\-2}}.
Although there are a number of schools that taught painting during India's history, there is great similarity among them to evoke charming, romantic scenes. The scenes may include moonlight or lanterns to set an amorous mood.Sharma, Lokesh Chandra. (2008\) \[1980]. *A Brief History of Indian Painting*. Krishna Prakashan Media. pp. 71, 74, 75, 80, 122\. Such was the case for 19th\-century artist Chokha, who enjoyed making night paintings like *Escapade at Night: A Nobleman Climbs a Rope to Visit his Lover.* In that painting Chokha captures the tension of lover climbing several stories into a house with many people and a sleeping guard. Chokha also liked to capture twilight hunting scenes. He astutely conveyed the effects of lighting variation between twilight and the darkest night.[*Escapade at Night: A Nobleman Climbs a Rope to Visit his Lover*.](http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/60047179#fullscreen) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.
*Rao Bhoj Singh Stalking a Tiger at Night* is a painting attributed to the Hada Master of the Kota school. In this case the dark is used for dramatic impact. It provides a dark backdrop to the bright figures of the treed hunting party, riled tiger and battered cow that was used as a lure.[*Rao Bhoj Singh Stalking a Tiger at Night.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/60050335) New York: Metropolitan Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.
##### Romantic scenes
File:Brooklyn Museum \- Love Scene Central India (Malwa).jpg\|Artist Unknown, ''Love Scene Central India'', 1660–1680, \[\[Brooklyn Museum]]\<ref\>\[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/111971/Love\_Scenes/set/e27a64a829815ff18f65b4f26f10d09a ''Love Scene.''] Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.\</ref\>
File:Brooklyn Museum \- Lovers on a Moonlit Night.jpg\|Artist Unknown, ''Lovers on a Moonlit Night'', circa 1775 (India), \[\[Brooklyn Museum]]\<ref\>\[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/106640/Lovers\_on\_a\_Moonlit\_Night/set/d5fc3be4d74c6e3cedec8bb1e160c606 ''Lovers on a Moonlit Night.''] Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.\</ref\>
File:Bazrupmati.jpg\|(Murshidabad) style, ''Baz Bahadur and Rupmati'', c. 1760, India Office Library
*Baz Bahadur and Rupmati* (not shown) depicts mistress Rupmati and Muslim ruler Baz Bahadur. The scene is illuminated from the moon on the horizon.[*Baz Bahadur and Rupmati riding in a moonlit landscape near Mandu.*](http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000004234) India Office Select Materials, British Library. Retrieved 28 August 2012\.[*Baz Bahadur and Rupmati*.](http://imagesonline.bl.uk/imagemap/?search=Natural+World&level=1&cat_id=10&last_cat_id=&page=20) Images Online. India Office Select Materials, British Library. Retrieved 28 August 2012\.
### Southeast Asian art
#### Cambodia
File:Wat mural.jpg\|''Wat Mural'', 1903–1904, Phnom Penh's Silver Pagoda
File:Reamkermural1\.JPG\|''Reamker mural'', Cambodia
File:Khmer Painting at Wat Phnom.JPG\|''Khmer painting,'' Wat Phnom
Cambodian paintings often took the form of [murals](/wiki/Mural "Mural"),{{\#tag:ref\|Much historical Cambodian art, such as the collections of the Founan\-Chenla, Angkor, Lungvek, and Oudong periods, was destroyed during the reign of the Khumer Rouge, starting 1975 and the preceding years of American bombings from 1964 to 1975\.Ang, SamSam. (March 2, 2010\). \[http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural\-survival\-quarterly/cambodia/preserving\-cultural\-tradition\-ten\-years\-after\-khme ''Preserving a Cultural Tradition: Ten Years After the Khmer Rouge.''] Cultural Survival. Retrieved 30 August 2012\.Wubin, Zhuang. \[http://www.aaa.org.hk/Diaaalogue/Details/1144 ''Mekong Spring: Cambodian Photography in the Last Decade''] {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609063926/http://www.aaa.org.hk/Diaaalogue/Details/1144 \|date\=2013\-06\-09 }} Asia Art Archive. Retrieved 30 August 2012\.\|group\=nb}} and have religious significance. Before 1200, art in the temples mostly portrayed scenes from the Hindu pantheon; after 1200, Buddhist scenes began to appear as standard motifs.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}} Its art was heavily influenced by the artistry of India.Le May, Reginald. (1962\). *A Concise History of Buddhist Art in Siam.* Tuttle Publishing. (2nd edition). p. 1\. {{ISBN\|0\-804\-80120\-7}}.
#### Laos
File:Bodhisatta Gautama with bowl.jpg\|''Bodhisattva Siddhartha Gautama with bowl'', date unknown, Laotian monastery
#### Thailand
File:Wat Pho Chai mural, Bangkok, Thailand \- 20101028\.jpg\|\[\[Wat Pho]] Chai mural, Bangkok, Thailand
File:Hanuman1\.jpg\|''Hanuman'', mural painting, Wat Phra Kaeo, Bangkok
### West Asian art
#### Persia
File:The poet Sa'di converses by night with a young friend in a garden. Miniature from Gulistan Sa'di. Herat, 1427\. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin. f.3r.jpg\|''The poet Sa'di converses by night with a young friend in a garden'' (\[\[Gulistan of Sa'di]] miniature), 1427 (Persia), Chester Beatty Library, Dublin.
File:Shams ud\-Din Tabriz 1502\-1504 BNF Paris.jpg\|A page of a copy circa 1503 of the ''Dīvān\-e Šams\-e Tabrīzī''. See: \[\[Rumi ghazal 163]]. The lower half is night.
|
[
"By region\n---------",
"### East Asian art",
"#### China",
"Traditional Chinese artists sought to capture the interrelated, vast and multifaceted aspects of nature here are on earth and in the heavens. From the article \"The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'\", Heaven appears \"before us only this bright shining mass; but in its immeasurable extent, the sun, the moon, stars and constellations are suspended in it, and all things are embraced under it.\"[*The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'.*](http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_97-01/99sp_leni_rubenstein_chinese_art.pdf) The Schiller Institute. Retrieved 28 August 2012\\.{{rp\\|52–53}} Night scenes, not otherwise distinguishable from daytime in Chinese art, include candles, light emanating from a building, the moon, or lake mists.{{rp\\|70}}",
"Symbolism plays an enduring role in the telling of a story through painting or other Chinese art. For instance, stars and the moon are important both for religious significance and as an illustration of [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\").Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 10\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-804\\-83864\\-X}}. Symbols used in art may be grouped into four overarching categories: religious imagery, divine and mortal beings, symbols from nature and inanimate objects.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 12\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-804\\-83864\\-X}}. Some examples of symbols include bats which means both good wishes and good luck. The moon, aside from religious and mythical connotations, can also mean a month. The particular way an image is depicted has meaning – like a round eyed\\-cat means it's a night scene.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 13\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-804\\-83864\\-X}}.",
"Artists use rice paper, silk or wood panels to paint night scenes. Silk has illuminating effect, while wood panels create a dark background.",
"##### Battle",
"",
"File:Battle of Oroi\\-Jalatu.jpg\\|A collaboration between Chinese and European painters, ''The Battle of Oroi\\-Jalatu'', (China, \\[\\[Qing dynasty]]), 1756",
"",
"##### Folklore and literature",
"###### Literature",
"",
"File:Zhou Wenjing\\-Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Zhou Wenjing]], ''Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early \\[\\[Ming dynasty]]), \\[\\[National Palace Museum]]\nFile:Liu Jun\\-Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Liu Jun (painter)\\|Liu Jun]], ''Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early Ming dynasty), \\[\\[Palace Museum]].\nFile:Leng Mei \\- Figures \\- Spring Evening Banquet.jpg\\|\\[\\[Leng Mei]],''Spring Evening Banquet'', (China, \\[\\[Qing dynasty]]), 1677–1742, National Palace Museum, Taipei.\nFile:Gai Qi Hong Lou Meng 2\\.jpg\\|Gai Qi, ''Scene from 'Dream of the Red Chamber','' c. 1816, Qing dynasty",
"",
"*Dream of the Red Chamber* and *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio* were inspiration for night time paintings.",
"Almost 500 legendary tales written by [Pu Songling](/wiki/Pu_Songling \"Pu Songling\") are compiled in *[Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio](/wiki/Strange_Stories_from_a_Chinese_Studio \"Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio\")* or *Liaozhai Zhiyi*. The tales, inspired by oral storytelling, include strong mythical characters like ghosts, immortals, beasts and foxes. They also offer commentary about people, particularly the privileged and court officials, whose human frailties may result in unfair, unjust and other unfavorable treatment to others.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://history.cultural\\-china.com/ \\|title\\=/en/221H12432H14964\\.html ''Themes of Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.'' Cultural China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\\. \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220175602/http://history.cultural\\-china.com/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He wrote with vivid imagery about the music of heaven, the inability of the light produced by a fire\\-fly to illuminate the demons of the night, red rings in the sky that shear the heads off of men, and the six conditions of existence: men, sinners, angels, demons, beasts and devils. Nighttime is a symbol for people's inability to understand the world around them. And the supernatural beings are meant to be a mirror to examine the nature of man. From a preface by T'ang Meng Lai to the book, Lai states that the book should prompt the readers to reflect upon the following: \"We marvel at devils and foxes: we do not marvel at man. But who is it that causes a man to move and to speak?\"Sung\\-ling, Pu (author) and Herbert A. Giles (translator). (1880\\). [*Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.*](https://archive.org/stream/strangestoriesfr00pusuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up) London: Thomas De La Rue and Company. pp. xviii–xxvi. One collection of the illustrated stories is at the National Museum of China.[Illustrated collection of *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio*](http://114.255.205.171/english/tabid/549/Default.aspx?AntiqueLanguageID=3805). National Museum of China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\\.",
"###### Ghosts and hell",
"",
"File:Dai Jin. The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui. 189,7x120,2\\. Palace Museum, Beijing.jpg\\|\\[\\[Dai Jin]], ''The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui'', 15th century, \\[\\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.\nFile:Yanluo.JPG\\|''Yanluo'', judge of Hell, inspired by the Hindu deity Yama",
"",
"Many of the Chinese ghost beliefs have been accepted by neighboring cultures, notably Japan and south\\-east Asia.\nGhost beliefs are closely associated with the traditional Chinese religion based on ancestor worship, many of which were incorporated in [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\"). Later beliefs were influenced by [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"), and in turn influenced and created uniquely Chinese Buddhist beliefs.",
"[Zhong Kui](/wiki/Zhong_Kui \"Zhong Kui\") is a [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\") figure, generally a vanquisher of ghosts and evil beings, and reputedly able to command 80,000 [demons](/wiki/Demon \"Demon\"). Another mythological figure is *Yan luo*, the judge of Hell.",
"##### Mood setting",
"",
"File:Han Gan Night\\-Shining White.jpg\\|\\[\\[Han Gan]], ''Night\\-Shining White Horse,'' ca. 750, \\[\\[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]\nFile:Ma Yuan\\-Banquet by Lantern Light.jpg\\|\\[\\[Ma Yuan (painter)\\|Ma Yuan]], ''Banquet by Lantern Light'', circa 1200 (China, \\[\\[Song dynasty]]), \\[\\[National Palace Museum]], Taipei.\nFile:Ma Lin Guests.jpg\\|\\[\\[Ma Lin (painter)\\|Ma Lin]], ''Waiting for Guests by Lamplight'', circa 1250 (China, Song dynasty)\nFile:Dai Jin\\-Traveling in Spring Returning at Night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Dai Jin]], ''Returning Late from a Spring Outing'', 15th century, (China, Early \\[\\[Ming dynasty]]), \\[\\[National Palace Museum]]{{\\#tag:ref\\|Likely made in the 15th century. \\[\\[Dai Jin]] was born in 1388, which would have made him twelve at the turn of the century.\\|group\\=nb}}\nFile:Landscape after Night Rain Shower.jpg\\|\\[\\[Kun Can]], ''Landscape after Night Rain Shower'', (China, Qing dynasty), 1660, \\[\\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.\nFile:YuanJiang\\-Penglai Island.jpg\\|\\[\\[Yuan Jiang]], ''Penglai Island'', 1708, \\[\\[Palace Museum]]\nFile:A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring.jpg\\|\\[\\[Huang Shen]], ''A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring'', (China, \\[\\[Qing dynasty]]), before 1772",
"",
"Chinese artists focus on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony of man and nature, as perceived according to [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\") and [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist_art \"Buddhist art\") concepts.[Robert van Gulik](/wiki/Robert_van_Gulik \"Robert van Gulik\"), \"Gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese Animal Lore\". The Hague, 1967\\. Artists, like [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi \"Su Shi\") used their skills in [calligraphy](/wiki/Calligraphy \"Calligraphy\") (the art of beautiful writing) to make ink paintings that expressed ideas based upon the philosophies of Chinese dynasties and Confucius. Their works also express their feelings and the inner spirit of their subject.{{rp\\|42, 45–46, 48, 50}}",
"Within a night scene, homesickness is expressed by flying birds looking to find a place to rest for the night{{rp\\|65}}",
"###### Han Gan, *Night\\-Shining White Horse*",
"Han Gan created *Night\\-Shining White Horse* to dramatically capture the spirit of the imperial stallion, a symbol of China's powerfulness using only ink and paper. The stark image, without color or shading, exposes the true essence of the scene.Hearn, Maxwell. (June 2008\\). [*Chinese Painting.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chin/hd_chin.htm) In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.",
"###### Ma Lin, *Waiting for Guests by Lamplight*",
"*Waiting for Guests by Lamplight* was painted in the Song dynasty by [Ma Lin](/wiki/Ma_Lin_%28painter%29 \"Ma Lin (painter)\"),Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997\\). *Three thousand years of Chinese painting*. New Haven, Yale University Press. p. 133\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-300\\-07013\\-6}}[*Ma Lin – Quietly Listening to Wind in the Pines*.](http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm_public/System/View.jsp?type=1&ObjectID=347) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222190906/http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm\\_public/System/View.jsp?type\\=1\\&ObjectID\\=347 \\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-22 }} National Palace Museum. (Chinese) Retrieved 5 August 2012\\. son of famous Chinese painter [Ma Yuan](/wiki/Ma_Yuan_%28painter%29 \"Ma Yuan (painter)\").{{\\#tag:ref\\|Ma Lin was from a famous family of painters, out of which, for at least 150 years, one painter in each generation received official appointment to the Imperial Painting Academy.\\|group\\=nb}} Using *shi i* ([English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"): poetic ideas){{\\#tag:ref\\|''Shi i'', poetry inspired painting, is similar in outcome to the \\[\\[three perfections]] practice. \\|group\\=nb}}, Ma Lin painted the evening scene based upon a poem by Su Shi. In it, a man sits in the door of a pavilion during a full moon. A gentle mood is set by soft, low\\-lying fog before the mountains and crabapple trees. Leading up to the building is a line of candles specially placed near the blossoming crab apple trees – to \"illuminate their beauty\".{{rp\\|45}}",
"The poem by 11th century poet [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi \"Su Shi\") that inspired Ma Lin is:",
"",
"> My fear is that in the depth of night,\n> The flowers will fall asleep and depart.\n> So I light the tall candles,\n> To illuminate their beauty.{{rp\\|45}}",
"##### Moon",
"",
"File:OngSchanTchowPineInMoonlight.jpg\\|Ong Schan Tchow, ''Pine In Moonlight'' (China)",
"",
"In Chinese night paintings, the moon often symbolizes loneliness of the painting's character. It also sets the mood for a romantic setting. Chinese paintings also depict [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\") characters who symbolize moonlight activity, such as [Yue\\-Laou](/wiki/Yue-Laou \"Yue-Laou\"), the \"old man of the moonlight\" and [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e \"Chang'e\"), the Chinese goddess of the moon.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"###### Chang'e, goddess of the moon",
"",
"\\<!\\-\\- Commented out because image was deleted: File:Goddess chang'e.jpg\\|Artist Unknown, ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace'', 16th\\-17th century (China, \\[\\[Ming dynasty]]){{deletable image\\-caption\\|Wednesday, 12 November 2014}} \\-\\-\\>",
"",
"*The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace* depicts [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e \"Chang'e\"), the Chinese goddess of the moon from [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\").{{\\#tag:ref\\|From Chinese legends, Chang'e was the wife of a hunter named Yi. She drank a potion intended for her husband that made her immortal. She then flew to the moon, afraid that her husband would be angry with her, where she lives in a moon palace.\\[http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectNumber\\=F1909\\.244a ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace.''] Freer – Sackler, The Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 28 August 2012\\.\\|group\\=nb}} The late Ming dynasty fan painting shows her outside the Palace of Boundless Cold. *Chang'e Flying to the Moon* is a contemporary depiction of the goddess.",
"##### Political statement",
"{{wide image\\|Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 1 edit.jpg\\|2000px\\|\\[\\[Gu Hongzhong]], ''Night Revels of Han Xizai'', (China, \\[\\[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]), 10th century\n\\|dir\\=rtl}}",
"*Night Revels of Han Xizai* was painted by [Gu Hongzhong](/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong \"Gu Hongzhong\") during the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms](/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms \"Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms\") period when dynasties replaced one another at an alarming rate. Fives vignettes are told about a party that Han Xizai, a minister of Li Yu, hosts. In the first scene (viewed from right to left), Han listens to the [pipa](/wiki/Pipa \"Pipa\") with his guests. Then, he watches dancers, takes a rest, plays string instruments, and finally sees guests off. It is believed that this painting was made in response to a request by emperor Li Yu to Gu,[*The Private Realm of the Literati.*](http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/tliterat.htm) University of Washington: A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. Retrieved 27 August 2012\\.[*Han Xizai at Night Dinner Painting Depicts Extravagant Life.*](http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_39759.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211034819/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en\\_artqa/2003\\-09/24/content\\_39759\\.htm \\|date\\=2006\\-12\\-11 }} China Culture, Ministry of Culture, China. Retrieved 27 August 2012\\. following Han's declination of an offer to be prime minister. One interpretation is that the painting was a way of chastising Han for having a carefree nightlife rather than accepting greater political responsibility.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"#### Japan",
"While paintings are generally a snapshot of a moment in time, the Japanese iji dôzu ([English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"): \"different time, same illustration\") technique is used to is illustrate activities that occur in different periods of time. *A Long Tale for an Autumn Night* uses that technique through a progression of time and activities over one night.{{\\#tag:ref\\|This is similar in concept to \\[\\[Paolo Uccello]]'s triple\\-painting set of the \\[\\[Battle of San Romano]] that begins in dawn and ends tragically in the dead of night.\\|group\\=nb}} During the Autumn night a Buddhist monk and his lover experience a fearful night of a demon in initially disguised as a man, a battle, and threat of suicide – all the more sinister by the gloom of night.[*A Long Tale for an Autumn Night*. Scroll 3\\.](http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/60038545) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\. Note: there are three web pages, one for each scroll. [Scroll 1](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2002.459.1) and [Scroll 2](http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/60038544?img=0)",
"##### Battle",
"",
"File:Illustrated Story of Night Attack on Yoshitsune's Residence At Horikawa, 16th Century.jpg\\|Artist unknown, ''Illustrated Story of Night Attack on \\[\\[Minamoto no Yoshitsune\\|Yoshitune]]'s Residence At Horikawa'', 16th century (Japan)\nFile:Kunichika Toyohara \\- Sen Taiheiki gigokuden \\- Walters 95339\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Toyohara Kunichika]], ''Sen Taiheiki gigokuden'', 1890, \\[\\[Walters Art Museum]]",
"",
"##### Folklore and literature",
"###### Ghosts and witches",
"",
"File:Yoshitoshi The Ghost.jpg\\|\\[\\[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]], ''The Ghost of Genji's Love'' based upon the book ''\\[\\[The Tale of Genji]]'', 1886\nFile:Yoshitoshi, Oya Taro Mitsukuni.jpg\\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Ōya Tarō Mitsukuni'' from the series One Hundred (Ghost) Stories from China and Japan (Wakan hyaku monogatari), 1865\\.",
"",
"###### Demons and hell",
"",
"File:Hyakki Yako 1\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Hyakki Yagyō]], ''Night Parade With One Hundred Demons scroll'', \\[\\[Edo period]], Japan, Metropolitan Museum of Art\\<ref\\>\\[http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search\\-the\\-collections/60050081 ''Night Parade of One Hundred Demons.''] New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.\\</ref\\>",
"",
"File:Avici hell.jpg\\|Artist unknown, ''Avici hell,'' 13th century (Japanese), \\[\\[Tokyo National Museum]]",
"",
"###### *One Hundred Aspects of the Moon*",
"In the 19th century [Tsukioka Yoshitoshi](/wiki/Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi \"Tsukioka Yoshitoshi\") made a series of 100 [ukiyo\\-e](/wiki/Ukiyo-e \"Ukiyo-e\"), Japanese wood block prints, called *[One Hundred Aspects of the Moon](/wiki/One_Hundred_Aspects_of_the_Moon \"One Hundred Aspects of the Moon\")* that introduced Japanese and Chinese folklore during a period of increasing western presence. The works captured \"a moment in time and held suspended by a poetic dialogue with the moon.\" The moon symbolized different meanings depending upon whether it was a full moon or not. The moon's \"waxing and waning\", also used as the basis of the Japanese lunar calendar, could illustrate what time of the month an event occurred and ascribe a manner in which it was to be interpreted, such as the character's loneliness.[*One Hundred Aspects of the Moon*](http://www.internationalfolkart.org/exhibitions/past/moonweb/about.html) {{\\#tag:ref\\|Yoshitoshi's death poem was: \"Holding back the night, With its increasing brilliance, The summer moon.\\|group\\=nb}}",
"",
"File:YoshiOldwoman.jpg\\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Gravemarker Moon'', 100 Aspects of the Moon \\#25, 3rd month of 1886 \nFile:Yoshitoshi \\- Wang Changling \\- Tsuki hyakushi no. 54\\.jpg\\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Wang Changling'', 100 Aspects of the Moon \\#54, 1887\nFile:Pleine lune Mushasi Yoshitoshi.jpg\\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Full Moon in Mushasi'', 100 Aspects of the Moon, 1890",
"",
"In *Gravemarker Moon*, the famous poet [Ono no Komachi](/wiki/Ono_no_Komachi \"Ono no Komachi\") meditates on the arrogance and heartlessness she displayed to her suitors as a young beauty.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"*Wang Changling* is the name of the poet who wrote: \"The night is still and a hundred flowers are fragrant in the western palace. She orders the screen to be rolled up, regretting the passing of spring with the Yunhe across her lap. She gazes at the moon, the colors of the trees are hazy in the indistinct moonlight.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"###### *Tale of Genji*",
"",
"File:Ilustration of The Tale of Genji.jpg\\|\\[\\[Tosa Mitsuoki]],{{\\#tag:ref\\|The illustration about Asagao (chapter 20\\) is traditionally credited to Tosa Mitsuoki (1617–1691\\)\\|group\\=nb}} ''Illustration of the Tale of Genji'', late 17th century \nFile:Brooklyn Museum \\- Scene from the Tale of Genji \\- overall.jpg\\|''Scene from the Tale of Genji'', 16th century, Brooklyn Museum",
"",
"*Tale of Genji* also included [*Tale of Genji's love*](/wiki/Night_in_paintings_%28Eastern_art%29%23Ghosts_and_witches \"Night in paintings (Eastern art)#Ghosts and witches\"), which has an illustration.",
"##### Landscapes",
"",
"File:Snowclad houses in the night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Yosa Buson]], ''Snowclad houses in the night'', 1778 (Japan), Miho Museum of Art",
"",
"File:Toyokuni II \\- 8 Famous Views (Meisho Hakkei), Night Rain at Oyama (Maya Mountain).jpg\\|Utagawa Toyokuni II, ''Night Rain,'' Maya Mountain from the 8 Famous Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, late 18th century \\- early 19th century\nFile:Hiroshige nuit de neige à Kambara.JPG\\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Nuit de neige à Kambara ''\nFile:100 views edo 098\\.jpg\\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Fireworks at Ryōgoku (Ryōgoku Hanabi), \\[\\[One Hundred Famous Views of Edo]] \\#98'', 1858, Brooklyn museum\nFile:Hiroshige Travellers on a mountain path at night.jpg\\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Travellers on a mountain path at night''",
"",
"According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, *Night Rains*, of the 8 Famous Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, is \"a venerable theme in both Chinese and Japanese painting\".[*Night Rain at the Double\\-Shelf Stand*.](http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/60001247) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.",
"*Fireworks at Ryōgoku* captures the popular summer entertainment called \"taking in the cool of the evening.\"[*Fireworks at Ryogoku (Ryogoku Hanabi), No. 98 from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo*.](http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/121712/Fireworks_at_Ryogoku_Ryogoku_Hanabi_No._98_from_One_Hundred_Famous_Views_of_Edo/) Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.",
"##### Mood setting",
"",
"File:Watanabe Shotei14\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Watanabe Shōtei]], ''Blue Birds at Night'', 1851–1918\nFile:Utagawa Yoshitaki \\- Night Traveler \\- Walters 9590\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Utagawa Yoshitaki]], ''Night Traveler'', circa between 1860 and 69 (late Edo), \\[\\[Walters Art Museum]]\nFile:Matsuke Heikichi \\- Nogaku zue \\- Walters 95249\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Kōgyo Tsukioka]], ''Nogaku zue'', 1899 (Meiji), \\[\\[Walters Art Museum]]\nFile:Omoda Seiju 1\\.jpg\\|Omoda Seiju, ''Yotsuyu (Night Dew)'', 1926 (Japan)",
"",
"##### Moon",
"",
"File:New Moon over the brushwood gate.jpg\\|''New Moon over the brushwood gate'', 1405 (Japan), \\[\\[National Treasure of Japan]]\nFile:Nishimura Shigenaga \\- Four Seasons – Autumn Moon above the Reception Room.jpg\\|Nishimura Shigenaga, ''Four Seasons – Autumn Moon above the Reception Room,'' 1725–1730\nFile:Brooklyn Museum \\- Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon \\- Suzuki Harunobu.jpg\\|\\[\\[Suzuki Harunobu]], ''Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon,'' 18th century, Brooklyn Museum.\nHiroshige Man on horseback crossing a bridge.jpg\\|\\[\\[Utagawa Hiroshige]], ''Man on horseback crossing a bridge, \\[\\[The Sixty\\-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō]]''",
"",
"[Suzuki Harunobu](/wiki/Suzuki_Harunobu \"Suzuki Harunobu\") made many night paintings, including *Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon.*[*Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon.*](http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/search/?q=Two+Girls+on+the+Veranda+Looking+at+the+Moon&prev_q=&x=33&y=11) Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\. Many of the settings were warm relational studies, such as *Night Rain at the Double\\-Shelf Stand* which includes a parlor scene with two young women and a boy. A soft mood is set with the presence of a tea set and portable hearth for boiling water. The Metropolitan Museum of Art states that this painting is a nod to *Night Rains* of 8 Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, a painting well respected by both the Japanese and Chinese.",
"#### Korea",
"",
"File:Water\\-Moon Avalokiteshvara.jpg\\|''Water\\-Moon Avalokiteshvara'', first half of the 14th century, \\[\\[Goryeo dynasty]], Korea, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York\nFile:Landscapes in the Style of An Kyeon\\-Evening.Bell.from.Mist.jpg\\|''Landscapes in the Style of An Kyôn: Evening Bell from Mist\\-Shrouded Temple and Autumn Moon over Lake Dongting,'' 15th century, Chosôn dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art\nFile:Hyewon\\-Jeongbyeon.yahwa.jpg\\|\\[\\[Shin Yunbok]], ''Chatting at a well at night'', In the late \\[\\[Joseon]] period, presumed after 1805, \\[\\[Gansong Art Museum]] in \\[\\[Seoul]], \\[\\[South Korea]]\nFile:First Electric Light at Gyeongbok Palace 1887\\.png\\|Geumchoo Nam\\-ho Lee, ''First Electric Light at \\[\\[Gyeongbok Palace]]'', 1887 (\\[\\[Korean art\\|Korean]]), Korea Electric Power Corporation\nFile:Brooklyn Museum \\- Rabbits and Moon.jpg\\|Artist Unknown(Korean), ''Rabbits and Moon'', 19th century, Brooklyn Museum",
"",
"Buddhism was an important part of Korean art since about the time of the [Unified Silla](/wiki/Unified_Silla \"Unified Silla\") period when there was a desire to be open to other religions. This resulted in the use of Buddhist themes in art work and the creation of Buddhist temples. In the 14th century, a work was made of *Water\\-Moon Avalokiteshvara*,Smith, Judith G. (1998\\) *Arts of Korea.* Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 29, 33\\. {{ISBN\\|0870998501}}. a compassionate and wise bodhisattva who wears a halo as a sign of his divinity and has waves of water splashing his feet. A legendary hare stands under a cassia tree in the moon creating the elixir of immortality.[*Water\\-Moon Avalokiteshvara.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/14.76.6) Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 September 2012\\.Smith, Judith G. (1998\\) *Arts of Korea.* Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 180\\. {{ISBN\\|0870998501}}.",
"### South Asian art",
"#### India",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|Artist unknown, *Radha at night*, circa 1650 ([Mughal](/wiki/Mughal_painting \"Mughal painting\")), [Kupferstichkabinett](/wiki/Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin \"Kupferstichkabinett Berlin\") Berlin](/wiki/File:Indischer_Maler_um_1650_%28I%29_001.jpg \"Indischer Maler um 1650 (I) 001.jpg\")\nFor traditional art, there is little difference between the way night and day are illustrated and the colors that are used. For instance, in early [Rajput (also called Rajasthani) paintings](/wiki/Rajput_painting \"Rajput painting\"), the only way to read that the painting is a night scene is through the presence of torches or candles. Later in the Rajput period, both somewhat influenced by Western art, night scenes were painted dramatically with shadows and [Mughal paintings](/wiki/Mughal_paintings \"Mughal paintings\") used [chiaroscuro](/wiki/Chiaroscuro \"Chiaroscuro\") for shading.Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (2003\\). *History of Indian and Indonesian Art*. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 128, 131\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-766\\-15801\\-2}}.",
"Although there are a number of schools that taught painting during India's history, there is great similarity among them to evoke charming, romantic scenes. The scenes may include moonlight or lanterns to set an amorous mood.Sharma, Lokesh Chandra. (2008\\) \\[1980]. *A Brief History of Indian Painting*. Krishna Prakashan Media. pp. 71, 74, 75, 80, 122\\. Such was the case for 19th\\-century artist Chokha, who enjoyed making night paintings like *Escapade at Night: A Nobleman Climbs a Rope to Visit his Lover.* In that painting Chokha captures the tension of lover climbing several stories into a house with many people and a sleeping guard. Chokha also liked to capture twilight hunting scenes. He astutely conveyed the effects of lighting variation between twilight and the darkest night.[*Escapade at Night: A Nobleman Climbs a Rope to Visit his Lover*.](http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/60047179#fullscreen) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.",
"*Rao Bhoj Singh Stalking a Tiger at Night* is a painting attributed to the Hada Master of the Kota school. In this case the dark is used for dramatic impact. It provides a dark backdrop to the bright figures of the treed hunting party, riled tiger and battered cow that was used as a lure.[*Rao Bhoj Singh Stalking a Tiger at Night.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/60050335) New York: Metropolitan Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.",
"##### Romantic scenes",
"",
"File:Brooklyn Museum \\- Love Scene Central India (Malwa).jpg\\|Artist Unknown, ''Love Scene Central India'', 1660–1680, \\[\\[Brooklyn Museum]]\\<ref\\>\\[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/111971/Love\\_Scenes/set/e27a64a829815ff18f65b4f26f10d09a ''Love Scene.''] Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.\\</ref\\>\nFile:Brooklyn Museum \\- Lovers on a Moonlit Night.jpg\\|Artist Unknown, ''Lovers on a Moonlit Night'', circa 1775 (India), \\[\\[Brooklyn Museum]]\\<ref\\>\\[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/106640/Lovers\\_on\\_a\\_Moonlit\\_Night/set/d5fc3be4d74c6e3cedec8bb1e160c606 ''Lovers on a Moonlit Night.''] Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.\\</ref\\>\nFile:Bazrupmati.jpg\\|(Murshidabad) style, ''Baz Bahadur and Rupmati'', c. 1760, India Office Library",
"",
"*Baz Bahadur and Rupmati* (not shown) depicts mistress Rupmati and Muslim ruler Baz Bahadur. The scene is illuminated from the moon on the horizon.[*Baz Bahadur and Rupmati riding in a moonlit landscape near Mandu.*](http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000004234) India Office Select Materials, British Library. Retrieved 28 August 2012\\.[*Baz Bahadur and Rupmati*.](http://imagesonline.bl.uk/imagemap/?search=Natural+World&level=1&cat_id=10&last_cat_id=&page=20) Images Online. India Office Select Materials, British Library. Retrieved 28 August 2012\\.",
"### Southeast Asian art",
"#### Cambodia",
"",
"File:Wat mural.jpg\\|''Wat Mural'', 1903–1904, Phnom Penh's Silver Pagoda\nFile:Reamkermural1\\.JPG\\|''Reamker mural'', Cambodia\nFile:Khmer Painting at Wat Phnom.JPG\\|''Khmer painting,'' Wat Phnom",
"",
"Cambodian paintings often took the form of [murals](/wiki/Mural \"Mural\"),{{\\#tag:ref\\|Much historical Cambodian art, such as the collections of the Founan\\-Chenla, Angkor, Lungvek, and Oudong periods, was destroyed during the reign of the Khumer Rouge, starting 1975 and the preceding years of American bombings from 1964 to 1975\\.Ang, SamSam. (March 2, 2010\\). \\[http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural\\-survival\\-quarterly/cambodia/preserving\\-cultural\\-tradition\\-ten\\-years\\-after\\-khme ''Preserving a Cultural Tradition: Ten Years After the Khmer Rouge.''] Cultural Survival. Retrieved 30 August 2012\\.Wubin, Zhuang. \\[http://www.aaa.org.hk/Diaaalogue/Details/1144 ''Mekong Spring: Cambodian Photography in the Last Decade''] {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609063926/http://www.aaa.org.hk/Diaaalogue/Details/1144 \\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-09 }} Asia Art Archive. Retrieved 30 August 2012\\.\\|group\\=nb}} and have religious significance. Before 1200, art in the temples mostly portrayed scenes from the Hindu pantheon; after 1200, Buddhist scenes began to appear as standard motifs.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}} Its art was heavily influenced by the artistry of India.Le May, Reginald. (1962\\). *A Concise History of Buddhist Art in Siam.* Tuttle Publishing. (2nd edition). p. 1\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-804\\-80120\\-7}}.",
"#### Laos",
"",
"File:Bodhisatta Gautama with bowl.jpg\\|''Bodhisattva Siddhartha Gautama with bowl'', date unknown, Laotian monastery",
"",
"#### Thailand",
"",
"File:Wat Pho Chai mural, Bangkok, Thailand \\- 20101028\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Wat Pho]] Chai mural, Bangkok, Thailand\nFile:Hanuman1\\.jpg\\|''Hanuman'', mural painting, Wat Phra Kaeo, Bangkok",
"",
"### West Asian art",
"#### Persia",
"",
"File:The poet Sa'di converses by night with a young friend in a garden. Miniature from Gulistan Sa'di. Herat, 1427\\. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin. f.3r.jpg\\|''The poet Sa'di converses by night with a young friend in a garden'' (\\[\\[Gulistan of Sa'di]] miniature), 1427 (Persia), Chester Beatty Library, Dublin.",
"File:Shams ud\\-Din Tabriz 1502\\-1504 BNF Paris.jpg\\|A page of a copy circa 1503 of the ''Dīvān\\-e Šams\\-e Tabrīzī''. See: \\[\\[Rumi ghazal 163]]. The lower half is night."
] |
### East Asian art
#### China
Traditional Chinese artists sought to capture the interrelated, vast and multifaceted aspects of nature here are on earth and in the heavens. From the article "The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'", Heaven appears "before us only this bright shining mass; but in its immeasurable extent, the sun, the moon, stars and constellations are suspended in it, and all things are embraced under it."[*The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'.*](http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_97-01/99sp_leni_rubenstein_chinese_art.pdf) The Schiller Institute. Retrieved 28 August 2012\.{{rp\|52–53}} Night scenes, not otherwise distinguishable from daytime in Chinese art, include candles, light emanating from a building, the moon, or lake mists.{{rp\|70}}
Symbolism plays an enduring role in the telling of a story through painting or other Chinese art. For instance, stars and the moon are important both for religious significance and as an illustration of [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology").Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 10\. {{ISBN\|0\-804\-83864\-X}}. Symbols used in art may be grouped into four overarching categories: religious imagery, divine and mortal beings, symbols from nature and inanimate objects.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 12\. {{ISBN\|0\-804\-83864\-X}}. Some examples of symbols include bats which means both good wishes and good luck. The moon, aside from religious and mythical connotations, can also mean a month. The particular way an image is depicted has meaning – like a round eyed\-cat means it's a night scene.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 13\. {{ISBN\|0\-804\-83864\-X}}.
Artists use rice paper, silk or wood panels to paint night scenes. Silk has illuminating effect, while wood panels create a dark background.
##### Battle
File:Battle of Oroi\-Jalatu.jpg\|A collaboration between Chinese and European painters, ''The Battle of Oroi\-Jalatu'', (China, \[\[Qing dynasty]]), 1756
##### Folklore and literature
###### Literature
File:Zhou Wenjing\-Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night.jpg\|\[\[Zhou Wenjing]], ''Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early \[\[Ming dynasty]]), \[\[National Palace Museum]]
File:Liu Jun\-Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night.jpg\|\[\[Liu Jun (painter)\|Liu Jun]], ''Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early Ming dynasty), \[\[Palace Museum]].
File:Leng Mei \- Figures \- Spring Evening Banquet.jpg\|\[\[Leng Mei]],''Spring Evening Banquet'', (China, \[\[Qing dynasty]]), 1677–1742, National Palace Museum, Taipei.
File:Gai Qi Hong Lou Meng 2\.jpg\|Gai Qi, ''Scene from 'Dream of the Red Chamber','' c. 1816, Qing dynasty
*Dream of the Red Chamber* and *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio* were inspiration for night time paintings.
Almost 500 legendary tales written by [Pu Songling](/wiki/Pu_Songling "Pu Songling") are compiled in *[Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio](/wiki/Strange_Stories_from_a_Chinese_Studio "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio")* or *Liaozhai Zhiyi*. The tales, inspired by oral storytelling, include strong mythical characters like ghosts, immortals, beasts and foxes. They also offer commentary about people, particularly the privileged and court officials, whose human frailties may result in unfair, unjust and other unfavorable treatment to others.{{Cite web \|url\=http://history.cultural\-china.com/ \|title\=/en/221H12432H14964\.html ''Themes of Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.'' Cultural China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\. \|access\-date\=1 September 2012 \|archive\-date\=20 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220175602/http://history.cultural\-china.com/ \|url\-status\=dead }} He wrote with vivid imagery about the music of heaven, the inability of the light produced by a fire\-fly to illuminate the demons of the night, red rings in the sky that shear the heads off of men, and the six conditions of existence: men, sinners, angels, demons, beasts and devils. Nighttime is a symbol for people's inability to understand the world around them. And the supernatural beings are meant to be a mirror to examine the nature of man. From a preface by T'ang Meng Lai to the book, Lai states that the book should prompt the readers to reflect upon the following: "We marvel at devils and foxes: we do not marvel at man. But who is it that causes a man to move and to speak?"Sung\-ling, Pu (author) and Herbert A. Giles (translator). (1880\). [*Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.*](https://archive.org/stream/strangestoriesfr00pusuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up) London: Thomas De La Rue and Company. pp. xviii–xxvi. One collection of the illustrated stories is at the National Museum of China.[Illustrated collection of *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio*](http://114.255.205.171/english/tabid/549/Default.aspx?AntiqueLanguageID=3805). National Museum of China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\.
###### Ghosts and hell
File:Dai Jin. The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui. 189,7x120,2\. Palace Museum, Beijing.jpg\|\[\[Dai Jin]], ''The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui'', 15th century, \[\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.
File:Yanluo.JPG\|''Yanluo'', judge of Hell, inspired by the Hindu deity Yama
Many of the Chinese ghost beliefs have been accepted by neighboring cultures, notably Japan and south\-east Asia.
Ghost beliefs are closely associated with the traditional Chinese religion based on ancestor worship, many of which were incorporated in [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism"). Later beliefs were influenced by [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism"), and in turn influenced and created uniquely Chinese Buddhist beliefs.
[Zhong Kui](/wiki/Zhong_Kui "Zhong Kui") is a [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology") figure, generally a vanquisher of ghosts and evil beings, and reputedly able to command 80,000 [demons](/wiki/Demon "Demon"). Another mythological figure is *Yan luo*, the judge of Hell.
##### Mood setting
File:Han Gan Night\-Shining White.jpg\|\[\[Han Gan]], ''Night\-Shining White Horse,'' ca. 750, \[\[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
File:Ma Yuan\-Banquet by Lantern Light.jpg\|\[\[Ma Yuan (painter)\|Ma Yuan]], ''Banquet by Lantern Light'', circa 1200 (China, \[\[Song dynasty]]), \[\[National Palace Museum]], Taipei.
File:Ma Lin Guests.jpg\|\[\[Ma Lin (painter)\|Ma Lin]], ''Waiting for Guests by Lamplight'', circa 1250 (China, Song dynasty)
File:Dai Jin\-Traveling in Spring Returning at Night.jpg\|\[\[Dai Jin]], ''Returning Late from a Spring Outing'', 15th century, (China, Early \[\[Ming dynasty]]), \[\[National Palace Museum]]{{\#tag:ref\|Likely made in the 15th century. \[\[Dai Jin]] was born in 1388, which would have made him twelve at the turn of the century.\|group\=nb}}
File:Landscape after Night Rain Shower.jpg\|\[\[Kun Can]], ''Landscape after Night Rain Shower'', (China, Qing dynasty), 1660, \[\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.
File:YuanJiang\-Penglai Island.jpg\|\[\[Yuan Jiang]], ''Penglai Island'', 1708, \[\[Palace Museum]]
File:A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring.jpg\|\[\[Huang Shen]], ''A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring'', (China, \[\[Qing dynasty]]), before 1772
Chinese artists focus on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony of man and nature, as perceived according to [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism") and [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist_art "Buddhist art") concepts.[Robert van Gulik](/wiki/Robert_van_Gulik "Robert van Gulik"), "Gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese Animal Lore". The Hague, 1967\. Artists, like [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi "Su Shi") used their skills in [calligraphy](/wiki/Calligraphy "Calligraphy") (the art of beautiful writing) to make ink paintings that expressed ideas based upon the philosophies of Chinese dynasties and Confucius. Their works also express their feelings and the inner spirit of their subject.{{rp\|42, 45–46, 48, 50}}
Within a night scene, homesickness is expressed by flying birds looking to find a place to rest for the night{{rp\|65}}
###### Han Gan, *Night\-Shining White Horse*
Han Gan created *Night\-Shining White Horse* to dramatically capture the spirit of the imperial stallion, a symbol of China's powerfulness using only ink and paper. The stark image, without color or shading, exposes the true essence of the scene.Hearn, Maxwell. (June 2008\). [*Chinese Painting.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chin/hd_chin.htm) In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.
###### Ma Lin, *Waiting for Guests by Lamplight*
*Waiting for Guests by Lamplight* was painted in the Song dynasty by [Ma Lin](/wiki/Ma_Lin_%28painter%29 "Ma Lin (painter)"),Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997\). *Three thousand years of Chinese painting*. New Haven, Yale University Press. p. 133\. {{ISBN\|0\-300\-07013\-6}}[*Ma Lin – Quietly Listening to Wind in the Pines*.](http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm_public/System/View.jsp?type=1&ObjectID=347) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222190906/http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm\_public/System/View.jsp?type\=1\&ObjectID\=347 \|date\=2014\-02\-22 }} National Palace Museum. (Chinese) Retrieved 5 August 2012\. son of famous Chinese painter [Ma Yuan](/wiki/Ma_Yuan_%28painter%29 "Ma Yuan (painter)").{{\#tag:ref\|Ma Lin was from a famous family of painters, out of which, for at least 150 years, one painter in each generation received official appointment to the Imperial Painting Academy.\|group\=nb}} Using *shi i* ([English](/wiki/English_language "English language"): poetic ideas){{\#tag:ref\|''Shi i'', poetry inspired painting, is similar in outcome to the \[\[three perfections]] practice. \|group\=nb}}, Ma Lin painted the evening scene based upon a poem by Su Shi. In it, a man sits in the door of a pavilion during a full moon. A gentle mood is set by soft, low\-lying fog before the mountains and crabapple trees. Leading up to the building is a line of candles specially placed near the blossoming crab apple trees – to "illuminate their beauty".{{rp\|45}}
The poem by 11th century poet [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi "Su Shi") that inspired Ma Lin is:
> My fear is that in the depth of night,
> The flowers will fall asleep and depart.
> So I light the tall candles,
> To illuminate their beauty.{{rp\|45}}
##### Moon
File:OngSchanTchowPineInMoonlight.jpg\|Ong Schan Tchow, ''Pine In Moonlight'' (China)
In Chinese night paintings, the moon often symbolizes loneliness of the painting's character. It also sets the mood for a romantic setting. Chinese paintings also depict [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology") characters who symbolize moonlight activity, such as [Yue\-Laou](/wiki/Yue-Laou "Yue-Laou"), the "old man of the moonlight" and [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e "Chang'e"), the Chinese goddess of the moon.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
###### Chang'e, goddess of the moon
\<!\-\- Commented out because image was deleted: File:Goddess chang'e.jpg\|Artist Unknown, ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace'', 16th\-17th century (China, \[\[Ming dynasty]]){{deletable image\-caption\|Wednesday, 12 November 2014}} \-\-\>
*The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace* depicts [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e "Chang'e"), the Chinese goddess of the moon from [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology").{{\#tag:ref\|From Chinese legends, Chang'e was the wife of a hunter named Yi. She drank a potion intended for her husband that made her immortal. She then flew to the moon, afraid that her husband would be angry with her, where she lives in a moon palace.\[http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectNumber\=F1909\.244a ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace.''] Freer – Sackler, The Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 28 August 2012\.\|group\=nb}} The late Ming dynasty fan painting shows her outside the Palace of Boundless Cold. *Chang'e Flying to the Moon* is a contemporary depiction of the goddess.
##### Political statement
{{wide image\|Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 1 edit.jpg\|2000px\|\[\[Gu Hongzhong]], ''Night Revels of Han Xizai'', (China, \[\[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]), 10th century
\|dir\=rtl}}
*Night Revels of Han Xizai* was painted by [Gu Hongzhong](/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong "Gu Hongzhong") during the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms](/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms") period when dynasties replaced one another at an alarming rate. Fives vignettes are told about a party that Han Xizai, a minister of Li Yu, hosts. In the first scene (viewed from right to left), Han listens to the [pipa](/wiki/Pipa "Pipa") with his guests. Then, he watches dancers, takes a rest, plays string instruments, and finally sees guests off. It is believed that this painting was made in response to a request by emperor Li Yu to Gu,[*The Private Realm of the Literati.*](http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/tliterat.htm) University of Washington: A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. Retrieved 27 August 2012\.[*Han Xizai at Night Dinner Painting Depicts Extravagant Life.*](http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_39759.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211034819/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en\_artqa/2003\-09/24/content\_39759\.htm \|date\=2006\-12\-11 }} China Culture, Ministry of Culture, China. Retrieved 27 August 2012\. following Han's declination of an offer to be prime minister. One interpretation is that the painting was a way of chastising Han for having a carefree nightlife rather than accepting greater political responsibility.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
#### Japan
While paintings are generally a snapshot of a moment in time, the Japanese iji dôzu ([English](/wiki/English_language "English language"): "different time, same illustration") technique is used to is illustrate activities that occur in different periods of time. *A Long Tale for an Autumn Night* uses that technique through a progression of time and activities over one night.{{\#tag:ref\|This is similar in concept to \[\[Paolo Uccello]]'s triple\-painting set of the \[\[Battle of San Romano]] that begins in dawn and ends tragically in the dead of night.\|group\=nb}} During the Autumn night a Buddhist monk and his lover experience a fearful night of a demon in initially disguised as a man, a battle, and threat of suicide – all the more sinister by the gloom of night.[*A Long Tale for an Autumn Night*. Scroll 3\.](http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/60038545) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\. Note: there are three web pages, one for each scroll. [Scroll 1](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2002.459.1) and [Scroll 2](http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/60038544?img=0)
##### Battle
File:Illustrated Story of Night Attack on Yoshitsune's Residence At Horikawa, 16th Century.jpg\|Artist unknown, ''Illustrated Story of Night Attack on \[\[Minamoto no Yoshitsune\|Yoshitune]]'s Residence At Horikawa'', 16th century (Japan)
File:Kunichika Toyohara \- Sen Taiheiki gigokuden \- Walters 95339\.jpg\|\[\[Toyohara Kunichika]], ''Sen Taiheiki gigokuden'', 1890, \[\[Walters Art Museum]]
##### Folklore and literature
###### Ghosts and witches
File:Yoshitoshi The Ghost.jpg\|\[\[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]], ''The Ghost of Genji's Love'' based upon the book ''\[\[The Tale of Genji]]'', 1886
File:Yoshitoshi, Oya Taro Mitsukuni.jpg\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Ōya Tarō Mitsukuni'' from the series One Hundred (Ghost) Stories from China and Japan (Wakan hyaku monogatari), 1865\.
###### Demons and hell
File:Hyakki Yako 1\.jpg\|\[\[Hyakki Yagyō]], ''Night Parade With One Hundred Demons scroll'', \[\[Edo period]], Japan, Metropolitan Museum of Art\<ref\>\[http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search\-the\-collections/60050081 ''Night Parade of One Hundred Demons.''] New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.\</ref\>
File:Avici hell.jpg\|Artist unknown, ''Avici hell,'' 13th century (Japanese), \[\[Tokyo National Museum]]
###### *One Hundred Aspects of the Moon*
In the 19th century [Tsukioka Yoshitoshi](/wiki/Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi "Tsukioka Yoshitoshi") made a series of 100 [ukiyo\-e](/wiki/Ukiyo-e "Ukiyo-e"), Japanese wood block prints, called *[One Hundred Aspects of the Moon](/wiki/One_Hundred_Aspects_of_the_Moon "One Hundred Aspects of the Moon")* that introduced Japanese and Chinese folklore during a period of increasing western presence. The works captured "a moment in time and held suspended by a poetic dialogue with the moon." The moon symbolized different meanings depending upon whether it was a full moon or not. The moon's "waxing and waning", also used as the basis of the Japanese lunar calendar, could illustrate what time of the month an event occurred and ascribe a manner in which it was to be interpreted, such as the character's loneliness.[*One Hundred Aspects of the Moon*](http://www.internationalfolkart.org/exhibitions/past/moonweb/about.html) {{\#tag:ref\|Yoshitoshi's death poem was: "Holding back the night, With its increasing brilliance, The summer moon.\|group\=nb}}
File:YoshiOldwoman.jpg\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Gravemarker Moon'', 100 Aspects of the Moon \#25, 3rd month of 1886
File:Yoshitoshi \- Wang Changling \- Tsuki hyakushi no. 54\.jpg\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Wang Changling'', 100 Aspects of the Moon \#54, 1887
File:Pleine lune Mushasi Yoshitoshi.jpg\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Full Moon in Mushasi'', 100 Aspects of the Moon, 1890
In *Gravemarker Moon*, the famous poet [Ono no Komachi](/wiki/Ono_no_Komachi "Ono no Komachi") meditates on the arrogance and heartlessness she displayed to her suitors as a young beauty.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
*Wang Changling* is the name of the poet who wrote: "The night is still and a hundred flowers are fragrant in the western palace. She orders the screen to be rolled up, regretting the passing of spring with the Yunhe across her lap. She gazes at the moon, the colors of the trees are hazy in the indistinct moonlight."{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
###### *Tale of Genji*
File:Ilustration of The Tale of Genji.jpg\|\[\[Tosa Mitsuoki]],{{\#tag:ref\|The illustration about Asagao (chapter 20\) is traditionally credited to Tosa Mitsuoki (1617–1691\)\|group\=nb}} ''Illustration of the Tale of Genji'', late 17th century
File:Brooklyn Museum \- Scene from the Tale of Genji \- overall.jpg\|''Scene from the Tale of Genji'', 16th century, Brooklyn Museum
*Tale of Genji* also included [*Tale of Genji's love*](/wiki/Night_in_paintings_%28Eastern_art%29%23Ghosts_and_witches "Night in paintings (Eastern art)#Ghosts and witches"), which has an illustration.
##### Landscapes
File:Snowclad houses in the night.jpg\|\[\[Yosa Buson]], ''Snowclad houses in the night'', 1778 (Japan), Miho Museum of Art
File:Toyokuni II \- 8 Famous Views (Meisho Hakkei), Night Rain at Oyama (Maya Mountain).jpg\|Utagawa Toyokuni II, ''Night Rain,'' Maya Mountain from the 8 Famous Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, late 18th century \- early 19th century
File:Hiroshige nuit de neige à Kambara.JPG\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Nuit de neige à Kambara ''
File:100 views edo 098\.jpg\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Fireworks at Ryōgoku (Ryōgoku Hanabi), \[\[One Hundred Famous Views of Edo]] \#98'', 1858, Brooklyn museum
File:Hiroshige Travellers on a mountain path at night.jpg\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Travellers on a mountain path at night''
According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, *Night Rains*, of the 8 Famous Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, is "a venerable theme in both Chinese and Japanese painting".[*Night Rain at the Double\-Shelf Stand*.](http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/60001247) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.
*Fireworks at Ryōgoku* captures the popular summer entertainment called "taking in the cool of the evening."[*Fireworks at Ryogoku (Ryogoku Hanabi), No. 98 from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo*.](http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/121712/Fireworks_at_Ryogoku_Ryogoku_Hanabi_No._98_from_One_Hundred_Famous_Views_of_Edo/) Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.
##### Mood setting
File:Watanabe Shotei14\.jpg\|\[\[Watanabe Shōtei]], ''Blue Birds at Night'', 1851–1918
File:Utagawa Yoshitaki \- Night Traveler \- Walters 9590\.jpg\|\[\[Utagawa Yoshitaki]], ''Night Traveler'', circa between 1860 and 69 (late Edo), \[\[Walters Art Museum]]
File:Matsuke Heikichi \- Nogaku zue \- Walters 95249\.jpg\|\[\[Kōgyo Tsukioka]], ''Nogaku zue'', 1899 (Meiji), \[\[Walters Art Museum]]
File:Omoda Seiju 1\.jpg\|Omoda Seiju, ''Yotsuyu (Night Dew)'', 1926 (Japan)
##### Moon
File:New Moon over the brushwood gate.jpg\|''New Moon over the brushwood gate'', 1405 (Japan), \[\[National Treasure of Japan]]
File:Nishimura Shigenaga \- Four Seasons – Autumn Moon above the Reception Room.jpg\|Nishimura Shigenaga, ''Four Seasons – Autumn Moon above the Reception Room,'' 1725–1730
File:Brooklyn Museum \- Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon \- Suzuki Harunobu.jpg\|\[\[Suzuki Harunobu]], ''Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon,'' 18th century, Brooklyn Museum.
Hiroshige Man on horseback crossing a bridge.jpg\|\[\[Utagawa Hiroshige]], ''Man on horseback crossing a bridge, \[\[The Sixty\-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō]]''
[Suzuki Harunobu](/wiki/Suzuki_Harunobu "Suzuki Harunobu") made many night paintings, including *Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon.*[*Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon.*](http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/search/?q=Two+Girls+on+the+Veranda+Looking+at+the+Moon&prev_q=&x=33&y=11) Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\. Many of the settings were warm relational studies, such as *Night Rain at the Double\-Shelf Stand* which includes a parlor scene with two young women and a boy. A soft mood is set with the presence of a tea set and portable hearth for boiling water. The Metropolitan Museum of Art states that this painting is a nod to *Night Rains* of 8 Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, a painting well respected by both the Japanese and Chinese.
#### Korea
File:Water\-Moon Avalokiteshvara.jpg\|''Water\-Moon Avalokiteshvara'', first half of the 14th century, \[\[Goryeo dynasty]], Korea, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
File:Landscapes in the Style of An Kyeon\-Evening.Bell.from.Mist.jpg\|''Landscapes in the Style of An Kyôn: Evening Bell from Mist\-Shrouded Temple and Autumn Moon over Lake Dongting,'' 15th century, Chosôn dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Hyewon\-Jeongbyeon.yahwa.jpg\|\[\[Shin Yunbok]], ''Chatting at a well at night'', In the late \[\[Joseon]] period, presumed after 1805, \[\[Gansong Art Museum]] in \[\[Seoul]], \[\[South Korea]]
File:First Electric Light at Gyeongbok Palace 1887\.png\|Geumchoo Nam\-ho Lee, ''First Electric Light at \[\[Gyeongbok Palace]]'', 1887 (\[\[Korean art\|Korean]]), Korea Electric Power Corporation
File:Brooklyn Museum \- Rabbits and Moon.jpg\|Artist Unknown(Korean), ''Rabbits and Moon'', 19th century, Brooklyn Museum
Buddhism was an important part of Korean art since about the time of the [Unified Silla](/wiki/Unified_Silla "Unified Silla") period when there was a desire to be open to other religions. This resulted in the use of Buddhist themes in art work and the creation of Buddhist temples. In the 14th century, a work was made of *Water\-Moon Avalokiteshvara*,Smith, Judith G. (1998\) *Arts of Korea.* Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 29, 33\. {{ISBN\|0870998501}}. a compassionate and wise bodhisattva who wears a halo as a sign of his divinity and has waves of water splashing his feet. A legendary hare stands under a cassia tree in the moon creating the elixir of immortality.[*Water\-Moon Avalokiteshvara.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/14.76.6) Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 September 2012\.Smith, Judith G. (1998\) *Arts of Korea.* Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 180\. {{ISBN\|0870998501}}.
|
[
"### East Asian art",
"#### China",
"Traditional Chinese artists sought to capture the interrelated, vast and multifaceted aspects of nature here are on earth and in the heavens. From the article \"The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'\", Heaven appears \"before us only this bright shining mass; but in its immeasurable extent, the sun, the moon, stars and constellations are suspended in it, and all things are embraced under it.\"[*The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'.*](http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_97-01/99sp_leni_rubenstein_chinese_art.pdf) The Schiller Institute. Retrieved 28 August 2012\\.{{rp\\|52–53}} Night scenes, not otherwise distinguishable from daytime in Chinese art, include candles, light emanating from a building, the moon, or lake mists.{{rp\\|70}}",
"Symbolism plays an enduring role in the telling of a story through painting or other Chinese art. For instance, stars and the moon are important both for religious significance and as an illustration of [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\").Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 10\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-804\\-83864\\-X}}. Symbols used in art may be grouped into four overarching categories: religious imagery, divine and mortal beings, symbols from nature and inanimate objects.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 12\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-804\\-83864\\-X}}. Some examples of symbols include bats which means both good wishes and good luck. The moon, aside from religious and mythical connotations, can also mean a month. The particular way an image is depicted has meaning – like a round eyed\\-cat means it's a night scene.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 13\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-804\\-83864\\-X}}.",
"Artists use rice paper, silk or wood panels to paint night scenes. Silk has illuminating effect, while wood panels create a dark background.",
"##### Battle",
"",
"File:Battle of Oroi\\-Jalatu.jpg\\|A collaboration between Chinese and European painters, ''The Battle of Oroi\\-Jalatu'', (China, \\[\\[Qing dynasty]]), 1756",
"",
"##### Folklore and literature",
"###### Literature",
"",
"File:Zhou Wenjing\\-Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Zhou Wenjing]], ''Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early \\[\\[Ming dynasty]]), \\[\\[National Palace Museum]]\nFile:Liu Jun\\-Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Liu Jun (painter)\\|Liu Jun]], ''Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early Ming dynasty), \\[\\[Palace Museum]].\nFile:Leng Mei \\- Figures \\- Spring Evening Banquet.jpg\\|\\[\\[Leng Mei]],''Spring Evening Banquet'', (China, \\[\\[Qing dynasty]]), 1677–1742, National Palace Museum, Taipei.\nFile:Gai Qi Hong Lou Meng 2\\.jpg\\|Gai Qi, ''Scene from 'Dream of the Red Chamber','' c. 1816, Qing dynasty",
"",
"*Dream of the Red Chamber* and *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio* were inspiration for night time paintings.",
"Almost 500 legendary tales written by [Pu Songling](/wiki/Pu_Songling \"Pu Songling\") are compiled in *[Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio](/wiki/Strange_Stories_from_a_Chinese_Studio \"Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio\")* or *Liaozhai Zhiyi*. The tales, inspired by oral storytelling, include strong mythical characters like ghosts, immortals, beasts and foxes. They also offer commentary about people, particularly the privileged and court officials, whose human frailties may result in unfair, unjust and other unfavorable treatment to others.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://history.cultural\\-china.com/ \\|title\\=/en/221H12432H14964\\.html ''Themes of Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.'' Cultural China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\\. \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220175602/http://history.cultural\\-china.com/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He wrote with vivid imagery about the music of heaven, the inability of the light produced by a fire\\-fly to illuminate the demons of the night, red rings in the sky that shear the heads off of men, and the six conditions of existence: men, sinners, angels, demons, beasts and devils. Nighttime is a symbol for people's inability to understand the world around them. And the supernatural beings are meant to be a mirror to examine the nature of man. From a preface by T'ang Meng Lai to the book, Lai states that the book should prompt the readers to reflect upon the following: \"We marvel at devils and foxes: we do not marvel at man. But who is it that causes a man to move and to speak?\"Sung\\-ling, Pu (author) and Herbert A. Giles (translator). (1880\\). [*Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.*](https://archive.org/stream/strangestoriesfr00pusuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up) London: Thomas De La Rue and Company. pp. xviii–xxvi. One collection of the illustrated stories is at the National Museum of China.[Illustrated collection of *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio*](http://114.255.205.171/english/tabid/549/Default.aspx?AntiqueLanguageID=3805). National Museum of China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\\.",
"###### Ghosts and hell",
"",
"File:Dai Jin. The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui. 189,7x120,2\\. Palace Museum, Beijing.jpg\\|\\[\\[Dai Jin]], ''The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui'', 15th century, \\[\\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.\nFile:Yanluo.JPG\\|''Yanluo'', judge of Hell, inspired by the Hindu deity Yama",
"",
"Many of the Chinese ghost beliefs have been accepted by neighboring cultures, notably Japan and south\\-east Asia.\nGhost beliefs are closely associated with the traditional Chinese religion based on ancestor worship, many of which were incorporated in [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\"). Later beliefs were influenced by [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"), and in turn influenced and created uniquely Chinese Buddhist beliefs.",
"[Zhong Kui](/wiki/Zhong_Kui \"Zhong Kui\") is a [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\") figure, generally a vanquisher of ghosts and evil beings, and reputedly able to command 80,000 [demons](/wiki/Demon \"Demon\"). Another mythological figure is *Yan luo*, the judge of Hell.",
"##### Mood setting",
"",
"File:Han Gan Night\\-Shining White.jpg\\|\\[\\[Han Gan]], ''Night\\-Shining White Horse,'' ca. 750, \\[\\[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]\nFile:Ma Yuan\\-Banquet by Lantern Light.jpg\\|\\[\\[Ma Yuan (painter)\\|Ma Yuan]], ''Banquet by Lantern Light'', circa 1200 (China, \\[\\[Song dynasty]]), \\[\\[National Palace Museum]], Taipei.\nFile:Ma Lin Guests.jpg\\|\\[\\[Ma Lin (painter)\\|Ma Lin]], ''Waiting for Guests by Lamplight'', circa 1250 (China, Song dynasty)\nFile:Dai Jin\\-Traveling in Spring Returning at Night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Dai Jin]], ''Returning Late from a Spring Outing'', 15th century, (China, Early \\[\\[Ming dynasty]]), \\[\\[National Palace Museum]]{{\\#tag:ref\\|Likely made in the 15th century. \\[\\[Dai Jin]] was born in 1388, which would have made him twelve at the turn of the century.\\|group\\=nb}}\nFile:Landscape after Night Rain Shower.jpg\\|\\[\\[Kun Can]], ''Landscape after Night Rain Shower'', (China, Qing dynasty), 1660, \\[\\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.\nFile:YuanJiang\\-Penglai Island.jpg\\|\\[\\[Yuan Jiang]], ''Penglai Island'', 1708, \\[\\[Palace Museum]]\nFile:A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring.jpg\\|\\[\\[Huang Shen]], ''A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring'', (China, \\[\\[Qing dynasty]]), before 1772",
"",
"Chinese artists focus on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony of man and nature, as perceived according to [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\") and [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist_art \"Buddhist art\") concepts.[Robert van Gulik](/wiki/Robert_van_Gulik \"Robert van Gulik\"), \"Gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese Animal Lore\". The Hague, 1967\\. Artists, like [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi \"Su Shi\") used their skills in [calligraphy](/wiki/Calligraphy \"Calligraphy\") (the art of beautiful writing) to make ink paintings that expressed ideas based upon the philosophies of Chinese dynasties and Confucius. Their works also express their feelings and the inner spirit of their subject.{{rp\\|42, 45–46, 48, 50}}",
"Within a night scene, homesickness is expressed by flying birds looking to find a place to rest for the night{{rp\\|65}}",
"###### Han Gan, *Night\\-Shining White Horse*",
"Han Gan created *Night\\-Shining White Horse* to dramatically capture the spirit of the imperial stallion, a symbol of China's powerfulness using only ink and paper. The stark image, without color or shading, exposes the true essence of the scene.Hearn, Maxwell. (June 2008\\). [*Chinese Painting.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chin/hd_chin.htm) In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.",
"###### Ma Lin, *Waiting for Guests by Lamplight*",
"*Waiting for Guests by Lamplight* was painted in the Song dynasty by [Ma Lin](/wiki/Ma_Lin_%28painter%29 \"Ma Lin (painter)\"),Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997\\). *Three thousand years of Chinese painting*. New Haven, Yale University Press. p. 133\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-300\\-07013\\-6}}[*Ma Lin – Quietly Listening to Wind in the Pines*.](http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm_public/System/View.jsp?type=1&ObjectID=347) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222190906/http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm\\_public/System/View.jsp?type\\=1\\&ObjectID\\=347 \\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-22 }} National Palace Museum. (Chinese) Retrieved 5 August 2012\\. son of famous Chinese painter [Ma Yuan](/wiki/Ma_Yuan_%28painter%29 \"Ma Yuan (painter)\").{{\\#tag:ref\\|Ma Lin was from a famous family of painters, out of which, for at least 150 years, one painter in each generation received official appointment to the Imperial Painting Academy.\\|group\\=nb}} Using *shi i* ([English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"): poetic ideas){{\\#tag:ref\\|''Shi i'', poetry inspired painting, is similar in outcome to the \\[\\[three perfections]] practice. \\|group\\=nb}}, Ma Lin painted the evening scene based upon a poem by Su Shi. In it, a man sits in the door of a pavilion during a full moon. A gentle mood is set by soft, low\\-lying fog before the mountains and crabapple trees. Leading up to the building is a line of candles specially placed near the blossoming crab apple trees – to \"illuminate their beauty\".{{rp\\|45}}",
"The poem by 11th century poet [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi \"Su Shi\") that inspired Ma Lin is:",
"",
"> My fear is that in the depth of night,\n> The flowers will fall asleep and depart.\n> So I light the tall candles,\n> To illuminate their beauty.{{rp\\|45}}",
"##### Moon",
"",
"File:OngSchanTchowPineInMoonlight.jpg\\|Ong Schan Tchow, ''Pine In Moonlight'' (China)",
"",
"In Chinese night paintings, the moon often symbolizes loneliness of the painting's character. It also sets the mood for a romantic setting. Chinese paintings also depict [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\") characters who symbolize moonlight activity, such as [Yue\\-Laou](/wiki/Yue-Laou \"Yue-Laou\"), the \"old man of the moonlight\" and [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e \"Chang'e\"), the Chinese goddess of the moon.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"###### Chang'e, goddess of the moon",
"",
"\\<!\\-\\- Commented out because image was deleted: File:Goddess chang'e.jpg\\|Artist Unknown, ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace'', 16th\\-17th century (China, \\[\\[Ming dynasty]]){{deletable image\\-caption\\|Wednesday, 12 November 2014}} \\-\\-\\>",
"",
"*The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace* depicts [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e \"Chang'e\"), the Chinese goddess of the moon from [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\").{{\\#tag:ref\\|From Chinese legends, Chang'e was the wife of a hunter named Yi. She drank a potion intended for her husband that made her immortal. She then flew to the moon, afraid that her husband would be angry with her, where she lives in a moon palace.\\[http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectNumber\\=F1909\\.244a ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace.''] Freer – Sackler, The Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 28 August 2012\\.\\|group\\=nb}} The late Ming dynasty fan painting shows her outside the Palace of Boundless Cold. *Chang'e Flying to the Moon* is a contemporary depiction of the goddess.",
"##### Political statement",
"{{wide image\\|Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 1 edit.jpg\\|2000px\\|\\[\\[Gu Hongzhong]], ''Night Revels of Han Xizai'', (China, \\[\\[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]), 10th century\n\\|dir\\=rtl}}",
"*Night Revels of Han Xizai* was painted by [Gu Hongzhong](/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong \"Gu Hongzhong\") during the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms](/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms \"Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms\") period when dynasties replaced one another at an alarming rate. Fives vignettes are told about a party that Han Xizai, a minister of Li Yu, hosts. In the first scene (viewed from right to left), Han listens to the [pipa](/wiki/Pipa \"Pipa\") with his guests. Then, he watches dancers, takes a rest, plays string instruments, and finally sees guests off. It is believed that this painting was made in response to a request by emperor Li Yu to Gu,[*The Private Realm of the Literati.*](http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/tliterat.htm) University of Washington: A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. Retrieved 27 August 2012\\.[*Han Xizai at Night Dinner Painting Depicts Extravagant Life.*](http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_39759.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211034819/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en\\_artqa/2003\\-09/24/content\\_39759\\.htm \\|date\\=2006\\-12\\-11 }} China Culture, Ministry of Culture, China. Retrieved 27 August 2012\\. following Han's declination of an offer to be prime minister. One interpretation is that the painting was a way of chastising Han for having a carefree nightlife rather than accepting greater political responsibility.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"#### Japan",
"While paintings are generally a snapshot of a moment in time, the Japanese iji dôzu ([English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"): \"different time, same illustration\") technique is used to is illustrate activities that occur in different periods of time. *A Long Tale for an Autumn Night* uses that technique through a progression of time and activities over one night.{{\\#tag:ref\\|This is similar in concept to \\[\\[Paolo Uccello]]'s triple\\-painting set of the \\[\\[Battle of San Romano]] that begins in dawn and ends tragically in the dead of night.\\|group\\=nb}} During the Autumn night a Buddhist monk and his lover experience a fearful night of a demon in initially disguised as a man, a battle, and threat of suicide – all the more sinister by the gloom of night.[*A Long Tale for an Autumn Night*. Scroll 3\\.](http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/60038545) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\. Note: there are three web pages, one for each scroll. [Scroll 1](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2002.459.1) and [Scroll 2](http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/60038544?img=0)",
"##### Battle",
"",
"File:Illustrated Story of Night Attack on Yoshitsune's Residence At Horikawa, 16th Century.jpg\\|Artist unknown, ''Illustrated Story of Night Attack on \\[\\[Minamoto no Yoshitsune\\|Yoshitune]]'s Residence At Horikawa'', 16th century (Japan)\nFile:Kunichika Toyohara \\- Sen Taiheiki gigokuden \\- Walters 95339\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Toyohara Kunichika]], ''Sen Taiheiki gigokuden'', 1890, \\[\\[Walters Art Museum]]",
"",
"##### Folklore and literature",
"###### Ghosts and witches",
"",
"File:Yoshitoshi The Ghost.jpg\\|\\[\\[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]], ''The Ghost of Genji's Love'' based upon the book ''\\[\\[The Tale of Genji]]'', 1886\nFile:Yoshitoshi, Oya Taro Mitsukuni.jpg\\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Ōya Tarō Mitsukuni'' from the series One Hundred (Ghost) Stories from China and Japan (Wakan hyaku monogatari), 1865\\.",
"",
"###### Demons and hell",
"",
"File:Hyakki Yako 1\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Hyakki Yagyō]], ''Night Parade With One Hundred Demons scroll'', \\[\\[Edo period]], Japan, Metropolitan Museum of Art\\<ref\\>\\[http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search\\-the\\-collections/60050081 ''Night Parade of One Hundred Demons.''] New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.\\</ref\\>",
"",
"File:Avici hell.jpg\\|Artist unknown, ''Avici hell,'' 13th century (Japanese), \\[\\[Tokyo National Museum]]",
"",
"###### *One Hundred Aspects of the Moon*",
"In the 19th century [Tsukioka Yoshitoshi](/wiki/Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi \"Tsukioka Yoshitoshi\") made a series of 100 [ukiyo\\-e](/wiki/Ukiyo-e \"Ukiyo-e\"), Japanese wood block prints, called *[One Hundred Aspects of the Moon](/wiki/One_Hundred_Aspects_of_the_Moon \"One Hundred Aspects of the Moon\")* that introduced Japanese and Chinese folklore during a period of increasing western presence. The works captured \"a moment in time and held suspended by a poetic dialogue with the moon.\" The moon symbolized different meanings depending upon whether it was a full moon or not. The moon's \"waxing and waning\", also used as the basis of the Japanese lunar calendar, could illustrate what time of the month an event occurred and ascribe a manner in which it was to be interpreted, such as the character's loneliness.[*One Hundred Aspects of the Moon*](http://www.internationalfolkart.org/exhibitions/past/moonweb/about.html) {{\\#tag:ref\\|Yoshitoshi's death poem was: \"Holding back the night, With its increasing brilliance, The summer moon.\\|group\\=nb}}",
"",
"File:YoshiOldwoman.jpg\\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Gravemarker Moon'', 100 Aspects of the Moon \\#25, 3rd month of 1886 \nFile:Yoshitoshi \\- Wang Changling \\- Tsuki hyakushi no. 54\\.jpg\\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Wang Changling'', 100 Aspects of the Moon \\#54, 1887\nFile:Pleine lune Mushasi Yoshitoshi.jpg\\|Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, ''Full Moon in Mushasi'', 100 Aspects of the Moon, 1890",
"",
"In *Gravemarker Moon*, the famous poet [Ono no Komachi](/wiki/Ono_no_Komachi \"Ono no Komachi\") meditates on the arrogance and heartlessness she displayed to her suitors as a young beauty.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"*Wang Changling* is the name of the poet who wrote: \"The night is still and a hundred flowers are fragrant in the western palace. She orders the screen to be rolled up, regretting the passing of spring with the Yunhe across her lap. She gazes at the moon, the colors of the trees are hazy in the indistinct moonlight.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"###### *Tale of Genji*",
"",
"File:Ilustration of The Tale of Genji.jpg\\|\\[\\[Tosa Mitsuoki]],{{\\#tag:ref\\|The illustration about Asagao (chapter 20\\) is traditionally credited to Tosa Mitsuoki (1617–1691\\)\\|group\\=nb}} ''Illustration of the Tale of Genji'', late 17th century \nFile:Brooklyn Museum \\- Scene from the Tale of Genji \\- overall.jpg\\|''Scene from the Tale of Genji'', 16th century, Brooklyn Museum",
"",
"*Tale of Genji* also included [*Tale of Genji's love*](/wiki/Night_in_paintings_%28Eastern_art%29%23Ghosts_and_witches \"Night in paintings (Eastern art)#Ghosts and witches\"), which has an illustration.",
"##### Landscapes",
"",
"File:Snowclad houses in the night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Yosa Buson]], ''Snowclad houses in the night'', 1778 (Japan), Miho Museum of Art",
"",
"File:Toyokuni II \\- 8 Famous Views (Meisho Hakkei), Night Rain at Oyama (Maya Mountain).jpg\\|Utagawa Toyokuni II, ''Night Rain,'' Maya Mountain from the 8 Famous Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, late 18th century \\- early 19th century\nFile:Hiroshige nuit de neige à Kambara.JPG\\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Nuit de neige à Kambara ''\nFile:100 views edo 098\\.jpg\\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Fireworks at Ryōgoku (Ryōgoku Hanabi), \\[\\[One Hundred Famous Views of Edo]] \\#98'', 1858, Brooklyn museum\nFile:Hiroshige Travellers on a mountain path at night.jpg\\|Utagawa Hiroshige, ''Travellers on a mountain path at night''",
"",
"According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, *Night Rains*, of the 8 Famous Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, is \"a venerable theme in both Chinese and Japanese painting\".[*Night Rain at the Double\\-Shelf Stand*.](http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/60001247) New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.",
"*Fireworks at Ryōgoku* captures the popular summer entertainment called \"taking in the cool of the evening.\"[*Fireworks at Ryogoku (Ryogoku Hanabi), No. 98 from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo*.](http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/121712/Fireworks_at_Ryogoku_Ryogoku_Hanabi_No._98_from_One_Hundred_Famous_Views_of_Edo/) Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.",
"##### Mood setting",
"",
"File:Watanabe Shotei14\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Watanabe Shōtei]], ''Blue Birds at Night'', 1851–1918\nFile:Utagawa Yoshitaki \\- Night Traveler \\- Walters 9590\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Utagawa Yoshitaki]], ''Night Traveler'', circa between 1860 and 69 (late Edo), \\[\\[Walters Art Museum]]\nFile:Matsuke Heikichi \\- Nogaku zue \\- Walters 95249\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Kōgyo Tsukioka]], ''Nogaku zue'', 1899 (Meiji), \\[\\[Walters Art Museum]]\nFile:Omoda Seiju 1\\.jpg\\|Omoda Seiju, ''Yotsuyu (Night Dew)'', 1926 (Japan)",
"",
"##### Moon",
"",
"File:New Moon over the brushwood gate.jpg\\|''New Moon over the brushwood gate'', 1405 (Japan), \\[\\[National Treasure of Japan]]\nFile:Nishimura Shigenaga \\- Four Seasons – Autumn Moon above the Reception Room.jpg\\|Nishimura Shigenaga, ''Four Seasons – Autumn Moon above the Reception Room,'' 1725–1730\nFile:Brooklyn Museum \\- Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon \\- Suzuki Harunobu.jpg\\|\\[\\[Suzuki Harunobu]], ''Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon,'' 18th century, Brooklyn Museum.\nHiroshige Man on horseback crossing a bridge.jpg\\|\\[\\[Utagawa Hiroshige]], ''Man on horseback crossing a bridge, \\[\\[The Sixty\\-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō]]''",
"",
"[Suzuki Harunobu](/wiki/Suzuki_Harunobu \"Suzuki Harunobu\") made many night paintings, including *Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon.*[*Two Girls on the Veranda Looking at the Moon.*](http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/search/?q=Two+Girls+on+the+Veranda+Looking+at+the+Moon&prev_q=&x=33&y=11) Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\. Many of the settings were warm relational studies, such as *Night Rain at the Double\\-Shelf Stand* which includes a parlor scene with two young women and a boy. A soft mood is set with the presence of a tea set and portable hearth for boiling water. The Metropolitan Museum of Art states that this painting is a nod to *Night Rains* of 8 Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, a painting well respected by both the Japanese and Chinese.",
"#### Korea",
"",
"File:Water\\-Moon Avalokiteshvara.jpg\\|''Water\\-Moon Avalokiteshvara'', first half of the 14th century, \\[\\[Goryeo dynasty]], Korea, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York\nFile:Landscapes in the Style of An Kyeon\\-Evening.Bell.from.Mist.jpg\\|''Landscapes in the Style of An Kyôn: Evening Bell from Mist\\-Shrouded Temple and Autumn Moon over Lake Dongting,'' 15th century, Chosôn dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art\nFile:Hyewon\\-Jeongbyeon.yahwa.jpg\\|\\[\\[Shin Yunbok]], ''Chatting at a well at night'', In the late \\[\\[Joseon]] period, presumed after 1805, \\[\\[Gansong Art Museum]] in \\[\\[Seoul]], \\[\\[South Korea]]\nFile:First Electric Light at Gyeongbok Palace 1887\\.png\\|Geumchoo Nam\\-ho Lee, ''First Electric Light at \\[\\[Gyeongbok Palace]]'', 1887 (\\[\\[Korean art\\|Korean]]), Korea Electric Power Corporation\nFile:Brooklyn Museum \\- Rabbits and Moon.jpg\\|Artist Unknown(Korean), ''Rabbits and Moon'', 19th century, Brooklyn Museum",
"",
"Buddhism was an important part of Korean art since about the time of the [Unified Silla](/wiki/Unified_Silla \"Unified Silla\") period when there was a desire to be open to other religions. This resulted in the use of Buddhist themes in art work and the creation of Buddhist temples. In the 14th century, a work was made of *Water\\-Moon Avalokiteshvara*,Smith, Judith G. (1998\\) *Arts of Korea.* Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 29, 33\\. {{ISBN\\|0870998501}}. a compassionate and wise bodhisattva who wears a halo as a sign of his divinity and has waves of water splashing his feet. A legendary hare stands under a cassia tree in the moon creating the elixir of immortality.[*Water\\-Moon Avalokiteshvara.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/14.76.6) Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 September 2012\\.Smith, Judith G. (1998\\) *Arts of Korea.* Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 180\\. {{ISBN\\|0870998501}}.",
""
] |
#### China
Traditional Chinese artists sought to capture the interrelated, vast and multifaceted aspects of nature here are on earth and in the heavens. From the article "The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'", Heaven appears "before us only this bright shining mass; but in its immeasurable extent, the sun, the moon, stars and constellations are suspended in it, and all things are embraced under it."[*The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'.*](http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_97-01/99sp_leni_rubenstein_chinese_art.pdf) The Schiller Institute. Retrieved 28 August 2012\.{{rp\|52–53}} Night scenes, not otherwise distinguishable from daytime in Chinese art, include candles, light emanating from a building, the moon, or lake mists.{{rp\|70}}
Symbolism plays an enduring role in the telling of a story through painting or other Chinese art. For instance, stars and the moon are important both for religious significance and as an illustration of [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology").Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 10\. {{ISBN\|0\-804\-83864\-X}}. Symbols used in art may be grouped into four overarching categories: religious imagery, divine and mortal beings, symbols from nature and inanimate objects.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 12\. {{ISBN\|0\-804\-83864\-X}}. Some examples of symbols include bats which means both good wishes and good luck. The moon, aside from religious and mythical connotations, can also mean a month. The particular way an image is depicted has meaning – like a round eyed\-cat means it's a night scene.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 13\. {{ISBN\|0\-804\-83864\-X}}.
Artists use rice paper, silk or wood panels to paint night scenes. Silk has illuminating effect, while wood panels create a dark background.
##### Battle
File:Battle of Oroi\-Jalatu.jpg\|A collaboration between Chinese and European painters, ''The Battle of Oroi\-Jalatu'', (China, \[\[Qing dynasty]]), 1756
##### Folklore and literature
###### Literature
File:Zhou Wenjing\-Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night.jpg\|\[\[Zhou Wenjing]], ''Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early \[\[Ming dynasty]]), \[\[National Palace Museum]]
File:Liu Jun\-Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night.jpg\|\[\[Liu Jun (painter)\|Liu Jun]], ''Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early Ming dynasty), \[\[Palace Museum]].
File:Leng Mei \- Figures \- Spring Evening Banquet.jpg\|\[\[Leng Mei]],''Spring Evening Banquet'', (China, \[\[Qing dynasty]]), 1677–1742, National Palace Museum, Taipei.
File:Gai Qi Hong Lou Meng 2\.jpg\|Gai Qi, ''Scene from 'Dream of the Red Chamber','' c. 1816, Qing dynasty
*Dream of the Red Chamber* and *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio* were inspiration for night time paintings.
Almost 500 legendary tales written by [Pu Songling](/wiki/Pu_Songling "Pu Songling") are compiled in *[Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio](/wiki/Strange_Stories_from_a_Chinese_Studio "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio")* or *Liaozhai Zhiyi*. The tales, inspired by oral storytelling, include strong mythical characters like ghosts, immortals, beasts and foxes. They also offer commentary about people, particularly the privileged and court officials, whose human frailties may result in unfair, unjust and other unfavorable treatment to others.{{Cite web \|url\=http://history.cultural\-china.com/ \|title\=/en/221H12432H14964\.html ''Themes of Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.'' Cultural China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\. \|access\-date\=1 September 2012 \|archive\-date\=20 December 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220175602/http://history.cultural\-china.com/ \|url\-status\=dead }} He wrote with vivid imagery about the music of heaven, the inability of the light produced by a fire\-fly to illuminate the demons of the night, red rings in the sky that shear the heads off of men, and the six conditions of existence: men, sinners, angels, demons, beasts and devils. Nighttime is a symbol for people's inability to understand the world around them. And the supernatural beings are meant to be a mirror to examine the nature of man. From a preface by T'ang Meng Lai to the book, Lai states that the book should prompt the readers to reflect upon the following: "We marvel at devils and foxes: we do not marvel at man. But who is it that causes a man to move and to speak?"Sung\-ling, Pu (author) and Herbert A. Giles (translator). (1880\). [*Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.*](https://archive.org/stream/strangestoriesfr00pusuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up) London: Thomas De La Rue and Company. pp. xviii–xxvi. One collection of the illustrated stories is at the National Museum of China.[Illustrated collection of *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio*](http://114.255.205.171/english/tabid/549/Default.aspx?AntiqueLanguageID=3805). National Museum of China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\.
###### Ghosts and hell
File:Dai Jin. The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui. 189,7x120,2\. Palace Museum, Beijing.jpg\|\[\[Dai Jin]], ''The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui'', 15th century, \[\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.
File:Yanluo.JPG\|''Yanluo'', judge of Hell, inspired by the Hindu deity Yama
Many of the Chinese ghost beliefs have been accepted by neighboring cultures, notably Japan and south\-east Asia.
Ghost beliefs are closely associated with the traditional Chinese religion based on ancestor worship, many of which were incorporated in [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism"). Later beliefs were influenced by [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism"), and in turn influenced and created uniquely Chinese Buddhist beliefs.
[Zhong Kui](/wiki/Zhong_Kui "Zhong Kui") is a [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology") figure, generally a vanquisher of ghosts and evil beings, and reputedly able to command 80,000 [demons](/wiki/Demon "Demon"). Another mythological figure is *Yan luo*, the judge of Hell.
##### Mood setting
File:Han Gan Night\-Shining White.jpg\|\[\[Han Gan]], ''Night\-Shining White Horse,'' ca. 750, \[\[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
File:Ma Yuan\-Banquet by Lantern Light.jpg\|\[\[Ma Yuan (painter)\|Ma Yuan]], ''Banquet by Lantern Light'', circa 1200 (China, \[\[Song dynasty]]), \[\[National Palace Museum]], Taipei.
File:Ma Lin Guests.jpg\|\[\[Ma Lin (painter)\|Ma Lin]], ''Waiting for Guests by Lamplight'', circa 1250 (China, Song dynasty)
File:Dai Jin\-Traveling in Spring Returning at Night.jpg\|\[\[Dai Jin]], ''Returning Late from a Spring Outing'', 15th century, (China, Early \[\[Ming dynasty]]), \[\[National Palace Museum]]{{\#tag:ref\|Likely made in the 15th century. \[\[Dai Jin]] was born in 1388, which would have made him twelve at the turn of the century.\|group\=nb}}
File:Landscape after Night Rain Shower.jpg\|\[\[Kun Can]], ''Landscape after Night Rain Shower'', (China, Qing dynasty), 1660, \[\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.
File:YuanJiang\-Penglai Island.jpg\|\[\[Yuan Jiang]], ''Penglai Island'', 1708, \[\[Palace Museum]]
File:A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring.jpg\|\[\[Huang Shen]], ''A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring'', (China, \[\[Qing dynasty]]), before 1772
Chinese artists focus on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony of man and nature, as perceived according to [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism") and [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist_art "Buddhist art") concepts.[Robert van Gulik](/wiki/Robert_van_Gulik "Robert van Gulik"), "Gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese Animal Lore". The Hague, 1967\. Artists, like [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi "Su Shi") used their skills in [calligraphy](/wiki/Calligraphy "Calligraphy") (the art of beautiful writing) to make ink paintings that expressed ideas based upon the philosophies of Chinese dynasties and Confucius. Their works also express their feelings and the inner spirit of their subject.{{rp\|42, 45–46, 48, 50}}
Within a night scene, homesickness is expressed by flying birds looking to find a place to rest for the night{{rp\|65}}
###### Han Gan, *Night\-Shining White Horse*
Han Gan created *Night\-Shining White Horse* to dramatically capture the spirit of the imperial stallion, a symbol of China's powerfulness using only ink and paper. The stark image, without color or shading, exposes the true essence of the scene.Hearn, Maxwell. (June 2008\). [*Chinese Painting.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chin/hd_chin.htm) In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\.
###### Ma Lin, *Waiting for Guests by Lamplight*
*Waiting for Guests by Lamplight* was painted in the Song dynasty by [Ma Lin](/wiki/Ma_Lin_%28painter%29 "Ma Lin (painter)"),Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997\). *Three thousand years of Chinese painting*. New Haven, Yale University Press. p. 133\. {{ISBN\|0\-300\-07013\-6}}[*Ma Lin – Quietly Listening to Wind in the Pines*.](http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm_public/System/View.jsp?type=1&ObjectID=347) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222190906/http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm\_public/System/View.jsp?type\=1\&ObjectID\=347 \|date\=2014\-02\-22 }} National Palace Museum. (Chinese) Retrieved 5 August 2012\. son of famous Chinese painter [Ma Yuan](/wiki/Ma_Yuan_%28painter%29 "Ma Yuan (painter)").{{\#tag:ref\|Ma Lin was from a famous family of painters, out of which, for at least 150 years, one painter in each generation received official appointment to the Imperial Painting Academy.\|group\=nb}} Using *shi i* ([English](/wiki/English_language "English language"): poetic ideas){{\#tag:ref\|''Shi i'', poetry inspired painting, is similar in outcome to the \[\[three perfections]] practice. \|group\=nb}}, Ma Lin painted the evening scene based upon a poem by Su Shi. In it, a man sits in the door of a pavilion during a full moon. A gentle mood is set by soft, low\-lying fog before the mountains and crabapple trees. Leading up to the building is a line of candles specially placed near the blossoming crab apple trees – to "illuminate their beauty".{{rp\|45}}
The poem by 11th century poet [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi "Su Shi") that inspired Ma Lin is:
> My fear is that in the depth of night,
> The flowers will fall asleep and depart.
> So I light the tall candles,
> To illuminate their beauty.{{rp\|45}}
##### Moon
File:OngSchanTchowPineInMoonlight.jpg\|Ong Schan Tchow, ''Pine In Moonlight'' (China)
In Chinese night paintings, the moon often symbolizes loneliness of the painting's character. It also sets the mood for a romantic setting. Chinese paintings also depict [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology") characters who symbolize moonlight activity, such as [Yue\-Laou](/wiki/Yue-Laou "Yue-Laou"), the "old man of the moonlight" and [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e "Chang'e"), the Chinese goddess of the moon.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
###### Chang'e, goddess of the moon
\<!\-\- Commented out because image was deleted: File:Goddess chang'e.jpg\|Artist Unknown, ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace'', 16th\-17th century (China, \[\[Ming dynasty]]){{deletable image\-caption\|Wednesday, 12 November 2014}} \-\-\>
*The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace* depicts [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e "Chang'e"), the Chinese goddess of the moon from [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology "Chinese mythology").{{\#tag:ref\|From Chinese legends, Chang'e was the wife of a hunter named Yi. She drank a potion intended for her husband that made her immortal. She then flew to the moon, afraid that her husband would be angry with her, where she lives in a moon palace.\[http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectNumber\=F1909\.244a ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace.''] Freer – Sackler, The Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 28 August 2012\.\|group\=nb}} The late Ming dynasty fan painting shows her outside the Palace of Boundless Cold. *Chang'e Flying to the Moon* is a contemporary depiction of the goddess.
##### Political statement
{{wide image\|Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 1 edit.jpg\|2000px\|\[\[Gu Hongzhong]], ''Night Revels of Han Xizai'', (China, \[\[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]), 10th century
\|dir\=rtl}}
*Night Revels of Han Xizai* was painted by [Gu Hongzhong](/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong "Gu Hongzhong") during the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms](/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms") period when dynasties replaced one another at an alarming rate. Fives vignettes are told about a party that Han Xizai, a minister of Li Yu, hosts. In the first scene (viewed from right to left), Han listens to the [pipa](/wiki/Pipa "Pipa") with his guests. Then, he watches dancers, takes a rest, plays string instruments, and finally sees guests off. It is believed that this painting was made in response to a request by emperor Li Yu to Gu,[*The Private Realm of the Literati.*](http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/tliterat.htm) University of Washington: A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. Retrieved 27 August 2012\.[*Han Xizai at Night Dinner Painting Depicts Extravagant Life.*](http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_39759.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211034819/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en\_artqa/2003\-09/24/content\_39759\.htm \|date\=2006\-12\-11 }} China Culture, Ministry of Culture, China. Retrieved 27 August 2012\. following Han's declination of an offer to be prime minister. One interpretation is that the painting was a way of chastising Han for having a carefree nightlife rather than accepting greater political responsibility.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2012}}
|
[
"#### China",
"Traditional Chinese artists sought to capture the interrelated, vast and multifaceted aspects of nature here are on earth and in the heavens. From the article \"The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'\", Heaven appears \"before us only this bright shining mass; but in its immeasurable extent, the sun, the moon, stars and constellations are suspended in it, and all things are embraced under it.\"[*The Great Art of China's 'Soundless Poems'.*](http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_97-01/99sp_leni_rubenstein_chinese_art.pdf) The Schiller Institute. Retrieved 28 August 2012\\.{{rp\\|52–53}} Night scenes, not otherwise distinguishable from daytime in Chinese art, include candles, light emanating from a building, the moon, or lake mists.{{rp\\|70}}",
"Symbolism plays an enduring role in the telling of a story through painting or other Chinese art. For instance, stars and the moon are important both for religious significance and as an illustration of [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\").Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 10\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-804\\-83864\\-X}}. Symbols used in art may be grouped into four overarching categories: religious imagery, divine and mortal beings, symbols from nature and inanimate objects.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 12\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-804\\-83864\\-X}}. Some examples of symbols include bats which means both good wishes and good luck. The moon, aside from religious and mythical connotations, can also mean a month. The particular way an image is depicted has meaning – like a round eyed\\-cat means it's a night scene.Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. (2008\\). *Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery.* Art and Design Series. Tuttle Publishing. p. 13\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-804\\-83864\\-X}}.",
"Artists use rice paper, silk or wood panels to paint night scenes. Silk has illuminating effect, while wood panels create a dark background.",
"##### Battle",
"",
"File:Battle of Oroi\\-Jalatu.jpg\\|A collaboration between Chinese and European painters, ''The Battle of Oroi\\-Jalatu'', (China, \\[\\[Qing dynasty]]), 1756",
"",
"##### Folklore and literature",
"###### Literature",
"",
"File:Zhou Wenjing\\-Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Zhou Wenjing]], ''Visiting Dai Kui on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early \\[\\[Ming dynasty]]), \\[\\[National Palace Museum]]\nFile:Liu Jun\\-Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Liu Jun (painter)\\|Liu Jun]], ''Visiting Pu on a Snowy Night'', 15th century (China, Early Ming dynasty), \\[\\[Palace Museum]].\nFile:Leng Mei \\- Figures \\- Spring Evening Banquet.jpg\\|\\[\\[Leng Mei]],''Spring Evening Banquet'', (China, \\[\\[Qing dynasty]]), 1677–1742, National Palace Museum, Taipei.\nFile:Gai Qi Hong Lou Meng 2\\.jpg\\|Gai Qi, ''Scene from 'Dream of the Red Chamber','' c. 1816, Qing dynasty",
"",
"*Dream of the Red Chamber* and *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio* were inspiration for night time paintings.",
"Almost 500 legendary tales written by [Pu Songling](/wiki/Pu_Songling \"Pu Songling\") are compiled in *[Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio](/wiki/Strange_Stories_from_a_Chinese_Studio \"Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio\")* or *Liaozhai Zhiyi*. The tales, inspired by oral storytelling, include strong mythical characters like ghosts, immortals, beasts and foxes. They also offer commentary about people, particularly the privileged and court officials, whose human frailties may result in unfair, unjust and other unfavorable treatment to others.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://history.cultural\\-china.com/ \\|title\\=/en/221H12432H14964\\.html ''Themes of Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.'' Cultural China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\\. \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220175602/http://history.cultural\\-china.com/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He wrote with vivid imagery about the music of heaven, the inability of the light produced by a fire\\-fly to illuminate the demons of the night, red rings in the sky that shear the heads off of men, and the six conditions of existence: men, sinners, angels, demons, beasts and devils. Nighttime is a symbol for people's inability to understand the world around them. And the supernatural beings are meant to be a mirror to examine the nature of man. From a preface by T'ang Meng Lai to the book, Lai states that the book should prompt the readers to reflect upon the following: \"We marvel at devils and foxes: we do not marvel at man. But who is it that causes a man to move and to speak?\"Sung\\-ling, Pu (author) and Herbert A. Giles (translator). (1880\\). [*Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.*](https://archive.org/stream/strangestoriesfr00pusuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up) London: Thomas De La Rue and Company. pp. xviii–xxvi. One collection of the illustrated stories is at the National Museum of China.[Illustrated collection of *Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio*](http://114.255.205.171/english/tabid/549/Default.aspx?AntiqueLanguageID=3805). National Museum of China. Retrieved 1 September 2012\\.",
"###### Ghosts and hell",
"",
"File:Dai Jin. The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui. 189,7x120,2\\. Palace Museum, Beijing.jpg\\|\\[\\[Dai Jin]], ''The Night Excursion of Zhong Kui'', 15th century, \\[\\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.\nFile:Yanluo.JPG\\|''Yanluo'', judge of Hell, inspired by the Hindu deity Yama",
"",
"Many of the Chinese ghost beliefs have been accepted by neighboring cultures, notably Japan and south\\-east Asia.\nGhost beliefs are closely associated with the traditional Chinese religion based on ancestor worship, many of which were incorporated in [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\"). Later beliefs were influenced by [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"), and in turn influenced and created uniquely Chinese Buddhist beliefs.",
"[Zhong Kui](/wiki/Zhong_Kui \"Zhong Kui\") is a [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\") figure, generally a vanquisher of ghosts and evil beings, and reputedly able to command 80,000 [demons](/wiki/Demon \"Demon\"). Another mythological figure is *Yan luo*, the judge of Hell.",
"##### Mood setting",
"",
"File:Han Gan Night\\-Shining White.jpg\\|\\[\\[Han Gan]], ''Night\\-Shining White Horse,'' ca. 750, \\[\\[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]\nFile:Ma Yuan\\-Banquet by Lantern Light.jpg\\|\\[\\[Ma Yuan (painter)\\|Ma Yuan]], ''Banquet by Lantern Light'', circa 1200 (China, \\[\\[Song dynasty]]), \\[\\[National Palace Museum]], Taipei.\nFile:Ma Lin Guests.jpg\\|\\[\\[Ma Lin (painter)\\|Ma Lin]], ''Waiting for Guests by Lamplight'', circa 1250 (China, Song dynasty)\nFile:Dai Jin\\-Traveling in Spring Returning at Night.jpg\\|\\[\\[Dai Jin]], ''Returning Late from a Spring Outing'', 15th century, (China, Early \\[\\[Ming dynasty]]), \\[\\[National Palace Museum]]{{\\#tag:ref\\|Likely made in the 15th century. \\[\\[Dai Jin]] was born in 1388, which would have made him twelve at the turn of the century.\\|group\\=nb}}\nFile:Landscape after Night Rain Shower.jpg\\|\\[\\[Kun Can]], ''Landscape after Night Rain Shower'', (China, Qing dynasty), 1660, \\[\\[Palace Museum]], Beijing.\nFile:YuanJiang\\-Penglai Island.jpg\\|\\[\\[Yuan Jiang]], ''Penglai Island'', 1708, \\[\\[Palace Museum]]\nFile:A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring.jpg\\|\\[\\[Huang Shen]], ''A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring'', (China, \\[\\[Qing dynasty]]), before 1772",
"",
"Chinese artists focus on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony of man and nature, as perceived according to [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\") and [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist_art \"Buddhist art\") concepts.[Robert van Gulik](/wiki/Robert_van_Gulik \"Robert van Gulik\"), \"Gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese Animal Lore\". The Hague, 1967\\. Artists, like [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi \"Su Shi\") used their skills in [calligraphy](/wiki/Calligraphy \"Calligraphy\") (the art of beautiful writing) to make ink paintings that expressed ideas based upon the philosophies of Chinese dynasties and Confucius. Their works also express their feelings and the inner spirit of their subject.{{rp\\|42, 45–46, 48, 50}}",
"Within a night scene, homesickness is expressed by flying birds looking to find a place to rest for the night{{rp\\|65}}",
"###### Han Gan, *Night\\-Shining White Horse*",
"Han Gan created *Night\\-Shining White Horse* to dramatically capture the spirit of the imperial stallion, a symbol of China's powerfulness using only ink and paper. The stark image, without color or shading, exposes the true essence of the scene.Hearn, Maxwell. (June 2008\\). [*Chinese Painting.*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chin/hd_chin.htm) In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 August 2012\\.",
"###### Ma Lin, *Waiting for Guests by Lamplight*",
"*Waiting for Guests by Lamplight* was painted in the Song dynasty by [Ma Lin](/wiki/Ma_Lin_%28painter%29 \"Ma Lin (painter)\"),Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997\\). *Three thousand years of Chinese painting*. New Haven, Yale University Press. p. 133\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-300\\-07013\\-6}}[*Ma Lin – Quietly Listening to Wind in the Pines*.](http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm_public/System/View.jsp?type=1&ObjectID=347) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222190906/http://painting.npm.gov.tw/npm\\_public/System/View.jsp?type\\=1\\&ObjectID\\=347 \\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-22 }} National Palace Museum. (Chinese) Retrieved 5 August 2012\\. son of famous Chinese painter [Ma Yuan](/wiki/Ma_Yuan_%28painter%29 \"Ma Yuan (painter)\").{{\\#tag:ref\\|Ma Lin was from a famous family of painters, out of which, for at least 150 years, one painter in each generation received official appointment to the Imperial Painting Academy.\\|group\\=nb}} Using *shi i* ([English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"): poetic ideas){{\\#tag:ref\\|''Shi i'', poetry inspired painting, is similar in outcome to the \\[\\[three perfections]] practice. \\|group\\=nb}}, Ma Lin painted the evening scene based upon a poem by Su Shi. In it, a man sits in the door of a pavilion during a full moon. A gentle mood is set by soft, low\\-lying fog before the mountains and crabapple trees. Leading up to the building is a line of candles specially placed near the blossoming crab apple trees – to \"illuminate their beauty\".{{rp\\|45}}",
"The poem by 11th century poet [Su Shi](/wiki/Su_Shi \"Su Shi\") that inspired Ma Lin is:",
"",
"> My fear is that in the depth of night,\n> The flowers will fall asleep and depart.\n> So I light the tall candles,\n> To illuminate their beauty.{{rp\\|45}}",
"##### Moon",
"",
"File:OngSchanTchowPineInMoonlight.jpg\\|Ong Schan Tchow, ''Pine In Moonlight'' (China)",
"",
"In Chinese night paintings, the moon often symbolizes loneliness of the painting's character. It also sets the mood for a romantic setting. Chinese paintings also depict [mythological](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\") characters who symbolize moonlight activity, such as [Yue\\-Laou](/wiki/Yue-Laou \"Yue-Laou\"), the \"old man of the moonlight\" and [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e \"Chang'e\"), the Chinese goddess of the moon.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
"###### Chang'e, goddess of the moon",
"",
"\\<!\\-\\- Commented out because image was deleted: File:Goddess chang'e.jpg\\|Artist Unknown, ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace'', 16th\\-17th century (China, \\[\\[Ming dynasty]]){{deletable image\\-caption\\|Wednesday, 12 November 2014}} \\-\\-\\>",
"",
"*The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace* depicts [Chang'e](/wiki/Chang%27e \"Chang'e\"), the Chinese goddess of the moon from [Chinese mythology](/wiki/Chinese_mythology \"Chinese mythology\").{{\\#tag:ref\\|From Chinese legends, Chang'e was the wife of a hunter named Yi. She drank a potion intended for her husband that made her immortal. She then flew to the moon, afraid that her husband would be angry with her, where she lives in a moon palace.\\[http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectNumber\\=F1909\\.244a ''The Goddess Chang'e in the Lunar Palace.''] Freer – Sackler, The Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 28 August 2012\\.\\|group\\=nb}} The late Ming dynasty fan painting shows her outside the Palace of Boundless Cold. *Chang'e Flying to the Moon* is a contemporary depiction of the goddess.",
"##### Political statement",
"{{wide image\\|Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 1 edit.jpg\\|2000px\\|\\[\\[Gu Hongzhong]], ''Night Revels of Han Xizai'', (China, \\[\\[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]), 10th century\n\\|dir\\=rtl}}",
"*Night Revels of Han Xizai* was painted by [Gu Hongzhong](/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong \"Gu Hongzhong\") during the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms](/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms \"Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms\") period when dynasties replaced one another at an alarming rate. Fives vignettes are told about a party that Han Xizai, a minister of Li Yu, hosts. In the first scene (viewed from right to left), Han listens to the [pipa](/wiki/Pipa \"Pipa\") with his guests. Then, he watches dancers, takes a rest, plays string instruments, and finally sees guests off. It is believed that this painting was made in response to a request by emperor Li Yu to Gu,[*The Private Realm of the Literati.*](http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/tliterat.htm) University of Washington: A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. Retrieved 27 August 2012\\.[*Han Xizai at Night Dinner Painting Depicts Extravagant Life.*](http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_39759.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211034819/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en\\_artqa/2003\\-09/24/content\\_39759\\.htm \\|date\\=2006\\-12\\-11 }} China Culture, Ministry of Culture, China. Retrieved 27 August 2012\\. following Han's declination of an offer to be prime minister. One interpretation is that the painting was a way of chastising Han for having a carefree nightlife rather than accepting greater political responsibility.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Murray began performing on the [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville "Vaudeville") stage at the age of 18\. During the 1930s, he entertained at the "[Borscht Belt](/wiki/Borscht_Belt "Borscht Belt")" [Catskills](/wiki/Catskills "Catskills") resorts popular with Jewish vacationers. In the 1940s and early 1950s, he became a [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada "Las Vegas, Nevada") [marquee](/wiki/Marquee_%28sign%29 "Marquee (sign)") performer, including headlining at the [Flamingo Hotel](/wiki/Flamingo_Las_Vegas "Flamingo Las Vegas") during its first year of operation.Rosenfeld, Hank (July 21, 2006\). ["Everybody Loved Murray".](http://forward.com/articles/487/everybody-loved-murray/) *[The Forward](/wiki/The_Forward "The Forward")*. New York. Retrieved March 27, 2015\.
Starting in the late 1940s, Murray moved into television, appearing several times on *[Texaco Star Theater](/wiki/Texaco_Star_Theater "Texaco Star Theater")* hosted by [Milton Berle](/wiki/Milton_Berle "Milton Berle"), and later as a guest on comedy/ variety programs hosted by [Jerry Lewis](/wiki/Jerry_Lewis "Jerry Lewis"), [Steve Allen](/wiki/Steve_Allen "Steve Allen"), [Garry Moore](/wiki/Garry_Moore "Garry Moore"), [Dean Martin](/wiki/Dean_Martin "Dean Martin"), and [Jackie Gleason](/wiki/Jackie_Gleason "Jackie Gleason"), among others. During the 1950s and 1960s, he made numerous appearances on *[The Ed Sullivan Show](/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show "The Ed Sullivan Show")*, *[The Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show "The Tonight Show")* (including several as guest host), and *[The Joey Bishop Show](/wiki/The_Joey_Bishop_Show_%28talk_show%29 "The Joey Bishop Show (talk show)")* (including several as guest host). He co\-hosted the annual West Coast [Chabad Lubavitch](/wiki/Chabad_Lubavitch "Chabad Lubavitch") telethon for 18 years.
In the 1950s and early 1960s, Murray hosted a number of TV [game shows](/wiki/Game_show "Game show"), such as *[Blind Date](/wiki/Blind_Date_%281950s_game_show%29 "Blind Date (1950s game show)")* (DuMont, 1953\), *[Dollar a Second](/wiki/Dollar_a_Second "Dollar a Second")* (1953–1957\), his creation *[Treasure Hunt](/wiki/The_New_Treasure_Hunt "The New Treasure Hunt")* (1956–1959\), *Charge Account* (also known as *The Jan Murray Show*, 1960–1962\), and *[Chain Letter](/wiki/Chain_Letter_%28U.S._Game_Show%29 "Chain Letter (U.S. Game Show)")* (1966\).Lee, Jennifer (July 3, 2006\). ["Jan Murray, 89, Stand\-Up Comic Who Became TV Host, Dies".](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/03/nyregion/03murray.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved March 27, 2015\. Between 1966 and 1980, he was a regular panelist on *[The Hollywood Squares](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Squares "The Hollywood Squares")*, appearing in nearly 250 episodes. He appeared as a participant on many game shows that featured celebrities, including *[Funny You Should Ask](/wiki/Funny_You_Should_Ask_%281968_game_show%29 "Funny You Should Ask (1968 game show)")*, *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game "Match Game")*, *[Celebrity Bowling](/wiki/Celebrity_Bowling "Celebrity Bowling")*, *[Celebrity Sweepstakes](/wiki/Celebrity_Sweepstakes "Celebrity Sweepstakes")*, and *[Break the Bank](/wiki/Break_the_Bank_%281976_game_show%29 "Break the Bank (1976 game show)")* (1976\).
From the 1960s through the 1980s, Murray had acting roles in episodes of many TV comedy and drama series, including *[Dr. Kildare](/wiki/Dr._Kildare_%28TV_series%29 "Dr. Kildare (TV series)")*; *[The Lucy Show](/wiki/The_Lucy_Show "The Lucy Show")*; *[The Man From U.N.C.L.E.](/wiki/The_Man_From_U.N.C.L.E. "The Man From U.N.C.L.E.")*; *[The Name of the Game](/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Game_%28TV_series%29 "The Name of the Game (TV series)")*; *[Love, American Style](/wiki/Love%2C_American_Style "Love, American Style")*; *[Mannix](/wiki/Mannix "Mannix")*; *[Kolchak: The Night Stalker](/wiki/Kolchak:The_Night_Stalker "The Night Stalker")*; *[Fantasy Island](/wiki/Fantasy_Island_%281977_TV_series%29 "Fantasy Island (1977 TV series)")*; *[The Fall Guy](/wiki/The_Fall_Guy "The Fall Guy")*; and *[Hardcastle and McCormick](/wiki/Hardcastle_and_McCormick "Hardcastle and McCormick")*. He appeared playing himself on a 1962 episode of the police comedy *[Car 54, Where Are You?](/wiki/Car_54%2C_Where_Are_You%3F "Car 54, Where Are You?")* and also played himself on a 1964 episode of the courtroom drama *[The Defenders](/wiki/The_Defenders_%281961_TV_series%29 "The Defenders (1961 TV series)").* In 1977, he appeared in the final episode of the [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") [situation comedy](/wiki/Situation_comedy "Situation comedy") *[The Practice](/wiki/The_Practice_%281976_TV_series%29 "The Practice (1976 TV series)")*. His last TV acting role was as Uncle Raymond on a 1989 episode of *[My Two Dads](/wiki/My_Two_Dads "My Two Dads")*.
Murray also occasionally acted in films, including *[Of Love and Desire](/wiki/Of_Love_and_Desire "Of Love and Desire")* (1963\), *[Who Killed Teddy Bear?](/wiki/Who_Killed_Teddy_Bear%3F "Who Killed Teddy Bear?")* (1965\), *[The Busy Body](/wiki/The_Busy_Body_%28film%29 "The Busy Body (film)")* (1967\), *[Tarzan and the Great River](/wiki/Tarzan_and_the_Great_River "Tarzan and the Great River")* (1967\), *[Thunder Alley](/wiki/Thunder_Alley_%281967_film%29 "Thunder Alley (1967 film)")* (1967\), *[A Man Called Dagger](/wiki/A_Man_Called_Dagger "A Man Called Dagger")* (1968\), *[Which Way to the Front?](/wiki/Which_Way_to_the_Front%3F "Which Way to the Front?")* (1970\), *[The Day of the Wolves](/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Wolves "The Day of the Wolves")* (1971\), *[Roll, Freddy, Roll!](/wiki/Roll%2C_Freddy%2C_Roll%21 "Roll, Freddy, Roll!")* (1974 [TV movie](/wiki/Television_film "Television film")), *[The Dream Merchants](/wiki/The_Dream_Merchants_%28miniseries%29 "The Dream Merchants (miniseries)")* (1980 [TV miniseries](/wiki/Miniseries "Miniseries")), and [Mel Brooks](/wiki/Mel_Brooks "Mel Brooks")' *[History of the World, Part I](/wiki/History_of_the_World%2C_Part_I "History of the World, Part I")* (1981\).
For his career achievements, Murray received a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame "Hollywood Walk of Fame") in 1960\.["Jan Murray"](http://www.walkoffame.com/jan-murray). *Hollywood Walk of Fame*. Accessed Mar. 27, 2015\. In 1997, a Golden Palm Star on the [Palm Springs, California](/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California "Palm Springs, California"), [Walk of Stars](/wiki/Palm_Springs_Walk_of_Stars "Palm Springs Walk of Stars") was also dedicated to him.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web\-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013165655/http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web\-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=October 13, 2012 \|title\=Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated \|page\=5 \|access\-date\=December 19, 2020}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Murray began performing on the [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville \"Vaudeville\") stage at the age of 18\\. During the 1930s, he entertained at the \"[Borscht Belt](/wiki/Borscht_Belt \"Borscht Belt\")\" [Catskills](/wiki/Catskills \"Catskills\") resorts popular with Jewish vacationers. In the 1940s and early 1950s, he became a [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada \"Las Vegas, Nevada\") [marquee](/wiki/Marquee_%28sign%29 \"Marquee (sign)\") performer, including headlining at the [Flamingo Hotel](/wiki/Flamingo_Las_Vegas \"Flamingo Las Vegas\") during its first year of operation.Rosenfeld, Hank (July 21, 2006\\). [\"Everybody Loved Murray\".](http://forward.com/articles/487/everybody-loved-murray/) *[The Forward](/wiki/The_Forward \"The Forward\")*. New York. Retrieved March 27, 2015\\.",
"Starting in the late 1940s, Murray moved into television, appearing several times on *[Texaco Star Theater](/wiki/Texaco_Star_Theater \"Texaco Star Theater\")* hosted by [Milton Berle](/wiki/Milton_Berle \"Milton Berle\"), and later as a guest on comedy/ variety programs hosted by [Jerry Lewis](/wiki/Jerry_Lewis \"Jerry Lewis\"), [Steve Allen](/wiki/Steve_Allen \"Steve Allen\"), [Garry Moore](/wiki/Garry_Moore \"Garry Moore\"), [Dean Martin](/wiki/Dean_Martin \"Dean Martin\"), and [Jackie Gleason](/wiki/Jackie_Gleason \"Jackie Gleason\"), among others. During the 1950s and 1960s, he made numerous appearances on *[The Ed Sullivan Show](/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show \"The Ed Sullivan Show\")*, *[The Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show \"The Tonight Show\")* (including several as guest host), and *[The Joey Bishop Show](/wiki/The_Joey_Bishop_Show_%28talk_show%29 \"The Joey Bishop Show (talk show)\")* (including several as guest host). He co\\-hosted the annual West Coast [Chabad Lubavitch](/wiki/Chabad_Lubavitch \"Chabad Lubavitch\") telethon for 18 years.",
"In the 1950s and early 1960s, Murray hosted a number of TV [game shows](/wiki/Game_show \"Game show\"), such as *[Blind Date](/wiki/Blind_Date_%281950s_game_show%29 \"Blind Date (1950s game show)\")* (DuMont, 1953\\), *[Dollar a Second](/wiki/Dollar_a_Second \"Dollar a Second\")* (1953–1957\\), his creation *[Treasure Hunt](/wiki/The_New_Treasure_Hunt \"The New Treasure Hunt\")* (1956–1959\\), *Charge Account* (also known as *The Jan Murray Show*, 1960–1962\\), and *[Chain Letter](/wiki/Chain_Letter_%28U.S._Game_Show%29 \"Chain Letter (U.S. Game Show)\")* (1966\\).Lee, Jennifer (July 3, 2006\\). [\"Jan Murray, 89, Stand\\-Up Comic Who Became TV Host, Dies\".](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/03/nyregion/03murray.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. Retrieved March 27, 2015\\. Between 1966 and 1980, he was a regular panelist on *[The Hollywood Squares](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Squares \"The Hollywood Squares\")*, appearing in nearly 250 episodes. He appeared as a participant on many game shows that featured celebrities, including *[Funny You Should Ask](/wiki/Funny_You_Should_Ask_%281968_game_show%29 \"Funny You Should Ask (1968 game show)\")*, *[Match Game](/wiki/Match_Game \"Match Game\")*, *[Celebrity Bowling](/wiki/Celebrity_Bowling \"Celebrity Bowling\")*, *[Celebrity Sweepstakes](/wiki/Celebrity_Sweepstakes \"Celebrity Sweepstakes\")*, and *[Break the Bank](/wiki/Break_the_Bank_%281976_game_show%29 \"Break the Bank (1976 game show)\")* (1976\\).",
"From the 1960s through the 1980s, Murray had acting roles in episodes of many TV comedy and drama series, including *[Dr. Kildare](/wiki/Dr._Kildare_%28TV_series%29 \"Dr. Kildare (TV series)\")*; *[The Lucy Show](/wiki/The_Lucy_Show \"The Lucy Show\")*; *[The Man From U.N.C.L.E.](/wiki/The_Man_From_U.N.C.L.E. \"The Man From U.N.C.L.E.\")*; *[The Name of the Game](/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Game_%28TV_series%29 \"The Name of the Game (TV series)\")*; *[Love, American Style](/wiki/Love%2C_American_Style \"Love, American Style\")*; *[Mannix](/wiki/Mannix \"Mannix\")*; *[Kolchak: The Night Stalker](/wiki/Kolchak:The_Night_Stalker \"The Night Stalker\")*; *[Fantasy Island](/wiki/Fantasy_Island_%281977_TV_series%29 \"Fantasy Island (1977 TV series)\")*; *[The Fall Guy](/wiki/The_Fall_Guy \"The Fall Guy\")*; and *[Hardcastle and McCormick](/wiki/Hardcastle_and_McCormick \"Hardcastle and McCormick\")*. He appeared playing himself on a 1962 episode of the police comedy *[Car 54, Where Are You?](/wiki/Car_54%2C_Where_Are_You%3F \"Car 54, Where Are You?\")* and also played himself on a 1964 episode of the courtroom drama *[The Defenders](/wiki/The_Defenders_%281961_TV_series%29 \"The Defenders (1961 TV series)\").* In 1977, he appeared in the final episode of the [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") [situation comedy](/wiki/Situation_comedy \"Situation comedy\") *[The Practice](/wiki/The_Practice_%281976_TV_series%29 \"The Practice (1976 TV series)\")*. His last TV acting role was as Uncle Raymond on a 1989 episode of *[My Two Dads](/wiki/My_Two_Dads \"My Two Dads\")*.",
"Murray also occasionally acted in films, including *[Of Love and Desire](/wiki/Of_Love_and_Desire \"Of Love and Desire\")* (1963\\), *[Who Killed Teddy Bear?](/wiki/Who_Killed_Teddy_Bear%3F \"Who Killed Teddy Bear?\")* (1965\\), *[The Busy Body](/wiki/The_Busy_Body_%28film%29 \"The Busy Body (film)\")* (1967\\), *[Tarzan and the Great River](/wiki/Tarzan_and_the_Great_River \"Tarzan and the Great River\")* (1967\\), *[Thunder Alley](/wiki/Thunder_Alley_%281967_film%29 \"Thunder Alley (1967 film)\")* (1967\\), *[A Man Called Dagger](/wiki/A_Man_Called_Dagger \"A Man Called Dagger\")* (1968\\), *[Which Way to the Front?](/wiki/Which_Way_to_the_Front%3F \"Which Way to the Front?\")* (1970\\), *[The Day of the Wolves](/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Wolves \"The Day of the Wolves\")* (1971\\), *[Roll, Freddy, Roll!](/wiki/Roll%2C_Freddy%2C_Roll%21 \"Roll, Freddy, Roll!\")* (1974 [TV movie](/wiki/Television_film \"Television film\")), *[The Dream Merchants](/wiki/The_Dream_Merchants_%28miniseries%29 \"The Dream Merchants (miniseries)\")* (1980 [TV miniseries](/wiki/Miniseries \"Miniseries\")), and [Mel Brooks](/wiki/Mel_Brooks \"Mel Brooks\")' *[History of the World, Part I](/wiki/History_of_the_World%2C_Part_I \"History of the World, Part I\")* (1981\\).",
"For his career achievements, Murray received a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\") in 1960\\.[\"Jan Murray\"](http://www.walkoffame.com/jan-murray). *Hollywood Walk of Fame*. Accessed Mar. 27, 2015\\. In 1997, a Golden Palm Star on the [Palm Springs, California](/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California \"Palm Springs, California\"), [Walk of Stars](/wiki/Palm_Springs_Walk_of_Stars \"Palm Springs Walk of Stars\") was also dedicated to him.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web\\-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013165655/http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web\\-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=October 13, 2012 \\|title\\=Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated \\|page\\=5 \\|access\\-date\\=December 19, 2020}}",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### Chelsea
After initially joining the [academy system](/wiki/Youth_system "Youth system") at [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C."), Chalobah moved to the [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C.") academy at the age of 10\.{{cite web \|author\=Sam Wallace \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/chelsea\-youngster\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-hoping\-to\-be\-part\-of\-jose\-mourinhos\-own\-class\-of\-92\-10341930\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/chelsea\-youngster\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-hoping\-to\-be\-part\-of\-jose\-mourinhos\-own\-class\-of\-92\-10341930\.html \|archive\-date\=18 June 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Chelsea youngster Nathaniel Chalobah hoping to be part of Jose Mourinho's own 'Class of 92' \|newspaper\=The Independent \|location\=London \|date\=24 June 2014 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}} During the 2010–11 season, he featured for Chelsea reserves while still a schoolboy, winning the national championship with the team that season.["Nathaniel Chalobah"](http://www.chelseafc.com/chelsea-article/article/900396/title/nathaniel-chalobah) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205051455/http://www.chelseafc.com/chelsea\-article/article/900396/title/nathaniel\-chalobah \|date\=5 December 2012 }}. Chelsea F.C. Retrieved 18 September 2012\. In 2011–12, Chalobah regularly captained both Chelsea's reserve and youth teams, and led the 2012 [FA Youth Cup](/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup "FA Youth Cup") winning team. He signed a professional contract with Chelsea in January 2012 shortly after turning 17, lasting until summer 2014\. He was an unused substitute for the Chelsea first\-team at the age of 15, in their League Cup clash against Newcastle{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\_cup/9010051\.stm \|title\=MATCH REPORT: Chelsea 3–4 Newcastle \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=18 September 2012 \|date\=18 September 2012 \|first\=Phil \|last\=Dawkes}} and travelled with them to the [2012 UEFA Champions League Final](/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final "2012 UEFA Champions League Final") at the [Allianz Arena](/wiki/Allianz_Arena "Allianz Arena"), which Chelsea won.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2019}} On 30 August 2013, Chalobah signed a new five\-year contract with Chelsea, stating that he wished to stay at Chelsea for his entire career.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3442516/title/chalobah\-signs\-until\-2018 \|title\=Chalobah signs until 2018 \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C. \|date\=30 August 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901213110/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3442516/title/chalobah\-signs\-until\-2018 \|archive\-date\=1 September 2013}}
#### Loan to Watford
Chalobah signed on loan for [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship") club [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C.") on 31 August 2012 until January 2013\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120831\-chalobah\-signs\-345444\.aspx \|title\=Official: Chelsea's Chalobah Signs \|publisher\=Watford F.C. \|access\-date\=3 September 2012 \|date\=31 August 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227021107/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120831\-chalobah\-signs\-345444\.aspx \|archive\-date\=27 February 2013}} He made his first\-team debut for the club on 18 September 2012 against [Brighton \& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C."), coming on as a 73rd\-minute substitute for [Fernando Forestieri](/wiki/Fernando_Forestieri "Fernando Forestieri").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120918\-brighton\-report\-374952\.aspx \|title\=MATCH REPORT: Watford 0–1 Brighton \|publisher\=Watford F.C \|access\-date\=18 September 2012 \|date\=18 September 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181642/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120918\-brighton\-report\-374952\.aspx \|archive\-date\=14 October 2012}} He later made his first start, lasting the full 90 minutes in Watford's 2–2 draw with [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. "Bristol City F.C.") on 23 September.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17661490 \|title\=Brighton 2–2 Watford \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=17 April 2012 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}} On 17 November, Chalobah scored his first goal for Watford in a 2–1 win over [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20278320 \|title\=Watford 2–1 Wolves \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=17 November 2012 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}} He scored his second goal for Watford in a 1–1 draw against [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C."), on 15 December, with a fine volley from the edge of the box.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20650396 \|title\=Burnley 1–1 Watford \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=15 December 2012 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}}
On 2 January 2013, Chalobah extended his loan at Watford until the end of the 2012–13 season. In April, he scored with a 35\-yard shot{{cite news \|last1\=Jurejko \|first1\=Jonathan \|title\=Leicester 1\-2 Watford \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/22211936 \|access\-date\=24 September 2020 \|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=26 April 2013}} that [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") goalkeeper [Kasper Schmeichel](/wiki/Kasper_Schmeichel "Kasper Schmeichel") said he never saw; Watford won 2–1\.{{cite news \|last1\=Culley \|first1\=Jeremy \|title\=Leicester City 1 Watford 2 match report: Nathaniel Chalobah thunderbolt keeps Gianfranco Zola's automatic promotion dream alive \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football\-league/leicester\-city\-1\-watford\-2\-match\-report\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-thunderbolt\-keeps\-gianfranco\-zola\-s\-8590762\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football\-league/leicester\-city\-1\-watford\-2\-match\-report\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-thunderbolt\-keeps\-gianfranco\-zola\-s\-8590762\.html \|archive\-date\=18 June 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=24 September 2020 \|work\=The Independent \|date\=27 April 2013}}
Chalobah played for Watford as they reached the [2013 Championship play\-off final](/wiki/2013_Football_League_Championship_play-off_final "2013 Football League Championship play-off final"), in which they were defeated 1–0 by [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C.").
#### Loan to Nottingham Forest
On 19 September 2013 Chalobah signed a loan deal with [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. "Nottingham Forest F.C.") until 15 January 2014\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3464334/title/chalobah\-loaned\-to\-forest \|title\=Chalobah loaned to Forest \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C. \|date\=20 September 2013 \|access\-date\=20 September 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921041226/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3464334/title/chalobah\-loaned\-to\-forest \|archive\-date\=21 September 2013}} Manager [Billy Davies](/wiki/Billy_Davies "Billy Davies") remarked upon his arrival, "He's a tremendous young talent."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/article/chalobah\-a\-tremendous\-talent\-1066388\.aspx \|title\=Chalobah 'A Tremendous Talent' \|date\=20 September 2013 \|publisher\=Nottingham Forest F.C. \|access\-date\=30 August 2014}} Chalobah made his debut from the start in Forest's trip to [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C.") on 21 September 2013\. On 5 October 2013, Chalobah was sent off after a second booking in the 67th minute after already picking up a yellow in the first half during the away match against [Brighton \& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.").{{citation needed\|date\=September 2017}} Though Forest were down to 10 men, they saw out a 3–1 victory. Chalobah scored his first Forest goal in a 3–1 defeat away to [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. "Yeovil Town F.C.") on 26 October 2013\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24590303 \|title\=Yeovil Town 3–1 Nottingham Forest \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=26 October 2013 \|access\-date\=1 September 2017}}
#### Loan to Middlesbrough
On 16 January 2014, Chalobah joined [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") on loan for the remainder of the [2013–14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Middlesbrough_F.C._season "2013–14 Middlesbrough F.C. season").{{cite web \|title\=Boro sign Nathaniel \|url\=http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/news/latest/0,,1\~3624050,00\.html \|publisher\=Middlesbrough F.C. \|date\=16 January 2014 \|access\-date\=16 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117135512/http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/news/latest/0,,1\~3624050,00\.html \|archive\-date\=17 January 2014 \|url\-status\=dead}} On 25 January 2014, Chalobah made his debut against [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C."), coming off the bench in the 77th minute to replace [Emmanuel Ledesma](/wiki/Emmanuel_Ledesma "Emmanuel Ledesma"). The match ended in a 2–0 loss for Middlesbrough. Chalobah made his first start on 1 February 2014, in a match against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C.") which ended in a 0–0 draw. On 5 April 2014, Chalobah scored his first Boro goal in a 1–0 win at home to Derby County.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/football/middlesbrough/result/result\-chalobah\-strike\-gives\-boro\-win\_148252\.html \|title\=Result: Nathaniel Chalobah strike gives Middlesbrough win \|date\=5 April 2014 \|publisher\=Sports Mole \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}}
#### Loan to Burnley
On 1 September 2014, Chalobah joined [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") newcomers [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C.") on loan from [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C.") until 2 January 2015\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\-news/2014/08/burnley\-loan\-for\-chalobah.html \|title\=Burnley loan for Chalobah \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C. \|date\=1 September 2014 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}} On 28 September 2014, Chalobah made his debut as a first\-half substitute against [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C."), although he could not prevent Burnley from losing 4–0\. On 30 September, Chalobah suffered an injury after being hit with an elbow in the throat in a Burnley U21s match, which caused a cartilage to fracture.{{cite web \|url\=http://theprideoflondon.com/2014/10/24/nathaniel\-chalobah\-fully\-recovered\-throat\-injury/ \|title\=Nathaniel Chalobah Fully Recovered From Throat Injury \|date\=30 September 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=http://weaintgotnohistory.sbnation.com/2014/9/30/6875537/report\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-burnley\-injury\-hospital \|title\=Report: Nathaniel Chalobah taken to hospital with apparent throat injury \|date\=30 September 2014}} Chalobah returned to the pitch for the first team on 18 October 2014 against [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C."). On 1 November 2014, Chalobah played his last match for Burnley against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C."), which ended in a 3–0 loss.
Chalobah was unable to break into the first team at Burnley and returned to Chelsea when the loan ended on 2 January 2015\. During his time with Burnley, Chalobah only made four substitute appearances.{{cite news \|title\=Nathaniel Chalobah: Reading sign Chelsea youngster on loan \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30941780 \|access\-date\=24 September 2020 \|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=22 January 2015}}
#### Loan to Reading
On 22 January 2015, Chalobah joined Championship club [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. "Reading F.C.") on loan for the remainder of the season.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\-news/2015/01/new\-loan\-for\-chalobah\-.html \|title\=New loan for Chalobah \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C. \|date\=22 January 2015}} On 24 January 2015, Chalobah made his debut in a [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") match against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. "Cardiff City F.C."), as the team won 2–1 to advance into the fifth round. Three days later, Chalobah made his league debut against [Millwall](/wiki/Millwall_F.C. "Millwall F.C.").
On 31 January 2015, in his home debut, Chalobah scored the second of a 2–0 victory over [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. "Sheffield Wednesday F.C."), helping the Royals to their first league win since December.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30962939 \|title\=Reading 2–0 Sheffield Wednesday \|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=31 January 2015}} During his time with Reading, Chalobah made a total of 20 appearances and started in every appearance.
#### Loan to Napoli
On 1 September 2015, Italian club [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli "S.S.C. Napoli") confirmed that Chalobah had joined the club on a season long loan from Chelsea.{{Cite news \|title\=The footballer of Sierra Leone arrives on loan from Chelsea \|url\=http://sscnapoli.it/static/news/Il\-Napoli\-ufficializza\-l\-ingaggio\-di\-Chalobah\-5969\.aspx \|publisher\=Napoli S.S.C. \|date\=1 September 2015 \|access\-date\=1 September 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903004420/http://sscnapoli.it/static/news/Il\-Napoli\-ufficializza\-l\-ingaggio\-di\-Chalobah\-5969\.aspx \|archive\-date\=3 September 2015}} On 1 October 2015, Chalobah made his Napoli debut in a [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") tie against [Legia Warsaw](/wiki/Legia_Warsaw "Legia Warsaw"). The fixture resulted in a 2–0 victory for the Italian team, with Chalobah featuring for five minutes after replacing [Allan](/wiki/Allan_%28footballer%2C_born_1991%29 "Allan (footballer, born 1991)"). On 26 November 2015, Chalobah was given his first Napoli start in a 1–0 victory over [Club Brugge](/wiki/Club_Brugge_KV "Club Brugge KV") in the UEFA Europa League group stage tie. On 10 December 2015, Chalobah scored his first Napoli goal in a 5–2 win over Legia Warsaw, scoring Napoli's first. On 6 January 2016, Chalobah finally made his [Serie A](/wiki/Serie_A "Serie A") debut in a 2–1 victory against [Torino](/wiki/Torino_F.C. "Torino F.C."), replacing [Marek Hamšík](/wiki/Marek_Ham%C5%A1%C3%ADk "Marek Hamšík") in the 89th minute.
Chalobah went on to make four more league appearances for Napoli before returning to Chelsea at the end of the campaign.
#### 2016–17 season
In the summer of 2016, Chelsea rejected loan offers for Chalobah after new manager [Antonio Conte](/wiki/Antonio_Conte "Antonio Conte") had been impressed with Chalobah in pre\-season, deciding that he should remain as part of Chelsea's first\-team group.{{cite news \|first\=Jack \|last\=Pitt\-Brooke \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier\-league/chelsea\-transfer\-news\-antonio\-conte\-turned\-down\-leicester\-loan\-move\-for\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-last\-a7230591\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier\-league/chelsea\-transfer\-news\-antonio\-conte\-turned\-down\-leicester\-loan\-move\-for\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-last\-a7230591\.html \|archive\-date\=18 June 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Chelsea transfer news: Antonio Conte turned down Leicester loan move for Nathaniel Chalobah last month \|newspaper\=The Independent \|location\=London \|date\=7 September 2016 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}} Chalobah made his first\-team debut on 20 September 2016, when he came off the bench to replace [Michy Batshuayi](/wiki/Michy_Batshuayi "Michy Batshuayi") in the 79th minute of a 4–2 win over [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") to advance to the Fourth round of the [EFL Cup](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EFL_Cup "2016–17 EFL Cup").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.espnfc.us/report?gameId\=466015 \|title\=Cesc Fabregas hits two in extra\-time as Chelsea advance past Leicester \|date\=20 September 2016 \|work\=ESPN FC}} On 15 October 2016, on his second league appearance for Chelsea, Chalobah provided a back\-heel pass to play [Victor Moses](/wiki/Victor_Moses "Victor Moses") through for the third goal in a 3–0 victory over Leicester City.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\-news/2016/10/match\-report.html \|title\=Match report: Chelsea 3 Leicester City 0 \|date\=15 October 2016 \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C.}}
### Return to Watford
On 13 July 2017, Chalobah signed for Premier League club [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C.") on a five\-year contract for an undisclosed fee.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40603257 \|title\=Nathaniel Chalobah: Watford sign midfielder from Chelsea on five\-year deal \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=13 July 2017 \|access\-date\=1 September 2017}} On 26 September 2017, Chalobah was reported to have suffered a knee injury in a training session and was expected to have surgery.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41405416 \|title\=Nathaniel Chalobah: Watford midfielder needs knee surgery \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=26 September 2017 \|access\-date\=26 September 2017}}
### Fulham
On the last day of the 2021 summer transfer window, Chalobah joined recently relegated [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship") side [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.") on a free transfer, keeping him until 2023 with an option to extend by a further year and was once again reunited with manager [Marco Silva](/wiki/Marco_Silva "Marco Silva").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2021/august/Fulham\-Sign\-Chalobah/\|title\=FULHAM SIGN CHALOBAH\|website\=Fulham F.C.\|date\=1 September 2021\|access\-date\=10 April 2022\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831234935/https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2021/august/Fulham\-Sign\-Chalobah/\|archive\-date\=31 August 2021\|url\-status\=live}} He made his debut for the club, playing the whole game, in a 4–1 win against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. "Birmingham City F.C.") on 15 September 2021\.{{cite news\|title\=Birmingham City 1–4 Fulham\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58483586\|website\=BBC Sport\|date\=15 September 2021\|access\-date\=10 April 2022}}
### West Bromwich Albion
On 31 January 2023, Chalobah returned to the Championship with [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C."), signing an eighteen\-month contract. {{cite web\|url\=https://www.wba.co.uk/news/albion\-sign\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-fulham\|title\=Albion sign Nathaniel Chalobah from Fulham\|website\=www.wba.co.uk\|date\=31 January 2023\|accessdate\=31 January 2023}} On 7 January 2024, Chalobah scored his first goal for the club in a 4\-1 home win against [Aldershot Town](/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C. "Aldershot Town F.C.") in a FA Cup third round game.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67903559\|title\= West Bromwich Albion 4\-1 Aldershot Town\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=7 January 2024\|accessdate\=11 February 2024}} On 22 May 2024, the club announced he would be leaving in the summer when his contract expired.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-05\-22 \|title\=West Bromwich Albion: Matt Phillips among seven to leave Baggies \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cxeeynxlzelo \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-23 \|website\=BBC Sport \|language\=en\-GB}}
### Sheffield Wednesday
On 13 July 2024, Chalobah joined Championship side [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.") on a free transfer.{{cite news \|title\=Nathaniel Chalobah signs for Wednesday\|url\=https://www.swfc.co.uk/news/2024/july/13/nathaniel\-chalobah\-signs\-for\-wednesday/\|access\-date\=13 July 2024 \|publisher\=Sheffield Wednesday FC \|date\=13 July 2024}} He made his debut in the [EFL Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup "EFL Cup") on 27 August, starting in the 5–1 victory against [Grimsby Town](/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C. "Grimsby Town F.C.").{{cite news \|title\=Grimsby 1\-5 Wednesday\|url\=https://www.swfc.co.uk/news/2024/august/27/report\-\-grimsby\-1\-0\-wednesday/\|access\-date\=28 August 2024 \|publisher\=Sheffield Wednesday FC \|date\=28 August 2024}}
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### Chelsea",
"After initially joining the [academy system](/wiki/Youth_system \"Youth system\") at [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\"), Chalobah moved to the [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\") academy at the age of 10\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=Sam Wallace \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/chelsea\\-youngster\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-hoping\\-to\\-be\\-part\\-of\\-jose\\-mourinhos\\-own\\-class\\-of\\-92\\-10341930\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/chelsea\\-youngster\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-hoping\\-to\\-be\\-part\\-of\\-jose\\-mourinhos\\-own\\-class\\-of\\-92\\-10341930\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Chelsea youngster Nathaniel Chalobah hoping to be part of Jose Mourinho's own 'Class of 92' \\|newspaper\\=The Independent \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=24 June 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}} During the 2010–11 season, he featured for Chelsea reserves while still a schoolboy, winning the national championship with the team that season.[\"Nathaniel Chalobah\"](http://www.chelseafc.com/chelsea-article/article/900396/title/nathaniel-chalobah) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205051455/http://www.chelseafc.com/chelsea\\-article/article/900396/title/nathaniel\\-chalobah \\|date\\=5 December 2012 }}. Chelsea F.C. Retrieved 18 September 2012\\. In 2011–12, Chalobah regularly captained both Chelsea's reserve and youth teams, and led the 2012 [FA Youth Cup](/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup \"FA Youth Cup\") winning team. He signed a professional contract with Chelsea in January 2012 shortly after turning 17, lasting until summer 2014\\. He was an unused substitute for the Chelsea first\\-team at the age of 15, in their League Cup clash against Newcastle{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\\_cup/9010051\\.stm \\|title\\=MATCH REPORT: Chelsea 3–4 Newcastle \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2012 \\|date\\=18 September 2012 \\|first\\=Phil \\|last\\=Dawkes}} and travelled with them to the [2012 UEFA Champions League Final](/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final \"2012 UEFA Champions League Final\") at the [Allianz Arena](/wiki/Allianz_Arena \"Allianz Arena\"), which Chelsea won.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2019}} On 30 August 2013, Chalobah signed a new five\\-year contract with Chelsea, stating that he wished to stay at Chelsea for his entire career.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3442516/title/chalobah\\-signs\\-until\\-2018 \\|title\\=Chalobah signs until 2018 \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C. \\|date\\=30 August 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901213110/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3442516/title/chalobah\\-signs\\-until\\-2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 September 2013}}",
"#### Loan to Watford",
"Chalobah signed on loan for [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\") club [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\") on 31 August 2012 until January 2013\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120831\\-chalobah\\-signs\\-345444\\.aspx \\|title\\=Official: Chelsea's Chalobah Signs \\|publisher\\=Watford F.C. \\|access\\-date\\=3 September 2012 \\|date\\=31 August 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227021107/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120831\\-chalobah\\-signs\\-345444\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2013}} He made his first\\-team debut for the club on 18 September 2012 against [Brighton \\& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. \"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.\"), coming on as a 73rd\\-minute substitute for [Fernando Forestieri](/wiki/Fernando_Forestieri \"Fernando Forestieri\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120918\\-brighton\\-report\\-374952\\.aspx \\|title\\=MATCH REPORT: Watford 0–1 Brighton \\|publisher\\=Watford F.C \\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2012 \\|date\\=18 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181642/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120918\\-brighton\\-report\\-374952\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=14 October 2012}} He later made his first start, lasting the full 90 minutes in Watford's 2–2 draw with [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. \"Bristol City F.C.\") on 23 September.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17661490 \\|title\\=Brighton 2–2 Watford \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=17 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}} On 17 November, Chalobah scored his first goal for Watford in a 2–1 win over [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20278320 \\|title\\=Watford 2–1 Wolves \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=17 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}} He scored his second goal for Watford in a 1–1 draw against [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\"), on 15 December, with a fine volley from the edge of the box.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20650396 \\|title\\=Burnley 1–1 Watford \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=15 December 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}}",
"On 2 January 2013, Chalobah extended his loan at Watford until the end of the 2012–13 season. In April, he scored with a 35\\-yard shot{{cite news \\|last1\\=Jurejko \\|first1\\=Jonathan \\|title\\=Leicester 1\\-2 Watford \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/22211936 \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2020 \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=26 April 2013}} that [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") goalkeeper [Kasper Schmeichel](/wiki/Kasper_Schmeichel \"Kasper Schmeichel\") said he never saw; Watford won 2–1\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Culley \\|first1\\=Jeremy \\|title\\=Leicester City 1 Watford 2 match report: Nathaniel Chalobah thunderbolt keeps Gianfranco Zola's automatic promotion dream alive \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-league/leicester\\-city\\-1\\-watford\\-2\\-match\\-report\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-thunderbolt\\-keeps\\-gianfranco\\-zola\\-s\\-8590762\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-league/leicester\\-city\\-1\\-watford\\-2\\-match\\-report\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-thunderbolt\\-keeps\\-gianfranco\\-zola\\-s\\-8590762\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2020 \\|work\\=The Independent \\|date\\=27 April 2013}}",
"Chalobah played for Watford as they reached the [2013 Championship play\\-off final](/wiki/2013_Football_League_Championship_play-off_final \"2013 Football League Championship play-off final\"), in which they were defeated 1–0 by [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\").",
"#### Loan to Nottingham Forest",
"On 19 September 2013 Chalobah signed a loan deal with [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. \"Nottingham Forest F.C.\") until 15 January 2014\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3464334/title/chalobah\\-loaned\\-to\\-forest \\|title\\=Chalobah loaned to Forest \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C. \\|date\\=20 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921041226/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3464334/title/chalobah\\-loaned\\-to\\-forest \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2013}} Manager [Billy Davies](/wiki/Billy_Davies \"Billy Davies\") remarked upon his arrival, \"He's a tremendous young talent.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/article/chalobah\\-a\\-tremendous\\-talent\\-1066388\\.aspx \\|title\\=Chalobah 'A Tremendous Talent' \\|date\\=20 September 2013 \\|publisher\\=Nottingham Forest F.C. \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2014}} Chalobah made his debut from the start in Forest's trip to [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\") on 21 September 2013\\. On 5 October 2013, Chalobah was sent off after a second booking in the 67th minute after already picking up a yellow in the first half during the away match against [Brighton \\& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. \"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2017}} Though Forest were down to 10 men, they saw out a 3–1 victory. Chalobah scored his first Forest goal in a 3–1 defeat away to [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. \"Yeovil Town F.C.\") on 26 October 2013\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24590303 \\|title\\=Yeovil Town 3–1 Nottingham Forest \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=26 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2017}}",
"#### Loan to Middlesbrough",
"On 16 January 2014, Chalobah joined [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") on loan for the remainder of the [2013–14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Middlesbrough_F.C._season \"2013–14 Middlesbrough F.C. season\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Boro sign Nathaniel \\|url\\=http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/news/latest/0,,1\\~3624050,00\\.html \\|publisher\\=Middlesbrough F.C. \\|date\\=16 January 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117135512/http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/news/latest/0,,1\\~3624050,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=17 January 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On 25 January 2014, Chalobah made his debut against [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\"), coming off the bench in the 77th minute to replace [Emmanuel Ledesma](/wiki/Emmanuel_Ledesma \"Emmanuel Ledesma\"). The match ended in a 2–0 loss for Middlesbrough. Chalobah made his first start on 1 February 2014, in a match against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\") which ended in a 0–0 draw. On 5 April 2014, Chalobah scored his first Boro goal in a 1–0 win at home to Derby County.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/football/middlesbrough/result/result\\-chalobah\\-strike\\-gives\\-boro\\-win\\_148252\\.html \\|title\\=Result: Nathaniel Chalobah strike gives Middlesbrough win \\|date\\=5 April 2014 \\|publisher\\=Sports Mole \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}}",
"#### Loan to Burnley",
"On 1 September 2014, Chalobah joined [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") newcomers [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\") on loan from [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\") until 2 January 2015\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\\-news/2014/08/burnley\\-loan\\-for\\-chalobah.html \\|title\\=Burnley loan for Chalobah \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C. \\|date\\=1 September 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}} On 28 September 2014, Chalobah made his debut as a first\\-half substitute against [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\"), although he could not prevent Burnley from losing 4–0\\. On 30 September, Chalobah suffered an injury after being hit with an elbow in the throat in a Burnley U21s match, which caused a cartilage to fracture.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://theprideoflondon.com/2014/10/24/nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-fully\\-recovered\\-throat\\-injury/ \\|title\\=Nathaniel Chalobah Fully Recovered From Throat Injury \\|date\\=30 September 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://weaintgotnohistory.sbnation.com/2014/9/30/6875537/report\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-burnley\\-injury\\-hospital \\|title\\=Report: Nathaniel Chalobah taken to hospital with apparent throat injury \\|date\\=30 September 2014}} Chalobah returned to the pitch for the first team on 18 October 2014 against [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\"). On 1 November 2014, Chalobah played his last match for Burnley against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\"), which ended in a 3–0 loss.",
"Chalobah was unable to break into the first team at Burnley and returned to Chelsea when the loan ended on 2 January 2015\\. During his time with Burnley, Chalobah only made four substitute appearances.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nathaniel Chalobah: Reading sign Chelsea youngster on loan \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30941780 \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2020 \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=22 January 2015}}",
"#### Loan to Reading",
"On 22 January 2015, Chalobah joined Championship club [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. \"Reading F.C.\") on loan for the remainder of the season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\\-news/2015/01/new\\-loan\\-for\\-chalobah\\-.html \\|title\\=New loan for Chalobah \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C. \\|date\\=22 January 2015}} On 24 January 2015, Chalobah made his debut in a [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") match against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\"), as the team won 2–1 to advance into the fifth round. Three days later, Chalobah made his league debut against [Millwall](/wiki/Millwall_F.C. \"Millwall F.C.\").",
"On 31 January 2015, in his home debut, Chalobah scored the second of a 2–0 victory over [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\"), helping the Royals to their first league win since December.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30962939 \\|title\\=Reading 2–0 Sheffield Wednesday \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=31 January 2015}} During his time with Reading, Chalobah made a total of 20 appearances and started in every appearance.",
"#### Loan to Napoli",
"On 1 September 2015, Italian club [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli \"S.S.C. Napoli\") confirmed that Chalobah had joined the club on a season long loan from Chelsea.{{Cite news \\|title\\=The footballer of Sierra Leone arrives on loan from Chelsea \\|url\\=http://sscnapoli.it/static/news/Il\\-Napoli\\-ufficializza\\-l\\-ingaggio\\-di\\-Chalobah\\-5969\\.aspx \\|publisher\\=Napoli S.S.C. \\|date\\=1 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903004420/http://sscnapoli.it/static/news/Il\\-Napoli\\-ufficializza\\-l\\-ingaggio\\-di\\-Chalobah\\-5969\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=3 September 2015}} On 1 October 2015, Chalobah made his Napoli debut in a [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") tie against [Legia Warsaw](/wiki/Legia_Warsaw \"Legia Warsaw\"). The fixture resulted in a 2–0 victory for the Italian team, with Chalobah featuring for five minutes after replacing [Allan](/wiki/Allan_%28footballer%2C_born_1991%29 \"Allan (footballer, born 1991)\"). On 26 November 2015, Chalobah was given his first Napoli start in a 1–0 victory over [Club Brugge](/wiki/Club_Brugge_KV \"Club Brugge KV\") in the UEFA Europa League group stage tie. On 10 December 2015, Chalobah scored his first Napoli goal in a 5–2 win over Legia Warsaw, scoring Napoli's first. On 6 January 2016, Chalobah finally made his [Serie A](/wiki/Serie_A \"Serie A\") debut in a 2–1 victory against [Torino](/wiki/Torino_F.C. \"Torino F.C.\"), replacing [Marek Hamšík](/wiki/Marek_Ham%C5%A1%C3%ADk \"Marek Hamšík\") in the 89th minute.",
"Chalobah went on to make four more league appearances for Napoli before returning to Chelsea at the end of the campaign.",
"#### 2016–17 season",
"In the summer of 2016, Chelsea rejected loan offers for Chalobah after new manager [Antonio Conte](/wiki/Antonio_Conte \"Antonio Conte\") had been impressed with Chalobah in pre\\-season, deciding that he should remain as part of Chelsea's first\\-team group.{{cite news \\|first\\=Jack \\|last\\=Pitt\\-Brooke \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier\\-league/chelsea\\-transfer\\-news\\-antonio\\-conte\\-turned\\-down\\-leicester\\-loan\\-move\\-for\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-last\\-a7230591\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier\\-league/chelsea\\-transfer\\-news\\-antonio\\-conte\\-turned\\-down\\-leicester\\-loan\\-move\\-for\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-last\\-a7230591\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Chelsea transfer news: Antonio Conte turned down Leicester loan move for Nathaniel Chalobah last month \\|newspaper\\=The Independent \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=7 September 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}} Chalobah made his first\\-team debut on 20 September 2016, when he came off the bench to replace [Michy Batshuayi](/wiki/Michy_Batshuayi \"Michy Batshuayi\") in the 79th minute of a 4–2 win over [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") to advance to the Fourth round of the [EFL Cup](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EFL_Cup \"2016–17 EFL Cup\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.us/report?gameId\\=466015 \\|title\\=Cesc Fabregas hits two in extra\\-time as Chelsea advance past Leicester \\|date\\=20 September 2016 \\|work\\=ESPN FC}} On 15 October 2016, on his second league appearance for Chelsea, Chalobah provided a back\\-heel pass to play [Victor Moses](/wiki/Victor_Moses \"Victor Moses\") through for the third goal in a 3–0 victory over Leicester City.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\\-news/2016/10/match\\-report.html \\|title\\=Match report: Chelsea 3 Leicester City 0 \\|date\\=15 October 2016 \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C.}}",
"### Return to Watford",
"On 13 July 2017, Chalobah signed for Premier League club [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\") on a five\\-year contract for an undisclosed fee.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40603257 \\|title\\=Nathaniel Chalobah: Watford sign midfielder from Chelsea on five\\-year deal \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=13 July 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2017}} On 26 September 2017, Chalobah was reported to have suffered a knee injury in a training session and was expected to have surgery.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41405416 \\|title\\=Nathaniel Chalobah: Watford midfielder needs knee surgery \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=26 September 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2017}}",
"### Fulham",
"On the last day of the 2021 summer transfer window, Chalobah joined recently relegated [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\") side [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\") on a free transfer, keeping him until 2023 with an option to extend by a further year and was once again reunited with manager [Marco Silva](/wiki/Marco_Silva \"Marco Silva\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2021/august/Fulham\\-Sign\\-Chalobah/\\|title\\=FULHAM SIGN CHALOBAH\\|website\\=Fulham F.C.\\|date\\=1 September 2021\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2022\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831234935/https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2021/august/Fulham\\-Sign\\-Chalobah/\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2021\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He made his debut for the club, playing the whole game, in a 4–1 win against [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. \"Birmingham City F.C.\") on 15 September 2021\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Birmingham City 1–4 Fulham\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58483586\\|website\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=15 September 2021\\|access\\-date\\=10 April 2022}}",
"### West Bromwich Albion",
"On 31 January 2023, Chalobah returned to the Championship with [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\"), signing an eighteen\\-month contract. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wba.co.uk/news/albion\\-sign\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-fulham\\|title\\=Albion sign Nathaniel Chalobah from Fulham\\|website\\=www.wba.co.uk\\|date\\=31 January 2023\\|accessdate\\=31 January 2023}} On 7 January 2024, Chalobah scored his first goal for the club in a 4\\-1 home win against [Aldershot Town](/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C. \"Aldershot Town F.C.\") in a FA Cup third round game.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67903559\\|title\\= West Bromwich Albion 4\\-1 Aldershot Town\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=7 January 2024\\|accessdate\\=11 February 2024}} On 22 May 2024, the club announced he would be leaving in the summer when his contract expired.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-22 \\|title\\=West Bromwich Albion: Matt Phillips among seven to leave Baggies \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cxeeynxlzelo \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-23 \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"### Sheffield Wednesday",
"On 13 July 2024, Chalobah joined Championship side [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\") on a free transfer.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nathaniel Chalobah signs for Wednesday\\|url\\=https://www.swfc.co.uk/news/2024/july/13/nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-signs\\-for\\-wednesday/\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2024 \\|publisher\\=Sheffield Wednesday FC \\|date\\=13 July 2024}} He made his debut in the [EFL Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup \"EFL Cup\") on 27 August, starting in the 5–1 victory against [Grimsby Town](/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C. \"Grimsby Town F.C.\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Grimsby 1\\-5 Wednesday\\|url\\=https://www.swfc.co.uk/news/2024/august/27/report\\-\\-grimsby\\-1\\-0\\-wednesday/\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2024 \\|publisher\\=Sheffield Wednesday FC \\|date\\=28 August 2024}}",
""
] |
### Chelsea
After initially joining the [academy system](/wiki/Youth_system "Youth system") at [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C."), Chalobah moved to the [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C.") academy at the age of 10\.{{cite web \|author\=Sam Wallace \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/chelsea\-youngster\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-hoping\-to\-be\-part\-of\-jose\-mourinhos\-own\-class\-of\-92\-10341930\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/chelsea\-youngster\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-hoping\-to\-be\-part\-of\-jose\-mourinhos\-own\-class\-of\-92\-10341930\.html \|archive\-date\=18 June 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Chelsea youngster Nathaniel Chalobah hoping to be part of Jose Mourinho's own 'Class of 92' \|newspaper\=The Independent \|location\=London \|date\=24 June 2014 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}} During the 2010–11 season, he featured for Chelsea reserves while still a schoolboy, winning the national championship with the team that season.["Nathaniel Chalobah"](http://www.chelseafc.com/chelsea-article/article/900396/title/nathaniel-chalobah) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205051455/http://www.chelseafc.com/chelsea\-article/article/900396/title/nathaniel\-chalobah \|date\=5 December 2012 }}. Chelsea F.C. Retrieved 18 September 2012\. In 2011–12, Chalobah regularly captained both Chelsea's reserve and youth teams, and led the 2012 [FA Youth Cup](/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup "FA Youth Cup") winning team. He signed a professional contract with Chelsea in January 2012 shortly after turning 17, lasting until summer 2014\. He was an unused substitute for the Chelsea first\-team at the age of 15, in their League Cup clash against Newcastle{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\_cup/9010051\.stm \|title\=MATCH REPORT: Chelsea 3–4 Newcastle \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=18 September 2012 \|date\=18 September 2012 \|first\=Phil \|last\=Dawkes}} and travelled with them to the [2012 UEFA Champions League Final](/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final "2012 UEFA Champions League Final") at the [Allianz Arena](/wiki/Allianz_Arena "Allianz Arena"), which Chelsea won.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2019}} On 30 August 2013, Chalobah signed a new five\-year contract with Chelsea, stating that he wished to stay at Chelsea for his entire career.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3442516/title/chalobah\-signs\-until\-2018 \|title\=Chalobah signs until 2018 \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C. \|date\=30 August 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901213110/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3442516/title/chalobah\-signs\-until\-2018 \|archive\-date\=1 September 2013}}
#### Loan to Watford
Chalobah signed on loan for [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship") club [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C.") on 31 August 2012 until January 2013\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120831\-chalobah\-signs\-345444\.aspx \|title\=Official: Chelsea's Chalobah Signs \|publisher\=Watford F.C. \|access\-date\=3 September 2012 \|date\=31 August 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227021107/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120831\-chalobah\-signs\-345444\.aspx \|archive\-date\=27 February 2013}} He made his first\-team debut for the club on 18 September 2012 against [Brighton \& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C."), coming on as a 73rd\-minute substitute for [Fernando Forestieri](/wiki/Fernando_Forestieri "Fernando Forestieri").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120918\-brighton\-report\-374952\.aspx \|title\=MATCH REPORT: Watford 0–1 Brighton \|publisher\=Watford F.C \|access\-date\=18 September 2012 \|date\=18 September 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181642/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120918\-brighton\-report\-374952\.aspx \|archive\-date\=14 October 2012}} He later made his first start, lasting the full 90 minutes in Watford's 2–2 draw with [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. "Bristol City F.C.") on 23 September.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17661490 \|title\=Brighton 2–2 Watford \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=17 April 2012 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}} On 17 November, Chalobah scored his first goal for Watford in a 2–1 win over [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20278320 \|title\=Watford 2–1 Wolves \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=17 November 2012 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}} He scored his second goal for Watford in a 1–1 draw against [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C."), on 15 December, with a fine volley from the edge of the box.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20650396 \|title\=Burnley 1–1 Watford \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=15 December 2012 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}}
On 2 January 2013, Chalobah extended his loan at Watford until the end of the 2012–13 season. In April, he scored with a 35\-yard shot{{cite news \|last1\=Jurejko \|first1\=Jonathan \|title\=Leicester 1\-2 Watford \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/22211936 \|access\-date\=24 September 2020 \|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=26 April 2013}} that [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") goalkeeper [Kasper Schmeichel](/wiki/Kasper_Schmeichel "Kasper Schmeichel") said he never saw; Watford won 2–1\.{{cite news \|last1\=Culley \|first1\=Jeremy \|title\=Leicester City 1 Watford 2 match report: Nathaniel Chalobah thunderbolt keeps Gianfranco Zola's automatic promotion dream alive \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football\-league/leicester\-city\-1\-watford\-2\-match\-report\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-thunderbolt\-keeps\-gianfranco\-zola\-s\-8590762\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football\-league/leicester\-city\-1\-watford\-2\-match\-report\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-thunderbolt\-keeps\-gianfranco\-zola\-s\-8590762\.html \|archive\-date\=18 June 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=24 September 2020 \|work\=The Independent \|date\=27 April 2013}}
Chalobah played for Watford as they reached the [2013 Championship play\-off final](/wiki/2013_Football_League_Championship_play-off_final "2013 Football League Championship play-off final"), in which they were defeated 1–0 by [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C.").
#### Loan to Nottingham Forest
On 19 September 2013 Chalobah signed a loan deal with [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. "Nottingham Forest F.C.") until 15 January 2014\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3464334/title/chalobah\-loaned\-to\-forest \|title\=Chalobah loaned to Forest \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C. \|date\=20 September 2013 \|access\-date\=20 September 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921041226/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3464334/title/chalobah\-loaned\-to\-forest \|archive\-date\=21 September 2013}} Manager [Billy Davies](/wiki/Billy_Davies "Billy Davies") remarked upon his arrival, "He's a tremendous young talent."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/article/chalobah\-a\-tremendous\-talent\-1066388\.aspx \|title\=Chalobah 'A Tremendous Talent' \|date\=20 September 2013 \|publisher\=Nottingham Forest F.C. \|access\-date\=30 August 2014}} Chalobah made his debut from the start in Forest's trip to [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C.") on 21 September 2013\. On 5 October 2013, Chalobah was sent off after a second booking in the 67th minute after already picking up a yellow in the first half during the away match against [Brighton \& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.").{{citation needed\|date\=September 2017}} Though Forest were down to 10 men, they saw out a 3–1 victory. Chalobah scored his first Forest goal in a 3–1 defeat away to [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. "Yeovil Town F.C.") on 26 October 2013\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24590303 \|title\=Yeovil Town 3–1 Nottingham Forest \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=26 October 2013 \|access\-date\=1 September 2017}}
#### Loan to Middlesbrough
On 16 January 2014, Chalobah joined [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") on loan for the remainder of the [2013–14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Middlesbrough_F.C._season "2013–14 Middlesbrough F.C. season").{{cite web \|title\=Boro sign Nathaniel \|url\=http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/news/latest/0,,1\~3624050,00\.html \|publisher\=Middlesbrough F.C. \|date\=16 January 2014 \|access\-date\=16 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117135512/http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/news/latest/0,,1\~3624050,00\.html \|archive\-date\=17 January 2014 \|url\-status\=dead}} On 25 January 2014, Chalobah made his debut against [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C."), coming off the bench in the 77th minute to replace [Emmanuel Ledesma](/wiki/Emmanuel_Ledesma "Emmanuel Ledesma"). The match ended in a 2–0 loss for Middlesbrough. Chalobah made his first start on 1 February 2014, in a match against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C.") which ended in a 0–0 draw. On 5 April 2014, Chalobah scored his first Boro goal in a 1–0 win at home to Derby County.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/football/middlesbrough/result/result\-chalobah\-strike\-gives\-boro\-win\_148252\.html \|title\=Result: Nathaniel Chalobah strike gives Middlesbrough win \|date\=5 April 2014 \|publisher\=Sports Mole \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}}
#### Loan to Burnley
On 1 September 2014, Chalobah joined [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") newcomers [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C.") on loan from [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C.") until 2 January 2015\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\-news/2014/08/burnley\-loan\-for\-chalobah.html \|title\=Burnley loan for Chalobah \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C. \|date\=1 September 2014 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}} On 28 September 2014, Chalobah made his debut as a first\-half substitute against [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C."), although he could not prevent Burnley from losing 4–0\. On 30 September, Chalobah suffered an injury after being hit with an elbow in the throat in a Burnley U21s match, which caused a cartilage to fracture.{{cite web \|url\=http://theprideoflondon.com/2014/10/24/nathaniel\-chalobah\-fully\-recovered\-throat\-injury/ \|title\=Nathaniel Chalobah Fully Recovered From Throat Injury \|date\=30 September 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=http://weaintgotnohistory.sbnation.com/2014/9/30/6875537/report\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-burnley\-injury\-hospital \|title\=Report: Nathaniel Chalobah taken to hospital with apparent throat injury \|date\=30 September 2014}} Chalobah returned to the pitch for the first team on 18 October 2014 against [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C."). On 1 November 2014, Chalobah played his last match for Burnley against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C."), which ended in a 3–0 loss.
Chalobah was unable to break into the first team at Burnley and returned to Chelsea when the loan ended on 2 January 2015\. During his time with Burnley, Chalobah only made four substitute appearances.{{cite news \|title\=Nathaniel Chalobah: Reading sign Chelsea youngster on loan \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30941780 \|access\-date\=24 September 2020 \|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=22 January 2015}}
#### Loan to Reading
On 22 January 2015, Chalobah joined Championship club [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. "Reading F.C.") on loan for the remainder of the season.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\-news/2015/01/new\-loan\-for\-chalobah\-.html \|title\=New loan for Chalobah \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C. \|date\=22 January 2015}} On 24 January 2015, Chalobah made his debut in a [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") match against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. "Cardiff City F.C."), as the team won 2–1 to advance into the fifth round. Three days later, Chalobah made his league debut against [Millwall](/wiki/Millwall_F.C. "Millwall F.C.").
On 31 January 2015, in his home debut, Chalobah scored the second of a 2–0 victory over [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. "Sheffield Wednesday F.C."), helping the Royals to their first league win since December.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30962939 \|title\=Reading 2–0 Sheffield Wednesday \|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=31 January 2015}} During his time with Reading, Chalobah made a total of 20 appearances and started in every appearance.
#### Loan to Napoli
On 1 September 2015, Italian club [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli "S.S.C. Napoli") confirmed that Chalobah had joined the club on a season long loan from Chelsea.{{Cite news \|title\=The footballer of Sierra Leone arrives on loan from Chelsea \|url\=http://sscnapoli.it/static/news/Il\-Napoli\-ufficializza\-l\-ingaggio\-di\-Chalobah\-5969\.aspx \|publisher\=Napoli S.S.C. \|date\=1 September 2015 \|access\-date\=1 September 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903004420/http://sscnapoli.it/static/news/Il\-Napoli\-ufficializza\-l\-ingaggio\-di\-Chalobah\-5969\.aspx \|archive\-date\=3 September 2015}} On 1 October 2015, Chalobah made his Napoli debut in a [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") tie against [Legia Warsaw](/wiki/Legia_Warsaw "Legia Warsaw"). The fixture resulted in a 2–0 victory for the Italian team, with Chalobah featuring for five minutes after replacing [Allan](/wiki/Allan_%28footballer%2C_born_1991%29 "Allan (footballer, born 1991)"). On 26 November 2015, Chalobah was given his first Napoli start in a 1–0 victory over [Club Brugge](/wiki/Club_Brugge_KV "Club Brugge KV") in the UEFA Europa League group stage tie. On 10 December 2015, Chalobah scored his first Napoli goal in a 5–2 win over Legia Warsaw, scoring Napoli's first. On 6 January 2016, Chalobah finally made his [Serie A](/wiki/Serie_A "Serie A") debut in a 2–1 victory against [Torino](/wiki/Torino_F.C. "Torino F.C."), replacing [Marek Hamšík](/wiki/Marek_Ham%C5%A1%C3%ADk "Marek Hamšík") in the 89th minute.
Chalobah went on to make four more league appearances for Napoli before returning to Chelsea at the end of the campaign.
#### 2016–17 season
In the summer of 2016, Chelsea rejected loan offers for Chalobah after new manager [Antonio Conte](/wiki/Antonio_Conte "Antonio Conte") had been impressed with Chalobah in pre\-season, deciding that he should remain as part of Chelsea's first\-team group.{{cite news \|first\=Jack \|last\=Pitt\-Brooke \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier\-league/chelsea\-transfer\-news\-antonio\-conte\-turned\-down\-leicester\-loan\-move\-for\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-last\-a7230591\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier\-league/chelsea\-transfer\-news\-antonio\-conte\-turned\-down\-leicester\-loan\-move\-for\-nathaniel\-chalobah\-last\-a7230591\.html \|archive\-date\=18 June 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Chelsea transfer news: Antonio Conte turned down Leicester loan move for Nathaniel Chalobah last month \|newspaper\=The Independent \|location\=London \|date\=7 September 2016 \|access\-date\=2 October 2016}} Chalobah made his first\-team debut on 20 September 2016, when he came off the bench to replace [Michy Batshuayi](/wiki/Michy_Batshuayi "Michy Batshuayi") in the 79th minute of a 4–2 win over [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") to advance to the Fourth round of the [EFL Cup](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EFL_Cup "2016–17 EFL Cup").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.espnfc.us/report?gameId\=466015 \|title\=Cesc Fabregas hits two in extra\-time as Chelsea advance past Leicester \|date\=20 September 2016 \|work\=ESPN FC}} On 15 October 2016, on his second league appearance for Chelsea, Chalobah provided a back\-heel pass to play [Victor Moses](/wiki/Victor_Moses "Victor Moses") through for the third goal in a 3–0 victory over Leicester City.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\-news/2016/10/match\-report.html \|title\=Match report: Chelsea 3 Leicester City 0 \|date\=15 October 2016 \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C.}}
|
[
"### Chelsea",
"After initially joining the [academy system](/wiki/Youth_system \"Youth system\") at [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\"), Chalobah moved to the [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\") academy at the age of 10\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=Sam Wallace \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/chelsea\\-youngster\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-hoping\\-to\\-be\\-part\\-of\\-jose\\-mourinhos\\-own\\-class\\-of\\-92\\-10341930\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/chelsea\\-youngster\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-hoping\\-to\\-be\\-part\\-of\\-jose\\-mourinhos\\-own\\-class\\-of\\-92\\-10341930\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Chelsea youngster Nathaniel Chalobah hoping to be part of Jose Mourinho's own 'Class of 92' \\|newspaper\\=The Independent \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=24 June 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}} During the 2010–11 season, he featured for Chelsea reserves while still a schoolboy, winning the national championship with the team that season.[\"Nathaniel Chalobah\"](http://www.chelseafc.com/chelsea-article/article/900396/title/nathaniel-chalobah) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205051455/http://www.chelseafc.com/chelsea\\-article/article/900396/title/nathaniel\\-chalobah \\|date\\=5 December 2012 }}. Chelsea F.C. Retrieved 18 September 2012\\. In 2011–12, Chalobah regularly captained both Chelsea's reserve and youth teams, and led the 2012 [FA Youth Cup](/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup \"FA Youth Cup\") winning team. He signed a professional contract with Chelsea in January 2012 shortly after turning 17, lasting until summer 2014\\. He was an unused substitute for the Chelsea first\\-team at the age of 15, in their League Cup clash against Newcastle{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league\\_cup/9010051\\.stm \\|title\\=MATCH REPORT: Chelsea 3–4 Newcastle \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2012 \\|date\\=18 September 2012 \\|first\\=Phil \\|last\\=Dawkes}} and travelled with them to the [2012 UEFA Champions League Final](/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final \"2012 UEFA Champions League Final\") at the [Allianz Arena](/wiki/Allianz_Arena \"Allianz Arena\"), which Chelsea won.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2019}} On 30 August 2013, Chalobah signed a new five\\-year contract with Chelsea, stating that he wished to stay at Chelsea for his entire career.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3442516/title/chalobah\\-signs\\-until\\-2018 \\|title\\=Chalobah signs until 2018 \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C. \\|date\\=30 August 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901213110/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3442516/title/chalobah\\-signs\\-until\\-2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 September 2013}}",
"#### Loan to Watford",
"Chalobah signed on loan for [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\") club [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\") on 31 August 2012 until January 2013\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120831\\-chalobah\\-signs\\-345444\\.aspx \\|title\\=Official: Chelsea's Chalobah Signs \\|publisher\\=Watford F.C. \\|access\\-date\\=3 September 2012 \\|date\\=31 August 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227021107/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120831\\-chalobah\\-signs\\-345444\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2013}} He made his first\\-team debut for the club on 18 September 2012 against [Brighton \\& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. \"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.\"), coming on as a 73rd\\-minute substitute for [Fernando Forestieri](/wiki/Fernando_Forestieri \"Fernando Forestieri\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120918\\-brighton\\-report\\-374952\\.aspx \\|title\\=MATCH REPORT: Watford 0–1 Brighton \\|publisher\\=Watford F.C \\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2012 \\|date\\=18 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181642/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/120918\\-brighton\\-report\\-374952\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=14 October 2012}} He later made his first start, lasting the full 90 minutes in Watford's 2–2 draw with [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. \"Bristol City F.C.\") on 23 September.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17661490 \\|title\\=Brighton 2–2 Watford \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=17 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}} On 17 November, Chalobah scored his first goal for Watford in a 2–1 win over [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20278320 \\|title\\=Watford 2–1 Wolves \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=17 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}} He scored his second goal for Watford in a 1–1 draw against [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\"), on 15 December, with a fine volley from the edge of the box.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20650396 \\|title\\=Burnley 1–1 Watford \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=15 December 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}}",
"On 2 January 2013, Chalobah extended his loan at Watford until the end of the 2012–13 season. In April, he scored with a 35\\-yard shot{{cite news \\|last1\\=Jurejko \\|first1\\=Jonathan \\|title\\=Leicester 1\\-2 Watford \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/22211936 \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2020 \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=26 April 2013}} that [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") goalkeeper [Kasper Schmeichel](/wiki/Kasper_Schmeichel \"Kasper Schmeichel\") said he never saw; Watford won 2–1\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Culley \\|first1\\=Jeremy \\|title\\=Leicester City 1 Watford 2 match report: Nathaniel Chalobah thunderbolt keeps Gianfranco Zola's automatic promotion dream alive \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-league/leicester\\-city\\-1\\-watford\\-2\\-match\\-report\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-thunderbolt\\-keeps\\-gianfranco\\-zola\\-s\\-8590762\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-league/leicester\\-city\\-1\\-watford\\-2\\-match\\-report\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-thunderbolt\\-keeps\\-gianfranco\\-zola\\-s\\-8590762\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2020 \\|work\\=The Independent \\|date\\=27 April 2013}}",
"Chalobah played for Watford as they reached the [2013 Championship play\\-off final](/wiki/2013_Football_League_Championship_play-off_final \"2013 Football League Championship play-off final\"), in which they were defeated 1–0 by [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\").",
"#### Loan to Nottingham Forest",
"On 19 September 2013 Chalobah signed a loan deal with [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. \"Nottingham Forest F.C.\") until 15 January 2014\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3464334/title/chalobah\\-loaned\\-to\\-forest \\|title\\=Chalobah loaned to Forest \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C. \\|date\\=20 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921041226/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3464334/title/chalobah\\-loaned\\-to\\-forest \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2013}} Manager [Billy Davies](/wiki/Billy_Davies \"Billy Davies\") remarked upon his arrival, \"He's a tremendous young talent.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/article/chalobah\\-a\\-tremendous\\-talent\\-1066388\\.aspx \\|title\\=Chalobah 'A Tremendous Talent' \\|date\\=20 September 2013 \\|publisher\\=Nottingham Forest F.C. \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2014}} Chalobah made his debut from the start in Forest's trip to [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\") on 21 September 2013\\. On 5 October 2013, Chalobah was sent off after a second booking in the 67th minute after already picking up a yellow in the first half during the away match against [Brighton \\& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. \"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2017}} Though Forest were down to 10 men, they saw out a 3–1 victory. Chalobah scored his first Forest goal in a 3–1 defeat away to [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. \"Yeovil Town F.C.\") on 26 October 2013\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24590303 \\|title\\=Yeovil Town 3–1 Nottingham Forest \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=26 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2017}}",
"#### Loan to Middlesbrough",
"On 16 January 2014, Chalobah joined [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") on loan for the remainder of the [2013–14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Middlesbrough_F.C._season \"2013–14 Middlesbrough F.C. season\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Boro sign Nathaniel \\|url\\=http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/news/latest/0,,1\\~3624050,00\\.html \\|publisher\\=Middlesbrough F.C. \\|date\\=16 January 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117135512/http://www.mfc.co.uk/page/news/latest/0,,1\\~3624050,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=17 January 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On 25 January 2014, Chalobah made his debut against [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\"), coming off the bench in the 77th minute to replace [Emmanuel Ledesma](/wiki/Emmanuel_Ledesma \"Emmanuel Ledesma\"). The match ended in a 2–0 loss for Middlesbrough. Chalobah made his first start on 1 February 2014, in a match against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\") which ended in a 0–0 draw. On 5 April 2014, Chalobah scored his first Boro goal in a 1–0 win at home to Derby County.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/football/middlesbrough/result/result\\-chalobah\\-strike\\-gives\\-boro\\-win\\_148252\\.html \\|title\\=Result: Nathaniel Chalobah strike gives Middlesbrough win \\|date\\=5 April 2014 \\|publisher\\=Sports Mole \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}}",
"#### Loan to Burnley",
"On 1 September 2014, Chalobah joined [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") newcomers [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\") on loan from [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\") until 2 January 2015\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\\-news/2014/08/burnley\\-loan\\-for\\-chalobah.html \\|title\\=Burnley loan for Chalobah \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C. \\|date\\=1 September 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}} On 28 September 2014, Chalobah made his debut as a first\\-half substitute against [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\"), although he could not prevent Burnley from losing 4–0\\. On 30 September, Chalobah suffered an injury after being hit with an elbow in the throat in a Burnley U21s match, which caused a cartilage to fracture.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://theprideoflondon.com/2014/10/24/nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-fully\\-recovered\\-throat\\-injury/ \\|title\\=Nathaniel Chalobah Fully Recovered From Throat Injury \\|date\\=30 September 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://weaintgotnohistory.sbnation.com/2014/9/30/6875537/report\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-burnley\\-injury\\-hospital \\|title\\=Report: Nathaniel Chalobah taken to hospital with apparent throat injury \\|date\\=30 September 2014}} Chalobah returned to the pitch for the first team on 18 October 2014 against [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\"). On 1 November 2014, Chalobah played his last match for Burnley against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\"), which ended in a 3–0 loss.",
"Chalobah was unable to break into the first team at Burnley and returned to Chelsea when the loan ended on 2 January 2015\\. During his time with Burnley, Chalobah only made four substitute appearances.{{cite news \\|title\\=Nathaniel Chalobah: Reading sign Chelsea youngster on loan \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30941780 \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2020 \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=22 January 2015}}",
"#### Loan to Reading",
"On 22 January 2015, Chalobah joined Championship club [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. \"Reading F.C.\") on loan for the remainder of the season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\\-news/2015/01/new\\-loan\\-for\\-chalobah\\-.html \\|title\\=New loan for Chalobah \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C. \\|date\\=22 January 2015}} On 24 January 2015, Chalobah made his debut in a [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") match against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\"), as the team won 2–1 to advance into the fifth round. Three days later, Chalobah made his league debut against [Millwall](/wiki/Millwall_F.C. \"Millwall F.C.\").",
"On 31 January 2015, in his home debut, Chalobah scored the second of a 2–0 victory over [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\"), helping the Royals to their first league win since December.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30962939 \\|title\\=Reading 2–0 Sheffield Wednesday \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=31 January 2015}} During his time with Reading, Chalobah made a total of 20 appearances and started in every appearance.",
"#### Loan to Napoli",
"On 1 September 2015, Italian club [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli \"S.S.C. Napoli\") confirmed that Chalobah had joined the club on a season long loan from Chelsea.{{Cite news \\|title\\=The footballer of Sierra Leone arrives on loan from Chelsea \\|url\\=http://sscnapoli.it/static/news/Il\\-Napoli\\-ufficializza\\-l\\-ingaggio\\-di\\-Chalobah\\-5969\\.aspx \\|publisher\\=Napoli S.S.C. \\|date\\=1 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903004420/http://sscnapoli.it/static/news/Il\\-Napoli\\-ufficializza\\-l\\-ingaggio\\-di\\-Chalobah\\-5969\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=3 September 2015}} On 1 October 2015, Chalobah made his Napoli debut in a [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") tie against [Legia Warsaw](/wiki/Legia_Warsaw \"Legia Warsaw\"). The fixture resulted in a 2–0 victory for the Italian team, with Chalobah featuring for five minutes after replacing [Allan](/wiki/Allan_%28footballer%2C_born_1991%29 \"Allan (footballer, born 1991)\"). On 26 November 2015, Chalobah was given his first Napoli start in a 1–0 victory over [Club Brugge](/wiki/Club_Brugge_KV \"Club Brugge KV\") in the UEFA Europa League group stage tie. On 10 December 2015, Chalobah scored his first Napoli goal in a 5–2 win over Legia Warsaw, scoring Napoli's first. On 6 January 2016, Chalobah finally made his [Serie A](/wiki/Serie_A \"Serie A\") debut in a 2–1 victory against [Torino](/wiki/Torino_F.C. \"Torino F.C.\"), replacing [Marek Hamšík](/wiki/Marek_Ham%C5%A1%C3%ADk \"Marek Hamšík\") in the 89th minute.",
"Chalobah went on to make four more league appearances for Napoli before returning to Chelsea at the end of the campaign.",
"#### 2016–17 season",
"In the summer of 2016, Chelsea rejected loan offers for Chalobah after new manager [Antonio Conte](/wiki/Antonio_Conte \"Antonio Conte\") had been impressed with Chalobah in pre\\-season, deciding that he should remain as part of Chelsea's first\\-team group.{{cite news \\|first\\=Jack \\|last\\=Pitt\\-Brooke \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier\\-league/chelsea\\-transfer\\-news\\-antonio\\-conte\\-turned\\-down\\-leicester\\-loan\\-move\\-for\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-last\\-a7230591\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier\\-league/chelsea\\-transfer\\-news\\-antonio\\-conte\\-turned\\-down\\-leicester\\-loan\\-move\\-for\\-nathaniel\\-chalobah\\-last\\-a7230591\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Chelsea transfer news: Antonio Conte turned down Leicester loan move for Nathaniel Chalobah last month \\|newspaper\\=The Independent \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=7 September 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2016}} Chalobah made his first\\-team debut on 20 September 2016, when he came off the bench to replace [Michy Batshuayi](/wiki/Michy_Batshuayi \"Michy Batshuayi\") in the 79th minute of a 4–2 win over [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") to advance to the Fourth round of the [EFL Cup](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EFL_Cup \"2016–17 EFL Cup\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.us/report?gameId\\=466015 \\|title\\=Cesc Fabregas hits two in extra\\-time as Chelsea advance past Leicester \\|date\\=20 September 2016 \\|work\\=ESPN FC}} On 15 October 2016, on his second league appearance for Chelsea, Chalobah provided a back\\-heel pass to play [Victor Moses](/wiki/Victor_Moses \"Victor Moses\") through for the third goal in a 3–0 victory over Leicester City.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest\\-news/2016/10/match\\-report.html \\|title\\=Match report: Chelsea 3 Leicester City 0 \\|date\\=15 October 2016 \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C.}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Born in [Gnesen](/wiki/Gnesen "Gnesen"), near [Königsberg](/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg "Königsberg"), [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia "East Prussia"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), Gehrmann attended the common schools in Germany. In 1893, Gehrmann immigrated to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") with his parents, who settled in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois "Chicago, Illinois"). He was employed in a packing plant in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois "Chicago, Illinois"), and later learned the printing trade on a German\-language daily newspaper. He attended night school. He moved to Wisconsin and settled on a farm near [Neillsville](/wiki/Neillsville "Neillsville"), in [Clark County](/wiki/Clark_County%2C_Wisconsin "Clark County, Wisconsin") in 1896 and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He moved to a farm near [Mellen, Wisconsin](/wiki/Mellen%2C_Wisconsin "Mellen, Wisconsin"), in [Ashland County](/wiki/Ashland_County%2C_Wisconsin "Ashland County, Wisconsin") in 1915\.
He served as clerk of the school board 1916–1934, town assessor 1916–1921, and chairman of the town board from 1921 to 1932\. Gehrmann conducted farmers' institutes throughout the State for the [University of Wisconsin](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of Wisconsin–Madison") College of Agriculture from 1920 to 1933\. He served in the [Wisconsin State Assembly](/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly "Wisconsin State Assembly") from 1927 to 1933\. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1932\. He served as member of the [Wisconsin State Senate](/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Senate "Wisconsin State Senate") in 1933 and 1934\.
Gehrmann was elected as a [Progressive](/wiki/Wisconsin_Progressive_Party "Wisconsin Progressive Party") to the [Seventy\-fourth](/wiki/74th_Congress "74th Congress") and to the three succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1943\).{{cite news\|title\=Deaths in the News: Bernard J. Gehrmann \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3372285/bernard\_j\_gehrmann\_18801958/\|newspaper\=Ironwood Daily Globe\|date\=July 14, 1958\|page\=2\|via \= \[\[Newspapers.com]]\|accessdate \= October 8, 2015 }} {{Open access}} He represented [Wisconsin's 10th congressional district](/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_10th_congressional_district "Wisconsin's 10th congressional district"). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1942 to the [Seventy\-eighth](/wiki/78th_Congress "78th Congress") Congress. He engaged in work for the United States Department of Agriculture from January 1943 to April 1945\. Gehrmann was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1946, 1948, 1950, and 1952\. He was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1954 for the term ending in January 1957\.
He died of a heart attack in [Mellen, Wisconsin](/wiki/Mellen%2C_Wisconsin "Mellen, Wisconsin"), July 12, 1958\. He was interred in Mellen Union Cemetery.
His son was [Bernard E. Gehrmann](/wiki/Bernard_E._Gehrmann "Bernard E. Gehrmann"), who also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly."[Bernard E. Gehrmann](http://host.madison.com/news/article_de8d73e9-5ce8-533b-bec5-15e7cef52640.html)". *Wisconsin State Journal*, December 19, 2006\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Born in [Gnesen](/wiki/Gnesen \"Gnesen\"), near [Königsberg](/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg \"Königsberg\"), [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia \"East Prussia\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), Gehrmann attended the common schools in Germany. In 1893, Gehrmann immigrated to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") with his parents, who settled in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois \"Chicago, Illinois\"). He was employed in a packing plant in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois \"Chicago, Illinois\"), and later learned the printing trade on a German\\-language daily newspaper. He attended night school. He moved to Wisconsin and settled on a farm near [Neillsville](/wiki/Neillsville \"Neillsville\"), in [Clark County](/wiki/Clark_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Clark County, Wisconsin\") in 1896 and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He moved to a farm near [Mellen, Wisconsin](/wiki/Mellen%2C_Wisconsin \"Mellen, Wisconsin\"), in [Ashland County](/wiki/Ashland_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Ashland County, Wisconsin\") in 1915\\.",
"He served as clerk of the school board 1916–1934, town assessor 1916–1921, and chairman of the town board from 1921 to 1932\\. Gehrmann conducted farmers' institutes throughout the State for the [University of Wisconsin](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison \"University of Wisconsin–Madison\") College of Agriculture from 1920 to 1933\\. He served in the [Wisconsin State Assembly](/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly \"Wisconsin State Assembly\") from 1927 to 1933\\. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1932\\. He served as member of the [Wisconsin State Senate](/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Senate \"Wisconsin State Senate\") in 1933 and 1934\\.",
"Gehrmann was elected as a [Progressive](/wiki/Wisconsin_Progressive_Party \"Wisconsin Progressive Party\") to the [Seventy\\-fourth](/wiki/74th_Congress \"74th Congress\") and to the three succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1943\\).{{cite news\\|title\\=Deaths in the News: Bernard J. Gehrmann \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3372285/bernard\\_j\\_gehrmann\\_18801958/\\|newspaper\\=Ironwood Daily Globe\\|date\\=July 14, 1958\\|page\\=2\\|via \\= \\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|accessdate \\= October 8, 2015 }} {{Open access}} He represented [Wisconsin's 10th congressional district](/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_10th_congressional_district \"Wisconsin's 10th congressional district\"). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1942 to the [Seventy\\-eighth](/wiki/78th_Congress \"78th Congress\") Congress. He engaged in work for the United States Department of Agriculture from January 1943 to April 1945\\. Gehrmann was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1946, 1948, 1950, and 1952\\. He was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1954 for the term ending in January 1957\\.",
"He died of a heart attack in [Mellen, Wisconsin](/wiki/Mellen%2C_Wisconsin \"Mellen, Wisconsin\"), July 12, 1958\\. He was interred in Mellen Union Cemetery.",
"His son was [Bernard E. Gehrmann](/wiki/Bernard_E._Gehrmann \"Bernard E. Gehrmann\"), who also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly.\"[Bernard E. Gehrmann](http://host.madison.com/news/article_de8d73e9-5ce8-533b-bec5-15e7cef52640.html)\". *Wisconsin State Journal*, December 19, 2006\\.",
""
] |
Regimental history
------------------
### Early history
The 52nd began as a standard infantry line regiment in 1755, when Colonel Hedworth Lambton received papers to raise a new regiment, to be numbered as the [54th Foot](/wiki/54th_Foot "54th Foot"). It was renumbered as the "52nd Regiment of Foot" in 1757,Wickes, p. 77 and was stationed in England and Ireland.Wilkinson\-Latham \& Roffe, p. 4 (At the same time, the previous 52nd Foot was renamed the [50th Foot](/wiki/50th_%28Queen%27s_Own%29_Regiment_of_Foot "50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot").) In 1765, the Regiment was posted to Canada.[Light Infantry.org 52nd Foot Timeline](http://www.lightinfantry.org.uk/regiments/obli/ox_52ndfoottl.htm) The regiment, under the command of [Colonel John Clavering](/wiki/John_Clavering_%28British_Army_officer%29 "John Clavering (British Army officer)"), departed [Cork, Ireland](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 "Cork (city)") aboard the transport *Pitt*, for [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec"). En route the ship ran aground in dense fog in the [Gulf of St. Lawrence](/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence "Gulf of St. Lawrence"), near the coast of [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"); the wreck remained intact enough for all on board, including the soldiers' wives, to disembark safely, transferring their effects and regimental provisions to shore.Smith, p. 5 [General Murray](/wiki/James_Murray_%28Quebec_governor%29 "James Murray (Quebec governor)"), Governor of Quebec, sent a schooner to retrieve the personnel and belongings, and carry them to Quebec.Smith, p. 6
[thumb\|[Bunker Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill "Battle of Bunker Hill"), 1775, by [Howard Pyle](/wiki/Howard_Pyle "Howard Pyle"), showing a battalion with buff facings, as worn by the 52nd and [22nd Foot](/wiki/22nd_Foot "22nd Foot")](/wiki/Image:Bunker_Hill_by_Pyle.jpg "Bunker Hill by Pyle.jpg")
### American War of Independence
Twenty years after its founding, the regiment saw active service in the [American War of Independence](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War"), from 1774 to 1778\. The 52nd was shipped to America from Canada, arriving in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"), and fought in the battles of [Lexington](/wiki/Battle_of_Lexington "Battle of Lexington") and [Bunker Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill "Battle of Bunker Hill") in 1775\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www2\.army.mod.uk/royalgreenjackets/reg\_heritage/former\_regiments/ox\_bucks.html \|title\=British Army: History of the 43rd \& 52nd \|access\-date\=2008\-05\-25 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309163957/http://www.army.mod.uk/royalgreenjackets/reg\_heritage/former\_regiments/ox\_bucks.html \|archive\-date\=2008\-03\-09 \|url\-status\=dead }} Major\-General [William Howe](/wiki/William_Howe%2C_5th_Viscount_Howe "William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe") led the main assault at Bunker Hill with Brigadier [Robert Pigot](/wiki/Sir_Robert_Pigot%2C_2nd_Baronet "Sir Robert Pigot, 2nd Baronet") leading the 52nd and 43rd Foot in support.Hibbert (1990\), p. 53 This was the first occasion that the 52nd fought alongside the 43rd.Wilkinson\-Latham \& Roffe, p.3 They suffered heavy casualties at Bunker Hill, and in their grenadier company, only 8 men were left unwounded. In August, 1778, the men were drafted into other regiments and the officers returned to England.[British Orderly Books, RevWar75\.com](http://www.revwar75.com/crown/foot3.htm#52){{Dead link\|date\=August 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The regiment obtained new recruits and in 1782 the introduction of county titles for regiments resulted in the 52nd adding "Oxfordshire" to their name.
### Indian Wars
In 1783, the 52nd arrived in [Madras](/wiki/Madras "Madras"), for nine years of war spanning the [Second](/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War "Second Anglo-Mysore War") and [Third Anglo\-Mysore Wars](/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War "Third Anglo-Mysore War"). The Second War had begun in 1778, when the British responded to news of war against France by moving against French\-held bases in India. [Hyder Ali](/wiki/Hyder_Ali "Hyder Ali"), then ruler of [Mysore](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore "Kingdom of Mysore"), sided with the French and marched against the British.Haythorthwaite (1995\), p. 69 Hyder died in 1782, and was succeeded by his son, [Tipu Sultan](/wiki/Tipu_Sultan "Tipu Sultan"), who continued the war through some minor campaigns until a peace treaty was signed in 1784\.Haythornthwaite (1995\), p. 70 Shortly afterwards, a detachment from the 52nd took part in the 1785 siege of [Cannanore](/wiki/Kannur "Kannur"). The 52nd stormed the breach at Cannanore, under command of [Sir Martin Hunter](/wiki/Martin_Hunter_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Martin Hunter (British Army officer)").
In 1786, [Lord Cornwallis](/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis "Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis") [was appointed Governor\-general](/wiki/Cornwallis_in_India "Cornwallis in India"), and the war against Tipu Sultan was resumed after Tipu attacked British allies in 1789\. (This was known as the Third Mysore war). Initially, military actions were fairly minor. In 1790, the 52nd were involved at [Pollighautcherry](/wiki/Palakkad_Fort "Palakkad Fort") and in a battle near [Seringapatam](/wiki/Seringapatam "Seringapatam").Philippart, p. 234 In 1791, the regiment fought at [Bangalore](/wiki/Siege_of_Bangalore "Siege of Bangalore") in March, and [Arakere](/wiki/Battle_of_Arakere "Battle of Arakere") (near Seringapatam) in May.Baker, pp. 256–7 In December that year, the flank companies from the 52nd and [76th Foot](/wiki/76th_Foot "76th Foot"), with [sepoy](/wiki/Sepoy "Sepoy") [grenadiers](/wiki/Grenadier "Grenadier"), formed the storming party during the [assault on Savandroog](/wiki/Siege_of_Savendroog "Siege of Savendroog"); the defenders abandoned the fortress, and it was successfully taken at the cost of just one British soldier wounded. Throughout the assault, the band of the 52nd played to spur on the attackers.Haythornthwaite (1995\), p. 71 The 52nd were also present at the February 1792 [siege of Seringapatam](/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_%281792%29 "Siege of Seringapatam (1792)"), where the battalion's grenadier company received heavy casualties while crossing the [Kaveri River](/wiki/Kaveri_River "Kaveri River").[*The Gentleman's Magazine* Vol XLV, p. 425](https://books.google.com/books?id=mYPsJfsh-A4C&dq=Seringapatam+%2252nd+Foot%22&pg=PA425) During that battle, the 52nd came to the aid of Lord Cornwallis, whose companies were exposed and in danger of capture. Tipu Sultan sued for peace during the siege, and [a treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam "Treaty of Seringapatam") was signed in 1792, ending the war. However, in August 1793 the regiment took part in an assault on [Pondicherry](/wiki/Pondicherry "Pondicherry").
### French Revolutionary Wars
{{see also\|French Revolutionary Wars}}
In 1793 war broke out with Revolutionary France. Following the French occupation of the Netherlands in January 1795 and the creation of the [Batavian Republic](/wiki/Batavian_Republic "Batavian Republic"), an assault was planned on the [Dutch colony at Ceylon](/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon "Dutch Ceylon"). A force commanded by Colonel James Stuart, of the [72nd Foot](/wiki/72nd_Foot "72nd Foot"), and including the 52nd, left India for Ceylon, laying siege to [Trincomalee](/wiki/Trincomalee "Trincomalee"); by February 1796 the island was in British hands.Haythornthwaite (1995\), p. 151 The 52nd returned to Britain in 1798 where, bolstered by new recruits, a second battalion was created. In 1800 the 1/52nd took part in the [Quiberon Bay](/wiki/Quiberon_Bay "Quiberon Bay"), [Vigo](/wiki/Vigo "Vigo"), [Cádiz](/wiki/C%C3%A1diz "Cádiz") and [Ferrol](/wiki/Ferrol_Expedition "Ferrol Expedition") expeditions and, after short stations in [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") and [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon "Lisbon"), returned to England in 1801\. In January 1803, the regiment's 2nd battalion was transferred into the [96th Foot](/wiki/96th_Regiment_of_Foot_%281803%29 "96th Regiment of Foot (1803)"); prior to the transfer, the fittest men and officers were seconded by the 1st battalion, which was converted into "a corps of light infantry", and began training under Major\-General [John Moore](/wiki/John_Moore_%28British_Army_officer%29 "John Moore (British Army officer)") (who was also Colonel of the 52nd) at [Shorncliffe Camp](/wiki/Shorncliffe_Army_Camp "Shorncliffe Army Camp"). They formed a [brigade](/wiki/Brigade "Brigade") with the 95th Rifles, and three line regiments. Much of the training was undertaken by Lieutenant\-Colonel [Kenneth MacKenzie](/wiki/Sir_Kenneth_Mackenzie_Douglas%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Kenneth Mackenzie Douglas, 1st Baronet"), who devised many of the tactics of light infantry training.Chappell, p. 12 A new second battalion was raised in 1804\.
### Napoleonic Wars
[thumb\|Officer and private of 52nd by C H Hamilton \& J C Stadler, 19th century](/wiki/File:52nd_Regiment_of_Foot_by_J.C._Stadler.jpg "52nd Regiment of Foot by J.C. Stadler.jpg")
{{see also\|Peninsular War}}
Both battalions of the 52nd experienced active service throughout the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars"), their paths occasionally overlapping. In 1806–7 the 1st battalion was stationed in [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily "Sicily"), where they helped train local soldiers; later, they accompanied Moore to Sweden. In August 1806, the 2nd battalion accompanied the expedition to [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen"), taking part in the 1807 [assault against Copenhagen](/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_%281807%29 "Battle of Copenhagen (1807)"), which was led by [General Wellesley](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington").Chappell, p. 17 The 2/52nd landed in [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") in August 1808 and, with the 2/43rd, were positioned in the village of [Vimeiro](/wiki/Vimeiro "Vimeiro") to provide cover for the army landings at the nearby Maceira Bay. Three companies of the 2/52nd were [posted with the advance guard](/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro_order_of_battle "Battle of Vimeiro order of battle"), and were the first to encounter the enemy during the [Battle of Vimeiro](/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro "Battle of Vimeiro"). Following the battle the British commander Wellesley was superseded in turn by two superiors, [Sir Harry Burrard](/wiki/Sir_Harry_Burrard%2C_1st_Baronet%2C_of_Lymington "Sir Harry Burrard, 1st Baronet, of Lymington") and [Sir Hew Dalrymple](/wiki/Sir_Hew_Whiteford_Dalrymple%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Hew Whiteford Dalrymple, 1st Baronet") respectively, who signed the [Convention of Sintra](/wiki/Convention_of_Sintra "Convention of Sintra"). The three commanders were recalled to England to explain their actions, and the command of the British troops devolved on [Sir John Moore](/wiki/John_Moore_%28British_Army_officer%29 "John Moore (British Army officer)"), the 52nd's colonel.Chappell, p. 18
In October, Sir John Moore led the army into Spain, reaching as far as [Salamanca](/wiki/Salamanca "Salamanca"). In December, they were reinforced by 10,000 troops from England, including the '1st Flank Brigade', which consisted of 1/52nd, 1/43rd and 1/95th and led by [Robert Craufurd](/wiki/Robert_Craufurd "Robert Craufurd"). Moore's army now totalled 25,000, but his advance was cut short by the news that [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon "Napoleon") had defeated the Spanish, held [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"), and was approaching with an army of 200,000\. Moore turned his men, and retreated to [Corunna](/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a "A Coruña"), over mountain roads and through bitter winter weather. French cavalry pursued the British Army the length of the journey, and a Reserve Division was set up to provide rearguard protection for the British troops. The core of this Reserve, commanded by [Edward Paget](/wiki/Edward_Paget "Edward Paget"), consisted of the 1/52nd and 1/95th battalions,Haythornthwaite (2001\), p. 21 who displayed none of the ill\-discipline which plagued other regiments during the retreat, but "made a stand at every defile and riverline, buying time for the rest of the army to get away."Glover, p. 81 Following the secondment of the 1/52nd and 1/95th to the Reserve, Craufurd's 1st Flank Brigade was reformed, and comprised the 1/43rd, 2/52nd and 2/95th. The 1st Flank Brigade deployed with the Reserve for a time, protecting the crossing of the river Esla near [Benavente](/wiki/Benavente%2C_Portugal "Benavente, Portugal"), before it separated from the Reserve and the main army and marched to [Vigo](/wiki/Vigo "Vigo"), with over 4,000 other troops, for eventual transportation to England.Glover, p. 82Leach, p. 63 The 1/52nd remained with the main army, which was caught by the French at Corunna. During the ensuing [battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna "Battle of Corunna"), in January 1809, Moore was killed; the army, including the 1/52nd, were evacuated to England.
[thumb\|300px\|left\|British battles of the Peninsular War](/wiki/Image:Peninsular_War_battles.PNG "Peninsular War battles.PNG")
### Wellesley's Peninsular Campaign
The 1/52nd, along with 1/43rd and 1/95th, returned to the Peninsula in June 1809, where they were designated the "Light Brigade", under the command of General Craufurd.Chappell, p. 19 Alighting in Lisbon and hearing of the army's engagement with the French, they undertook a forced march to [Talavera](/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera "Battle of Talavera"), arriving mere hours after the battle. The march was an extraordinary achievement, covering 42 miles in 26 hours, at a time when an infantry march of 15 miles a day was standard.Glover, p. 27 Henceforth, the 1/52nd generally remained in advance of the army, as a forward party, a role which was to be theirs throughout much of the war. In February 1810, Portuguese Cazadores were added to Craufurd's brigade, creating the [Light Division](/wiki/Light_Division "Light Division"), the 1/52nd forming a brigade with 1st Cazadores and four companies from the 95th, under Lt\-Col Barclay. While holding a forward outpost, the Light Division was involved in the [Battle of the Côa](/wiki/Battle_of_the_C%C3%B4a "Battle of the Côa"), in July 1810, and took part in the [Battle of Bussaco](/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco "Battle of Bussaco"), where the Light Division held the left against the main French charge, which they successfully repulsed, inflicting high casualties; 1200 Frenchmen were killed, wounded or captured, while the Light Division suffered only 120 casualties.Chappell, p. 20 When Wellington's army retreated back to the [Lines of Torres Vedras](/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras "Lines of Torres Vedras"), late 1810, the Light Division acted as rearguard.Chappell, p. 21 The French were unable to breach the Torres Vedras defences, but engaged the British army in a number of small skirmishes, such as those fought by the Light Division, under the temporary command of [Sir William Erskine](/wiki/Sir_William_Erskine%2C_2nd_Baronet "Sir William Erskine, 2nd Baronet"), at [Casal Novo](/wiki/Casal_Novo "Casal Novo") – where they unwittingly came upon 11 French divisions in the fog[History of War: Combat of Casal Novo](http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/combat_casal_novo.html) – and [Sabugal](/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal "Battle of Sabugal") (April 1811\), an engagement of which [Wellington](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington") later wrote: "I consider that the action that was fought by the Light Division \[...] with the whole of the \[French] 2nd Corps, to be the most glorious that British troops were ever engaged in."
After returning to England in 1809, the 52nd's 2nd battalion had joined the unsuccessful [Walcheren Campaign](/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign "Walcheren Campaign") in the Netherlands.Fosten, p. 6 Walcheren was surrounded by marshes, and many of the officers and men came down with "Walcheren Fever" ([malaria](/wiki/Malaria "Malaria")), which was to recur for years afterwards, and deplete the strength of the battalion.Chappell, p. 35 They eventually returned to the Peninsula in 1811 and were brigaded with their first battalion, who were manning outposts near [Almeida](/wiki/Almeida%2C_Portugal "Almeida, Portugal").Chappell, p. 21 In early May, battle was engaged at [Fuentes de Oñoro](/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro "Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro"); initially set in the reserve, the Light Division came to the aid of the struggling British 7th Division, and provided a fighting retreat, as Wellington retired his army.Chappell, p. 22 For the rest of the year, both battalions of the 52nd, with the Light Division, manned outposts, which were constantly moved to mark the changing French positions.
January 1812 saw the [siege of Ciudad Rodrigo](/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_%281812%29 "Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)"). Companies from the Light Division, under the 52nd's [Colonel Colborne](/wiki/John_Colborne%2C_1st_Baron_Seaton "John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton"), captured the Francisco redoubt on 9 January, and thereafter built trenches for the main assault, under enemy fire. Once the army's artillery had breached the walls, a 4\-column assault was planned for 19 January, the Light Division forming the column which assaulted the breach near the Convent of San Francisco. Lt [John Gurwood](/wiki/John_Gurwood "John Gurwood") of the 52nd led the [Forlorn Hope](/wiki/Forlorn_Hope "Forlorn Hope"),Glover, p. 181 followed by 300 "stormers" under the command of the 52nd's [Major George Napier](/wiki/George_Thomas_Napier "George Thomas Napier").Glover, p. 180 The breach was carried and the fortress was taken within half an hour, at high cost. Amongst the 1300 British and Portuguese casualties was Craufurd, who died several days later.Chappell, p. 23 The army turned its attention to [Badajoz](/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_%281812%29 "Siege of Badajoz (1812)"), another strong fortress, which the British had failed to carry on an earlier occasion. The Light Division dug trenches near Fort Picurina, which was stormed, and established batteries. On 6 April, the breaches were deemed practicable, and the Light Division were ordered to storm the breach at Santa Maria. As the Light Division's Forlorn Hope reached the ditch, the French exploded a mine. Various other barricades and gunpowder defences were in place, and the toll at the breaches was heavy. Wellington ordered a withdrawal. Elsewhere, the fortress walls were achieved by [escalade](/wiki/Escalade "Escalade"), encouraging an attack on the breaches again. The fortress was taken, at great cost (over 5000 British casualties), and for three days the army sacked and pillaged the town in undisciplined revenge.Chappell, p. 24 The 52nd and the 43rd together lost 39 officers and 700 men, resulting in a reduction of the 2/52nd, who saw no more action in the Peninsula.
Soon after the assault on Badajoz, Wellington marched his men to confront the French near Salamanca. For a month the armies marched and counter\-marched against each other, seeking advantage, and on 22 July Wellington attacked in the [Battle of Salamanca](/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca "Battle of Salamanca"), achieving a comprehensive victory. The Light Division were in the reserve during the battle, and afterwards pursued and harried the retreating French.Chappell, p. 33 August saw the army in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"), where the 1/52nd remained while Wellington led a force on to [Burgos](/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos "Siege of Burgos"), which he attempted to take. The siege was unsuccessful, and it was lifted by Wellington in October; the 1/52nd, with the Light Division, covered the army's retreat back into Portugal. This "Winter Retreat" bore similarities with the earlier retreat to Corunna, as it suffered from poor supplies, bitter weather and rearguard action, including one skirmish near the River Huebra, where the 43rd and 1/52nd lost 95 men. [Ciudad Rodrigo](/wiki/Ciudad_Rodrigo "Ciudad Rodrigo") was reached on 19 November, where the 1/52nd were billeted and resupplied with both men and clothing. Diversions were set up, including the "Light Division Theatre", in which the 52nd were described as "highly gentlemanly men, of steady aspect; they mixed little with other corps, but attended the theatricals of the 43rd with circumspect good humour, and now and then relaxed."
In spring, 1813, the army returned to the offensive, leaving Portugal and marching northwards through Spain to [Vitoria](/wiki/Vitoria%2C_Spain "Vitoria, Spain") where the French stood in preparation for battle, which [took place](/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria "Battle of Vitoria") on 21 June. The Light Division held the centre of the Allied line, and took the bridges of Villodas and Tres Puentes.Chappell, p. 34 The battle proved an overwhelming victory for the British, and the following day the 1/52nd, with the Light Division, were sent in pursuit of the retreating French, skirmishing with the enemy rearguard. In August, volunteers from the 1/52nd were involved in the storming of [San Sebastián](/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n "Siege of San Sebastián"). The 1/52nd crossed into France on 7 October, when they stormed redoubts above Vera. The 1/52nd also fought in the battles at [Nivelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle "Battle of Nivelle") (November 1813\), [Nive](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nive "Battle of the Nive") (December 1813\) and [Orthes](/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez "Battle of Orthez") (February 1814\). During the battle of Orthes, the 52nd led an assault up the ridge under heavy fire, an advance which was later described by [Sir Harry Smith](/wiki/Sir_Harry_Smith%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet") as the most majestic he had ever seen.Bryant, p. 85
### The Hundred Days and end for Napoleon
Napoleon abdicated on 6 April 1814, but the news arrived in Wellington's camp too late to prevent the [Battle of Toulouse](/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_%281814%29 "Battle of Toulouse (1814)"), on 10 April, during which battle the 1/52nd's Lieutenant Whichcote was first into the city.
Over this later period, the 2/52nd, who had left the Peninsula, were bolstered with new recruits and were sent to Holland in 1813–14, as part of [Sir Thomas Graham](/wiki/Thomas_Graham%2C_1st_Baron_Lynedoch "Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch")'s force which made an unsuccessful attack on [Bergen op Zoom](/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom "Bergen op Zoom") in March 1814\.Fosten, p. 7 Afterwards they spent some time in Belgium before returning home to England.
Once peace agreements had finally been settled – the French Governor of [Bayonne](/wiki/Bayonne "Bayonne") being the last, on 26 April – the army left the Peninsula; the infantry marched to Bordeaux for transportation to their new postings.Bryant, p. 98 The 1/52nd were returned to England and, on 6 June 1814, stood on the quayside at Dover with their Light Division comrades from the 43rd and 95th as part of the official welcome for the [Allied sovereigns' visit to England](/wiki/Allied_sovereigns%27_visit_to_England "Allied sovereigns' visit to England").Bryant, p. 101
They were later billeted in [Hythe](/wiki/Hythe%2C_Kent "Hythe, Kent") and [Chatham](/wiki/Chatham%2C_Medway "Chatham, Medway"), where they were joined by the 2/52nd, returned from Belgium, who transferred their effectives to the 1st battalion.
### Waterloo campaign
{{main article\|Hundred Days}}
{{Quote box
\| quote \= "The author claims for Lord Seaton and the 52nd the honour of having defeated, single\-handed, without the assistance of the 1st British Guards or any other troops, that portion of the Imperial Guard of France, about 10,000 in number, which advanced to make the last attack on the British position."
\| source \= – Ensign \[\[William Leeke]]
''The History of Lord Seaton's Regiment'' Leeke (Vol II), p. iii
\| width \= 30%
\| align \= right
}}
In January, 1815, the 1/52nd departed [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth "Portsmouth") for [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 "Cork (city)"), where they were due to embark for America, where fighting in the [War of 1812](/wiki/War_of_1812 "War of 1812") continued. Gales prevented sailing, and by the time conditions had improved, news had arrived of Napoleon's escape from [Elba](/wiki/Elba "Elba"). The 1/52nd were sent to [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), at the start of the [Hundred Days](/wiki/Hundred_Days "Hundred Days").Wilkinson\-Latham \& Roffe, p. 12 Napoleon marched swiftly through France to meet the Allies, who had formed two armies, with the Duke of Wellington commanding the Anglo\-Allies, and [Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher](/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher") commanding the [Prussians](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia").Cornwell, p. 93–94
The 52nd were assigned to [Lt\-Gen Hill's](/wiki/Rowland_Hill%2C_1st_Viscount_Hill "Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill") [II Corps](/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign%23II_Corps_2 "Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#II Corps 2"), as part of the 2nd Division's 3rd Brigade, under [General Adam](/wiki/Frederick_Adam "Frederick Adam").Nofi, p. 306 As a response to Napoleon's movements, on 15 June, II Corps were posted west and southwest of [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"), with a cavalry screen.Nofi, p. 63 Wellington's forward army engaged the French at [Quatre Bras](/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras "Battle of Quatre Bras") on 16 June, but he later fell back to remain in contact with his Prussian allies, who had retreated following the [Battle of Ligny](/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny "Battle of Ligny"), and took position near the village of Waterloo.
The field at [Waterloo](/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo "Battle of Waterloo") was 5\.5 km wide, with two parallel ridges running west to east, creating a shallow valley 1\.4 km across. The Allies took position on the northern ridge.Nofi, p. 179 As the army prepared for battle on 18 June, the 2nd Division were initially held in reserve, placed in the centre left, behind [Major\-General Cooke's](/wiki/George_Cooke_%28soldier%29 "George Cooke (soldier)") 1st Division.Nofi, p. 182 Following the French cavalry's battering of the British [squares](/wiki/Infantry_square "Infantry square") over the afternoon, Adam's brigade was brought up to reinforce the right.Nofi, p. 228Fletcher, p. 191 In this position the 52nd endured a heavy bombardment, of which [Ensign Leeke](/wiki/William_Leeke "William Leeke") of the 52nd reported afterwards "the old officers, who had served during the whole of the Peninsular War, stated that they were never exposed to such a cannonade as the 52nd squares had to undergo on this occasion for 2½ hours from French artillery ½ mile to the front".quoted in Fletcher, p. 191 While the 52nd's squares stood waiting, British artillery fired over their heads.
{{Quote box
\| quote \= \[After the advance towards the end of the battle] Leeke, who carried the King's colour, found a foot and a half of the pole wet with blood; Holman, ..., had three musket balls through his sword blade, and wore it for many years
\| source \= – D. H. Parry.Parry p. 70
\| width \= 30%
\| align \= right
}}
Activity was happening elsewhere on the field, however, and as the battle drew to a close, Napoleon's [Middle Guard](/wiki/Imperial_Guard_%28Napoleon_I%29 "Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)") launched an assault on the British line, to the 52nd's left, and were met by a number of regiments including the [1st Foot Guards](/wiki/Grenadier_Guards "Grenadier Guards"), who repulsed the *3rd Chasseurs*, but had to themselves retreat when the *4th Chasseurs* moved forward to threaten their left. The 52nd, under Sir John Colborne, wheeled to the left, deploying parallel to the French column, and fired volleys against their left flank.Nofi, pp. 248–9 William Hay, a Light Dragoon watching from the right, later recalled that "so well\-directed a fire was poured in, that down the bank the Frenchmen fell and, I may say, the battle of Waterloo was gained."quoted in Fletcher, p. 254 Seeing the 52nd begin an advance, Wellington reputedly ordered "Go on, Colborne, they won't stand!"; the battalion then advanced diagonally across the field.Fletcher, p. 254 When this was later followed by a bayonet charge by all of General Adam's [3rd Brigade](/wiki/Order_of_Battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign%23II_Corps "Order of Battle of the Waterloo campaign#II Corps"), the Guard broke, forced into full retreat.Roberts, p. 107 Having pursued the French down the escarpment of [Mont St Jean](/wiki/Mont-Saint-Jean%2C_Belgium "Mont-Saint-Jean, Belgium"), the 52nd crossed the valley floor (that at the start of the battle had separated the armies) and on the other side attacked a square of Old Guard (part of the personal body guard of Napoleon,) that had formed up to the British right of the inn *[La Belle Alliance](/wiki/La_Belle_Alliance "La Belle Alliance")* and forced it to retreat.
The 1/52nd were the largest battalion at Waterloo,Nofi, p. 248 and one of the few British battalions operating at full strength.Bryant, p. 249 Of the 1,130 men and officers present, 168 were wounded and 38 killed.Moorsom, p. 267
[thumb\|Kashmir Gate, [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi "Delhi"), showing damage sustained during the [1857 assault](/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi "Siege of Delhi"). Photo taken in the 1860s](/wiki/File:1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg "1857 cashmeri gate delhi.jpg")
### Later history
The 1st battalion were sent to Paris after Waterloo, and remained stationed in France until 1818\. In 1816, the 2nd battalion were disbanded, in line with the other reductions in the army which occurred following the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars.Haythornthwaite (1995\), p. 18
Returning to England in 1818, the 52nd were stationed in the [Midlands](/wiki/Midlands "Midlands"), where they were responsible for domestic peacekeeping and policing under the command of Lt. Col. [Charles Rowan](/wiki/Charles_Rowan "Charles Rowan"), experience which fitted Rowan for his 1829 posting to establish a military\-style [metropolitan police service](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service "Metropolitan Police Service") under Sir [Robert Peel](/wiki/Robert_Peel "Robert Peel").F. E. C. Gregory, [‘Rowan, Sir Charles (1782?–1852\)’](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24192), *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008 , accessed 29 July 2009
In 1821, the regiment were posted to [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin").
Over the following years the 52nd received a number of overseas postings. Between 1823 and 1831, the regiment was stationed at, in turn, [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick "New Brunswick"), [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"), [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29 "Newfoundland (island)"), and [Prince Edward Island](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island "Prince Edward Island").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/en/page\_538\.asp \|title\=Government of Canada: Canadian Military Heritage, Vol 2, appendix D \|access\-date\=2008\-06\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605192832/http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/en/page\_538\.asp \|archive\-date\=2008\-06\-05 \|url\-status\=dead }} In early 1842, the 52nd performed garrison duty in [Barbados](/wiki/Barbados "Barbados"),Haythornthwaite (1995\) pp. 17–18 where British units frequently supplemented the local forces.Haythornthwaite (1995\), p. 275 In 1842, the regiment returned to Canada, and were posted to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec"); they left Canada in 1845\.
[thumb\|Captain [Charles Francis Norton](/wiki/Charles_Francis_Norton "Charles Francis Norton"), d. 1835, [Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)](/wiki/Old_Burying_Ground_%28Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%29 "Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)")](/wiki/File:Charles_Francis_Norton%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg "Charles Francis Norton, Old Burying Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg")
The 52nd later returned to India, arriving in [Allahabad](/wiki/Allahabad "Allahabad") in 1853\.Holmes, p. 132 The regiment found the heat and dust of India gruelling, and Major [John Arthur Bayley](/wiki/John_Arthur_Bayley "John Arthur Bayley") of the 52nd, who published an account of the regiment's operations in India{{cite book\|last1\=Bayley\|first1\=John Arthur\|title\=Reminiscences of School and Army Life, 1839 to 1859\|date\=April 1875\|publisher\=Self Published\|location\=London\|pages\=51–62}} and described the great clouds of dust which rose over their columns in the march from Allahabad to [Umballa](/wiki/Umballa "Umballa") in 1853–4; "it was worse in the rear than in the front; so, in order that everyone should have a fair chance, the order of march was changed daily."Holmes, p. 129 They were in India during the [Indian Rebellion of 1857](/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857 "Indian Rebellion of 1857"), where they took part in the [Siege of Delhi](/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi "Siege of Delhi"). Once breaches had been made by the artillery by a bombardment of the walls, an attempt was made on the city on 14 September. The Kashmir Gate was blown by a party of engineers, accompanied by [Bugler Robert Hawthorne](/wiki/Robert_Hawthorne "Robert Hawthorne") of the 52nd, who won the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross "Victoria Cross") for his bravery.Haythornthwaite (1995\), p. 102 The 52nd led the assault on the blown gate; amidst the action, [Lance Corporal Henry Smith](/wiki/Henry_Smith_%28VC%29 "Henry Smith (VC)") also won the Victoria Cross. After six days of heavy fighting, the city was won.Haythornthwaite (1995\), p. 103
The 52nd remained in India until 1865, when they returned to England. Over the next sixteen years they received postings in Ireland, England, Malta and Gibraltar. As part of the [Cardwell Reforms](/wiki/Cardwell_Reforms "Cardwell Reforms") of the 1870s, where single\-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 52nd was linked with the [85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)](/wiki/85th_Regiment_of_Foot_%28Bucks_Volunteers%29 "85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)"), and assigned to district no. 42 at [Cowley Barracks](/wiki/Cowley_Barracks "Cowley Barracks") in [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford "Oxford").{{cite web \|url\= http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873\.htm \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873\.htm\|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=10 February 2006 \|title\=Training Depots \|publisher\=Regiments.org \|access\-date\=16 October 2016}} In 1881, due to the [Childers Reforms](/wiki/Childers_Reforms "Childers Reforms"), the 52nd was merged with the [43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot](/wiki/43rd_%28Monmouthshire%29_Regiment_of_Foot "43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot"), a regiment they had fought alongside as part of the Light Division during many campaigns. The newly combined unit was named the "Oxfordshire Light Infantry" – the 52nd becoming the 2nd Battalion – and in 1908 the [Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry](/wiki/Oxfordshire_and_Buckinghamshire_Light_Infantry "Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry"). In 1958, the *Ox \& Bucks* became the [1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)](/wiki/1st_Green_Jackets_%2843rd_and_52nd%29 "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)"), and in 1966 was merged into the [Royal Green Jackets](/wiki/Royal_Green_Jackets "Royal Green Jackets").Wickes, p. 64 In 2007, the Royal Green Jackets became part of [The Rifles](/wiki/The_Rifles "The Rifles").{{cite web \|url\= http://www.lightinfantry.me.uk/therifles.htm \|title\= History of the Light Infantry \|access\-date\= 26 April 2014 \|archive\-date\= 11 November 2020 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201111054936/http://www.lightinfantry.me.uk/therifles.htm \|url\-status\= dead }}
|
[
"Regimental history\n------------------",
"### Early history",
"The 52nd began as a standard infantry line regiment in 1755, when Colonel Hedworth Lambton received papers to raise a new regiment, to be numbered as the [54th Foot](/wiki/54th_Foot \"54th Foot\"). It was renumbered as the \"52nd Regiment of Foot\" in 1757,Wickes, p. 77 and was stationed in England and Ireland.Wilkinson\\-Latham \\& Roffe, p. 4 (At the same time, the previous 52nd Foot was renamed the [50th Foot](/wiki/50th_%28Queen%27s_Own%29_Regiment_of_Foot \"50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot\").) In 1765, the Regiment was posted to Canada.[Light Infantry.org 52nd Foot Timeline](http://www.lightinfantry.org.uk/regiments/obli/ox_52ndfoottl.htm) The regiment, under the command of [Colonel John Clavering](/wiki/John_Clavering_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"John Clavering (British Army officer)\"), departed [Cork, Ireland](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") aboard the transport *Pitt*, for [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"). En route the ship ran aground in dense fog in the [Gulf of St. Lawrence](/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence \"Gulf of St. Lawrence\"), near the coast of [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"); the wreck remained intact enough for all on board, including the soldiers' wives, to disembark safely, transferring their effects and regimental provisions to shore.Smith, p. 5 [General Murray](/wiki/James_Murray_%28Quebec_governor%29 \"James Murray (Quebec governor)\"), Governor of Quebec, sent a schooner to retrieve the personnel and belongings, and carry them to Quebec.Smith, p. 6",
"[thumb\\|[Bunker Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill \"Battle of Bunker Hill\"), 1775, by [Howard Pyle](/wiki/Howard_Pyle \"Howard Pyle\"), showing a battalion with buff facings, as worn by the 52nd and [22nd Foot](/wiki/22nd_Foot \"22nd Foot\")](/wiki/Image:Bunker_Hill_by_Pyle.jpg \"Bunker Hill by Pyle.jpg\")",
"### American War of Independence",
"Twenty years after its founding, the regiment saw active service in the [American War of Independence](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"), from 1774 to 1778\\. The 52nd was shipped to America from Canada, arriving in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"), and fought in the battles of [Lexington](/wiki/Battle_of_Lexington \"Battle of Lexington\") and [Bunker Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill \"Battle of Bunker Hill\") in 1775\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www2\\.army.mod.uk/royalgreenjackets/reg\\_heritage/former\\_regiments/ox\\_bucks.html \\|title\\=British Army: History of the 43rd \\& 52nd \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-25 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309163957/http://www.army.mod.uk/royalgreenjackets/reg\\_heritage/former\\_regiments/ox\\_bucks.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-03\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Major\\-General [William Howe](/wiki/William_Howe%2C_5th_Viscount_Howe \"William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe\") led the main assault at Bunker Hill with Brigadier [Robert Pigot](/wiki/Sir_Robert_Pigot%2C_2nd_Baronet \"Sir Robert Pigot, 2nd Baronet\") leading the 52nd and 43rd Foot in support.Hibbert (1990\\), p. 53 This was the first occasion that the 52nd fought alongside the 43rd.Wilkinson\\-Latham \\& Roffe, p.3 They suffered heavy casualties at Bunker Hill, and in their grenadier company, only 8 men were left unwounded. In August, 1778, the men were drafted into other regiments and the officers returned to England.[British Orderly Books, RevWar75\\.com](http://www.revwar75.com/crown/foot3.htm#52){{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} The regiment obtained new recruits and in 1782 the introduction of county titles for regiments resulted in the 52nd adding \"Oxfordshire\" to their name.",
"### Indian Wars",
"In 1783, the 52nd arrived in [Madras](/wiki/Madras \"Madras\"), for nine years of war spanning the [Second](/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War \"Second Anglo-Mysore War\") and [Third Anglo\\-Mysore Wars](/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War \"Third Anglo-Mysore War\"). The Second War had begun in 1778, when the British responded to news of war against France by moving against French\\-held bases in India. [Hyder Ali](/wiki/Hyder_Ali \"Hyder Ali\"), then ruler of [Mysore](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore \"Kingdom of Mysore\"), sided with the French and marched against the British.Haythorthwaite (1995\\), p. 69 Hyder died in 1782, and was succeeded by his son, [Tipu Sultan](/wiki/Tipu_Sultan \"Tipu Sultan\"), who continued the war through some minor campaigns until a peace treaty was signed in 1784\\.Haythornthwaite (1995\\), p. 70 Shortly afterwards, a detachment from the 52nd took part in the 1785 siege of [Cannanore](/wiki/Kannur \"Kannur\"). The 52nd stormed the breach at Cannanore, under command of [Sir Martin Hunter](/wiki/Martin_Hunter_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Martin Hunter (British Army officer)\").",
"In 1786, [Lord Cornwallis](/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis%2C_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis \"Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis\") [was appointed Governor\\-general](/wiki/Cornwallis_in_India \"Cornwallis in India\"), and the war against Tipu Sultan was resumed after Tipu attacked British allies in 1789\\. (This was known as the Third Mysore war). Initially, military actions were fairly minor. In 1790, the 52nd were involved at [Pollighautcherry](/wiki/Palakkad_Fort \"Palakkad Fort\") and in a battle near [Seringapatam](/wiki/Seringapatam \"Seringapatam\").Philippart, p. 234 In 1791, the regiment fought at [Bangalore](/wiki/Siege_of_Bangalore \"Siege of Bangalore\") in March, and [Arakere](/wiki/Battle_of_Arakere \"Battle of Arakere\") (near Seringapatam) in May.Baker, pp. 256–7 In December that year, the flank companies from the 52nd and [76th Foot](/wiki/76th_Foot \"76th Foot\"), with [sepoy](/wiki/Sepoy \"Sepoy\") [grenadiers](/wiki/Grenadier \"Grenadier\"), formed the storming party during the [assault on Savandroog](/wiki/Siege_of_Savendroog \"Siege of Savendroog\"); the defenders abandoned the fortress, and it was successfully taken at the cost of just one British soldier wounded. Throughout the assault, the band of the 52nd played to spur on the attackers.Haythornthwaite (1995\\), p. 71 The 52nd were also present at the February 1792 [siege of Seringapatam](/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_%281792%29 \"Siege of Seringapatam (1792)\"), where the battalion's grenadier company received heavy casualties while crossing the [Kaveri River](/wiki/Kaveri_River \"Kaveri River\").[*The Gentleman's Magazine* Vol XLV, p. 425](https://books.google.com/books?id=mYPsJfsh-A4C&dq=Seringapatam+%2252nd+Foot%22&pg=PA425) During that battle, the 52nd came to the aid of Lord Cornwallis, whose companies were exposed and in danger of capture. Tipu Sultan sued for peace during the siege, and [a treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam \"Treaty of Seringapatam\") was signed in 1792, ending the war. However, in August 1793 the regiment took part in an assault on [Pondicherry](/wiki/Pondicherry \"Pondicherry\").",
"### French Revolutionary Wars",
"{{see also\\|French Revolutionary Wars}}\nIn 1793 war broke out with Revolutionary France. Following the French occupation of the Netherlands in January 1795 and the creation of the [Batavian Republic](/wiki/Batavian_Republic \"Batavian Republic\"), an assault was planned on the [Dutch colony at Ceylon](/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon \"Dutch Ceylon\"). A force commanded by Colonel James Stuart, of the [72nd Foot](/wiki/72nd_Foot \"72nd Foot\"), and including the 52nd, left India for Ceylon, laying siege to [Trincomalee](/wiki/Trincomalee \"Trincomalee\"); by February 1796 the island was in British hands.Haythornthwaite (1995\\), p. 151 The 52nd returned to Britain in 1798 where, bolstered by new recruits, a second battalion was created. In 1800 the 1/52nd took part in the [Quiberon Bay](/wiki/Quiberon_Bay \"Quiberon Bay\"), [Vigo](/wiki/Vigo \"Vigo\"), [Cádiz](/wiki/C%C3%A1diz \"Cádiz\") and [Ferrol](/wiki/Ferrol_Expedition \"Ferrol Expedition\") expeditions and, after short stations in [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") and [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon \"Lisbon\"), returned to England in 1801\\. In January 1803, the regiment's 2nd battalion was transferred into the [96th Foot](/wiki/96th_Regiment_of_Foot_%281803%29 \"96th Regiment of Foot (1803)\"); prior to the transfer, the fittest men and officers were seconded by the 1st battalion, which was converted into \"a corps of light infantry\", and began training under Major\\-General [John Moore](/wiki/John_Moore_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"John Moore (British Army officer)\") (who was also Colonel of the 52nd) at [Shorncliffe Camp](/wiki/Shorncliffe_Army_Camp \"Shorncliffe Army Camp\"). They formed a [brigade](/wiki/Brigade \"Brigade\") with the 95th Rifles, and three line regiments. Much of the training was undertaken by Lieutenant\\-Colonel [Kenneth MacKenzie](/wiki/Sir_Kenneth_Mackenzie_Douglas%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Kenneth Mackenzie Douglas, 1st Baronet\"), who devised many of the tactics of light infantry training.Chappell, p. 12 A new second battalion was raised in 1804\\.",
"### Napoleonic Wars",
"[thumb\\|Officer and private of 52nd by C H Hamilton \\& J C Stadler, 19th century](/wiki/File:52nd_Regiment_of_Foot_by_J.C._Stadler.jpg \"52nd Regiment of Foot by J.C. Stadler.jpg\")\n{{see also\\|Peninsular War}}\nBoth battalions of the 52nd experienced active service throughout the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\"), their paths occasionally overlapping. In 1806–7 the 1st battalion was stationed in [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily \"Sicily\"), where they helped train local soldiers; later, they accompanied Moore to Sweden. In August 1806, the 2nd battalion accompanied the expedition to [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\"), taking part in the 1807 [assault against Copenhagen](/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_%281807%29 \"Battle of Copenhagen (1807)\"), which was led by [General Wellesley](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington \"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\").Chappell, p. 17 The 2/52nd landed in [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\") in August 1808 and, with the 2/43rd, were positioned in the village of [Vimeiro](/wiki/Vimeiro \"Vimeiro\") to provide cover for the army landings at the nearby Maceira Bay. Three companies of the 2/52nd were [posted with the advance guard](/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro_order_of_battle \"Battle of Vimeiro order of battle\"), and were the first to encounter the enemy during the [Battle of Vimeiro](/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro \"Battle of Vimeiro\"). Following the battle the British commander Wellesley was superseded in turn by two superiors, [Sir Harry Burrard](/wiki/Sir_Harry_Burrard%2C_1st_Baronet%2C_of_Lymington \"Sir Harry Burrard, 1st Baronet, of Lymington\") and [Sir Hew Dalrymple](/wiki/Sir_Hew_Whiteford_Dalrymple%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Hew Whiteford Dalrymple, 1st Baronet\") respectively, who signed the [Convention of Sintra](/wiki/Convention_of_Sintra \"Convention of Sintra\"). The three commanders were recalled to England to explain their actions, and the command of the British troops devolved on [Sir John Moore](/wiki/John_Moore_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"John Moore (British Army officer)\"), the 52nd's colonel.Chappell, p. 18",
"In October, Sir John Moore led the army into Spain, reaching as far as [Salamanca](/wiki/Salamanca \"Salamanca\"). In December, they were reinforced by 10,000 troops from England, including the '1st Flank Brigade', which consisted of 1/52nd, 1/43rd and 1/95th and led by [Robert Craufurd](/wiki/Robert_Craufurd \"Robert Craufurd\"). Moore's army now totalled 25,000, but his advance was cut short by the news that [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon \"Napoleon\") had defeated the Spanish, held [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\"), and was approaching with an army of 200,000\\. Moore turned his men, and retreated to [Corunna](/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a \"A Coruña\"), over mountain roads and through bitter winter weather. French cavalry pursued the British Army the length of the journey, and a Reserve Division was set up to provide rearguard protection for the British troops. The core of this Reserve, commanded by [Edward Paget](/wiki/Edward_Paget \"Edward Paget\"), consisted of the 1/52nd and 1/95th battalions,Haythornthwaite (2001\\), p. 21 who displayed none of the ill\\-discipline which plagued other regiments during the retreat, but \"made a stand at every defile and riverline, buying time for the rest of the army to get away.\"Glover, p. 81 Following the secondment of the 1/52nd and 1/95th to the Reserve, Craufurd's 1st Flank Brigade was reformed, and comprised the 1/43rd, 2/52nd and 2/95th. The 1st Flank Brigade deployed with the Reserve for a time, protecting the crossing of the river Esla near [Benavente](/wiki/Benavente%2C_Portugal \"Benavente, Portugal\"), before it separated from the Reserve and the main army and marched to [Vigo](/wiki/Vigo \"Vigo\"), with over 4,000 other troops, for eventual transportation to England.Glover, p. 82Leach, p. 63 The 1/52nd remained with the main army, which was caught by the French at Corunna. During the ensuing [battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna \"Battle of Corunna\"), in January 1809, Moore was killed; the army, including the 1/52nd, were evacuated to England.",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|British battles of the Peninsular War](/wiki/Image:Peninsular_War_battles.PNG \"Peninsular War battles.PNG\")",
"### Wellesley's Peninsular Campaign",
"The 1/52nd, along with 1/43rd and 1/95th, returned to the Peninsula in June 1809, where they were designated the \"Light Brigade\", under the command of General Craufurd.Chappell, p. 19 Alighting in Lisbon and hearing of the army's engagement with the French, they undertook a forced march to [Talavera](/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera \"Battle of Talavera\"), arriving mere hours after the battle. The march was an extraordinary achievement, covering 42 miles in 26 hours, at a time when an infantry march of 15 miles a day was standard.Glover, p. 27 Henceforth, the 1/52nd generally remained in advance of the army, as a forward party, a role which was to be theirs throughout much of the war. In February 1810, Portuguese Cazadores were added to Craufurd's brigade, creating the [Light Division](/wiki/Light_Division \"Light Division\"), the 1/52nd forming a brigade with 1st Cazadores and four companies from the 95th, under Lt\\-Col Barclay. While holding a forward outpost, the Light Division was involved in the [Battle of the Côa](/wiki/Battle_of_the_C%C3%B4a \"Battle of the Côa\"), in July 1810, and took part in the [Battle of Bussaco](/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco \"Battle of Bussaco\"), where the Light Division held the left against the main French charge, which they successfully repulsed, inflicting high casualties; 1200 Frenchmen were killed, wounded or captured, while the Light Division suffered only 120 casualties.Chappell, p. 20 When Wellington's army retreated back to the [Lines of Torres Vedras](/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras \"Lines of Torres Vedras\"), late 1810, the Light Division acted as rearguard.Chappell, p. 21 The French were unable to breach the Torres Vedras defences, but engaged the British army in a number of small skirmishes, such as those fought by the Light Division, under the temporary command of [Sir William Erskine](/wiki/Sir_William_Erskine%2C_2nd_Baronet \"Sir William Erskine, 2nd Baronet\"), at [Casal Novo](/wiki/Casal_Novo \"Casal Novo\") – where they unwittingly came upon 11 French divisions in the fog[History of War: Combat of Casal Novo](http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/combat_casal_novo.html) – and [Sabugal](/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal \"Battle of Sabugal\") (April 1811\\), an engagement of which [Wellington](/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington \"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\") later wrote: \"I consider that the action that was fought by the Light Division \\[...] with the whole of the \\[French] 2nd Corps, to be the most glorious that British troops were ever engaged in.\"",
"After returning to England in 1809, the 52nd's 2nd battalion had joined the unsuccessful [Walcheren Campaign](/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign \"Walcheren Campaign\") in the Netherlands.Fosten, p. 6 Walcheren was surrounded by marshes, and many of the officers and men came down with \"Walcheren Fever\" ([malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\")), which was to recur for years afterwards, and deplete the strength of the battalion.Chappell, p. 35 They eventually returned to the Peninsula in 1811 and were brigaded with their first battalion, who were manning outposts near [Almeida](/wiki/Almeida%2C_Portugal \"Almeida, Portugal\").Chappell, p. 21 In early May, battle was engaged at [Fuentes de Oñoro](/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro \"Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro\"); initially set in the reserve, the Light Division came to the aid of the struggling British 7th Division, and provided a fighting retreat, as Wellington retired his army.Chappell, p. 22 For the rest of the year, both battalions of the 52nd, with the Light Division, manned outposts, which were constantly moved to mark the changing French positions.",
"January 1812 saw the [siege of Ciudad Rodrigo](/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_%281812%29 \"Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)\"). Companies from the Light Division, under the 52nd's [Colonel Colborne](/wiki/John_Colborne%2C_1st_Baron_Seaton \"John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton\"), captured the Francisco redoubt on 9 January, and thereafter built trenches for the main assault, under enemy fire. Once the army's artillery had breached the walls, a 4\\-column assault was planned for 19 January, the Light Division forming the column which assaulted the breach near the Convent of San Francisco. Lt [John Gurwood](/wiki/John_Gurwood \"John Gurwood\") of the 52nd led the [Forlorn Hope](/wiki/Forlorn_Hope \"Forlorn Hope\"),Glover, p. 181 followed by 300 \"stormers\" under the command of the 52nd's [Major George Napier](/wiki/George_Thomas_Napier \"George Thomas Napier\").Glover, p. 180 The breach was carried and the fortress was taken within half an hour, at high cost. Amongst the 1300 British and Portuguese casualties was Craufurd, who died several days later.Chappell, p. 23 The army turned its attention to [Badajoz](/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_%281812%29 \"Siege of Badajoz (1812)\"), another strong fortress, which the British had failed to carry on an earlier occasion. The Light Division dug trenches near Fort Picurina, which was stormed, and established batteries. On 6 April, the breaches were deemed practicable, and the Light Division were ordered to storm the breach at Santa Maria. As the Light Division's Forlorn Hope reached the ditch, the French exploded a mine. Various other barricades and gunpowder defences were in place, and the toll at the breaches was heavy. Wellington ordered a withdrawal. Elsewhere, the fortress walls were achieved by [escalade](/wiki/Escalade \"Escalade\"), encouraging an attack on the breaches again. The fortress was taken, at great cost (over 5000 British casualties), and for three days the army sacked and pillaged the town in undisciplined revenge.Chappell, p. 24 The 52nd and the 43rd together lost 39 officers and 700 men, resulting in a reduction of the 2/52nd, who saw no more action in the Peninsula.",
"Soon after the assault on Badajoz, Wellington marched his men to confront the French near Salamanca. For a month the armies marched and counter\\-marched against each other, seeking advantage, and on 22 July Wellington attacked in the [Battle of Salamanca](/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca \"Battle of Salamanca\"), achieving a comprehensive victory. The Light Division were in the reserve during the battle, and afterwards pursued and harried the retreating French.Chappell, p. 33 August saw the army in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\"), where the 1/52nd remained while Wellington led a force on to [Burgos](/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos \"Siege of Burgos\"), which he attempted to take. The siege was unsuccessful, and it was lifted by Wellington in October; the 1/52nd, with the Light Division, covered the army's retreat back into Portugal. This \"Winter Retreat\" bore similarities with the earlier retreat to Corunna, as it suffered from poor supplies, bitter weather and rearguard action, including one skirmish near the River Huebra, where the 43rd and 1/52nd lost 95 men. [Ciudad Rodrigo](/wiki/Ciudad_Rodrigo \"Ciudad Rodrigo\") was reached on 19 November, where the 1/52nd were billeted and resupplied with both men and clothing. Diversions were set up, including the \"Light Division Theatre\", in which the 52nd were described as \"highly gentlemanly men, of steady aspect; they mixed little with other corps, but attended the theatricals of the 43rd with circumspect good humour, and now and then relaxed.\"",
"In spring, 1813, the army returned to the offensive, leaving Portugal and marching northwards through Spain to [Vitoria](/wiki/Vitoria%2C_Spain \"Vitoria, Spain\") where the French stood in preparation for battle, which [took place](/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria \"Battle of Vitoria\") on 21 June. The Light Division held the centre of the Allied line, and took the bridges of Villodas and Tres Puentes.Chappell, p. 34 The battle proved an overwhelming victory for the British, and the following day the 1/52nd, with the Light Division, were sent in pursuit of the retreating French, skirmishing with the enemy rearguard. In August, volunteers from the 1/52nd were involved in the storming of [San Sebastián](/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n \"Siege of San Sebastián\"). The 1/52nd crossed into France on 7 October, when they stormed redoubts above Vera. The 1/52nd also fought in the battles at [Nivelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle \"Battle of Nivelle\") (November 1813\\), [Nive](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nive \"Battle of the Nive\") (December 1813\\) and [Orthes](/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez \"Battle of Orthez\") (February 1814\\). During the battle of Orthes, the 52nd led an assault up the ridge under heavy fire, an advance which was later described by [Sir Harry Smith](/wiki/Sir_Harry_Smith%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet\") as the most majestic he had ever seen.Bryant, p. 85",
"### The Hundred Days and end for Napoleon",
"Napoleon abdicated on 6 April 1814, but the news arrived in Wellington's camp too late to prevent the [Battle of Toulouse](/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_%281814%29 \"Battle of Toulouse (1814)\"), on 10 April, during which battle the 1/52nd's Lieutenant Whichcote was first into the city.",
"Over this later period, the 2/52nd, who had left the Peninsula, were bolstered with new recruits and were sent to Holland in 1813–14, as part of [Sir Thomas Graham](/wiki/Thomas_Graham%2C_1st_Baron_Lynedoch \"Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch\")'s force which made an unsuccessful attack on [Bergen op Zoom](/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom \"Bergen op Zoom\") in March 1814\\.Fosten, p. 7 Afterwards they spent some time in Belgium before returning home to England.",
"Once peace agreements had finally been settled – the French Governor of [Bayonne](/wiki/Bayonne \"Bayonne\") being the last, on 26 April – the army left the Peninsula; the infantry marched to Bordeaux for transportation to their new postings.Bryant, p. 98 The 1/52nd were returned to England and, on 6 June 1814, stood on the quayside at Dover with their Light Division comrades from the 43rd and 95th as part of the official welcome for the [Allied sovereigns' visit to England](/wiki/Allied_sovereigns%27_visit_to_England \"Allied sovereigns' visit to England\").Bryant, p. 101",
"They were later billeted in [Hythe](/wiki/Hythe%2C_Kent \"Hythe, Kent\") and [Chatham](/wiki/Chatham%2C_Medway \"Chatham, Medway\"), where they were joined by the 2/52nd, returned from Belgium, who transferred their effectives to the 1st battalion.",
"### Waterloo campaign",
"{{main article\\|Hundred Days}}\n{{Quote box\n\\| quote \\= \"The author claims for Lord Seaton and the 52nd the honour of having defeated, single\\-handed, without the assistance of the 1st British Guards or any other troops, that portion of the Imperial Guard of France, about 10,000 in number, which advanced to make the last attack on the British position.\"\n\\| source \\= – Ensign \\[\\[William Leeke]] \n ''The History of Lord Seaton's Regiment'' Leeke (Vol II), p. iii\n\\| width \\= 30%\n\\| align \\= right\n}}",
"In January, 1815, the 1/52nd departed [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth \"Portsmouth\") for [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\"), where they were due to embark for America, where fighting in the [War of 1812](/wiki/War_of_1812 \"War of 1812\") continued. Gales prevented sailing, and by the time conditions had improved, news had arrived of Napoleon's escape from [Elba](/wiki/Elba \"Elba\"). The 1/52nd were sent to [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), at the start of the [Hundred Days](/wiki/Hundred_Days \"Hundred Days\").Wilkinson\\-Latham \\& Roffe, p. 12 Napoleon marched swiftly through France to meet the Allies, who had formed two armies, with the Duke of Wellington commanding the Anglo\\-Allies, and [Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher](/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher \"Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher\") commanding the [Prussians](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\").Cornwell, p. 93–94",
"The 52nd were assigned to [Lt\\-Gen Hill's](/wiki/Rowland_Hill%2C_1st_Viscount_Hill \"Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill\") [II Corps](/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign%23II_Corps_2 \"Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#II Corps 2\"), as part of the 2nd Division's 3rd Brigade, under [General Adam](/wiki/Frederick_Adam \"Frederick Adam\").Nofi, p. 306 As a response to Napoleon's movements, on 15 June, II Corps were posted west and southwest of [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\"), with a cavalry screen.Nofi, p. 63 Wellington's forward army engaged the French at [Quatre Bras](/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras \"Battle of Quatre Bras\") on 16 June, but he later fell back to remain in contact with his Prussian allies, who had retreated following the [Battle of Ligny](/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny \"Battle of Ligny\"), and took position near the village of Waterloo.",
"The field at [Waterloo](/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo \"Battle of Waterloo\") was 5\\.5 km wide, with two parallel ridges running west to east, creating a shallow valley 1\\.4 km across. The Allies took position on the northern ridge.Nofi, p. 179 As the army prepared for battle on 18 June, the 2nd Division were initially held in reserve, placed in the centre left, behind [Major\\-General Cooke's](/wiki/George_Cooke_%28soldier%29 \"George Cooke (soldier)\") 1st Division.Nofi, p. 182 Following the French cavalry's battering of the British [squares](/wiki/Infantry_square \"Infantry square\") over the afternoon, Adam's brigade was brought up to reinforce the right.Nofi, p. 228Fletcher, p. 191 In this position the 52nd endured a heavy bombardment, of which [Ensign Leeke](/wiki/William_Leeke \"William Leeke\") of the 52nd reported afterwards \"the old officers, who had served during the whole of the Peninsular War, stated that they were never exposed to such a cannonade as the 52nd squares had to undergo on this occasion for 2½ hours from French artillery ½ mile to the front\".quoted in Fletcher, p. 191 While the 52nd's squares stood waiting, British artillery fired over their heads.",
"{{Quote box\n\\| quote \\= \\[After the advance towards the end of the battle] Leeke, who carried the King's colour, found a foot and a half of the pole wet with blood; Holman, ..., had three musket balls through his sword blade, and wore it for many years\n\\| source \\= – D. H. Parry.Parry p. 70\n\\| width \\= 30%\n\\| align \\= right\n}}\nActivity was happening elsewhere on the field, however, and as the battle drew to a close, Napoleon's [Middle Guard](/wiki/Imperial_Guard_%28Napoleon_I%29 \"Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)\") launched an assault on the British line, to the 52nd's left, and were met by a number of regiments including the [1st Foot Guards](/wiki/Grenadier_Guards \"Grenadier Guards\"), who repulsed the *3rd Chasseurs*, but had to themselves retreat when the *4th Chasseurs* moved forward to threaten their left. The 52nd, under Sir John Colborne, wheeled to the left, deploying parallel to the French column, and fired volleys against their left flank.Nofi, pp. 248–9 William Hay, a Light Dragoon watching from the right, later recalled that \"so well\\-directed a fire was poured in, that down the bank the Frenchmen fell and, I may say, the battle of Waterloo was gained.\"quoted in Fletcher, p. 254 Seeing the 52nd begin an advance, Wellington reputedly ordered \"Go on, Colborne, they won't stand!\"; the battalion then advanced diagonally across the field.Fletcher, p. 254 When this was later followed by a bayonet charge by all of General Adam's [3rd Brigade](/wiki/Order_of_Battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign%23II_Corps \"Order of Battle of the Waterloo campaign#II Corps\"), the Guard broke, forced into full retreat.Roberts, p. 107 Having pursued the French down the escarpment of [Mont St Jean](/wiki/Mont-Saint-Jean%2C_Belgium \"Mont-Saint-Jean, Belgium\"), the 52nd crossed the valley floor (that at the start of the battle had separated the armies) and on the other side attacked a square of Old Guard (part of the personal body guard of Napoleon,) that had formed up to the British right of the inn *[La Belle Alliance](/wiki/La_Belle_Alliance \"La Belle Alliance\")* and forced it to retreat.",
"The 1/52nd were the largest battalion at Waterloo,Nofi, p. 248 and one of the few British battalions operating at full strength.Bryant, p. 249 Of the 1,130 men and officers present, 168 were wounded and 38 killed.Moorsom, p. 267",
"[thumb\\|Kashmir Gate, [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\"), showing damage sustained during the [1857 assault](/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi \"Siege of Delhi\"). Photo taken in the 1860s](/wiki/File:1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg \"1857 cashmeri gate delhi.jpg\")",
"### Later history",
"The 1st battalion were sent to Paris after Waterloo, and remained stationed in France until 1818\\. In 1816, the 2nd battalion were disbanded, in line with the other reductions in the army which occurred following the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars.Haythornthwaite (1995\\), p. 18",
"Returning to England in 1818, the 52nd were stationed in the [Midlands](/wiki/Midlands \"Midlands\"), where they were responsible for domestic peacekeeping and policing under the command of Lt. Col. [Charles Rowan](/wiki/Charles_Rowan \"Charles Rowan\"), experience which fitted Rowan for his 1829 posting to establish a military\\-style [metropolitan police service](/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service \"Metropolitan Police Service\") under Sir [Robert Peel](/wiki/Robert_Peel \"Robert Peel\").F. E. C. Gregory, [‘Rowan, Sir Charles (1782?–1852\\)’](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24192), *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008 , accessed 29 July 2009",
"In 1821, the regiment were posted to [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\").\nOver the following years the 52nd received a number of overseas postings. Between 1823 and 1831, the regiment was stationed at, in turn, [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick \"New Brunswick\"), [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"), [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29 \"Newfoundland (island)\"), and [Prince Edward Island](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island \"Prince Edward Island\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/en/page\\_538\\.asp \\|title\\=Government of Canada: Canadian Military Heritage, Vol 2, appendix D \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605192832/http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/en/page\\_538\\.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In early 1842, the 52nd performed garrison duty in [Barbados](/wiki/Barbados \"Barbados\"),Haythornthwaite (1995\\) pp. 17–18 where British units frequently supplemented the local forces.Haythornthwaite (1995\\), p. 275 In 1842, the regiment returned to Canada, and were posted to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"); they left Canada in 1845\\.\n[thumb\\|Captain [Charles Francis Norton](/wiki/Charles_Francis_Norton \"Charles Francis Norton\"), d. 1835, [Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)](/wiki/Old_Burying_Ground_%28Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%29 \"Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)\")](/wiki/File:Charles_Francis_Norton%2C_Old_Burying_Ground%2C_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia.jpg \"Charles Francis Norton, Old Burying Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg\")\nThe 52nd later returned to India, arriving in [Allahabad](/wiki/Allahabad \"Allahabad\") in 1853\\.Holmes, p. 132 The regiment found the heat and dust of India gruelling, and Major [John Arthur Bayley](/wiki/John_Arthur_Bayley \"John Arthur Bayley\") of the 52nd, who published an account of the regiment's operations in India{{cite book\\|last1\\=Bayley\\|first1\\=John Arthur\\|title\\=Reminiscences of School and Army Life, 1839 to 1859\\|date\\=April 1875\\|publisher\\=Self Published\\|location\\=London\\|pages\\=51–62}} and described the great clouds of dust which rose over their columns in the march from Allahabad to [Umballa](/wiki/Umballa \"Umballa\") in 1853–4; \"it was worse in the rear than in the front; so, in order that everyone should have a fair chance, the order of march was changed daily.\"Holmes, p. 129 They were in India during the [Indian Rebellion of 1857](/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857 \"Indian Rebellion of 1857\"), where they took part in the [Siege of Delhi](/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi \"Siege of Delhi\"). Once breaches had been made by the artillery by a bombardment of the walls, an attempt was made on the city on 14 September. The Kashmir Gate was blown by a party of engineers, accompanied by [Bugler Robert Hawthorne](/wiki/Robert_Hawthorne \"Robert Hawthorne\") of the 52nd, who won the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\") for his bravery.Haythornthwaite (1995\\), p. 102 The 52nd led the assault on the blown gate; amidst the action, [Lance Corporal Henry Smith](/wiki/Henry_Smith_%28VC%29 \"Henry Smith (VC)\") also won the Victoria Cross. After six days of heavy fighting, the city was won.Haythornthwaite (1995\\), p. 103",
"The 52nd remained in India until 1865, when they returned to England. Over the next sixteen years they received postings in Ireland, England, Malta and Gibraltar. As part of the [Cardwell Reforms](/wiki/Cardwell_Reforms \"Cardwell Reforms\") of the 1870s, where single\\-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 52nd was linked with the [85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)](/wiki/85th_Regiment_of_Foot_%28Bucks_Volunteers%29 \"85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)\"), and assigned to district no. 42 at [Cowley Barracks](/wiki/Cowley_Barracks \"Cowley Barracks\") in [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford \"Oxford\").{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873\\.htm \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=10 February 2006 \\|title\\=Training Depots \\|publisher\\=Regiments.org \\|access\\-date\\=16 October 2016}} In 1881, due to the [Childers Reforms](/wiki/Childers_Reforms \"Childers Reforms\"), the 52nd was merged with the [43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot](/wiki/43rd_%28Monmouthshire%29_Regiment_of_Foot \"43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot\"), a regiment they had fought alongside as part of the Light Division during many campaigns. The newly combined unit was named the \"Oxfordshire Light Infantry\" – the 52nd becoming the 2nd Battalion – and in 1908 the [Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry](/wiki/Oxfordshire_and_Buckinghamshire_Light_Infantry \"Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry\"). In 1958, the *Ox \\& Bucks* became the [1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)](/wiki/1st_Green_Jackets_%2843rd_and_52nd%29 \"1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)\"), and in 1966 was merged into the [Royal Green Jackets](/wiki/Royal_Green_Jackets \"Royal Green Jackets\").Wickes, p. 64 In 2007, the Royal Green Jackets became part of [The Rifles](/wiki/The_Rifles \"The Rifles\").{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.lightinfantry.me.uk/therifles.htm \\|title\\= History of the Light Infantry \\|access\\-date\\= 26 April 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\= 11 November 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201111054936/http://www.lightinfantry.me.uk/therifles.htm \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}",
""
] |
Career
------
### Overview
Rodrigo de Borja's career in the Church began in 1445 at the age of 14 when he was appointed [sacristan](/wiki/Sacristan "Sacristan") at the [Cathedral of Valencia](/wiki/Valencia_Cathedral "Valencia Cathedral") by his influential uncle, [Alfons Cardinal de Borja](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III "Pope Callixtus III"), who had been appointed a [cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Cardinal (Catholic Church)") by [Pope Eugene IV](/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV "Pope Eugene IV") the previous year.{{Cite book\|last\=Hollingsworth\|first\=Mary\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868380201\|title\=The Borgias : history's most notorious dynasty\|date\=2014\|isbn\=978\-1\-78206\-944\-7\|location\=London\|pages\=17\|oclc\=868380201}} In 1448, Borja became canon at the cathedrals of Valencia, Barcelona, and Segorbe. His uncle, Cardinal de Borja, persuaded [Pope Nicholas V](/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V "Pope Nicholas V") to allow young Borja to perform this role *in absentia* and receive the associated income, so that Borja could travel to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome").Hollingsworth 2014, pp. 17–19 While in Rome, Rodrigo Borgia (as his surname was usually spelled in [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language")) studied under Gaspare da Verona, a humanist tutor. He then studied law at [Bologna](/wiki/University_of_Bologna "University of Bologna") where he graduated, not simply as [Doctor of Law](/wiki/Canon_law "Canon law"), but as "the most eminent and judicious jurisprudent."Monsignor Peter de Roo (1924\), *Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, His Relatives and His Time*, (5 vols.), Bruges, Desclée, De Brouwer, volume 2, p. 29\. {{cite web \|title\=Archived copy \|url\=http://attomelani.net/de\_roo/volumeII\_lowres.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065604/http://attomelani.net/de\_roo/volumeII\_lowres.pdf \|archive\-date\=26 April 2012 \|access\-date\=22 December 2011}} [volumes 1–5](http://www.attomelani.net/?page+id=143)
The election of his uncle, Alfons Cardinal de Borja, as [Pope Callixtus III](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III "Pope Callixtus III") in 1455 enabled Borgia's appointments to other positions in the Church. These [nepotistic](/wiki/Nepotism "Nepotism") appointments were characteristic of the era. Each pope during this period found himself surrounded by the servants and retainers of his predecessors who often owed their loyalty to the family of the pontiff who had appointed them. In 1455, he inherited his uncle's post as bishop of Valencia, and Callixtus appointed him Dean of Santa Maria in Xàtiva. The following year, he was ordained [deacon](/wiki/Deacon "Deacon") and created [cardinal\-deacon](/wiki/Lay_cardinal "Lay cardinal") of [San Nicola in Carcere](/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere "San Nicola in Carcere"). Rodrigo Borgia's appointment as cardinal only occurred after Callixtus III asked the cardinals in Rome to create three new positions in the [College of Cardinals](/wiki/College_of_Cardinals "College of Cardinals"), two for his nephews Rodrigo and Luis Juan de Milà, and one for the Prince Jaime of Portugal.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 36
In 1457, Callixtus III assigned the young Cardinal de Borja (or Borgia in Italian) to go to Ancona as a Papal legate to quell a revolt. Borgia was successful in his mission, and his uncle rewarded him with his appointment as [vice\-chancellor](/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery "Apostolic Chancery") of the Holy Roman Church.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 43 The position of [vice\-chancellor](/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery "Apostolic Chancery") was both incredibly powerful and lucrative, and Borgia held this post for 35 years until his own election to the papacy in 1492\. At the end of 1457, Rodrigo Cardinal Borgia's elder brother, Pedro Luis Borgia, fell ill, so Rodrigo temporarily filled Pedro Luis' position as [captain\-general](/wiki/Captain-general "Captain-general") of the papal army until he recovered.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 45 In 1458, Cardinal Borgia's uncle and greatest benefactor, Pope Callixtus, died.
In the [papal election of 1458](/wiki/1458_papal_conclave "1458 papal conclave"), Rodrigo Borgia was too young to seek the papacy himself, so he sought to support a cardinal who would maintain him as vice\-chancellor. Borgia was one of the deciding votes in the election of Cardinal Piccolomini as [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II "Pope Pius II"), and the new pope rewarded Borgia not only with maintaining the chancellorship but also with a lucrative abbey benefice and another titular church.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 55 In 1460, Pope Pius rebuked Cardinal Borgia for attending a private party which Pius had heard turned into an orgy. Borgia apologized for the incident but denied that there had been an orgy. Pope Pius forgave him, and the true events of the evening remain unknown.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 60 In 1462, Rodrigo Borgia had his first son, Pedro Luis, with an unknown mistress. He sent Pedro Luis to grow up in Spain.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 65 The following year, Borgia acceded to Pope Pius's call for cardinals to help fund a new crusade. Before embarking to lead the crusade personally, Pope Pius II fell ill and died, so Borgia would need to ensure the election of yet another ally to the papacy to maintain his position as vice\-chancellor.
On the first ballot, the [conclave of 1464](/wiki/1464_papal_conclave "1464 papal conclave") elected Borgia's friend Pietro Barbo as [Pope Paul II](/wiki/Pope_Paul_II "Pope Paul II"). Borgia was in high standing with the new pope and retained his positions, including that of vice\-chancellor. Paul II reversed some of his predecessor's reforms that diminished the power of the chancellory. Following the election, Borgia fell ill of the plague but recovered. Borgia had two daughters, Isabella (\*1467\) and Girolama (\*1469\), with an unknown mistress. He openly acknowledged all three of his children.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 81 Pope Paul II died suddenly in 1471\.
While Borgia had acquired the reputation and wealth to mount a bid for the papacy in [this conclave](/wiki/1471_papal_conclave "1471 papal conclave"), there were only three non\-Italians, making his election a near\-impossibility. Consequently, Borgia continued his previous strategy of positioning himself as kingmaker. This time, Borgia gathered the votes to make Francesco della Rovere (the uncle of future Borgia rival [Giuliano della Rovere](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II "Pope Julius II")) [Pope Sixtus IV](/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV "Pope Sixtus IV"). Della Rovere's appeal was that he was a pious and brilliant [Franciscan](/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor "Order of Friars Minor") friar who lacked many political connections in Rome.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 82 He seemed to be the perfect cardinal to reform the Church, and the perfect cardinal for Borgia to maintain his influence. Sixtus IV rewarded Borgia for his support by promoting him to cardinal\-bishop and consecrating him as the [Cardinal\-Bishop of Albano](/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop_of_Albano "Cardinal-Bishop of Albano"), requiring Borgia's ordination as a priest. Borgia also received a lucrative abbey from the pope and remained vice\-chancellor.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 85 At the end of the year, the pope appointed Borgia to be the papal legate for Spain to negotiate a peace treaty between [Castile](/wiki/Crown_of_Castile "Crown of Castile") and [Aragon](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon "Crown of Aragon") and to solicit their support for another crusade. In 1472, Borgia was appointed to be the papal chamberlain until his departure to Spain. Borgia arrived in his native Aragon in the summer, reuniting with family and meeting with King Juan II and Prince Ferdinand. The pope gave Cardinal Borgia discretion over whether to give dispensation for [Ferdinand](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon "Ferdinand II of Aragon")'s marriage to his second cousin [Isabella of Castile](/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile "Isabella I of Castile"), and Borgia decided in favour of approving the marriage. The couple named Borgia to be the godfather of their first son in recognition of this decision.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 95 The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was critical in the [unification of Castile and Aragon](/wiki/Habsburg_Spain "Habsburg Spain") into Spain. Borgia also negotiated peace between Castile and Aragon and an end to the civil wars in the latter Kingdom, gaining the favour of the future King Ferdinand \- who would go on to promote the interests of the Borgia family in Aragon.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 87 Borgia returned to Rome the following year, narrowly surviving a storm that sank a nearby galley that was carrying 200 men of the Borgia household.
[thumb\|[Vannozza dei Cattanei](/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei "Vannozza dei Cattanei")](/wiki/File:Vanozza.jpg "Vanozza.jpg")
Back in Rome, Borgia began his affair with [Vannozza dei Cattenei](/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei "Vannozza dei Cattanei") which would yield four children: [Cesare](/wiki/Cesare_Borgia "Cesare Borgia") in 1475, [Giovanni](/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa "Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía") in 1474 or 1476, [Lucrezia](/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia "Lucrezia Borgia") in 1480, and [Gioffre](/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia "Gioffre Borgia") in 1482\. In 1476, Pope Sixtus appointed Borgia to be the cardinal\-bishop of Porto. In 1480, the pope legitimized Cesare as a favour to Cardinal Borgia, and in 1482, the pope began to appoint the seven\-year\-old to church positions, demonstrating Borgia's intention to use his influence to promote his children. Contemporaneously, Borgia continued to add to his list of benefices, becoming the wealthiest cardinal by 1483\.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 100 He also become [Dean of the College of Cardinals](/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals "Dean of the College of Cardinals") in that year. In 1484, Pope Sixtus IV died, necessitating another election for Borgia to manipulate to his advantage.
Borgia was wealthy and powerful enough to mount a bid, but he faced competition from [Giuliano della Rovere](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II "Pope Julius II"), the late pope's nephew. Della Rovere's faction had the advantage of being incredibly large as Sixtus had appointed many of the cardinals who would participate in the election. Borgia's attempts to gather enough votes included bribery and leveraging his close ties to Naples and Aragon. However, many of the Spanish cardinals were absent from the conclave and della Rovere's faction had an overwhelming advantage. Della Rovere chose to promote Cardinal Cibo as his preferred candidate, and Cibo wrote to the Borgia faction wanting to strike a deal. Once again, Borgia played kingmaker and conceded to Cardinal Cibo who became [Pope Innocent VIII](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII "Pope Innocent VIII").Hollingsworth 2014, p. 106 Again, Borgia retained his position of vice\-chancellor, successfully holding this position over the course of five papacies and four elections.
In 1485, Pope Innocent VIII nominated Borgia to become the [Archbishop of Seville](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville"), a position that [King Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon "Ferdinand II of Aragon") wanted for his own son. In response, Ferdinand angrily seized the Borgia estates in Aragon and imprisoned Borgia's son Pedro Luis. However, Borgia healed the relationship by turning down this appointment. Pope Innocent, at the urging of his close ally Giuliano della Rovere, decided to declare war against Naples, but Milan, Florence, and Aragon chose to support Naples over the pope. Borgia led the opposition within the College of Cardinals to this war, and King Ferdinand rewarded Borgia by making his son Pedro Luis the [Duke of Gandia](/wiki/Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa "Duke of Gandía") and arranging a marriage between his cousin Maria Enriquez and the new duke. Now, the Borgia family was directly tied to the royal families of Spain and Naples. While Borgia gained the favour of Spain, he stood opposed to the pope and the della Rovere family. As a part of his war opposition, Borgia sought to obstruct an alliance negotiation between the papacy and France. These negotiations were unsuccessful and in July 1486, the pope capitulated and ended the war.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 111 In 1488, Borgia's son Pedro Luis died, and Juan Borgia became the new duke of Gandia. In the following year, Borgia hosted the wedding ceremony between [Orsino Orsini](/wiki/Orsino_Orsini "Orsino Orsini") and [Giulia Farnese](/wiki/Giulia_Farnese "Giulia Farnese"), and within a few months, Farnese had become Borgia's new mistress. She was 15, and he was 58\.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 114 Borgia continued to acquire new benefices with their large streams of income, including the [bishopric of Majorca](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Majorca "Roman Catholic Diocese of Majorca") and Eger in Hungary. In 1492, Pope Innocent VIII died. Since Borgia was 61, this was likely his last chance to become pope.
### Archbishop of Valencia
When his uncle Alonso de Borja ([bishop of Valencia](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain")) was elected Pope Callixtus III,
he "inherited" the post of bishop of Valencia. Sixteen days before the death of [Pope Innocent VIII](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII "Pope Innocent VIII"), he proposed Valencia as a [metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop "Metropolitan bishop") [see](/wiki/Episcopal_see "Episcopal see") and became the first archbishop of Valencia. When Rodrigo de Borgia was elected pope as Alexander VI following the death of Innocent VIII, his son Cesare Borgia "inherited" the post as second archbishop of Valencia. The third and the fourth archbishops of Valencia were [Juan de Borja](/wiki/Juan_de_Borja_Lanzol_de_Roman%C3%AD%2C_el_menor "Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el menor") and [Pedro Luis de Borja](/wiki/Pedro_Luis_de_Borja "Pedro Luis de Borja"), grandnephews of Alexander VI.[Gaetano Moroni](/wiki/Gaetano_Moroni "Gaetano Moroni"), *Dizionario di Erudizione Storico\-Ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni*, [vol. 6, p. 50](https://books.google.com/books?id=ObtDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA50) {{in lang\|it}}
### Election to the papacy
{{Main\|Papal conclave, 1492}}
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There was change in the constitution of the College of Cardinals during the course of the 15th century, especially under Sixtus IV and Innocent VIII. Of the 27 cardinals alive in the closing months of the reign of Innocent VIII no fewer than 10 were [cardinal\-nephews](/wiki/Cardinal-nephew "Cardinal-nephew"), eight were crown nominees, four were Roman nobles and one other had been given the cardinalate in recompense for his family's service to the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See"); only four were able career churchmen.{{cite web \|url\=http://www2\.fiu.edu/\~mirandas/election\-alexandervi.htm \|title\=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Papal elections – XV Century }}
On the death of [Pope Innocent VIII](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII "Pope Innocent VIII") on 25 July 1492, the three likely candidates for the [Papacy](/wiki/Papacy "Papacy") were the 61\-year\-old Borgia, seen as an independent candidate, [Ascanio Sforza](/wiki/Ascanio_Sforza "Ascanio Sforza") for the Milanese, and [Giuliano della Rovere](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II "Pope Julius II"), seen as a pro\-French candidate.
It was rumoured but not substantiated that Borgia succeeded in buying the largest number of votes and Sforza, in particular, was bribed with four mule\-loads of silver.{{harvp\|de Rossa\|1989\|p\=144}} Mallett shows that Borgia was in the lead from the start and that the rumours of bribery began after the election with the distribution of benefices; Sforza and della Rovere were just as willing and able to bribe as anyone else.{{harvp\|Mallett\|1981\|pp\=123–126}} The benefices and offices granted to Sforza, moreover, would be worth considerably more than four mule\-loads of silver. [Johann Burchard](/wiki/Johann_Burchard "Johann Burchard"), the conclave's master of ceremonies and a leading figure of the papal household under several popes, recorded in his diary that the [1492 conclave](/wiki/Papal_conclave%2C_1492 "Papal conclave, 1492") was a particularly expensive campaign. Della Rovere was bankrolled to the cost of 200,000 gold [ducats](/wiki/Ducat "Ducat") by [King Charles VIII of France](/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France "Charles VIII of France"), with another 100,000 supplied by the [Republic of Genoa](/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa "Republic of Genoa").Johann Burchard, *Diaries 1483–1492* (translation: A.H. Matthew, London, 1910\)
The leading candidates in the first ballot were Oliviero Carafa of Sforza's party with nine votes, and Giovanni Michiel and Jorge Costa, both of della Rovere's party with seven votes each. Borgia himself gathered seven votes. However, Borgia convinced Sforza to join with his camp through the promise of being appointed vice\-chancellor as well as bribes that included benefices and perhaps four mule\-loads of silver. With Sforza now canvassing for votes, Borgia's election was assured. Borgia was elected on 11 August 1492 and assumed the name of Alexander VI (due to confusion about the status of [Pope Alexander V](/wiki/Pope_Alexander_V "Pope Alexander V"), elected by the [Council of Pisa](/wiki/Council_of_Pisa "Council of Pisa")). Many inhabitants of Rome were happy with their new pope because he was a generous and competent administrator who had served for decades as vice\-chancellor.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 126
### Early years in office
[thumb\| [Papal bulla](/wiki/Papal_bulla "Papal bulla") of Alexander VI](/wiki/File:P%C3%A5ven_Alexander_VI_blysigill_Petrus_Paulus_001.jpg "Påven Alexander VI blysigill Petrus Paulus 001.jpg")
In contrast to the preceding pontificate, Pope Alexander VI adhered initially to strict administration of justice and orderly government. Before long, though, he began endowing his relatives at the Church's and at his neighbours' expense. [Cesare Borgia](/wiki/Cesare_Borgia "Cesare Borgia"), his son, while a youth of seventeen and a student at [Pisa](/wiki/Pisa "Pisa"), was made [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop") of [Valencia](/wiki/Province_of_Valencia "Province of Valencia"), and [Giovanni Borgia](/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Gandia "Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia") inherited the Spanish Dukedom of [Gandia](/wiki/Gandia "Gandia"), the Borgias' ancestral home in Spain. For the Duke of Gandia and for [Gioffre](/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia "Gioffre Borgia"), also known as Goffredo, the Pope proposed to carve fiefs out of the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States "Papal States") and the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples"). Among the fiefs destined for the duke of Gandia were [Cerveteri](/wiki/Cerveteri "Cerveteri") and [Anguillara](/wiki/Anguillara_Sabazia "Anguillara Sabazia"), lately acquired by [Virginio Orsini](/wiki/Virginio_Orsini "Virginio Orsini"), head of that powerful house. This policy brought Alexander into conflict with [Ferdinand I of Naples](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples "Ferdinand I of Naples") as well as with Cardinal della Rovere, whose candidature for the papacy had been backed by Ferdinand. Della Rovere fortified himself in his [bishopric of Ostia](/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia "Bishop of Ostia") at the [Tiber](/wiki/Tiber "Tiber")'s mouth as Alexander formed a league against Naples (25 April 1493\) and prepared for war.
Ferdinand allied himself with [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence"), [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") and [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"). He also appealed to Spain for help, but Spain was eager to be on good terms with the papacy to obtain the title to the recently discovered [New World](/wiki/New_World "New World"). Alexander, in the bull *[Inter caetera](/wiki/Inter_caetera "Inter caetera")* on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the [Treaty of Tordesillas](/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas "Treaty of Tordesillas").{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5kTneDFadcIC\|title\=International law in historical perspective. 10\|first\=Jan H.\|last\=Verzijl\|date\=26 September 1979\|publisher\=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers\|isbn\=9028601589 \|via\=Google Books}}
### French involvement
[thumb\|Italy 1494](/wiki/File:Italy_1494_AD.png "Italy 1494 AD.png")
{{Main\|Italian War of 1494–1498}}
{{More citations needed section\|date\=April 2014}}
Pope Alexander VI made many alliances to secure his position. He sought help from [Charles VIII of France](/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France "Charles VIII of France") (1483–1498\), who was allied to [Ludovico "il Moro" Sforza](/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza "Ludovico Sforza") (the Moor, so\-called because of his swarthy complexion), the *de facto* Duke of Milan, who needed French support to legitimise his rule. As King [Ferdinand I of Naples](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples "Ferdinand I of Naples") was threatening to come to the aid of the rightful duke [Gian Galeazzo Sforza](/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza "Gian Galeazzo Sforza"), the husband of his granddaughter [Isabella](/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon%2C_Duchess_of_Milan "Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan"), Alexander encouraged the French king in his plan for the conquest of Naples.
But Alexander, always ready to seize opportunities to aggrandize his family, then adopted a double policy. Through the intervention of the Spanish ambassador, he made peace with Naples in July 1493 and cemented the peace by a marriage between his son Gioffre and [Doña Sancha](/wiki/Sancha_of_Aragon "Sancha of Aragon"), another granddaughter of Ferdinand I. In order to dominate the [College of Cardinals](/wiki/College_of_Cardinals "College of Cardinals") more completely, Alexander, in a move that created much scandal, created 12 new cardinals. Among the new cardinals was his own son Cesare, then only 18 years old. [Alessandro Farnese](/wiki/Pope_Paul_III "Pope Paul III") (later Pope Paul III), the brother of one of the Pope's mistresses, [Giulia Farnese](/wiki/Giulia_Farnese "Giulia Farnese"), was also among the newly created cardinals.
On 25 January 1494, Ferdinand I died and was succeeded by his son [Alfonso II](/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples "Alfonso II of Naples") (1494–1495\). [Charles VIII of France](/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France "Charles VIII of France") now advanced formal claims on the Kingdom of Naples. Alexander authorised him to pass through Rome, ostensibly on a [crusade](/wiki/Crusade "Crusade") against the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"), without mentioning Naples. But when the French invasion became a reality Pope Alexander VI became alarmed, recognised Alfonso II as king of Naples, and concluded an alliance with him in exchange for various fiefs for his sons (July 1494\). A military response to the French threat was set in motion: a Neapolitan army was to advance through [Romagna](/wiki/Romagna "Romagna") and attack Milan, while the fleet was to seize [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa "Genoa"). Both expeditions were badly conducted and failed, and on 8 September Charles VIII crossed the [Alps](/wiki/Alps "Alps") and joined Ludovico il Moro at Milan. The Papal States were in turmoil, and the powerful [Colonna](/wiki/Colonna "Colonna") faction seized [Ostia](/wiki/Ostia_%28district%29 "Ostia (district)") in the name of France. Charles VIII rapidly advanced southward, and after a short stay in Florence, set out for Rome (November 1494\).
Alexander appealed to [Ascanio Sforza](/wiki/Ascanio_Sforza "Ascanio Sforza") and even to the [Ottoman](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") [Sultan](/wiki/Sultan "Sultan") [Bayazid II](/wiki/Bayazid_II "Bayazid II") for help. He tried to collect troops and put Rome in a state of defence, but his position was precarious. When the Orsini offered to admit the French to their castles, Alexander had no choice but to come to terms with Charles. On 31 December, Charles VIII entered Rome with his troops, the cardinals of the French faction, and Giuliano della Rovere. Alexander now feared that Charles might depose him for [simony](/wiki/Simony "Simony"), and that the king would summon a council to nominate a new pope. Alexander was able to win over the [bishop of Saint\-Malo](/wiki/Guillaume_Bri%C3%A7onnet_%28Cardinal%29 "Guillaume Briçonnet (Cardinal)"), who had much influence over the king, by making him a cardinal. Alexander agreed to send Cesare as legate to Naples with the French army; to deliver [Cem Sultan](/wiki/Cem_Sultan "Cem Sultan"), held as a hostage, to Charles VIII, and to give Charles [Civitavecchia](/wiki/Civitavecchia "Civitavecchia") (16 January 1495\). On 28 January Charles VIII departed for Naples with Cem and Cesare, but the latter slipped away to [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto "Spoleto"). Neapolitan resistance collapsed, and Alfonso II fled and abdicated in favour of his son [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Naples "Ferdinand II of Naples"). Ferdinand was abandoned by all and also had to escape, and the Kingdom of Naples was conquered with surprising ease.
### French in retreat
{{More citations needed section\|date\=April 2014}}
A reaction against Charles VIII soon set in, for all the European powers were alarmed at his success. On 31 March 1495 the [Holy League](/wiki/Holy_League_%281495%29 "Holy League (1495)") was formed between the pope, the emperor, [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"), Ludovico il Moro and [Ferdinand of Spain](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon "Ferdinand II of Aragon").{{cite book \|first\=M. S. \|last\=Anderson \|title\=The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450–1919 \|location\=London \|publisher\=Longman \|year\=1993 \|page\=3 \|isbn\=0\-582\-21232\-4 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=JmzuAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA3 }} The League was ostensibly formed against the Turks, but in reality it was made to expel the French from Italy. Charles VIII had himself crowned King of [Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples") on 12 May, but a few days later began his retreat northward. He met the League at [Fornovo](/wiki/Battle_of_Fornovo "Battle of Fornovo") and cut his way through them and was back in France by November. Ferdinand II was reinstated at [Naples](/wiki/Naples "Naples") soon afterwards, with Spanish help. The expedition, if it produced no material results, demonstrated the foolishness of the so\-called "politics of equilibrium", the Medicean doctrine of preventing one of the Italian principates from overwhelming the rest and uniting them under its hegemony.
Charles VIII's belligerence in Italy had made it transparent that the "politics of equilibrium" did nothing but render the country unable to defend itself against a powerful invading force. Italy was shown to be very vulnerable to the predations of the powerful nation\-states, France and Spain, that had forged themselves during the previous century. Alexander VI now followed the general tendency of all the princes of the day to crush the great feudatories and establish a centralized despotism. In this manner, he was able to take advantage of the defeat of the French in order to break the power of the Orsini. From that time on, Alexander was able to build himself an effective power base in the Papal States.
[thumb\|upright\=1\|[Castel Sant'Angelo](/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo "Castel Sant'Angelo") in Rome](/wiki/File:Castel_Sant%27Angelo_bild.jpg "Castel Sant'Angelo bild.jpg")
[Virginio Orsini](/wiki/Virginio_Orsini "Virginio Orsini"), who had been captured by the Spanish, died a prisoner at Naples, and the Pope confiscated his property. The rest of the Orsini clan still held out, defeating the papal troops sent against them under [Guidobaldo da Montefeltro](/wiki/Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro "Guidobaldo da Montefeltro"), Duke of [Urbino](/wiki/Urbino "Urbino") and [Giovanni Borgia](/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia_%281474%29 "Giovanni Borgia (1474)"), Duke of Gandia, at [Soriano](/wiki/Soriano_nel_Cimino "Soriano nel Cimino") (January 1497\). Peace was made through Venetian mediation, the Orsini paying 50,000 ducats in exchange for their confiscated lands; the Duke of Urbino, whom they had captured, was left by the pope to pay his own ransom. The Orsini remained very powerful, and Pope Alexander VI could count on none but his 3,000 Spanish troops. His only success had been the capture of Ostia and the submission of the Francophile cardinals Colonna and [Savelli](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Savelli "Giovanni Battista Savelli").
Then occurred a major domestic tragedy for the house of Borgia. On 14 June, his son the [Duke of Gandia](/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa "Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía"), who was lately created Duke of [Benevento](/wiki/Benevento "Benevento") and had a questionable lifestyle, disappeared; the next day, his corpse was found in the Tiber. Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in [Castel Sant'Angelo](/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo "Castel Sant'Angelo"). He declared that henceforth the moral reform of the Church would be the sole object of his life. Every effort was made to discover the assassin. No conclusive explanation was ever reached,{{harvp\|Mallett\|1981\|pp\=162–166}} and it may be that the crime was simply as a result of one of the Duke's sexual liaisons.
### Crime
{{Disputed section\|date\=April 2022}}
There is no evidence that the Borgias resorted to poisoning, judicial murder, or extortion to fund their schemes and the defense of the Papal States. The only contemporary accusations of poisoning were from some of their servants, extracted under torture by Alexander's bitter enemy Della Rovere, who succeeded him as [Pope Julius II](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II "Pope Julius II").{{harvp\|Mallett\|1981\|p\=236}}
### Savonarola
[thumb\|upright\|[Girolamo Savonarola](/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola "Girolamo Savonarola")](/wiki/File:Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg "Girolamo Savonarola.jpg")
The debased state of the curia was a major scandal. Opponents, such as the powerful Florentine friar [Girolamo Savonarola](/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola "Girolamo Savonarola"), launched invectives against papal corruption and appealed for a general council to confront the papal abuses. Alexander is reported to have been reduced to laughter when Savonarola's denunciations were related to him. Nevertheless, he appointed [Sebastian Maggi](/wiki/Sebastian_Maggi "Sebastian Maggi") to investigate the friar, and he responded on 16 October 1495:
{{Blockquote\|text\=We are displeased at the disturbed state of affairs in Florence, the more so in that it owes its origin to your preaching. For you predict the future and publicly declare that you do so by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit when you should be reprehending vice and praising virtue ... Prophecies like these should not be made when your charge is to forward peace and concord. Moreover, these are not the time for such teachings, calculated as they are to produce discord even in times of peace let alone in times of trouble. ... Since, however, we have been most happy to learn from certain cardinals and from your letter that you are ready to submit yourself to the reproofs of the Church, as becomes a Christian and a religious, we are beginning to think that what you have done has not been done with an evil motive, but from a certain simple\-mindedness and a zeal, however misguided, for the Lord's vineyard. Our duty, however, prescribes that we order you, under holy obedience, to cease from public and private preaching until you are able to come to our presence, not under armed escort as is your present habit, but safely, quietly and modestly as becomes a religious, or until we make different arrangements. If you obey, as we hope you will, we for the time being suspend the operation of our former Brief so that you may live in peace in accordance with the dictates of your conscience.{{harvp\|de la Bédoyère\|1958\|pp\=154–155}}}}
The hostility of Savonarola seems to have been political rather than personal, and the friar sent a letter of condolence to the pope on the death of the Duke of Gandia; "Faith, most Holy Father, is the one and true source of peace and consolation... Faith alone brings consolation from a far\-off country."{{harvp\|de la Bédoyère\|1958\|p\=24}} But eventually the Florentines tired of the friar's moralising and the Florentine government condemned the reformer to death, executing him on 23 May 1498\.{{harvp\|de la Bédoyère\|1958\|loc\=passim}} {{Page needed\|date\=May 2017}}
### Familial aggrandizement
The prominent Italian families looked down on the Spanish Borgia family, and they resented their power, which they sought for themselves. This is, at least partially, why both Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI gave powers to family members whom they could trust.{{\#tag:ref\|"The Spaniards had been trying to take back their country from the Moors for almost 800 years. By the middle of the 15th century, this reconquest was almost complete, but Spain was still a hodgepodge of competing principalities and, because of its constant state of warfare, still a very backward country. In Italy, on the other hand, the Renaissance, which had hardly begun in Spain, had reached its high point and the Italians, in general, did not look kindly on a citizen of this backward country being elevated to the highest post in the Church. Remember, too, that the pope at the time, besides his spiritual powers, was a sovereign political power with large areas of the peninsula, nominally, at least, under his control. Italy was, politically, in a worse state than Spain. In the south, Naples was a fief of the pope, but its ruler, King Ferrante, refused to acknowledge the pope's authority. In the north of the peninsula, many small principalities vied for dominance and were often at war with one another, changing alliances as rapidly as opportunity invited. In the Papal States themselves, noble families, such as the Orsini and the Colonna, acted as petty tyrants in the cities and areas which they controlled, grinding down the people and constantly seeking to achieve their independence from their sovereign, the pope. These Roman families even sought to control the Papacy itself. It was probably only because they could not agree on an Italian successor to Nicholas V that the elderly Callistus had been elected; one who, in all probability, would not live long...Callistus III was acknowledged by all as religious and austere, though severely criticized for his largesse to his family. But he was surrounded by enemies both within the Church and among the rulers of Europe. When elected, he did what all leaders do, he surrounded himself with people whom he believed he could trust. A Spaniard in Italy, he was hard\-pressed to find such trustworthiness except from members of his own family; hence his patronage of them, though it is not to be denied that it was probably also for personal reasons."J.B. Darcy, \[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/What\+you\+don%27t\+know\+about\+the\+Borgia\+Pope%3A\+Alexander\+VI\+%281492\-1503%29\.\-a0268401837 ''What you don't know about the Borgia Pope: Alexander VI (1492–1503\)''].\|group\=Note}}
[thumb\|Papal bull *Desiderando nui*, 1499](/wiki/File:Alexander_-_Bolla_%22Desiderando_nui%22%2C_dopo_il_18_settembre_1499_-_2951587.tif "Alexander - Bolla ")
In these circumstances, Alexander, feeling more than ever that he could rely only on his own kin, turned his thoughts to further family aggrandizement. He had annulled Lucrezia's marriage to [Giovanni Sforza](/wiki/Giovanni_Sforza "Giovanni Sforza"), who had responded to the suggestion that he was impotent with the unsubstantiated counterclaim that Alexander and Cesare indulged in incestuous relations with Lucrezia, in 1497\.{{\#tag:ref\|"As for her reputation, there is absolutely no evidence for the rumors of incest with one or more of her brothers – or indeed with her father – apart from that given by her first husband, Giovanni Sforza, during the divorce proceedings, during which several other baseless accusations were leveled in both directions."{{harvp\|Norwich\|2011\|p\=272}}\|group\=Note}} Unable to arrange a union between Cesare and the daughter of King [Frederick IV of Naples](/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Naples "Frederick IV of Naples") (who had succeeded Ferdinand II the previous year), he induced Frederick by threats to agree to a marriage between the Duke of [Bisceglie](/wiki/Bisceglie "Bisceglie"), a natural son of Alfonso II, and Lucrezia. Alexander and the new French king [Louis XII](/wiki/Louis_XII "Louis XII") entered a secret agreement; in exchange for a bull of divorce between the king and [Joan of France](/wiki/Joan_of_France%2C_Duchess_of_Berry "Joan of France, Duchess of Berry") (so he could marry [Anne of Brittany](/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany "Anne of Brittany")) and making [Georges d'Amboise](/wiki/Georges_d%27Amboise "Georges d'Amboise") (the king's chief advisor) the cardinal of [Rouen](/wiki/Rouen "Rouen"), Cesare was given the duchy of [Valentinois](/wiki/Valentinois "Valentinois") in France (chosen because it was homophonous with his nickname, Valentino, derived from his father's papal epithet *Valentinus* ("The [Valencian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia "Kingdom of Valencia")", as seen on his coinsSee inscription on 5 Ducat piece [:File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492\-1503\.jpg](/wiki/Roma%2C_alessandro_VI%2C_5_ducati%2C_1492-1503.jpg "Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg") "Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain) denoting his origin in the [Kingdom of Valencia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia "Kingdom of Valencia"), Spain), military assistance to help him subjugate the feudal princelings of papal Romagna,{{cite book \|last1\=Machiavelli \|first1\=Niccolò \|title\=The Prince and Selected Discourses \|year\=1981 \|publisher\=Bantam Books \|location\=New York \|isbn\=0\-553\-21227\-3 \|edition\=Bantam Classic \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/princeclassics00nicc/page/127 127] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/princeclassics00nicc/page/127 }} and a princess bride, [Charlotte of Albret](/wiki/Charlotte_of_Albret "Charlotte of Albret") from the [Kingdom of Navarre](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre "Kingdom of Navarre").{{Cite book\|title\=Juan de Albret y Catalina de Foix o la defensa del Estado navarro (1483–1517\)\|last\=Adot Lerga \|first\=Álvaro \|publisher\=Pamiela \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=84\-7681\-443\-7\|location\=Pamplona/Iruñea\|pages\=164–65}}
Alexander hoped that Louis XII's help would be more profitable to his house than that of Charles VIII had been. In spite of the remonstrances of Spain and of the Sforza, he allied himself with France in January 1499 and was joined by Venice. By autumn Louis XII was in Italy expelling Lodovico Sforza from Milan. With French success seemingly assured, the Pope determined to deal drastically with Romagna, which although nominally under papal rule was divided into a number of practically independent lordships on which Venice, Milan, and Florence cast hungry eyes. Cesare, empowered by the support of the French, began to attack the turbulent cities one by one in his capacity as nominated *[gonfaloniere](/wiki/Gonfalone_of_the_Church "Gonfalone of the Church")* (standard bearer) of the church. But the expulsion of the French from Milan and the return of Lodovico Sforza interrupted his conquests, and he returned to Rome early in 1500\.
### The Jubilee (1500\)
In the [Jubilee year](/wiki/Jubilee_%28Christianity%29 "Jubilee (Christianity)") 1500, Alexander ushered in the custom of opening a [holy door](/wiki/Holy_door "Holy door") on Christmas Eve and closing it on Christmas Day the following year. After consulting with his Master of Ceremonies, [Johann Burchard](/wiki/Johann_Burchard "Johann Burchard"), Pope Alexander VI opened the first holy door in [St. Peter's Basilica](/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica "Old St. Peter's Basilica") on Christmas Eve 1499, and papal representatives opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. For this, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the *[portico](/wiki/Portico "Portico")* of St. Peter's and commissioned a marble door.{{\#tag:ref\|"The holy year 1500 definitively ushered in the custom of opening a holy door on Christmas Eve and closing it the following year on Christmas Day. Alexander opened the first holy door in St. Peter's Basilica on Christmas Eve, 1499, and papal legates opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. For this occasion, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the portico of St. Peter's and commissioned a door, made of marble, 3\.5 meters high and 2\.2 wide. It lasted until 1618 when another door was installed in the new basilica. The door, in turn, was replaced in 1950 by the bronze door, which is still in use. In a ceremony strikingly similar in many ways to today's ritual opening of a holy door, Alexander was carried in the gestatorial chair to the portico of St. Peter's. He and the members of his retinue, bearing long candles, processed to the holy door, as the choir intoned Psalm 118:19–20: "Open for me the gate of Yahweh, where the upright go in." The pope knocked thrice on the door, it gave way (assisted from within by workers), and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Thus, Pope Alexander, a lover of pomp and ceremony, formalized the rite of opening a holy door and began a tradition that continues, with few variations, to this day. Similar rites were held at the other patriarchal basilicas. Alexander was also the first to institute a special rite for the closing of a holy door. On the feast of the Epiphany, 6 January 1501, two cardinals – one with a silver brick and the other with a gold one – symbolically began to seal the holy door. Basilica workers known as sanpietrini completed the task, which included placing small coins and medals, minted during the holy year, inside the wall."Allen Duston, O.P., and Roberto Zanoli, 2003, ''Saint Peter and the Vatican: The Legacy of the Popes'', Art Services Intl., {{ISBN\|9780883971406}}, pp. 158–159\.\|group\=Note}}{{\#tag:ref\|"\[A]ll the clergy of the city were invited to the opening of the \[1500] Jubilee. The pope himself performed this ceremony on Christmas Eve, 1499, having taken pains to settle all the details beforehand with his Master of Ceremonies. The ceremonial observed on these occasions was no modern invention, but, as the Bull of Indiction expressly says, was founded on ancient rites and full of symbolic meaning. According to Burchard, the crowd which assisted at these solemnities numbered 200,000 persons. Although this may be an exaggeration, still it is certain that, in spite of the troubles of the times and the insecurity in Rome itself, the numbers attending this Jubilee were very large."{{cite web \|url\=http://rorate\-caeli.blogspot.com/2013/09/oh\-catholic\-life\-was\-just\-horrible.html \|title\=How awful was Catholic life under those immoral Renaissance Popes! \|publisher\=Rorate Caeli \|access\-date\=25 March 2014}}\|group\=Note}}
Alexander was carried in the *[sedia gestatoria](/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria "Sedia gestatoria")* to St. Peter's. He and his assistants, bearing candles, processed to the holy door, as the choir chanted Psalm 118:19–20\.{{bibleverse\|Psalm\|118:19–20\|NASB}} The pope knocked on the door three times, workers moved it from the inside, and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Thus, Pope Alexander formalized the rite and began a longstanding tradition that is still in practice. Similar ceremonies were held at the other three basilicas.
Alexander instituted a special rite for the closing of a holy door, as well. On the [Feast of the Epiphany](/wiki/Epiphany_%28holiday%29 "Epiphany (holiday)") in 1501, two cardinals began to seal the holy door with two bricks, one silver and one gold. *Sampietrini* (basilica workers){{\#tag:ref\|"The permanent group of skilled workers and artisans, in every trade, who with their assistants take care of St. Peter's Basilica."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id\=36264 \|title\=Dictionary: Sampietrini \|publisher\=Catholic Culture \|access\-date\=25 March 2014}}\|group\=Note}} completed the seal, placing specially\-minted coins and medals inside the wall.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Overview",
"Rodrigo de Borja's career in the Church began in 1445 at the age of 14 when he was appointed [sacristan](/wiki/Sacristan \"Sacristan\") at the [Cathedral of Valencia](/wiki/Valencia_Cathedral \"Valencia Cathedral\") by his influential uncle, [Alfons Cardinal de Borja](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III \"Pope Callixtus III\"), who had been appointed a [cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Cardinal (Catholic Church)\") by [Pope Eugene IV](/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV \"Pope Eugene IV\") the previous year.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Hollingsworth\\|first\\=Mary\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868380201\\|title\\=The Borgias : history's most notorious dynasty\\|date\\=2014\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78206\\-944\\-7\\|location\\=London\\|pages\\=17\\|oclc\\=868380201}} In 1448, Borja became canon at the cathedrals of Valencia, Barcelona, and Segorbe. His uncle, Cardinal de Borja, persuaded [Pope Nicholas V](/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V \"Pope Nicholas V\") to allow young Borja to perform this role *in absentia* and receive the associated income, so that Borja could travel to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\").Hollingsworth 2014, pp. 17–19 While in Rome, Rodrigo Borgia (as his surname was usually spelled in [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language \"Italian language\")) studied under Gaspare da Verona, a humanist tutor. He then studied law at [Bologna](/wiki/University_of_Bologna \"University of Bologna\") where he graduated, not simply as [Doctor of Law](/wiki/Canon_law \"Canon law\"), but as \"the most eminent and judicious jurisprudent.\"Monsignor Peter de Roo (1924\\), *Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, His Relatives and His Time*, (5 vols.), Bruges, Desclée, De Brouwer, volume 2, p. 29\\. {{cite web \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|url\\=http://attomelani.net/de\\_roo/volumeII\\_lowres.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065604/http://attomelani.net/de\\_roo/volumeII\\_lowres.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2011}} [volumes 1–5](http://www.attomelani.net/?page+id=143)",
"The election of his uncle, Alfons Cardinal de Borja, as [Pope Callixtus III](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III \"Pope Callixtus III\") in 1455 enabled Borgia's appointments to other positions in the Church. These [nepotistic](/wiki/Nepotism \"Nepotism\") appointments were characteristic of the era. Each pope during this period found himself surrounded by the servants and retainers of his predecessors who often owed their loyalty to the family of the pontiff who had appointed them. In 1455, he inherited his uncle's post as bishop of Valencia, and Callixtus appointed him Dean of Santa Maria in Xàtiva. The following year, he was ordained [deacon](/wiki/Deacon \"Deacon\") and created [cardinal\\-deacon](/wiki/Lay_cardinal \"Lay cardinal\") of [San Nicola in Carcere](/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere \"San Nicola in Carcere\"). Rodrigo Borgia's appointment as cardinal only occurred after Callixtus III asked the cardinals in Rome to create three new positions in the [College of Cardinals](/wiki/College_of_Cardinals \"College of Cardinals\"), two for his nephews Rodrigo and Luis Juan de Milà, and one for the Prince Jaime of Portugal.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 36",
"In 1457, Callixtus III assigned the young Cardinal de Borja (or Borgia in Italian) to go to Ancona as a Papal legate to quell a revolt. Borgia was successful in his mission, and his uncle rewarded him with his appointment as [vice\\-chancellor](/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery \"Apostolic Chancery\") of the Holy Roman Church.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 43 The position of [vice\\-chancellor](/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery \"Apostolic Chancery\") was both incredibly powerful and lucrative, and Borgia held this post for 35 years until his own election to the papacy in 1492\\. At the end of 1457, Rodrigo Cardinal Borgia's elder brother, Pedro Luis Borgia, fell ill, so Rodrigo temporarily filled Pedro Luis' position as [captain\\-general](/wiki/Captain-general \"Captain-general\") of the papal army until he recovered.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 45 In 1458, Cardinal Borgia's uncle and greatest benefactor, Pope Callixtus, died.",
"In the [papal election of 1458](/wiki/1458_papal_conclave \"1458 papal conclave\"), Rodrigo Borgia was too young to seek the papacy himself, so he sought to support a cardinal who would maintain him as vice\\-chancellor. Borgia was one of the deciding votes in the election of Cardinal Piccolomini as [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II \"Pope Pius II\"), and the new pope rewarded Borgia not only with maintaining the chancellorship but also with a lucrative abbey benefice and another titular church.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 55 In 1460, Pope Pius rebuked Cardinal Borgia for attending a private party which Pius had heard turned into an orgy. Borgia apologized for the incident but denied that there had been an orgy. Pope Pius forgave him, and the true events of the evening remain unknown.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 60 In 1462, Rodrigo Borgia had his first son, Pedro Luis, with an unknown mistress. He sent Pedro Luis to grow up in Spain.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 65 The following year, Borgia acceded to Pope Pius's call for cardinals to help fund a new crusade. Before embarking to lead the crusade personally, Pope Pius II fell ill and died, so Borgia would need to ensure the election of yet another ally to the papacy to maintain his position as vice\\-chancellor.",
"On the first ballot, the [conclave of 1464](/wiki/1464_papal_conclave \"1464 papal conclave\") elected Borgia's friend Pietro Barbo as [Pope Paul II](/wiki/Pope_Paul_II \"Pope Paul II\"). Borgia was in high standing with the new pope and retained his positions, including that of vice\\-chancellor. Paul II reversed some of his predecessor's reforms that diminished the power of the chancellory. Following the election, Borgia fell ill of the plague but recovered. Borgia had two daughters, Isabella (\\*1467\\) and Girolama (\\*1469\\), with an unknown mistress. He openly acknowledged all three of his children.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 81 Pope Paul II died suddenly in 1471\\.",
"While Borgia had acquired the reputation and wealth to mount a bid for the papacy in [this conclave](/wiki/1471_papal_conclave \"1471 papal conclave\"), there were only three non\\-Italians, making his election a near\\-impossibility. Consequently, Borgia continued his previous strategy of positioning himself as kingmaker. This time, Borgia gathered the votes to make Francesco della Rovere (the uncle of future Borgia rival [Giuliano della Rovere](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II \"Pope Julius II\")) [Pope Sixtus IV](/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV \"Pope Sixtus IV\"). Della Rovere's appeal was that he was a pious and brilliant [Franciscan](/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor \"Order of Friars Minor\") friar who lacked many political connections in Rome.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 82 He seemed to be the perfect cardinal to reform the Church, and the perfect cardinal for Borgia to maintain his influence. Sixtus IV rewarded Borgia for his support by promoting him to cardinal\\-bishop and consecrating him as the [Cardinal\\-Bishop of Albano](/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop_of_Albano \"Cardinal-Bishop of Albano\"), requiring Borgia's ordination as a priest. Borgia also received a lucrative abbey from the pope and remained vice\\-chancellor.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 85 At the end of the year, the pope appointed Borgia to be the papal legate for Spain to negotiate a peace treaty between [Castile](/wiki/Crown_of_Castile \"Crown of Castile\") and [Aragon](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon \"Crown of Aragon\") and to solicit their support for another crusade. In 1472, Borgia was appointed to be the papal chamberlain until his departure to Spain. Borgia arrived in his native Aragon in the summer, reuniting with family and meeting with King Juan II and Prince Ferdinand. The pope gave Cardinal Borgia discretion over whether to give dispensation for [Ferdinand](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon \"Ferdinand II of Aragon\")'s marriage to his second cousin [Isabella of Castile](/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile \"Isabella I of Castile\"), and Borgia decided in favour of approving the marriage. The couple named Borgia to be the godfather of their first son in recognition of this decision.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 95 The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was critical in the [unification of Castile and Aragon](/wiki/Habsburg_Spain \"Habsburg Spain\") into Spain. Borgia also negotiated peace between Castile and Aragon and an end to the civil wars in the latter Kingdom, gaining the favour of the future King Ferdinand \\- who would go on to promote the interests of the Borgia family in Aragon.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 87 Borgia returned to Rome the following year, narrowly surviving a storm that sank a nearby galley that was carrying 200 men of the Borgia household. \n[thumb\\|[Vannozza dei Cattanei](/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei \"Vannozza dei Cattanei\")](/wiki/File:Vanozza.jpg \"Vanozza.jpg\")\nBack in Rome, Borgia began his affair with [Vannozza dei Cattenei](/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei \"Vannozza dei Cattanei\") which would yield four children: [Cesare](/wiki/Cesare_Borgia \"Cesare Borgia\") in 1475, [Giovanni](/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa \"Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía\") in 1474 or 1476, [Lucrezia](/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia \"Lucrezia Borgia\") in 1480, and [Gioffre](/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia \"Gioffre Borgia\") in 1482\\. In 1476, Pope Sixtus appointed Borgia to be the cardinal\\-bishop of Porto. In 1480, the pope legitimized Cesare as a favour to Cardinal Borgia, and in 1482, the pope began to appoint the seven\\-year\\-old to church positions, demonstrating Borgia's intention to use his influence to promote his children. Contemporaneously, Borgia continued to add to his list of benefices, becoming the wealthiest cardinal by 1483\\.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 100 He also become [Dean of the College of Cardinals](/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals \"Dean of the College of Cardinals\") in that year. In 1484, Pope Sixtus IV died, necessitating another election for Borgia to manipulate to his advantage.",
"Borgia was wealthy and powerful enough to mount a bid, but he faced competition from [Giuliano della Rovere](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II \"Pope Julius II\"), the late pope's nephew. Della Rovere's faction had the advantage of being incredibly large as Sixtus had appointed many of the cardinals who would participate in the election. Borgia's attempts to gather enough votes included bribery and leveraging his close ties to Naples and Aragon. However, many of the Spanish cardinals were absent from the conclave and della Rovere's faction had an overwhelming advantage. Della Rovere chose to promote Cardinal Cibo as his preferred candidate, and Cibo wrote to the Borgia faction wanting to strike a deal. Once again, Borgia played kingmaker and conceded to Cardinal Cibo who became [Pope Innocent VIII](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII \"Pope Innocent VIII\").Hollingsworth 2014, p. 106 Again, Borgia retained his position of vice\\-chancellor, successfully holding this position over the course of five papacies and four elections.",
"In 1485, Pope Innocent VIII nominated Borgia to become the [Archbishop of Seville](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville\"), a position that [King Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon \"Ferdinand II of Aragon\") wanted for his own son. In response, Ferdinand angrily seized the Borgia estates in Aragon and imprisoned Borgia's son Pedro Luis. However, Borgia healed the relationship by turning down this appointment. Pope Innocent, at the urging of his close ally Giuliano della Rovere, decided to declare war against Naples, but Milan, Florence, and Aragon chose to support Naples over the pope. Borgia led the opposition within the College of Cardinals to this war, and King Ferdinand rewarded Borgia by making his son Pedro Luis the [Duke of Gandia](/wiki/Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa \"Duke of Gandía\") and arranging a marriage between his cousin Maria Enriquez and the new duke. Now, the Borgia family was directly tied to the royal families of Spain and Naples. While Borgia gained the favour of Spain, he stood opposed to the pope and the della Rovere family. As a part of his war opposition, Borgia sought to obstruct an alliance negotiation between the papacy and France. These negotiations were unsuccessful and in July 1486, the pope capitulated and ended the war.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 111 In 1488, Borgia's son Pedro Luis died, and Juan Borgia became the new duke of Gandia. In the following year, Borgia hosted the wedding ceremony between [Orsino Orsini](/wiki/Orsino_Orsini \"Orsino Orsini\") and [Giulia Farnese](/wiki/Giulia_Farnese \"Giulia Farnese\"), and within a few months, Farnese had become Borgia's new mistress. She was 15, and he was 58\\.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 114 Borgia continued to acquire new benefices with their large streams of income, including the [bishopric of Majorca](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Majorca \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Majorca\") and Eger in Hungary. In 1492, Pope Innocent VIII died. Since Borgia was 61, this was likely his last chance to become pope.",
"### Archbishop of Valencia",
"When his uncle Alonso de Borja ([bishop of Valencia](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain\")) was elected Pope Callixtus III,\nhe \"inherited\" the post of bishop of Valencia. Sixteen days before the death of [Pope Innocent VIII](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII \"Pope Innocent VIII\"), he proposed Valencia as a [metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop \"Metropolitan bishop\") [see](/wiki/Episcopal_see \"Episcopal see\") and became the first archbishop of Valencia. When Rodrigo de Borgia was elected pope as Alexander VI following the death of Innocent VIII, his son Cesare Borgia \"inherited\" the post as second archbishop of Valencia. The third and the fourth archbishops of Valencia were [Juan de Borja](/wiki/Juan_de_Borja_Lanzol_de_Roman%C3%AD%2C_el_menor \"Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el menor\") and [Pedro Luis de Borja](/wiki/Pedro_Luis_de_Borja \"Pedro Luis de Borja\"), grandnephews of Alexander VI.[Gaetano Moroni](/wiki/Gaetano_Moroni \"Gaetano Moroni\"), *Dizionario di Erudizione Storico\\-Ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni*, [vol. 6, p. 50](https://books.google.com/books?id=ObtDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA50) {{in lang\\|it}}",
"### Election to the papacy",
"{{Main\\|Papal conclave, 1492}}",
"{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= left\n\\| direction \\= horizontal\n\\| header \\=\n\\| image1 \\= Coat of Arms of Pope Alexander VI Borgia \\- Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome.JPG\n\\| width1 \\= 160\n\\| alt1 \\= Coat of arms of Alexander VI – Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome\n\\| caption1 \\= Coat of arms of Alexander VI – Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome\n}}",
"There was change in the constitution of the College of Cardinals during the course of the 15th century, especially under Sixtus IV and Innocent VIII. Of the 27 cardinals alive in the closing months of the reign of Innocent VIII no fewer than 10 were [cardinal\\-nephews](/wiki/Cardinal-nephew \"Cardinal-nephew\"), eight were crown nominees, four were Roman nobles and one other had been given the cardinalate in recompense for his family's service to the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\"); only four were able career churchmen.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www2\\.fiu.edu/\\~mirandas/election\\-alexandervi.htm \\|title\\=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Papal elections – XV Century }}",
"On the death of [Pope Innocent VIII](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII \"Pope Innocent VIII\") on 25 July 1492, the three likely candidates for the [Papacy](/wiki/Papacy \"Papacy\") were the 61\\-year\\-old Borgia, seen as an independent candidate, [Ascanio Sforza](/wiki/Ascanio_Sforza \"Ascanio Sforza\") for the Milanese, and [Giuliano della Rovere](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II \"Pope Julius II\"), seen as a pro\\-French candidate.\nIt was rumoured but not substantiated that Borgia succeeded in buying the largest number of votes and Sforza, in particular, was bribed with four mule\\-loads of silver.{{harvp\\|de Rossa\\|1989\\|p\\=144}} Mallett shows that Borgia was in the lead from the start and that the rumours of bribery began after the election with the distribution of benefices; Sforza and della Rovere were just as willing and able to bribe as anyone else.{{harvp\\|Mallett\\|1981\\|pp\\=123–126}} The benefices and offices granted to Sforza, moreover, would be worth considerably more than four mule\\-loads of silver. [Johann Burchard](/wiki/Johann_Burchard \"Johann Burchard\"), the conclave's master of ceremonies and a leading figure of the papal household under several popes, recorded in his diary that the [1492 conclave](/wiki/Papal_conclave%2C_1492 \"Papal conclave, 1492\") was a particularly expensive campaign. Della Rovere was bankrolled to the cost of 200,000 gold [ducats](/wiki/Ducat \"Ducat\") by [King Charles VIII of France](/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France \"Charles VIII of France\"), with another 100,000 supplied by the [Republic of Genoa](/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa \"Republic of Genoa\").Johann Burchard, *Diaries 1483–1492* (translation: A.H. Matthew, London, 1910\\)",
"The leading candidates in the first ballot were Oliviero Carafa of Sforza's party with nine votes, and Giovanni Michiel and Jorge Costa, both of della Rovere's party with seven votes each. Borgia himself gathered seven votes. However, Borgia convinced Sforza to join with his camp through the promise of being appointed vice\\-chancellor as well as bribes that included benefices and perhaps four mule\\-loads of silver. With Sforza now canvassing for votes, Borgia's election was assured. Borgia was elected on 11 August 1492 and assumed the name of Alexander VI (due to confusion about the status of [Pope Alexander V](/wiki/Pope_Alexander_V \"Pope Alexander V\"), elected by the [Council of Pisa](/wiki/Council_of_Pisa \"Council of Pisa\")). Many inhabitants of Rome were happy with their new pope because he was a generous and competent administrator who had served for decades as vice\\-chancellor.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 126",
"### Early years in office",
"[thumb\\| [Papal bulla](/wiki/Papal_bulla \"Papal bulla\") of Alexander VI](/wiki/File:P%C3%A5ven_Alexander_VI_blysigill_Petrus_Paulus_001.jpg \"Påven Alexander VI blysigill Petrus Paulus 001.jpg\")",
"In contrast to the preceding pontificate, Pope Alexander VI adhered initially to strict administration of justice and orderly government. Before long, though, he began endowing his relatives at the Church's and at his neighbours' expense. [Cesare Borgia](/wiki/Cesare_Borgia \"Cesare Borgia\"), his son, while a youth of seventeen and a student at [Pisa](/wiki/Pisa \"Pisa\"), was made [Archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop \"Archbishop\") of [Valencia](/wiki/Province_of_Valencia \"Province of Valencia\"), and [Giovanni Borgia](/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Gandia \"Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia\") inherited the Spanish Dukedom of [Gandia](/wiki/Gandia \"Gandia\"), the Borgias' ancestral home in Spain. For the Duke of Gandia and for [Gioffre](/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia \"Gioffre Borgia\"), also known as Goffredo, the Pope proposed to carve fiefs out of the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States \"Papal States\") and the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\"). Among the fiefs destined for the duke of Gandia were [Cerveteri](/wiki/Cerveteri \"Cerveteri\") and [Anguillara](/wiki/Anguillara_Sabazia \"Anguillara Sabazia\"), lately acquired by [Virginio Orsini](/wiki/Virginio_Orsini \"Virginio Orsini\"), head of that powerful house. This policy brought Alexander into conflict with [Ferdinand I of Naples](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples \"Ferdinand I of Naples\") as well as with Cardinal della Rovere, whose candidature for the papacy had been backed by Ferdinand. Della Rovere fortified himself in his [bishopric of Ostia](/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia \"Bishop of Ostia\") at the [Tiber](/wiki/Tiber \"Tiber\")'s mouth as Alexander formed a league against Naples (25 April 1493\\) and prepared for war.",
"Ferdinand allied himself with [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\"), [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") and [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"). He also appealed to Spain for help, but Spain was eager to be on good terms with the papacy to obtain the title to the recently discovered [New World](/wiki/New_World \"New World\"). Alexander, in the bull *[Inter caetera](/wiki/Inter_caetera \"Inter caetera\")* on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the [Treaty of Tordesillas](/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas \"Treaty of Tordesillas\").{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5kTneDFadcIC\\|title\\=International law in historical perspective. 10\\|first\\=Jan H.\\|last\\=Verzijl\\|date\\=26 September 1979\\|publisher\\=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers\\|isbn\\=9028601589 \\|via\\=Google Books}}",
"### French involvement",
"[thumb\\|Italy 1494](/wiki/File:Italy_1494_AD.png \"Italy 1494 AD.png\")\n{{Main\\|Italian War of 1494–1498}}\n{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=April 2014}}",
"Pope Alexander VI made many alliances to secure his position. He sought help from [Charles VIII of France](/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France \"Charles VIII of France\") (1483–1498\\), who was allied to [Ludovico \"il Moro\" Sforza](/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza \"Ludovico Sforza\") (the Moor, so\\-called because of his swarthy complexion), the *de facto* Duke of Milan, who needed French support to legitimise his rule. As King [Ferdinand I of Naples](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples \"Ferdinand I of Naples\") was threatening to come to the aid of the rightful duke [Gian Galeazzo Sforza](/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza \"Gian Galeazzo Sforza\"), the husband of his granddaughter [Isabella](/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon%2C_Duchess_of_Milan \"Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan\"), Alexander encouraged the French king in his plan for the conquest of Naples.",
"But Alexander, always ready to seize opportunities to aggrandize his family, then adopted a double policy. Through the intervention of the Spanish ambassador, he made peace with Naples in July 1493 and cemented the peace by a marriage between his son Gioffre and [Doña Sancha](/wiki/Sancha_of_Aragon \"Sancha of Aragon\"), another granddaughter of Ferdinand I. In order to dominate the [College of Cardinals](/wiki/College_of_Cardinals \"College of Cardinals\") more completely, Alexander, in a move that created much scandal, created 12 new cardinals. Among the new cardinals was his own son Cesare, then only 18 years old. [Alessandro Farnese](/wiki/Pope_Paul_III \"Pope Paul III\") (later Pope Paul III), the brother of one of the Pope's mistresses, [Giulia Farnese](/wiki/Giulia_Farnese \"Giulia Farnese\"), was also among the newly created cardinals.",
"On 25 January 1494, Ferdinand I died and was succeeded by his son [Alfonso II](/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples \"Alfonso II of Naples\") (1494–1495\\). [Charles VIII of France](/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France \"Charles VIII of France\") now advanced formal claims on the Kingdom of Naples. Alexander authorised him to pass through Rome, ostensibly on a [crusade](/wiki/Crusade \"Crusade\") against the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"), without mentioning Naples. But when the French invasion became a reality Pope Alexander VI became alarmed, recognised Alfonso II as king of Naples, and concluded an alliance with him in exchange for various fiefs for his sons (July 1494\\). A military response to the French threat was set in motion: a Neapolitan army was to advance through [Romagna](/wiki/Romagna \"Romagna\") and attack Milan, while the fleet was to seize [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\"). Both expeditions were badly conducted and failed, and on 8 September Charles VIII crossed the [Alps](/wiki/Alps \"Alps\") and joined Ludovico il Moro at Milan. The Papal States were in turmoil, and the powerful [Colonna](/wiki/Colonna \"Colonna\") faction seized [Ostia](/wiki/Ostia_%28district%29 \"Ostia (district)\") in the name of France. Charles VIII rapidly advanced southward, and after a short stay in Florence, set out for Rome (November 1494\\).",
"Alexander appealed to [Ascanio Sforza](/wiki/Ascanio_Sforza \"Ascanio Sforza\") and even to the [Ottoman](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") [Sultan](/wiki/Sultan \"Sultan\") [Bayazid II](/wiki/Bayazid_II \"Bayazid II\") for help. He tried to collect troops and put Rome in a state of defence, but his position was precarious. When the Orsini offered to admit the French to their castles, Alexander had no choice but to come to terms with Charles. On 31 December, Charles VIII entered Rome with his troops, the cardinals of the French faction, and Giuliano della Rovere. Alexander now feared that Charles might depose him for [simony](/wiki/Simony \"Simony\"), and that the king would summon a council to nominate a new pope. Alexander was able to win over the [bishop of Saint\\-Malo](/wiki/Guillaume_Bri%C3%A7onnet_%28Cardinal%29 \"Guillaume Briçonnet (Cardinal)\"), who had much influence over the king, by making him a cardinal. Alexander agreed to send Cesare as legate to Naples with the French army; to deliver [Cem Sultan](/wiki/Cem_Sultan \"Cem Sultan\"), held as a hostage, to Charles VIII, and to give Charles [Civitavecchia](/wiki/Civitavecchia \"Civitavecchia\") (16 January 1495\\). On 28 January Charles VIII departed for Naples with Cem and Cesare, but the latter slipped away to [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto \"Spoleto\"). Neapolitan resistance collapsed, and Alfonso II fled and abdicated in favour of his son [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Naples \"Ferdinand II of Naples\"). Ferdinand was abandoned by all and also had to escape, and the Kingdom of Naples was conquered with surprising ease.",
"### French in retreat",
"{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=April 2014}}",
"A reaction against Charles VIII soon set in, for all the European powers were alarmed at his success. On 31 March 1495 the [Holy League](/wiki/Holy_League_%281495%29 \"Holy League (1495)\") was formed between the pope, the emperor, [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"), Ludovico il Moro and [Ferdinand of Spain](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon \"Ferdinand II of Aragon\").{{cite book \\|first\\=M. S. \\|last\\=Anderson \\|title\\=The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450–1919 \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=Longman \\|year\\=1993 \\|page\\=3 \\|isbn\\=0\\-582\\-21232\\-4 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JmzuAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA3 }} The League was ostensibly formed against the Turks, but in reality it was made to expel the French from Italy. Charles VIII had himself crowned King of [Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\") on 12 May, but a few days later began his retreat northward. He met the League at [Fornovo](/wiki/Battle_of_Fornovo \"Battle of Fornovo\") and cut his way through them and was back in France by November. Ferdinand II was reinstated at [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\") soon afterwards, with Spanish help. The expedition, if it produced no material results, demonstrated the foolishness of the so\\-called \"politics of equilibrium\", the Medicean doctrine of preventing one of the Italian principates from overwhelming the rest and uniting them under its hegemony.",
"Charles VIII's belligerence in Italy had made it transparent that the \"politics of equilibrium\" did nothing but render the country unable to defend itself against a powerful invading force. Italy was shown to be very vulnerable to the predations of the powerful nation\\-states, France and Spain, that had forged themselves during the previous century. Alexander VI now followed the general tendency of all the princes of the day to crush the great feudatories and establish a centralized despotism. In this manner, he was able to take advantage of the defeat of the French in order to break the power of the Orsini. From that time on, Alexander was able to build himself an effective power base in the Papal States.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\|[Castel Sant'Angelo](/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo \"Castel Sant'Angelo\") in Rome](/wiki/File:Castel_Sant%27Angelo_bild.jpg \"Castel Sant'Angelo bild.jpg\")",
"[Virginio Orsini](/wiki/Virginio_Orsini \"Virginio Orsini\"), who had been captured by the Spanish, died a prisoner at Naples, and the Pope confiscated his property. The rest of the Orsini clan still held out, defeating the papal troops sent against them under [Guidobaldo da Montefeltro](/wiki/Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro \"Guidobaldo da Montefeltro\"), Duke of [Urbino](/wiki/Urbino \"Urbino\") and [Giovanni Borgia](/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia_%281474%29 \"Giovanni Borgia (1474)\"), Duke of Gandia, at [Soriano](/wiki/Soriano_nel_Cimino \"Soriano nel Cimino\") (January 1497\\). Peace was made through Venetian mediation, the Orsini paying 50,000 ducats in exchange for their confiscated lands; the Duke of Urbino, whom they had captured, was left by the pope to pay his own ransom. The Orsini remained very powerful, and Pope Alexander VI could count on none but his 3,000 Spanish troops. His only success had been the capture of Ostia and the submission of the Francophile cardinals Colonna and [Savelli](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Savelli \"Giovanni Battista Savelli\").",
"Then occurred a major domestic tragedy for the house of Borgia. On 14 June, his son the [Duke of Gandia](/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa \"Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía\"), who was lately created Duke of [Benevento](/wiki/Benevento \"Benevento\") and had a questionable lifestyle, disappeared; the next day, his corpse was found in the Tiber. Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in [Castel Sant'Angelo](/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo \"Castel Sant'Angelo\"). He declared that henceforth the moral reform of the Church would be the sole object of his life. Every effort was made to discover the assassin. No conclusive explanation was ever reached,{{harvp\\|Mallett\\|1981\\|pp\\=162–166}} and it may be that the crime was simply as a result of one of the Duke's sexual liaisons.",
"### Crime",
"{{Disputed section\\|date\\=April 2022}}\nThere is no evidence that the Borgias resorted to poisoning, judicial murder, or extortion to fund their schemes and the defense of the Papal States. The only contemporary accusations of poisoning were from some of their servants, extracted under torture by Alexander's bitter enemy Della Rovere, who succeeded him as [Pope Julius II](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II \"Pope Julius II\").{{harvp\\|Mallett\\|1981\\|p\\=236}}",
"### Savonarola",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|[Girolamo Savonarola](/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola \"Girolamo Savonarola\")](/wiki/File:Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg \"Girolamo Savonarola.jpg\")\nThe debased state of the curia was a major scandal. Opponents, such as the powerful Florentine friar [Girolamo Savonarola](/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola \"Girolamo Savonarola\"), launched invectives against papal corruption and appealed for a general council to confront the papal abuses. Alexander is reported to have been reduced to laughter when Savonarola's denunciations were related to him. Nevertheless, he appointed [Sebastian Maggi](/wiki/Sebastian_Maggi \"Sebastian Maggi\") to investigate the friar, and he responded on 16 October 1495:\n{{Blockquote\\|text\\=We are displeased at the disturbed state of affairs in Florence, the more so in that it owes its origin to your preaching. For you predict the future and publicly declare that you do so by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit when you should be reprehending vice and praising virtue ... Prophecies like these should not be made when your charge is to forward peace and concord. Moreover, these are not the time for such teachings, calculated as they are to produce discord even in times of peace let alone in times of trouble. ... Since, however, we have been most happy to learn from certain cardinals and from your letter that you are ready to submit yourself to the reproofs of the Church, as becomes a Christian and a religious, we are beginning to think that what you have done has not been done with an evil motive, but from a certain simple\\-mindedness and a zeal, however misguided, for the Lord's vineyard. Our duty, however, prescribes that we order you, under holy obedience, to cease from public and private preaching until you are able to come to our presence, not under armed escort as is your present habit, but safely, quietly and modestly as becomes a religious, or until we make different arrangements. If you obey, as we hope you will, we for the time being suspend the operation of our former Brief so that you may live in peace in accordance with the dictates of your conscience.{{harvp\\|de la Bédoyère\\|1958\\|pp\\=154–155}}}}",
"The hostility of Savonarola seems to have been political rather than personal, and the friar sent a letter of condolence to the pope on the death of the Duke of Gandia; \"Faith, most Holy Father, is the one and true source of peace and consolation... Faith alone brings consolation from a far\\-off country.\"{{harvp\\|de la Bédoyère\\|1958\\|p\\=24}} But eventually the Florentines tired of the friar's moralising and the Florentine government condemned the reformer to death, executing him on 23 May 1498\\.{{harvp\\|de la Bédoyère\\|1958\\|loc\\=passim}} {{Page needed\\|date\\=May 2017}}",
"### Familial aggrandizement",
"The prominent Italian families looked down on the Spanish Borgia family, and they resented their power, which they sought for themselves. This is, at least partially, why both Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI gave powers to family members whom they could trust.{{\\#tag:ref\\|\"The Spaniards had been trying to take back their country from the Moors for almost 800 years. By the middle of the 15th century, this reconquest was almost complete, but Spain was still a hodgepodge of competing principalities and, because of its constant state of warfare, still a very backward country. In Italy, on the other hand, the Renaissance, which had hardly begun in Spain, had reached its high point and the Italians, in general, did not look kindly on a citizen of this backward country being elevated to the highest post in the Church. Remember, too, that the pope at the time, besides his spiritual powers, was a sovereign political power with large areas of the peninsula, nominally, at least, under his control. Italy was, politically, in a worse state than Spain. In the south, Naples was a fief of the pope, but its ruler, King Ferrante, refused to acknowledge the pope's authority. In the north of the peninsula, many small principalities vied for dominance and were often at war with one another, changing alliances as rapidly as opportunity invited. In the Papal States themselves, noble families, such as the Orsini and the Colonna, acted as petty tyrants in the cities and areas which they controlled, grinding down the people and constantly seeking to achieve their independence from their sovereign, the pope. These Roman families even sought to control the Papacy itself. It was probably only because they could not agree on an Italian successor to Nicholas V that the elderly Callistus had been elected; one who, in all probability, would not live long...Callistus III was acknowledged by all as religious and austere, though severely criticized for his largesse to his family. But he was surrounded by enemies both within the Church and among the rulers of Europe. When elected, he did what all leaders do, he surrounded himself with people whom he believed he could trust. A Spaniard in Italy, he was hard\\-pressed to find such trustworthiness except from members of his own family; hence his patronage of them, though it is not to be denied that it was probably also for personal reasons.\"J.B. Darcy, \\[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/What\\+you\\+don%27t\\+know\\+about\\+the\\+Borgia\\+Pope%3A\\+Alexander\\+VI\\+%281492\\-1503%29\\.\\-a0268401837 ''What you don't know about the Borgia Pope: Alexander VI (1492–1503\\)''].\\|group\\=Note}}",
"[thumb\\|Papal bull *Desiderando nui*, 1499](/wiki/File:Alexander_-_Bolla_%22Desiderando_nui%22%2C_dopo_il_18_settembre_1499_-_2951587.tif \"Alexander - Bolla \")",
"In these circumstances, Alexander, feeling more than ever that he could rely only on his own kin, turned his thoughts to further family aggrandizement. He had annulled Lucrezia's marriage to [Giovanni Sforza](/wiki/Giovanni_Sforza \"Giovanni Sforza\"), who had responded to the suggestion that he was impotent with the unsubstantiated counterclaim that Alexander and Cesare indulged in incestuous relations with Lucrezia, in 1497\\.{{\\#tag:ref\\|\"As for her reputation, there is absolutely no evidence for the rumors of incest with one or more of her brothers – or indeed with her father – apart from that given by her first husband, Giovanni Sforza, during the divorce proceedings, during which several other baseless accusations were leveled in both directions.\"{{harvp\\|Norwich\\|2011\\|p\\=272}}\\|group\\=Note}} Unable to arrange a union between Cesare and the daughter of King [Frederick IV of Naples](/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Naples \"Frederick IV of Naples\") (who had succeeded Ferdinand II the previous year), he induced Frederick by threats to agree to a marriage between the Duke of [Bisceglie](/wiki/Bisceglie \"Bisceglie\"), a natural son of Alfonso II, and Lucrezia. Alexander and the new French king [Louis XII](/wiki/Louis_XII \"Louis XII\") entered a secret agreement; in exchange for a bull of divorce between the king and [Joan of France](/wiki/Joan_of_France%2C_Duchess_of_Berry \"Joan of France, Duchess of Berry\") (so he could marry [Anne of Brittany](/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany \"Anne of Brittany\")) and making [Georges d'Amboise](/wiki/Georges_d%27Amboise \"Georges d'Amboise\") (the king's chief advisor) the cardinal of [Rouen](/wiki/Rouen \"Rouen\"), Cesare was given the duchy of [Valentinois](/wiki/Valentinois \"Valentinois\") in France (chosen because it was homophonous with his nickname, Valentino, derived from his father's papal epithet *Valentinus* (\"The [Valencian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia \"Kingdom of Valencia\")\", as seen on his coinsSee inscription on 5 Ducat piece [:File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492\\-1503\\.jpg](/wiki/Roma%2C_alessandro_VI%2C_5_ducati%2C_1492-1503.jpg \"Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg\") \"Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus\" (\"The Valencian\", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain) denoting his origin in the [Kingdom of Valencia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia \"Kingdom of Valencia\"), Spain), military assistance to help him subjugate the feudal princelings of papal Romagna,{{cite book \\|last1\\=Machiavelli \\|first1\\=Niccolò \\|title\\=The Prince and Selected Discourses \\|year\\=1981 \\|publisher\\=Bantam Books \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=0\\-553\\-21227\\-3 \\|edition\\=Bantam Classic \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/princeclassics00nicc/page/127 127] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/princeclassics00nicc/page/127 }} and a princess bride, [Charlotte of Albret](/wiki/Charlotte_of_Albret \"Charlotte of Albret\") from the [Kingdom of Navarre](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre \"Kingdom of Navarre\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Juan de Albret y Catalina de Foix o la defensa del Estado navarro (1483–1517\\)\\|last\\=Adot Lerga \\|first\\=Álvaro \\|publisher\\=Pamiela \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=84\\-7681\\-443\\-7\\|location\\=Pamplona/Iruñea\\|pages\\=164–65}}",
"Alexander hoped that Louis XII's help would be more profitable to his house than that of Charles VIII had been. In spite of the remonstrances of Spain and of the Sforza, he allied himself with France in January 1499 and was joined by Venice. By autumn Louis XII was in Italy expelling Lodovico Sforza from Milan. With French success seemingly assured, the Pope determined to deal drastically with Romagna, which although nominally under papal rule was divided into a number of practically independent lordships on which Venice, Milan, and Florence cast hungry eyes. Cesare, empowered by the support of the French, began to attack the turbulent cities one by one in his capacity as nominated *[gonfaloniere](/wiki/Gonfalone_of_the_Church \"Gonfalone of the Church\")* (standard bearer) of the church. But the expulsion of the French from Milan and the return of Lodovico Sforza interrupted his conquests, and he returned to Rome early in 1500\\.",
"### The Jubilee (1500\\)",
"In the [Jubilee year](/wiki/Jubilee_%28Christianity%29 \"Jubilee (Christianity)\") 1500, Alexander ushered in the custom of opening a [holy door](/wiki/Holy_door \"Holy door\") on Christmas Eve and closing it on Christmas Day the following year. After consulting with his Master of Ceremonies, [Johann Burchard](/wiki/Johann_Burchard \"Johann Burchard\"), Pope Alexander VI opened the first holy door in [St. Peter's Basilica](/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica \"Old St. Peter's Basilica\") on Christmas Eve 1499, and papal representatives opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. For this, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the *[portico](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\")* of St. Peter's and commissioned a marble door.{{\\#tag:ref\\|\"The holy year 1500 definitively ushered in the custom of opening a holy door on Christmas Eve and closing it the following year on Christmas Day. Alexander opened the first holy door in St. Peter's Basilica on Christmas Eve, 1499, and papal legates opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. For this occasion, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the portico of St. Peter's and commissioned a door, made of marble, 3\\.5 meters high and 2\\.2 wide. It lasted until 1618 when another door was installed in the new basilica. The door, in turn, was replaced in 1950 by the bronze door, which is still in use. In a ceremony strikingly similar in many ways to today's ritual opening of a holy door, Alexander was carried in the gestatorial chair to the portico of St. Peter's. He and the members of his retinue, bearing long candles, processed to the holy door, as the choir intoned Psalm 118:19–20: \"Open for me the gate of Yahweh, where the upright go in.\" The pope knocked thrice on the door, it gave way (assisted from within by workers), and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Thus, Pope Alexander, a lover of pomp and ceremony, formalized the rite of opening a holy door and began a tradition that continues, with few variations, to this day. Similar rites were held at the other patriarchal basilicas. Alexander was also the first to institute a special rite for the closing of a holy door. On the feast of the Epiphany, 6 January 1501, two cardinals – one with a silver brick and the other with a gold one – symbolically began to seal the holy door. Basilica workers known as sanpietrini completed the task, which included placing small coins and medals, minted during the holy year, inside the wall.\"Allen Duston, O.P., and Roberto Zanoli, 2003, ''Saint Peter and the Vatican: The Legacy of the Popes'', Art Services Intl., {{ISBN\\|9780883971406}}, pp. 158–159\\.\\|group\\=Note}}{{\\#tag:ref\\|\"\\[A]ll the clergy of the city were invited to the opening of the \\[1500] Jubilee. The pope himself performed this ceremony on Christmas Eve, 1499, having taken pains to settle all the details beforehand with his Master of Ceremonies. The ceremonial observed on these occasions was no modern invention, but, as the Bull of Indiction expressly says, was founded on ancient rites and full of symbolic meaning. According to Burchard, the crowd which assisted at these solemnities numbered 200,000 persons. Although this may be an exaggeration, still it is certain that, in spite of the troubles of the times and the insecurity in Rome itself, the numbers attending this Jubilee were very large.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://rorate\\-caeli.blogspot.com/2013/09/oh\\-catholic\\-life\\-was\\-just\\-horrible.html \\|title\\=How awful was Catholic life under those immoral Renaissance Popes! \\|publisher\\=Rorate Caeli \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2014}}\\|group\\=Note}}",
"Alexander was carried in the *[sedia gestatoria](/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria \"Sedia gestatoria\")* to St. Peter's. He and his assistants, bearing candles, processed to the holy door, as the choir chanted Psalm 118:19–20\\.{{bibleverse\\|Psalm\\|118:19–20\\|NASB}} The pope knocked on the door three times, workers moved it from the inside, and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Thus, Pope Alexander formalized the rite and began a longstanding tradition that is still in practice. Similar ceremonies were held at the other three basilicas.",
"Alexander instituted a special rite for the closing of a holy door, as well. On the [Feast of the Epiphany](/wiki/Epiphany_%28holiday%29 \"Epiphany (holiday)\") in 1501, two cardinals began to seal the holy door with two bricks, one silver and one gold. *Sampietrini* (basilica workers){{\\#tag:ref\\|\"The permanent group of skilled workers and artisans, in every trade, who with their assistants take care of St. Peter's Basilica.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id\\=36264 \\|title\\=Dictionary: Sampietrini \\|publisher\\=Catholic Culture \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2014}}\\|group\\=Note}} completed the seal, placing specially\\-minted coins and medals inside the wall.",
""
] |
### Overview
Rodrigo de Borja's career in the Church began in 1445 at the age of 14 when he was appointed [sacristan](/wiki/Sacristan "Sacristan") at the [Cathedral of Valencia](/wiki/Valencia_Cathedral "Valencia Cathedral") by his influential uncle, [Alfons Cardinal de Borja](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III "Pope Callixtus III"), who had been appointed a [cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Cardinal (Catholic Church)") by [Pope Eugene IV](/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV "Pope Eugene IV") the previous year.{{Cite book\|last\=Hollingsworth\|first\=Mary\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868380201\|title\=The Borgias : history's most notorious dynasty\|date\=2014\|isbn\=978\-1\-78206\-944\-7\|location\=London\|pages\=17\|oclc\=868380201}} In 1448, Borja became canon at the cathedrals of Valencia, Barcelona, and Segorbe. His uncle, Cardinal de Borja, persuaded [Pope Nicholas V](/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V "Pope Nicholas V") to allow young Borja to perform this role *in absentia* and receive the associated income, so that Borja could travel to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome").Hollingsworth 2014, pp. 17–19 While in Rome, Rodrigo Borgia (as his surname was usually spelled in [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language")) studied under Gaspare da Verona, a humanist tutor. He then studied law at [Bologna](/wiki/University_of_Bologna "University of Bologna") where he graduated, not simply as [Doctor of Law](/wiki/Canon_law "Canon law"), but as "the most eminent and judicious jurisprudent."Monsignor Peter de Roo (1924\), *Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, His Relatives and His Time*, (5 vols.), Bruges, Desclée, De Brouwer, volume 2, p. 29\. {{cite web \|title\=Archived copy \|url\=http://attomelani.net/de\_roo/volumeII\_lowres.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065604/http://attomelani.net/de\_roo/volumeII\_lowres.pdf \|archive\-date\=26 April 2012 \|access\-date\=22 December 2011}} [volumes 1–5](http://www.attomelani.net/?page+id=143)
The election of his uncle, Alfons Cardinal de Borja, as [Pope Callixtus III](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III "Pope Callixtus III") in 1455 enabled Borgia's appointments to other positions in the Church. These [nepotistic](/wiki/Nepotism "Nepotism") appointments were characteristic of the era. Each pope during this period found himself surrounded by the servants and retainers of his predecessors who often owed their loyalty to the family of the pontiff who had appointed them. In 1455, he inherited his uncle's post as bishop of Valencia, and Callixtus appointed him Dean of Santa Maria in Xàtiva. The following year, he was ordained [deacon](/wiki/Deacon "Deacon") and created [cardinal\-deacon](/wiki/Lay_cardinal "Lay cardinal") of [San Nicola in Carcere](/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere "San Nicola in Carcere"). Rodrigo Borgia's appointment as cardinal only occurred after Callixtus III asked the cardinals in Rome to create three new positions in the [College of Cardinals](/wiki/College_of_Cardinals "College of Cardinals"), two for his nephews Rodrigo and Luis Juan de Milà, and one for the Prince Jaime of Portugal.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 36
In 1457, Callixtus III assigned the young Cardinal de Borja (or Borgia in Italian) to go to Ancona as a Papal legate to quell a revolt. Borgia was successful in his mission, and his uncle rewarded him with his appointment as [vice\-chancellor](/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery "Apostolic Chancery") of the Holy Roman Church.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 43 The position of [vice\-chancellor](/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery "Apostolic Chancery") was both incredibly powerful and lucrative, and Borgia held this post for 35 years until his own election to the papacy in 1492\. At the end of 1457, Rodrigo Cardinal Borgia's elder brother, Pedro Luis Borgia, fell ill, so Rodrigo temporarily filled Pedro Luis' position as [captain\-general](/wiki/Captain-general "Captain-general") of the papal army until he recovered.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 45 In 1458, Cardinal Borgia's uncle and greatest benefactor, Pope Callixtus, died.
In the [papal election of 1458](/wiki/1458_papal_conclave "1458 papal conclave"), Rodrigo Borgia was too young to seek the papacy himself, so he sought to support a cardinal who would maintain him as vice\-chancellor. Borgia was one of the deciding votes in the election of Cardinal Piccolomini as [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II "Pope Pius II"), and the new pope rewarded Borgia not only with maintaining the chancellorship but also with a lucrative abbey benefice and another titular church.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 55 In 1460, Pope Pius rebuked Cardinal Borgia for attending a private party which Pius had heard turned into an orgy. Borgia apologized for the incident but denied that there had been an orgy. Pope Pius forgave him, and the true events of the evening remain unknown.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 60 In 1462, Rodrigo Borgia had his first son, Pedro Luis, with an unknown mistress. He sent Pedro Luis to grow up in Spain.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 65 The following year, Borgia acceded to Pope Pius's call for cardinals to help fund a new crusade. Before embarking to lead the crusade personally, Pope Pius II fell ill and died, so Borgia would need to ensure the election of yet another ally to the papacy to maintain his position as vice\-chancellor.
On the first ballot, the [conclave of 1464](/wiki/1464_papal_conclave "1464 papal conclave") elected Borgia's friend Pietro Barbo as [Pope Paul II](/wiki/Pope_Paul_II "Pope Paul II"). Borgia was in high standing with the new pope and retained his positions, including that of vice\-chancellor. Paul II reversed some of his predecessor's reforms that diminished the power of the chancellory. Following the election, Borgia fell ill of the plague but recovered. Borgia had two daughters, Isabella (\*1467\) and Girolama (\*1469\), with an unknown mistress. He openly acknowledged all three of his children.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 81 Pope Paul II died suddenly in 1471\.
While Borgia had acquired the reputation and wealth to mount a bid for the papacy in [this conclave](/wiki/1471_papal_conclave "1471 papal conclave"), there were only three non\-Italians, making his election a near\-impossibility. Consequently, Borgia continued his previous strategy of positioning himself as kingmaker. This time, Borgia gathered the votes to make Francesco della Rovere (the uncle of future Borgia rival [Giuliano della Rovere](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II "Pope Julius II")) [Pope Sixtus IV](/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV "Pope Sixtus IV"). Della Rovere's appeal was that he was a pious and brilliant [Franciscan](/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor "Order of Friars Minor") friar who lacked many political connections in Rome.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 82 He seemed to be the perfect cardinal to reform the Church, and the perfect cardinal for Borgia to maintain his influence. Sixtus IV rewarded Borgia for his support by promoting him to cardinal\-bishop and consecrating him as the [Cardinal\-Bishop of Albano](/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop_of_Albano "Cardinal-Bishop of Albano"), requiring Borgia's ordination as a priest. Borgia also received a lucrative abbey from the pope and remained vice\-chancellor.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 85 At the end of the year, the pope appointed Borgia to be the papal legate for Spain to negotiate a peace treaty between [Castile](/wiki/Crown_of_Castile "Crown of Castile") and [Aragon](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon "Crown of Aragon") and to solicit their support for another crusade. In 1472, Borgia was appointed to be the papal chamberlain until his departure to Spain. Borgia arrived in his native Aragon in the summer, reuniting with family and meeting with King Juan II and Prince Ferdinand. The pope gave Cardinal Borgia discretion over whether to give dispensation for [Ferdinand](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon "Ferdinand II of Aragon")'s marriage to his second cousin [Isabella of Castile](/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile "Isabella I of Castile"), and Borgia decided in favour of approving the marriage. The couple named Borgia to be the godfather of their first son in recognition of this decision.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 95 The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was critical in the [unification of Castile and Aragon](/wiki/Habsburg_Spain "Habsburg Spain") into Spain. Borgia also negotiated peace between Castile and Aragon and an end to the civil wars in the latter Kingdom, gaining the favour of the future King Ferdinand \- who would go on to promote the interests of the Borgia family in Aragon.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 87 Borgia returned to Rome the following year, narrowly surviving a storm that sank a nearby galley that was carrying 200 men of the Borgia household.
[thumb\|[Vannozza dei Cattanei](/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei "Vannozza dei Cattanei")](/wiki/File:Vanozza.jpg "Vanozza.jpg")
Back in Rome, Borgia began his affair with [Vannozza dei Cattenei](/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei "Vannozza dei Cattanei") which would yield four children: [Cesare](/wiki/Cesare_Borgia "Cesare Borgia") in 1475, [Giovanni](/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa "Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía") in 1474 or 1476, [Lucrezia](/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia "Lucrezia Borgia") in 1480, and [Gioffre](/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia "Gioffre Borgia") in 1482\. In 1476, Pope Sixtus appointed Borgia to be the cardinal\-bishop of Porto. In 1480, the pope legitimized Cesare as a favour to Cardinal Borgia, and in 1482, the pope began to appoint the seven\-year\-old to church positions, demonstrating Borgia's intention to use his influence to promote his children. Contemporaneously, Borgia continued to add to his list of benefices, becoming the wealthiest cardinal by 1483\.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 100 He also become [Dean of the College of Cardinals](/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals "Dean of the College of Cardinals") in that year. In 1484, Pope Sixtus IV died, necessitating another election for Borgia to manipulate to his advantage.
Borgia was wealthy and powerful enough to mount a bid, but he faced competition from [Giuliano della Rovere](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II "Pope Julius II"), the late pope's nephew. Della Rovere's faction had the advantage of being incredibly large as Sixtus had appointed many of the cardinals who would participate in the election. Borgia's attempts to gather enough votes included bribery and leveraging his close ties to Naples and Aragon. However, many of the Spanish cardinals were absent from the conclave and della Rovere's faction had an overwhelming advantage. Della Rovere chose to promote Cardinal Cibo as his preferred candidate, and Cibo wrote to the Borgia faction wanting to strike a deal. Once again, Borgia played kingmaker and conceded to Cardinal Cibo who became [Pope Innocent VIII](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII "Pope Innocent VIII").Hollingsworth 2014, p. 106 Again, Borgia retained his position of vice\-chancellor, successfully holding this position over the course of five papacies and four elections.
In 1485, Pope Innocent VIII nominated Borgia to become the [Archbishop of Seville](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville"), a position that [King Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon "Ferdinand II of Aragon") wanted for his own son. In response, Ferdinand angrily seized the Borgia estates in Aragon and imprisoned Borgia's son Pedro Luis. However, Borgia healed the relationship by turning down this appointment. Pope Innocent, at the urging of his close ally Giuliano della Rovere, decided to declare war against Naples, but Milan, Florence, and Aragon chose to support Naples over the pope. Borgia led the opposition within the College of Cardinals to this war, and King Ferdinand rewarded Borgia by making his son Pedro Luis the [Duke of Gandia](/wiki/Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa "Duke of Gandía") and arranging a marriage between his cousin Maria Enriquez and the new duke. Now, the Borgia family was directly tied to the royal families of Spain and Naples. While Borgia gained the favour of Spain, he stood opposed to the pope and the della Rovere family. As a part of his war opposition, Borgia sought to obstruct an alliance negotiation between the papacy and France. These negotiations were unsuccessful and in July 1486, the pope capitulated and ended the war.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 111 In 1488, Borgia's son Pedro Luis died, and Juan Borgia became the new duke of Gandia. In the following year, Borgia hosted the wedding ceremony between [Orsino Orsini](/wiki/Orsino_Orsini "Orsino Orsini") and [Giulia Farnese](/wiki/Giulia_Farnese "Giulia Farnese"), and within a few months, Farnese had become Borgia's new mistress. She was 15, and he was 58\.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 114 Borgia continued to acquire new benefices with their large streams of income, including the [bishopric of Majorca](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Majorca "Roman Catholic Diocese of Majorca") and Eger in Hungary. In 1492, Pope Innocent VIII died. Since Borgia was 61, this was likely his last chance to become pope.
|
[
"### Overview",
"Rodrigo de Borja's career in the Church began in 1445 at the age of 14 when he was appointed [sacristan](/wiki/Sacristan \"Sacristan\") at the [Cathedral of Valencia](/wiki/Valencia_Cathedral \"Valencia Cathedral\") by his influential uncle, [Alfons Cardinal de Borja](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III \"Pope Callixtus III\"), who had been appointed a [cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Cardinal (Catholic Church)\") by [Pope Eugene IV](/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV \"Pope Eugene IV\") the previous year.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Hollingsworth\\|first\\=Mary\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868380201\\|title\\=The Borgias : history's most notorious dynasty\\|date\\=2014\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78206\\-944\\-7\\|location\\=London\\|pages\\=17\\|oclc\\=868380201}} In 1448, Borja became canon at the cathedrals of Valencia, Barcelona, and Segorbe. His uncle, Cardinal de Borja, persuaded [Pope Nicholas V](/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V \"Pope Nicholas V\") to allow young Borja to perform this role *in absentia* and receive the associated income, so that Borja could travel to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\").Hollingsworth 2014, pp. 17–19 While in Rome, Rodrigo Borgia (as his surname was usually spelled in [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language \"Italian language\")) studied under Gaspare da Verona, a humanist tutor. He then studied law at [Bologna](/wiki/University_of_Bologna \"University of Bologna\") where he graduated, not simply as [Doctor of Law](/wiki/Canon_law \"Canon law\"), but as \"the most eminent and judicious jurisprudent.\"Monsignor Peter de Roo (1924\\), *Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, His Relatives and His Time*, (5 vols.), Bruges, Desclée, De Brouwer, volume 2, p. 29\\. {{cite web \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|url\\=http://attomelani.net/de\\_roo/volumeII\\_lowres.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065604/http://attomelani.net/de\\_roo/volumeII\\_lowres.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2011}} [volumes 1–5](http://www.attomelani.net/?page+id=143)",
"The election of his uncle, Alfons Cardinal de Borja, as [Pope Callixtus III](/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III \"Pope Callixtus III\") in 1455 enabled Borgia's appointments to other positions in the Church. These [nepotistic](/wiki/Nepotism \"Nepotism\") appointments were characteristic of the era. Each pope during this period found himself surrounded by the servants and retainers of his predecessors who often owed their loyalty to the family of the pontiff who had appointed them. In 1455, he inherited his uncle's post as bishop of Valencia, and Callixtus appointed him Dean of Santa Maria in Xàtiva. The following year, he was ordained [deacon](/wiki/Deacon \"Deacon\") and created [cardinal\\-deacon](/wiki/Lay_cardinal \"Lay cardinal\") of [San Nicola in Carcere](/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere \"San Nicola in Carcere\"). Rodrigo Borgia's appointment as cardinal only occurred after Callixtus III asked the cardinals in Rome to create three new positions in the [College of Cardinals](/wiki/College_of_Cardinals \"College of Cardinals\"), two for his nephews Rodrigo and Luis Juan de Milà, and one for the Prince Jaime of Portugal.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 36",
"In 1457, Callixtus III assigned the young Cardinal de Borja (or Borgia in Italian) to go to Ancona as a Papal legate to quell a revolt. Borgia was successful in his mission, and his uncle rewarded him with his appointment as [vice\\-chancellor](/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery \"Apostolic Chancery\") of the Holy Roman Church.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 43 The position of [vice\\-chancellor](/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery \"Apostolic Chancery\") was both incredibly powerful and lucrative, and Borgia held this post for 35 years until his own election to the papacy in 1492\\. At the end of 1457, Rodrigo Cardinal Borgia's elder brother, Pedro Luis Borgia, fell ill, so Rodrigo temporarily filled Pedro Luis' position as [captain\\-general](/wiki/Captain-general \"Captain-general\") of the papal army until he recovered.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 45 In 1458, Cardinal Borgia's uncle and greatest benefactor, Pope Callixtus, died.",
"In the [papal election of 1458](/wiki/1458_papal_conclave \"1458 papal conclave\"), Rodrigo Borgia was too young to seek the papacy himself, so he sought to support a cardinal who would maintain him as vice\\-chancellor. Borgia was one of the deciding votes in the election of Cardinal Piccolomini as [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II \"Pope Pius II\"), and the new pope rewarded Borgia not only with maintaining the chancellorship but also with a lucrative abbey benefice and another titular church.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 55 In 1460, Pope Pius rebuked Cardinal Borgia for attending a private party which Pius had heard turned into an orgy. Borgia apologized for the incident but denied that there had been an orgy. Pope Pius forgave him, and the true events of the evening remain unknown.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 60 In 1462, Rodrigo Borgia had his first son, Pedro Luis, with an unknown mistress. He sent Pedro Luis to grow up in Spain.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 65 The following year, Borgia acceded to Pope Pius's call for cardinals to help fund a new crusade. Before embarking to lead the crusade personally, Pope Pius II fell ill and died, so Borgia would need to ensure the election of yet another ally to the papacy to maintain his position as vice\\-chancellor.",
"On the first ballot, the [conclave of 1464](/wiki/1464_papal_conclave \"1464 papal conclave\") elected Borgia's friend Pietro Barbo as [Pope Paul II](/wiki/Pope_Paul_II \"Pope Paul II\"). Borgia was in high standing with the new pope and retained his positions, including that of vice\\-chancellor. Paul II reversed some of his predecessor's reforms that diminished the power of the chancellory. Following the election, Borgia fell ill of the plague but recovered. Borgia had two daughters, Isabella (\\*1467\\) and Girolama (\\*1469\\), with an unknown mistress. He openly acknowledged all three of his children.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 81 Pope Paul II died suddenly in 1471\\.",
"While Borgia had acquired the reputation and wealth to mount a bid for the papacy in [this conclave](/wiki/1471_papal_conclave \"1471 papal conclave\"), there were only three non\\-Italians, making his election a near\\-impossibility. Consequently, Borgia continued his previous strategy of positioning himself as kingmaker. This time, Borgia gathered the votes to make Francesco della Rovere (the uncle of future Borgia rival [Giuliano della Rovere](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II \"Pope Julius II\")) [Pope Sixtus IV](/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV \"Pope Sixtus IV\"). Della Rovere's appeal was that he was a pious and brilliant [Franciscan](/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor \"Order of Friars Minor\") friar who lacked many political connections in Rome.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 82 He seemed to be the perfect cardinal to reform the Church, and the perfect cardinal for Borgia to maintain his influence. Sixtus IV rewarded Borgia for his support by promoting him to cardinal\\-bishop and consecrating him as the [Cardinal\\-Bishop of Albano](/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop_of_Albano \"Cardinal-Bishop of Albano\"), requiring Borgia's ordination as a priest. Borgia also received a lucrative abbey from the pope and remained vice\\-chancellor.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 85 At the end of the year, the pope appointed Borgia to be the papal legate for Spain to negotiate a peace treaty between [Castile](/wiki/Crown_of_Castile \"Crown of Castile\") and [Aragon](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon \"Crown of Aragon\") and to solicit their support for another crusade. In 1472, Borgia was appointed to be the papal chamberlain until his departure to Spain. Borgia arrived in his native Aragon in the summer, reuniting with family and meeting with King Juan II and Prince Ferdinand. The pope gave Cardinal Borgia discretion over whether to give dispensation for [Ferdinand](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon \"Ferdinand II of Aragon\")'s marriage to his second cousin [Isabella of Castile](/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile \"Isabella I of Castile\"), and Borgia decided in favour of approving the marriage. The couple named Borgia to be the godfather of their first son in recognition of this decision.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 95 The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was critical in the [unification of Castile and Aragon](/wiki/Habsburg_Spain \"Habsburg Spain\") into Spain. Borgia also negotiated peace between Castile and Aragon and an end to the civil wars in the latter Kingdom, gaining the favour of the future King Ferdinand \\- who would go on to promote the interests of the Borgia family in Aragon.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 87 Borgia returned to Rome the following year, narrowly surviving a storm that sank a nearby galley that was carrying 200 men of the Borgia household. \n[thumb\\|[Vannozza dei Cattanei](/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei \"Vannozza dei Cattanei\")](/wiki/File:Vanozza.jpg \"Vanozza.jpg\")\nBack in Rome, Borgia began his affair with [Vannozza dei Cattenei](/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei \"Vannozza dei Cattanei\") which would yield four children: [Cesare](/wiki/Cesare_Borgia \"Cesare Borgia\") in 1475, [Giovanni](/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa \"Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía\") in 1474 or 1476, [Lucrezia](/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia \"Lucrezia Borgia\") in 1480, and [Gioffre](/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia \"Gioffre Borgia\") in 1482\\. In 1476, Pope Sixtus appointed Borgia to be the cardinal\\-bishop of Porto. In 1480, the pope legitimized Cesare as a favour to Cardinal Borgia, and in 1482, the pope began to appoint the seven\\-year\\-old to church positions, demonstrating Borgia's intention to use his influence to promote his children. Contemporaneously, Borgia continued to add to his list of benefices, becoming the wealthiest cardinal by 1483\\.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 100 He also become [Dean of the College of Cardinals](/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals \"Dean of the College of Cardinals\") in that year. In 1484, Pope Sixtus IV died, necessitating another election for Borgia to manipulate to his advantage.",
"Borgia was wealthy and powerful enough to mount a bid, but he faced competition from [Giuliano della Rovere](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II \"Pope Julius II\"), the late pope's nephew. Della Rovere's faction had the advantage of being incredibly large as Sixtus had appointed many of the cardinals who would participate in the election. Borgia's attempts to gather enough votes included bribery and leveraging his close ties to Naples and Aragon. However, many of the Spanish cardinals were absent from the conclave and della Rovere's faction had an overwhelming advantage. Della Rovere chose to promote Cardinal Cibo as his preferred candidate, and Cibo wrote to the Borgia faction wanting to strike a deal. Once again, Borgia played kingmaker and conceded to Cardinal Cibo who became [Pope Innocent VIII](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII \"Pope Innocent VIII\").Hollingsworth 2014, p. 106 Again, Borgia retained his position of vice\\-chancellor, successfully holding this position over the course of five papacies and four elections.",
"In 1485, Pope Innocent VIII nominated Borgia to become the [Archbishop of Seville](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville\"), a position that [King Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon \"Ferdinand II of Aragon\") wanted for his own son. In response, Ferdinand angrily seized the Borgia estates in Aragon and imprisoned Borgia's son Pedro Luis. However, Borgia healed the relationship by turning down this appointment. Pope Innocent, at the urging of his close ally Giuliano della Rovere, decided to declare war against Naples, but Milan, Florence, and Aragon chose to support Naples over the pope. Borgia led the opposition within the College of Cardinals to this war, and King Ferdinand rewarded Borgia by making his son Pedro Luis the [Duke of Gandia](/wiki/Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa \"Duke of Gandía\") and arranging a marriage between his cousin Maria Enriquez and the new duke. Now, the Borgia family was directly tied to the royal families of Spain and Naples. While Borgia gained the favour of Spain, he stood opposed to the pope and the della Rovere family. As a part of his war opposition, Borgia sought to obstruct an alliance negotiation between the papacy and France. These negotiations were unsuccessful and in July 1486, the pope capitulated and ended the war.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 111 In 1488, Borgia's son Pedro Luis died, and Juan Borgia became the new duke of Gandia. In the following year, Borgia hosted the wedding ceremony between [Orsino Orsini](/wiki/Orsino_Orsini \"Orsino Orsini\") and [Giulia Farnese](/wiki/Giulia_Farnese \"Giulia Farnese\"), and within a few months, Farnese had become Borgia's new mistress. She was 15, and he was 58\\.Hollingsworth 2014, p. 114 Borgia continued to acquire new benefices with their large streams of income, including the [bishopric of Majorca](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Majorca \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Majorca\") and Eger in Hungary. In 1492, Pope Innocent VIII died. Since Borgia was 61, this was likely his last chance to become pope.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Personal life
Born Susan Eloise Spaeth{{Citation\|title\=International who's who of authors and writers\|year\=2003\|publisher\=Europa Publications Limited\|page\=313}} on December 12, 1946, in [Cuthbert, Georgia](/wiki/Cuthbert%2C_Georgia "Cuthbert, Georgia"), United States. She was the eldest daughter of Maggie Eloise Cliatt, a nurse and also journalist, and William Olin Spaeth, a college professor. She and her younger sister, Dannis Spaeth (Cole), were raised in [Chamblee, Georgia](/wiki/Chamblee%2C_Georgia "Chamblee, Georgia"), where Susan graduated from [Chamblee High School](/wiki/Chamblee_Charter_High_School "Chamblee Charter High School") in 1964\. She grew up reading [Zane Grey](/wiki/Zane_Grey "Zane Grey") and fell in love with [cowboys](/wiki/Cowboy "Cowboy").
On 9 October 1972, she married James Edward Kyle, with whom she had one son, Blayne Kyle in 1980\. Their son married with Christina Clayton (Kyle), they are both graduates of Piedmont College in Demorest, Georgia, and live in Tennessee, and they have a daughter, Selena Marie Kyle, born in February 2009 and a son Donovan Edward Kyle born in September 2012\. While thinking for a new story she remembered one of her friends from the past who had an amnesia after a car accident, which gave her a hint for a new twist.
At 54, she went back to college, inspired by her husband who quit his job to pursue his diploma in computer programming. She graduated summa cum laude from [Piedmont College](/wiki/Piedmont_College "Piedmont College"), [Demorest, Georgia](/wiki/Demorest%2C_Georgia "Demorest, Georgia"), in 1995 with a major in history and a double minor in Archaeology and Spanish. She was named to two honor societies (the [Torch Club](/wiki/International_Association_of_Torch_Clubs "International Association of Torch Clubs") and [Alpha Chi](/wiki/Alpha_Chi "Alpha Chi")), and was named to the National Dean's List. In addition to her writing projects, she was working on her master's degree in history at [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University "California State University"), where she plans on specializing in Native American studies.
She was a member of the [Native American Rights Fund](/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund "Native American Rights Fund"), the [American Museum of Natural History](/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History "American Museum of Natural History"), the [National Cattlemen's Association](/wiki/National_Cattlemen%27s_Association "National Cattlemen's Association"), the [Archaeological Institute of America](/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America "Archaeological Institute of America"), the [Planetary Society](/wiki/Planetary_Society "Planetary Society"), The Georgia Conservancy, the Georgia Sheriff's Association, and numerous conservation and charitable organizations. Her hobbies include gardening, archaeology, anthropology, iguanas, astronomy and music.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eharlequin.com/author.html?authorid\=174 \|title\=Harlequin.com \|publisher\=Eharlequin.com \|access\-date\=2017\-05\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720024432/http://www.eharlequin.com/author.html?authorid\=174 \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-20 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Writing career
She was a former newspaper reporter, with sixteen years experience on both daily and weekly newspapers, including *[The Gainesville Times](/wiki/The_Gainesville_Times_%28Georgia%29 "The Gainesville Times (Georgia)")* and the now defunct *Tri\-County Advertiser* in Clarkesville, Georgia, before began to write novels seriously.{{cite news\|agency\=Associated Press\|title\=Piedmont alumni honor six for service\|url\=http://www.accessnorthga.com/detail.php?n\=247722\|access\-date\=20 April 2012\|newspaper\=Access North Georgia\|date\=19 April 2012}} She began selling romance novels in 1979 to MacFadden Romance under the pseudonym Diana Palmer. In 1980, she wrote *The Morcai Battalion*, a science fiction novel as Susan S. Kyle, continued under the pseudonym Diana Palmer 28 years later. From 1982 to 1990, she wrote by Dell Publishing seven novels under the pseudonym Diana Blayne (her son's name). In 1984, she sold a novel by Silhouette Books under the pseudonym Katy Currie. She also used her married name, Susan Kyle, from 1988 to 1995 to sell seven romance novels to [Warner Books](/wiki/Warner_Books "Warner Books").
Now, she only used her most popular pseudonym Diana Palmer and writes for three New York publishing houses: Mira Books (mainstream romances), Silhouette Books (contemporary series romances), and Fawcett Books (historical romances). She has over 150 books in print, more of them translated and published around the world.
Her novel *Diamond Girl* was made into a movie, released in 1998, for television.
#### Awards
Her awards include seven [Waldenbooks](/wiki/Waldenbooks "Waldenbooks") national sales awards, four [B. Dalton](/wiki/B._Dalton "B. Dalton") national sales awards, two Bookrak national sales awards, a Lifetime Achievement Award for series storytelling from Romantic Times, several Affaire de Coeur awards, and two regional [Romance Writers of America](/wiki/Romance_Writers_of_America "Romance Writers of America") awards. In 1998, a Japanese Harlequin reader poll gave her Silhouette Desire novel, The Patient Nurse, its favorite book of the year award. She was listed in numerous publications, including Contemporary Authors by Gale Research, Inc., Twentieth Century Romance and Historical Writers by St. James Press, The Writers Directory by St. James Press, the International [Who's Who](/wiki/Who%27s_Who "Who's Who") of Authors and Writers by Meirose Press, Ltd., and Love's Leading Ladies by Kathryn Falk. She had also been awarded the Romantic Times 1992\-1993 Career Achievement Award Winner for series storyteller of the year. She had also been invited to speak at Romance conventions; Palmer presented a session topic, *Moving from Series Romance to Mainstream Romance*, at the 9th annual Harriet Austin Writers Conference in 2002\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.coe.uga.edu/hawc/2002hawc.html\#DianaPalmer\|title\=Harriet Austin Writers Conference\|access\-date\=26 May 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516075454/http://www.coe.uga.edu/hawc/2002hawc.html\#DianaPalmer\|archive\-date\=16 May 2008\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2012, her alma mater, [Piedmont College](/wiki/Piedmont_College "Piedmont College") gave her the award of Distinguished Alumni for her contributions to the field of literature.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Personal life",
"Born Susan Eloise Spaeth{{Citation\\|title\\=International who's who of authors and writers\\|year\\=2003\\|publisher\\=Europa Publications Limited\\|page\\=313}} on December 12, 1946, in [Cuthbert, Georgia](/wiki/Cuthbert%2C_Georgia \"Cuthbert, Georgia\"), United States. She was the eldest daughter of Maggie Eloise Cliatt, a nurse and also journalist, and William Olin Spaeth, a college professor. She and her younger sister, Dannis Spaeth (Cole), were raised in [Chamblee, Georgia](/wiki/Chamblee%2C_Georgia \"Chamblee, Georgia\"), where Susan graduated from [Chamblee High School](/wiki/Chamblee_Charter_High_School \"Chamblee Charter High School\") in 1964\\. She grew up reading [Zane Grey](/wiki/Zane_Grey \"Zane Grey\") and fell in love with [cowboys](/wiki/Cowboy \"Cowboy\").",
"On 9 October 1972, she married James Edward Kyle, with whom she had one son, Blayne Kyle in 1980\\. Their son married with Christina Clayton (Kyle), they are both graduates of Piedmont College in Demorest, Georgia, and live in Tennessee, and they have a daughter, Selena Marie Kyle, born in February 2009 and a son Donovan Edward Kyle born in September 2012\\. While thinking for a new story she remembered one of her friends from the past who had an amnesia after a car accident, which gave her a hint for a new twist.",
"At 54, she went back to college, inspired by her husband who quit his job to pursue his diploma in computer programming. She graduated summa cum laude from [Piedmont College](/wiki/Piedmont_College \"Piedmont College\"), [Demorest, Georgia](/wiki/Demorest%2C_Georgia \"Demorest, Georgia\"), in 1995 with a major in history and a double minor in Archaeology and Spanish. She was named to two honor societies (the [Torch Club](/wiki/International_Association_of_Torch_Clubs \"International Association of Torch Clubs\") and [Alpha Chi](/wiki/Alpha_Chi \"Alpha Chi\")), and was named to the National Dean's List. In addition to her writing projects, she was working on her master's degree in history at [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University \"California State University\"), where she plans on specializing in Native American studies.",
"She was a member of the [Native American Rights Fund](/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund \"Native American Rights Fund\"), the [American Museum of Natural History](/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History \"American Museum of Natural History\"), the [National Cattlemen's Association](/wiki/National_Cattlemen%27s_Association \"National Cattlemen's Association\"), the [Archaeological Institute of America](/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America \"Archaeological Institute of America\"), the [Planetary Society](/wiki/Planetary_Society \"Planetary Society\"), The Georgia Conservancy, the Georgia Sheriff's Association, and numerous conservation and charitable organizations. Her hobbies include gardening, archaeology, anthropology, iguanas, astronomy and music.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eharlequin.com/author.html?authorid\\=174 \\|title\\=Harlequin.com \\|publisher\\=Eharlequin.com \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720024432/http://www.eharlequin.com/author.html?authorid\\=174 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-20 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Writing career",
"She was a former newspaper reporter, with sixteen years experience on both daily and weekly newspapers, including *[The Gainesville Times](/wiki/The_Gainesville_Times_%28Georgia%29 \"The Gainesville Times (Georgia)\")* and the now defunct *Tri\\-County Advertiser* in Clarkesville, Georgia, before began to write novels seriously.{{cite news\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|title\\=Piedmont alumni honor six for service\\|url\\=http://www.accessnorthga.com/detail.php?n\\=247722\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2012\\|newspaper\\=Access North Georgia\\|date\\=19 April 2012}} She began selling romance novels in 1979 to MacFadden Romance under the pseudonym Diana Palmer. In 1980, she wrote *The Morcai Battalion*, a science fiction novel as Susan S. Kyle, continued under the pseudonym Diana Palmer 28 years later. From 1982 to 1990, she wrote by Dell Publishing seven novels under the pseudonym Diana Blayne (her son's name). In 1984, she sold a novel by Silhouette Books under the pseudonym Katy Currie. She also used her married name, Susan Kyle, from 1988 to 1995 to sell seven romance novels to [Warner Books](/wiki/Warner_Books \"Warner Books\").",
"Now, she only used her most popular pseudonym Diana Palmer and writes for three New York publishing houses: Mira Books (mainstream romances), Silhouette Books (contemporary series romances), and Fawcett Books (historical romances). She has over 150 books in print, more of them translated and published around the world.",
"Her novel *Diamond Girl* was made into a movie, released in 1998, for television.",
"#### Awards",
"Her awards include seven [Waldenbooks](/wiki/Waldenbooks \"Waldenbooks\") national sales awards, four [B. Dalton](/wiki/B._Dalton \"B. Dalton\") national sales awards, two Bookrak national sales awards, a Lifetime Achievement Award for series storytelling from Romantic Times, several Affaire de Coeur awards, and two regional [Romance Writers of America](/wiki/Romance_Writers_of_America \"Romance Writers of America\") awards. In 1998, a Japanese Harlequin reader poll gave her Silhouette Desire novel, The Patient Nurse, its favorite book of the year award. She was listed in numerous publications, including Contemporary Authors by Gale Research, Inc., Twentieth Century Romance and Historical Writers by St. James Press, The Writers Directory by St. James Press, the International [Who's Who](/wiki/Who%27s_Who \"Who's Who\") of Authors and Writers by Meirose Press, Ltd., and Love's Leading Ladies by Kathryn Falk. She had also been awarded the Romantic Times 1992\\-1993 Career Achievement Award Winner for series storyteller of the year. She had also been invited to speak at Romance conventions; Palmer presented a session topic, *Moving from Series Romance to Mainstream Romance*, at the 9th annual Harriet Austin Writers Conference in 2002\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.coe.uga.edu/hawc/2002hawc.html\\#DianaPalmer\\|title\\=Harriet Austin Writers Conference\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516075454/http://www.coe.uga.edu/hawc/2002hawc.html\\#DianaPalmer\\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2012, her alma mater, [Piedmont College](/wiki/Piedmont_College \"Piedmont College\") gave her the award of Distinguished Alumni for her contributions to the field of literature.",
""
] |
Foreign Secretary: 1830–1841
----------------------------
Palmerston entered the office of Foreign Secretary with great energy and continued to exert his influence there for twenty years; he held it from 1830 to 1834 (his apprentice yearsE. Halevy, *The Triumph of Reform* (London 1961\) pp. 70\-1), 1835 to 1841, and 1846 to 1851\. Basically, Palmerston was responsible for the whole of British foreign policy from the time of the French and Belgian Revolutions of 1830 until December 1851\. His abrasive style would earn him the nickname "Lord Pumice Stone", and his manner of dealing with foreign governments who crossed him, especially in his later years,G M Trevelyan, *British History in the 19th Century* (London 1922\) p. 232 was the original "[gunboat diplomacy](/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy "Gunboat diplomacy")".Brown, *Palmerston: A Biography* (2010\) pp. 143\-88\.Klari Kingston, "Gunboat Liberalism? Palmerston, Europe and 1848" *History Today* 47\#2 (1997\) pp. 37\-43\.
### Crises of 1830
The [Revolutions of 1830](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830 "Revolutions of 1830") gave a jolt to the settled European system that had been created in 1814–1815\. The [United Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands "United Kingdom of the Netherlands") was rent in half by the [Belgian Revolution](/wiki/Belgian_Revolution "Belgian Revolution"),Halevy, pp. 20\-1 the [Kingdom of Portugal](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal "Kingdom of Portugal") was the scene of [civil war](/wiki/Liberal_Wars "Liberal Wars"), and the [Spanish](/wiki/Minority_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain "Minority of Isabella II of Spain") were about [to place](/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1830 "Pragmatic Sanction of 1830") an [infant princess](/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain "Isabella II of Spain") on the throne. [Poland](/wiki/Congress_Poland "Congress Poland") was in arms against the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"), while the northern powers (Russia, [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia"), and [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire")) formed a closer alliance that seemed to threaten the peace and liberties of Europe.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=646}} Polish exiles called on Britain to intervene against Russia during the [November Uprising](/wiki/November_Uprising "November Uprising") of 1830\.R. W. Seton\-Watson, *Britain in Europe: 1789\-1914* (1937\) pp. 149\-54\.
Palmerston's overall policy was to safeguard British interests, maintain peace, keep the balance of power, and retain the status quo in Europe. He had no grievance against Russia and while he privately sympathised with the Polish cause, in his role as foreign minister he rejected Polish demands. With serious trouble simultaneously taking place in Belgium and Italy, and lesser issues in Greece and Portugal, he sought to de\-escalate European tensions rather than aggravate them, favouring a policy of universal non\-interventionism.E Halevy, *The Triumph of Reform* (London 1961\) p. 72 He therefore focused chiefly on achieving a peaceful settlement of the crisis in Belgium.David Brown, *Palmerston: A Biography* (2010\) pp. 148–54\.
[thumb\|upright\|Statue of Palmerston in [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton "Southampton")](/wiki/Image:Southampton-Palmerston-Statue.jpg "Southampton-Palmerston-Statue.jpg")
### Belgium
[William I of the Netherlands](/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands "William I of the Netherlands") appealed to the great powers that had placed him on the throne after the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars") to maintain his rights. The [London Conference of 1830](/wiki/London_Conference_of_1830 "London Conference of 1830") was called to address this question. The British solution involved the independence of Belgium, which Palmerston believed would greatly contribute to the security of Britain, but any solution was not straightforward. On the one hand, the reactionary powers were anxious to defend William I; on the other, many Belgian revolutionaries, like [Charles de Brouckère](/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re "Charles de Brouckère") and [Charles Rogier](/wiki/Charles_Rogier "Charles Rogier"), supported the reunion of the Belgian provinces to France, whereas Britain favoured Dutch, not French influence, on an independent state.E Halevy, *The Triumph of Reform* (London 1961\) p. 20
The British policy which emerged was a close alliance with [France](/wiki/July_Monarchy "July Monarchy"),E Halevy, *The Triumph of Reform* (London 1961\) p. 73 but one subject to the balance of power on the Continent, and in particular the preservation of Belgian independence. If the reactionary powers supported William I by force, they would encounter the resistance of France and Britain united in arms. If France sought to annex Belgium, it would forfeit the British alliance and find herself opposed by the whole of Europe. In the end the British policy prevailed.G M Trevelyan, *British History in the 19th Century* (London 1922\) p. 233 Although the continent had been close to war, peace was maintained on London's terms and Prince [Leopold of Saxe\-Coburg](/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_I_of_Belgium "Léopold I of Belgium"), the widower of a British princess, was placed upon the throne of Belgium.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=646}} Fishman says that the London Conference was "an extraordinarily successful conference" because it "provided the institutional framework through which the leading powers of the time safeguarded the peace of Europe."{{cite journal \| first1 \=J. S. \|last1 \= Fishman \| title \= The London Conference of 1830 \| journal \= Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis\| year \=1971 \| volume \= 84 \| number \= 3 \| pages \= 418–428}}Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) pp. 122\-37\.
Thereafter, despite a Dutch invasion and French counter\-invasion in 1831, France and Britain framed and signed a [treaty settlement](/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Eighteen_Articles "Treaty of the Eighteen Articles") between Belgium and the Netherlands, inducing the three reactionary powers to accede to it as well; while in Palmerston's second period of office, as his authority grew, he was able to finally settle relations between Belgium and Holland with [a treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_London_%281839%29 "Treaty of London (1839)") in 1838\-9 \- now asserting his (and British) independence by leaning rather more towards the Netherlands and the reactionary powers, and against the Belgium/French axis.E Halevy, *The Triumph of Reform* (London 1961\) pp. 254\-5
### France, Spain, and Portugal, 1830s
In 1833 and 1834, the youthful Queens [Isabella II of Spain](/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain "Isabella II of Spain") and [Maria II of Portugal](/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal "Maria II of Portugal") were the representatives and the hope of the constitutional parties of their countries. Their positions were under some pressure from their absolutist kinsmen, Dom [Miguel of Portugal](/wiki/Miguel_of_Portugal "Miguel of Portugal") and [Don Carlos](/wiki/Infante_Carlos%2C_Count_of_Molina "Infante Carlos, Count of Molina") of Spain, who were the closest males in the lines of succession. Palmerston conceived and executed the plan of a [Quadruple Alliance](/wiki/1834_Quadruple_Alliance "1834 Quadruple Alliance") of the constitutional states (Britain, France, Spain \& Portugal) to serve as a counterpoise to the reactionary alliance. A treaty for the pacification of the Peninsula was signed in London on 22 April 1834 and, although the struggle was somewhat prolonged in Spain, it accomplished its objective.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=646}}R. W. Seton\-Watson, *Britain in Europe: 1789\-1914* (1937\) pp. 153\-72\.
France had been a reluctant party to the treaty, and never executed its role in it with much zeal. [Louis Philippe](/wiki/Louis_Philippe_of_France "Louis Philippe of France") was accused of secretly favouring the [Carlists](/wiki/Carlism "Carlism") – the supporters of Don Carlos – and he rejected direct interference in Spain. It is probable that the hesitation of the French court on this question was one of the causes of the enduring personal hostility Palmerston showed towards the French king thereafter, though that sentiment may well have arisen earlier. Although Palmerston wrote in June 1834 that Paris was "the pivot of my foreign policy", the differences between the two countries grew into a constant but sterile rivalry that brought benefit to neither.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=646}}{{cite book\|author\=Henry Lytton Bulwer\|title\=The Life of Henry John Temple Viscount Palmerston: With Selections from His Diaries and Correspondence\|publisher\=Richard Bentley\|url\=https://archive.org/details/lifehenryjohnte02bulwgoog\|year\=1871\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/lifehenryjohnte02bulwgoog/page/n174 170]}}
### Balkans and Near East: defending Turkey, 1830s
Palmerston was greatly interested by the [Eastern question](/wiki/Eastern_question "Eastern question"). During the [Greek War of Independence](/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence "Greek War of Independence") he had energetically supported the Greek cause and backed the [Treaty of Constantinople](/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_%281832%29 "Treaty of Constantinople (1832)") that gave Greece its independence. However, from 1830 the defence of the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") became one of the cardinal objects of his policy. He believed in the regeneration of Turkey, as he wrote to [Henry Bulwer](/wiki/Henry_Bulwer%2C_1st_Baron_Dalling_and_Bulwer "Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer") (Lord Dalling): *"All that we hear about the decay of the Turkish Empire, and its being a dead body or a sapless trunk, and so forth, is pure unadulterated nonsense."*{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=647}}
His two great aims were to prevent Russia establishing itself on the [Bosporus](/wiki/Bosporus "Bosporus") and to prevent France doing likewise on the Nile. He regarded the maintenance of the authority of the [Sublime Porte](/wiki/Sublime_Porte "Sublime Porte") as the chief barrier against both these developments.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=647}}
[thumb\|Palmerston (age 50\), c. 1830s–1840s](/wiki/Image:3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_young.jpg "3rd Viscount Palmerston young.jpg")
Palmerston had long maintained a suspicious and hostile attitude towards Russia, whose autocratic government offended his liberal principles and whose ever\-growing size challenged the strength of the British Empire. He was angered by the 1833 [Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi](/wiki/Treaty_of_H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_%C4%B0skelesi "Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi"), a mutual assistance pact between Russia and the Ottomans, but was annoyed and hostile towards [David Urquhart](/wiki/David_Urquhart "David Urquhart"), the creator of the [Vixen affair](/wiki/Mission_of_the_Vixen "Mission of the Vixen"), running the Russian blockade of [Circassia](/wiki/Circassia "Circassia") in the mid\-1830s.Brown, *Palmerston: A Biography* (2010\) pp. 210\-11\.
For his part, David Urquhart considered Palmerston a "mercenary of Russia" and founded the "Free Press" magazine in London, where he constantly promoted these views. The permanent author of this magazine was [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx "Karl Marx"), who stated "from the time of [Peter the Great](/wiki/Peter_the_Great "Peter the Great") until the Crimean War, there was a secret agreement between the London and St. Petersburg offices, and that Palmerston was a corrupt tool of the Tsar's policy"Franz Mehring. "Karl Marx. His life story". Moscow. Gospolitizdat. 1957\. p. 264
Despite his popular reputation he was hesitant in 1831 about aiding the Sultan [Mahmud II](/wiki/Mahmud_II "Mahmud II"), who was [under threat](/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_%281831%E2%80%9333%29 "Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33)") from [Muhammad Ali](/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt "Muhammad Ali of Egypt"), the [wali](/wiki/Wali_%28administrative_title%29 "Wali (administrative title)") of Egypt.Ridley, pp. 208–209\. Later, after Russian successes, in 1833 and 1835 he made proposals to afford material aid, which were overruled by the cabinet. Palmerston held that "if we can procure for it ten years of peace under the joint protection of the five Powers, and if those years are profitably employed in reorganizing the internal system of the empire, there is no reason whatever why it should not become again a respectable Power" and challenged the metaphor that an old country, such as Turkey should be in such disrepair as would be warranted by the comparison: "Half the wrong conclusions at which mankind arrive are reached by the abuse of metaphors, and by mistaking general resemblance or imaginary similarity for real identity."{{cite book\|author\=Anthony Evelyn M. Ashley\|title\=The life and correspondence of Henry John Temple, viscount Palmerston\|url\=https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02ashlgoog\|year\=1879\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02ashlgoog/page/n373 361]\|publisher\=Richard Bentley}} However, when the power of Muhammad Ali appeared to threaten the existence of the Ottoman dynasty, particularly given the death of Sultan Mahmud II on 1 July 1839, he succeeded in bringing the great powers together to sign a collective note on 27 July pledging them to maintain the independence and integrity of the Turkish Empire in order to preserve the security and peace of Europe. However, by 1840 Muhammad Ali had occupied [Syria](/wiki/Ottoman_Syria "Ottoman Syria") and won the [Battle of Nezib](/wiki/Battle_of_Nezib "Battle of Nezib") against the Turkish forces. [Lord Ponsonby](/wiki/John_Ponsonby%2C_1st_Viscount_Ponsonby "John Ponsonby, 1st Viscount Ponsonby"), the British ambassador at Constantinople, vehemently urged the British government to intervene.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=647}} Privately, Palmerston explained his views on Muhammad Ali to [Lord Granville](/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Granville "Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Granville") thus: "Coercion of Mehemet Ali by England if war broke out might appear partial and unjust; but we are partial; and the great interests of Europe require that we should be so....No ideas therefore of fairness towards Mehemet ought to stand in the way of such great and paramount interests."{{Cite book\|last\=Al\-Sayyid\-Marsot\|first\=Afaf Lutfi\|title\=Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|year\=1984\|isbn\=9780521289689\|location\=New York\|pages\=240 \|language\=English}}{{Cite book\|last\=Temperley\|first\=Harold\|title\=England and the Near East: The Crimea\|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|year\=2018\|isbn\=9780367133269\|location\=Oxford; New York\|pages\=89–90 \|language\=English\|orig\-date\=1936}} Having closer ties to the wali than most, France refused to be a party to coercive measures against him despite having signed the note in the previous year.Seton\-Watson, *Britain in Europe: 1789\-1914* (1937\) pp. 191\-98\.
Palmerston, irritated at France's Egyptian policy, signed the [London Convention](/wiki/Convention_of_London_%281840%29 "Convention of London (1840)") of 15 July 1840 in London with [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire"), [Russia](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"), and [Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia") – without the knowledge of the French government. This measure was taken with great hesitation, and strong opposition on the part of several members of the cabinet. Palmerston forced the measure through in part by declaring in a letter to the prime minister, [Lord Melbourne](/wiki/Lord_Melbourne "Lord Melbourne"), that he would resign from the ministry if his policy were not adopted.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=647}}
The London Convention granted Muhammad Ali hereditary rule in Egypt in return for withdrawal from Syria and Lebanon, but was rejected by the pasha. The European powers intervened with force, and the [bombardment of Beirut](/wiki/Bombardment_of_Beirut_%281840%29 "Bombardment of Beirut (1840)"), the [fall of Acre](/wiki/Battle_of_Acre_%281840%29 "Battle of Acre (1840)"), and the total collapse of Muhammad Ali's power followed in rapid succession. Palmerston's policy was triumphant, and the author of it had won a reputation as one of the most powerful statesmen of the age.Ridley, *Lord Palmerston*, pp. 248–60
In September 1838, Palmerston appointed a British consul in Jerusalem, without the conventional consultation of the [Board of Trade](/wiki/Board_of_Trade "Board of Trade"), and gave instruction to assist with the construction of an Anglican church in the city, under the prompting influences of [Lord Shaftesbury](/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury "Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury"), a prominent [Christian Zionist](/wiki/Christian_Zionism "Christian Zionism").{{cite book\|last1 \= Lewis\|first1 \= Donald\|title \= The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support for a Jewish Homeland\|publisher \= Cambridge University Press\|year\=2014\|page \= 380\|isbn \=9781107631960}}
### China: First Opium War
{{See also\|Destruction of opium at Humen}}
[thumb\|upright\=1\.6\|British bombardment of [Canton](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") from the surrounding heights, May 1841](/wiki/File:Canton_from_the_Heights.jpg "Canton from the Heights.jpg")
[China](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") restricted outside trade under the [Canton System](/wiki/Canton_System "Canton System") to only one port and refused all official diplomatic relations except to tributary countries. In 1833–1835, as London ended the [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company "East India Company")'s monopoly on trade with China, both Tory and Whig governments sought to maintain peace and good trade relations. However [Lord Napier](/wiki/William_Napier%2C_9th_Lord_Napier "William Napier, 9th Lord Napier") wanted to provoke a revolution in China that would open trade. The Foreign Office, led by Palmerston, stood opposed and sought peace.Glenn Melancon, "Peaceful intentions: the first British trade commission in China, 1833–5\." *Historical Research* 73\.180 (2000\): pp. 33\-47\. The Chinese government refused to change, and interdicted the British smugglers bringing in [opium](/wiki/History_of_opium_in_China "History of opium in China") from India, which was banned in China. Britain responded with military force in the [First Opium War](/wiki/First_Opium_War "First Opium War"), 1839–1842, which ended in a decisive British victory. Under the [Treaty of Nanjing](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing "Treaty of Nanjing"), China paid an indemnity and opened five [treaty ports](/wiki/Treaty_ports "Treaty ports") to world trade. In those ports there would be extraterritorial rights for British citizens. Palmerston thus achieved his main goals of diplomatic equality and opening China to trade. However his angry critics focused on the immorality of the opium trade.{{cite book\|author\=Glenn Melancon\|title\=Britain's China Policy and the Opium Crisis: Balancing Drugs, Violence and National Honour, 1833–1840\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=V527VTyT29gC\&pg\=PA126\|year\=2003\|publisher\=Ashgate \|isbn\=9780754607045}}
Palmerston's biographer, [Jasper Ridley](/wiki/Jasper_Ridley "Jasper Ridley"), outlines the government's position:
Conflict between China and Britain was inevitable. On the one side was a corrupt, decadent and caste\-ridden despotism, with no desire or ability to wage war, which relied on custom much more than force for the enforcement of extreme privilege and discrimination, and which was blinded by a deep\-rooted superiority complex into believing that they could assert their supremacy over Europeans without possessing military power. On the other side was the most economically advanced nation in the world, a nation of pushing, bustling traders, of self\-help, free trade, and the pugnacious qualities of [John Bull](/wiki/John_Bull "John Bull").Jasper Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) p. 249\.
An entirely opposite British viewpoint was promoted by humanitarians and reformers such as the [Chartists](/wiki/Chartism "Chartism") and religious [nonconformists](/wiki/Nonconformist_%28Protestantism%29 "Nonconformist (Protestantism)") led by young [William Ewart Gladstone](/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone "William Ewart Gladstone"). They argued that Palmerston was only interested in the huge profits it would bring Britain, and was totally oblivious to the horrible moral evils of opium which the Chinese government was valiantly trying to stamp out.Ridley, pp. 254\-256\.May Caroline Chan, "Canton, 1857" *Victorian Review* (2010\), 36\#1 pp. 31\-35\.
Meanwhile, he manipulated information and public opinion to enhance his control of his department, including controlling communications within the office and to other officials. He leaked secrets to the press, published selected documents, and released letters to give himself more control and more publicity, all the while stirring up British nationalism.John K. Derden, "The British Foreign Office and Policy Formation: The 1840s," *Proceedings \& Papers of the Georgia Association of Historians* (1981\) pp. 64–79\. He feuded with *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*, edited by [Thomas Barnes](/wiki/Thomas_Barnes_%28journalist%29 "Thomas Barnes (journalist)"), which did not play along with his propaganda ploys.Laurence Fenton, "Origins of Animosity: Lord Palmerston and The Times, 1830–41\." *Media History* 16\.4 (2010\): pp. 365–378; Fenton, *Palmerston and The Times: foreign policy, the press and public opinion in mid\-Victorian Britain* (2013\).{{cite journal \| last1 \= Brown \| first1 \= David \| year \= 2001 \| title \= Compelling but not Controlling?: Palmerston and the Press, 1846–1855 \| journal \= History \| volume \= 86 \| issue \= 281\| pages \= 41–61 \| doi \= 10\.1111/1468\-229x.00176 \| jstor \= 24425287 }}
|
[
"Foreign Secretary: 1830–1841\n----------------------------",
"Palmerston entered the office of Foreign Secretary with great energy and continued to exert his influence there for twenty years; he held it from 1830 to 1834 (his apprentice yearsE. Halevy, *The Triumph of Reform* (London 1961\\) pp. 70\\-1), 1835 to 1841, and 1846 to 1851\\. Basically, Palmerston was responsible for the whole of British foreign policy from the time of the French and Belgian Revolutions of 1830 until December 1851\\. His abrasive style would earn him the nickname \"Lord Pumice Stone\", and his manner of dealing with foreign governments who crossed him, especially in his later years,G M Trevelyan, *British History in the 19th Century* (London 1922\\) p. 232 was the original \"[gunboat diplomacy](/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy \"Gunboat diplomacy\")\".Brown, *Palmerston: A Biography* (2010\\) pp. 143\\-88\\.Klari Kingston, \"Gunboat Liberalism? Palmerston, Europe and 1848\" *History Today* 47\\#2 (1997\\) pp. 37\\-43\\.",
"### Crises of 1830",
"The [Revolutions of 1830](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830 \"Revolutions of 1830\") gave a jolt to the settled European system that had been created in 1814–1815\\. The [United Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands \"United Kingdom of the Netherlands\") was rent in half by the [Belgian Revolution](/wiki/Belgian_Revolution \"Belgian Revolution\"),Halevy, pp. 20\\-1 the [Kingdom of Portugal](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal \"Kingdom of Portugal\") was the scene of [civil war](/wiki/Liberal_Wars \"Liberal Wars\"), and the [Spanish](/wiki/Minority_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain \"Minority of Isabella II of Spain\") were about [to place](/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1830 \"Pragmatic Sanction of 1830\") an [infant princess](/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain \"Isabella II of Spain\") on the throne. [Poland](/wiki/Congress_Poland \"Congress Poland\") was in arms against the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"), while the northern powers (Russia, [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\"), and [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\")) formed a closer alliance that seemed to threaten the peace and liberties of Europe.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=646}} Polish exiles called on Britain to intervene against Russia during the [November Uprising](/wiki/November_Uprising \"November Uprising\") of 1830\\.R. W. Seton\\-Watson, *Britain in Europe: 1789\\-1914* (1937\\) pp. 149\\-54\\.",
"Palmerston's overall policy was to safeguard British interests, maintain peace, keep the balance of power, and retain the status quo in Europe. He had no grievance against Russia and while he privately sympathised with the Polish cause, in his role as foreign minister he rejected Polish demands. With serious trouble simultaneously taking place in Belgium and Italy, and lesser issues in Greece and Portugal, he sought to de\\-escalate European tensions rather than aggravate them, favouring a policy of universal non\\-interventionism.E Halevy, *The Triumph of Reform* (London 1961\\) p. 72 He therefore focused chiefly on achieving a peaceful settlement of the crisis in Belgium.David Brown, *Palmerston: A Biography* (2010\\) pp. 148–54\\.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Statue of Palmerston in [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton \"Southampton\")](/wiki/Image:Southampton-Palmerston-Statue.jpg \"Southampton-Palmerston-Statue.jpg\")",
"### Belgium",
"[William I of the Netherlands](/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands \"William I of the Netherlands\") appealed to the great powers that had placed him on the throne after the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\") to maintain his rights. The [London Conference of 1830](/wiki/London_Conference_of_1830 \"London Conference of 1830\") was called to address this question. The British solution involved the independence of Belgium, which Palmerston believed would greatly contribute to the security of Britain, but any solution was not straightforward. On the one hand, the reactionary powers were anxious to defend William I; on the other, many Belgian revolutionaries, like [Charles de Brouckère](/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re \"Charles de Brouckère\") and [Charles Rogier](/wiki/Charles_Rogier \"Charles Rogier\"), supported the reunion of the Belgian provinces to France, whereas Britain favoured Dutch, not French influence, on an independent state.E Halevy, *The Triumph of Reform* (London 1961\\) p. 20",
"The British policy which emerged was a close alliance with [France](/wiki/July_Monarchy \"July Monarchy\"),E Halevy, *The Triumph of Reform* (London 1961\\) p. 73 but one subject to the balance of power on the Continent, and in particular the preservation of Belgian independence. If the reactionary powers supported William I by force, they would encounter the resistance of France and Britain united in arms. If France sought to annex Belgium, it would forfeit the British alliance and find herself opposed by the whole of Europe. In the end the British policy prevailed.G M Trevelyan, *British History in the 19th Century* (London 1922\\) p. 233 Although the continent had been close to war, peace was maintained on London's terms and Prince [Leopold of Saxe\\-Coburg](/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_I_of_Belgium \"Léopold I of Belgium\"), the widower of a British princess, was placed upon the throne of Belgium.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=646}} Fishman says that the London Conference was \"an extraordinarily successful conference\" because it \"provided the institutional framework through which the leading powers of the time safeguarded the peace of Europe.\"{{cite journal \\| first1 \\=J. S. \\|last1 \\= Fishman \\| title \\= The London Conference of 1830 \\| journal \\= Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis\\| year \\=1971 \\| volume \\= 84 \\| number \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 418–428}}Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) pp. 122\\-37\\.",
"Thereafter, despite a Dutch invasion and French counter\\-invasion in 1831, France and Britain framed and signed a [treaty settlement](/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Eighteen_Articles \"Treaty of the Eighteen Articles\") between Belgium and the Netherlands, inducing the three reactionary powers to accede to it as well; while in Palmerston's second period of office, as his authority grew, he was able to finally settle relations between Belgium and Holland with [a treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_London_%281839%29 \"Treaty of London (1839)\") in 1838\\-9 \\- now asserting his (and British) independence by leaning rather more towards the Netherlands and the reactionary powers, and against the Belgium/French axis.E Halevy, *The Triumph of Reform* (London 1961\\) pp. 254\\-5",
"### France, Spain, and Portugal, 1830s",
"In 1833 and 1834, the youthful Queens [Isabella II of Spain](/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain \"Isabella II of Spain\") and [Maria II of Portugal](/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal \"Maria II of Portugal\") were the representatives and the hope of the constitutional parties of their countries. Their positions were under some pressure from their absolutist kinsmen, Dom [Miguel of Portugal](/wiki/Miguel_of_Portugal \"Miguel of Portugal\") and [Don Carlos](/wiki/Infante_Carlos%2C_Count_of_Molina \"Infante Carlos, Count of Molina\") of Spain, who were the closest males in the lines of succession. Palmerston conceived and executed the plan of a [Quadruple Alliance](/wiki/1834_Quadruple_Alliance \"1834 Quadruple Alliance\") of the constitutional states (Britain, France, Spain \\& Portugal) to serve as a counterpoise to the reactionary alliance. A treaty for the pacification of the Peninsula was signed in London on 22 April 1834 and, although the struggle was somewhat prolonged in Spain, it accomplished its objective.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=646}}R. W. Seton\\-Watson, *Britain in Europe: 1789\\-1914* (1937\\) pp. 153\\-72\\.",
"France had been a reluctant party to the treaty, and never executed its role in it with much zeal. [Louis Philippe](/wiki/Louis_Philippe_of_France \"Louis Philippe of France\") was accused of secretly favouring the [Carlists](/wiki/Carlism \"Carlism\") – the supporters of Don Carlos – and he rejected direct interference in Spain. It is probable that the hesitation of the French court on this question was one of the causes of the enduring personal hostility Palmerston showed towards the French king thereafter, though that sentiment may well have arisen earlier. Although Palmerston wrote in June 1834 that Paris was \"the pivot of my foreign policy\", the differences between the two countries grew into a constant but sterile rivalry that brought benefit to neither.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=646}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Henry Lytton Bulwer\\|title\\=The Life of Henry John Temple Viscount Palmerston: With Selections from His Diaries and Correspondence\\|publisher\\=Richard Bentley\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/lifehenryjohnte02bulwgoog\\|year\\=1871\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/lifehenryjohnte02bulwgoog/page/n174 170]}}",
"### Balkans and Near East: defending Turkey, 1830s",
"Palmerston was greatly interested by the [Eastern question](/wiki/Eastern_question \"Eastern question\"). During the [Greek War of Independence](/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence \"Greek War of Independence\") he had energetically supported the Greek cause and backed the [Treaty of Constantinople](/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_%281832%29 \"Treaty of Constantinople (1832)\") that gave Greece its independence. However, from 1830 the defence of the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") became one of the cardinal objects of his policy. He believed in the regeneration of Turkey, as he wrote to [Henry Bulwer](/wiki/Henry_Bulwer%2C_1st_Baron_Dalling_and_Bulwer \"Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer\") (Lord Dalling): *\"All that we hear about the decay of the Turkish Empire, and its being a dead body or a sapless trunk, and so forth, is pure unadulterated nonsense.\"*{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=647}}",
"His two great aims were to prevent Russia establishing itself on the [Bosporus](/wiki/Bosporus \"Bosporus\") and to prevent France doing likewise on the Nile. He regarded the maintenance of the authority of the [Sublime Porte](/wiki/Sublime_Porte \"Sublime Porte\") as the chief barrier against both these developments.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=647}}",
"[thumb\\|Palmerston (age 50\\), c. 1830s–1840s](/wiki/Image:3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_young.jpg \"3rd Viscount Palmerston young.jpg\")\nPalmerston had long maintained a suspicious and hostile attitude towards Russia, whose autocratic government offended his liberal principles and whose ever\\-growing size challenged the strength of the British Empire. He was angered by the 1833 [Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi](/wiki/Treaty_of_H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_%C4%B0skelesi \"Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi\"), a mutual assistance pact between Russia and the Ottomans, but was annoyed and hostile towards [David Urquhart](/wiki/David_Urquhart \"David Urquhart\"), the creator of the [Vixen affair](/wiki/Mission_of_the_Vixen \"Mission of the Vixen\"), running the Russian blockade of [Circassia](/wiki/Circassia \"Circassia\") in the mid\\-1830s.Brown, *Palmerston: A Biography* (2010\\) pp. 210\\-11\\.",
"For his part, David Urquhart considered Palmerston a \"mercenary of Russia\" and founded the \"Free Press\" magazine in London, where he constantly promoted these views. The permanent author of this magazine was [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx \"Karl Marx\"), who stated \"from the time of [Peter the Great](/wiki/Peter_the_Great \"Peter the Great\") until the Crimean War, there was a secret agreement between the London and St. Petersburg offices, and that Palmerston was a corrupt tool of the Tsar's policy\"Franz Mehring. \"Karl Marx. His life story\". Moscow. Gospolitizdat. 1957\\. p. 264",
"Despite his popular reputation he was hesitant in 1831 about aiding the Sultan [Mahmud II](/wiki/Mahmud_II \"Mahmud II\"), who was [under threat](/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_%281831%E2%80%9333%29 \"Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33)\") from [Muhammad Ali](/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt \"Muhammad Ali of Egypt\"), the [wali](/wiki/Wali_%28administrative_title%29 \"Wali (administrative title)\") of Egypt.Ridley, pp. 208–209\\. Later, after Russian successes, in 1833 and 1835 he made proposals to afford material aid, which were overruled by the cabinet. Palmerston held that \"if we can procure for it ten years of peace under the joint protection of the five Powers, and if those years are profitably employed in reorganizing the internal system of the empire, there is no reason whatever why it should not become again a respectable Power\" and challenged the metaphor that an old country, such as Turkey should be in such disrepair as would be warranted by the comparison: \"Half the wrong conclusions at which mankind arrive are reached by the abuse of metaphors, and by mistaking general resemblance or imaginary similarity for real identity.\"{{cite book\\|author\\=Anthony Evelyn M. Ashley\\|title\\=The life and correspondence of Henry John Temple, viscount Palmerston\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02ashlgoog\\|year\\=1879\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02ashlgoog/page/n373 361]\\|publisher\\=Richard Bentley}} However, when the power of Muhammad Ali appeared to threaten the existence of the Ottoman dynasty, particularly given the death of Sultan Mahmud II on 1 July 1839, he succeeded in bringing the great powers together to sign a collective note on 27 July pledging them to maintain the independence and integrity of the Turkish Empire in order to preserve the security and peace of Europe. However, by 1840 Muhammad Ali had occupied [Syria](/wiki/Ottoman_Syria \"Ottoman Syria\") and won the [Battle of Nezib](/wiki/Battle_of_Nezib \"Battle of Nezib\") against the Turkish forces. [Lord Ponsonby](/wiki/John_Ponsonby%2C_1st_Viscount_Ponsonby \"John Ponsonby, 1st Viscount Ponsonby\"), the British ambassador at Constantinople, vehemently urged the British government to intervene.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=647}} Privately, Palmerston explained his views on Muhammad Ali to [Lord Granville](/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower%2C_1st_Earl_Granville \"Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Granville\") thus: \"Coercion of Mehemet Ali by England if war broke out might appear partial and unjust; but we are partial; and the great interests of Europe require that we should be so....No ideas therefore of fairness towards Mehemet ought to stand in the way of such great and paramount interests.\"{{Cite book\\|last\\=Al\\-Sayyid\\-Marsot\\|first\\=Afaf Lutfi\\|title\\=Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|year\\=1984\\|isbn\\=9780521289689\\|location\\=New York\\|pages\\=240 \\|language\\=English}}{{Cite book\\|last\\=Temperley\\|first\\=Harold\\|title\\=England and the Near East: The Crimea\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|year\\=2018\\|isbn\\=9780367133269\\|location\\=Oxford; New York\\|pages\\=89–90 \\|language\\=English\\|orig\\-date\\=1936}} Having closer ties to the wali than most, France refused to be a party to coercive measures against him despite having signed the note in the previous year.Seton\\-Watson, *Britain in Europe: 1789\\-1914* (1937\\) pp. 191\\-98\\.",
"Palmerston, irritated at France's Egyptian policy, signed the [London Convention](/wiki/Convention_of_London_%281840%29 \"Convention of London (1840)\") of 15 July 1840 in London with [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\"), [Russia](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"), and [Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\") – without the knowledge of the French government. This measure was taken with great hesitation, and strong opposition on the part of several members of the cabinet. Palmerston forced the measure through in part by declaring in a letter to the prime minister, [Lord Melbourne](/wiki/Lord_Melbourne \"Lord Melbourne\"), that he would resign from the ministry if his policy were not adopted.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=647}}\nThe London Convention granted Muhammad Ali hereditary rule in Egypt in return for withdrawal from Syria and Lebanon, but was rejected by the pasha. The European powers intervened with force, and the [bombardment of Beirut](/wiki/Bombardment_of_Beirut_%281840%29 \"Bombardment of Beirut (1840)\"), the [fall of Acre](/wiki/Battle_of_Acre_%281840%29 \"Battle of Acre (1840)\"), and the total collapse of Muhammad Ali's power followed in rapid succession. Palmerston's policy was triumphant, and the author of it had won a reputation as one of the most powerful statesmen of the age.Ridley, *Lord Palmerston*, pp. 248–60",
"In September 1838, Palmerston appointed a British consul in Jerusalem, without the conventional consultation of the [Board of Trade](/wiki/Board_of_Trade \"Board of Trade\"), and gave instruction to assist with the construction of an Anglican church in the city, under the prompting influences of [Lord Shaftesbury](/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury \"Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury\"), a prominent [Christian Zionist](/wiki/Christian_Zionism \"Christian Zionism\").{{cite book\\|last1 \\= Lewis\\|first1 \\= Donald\\|title \\= The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support for a Jewish Homeland\\|publisher \\= Cambridge University Press\\|year\\=2014\\|page \\= 380\\|isbn \\=9781107631960}}",
"### China: First Opium War",
"{{See also\\|Destruction of opium at Humen}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.6\\|British bombardment of [Canton](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") from the surrounding heights, May 1841](/wiki/File:Canton_from_the_Heights.jpg \"Canton from the Heights.jpg\")",
"[China](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") restricted outside trade under the [Canton System](/wiki/Canton_System \"Canton System\") to only one port and refused all official diplomatic relations except to tributary countries. In 1833–1835, as London ended the [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company \"East India Company\")'s monopoly on trade with China, both Tory and Whig governments sought to maintain peace and good trade relations. However [Lord Napier](/wiki/William_Napier%2C_9th_Lord_Napier \"William Napier, 9th Lord Napier\") wanted to provoke a revolution in China that would open trade. The Foreign Office, led by Palmerston, stood opposed and sought peace.Glenn Melancon, \"Peaceful intentions: the first British trade commission in China, 1833–5\\.\" *Historical Research* 73\\.180 (2000\\): pp. 33\\-47\\. The Chinese government refused to change, and interdicted the British smugglers bringing in [opium](/wiki/History_of_opium_in_China \"History of opium in China\") from India, which was banned in China. Britain responded with military force in the [First Opium War](/wiki/First_Opium_War \"First Opium War\"), 1839–1842, which ended in a decisive British victory. Under the [Treaty of Nanjing](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing \"Treaty of Nanjing\"), China paid an indemnity and opened five [treaty ports](/wiki/Treaty_ports \"Treaty ports\") to world trade. In those ports there would be extraterritorial rights for British citizens. Palmerston thus achieved his main goals of diplomatic equality and opening China to trade. However his angry critics focused on the immorality of the opium trade.{{cite book\\|author\\=Glenn Melancon\\|title\\=Britain's China Policy and the Opium Crisis: Balancing Drugs, Violence and National Honour, 1833–1840\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=V527VTyT29gC\\&pg\\=PA126\\|year\\=2003\\|publisher\\=Ashgate \\|isbn\\=9780754607045}}",
"Palmerston's biographer, [Jasper Ridley](/wiki/Jasper_Ridley \"Jasper Ridley\"), outlines the government's position:\nConflict between China and Britain was inevitable. On the one side was a corrupt, decadent and caste\\-ridden despotism, with no desire or ability to wage war, which relied on custom much more than force for the enforcement of extreme privilege and discrimination, and which was blinded by a deep\\-rooted superiority complex into believing that they could assert their supremacy over Europeans without possessing military power. On the other side was the most economically advanced nation in the world, a nation of pushing, bustling traders, of self\\-help, free trade, and the pugnacious qualities of [John Bull](/wiki/John_Bull \"John Bull\").Jasper Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) p. 249\\.",
"An entirely opposite British viewpoint was promoted by humanitarians and reformers such as the [Chartists](/wiki/Chartism \"Chartism\") and religious [nonconformists](/wiki/Nonconformist_%28Protestantism%29 \"Nonconformist (Protestantism)\") led by young [William Ewart Gladstone](/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone \"William Ewart Gladstone\"). They argued that Palmerston was only interested in the huge profits it would bring Britain, and was totally oblivious to the horrible moral evils of opium which the Chinese government was valiantly trying to stamp out.Ridley, pp. 254\\-256\\.May Caroline Chan, \"Canton, 1857\" *Victorian Review* (2010\\), 36\\#1 pp. 31\\-35\\.",
"Meanwhile, he manipulated information and public opinion to enhance his control of his department, including controlling communications within the office and to other officials. He leaked secrets to the press, published selected documents, and released letters to give himself more control and more publicity, all the while stirring up British nationalism.John K. Derden, \"The British Foreign Office and Policy Formation: The 1840s,\" *Proceedings \\& Papers of the Georgia Association of Historians* (1981\\) pp. 64–79\\. He feuded with *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")*, edited by [Thomas Barnes](/wiki/Thomas_Barnes_%28journalist%29 \"Thomas Barnes (journalist)\"), which did not play along with his propaganda ploys.Laurence Fenton, \"Origins of Animosity: Lord Palmerston and The Times, 1830–41\\.\" *Media History* 16\\.4 (2010\\): pp. 365–378; Fenton, *Palmerston and The Times: foreign policy, the press and public opinion in mid\\-Victorian Britain* (2013\\).{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Brown \\| first1 \\= David \\| year \\= 2001 \\| title \\= Compelling but not Controlling?: Palmerston and the Press, 1846–1855 \\| journal \\= History \\| volume \\= 86 \\| issue \\= 281\\| pages \\= 41–61 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/1468\\-229x.00176 \\| jstor \\= 24425287 }}",
""
] |
Foreign Secretary: 1846–1851
----------------------------
Palmerston's years as foreign secretary, 1846–1851, involve dealing with violent upheavals all over Europe – he has been dubbed "the gunpowder minister" by biographer David Brown.David Brown., *Palmerston: A Biography* (2010\) pp. 279–333\.
### France and Spain, 1845
{{Main\|Affair of the Spanish Marriages}}
[thumb\|right\|*[Portrait of Lord Palmerston](/wiki/Portrait_of_Lord_Palmerston "Portrait of Lord Palmerston")* by [John Partridge](/wiki/John_Partridge_%28artist%29 "John Partridge (artist)"), c. 1845](/wiki/Image:Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_by_John_Partridge.jpg "Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston by John Partridge.jpg")
The French government regarded the appointment of Palmerston as a certain sign of renewed hostilities. They availed themselves of a dispatch in which he had put forward the name of a Coburg prince as a candidate for the hand of the young queen of Spain as a justification for a departure from the engagements entered into between Guizot and Lord Aberdeen. However little the conduct of the French government in this transaction of the Spanish marriages can be vindicated, it is certain that it originated in the belief that in Palmerston France had a restless and subtle enemy. The efforts of the British minister to defeat the French marriages of the Spanish princesses, by an appeal to the [Treaty of Utrecht](/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_%281713%29 "Treaty of Utrecht (1713)") and the other powers of Europe, were wholly unsuccessful; France won the game, though with no small loss of honourable reputation.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=647}}{{cite book\|author\=James Ewing Ritchie\|title\=The life and times of viscount Palmerston\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_kABAAAAQAAJ\&pg\=PA648\|year\=1866\|page\=648}}\`
Historian David Brown rejects the traditional interpretation to the effect that Aberdeen had forged an entente cordiale with France in the early 1840s whereupon the belligerent Palmerston after 1846 destroyed that friendly relationship. Brown argues that as foreign secretary from 1846 to 1851 and subsequently as prime minister, Palmerston sought to maintain the balance of power in Europe, sometimes even aligning with France to do so.David Brown, "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865," *Diplomacy \& Statecraft,* (Dec 2006\) 17\#4 pp. 675–692Brown, *Palmerston* ch 9
### Irish Famine
As an [Anglo\-Irish absentee landlord](/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy "Protestant Ascendancy"), Palmerston evicted 2,000 of his [Irish](/wiki/Irish_people "Irish people") tenants for non\-payment of rent during the [Great Irish Famine](/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine "Great Irish Famine") that ravaged Ireland in the late 1840s.{{cite news \|title\=Remembering 20,000 Famine refugees who died in 1847 \|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/life\-and\-style/people/remembering\-20\-000\-famine\-refugees\-who\-died\-in\-1847\-1\.2870773 \|newspaper\=The Irish Times \|date\=26 November 2016}} He financed the emigration of starving Irish tenants across the Atlantic to North America{{cite journal \|last1\=Anbinder \|first1\=Tyler \|title\=Lord Palmerston and the Irish famine emigration \|journal\=The Historical Journal \|date\=June 2001 \|volume\=44 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=441–469 \|doi\=10\.1017/S0018246X01001844 \|pmid\=18646391 \|hdl\=10419/72313 \|s2cid\=32405352 \|hdl\-access\=free }} as did [Petty\-Fitzmaurice](/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne "Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne") (Lord Lansdowne) to equal notoriety. Palmerston asserted that "... any great improvement in the social system of Ireland must be founded upon an extensive change in the present state of agrarian occupation \[through] a long continued and systematic ejectment of Small holders and of Squatting [Cottiers](/wiki/Cotter_%28farmer%29 "Cotter (farmer)")."{{cite news \|title\=In Famine's footsteps: trail of death leads to Skeleton Park \|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/life\-and\-style/abroad/generation\-emigration/in\-famine\-s\-footsteps\-trail\-of\-death\-leads\-to\-skeleton\-park\-1\.2705744 \|newspaper\=The Irish Times \|date\=30 June 2016}}
### Support for revolutions abroad
The [Revolutions of 1848](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848 "Revolutions of 1848") spread like a conflagration through Europe, and shook every throne on the Continent except those of Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Spain, and Belgium. Palmerston sympathised openly with the revolutionary party abroad.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=647}} In particular, he was a strong advocate of national [self\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination "Self-determination"), and stood firmly on the side of constitutional liberties on the Continent. Despite this, he was bitterly opposed to [Irish independence](/wiki/Irish_nationalism "Irish nationalism"), and deeply hostile to the [Young Ireland](/wiki/Young_Ireland "Young Ireland") movement.R. W. Seton\-Watson, *Britain in Europe: 1789\-1914* (1937\) pp. 241\-49\.
### Italian independence
No state was regarded by him with more aversion than [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire"). Yet, his opposition to Austria was chiefly based upon its occupation of northeastern Italy and \|its Italian policy. Palmerston maintained that the existence of Austria as a great power north of the Alps was an essential element in the system of Europe. Antipathies and sympathies had a large share in the political views of Palmerston, and his sympathies had ever been passionately awakened by the cause of [Italian independence](/wiki/Italian_unification "Italian unification"). He supported the Sicilians against King [Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies"), and even allowed arms to be sent them from the [Royal Arsenal](/wiki/Royal_Arsenal "Royal Arsenal"), [Woolwich](/wiki/Woolwich "Woolwich"). Although he had endeavoured to restrain King [Charles Albert of Sardinia](/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia "Charles Albert of Sardinia") from his rash attack on the superior forces of Austria, he obtained for him a reduction of the penalty of defeat. Austria, weakened by the revolution, sent an envoy to London to request the mediation of Britain, based on a large cession of Italian territory. Palmerston rejected the terms he might have obtained for Piedmont.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=647}} After a couple of years this wave of revolution was replaced by a wave of reaction.Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) pp. 343\-48\.Herbert C. F. Bell, *Lord Palmerston \- Vol. 1* (1936\) pp. 422\-48\.
### Hungarian independence
In [Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281526-1867%29 "Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)"), the [1848 war for independence](/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848 "Hungarian Revolution of 1848") from the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire"), ruled by the [Habsburg dynasty](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg "House of Habsburg"), was defeated by the joint army of Austrian and Russian forces. [Prince Schwarzenberg](/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Schwarzenberg "Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg") assumed the government of the empire with dictatorial power. In spite of what Palmerston termed his judicious bottle\-holding, the movement he had encouraged and applauded, but to which he could give no material aid, was everywhere subdued. The British government, or at least Palmerston as its representative, was regarded with suspicion and resentment by every power in Europe, except the [French republic](/wiki/French_Second_Republic "French Second Republic").Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) p. 355\. Even that was shortly afterwards to be alienated by Palmerston's attack on Greece.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=647}} When [Lajos Kossuth](/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth "Lajos Kossuth"), the Hungarian democrat and leader of its constitutionalists, landed in England in 1851 to wide applause, Palmerston proposed to receive him at Broadlands, a design which was only prevented by a peremptory vote of the cabinet.{{cite book\|author\=Laurence Fenton\|title\=Palmerston and the Times: Foreign Policy, the Press and Public Opinion in Mid\-Victorian Britain\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=LbXpAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA119\|year\=2012\|publisher\=I.B.Tauris\|pages\=119–20\|isbn\=9780857736512}}
### Royal and parliamentary reaction to 1848
This state of things was regarded with the utmost annoyance by the British court and by most of the British ministers. On many occasions, Palmerston had taken important steps without their knowledge, which they disapproved. Over the [Foreign Office](/wiki/Foreign_Office "Foreign Office") he asserted and exercised an arbitrary dominion, which the feeble efforts of the premier could not control. The Queen and the [Prince Consort](/wiki/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort "Albert, Prince Consort") did not conceal their indignation at the fact that they were held responsible for Palmerston's actions by the other courts of Europe.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=647}}Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) pp. 333\-58\.
When [Benjamin Disraeli](/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli "Benjamin Disraeli") attacked Palmerston's foreign policy, the foreign minister responded to a five\-hour speech by [Thomas Chisholm Anstey](/wiki/Thomas_Chisholm_Anstey "Thomas Chisholm Anstey") with a five\-hour speech of his own, the first of two great speeches in which he laid out a comprehensive defence of his foreign policy and of liberal interventionism more generally. Arguing for domestic political effect, Palmerston declaimed:
I hold that the real policy of England... is to be the champion of justice and right, pursuing that course with moderation and prudence, not becoming the [Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote_%28character%29 "Don Quixote (character)") of the world, but giving the weight of her moral sanction and support wherever she thinks that justice is, and whenever she thinks that wrong has been done.{{cite book\|author\=Boyd Hilton\|title\=A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783\-1846\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=FDFHmqU\_6SEC\&pg\=PR248\|year\=2006\|page\=247\|publisher\=OUP Oxford \|isbn\=9780191606823}}
(...)
Therefore I say that it is a narrow policy to suppose that this country or that is to be marked out as the eternal ally or the perpetual enemy of England. We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow.{{Cite web\|title\=TREATY OF ADRIANOPLE—CHARGES AGAINST VISCOUNT PALMERSTON. (Hansard, 1 March 1848\)\|url\=https://api.parliament.uk/historic\-hansard/commons/1848/mar/01/treaty\-of\-adrianople\-charges\-against\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-28\|date\=1 March 1848\|website\=\[\[Hansard\|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}
Russell and the Queen both hoped that the other would take the initiative and dismiss Palmerston; the Queen was dissuaded by her husband Prince Albert, who took the limits of constitutional power very seriously, and Russell by Palmerston's prestige with the people and his competence in an otherwise remarkably inept Cabinet.
### Don Pacifico affair
{{main\|Don Pacifico affair}}
In 1847, the home of [Don Pacifico](/wiki/Don_Pacifico "Don Pacifico"), a Gibraltarian merchant living in Athens, [Greece](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece "Kingdom of Greece"), was attacked by an [antisemitic](/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism") mob, which included the sons of a Greek government minister. The Greek police did not intervene in the attack, despite being present.Ridley, pp. 374–375\. Because Don Pacifico was a British subject, the British government expressed concern. In January 1850, Palmerston took advantage of Don Pacifico's claims on the Greek government, and blockaded the port of [Piraeus](/wiki/Piraeus "Piraeus") in the Kingdom of Greece. As Greece was under the joint protection of three powers, Russia and France protested against its coercion by the British fleet.Ridley, pp. 379–81\.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Hicks \| first1 \= Geoffrey \| year \= 2004 \| title \= Don Pacifico, Democracy, and Danger: The Protectionist Party Critique of British Foreign Policy, 1850–1852 \| journal \= International History Review \| volume \= 26 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 515–540 \| doi \= 10\.1080/07075332\.2004\.9641038 \| s2cid \= 154617613 }}
After a memorable debate on 17 June, Palmerston's policy was condemned by a vote of the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords"). The House of Commons was moved by [John Arthur Roebuck](/wiki/John_Arthur_Roebuck "John Arthur Roebuck") to reverse the rebuke, which it did on 29 June by a majority of 46, after having heard from Palmerston on 25 June. This was the most eloquent and powerful speech he ever delivered, wherein he sought to vindicate not only his claims on the Greek government for Don Pacifico, but his entire administration of foreign affairs.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=648}}
{{wikisource\|Don Pacifico Speech}}
It was in this speech, which lasted for five hours, that Palmerston made the well\-known declaration that a British subject ought everywhere to be protected by the strong arm of the British government against injustice and wrong;{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=648}} comparing the reach of the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire") to that of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire"), in which a [Roman citizen](/wiki/Roman_citizenship "Roman citizenship") could walk the earth unmolested by any foreign power. This was the famous *[civis romanus sum](/wiki/Civis_romanus_sum "Civis romanus sum")* ("I am a citizen of Rome") speech. After this speech, Palmerston's popularity had never been greater.Ridley, pp. 387–94\.
### Crossing the Queen and resigning, 1851
Notwithstanding his parliamentary triumph in the Don Pacifico affair, many of his own colleagues and supporters criticised the spirit in which the foreign relations of the Crown were carried on. The Queen addressed a minute to the Prime Minister in which she recorded her dissatisfaction at the manner in which Palmerston evaded the obligation to submit his measures for the royal sanction as failing in sincerity to the Crown. This minute was communicated to Palmerston, who accepted its criticisms.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=648}}Ridley, pp. 394–395\.
On 2 December 1851, [Louis Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon_III "Napoleon III") – who had been elected President of France in 1848 – carried out a *[coup d'état](/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1851 French coup d'état")* by dissolving the National Assembly and arresting the leading republicans. Palmerston privately congratulated Napoleon on his triumph, noting that Britain's constitution was rooted in history but that France had had five revolutions since 1789, with the [French Constitution of 1848](/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1848 "French Constitution of 1848") being a "day\-before\-yesterday tomfoolery which the scatterbrain heads of [Marrast](/wiki/Armand_Marrast "Armand Marrast") and [Tocqueville](/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville "Alexis de Tocqueville") invented for the torment and perplexity of the French nation".Ridley, p. 398\. However, the Cabinet decided that Britain must be neutral, and so Palmerston requested his officials to be diplomatic. Palmerston's widespread support among the press, educated public opinion, and ordinary Britons caused apprehension and distrust among other politicians and angered the Court. Prince Albert complained Palmerston had sent a dispatch without showing the sovereign. Protesting innocence, Palmerston resigned.Ridley, pp. 398–399\. Palmerston was weakened because Parliament, where he had great support, was not in session. Palmerston continued to have wide approval among the newspapers, elite opinion, and the middle class voters. His popularity led to distrust among rivals and especially at the Royal Court. His fall demonstrates the lack of power of public opinion in a pre\-democratic era. However, Palmerston kept his public support and the growing influence of public opinion steadily increased his political strength in the 1850s and 1860s.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Brown \| first1 \= David \| year \= 2001 \| title \= The power of public opinion: Palmerston and the crisis of December 1851 \| journal \= Parliamentary History \| volume \= 20 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 333–358 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1750\-0206\.2001\.tb00381\.x }}
|
[
"Foreign Secretary: 1846–1851\n----------------------------",
"Palmerston's years as foreign secretary, 1846–1851, involve dealing with violent upheavals all over Europe – he has been dubbed \"the gunpowder minister\" by biographer David Brown.David Brown., *Palmerston: A Biography* (2010\\) pp. 279–333\\.",
"### France and Spain, 1845",
"{{Main\\|Affair of the Spanish Marriages}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|*[Portrait of Lord Palmerston](/wiki/Portrait_of_Lord_Palmerston \"Portrait of Lord Palmerston\")* by [John Partridge](/wiki/John_Partridge_%28artist%29 \"John Partridge (artist)\"), c. 1845](/wiki/Image:Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston_by_John_Partridge.jpg \"Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston by John Partridge.jpg\")\nThe French government regarded the appointment of Palmerston as a certain sign of renewed hostilities. They availed themselves of a dispatch in which he had put forward the name of a Coburg prince as a candidate for the hand of the young queen of Spain as a justification for a departure from the engagements entered into between Guizot and Lord Aberdeen. However little the conduct of the French government in this transaction of the Spanish marriages can be vindicated, it is certain that it originated in the belief that in Palmerston France had a restless and subtle enemy. The efforts of the British minister to defeat the French marriages of the Spanish princesses, by an appeal to the [Treaty of Utrecht](/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_%281713%29 \"Treaty of Utrecht (1713)\") and the other powers of Europe, were wholly unsuccessful; France won the game, though with no small loss of honourable reputation.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=647}}{{cite book\\|author\\=James Ewing Ritchie\\|title\\=The life and times of viscount Palmerston\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_kABAAAAQAAJ\\&pg\\=PA648\\|year\\=1866\\|page\\=648}}\\`",
"Historian David Brown rejects the traditional interpretation to the effect that Aberdeen had forged an entente cordiale with France in the early 1840s whereupon the belligerent Palmerston after 1846 destroyed that friendly relationship. Brown argues that as foreign secretary from 1846 to 1851 and subsequently as prime minister, Palmerston sought to maintain the balance of power in Europe, sometimes even aligning with France to do so.David Brown, \"Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865,\" *Diplomacy \\& Statecraft,* (Dec 2006\\) 17\\#4 pp. 675–692Brown, *Palmerston* ch 9",
"### Irish Famine",
"As an [Anglo\\-Irish absentee landlord](/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy \"Protestant Ascendancy\"), Palmerston evicted 2,000 of his [Irish](/wiki/Irish_people \"Irish people\") tenants for non\\-payment of rent during the [Great Irish Famine](/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine \"Great Irish Famine\") that ravaged Ireland in the late 1840s.{{cite news \\|title\\=Remembering 20,000 Famine refugees who died in 1847 \\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/life\\-and\\-style/people/remembering\\-20\\-000\\-famine\\-refugees\\-who\\-died\\-in\\-1847\\-1\\.2870773 \\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times \\|date\\=26 November 2016}} He financed the emigration of starving Irish tenants across the Atlantic to North America{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Anbinder \\|first1\\=Tyler \\|title\\=Lord Palmerston and the Irish famine emigration \\|journal\\=The Historical Journal \\|date\\=June 2001 \\|volume\\=44 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=441–469 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0018246X01001844 \\|pmid\\=18646391 \\|hdl\\=10419/72313 \\|s2cid\\=32405352 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }} as did [Petty\\-Fitzmaurice](/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne \"Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne\") (Lord Lansdowne) to equal notoriety. Palmerston asserted that \"... any great improvement in the social system of Ireland must be founded upon an extensive change in the present state of agrarian occupation \\[through] a long continued and systematic ejectment of Small holders and of Squatting [Cottiers](/wiki/Cotter_%28farmer%29 \"Cotter (farmer)\").\"{{cite news \\|title\\=In Famine's footsteps: trail of death leads to Skeleton Park \\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/life\\-and\\-style/abroad/generation\\-emigration/in\\-famine\\-s\\-footsteps\\-trail\\-of\\-death\\-leads\\-to\\-skeleton\\-park\\-1\\.2705744 \\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times \\|date\\=30 June 2016}}",
"### Support for revolutions abroad",
"The [Revolutions of 1848](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848 \"Revolutions of 1848\") spread like a conflagration through Europe, and shook every throne on the Continent except those of Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Spain, and Belgium. Palmerston sympathised openly with the revolutionary party abroad.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=647}} In particular, he was a strong advocate of national [self\\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination \"Self-determination\"), and stood firmly on the side of constitutional liberties on the Continent. Despite this, he was bitterly opposed to [Irish independence](/wiki/Irish_nationalism \"Irish nationalism\"), and deeply hostile to the [Young Ireland](/wiki/Young_Ireland \"Young Ireland\") movement.R. W. Seton\\-Watson, *Britain in Europe: 1789\\-1914* (1937\\) pp. 241\\-49\\.",
"### Italian independence",
"No state was regarded by him with more aversion than [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\"). Yet, his opposition to Austria was chiefly based upon its occupation of northeastern Italy and \\|its Italian policy. Palmerston maintained that the existence of Austria as a great power north of the Alps was an essential element in the system of Europe. Antipathies and sympathies had a large share in the political views of Palmerston, and his sympathies had ever been passionately awakened by the cause of [Italian independence](/wiki/Italian_unification \"Italian unification\"). He supported the Sicilians against King [Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies\"), and even allowed arms to be sent them from the [Royal Arsenal](/wiki/Royal_Arsenal \"Royal Arsenal\"), [Woolwich](/wiki/Woolwich \"Woolwich\"). Although he had endeavoured to restrain King [Charles Albert of Sardinia](/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia \"Charles Albert of Sardinia\") from his rash attack on the superior forces of Austria, he obtained for him a reduction of the penalty of defeat. Austria, weakened by the revolution, sent an envoy to London to request the mediation of Britain, based on a large cession of Italian territory. Palmerston rejected the terms he might have obtained for Piedmont.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=647}} After a couple of years this wave of revolution was replaced by a wave of reaction.Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) pp. 343\\-48\\.Herbert C. F. Bell, *Lord Palmerston \\- Vol. 1* (1936\\) pp. 422\\-48\\.",
"### Hungarian independence",
"In [Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281526-1867%29 \"Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)\"), the [1848 war for independence](/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848 \"Hungarian Revolution of 1848\") from the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\"), ruled by the [Habsburg dynasty](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg \"House of Habsburg\"), was defeated by the joint army of Austrian and Russian forces. [Prince Schwarzenberg](/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Schwarzenberg \"Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg\") assumed the government of the empire with dictatorial power. In spite of what Palmerston termed his judicious bottle\\-holding, the movement he had encouraged and applauded, but to which he could give no material aid, was everywhere subdued. The British government, or at least Palmerston as its representative, was regarded with suspicion and resentment by every power in Europe, except the [French republic](/wiki/French_Second_Republic \"French Second Republic\").Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) p. 355\\. Even that was shortly afterwards to be alienated by Palmerston's attack on Greece.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=647}} When [Lajos Kossuth](/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth \"Lajos Kossuth\"), the Hungarian democrat and leader of its constitutionalists, landed in England in 1851 to wide applause, Palmerston proposed to receive him at Broadlands, a design which was only prevented by a peremptory vote of the cabinet.{{cite book\\|author\\=Laurence Fenton\\|title\\=Palmerston and the Times: Foreign Policy, the Press and Public Opinion in Mid\\-Victorian Britain\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=LbXpAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA119\\|year\\=2012\\|publisher\\=I.B.Tauris\\|pages\\=119–20\\|isbn\\=9780857736512}}",
"### Royal and parliamentary reaction to 1848",
"This state of things was regarded with the utmost annoyance by the British court and by most of the British ministers. On many occasions, Palmerston had taken important steps without their knowledge, which they disapproved. Over the [Foreign Office](/wiki/Foreign_Office \"Foreign Office\") he asserted and exercised an arbitrary dominion, which the feeble efforts of the premier could not control. The Queen and the [Prince Consort](/wiki/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort \"Albert, Prince Consort\") did not conceal their indignation at the fact that they were held responsible for Palmerston's actions by the other courts of Europe.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=647}}Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) pp. 333\\-58\\.",
"When [Benjamin Disraeli](/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli \"Benjamin Disraeli\") attacked Palmerston's foreign policy, the foreign minister responded to a five\\-hour speech by [Thomas Chisholm Anstey](/wiki/Thomas_Chisholm_Anstey \"Thomas Chisholm Anstey\") with a five\\-hour speech of his own, the first of two great speeches in which he laid out a comprehensive defence of his foreign policy and of liberal interventionism more generally. Arguing for domestic political effect, Palmerston declaimed:\nI hold that the real policy of England... is to be the champion of justice and right, pursuing that course with moderation and prudence, not becoming the [Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote_%28character%29 \"Don Quixote (character)\") of the world, but giving the weight of her moral sanction and support wherever she thinks that justice is, and whenever she thinks that wrong has been done.{{cite book\\|author\\=Boyd Hilton\\|title\\=A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783\\-1846\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FDFHmqU\\_6SEC\\&pg\\=PR248\\|year\\=2006\\|page\\=247\\|publisher\\=OUP Oxford \\|isbn\\=9780191606823}}\n(...)\nTherefore I say that it is a narrow policy to suppose that this country or that is to be marked out as the eternal ally or the perpetual enemy of England. We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow.{{Cite web\\|title\\=TREATY OF ADRIANOPLE—CHARGES AGAINST VISCOUNT PALMERSTON. (Hansard, 1 March 1848\\)\\|url\\=https://api.parliament.uk/historic\\-hansard/commons/1848/mar/01/treaty\\-of\\-adrianople\\-charges\\-against\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-28\\|date\\=1 March 1848\\|website\\=\\[\\[Hansard\\|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}",
"Russell and the Queen both hoped that the other would take the initiative and dismiss Palmerston; the Queen was dissuaded by her husband Prince Albert, who took the limits of constitutional power very seriously, and Russell by Palmerston's prestige with the people and his competence in an otherwise remarkably inept Cabinet.",
"### Don Pacifico affair",
"{{main\\|Don Pacifico affair}}\nIn 1847, the home of [Don Pacifico](/wiki/Don_Pacifico \"Don Pacifico\"), a Gibraltarian merchant living in Athens, [Greece](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece \"Kingdom of Greece\"), was attacked by an [antisemitic](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\") mob, which included the sons of a Greek government minister. The Greek police did not intervene in the attack, despite being present.Ridley, pp. 374–375\\. Because Don Pacifico was a British subject, the British government expressed concern. In January 1850, Palmerston took advantage of Don Pacifico's claims on the Greek government, and blockaded the port of [Piraeus](/wiki/Piraeus \"Piraeus\") in the Kingdom of Greece. As Greece was under the joint protection of three powers, Russia and France protested against its coercion by the British fleet.Ridley, pp. 379–81\\.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Hicks \\| first1 \\= Geoffrey \\| year \\= 2004 \\| title \\= Don Pacifico, Democracy, and Danger: The Protectionist Party Critique of British Foreign Policy, 1850–1852 \\| journal \\= International History Review \\| volume \\= 26 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 515–540 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1080/07075332\\.2004\\.9641038 \\| s2cid \\= 154617613 }}",
"After a memorable debate on 17 June, Palmerston's policy was condemned by a vote of the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\"). The House of Commons was moved by [John Arthur Roebuck](/wiki/John_Arthur_Roebuck \"John Arthur Roebuck\") to reverse the rebuke, which it did on 29 June by a majority of 46, after having heard from Palmerston on 25 June. This was the most eloquent and powerful speech he ever delivered, wherein he sought to vindicate not only his claims on the Greek government for Don Pacifico, but his entire administration of foreign affairs.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=648}}\n{{wikisource\\|Don Pacifico Speech}}\nIt was in this speech, which lasted for five hours, that Palmerston made the well\\-known declaration that a British subject ought everywhere to be protected by the strong arm of the British government against injustice and wrong;{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=648}} comparing the reach of the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\") to that of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\"), in which a [Roman citizen](/wiki/Roman_citizenship \"Roman citizenship\") could walk the earth unmolested by any foreign power. This was the famous *[civis romanus sum](/wiki/Civis_romanus_sum \"Civis romanus sum\")* (\"I am a citizen of Rome\") speech. After this speech, Palmerston's popularity had never been greater.Ridley, pp. 387–94\\.",
"### Crossing the Queen and resigning, 1851",
"Notwithstanding his parliamentary triumph in the Don Pacifico affair, many of his own colleagues and supporters criticised the spirit in which the foreign relations of the Crown were carried on. The Queen addressed a minute to the Prime Minister in which she recorded her dissatisfaction at the manner in which Palmerston evaded the obligation to submit his measures for the royal sanction as failing in sincerity to the Crown. This minute was communicated to Palmerston, who accepted its criticisms.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=648}}Ridley, pp. 394–395\\.",
"On 2 December 1851, [Louis Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon_III \"Napoleon III\") – who had been elected President of France in 1848 – carried out a *[coup d'état](/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1851 French coup d'état\")* by dissolving the National Assembly and arresting the leading republicans. Palmerston privately congratulated Napoleon on his triumph, noting that Britain's constitution was rooted in history but that France had had five revolutions since 1789, with the [French Constitution of 1848](/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1848 \"French Constitution of 1848\") being a \"day\\-before\\-yesterday tomfoolery which the scatterbrain heads of [Marrast](/wiki/Armand_Marrast \"Armand Marrast\") and [Tocqueville](/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville \"Alexis de Tocqueville\") invented for the torment and perplexity of the French nation\".Ridley, p. 398\\. However, the Cabinet decided that Britain must be neutral, and so Palmerston requested his officials to be diplomatic. Palmerston's widespread support among the press, educated public opinion, and ordinary Britons caused apprehension and distrust among other politicians and angered the Court. Prince Albert complained Palmerston had sent a dispatch without showing the sovereign. Protesting innocence, Palmerston resigned.Ridley, pp. 398–399\\. Palmerston was weakened because Parliament, where he had great support, was not in session. Palmerston continued to have wide approval among the newspapers, elite opinion, and the middle class voters. His popularity led to distrust among rivals and especially at the Royal Court. His fall demonstrates the lack of power of public opinion in a pre\\-democratic era. However, Palmerston kept his public support and the growing influence of public opinion steadily increased his political strength in the 1850s and 1860s.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Brown \\| first1 \\= David \\| year \\= 2001 \\| title \\= The power of public opinion: Palmerston and the crisis of December 1851 \\| journal \\= Parliamentary History \\| volume \\= 20 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 333–358 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1750\\-0206\\.2001\\.tb00381\\.x }}",
""
] |
Home Secretary: 1852–1855
-------------------------
After a brief period of [Conservative minority government](/wiki/Who%3F_Who%3F_ministry "Who? Who? ministry"), the [Earl of Aberdeen](/wiki/George_Hamilton_Gordon%2C_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen "George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen") became Prime Minister (in office 19 December 1852 – 30 January 1855\) in a [coalition government](/wiki/Aberdeen_ministry "Aberdeen ministry") of Whigs and [Peelites](/wiki/Peelites "Peelites") (with [Russell](/wiki/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell "John Russell, 1st Earl Russell") taking the role of Foreign Secretary and Leader of the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons "British House of Commons")). It was regarded as impossible for them to form a government without Palmerston, so he was made [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary "Home Secretary") (28 December 1852\). Many people considered this a curious appointment because Palmerston's expertise was so obviously in foreign affairs.Ridley, pp. 413–414\. A story recounts that after a great wave of strikes swept [Northern England](/wiki/Northern_England "Northern England"), the Queen summoned Palmerston to discuss the situation. When she enquired after the latest news, Palmerston allegedly replied: "There is no definite news, Madam, but it seems certain that the Turks have crossed the [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube")".Ridley, p. 414\.
### Social reform
Palmerston passed the Factory Act 1853, which removed loopholes in previous [Factory Acts](/wiki/Factory_Acts "Factory Acts") and outlawed all labour by young persons between 6pm and 6am. He attempted to pass a Bill that confirmed the rights of workers to combine, but the House of Lords rejected it. He introduced the [Truck Act](/wiki/Truck_Acts "Truck Acts") which stopped the practice of employers paying workmen in goods instead of money, or forcing them to purchase goods from shops owned by the employers. In August 1853, Palmerston introduced the Smoke Abatement Act in order to combat the increasing smoke from coal fires, a problem greatly aggravated by the Industrial Revolution.Ridley, p. 407\. He also oversaw the passage of the [Vaccination Act 1853](/wiki/Vaccination_Act_1853 "Vaccination Act 1853") into law, which was introduced as a private member's bill, and which Palmerston persuaded the government to support. The Act made vaccination of children compulsory for the first{{citation needed\|date\=June 2021}} time. Palmerston outlawed the burying of the dead in churches. The right to bury the dead in churches was held by wealthy families whose ancestors had purchased the right in the past. Palmerston opposed this practice on public\-health grounds and ensured that all bodies were buried in a churchyard or public cemetery.
### Penal reform
Palmerston reduced the period in which prisoners could be held in [solitary confinement](/wiki/Solitary_confinement "Solitary confinement") from eighteen months to nine months.Ridley, p. 408\. He also ended [transportation](/wiki/Penal_transportation "Penal transportation") to [Tasmania](/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania "Colony of Tasmania") for prisoners by passing the [Penal Servitude Act](/wiki/Penal_Servitude_Act "Penal Servitude Act") 1853, which also reduced the maximum sentences for most offences.Ridley, pp. 408–409\. Palmerston passed the Reformatory Schools Act 1854 which gave the [Home Secretary powers](/wiki/Powers_of_the_home_secretary "Powers of the home secretary") to send juvenile prisoners to a reformatory school instead of to prison. He was forced to accept an amendment which ensured that the prisoner had to have spent at least three months in jail first.Ridley, pp. 409–410\. When in October 1854 Palmerston visited [Parkhurst](/wiki/Parkhurst_%28HM_Prison%29 "Parkhurst (HM Prison)") gaol and conversed with three boy inmates, he was impressed by their behaviour and ordered that they be sent to a reformatory school. He found the ventilation in the cells unsatisfactory and ordered improvement.Ridley, p. 410\.
Palmerston strongly opposed [Lord John Russell](/wiki/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell "John Russell, 1st Earl Russell")'s plans for giving the vote to sections of the urban working\-classes. When the Cabinet agreed in December 1853 to introduce a bill during the next session of Parliament in the form which Russell wanted, Palmerston resigned. However, Aberdeen told him that no definite decision on reform had been taken and persuaded Palmerston to return to the Cabinet. The electoral Reform Bill did not pass Parliament that year.Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) pp. 403\-405\.
### Crimean War
Palmerston's exile from his traditional realm of the Foreign Office meant he did not have full control over British policy during the events precipitating the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War") of 1853–1856\. One of his biographers, [Jasper Ridley](/wiki/Jasper_Ridley "Jasper Ridley"), argues that had he been in control of foreign policy at this time, war in the Crimea would have been avoided. Palmerston argued in Cabinet, after Russian troops concentrated on the Ottoman border in February 1853, that the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") should join the French fleet in the [Dardanelles](/wiki/Dardanelles "Dardanelles") as a warning to Russia. He was overruled, however.
In May 1853, the Russians threatened to invade the principalities of [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia") and [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia") unless the Ottoman sultan acceded to their demands. Palmerston argued for immediate decisive action \- that the Royal Navy should be sent to the Dardanelles to assist the Turkish navy and that Britain should inform Russia of London's intention to go to war if the [Imperial Russian Army](/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army "Imperial Russian Army") invaded the principalities. However, Aberdeen objected to all of Palmerston's proposals. After prolonged arguments, a reluctant Aberdeen agreed to send a fleet to the Dardanelles but objected to Palmerston's other proposals. The Russian Emperor, [Nicholas I](/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia "Nicholas I of Russia"), was annoyed by Britain's actions but they did not deter him. When the British fleet arrived at the Dardanelles the weather was rough, so the fleet took refuge in the outer waters of the straits (June 1853\).{{cite book\|last1\=Arnold\|first1\=Guy\|author\-link1\=Guy Arnold\|title\=Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_UreS\-\-MoD0C\|series\=Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest, No. 19\|date\=16 April 2002\|location\=Lanham, Maryland\|publisher\=Scarecrow Press\|publication\-date\=2002\|page\=119\|isbn\=9780810866133\|access\-date\=18 June 2021\|quote\=As war came closer the bulk of the British fleet was committed to the Mediterranean and on 13 June 1853, as tensions mounted, the British and French Mediterranean fleets were moved to Besika Bay, close to the Dardanelles, and ready to move to the support of Turkey.}} The Russians saw this as a violation of the [Straits Convention](/wiki/Straits_Convention "Straits Convention") of 1841; they invaded the two principalities in July 1853\. Palmerston interpreted this as the result of British weakness and thought that if the Russians had been told that if they invaded the principalities the British and French fleets would enter the [Bosphorus](/wiki/Bosphorus "Bosphorus") or the [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea"), they would have been deterred.Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) pp. 415–416\. In Cabinet, Palmerston argued for a vigorous prosecution of the war against Russia by Britain, but Aberdeen objected, as he wanted peace. British public opinion supported the Turks, and with Aberdeen becoming steadily unpopular, [Lord Dudley Stuart](/wiki/Lord_Dudley_Stuart "Lord Dudley Stuart") in February 1854 noted, "Wherever I go, I have heard but one opinion on the subject, and that one opinion has been pronounced in a single word, or in a single name – Palmerston."Ridley, p. 419\.
[thumb\|upright\=1\.6\|[Battle of Inkerman](/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman "Battle of Inkerman"), November 1854](/wiki/File:British_General_Cathcart_death_at_Inkerman.jpg "British General Cathcart death at Inkerman.jpg")
On 28 March 1854, Britain and France declared war on Russia for refusing to withdraw from the principalities. The war progressed slowly, with no Anglo\-French gains in the Baltic and slow coalition gains in Crimea at the long [Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281854%E2%80%931855%29 "Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)"). Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war grew amongst the public in Britain and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos and failures, especially the mismanagement of the heroic [Charge of the Light Brigade](/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade "Charge of the Light Brigade") at the [Battle of Balaclava](/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava "Battle of Balaclava") (25 October 1854\). The health and living conditions of the British soldiers became notorious and the press, with correspondents in the field, made the most of the situation. Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by a vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855\.{{cite book\|first1\= Dick \|last1\= Leonard\|title\= The Great Rivalry: Gladstone and Disraeli\|url\= {{Google books\|7Kosl75aYPAC\|The Great Rivalry: Gladstone and Disraeli\|page\=98\|plainurl\=yes}}\|year\=2013\|publisher\= I.B. Tauris \|location\=London\|page\=98}}
Queen Victoria deeply distrusted Palmerston and first asked [Lord Derby](/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley%2C_14th_Earl_of_Derby "Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby") to accept the premiership. Derby offered Palmerston the office of [Secretary of State for War](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War "Secretary of State for War"), which he accepted under the condition that [Lord Clarendon](/wiki/George_Villiers%2C_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon "George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon") remain as Foreign Secretary. Clarendon refused, and so Palmerston rejected Derby's offer; Derby subsequently gave up trying to form a government. The Queen sent for [Lord Lansdowne](/wiki/Henry_Petty-FitzMaurice%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne "Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne") but (aged 74\) he was too old to accept: so she asked Russell; but none of his former colleagues except Palmerston wanted to serve under him. Having exhausted the possible alternatives, the Queen invited Palmerston to [Buckingham Palace](/wiki/Buckingham_Palace "Buckingham Palace") on 4 February 1855 to form a government.Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) pp. 433\-36\.
|
[
"Home Secretary: 1852–1855\n-------------------------",
"After a brief period of [Conservative minority government](/wiki/Who%3F_Who%3F_ministry \"Who? Who? ministry\"), the [Earl of Aberdeen](/wiki/George_Hamilton_Gordon%2C_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen \"George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen\") became Prime Minister (in office 19 December 1852 – 30 January 1855\\) in a [coalition government](/wiki/Aberdeen_ministry \"Aberdeen ministry\") of Whigs and [Peelites](/wiki/Peelites \"Peelites\") (with [Russell](/wiki/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell \"John Russell, 1st Earl Russell\") taking the role of Foreign Secretary and Leader of the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons \"British House of Commons\")). It was regarded as impossible for them to form a government without Palmerston, so he was made [Home Secretary](/wiki/Home_Secretary \"Home Secretary\") (28 December 1852\\). Many people considered this a curious appointment because Palmerston's expertise was so obviously in foreign affairs.Ridley, pp. 413–414\\. A story recounts that after a great wave of strikes swept [Northern England](/wiki/Northern_England \"Northern England\"), the Queen summoned Palmerston to discuss the situation. When she enquired after the latest news, Palmerston allegedly replied: \"There is no definite news, Madam, but it seems certain that the Turks have crossed the [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\")\".Ridley, p. 414\\.",
"### Social reform",
"Palmerston passed the Factory Act 1853, which removed loopholes in previous [Factory Acts](/wiki/Factory_Acts \"Factory Acts\") and outlawed all labour by young persons between 6pm and 6am. He attempted to pass a Bill that confirmed the rights of workers to combine, but the House of Lords rejected it. He introduced the [Truck Act](/wiki/Truck_Acts \"Truck Acts\") which stopped the practice of employers paying workmen in goods instead of money, or forcing them to purchase goods from shops owned by the employers. In August 1853, Palmerston introduced the Smoke Abatement Act in order to combat the increasing smoke from coal fires, a problem greatly aggravated by the Industrial Revolution.Ridley, p. 407\\. He also oversaw the passage of the [Vaccination Act 1853](/wiki/Vaccination_Act_1853 \"Vaccination Act 1853\") into law, which was introduced as a private member's bill, and which Palmerston persuaded the government to support. The Act made vaccination of children compulsory for the first{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2021}} time. Palmerston outlawed the burying of the dead in churches. The right to bury the dead in churches was held by wealthy families whose ancestors had purchased the right in the past. Palmerston opposed this practice on public\\-health grounds and ensured that all bodies were buried in a churchyard or public cemetery.",
"### Penal reform",
"Palmerston reduced the period in which prisoners could be held in [solitary confinement](/wiki/Solitary_confinement \"Solitary confinement\") from eighteen months to nine months.Ridley, p. 408\\. He also ended [transportation](/wiki/Penal_transportation \"Penal transportation\") to [Tasmania](/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania \"Colony of Tasmania\") for prisoners by passing the [Penal Servitude Act](/wiki/Penal_Servitude_Act \"Penal Servitude Act\") 1853, which also reduced the maximum sentences for most offences.Ridley, pp. 408–409\\. Palmerston passed the Reformatory Schools Act 1854 which gave the [Home Secretary powers](/wiki/Powers_of_the_home_secretary \"Powers of the home secretary\") to send juvenile prisoners to a reformatory school instead of to prison. He was forced to accept an amendment which ensured that the prisoner had to have spent at least three months in jail first.Ridley, pp. 409–410\\. When in October 1854 Palmerston visited [Parkhurst](/wiki/Parkhurst_%28HM_Prison%29 \"Parkhurst (HM Prison)\") gaol and conversed with three boy inmates, he was impressed by their behaviour and ordered that they be sent to a reformatory school. He found the ventilation in the cells unsatisfactory and ordered improvement.Ridley, p. 410\\.",
"Palmerston strongly opposed [Lord John Russell](/wiki/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell \"John Russell, 1st Earl Russell\")'s plans for giving the vote to sections of the urban working\\-classes. When the Cabinet agreed in December 1853 to introduce a bill during the next session of Parliament in the form which Russell wanted, Palmerston resigned. However, Aberdeen told him that no definite decision on reform had been taken and persuaded Palmerston to return to the Cabinet. The electoral Reform Bill did not pass Parliament that year.Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) pp. 403\\-405\\.",
"### Crimean War",
"Palmerston's exile from his traditional realm of the Foreign Office meant he did not have full control over British policy during the events precipitating the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\") of 1853–1856\\. One of his biographers, [Jasper Ridley](/wiki/Jasper_Ridley \"Jasper Ridley\"), argues that had he been in control of foreign policy at this time, war in the Crimea would have been avoided. Palmerston argued in Cabinet, after Russian troops concentrated on the Ottoman border in February 1853, that the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") should join the French fleet in the [Dardanelles](/wiki/Dardanelles \"Dardanelles\") as a warning to Russia. He was overruled, however.",
"In May 1853, the Russians threatened to invade the principalities of [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia \"Wallachia\") and [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia \"Moldavia\") unless the Ottoman sultan acceded to their demands. Palmerston argued for immediate decisive action \\- that the Royal Navy should be sent to the Dardanelles to assist the Turkish navy and that Britain should inform Russia of London's intention to go to war if the [Imperial Russian Army](/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army \"Imperial Russian Army\") invaded the principalities. However, Aberdeen objected to all of Palmerston's proposals. After prolonged arguments, a reluctant Aberdeen agreed to send a fleet to the Dardanelles but objected to Palmerston's other proposals. The Russian Emperor, [Nicholas I](/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia \"Nicholas I of Russia\"), was annoyed by Britain's actions but they did not deter him. When the British fleet arrived at the Dardanelles the weather was rough, so the fleet took refuge in the outer waters of the straits (June 1853\\).{{cite book\\|last1\\=Arnold\\|first1\\=Guy\\|author\\-link1\\=Guy Arnold\\|title\\=Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_UreS\\-\\-MoD0C\\|series\\=Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest, No. 19\\|date\\=16 April 2002\\|location\\=Lanham, Maryland\\|publisher\\=Scarecrow Press\\|publication\\-date\\=2002\\|page\\=119\\|isbn\\=9780810866133\\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021\\|quote\\=As war came closer the bulk of the British fleet was committed to the Mediterranean and on 13 June 1853, as tensions mounted, the British and French Mediterranean fleets were moved to Besika Bay, close to the Dardanelles, and ready to move to the support of Turkey.}} The Russians saw this as a violation of the [Straits Convention](/wiki/Straits_Convention \"Straits Convention\") of 1841; they invaded the two principalities in July 1853\\. Palmerston interpreted this as the result of British weakness and thought that if the Russians had been told that if they invaded the principalities the British and French fleets would enter the [Bosphorus](/wiki/Bosphorus \"Bosphorus\") or the [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea \"Black Sea\"), they would have been deterred.Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) pp. 415–416\\. In Cabinet, Palmerston argued for a vigorous prosecution of the war against Russia by Britain, but Aberdeen objected, as he wanted peace. British public opinion supported the Turks, and with Aberdeen becoming steadily unpopular, [Lord Dudley Stuart](/wiki/Lord_Dudley_Stuart \"Lord Dudley Stuart\") in February 1854 noted, \"Wherever I go, I have heard but one opinion on the subject, and that one opinion has been pronounced in a single word, or in a single name – Palmerston.\"Ridley, p. 419\\.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.6\\|[Battle of Inkerman](/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman \"Battle of Inkerman\"), November 1854](/wiki/File:British_General_Cathcart_death_at_Inkerman.jpg \"British General Cathcart death at Inkerman.jpg\")",
"On 28 March 1854, Britain and France declared war on Russia for refusing to withdraw from the principalities. The war progressed slowly, with no Anglo\\-French gains in the Baltic and slow coalition gains in Crimea at the long [Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855\\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281854%E2%80%931855%29 \"Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)\"). Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war grew amongst the public in Britain and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos and failures, especially the mismanagement of the heroic [Charge of the Light Brigade](/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade \"Charge of the Light Brigade\") at the [Battle of Balaclava](/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava \"Battle of Balaclava\") (25 October 1854\\). The health and living conditions of the British soldiers became notorious and the press, with correspondents in the field, made the most of the situation. Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by a vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855\\.{{cite book\\|first1\\= Dick \\|last1\\= Leonard\\|title\\= The Great Rivalry: Gladstone and Disraeli\\|url\\= {{Google books\\|7Kosl75aYPAC\\|The Great Rivalry: Gladstone and Disraeli\\|page\\=98\\|plainurl\\=yes}}\\|year\\=2013\\|publisher\\= I.B. Tauris \\|location\\=London\\|page\\=98}}",
"Queen Victoria deeply distrusted Palmerston and first asked [Lord Derby](/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley%2C_14th_Earl_of_Derby \"Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby\") to accept the premiership. Derby offered Palmerston the office of [Secretary of State for War](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War \"Secretary of State for War\"), which he accepted under the condition that [Lord Clarendon](/wiki/George_Villiers%2C_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon \"George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon\") remain as Foreign Secretary. Clarendon refused, and so Palmerston rejected Derby's offer; Derby subsequently gave up trying to form a government. The Queen sent for [Lord Lansdowne](/wiki/Henry_Petty-FitzMaurice%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne \"Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne\") but (aged 74\\) he was too old to accept: so she asked Russell; but none of his former colleagues except Palmerston wanted to serve under him. Having exhausted the possible alternatives, the Queen invited Palmerston to [Buckingham Palace](/wiki/Buckingham_Palace \"Buckingham Palace\") on 4 February 1855 to form a government.Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) pp. 433\\-36\\.",
""
] |
Prime Minister: 1859–1865
-------------------------
{{Further\|Liberal government, 1859–1866}}
Historians usually regard Palmerston, starting in 1859, as the first Liberal prime minister.David Loades, ed., *Readers Guide to British History* (2003\) 2: p. 998 In his last premiership Palmerston oversaw the passage of important legislation. The [Offences against the Person Act 1861](/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1861 "Offences against the Person Act 1861") codified and reformed the law, and was part of a wider process of [consolidating criminal law](/wiki/Criminal_Law_Consolidation_Acts_1861 "Criminal Law Consolidation Acts 1861"). The [Companies Act 1862](/wiki/Companies_Act_1862 "Companies Act 1862") was the basis of modern company law.Ridley, p. 506\.
### Foreign policy
Foreign policy continued to be his main strength; he thought that he could shape if not control all of European diplomacy, especially by using France as a vital ally and trade partner. However, historians often characterise his method as bluffing more than decisive action.Chris Williams, ed., *A Companion to 19th\-Century Britain* (2006\). p. 42
[thumb\|Palmerston, [Lord Russell](/wiki/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell "John Russell, 1st Earl Russell") and [Prince Albert](/wiki/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort "Albert, Prince Consort") looking on as Queen Victoria presents a [Bible](/wiki/Bible "Bible") to an African ruler who is bowing down before her](/wiki/File:The_Secret_of_England%27s_Greatness%27_%28Queen_Victoria_presenting_a_Bible_in_the_Audience_Chamber_at_Windsor%29_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg "The Secret of England's Greatness' (Queen Victoria presenting a Bible in the Audience Chamber at Windsor) by Thomas Jones Barker.jpg")
Some people called Palmerston a womaniser; *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* named him Lord Cupid (on account of his youthful looks), and he was cited, at the age of 79, as co\-respondent in an 1863 divorce case, although it emerged that the case was nothing more than an attempted blackmail.
### Relationship with Gladstone
Although Palmerston and [William Ewart Gladstone](/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone "William Ewart Gladstone") treated each other respectfully, they disagreed fundamentally over Church appointments, foreign affairs, defence and reform;Ridley, p. 565\. Palmerston's greatest problem during his last premiership was how to handle his Chancellor of the Exchequer. The MP Sir [William Henry Gregory](/wiki/William_Henry_Gregory "William Henry Gregory") was told by a member of the Cabinet that "at the beginning of each session and after each holiday, Mr Gladstone used to come in charged to the muzzle with all sorts of schemes of all sorts of reforms which were absolutely necessary in his opinion to be immediately undertaken. Palmerston used to look fixedly at the paper before him, saying nothing until there was a lull in Gladstone's outpouring. He then rapped the table and said cheerfully: 'Now, my Lords and gentlemen, let us go to business'."Ridley, p. 563\. Palmerston told Lord Shaftesbury: "Gladstone will soon have it all his own way and whenever he gets my place we shall have strange doings". He told another friend that he thought Gladstone would wreck the Liberal Party and end up in a madhouse.Ridley, p. 566\.
When in May 1864 the MP [Edward Baines](/wiki/Edward_Baines_%281800%E2%80%931890%29 "Edward Baines (1800–1890)") introduced a Reform Bill in the Commons, Palmerston ordered Gladstone to not commit himself and the government to any particular scheme.[Philip Guedalla](/wiki/Philip_Guedalla "Philip Guedalla") (ed.), *Gladstone and Palmerston, being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston with Mr. Gladstone 1851–1865* (London: Victor Gollancz, 1928\), p. 279\. Instead Gladstone said in his speech in the Commons that he did not see why any man should not have the vote unless he was mentally incapacitated, but added that this would not come about unless the working class showed an interest in reform. Palmerston believed that this was incitement to the working class to begin agitating for reform and told Gladstone: "What every Man and Woman too have a Right to, is to be well governed and under just Laws, and they who propose a change ought to shew that the present organization does not accomplish those objects".Guedalla, p. 282\.
[French intervention in Italy](/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence "Second Italian War of Independence") had created an invasion scare and Palmerston established a [Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Defence_of_the_United_Kingdom "Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom") which reported in 1860\. It recommended a huge [programme of fortifications](/wiki/Palmerston_Forts "Palmerston Forts") to protect the [Royal Navy Dockyards](/wiki/Royal_Navy_Dockyards "Royal Navy Dockyards") and ports, which Palmerston vigorously supported. Objecting to the enormous expense, Gladstone repeatedly threatened to resign as Chancellor when the proposals were accepted. Palmerston said that he had received so many resignation letters from Gladstone that he feared that they would set fire to the chimney.Ridley, p. 564\.
### Relationship with Lord Lyons
During the advent and occurrence of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), the British Ambassador to the United States was Palmerston's close friend and ally [Richard Lyons, 2nd Baron Lyons](/wiki/Richard_Lyons%2C_1st_Viscount_Lyons "Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons"). Palmerston had first appointed Richard Lyons to the Foreign Service in 1839, and was a close friend of his father, [Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons](/wiki/Edmund_Lyons%2C_1st_Baron_Lyons "Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons"), with whom he had vehemently advocated increased aggression in the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War"). Palmerston and Lyons both had similar sociopolitical sympathies: both advocated monarchy and foreign interventionism. Throughout the American Civil War, Palmerston and Richard Lyons maintained an extensive confidential correspondence. Their actions were responsible for the peaceful resolution of the [Trent Affair](/wiki/Trent_Affair "Trent Affair"). When Lyons resigned from the position of American Ambassador, Palmerston attempted to persuade him to return, but Lyons declined the offer.{{cite book\|title\=Lord Lyons: A Diplomat in an Age of Nationalism and War\|author\=Jenkins, Brian\|publisher\=McGill\-Queen’s Press, 2014}}
### American Civil War
{{Main\|Diplomacy of the American Civil War}}
Palmerston's sympathies in the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") (1861–65\) were with the secessionist [Confederate States of America](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America "Confederate States of America"). Although a professed opponent of the [Atlantic slave trade](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade "Atlantic slave trade") and [slavery](/wiki/Slavery "Slavery"), he held a lifelong hostility towards the United States, and believed a dissolution of the Union would enhance British power. Additionally, the Confederacy "would afford a valuable and extensive market for British manufactures".Ridley, p. 552\.Kevin Peraino, "Lincoln vs. Palmerston" in Peraino, *Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power* (2013\) pp. 120–69\.
Britain issued a [proclamation of neutrality](/wiki/s:British_proclamation_of_neutrality_in_the_American_Civil_War "British proclamation of neutrality in the American Civil War") at the beginning of the Civil War on 13 May 1861\. The Confederacy was recognised as a [belligerent](/wiki/Belligerent "Belligerent") but it was too premature to recognise it as a sovereign state. The [United States Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State"), [William Seward](/wiki/William_Seward "William Seward"), threatened to treat as hostile any country which recognised the Confederacy. Britain depended more on American corn than Confederate cotton, and a war with the U.S. would not be in Britain's economic interest.{{cite book\|author1\=Thomas Paterson\|author2\=J. Garry Clifford\|author3\=Shane J. Maddock\|title\=American Foreign Relations: A History to 1920\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9\-alDgRk\-IYC\&pg\=PA149\|year\=2009\|publisher\=Cengage Learning\|page\=149\|isbn\=978\-0547225647}} Palmerston ordered reinforcements sent to the [Province of Canada](/wiki/Province_of_Canada "Province of Canada") because he was convinced the [North](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 "Union (American Civil War)") would make peace with the South and then invade Canada. He was very pleased with the Confederate victory at the [First Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run "First Battle of Bull Run") in July 1861, but 15 months later he felt:
> "...the American War... has manifestly ceased to have any attainable object as far as the Northerns are concerned, except to get rid of some more thousand troublesome Irish and Germans. It must be owned, however, that the Anglo\-Saxon race on both sides have shown courage and endurance highly honourable to their stock."Ridley, p. 559\.
The [*Trent* Affair](/wiki/Trent_Affair "Trent Affair") in November 1861 produced public outrage in Britain and a diplomatic crisis. A U.S. Navy warship stopped the British steamer *Trent* and seized two Confederate envoys *en route* to Europe. Palmerston called the action "a declared and gross insult", demanded the release of the two diplomats and ordered 3,000 troops to Canada. In a letter to Queen Victoria on 5 December 1861 he said that if his demands were not met:
> "Great Britain is in a better state than at any former time to inflict a severe blow upon and to read a lesson to the United States which will not soon be forgotten."Ridley, p. 554\.
In another letter to his foreign secretary, he predicted war between Britain and the Union:
> "It is difficult not to come to the conclusion that the rabid hatred of England which animates the exiled Irishmen who direct almost all the Northern newspapers, will so excite the masses as to make it impossible for Lincoln and Seward to grant our demands; and we must therefore look forward to war as the probable result."
In fact, Irishmen did not control any major newspapers in the North, and the U.S. decided to release the prisoners rather than risk war. Palmerston was convinced the presence of troops in Canada persuaded the U.S. to acquiesce.Kenneth Bourne, "British Preparations for War with the North, 1861–1862," *The English Historical Review* Vol 76 No 301 (Oct 1961\) pp. 600–632 {{JSTOR\|558199}}
After President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln")'s announcement in September 1862 that he would issue an [Emancipation Proclamation](/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation "Emancipation Proclamation") in ninety days, the cabinet debated intervention as a humanitarian move to stop a likely race war. At the same time however there was a cabinet crisis in France over the [overthrow of the Greek king](/wiki/23_October_1862_Revolution "23 October 1862 Revolution") and the growing [Eastern Question](/wiki/Eastern_Question "Eastern Question") with regard to Russia. The British Government had to determine whether the situation in North America or the containment of Russia was more urgent. The decision was to give priority to threats closer to home and to decline France's suggestion of a joint intervention in America; the threatened race war over slavery never happened.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Eichhorn \| first1 \= Niels \| year \= 2014 \| title \= The Intervention Crisis of 1862: A British Diplomatic Dilemma? \| journal \= American Nineteenth Century History \| volume \= 15 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 287–310 \| doi \= 10\.1080/14664658\.2014\.959819 \| s2cid \= 143983887 }} Palmerston rejected all further efforts of the Confederacy to gain British recognition.
[thumb\|left\|upright\|[Carte de visite](/wiki/Carte_de_visite "Carte de visite") depicting Palmerston, 1863](/wiki/Image:Lord_Palmerston_1863.jpg "Lord Palmerston 1863.jpg")
The long\-term issue between Britain and the United States was the [supply of blockade runners](/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War "Blockade runners of the American Civil War") loaded with British arms or construction of [commerce raiders](/wiki/Commerce_raider "Commerce raider") for the Confederate war effort. The U.S. accused Britain of being complicit in [gunrunning](/wiki/Arms_trafficking "Arms trafficking") and sales of warships by private firms to the Confederacy that actually sustained the war by two years.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=aNaFDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT62\|title\=Lincoln, Seward, and U.S. Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era\|page\=162\|date\=April 5, 2019\|publisher\=\[\[University Press of Kentucky]]\|isbn\=9\-7808\-1317\-7151}}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3LEq7RBH\_0AC\&pg\=RA2\-PA114\|title\=Civil War Chronology, 1861\-1865\|page\=114\|publisher\=Naval Operations Office\|date\=1966}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/historians\-reveal\-secrets\-of\-uk\-gunrunning\-which\-lengthened\-the\-american\-civil\-war\-by\-two\-years\-9557937\.html\|title\=Historians reveal secrets of UK gun\-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years\|author\=David Keys\|date\=24 June 2014\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]}}{{cite web\|title\=The Confederate Blockade Runners\|url\=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1933/april/confederate\-blockade\-runners\|author\=Paul Hendren\|date\=April 1933\|publisher\=\[\[United States Naval Institute]]}} This was later evidenced by Palmerston's refusal to stop firms from selling arms and ships on the basis that it had a right to sell such things to both sides as a [neutral country](/wiki/Neutral_country "Neutral country"), even though the South was still part of the U.S. (as ruled in *[Texas v. White](/wiki/Texas_v._White "Texas v. White")* in 1869 by the [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States")). As such, many Americans viewed the British as interfering with American affairs and indirectly committing an act of war against the U.S.{{cite book\|title\=The American Civil War Through British Eyes Dispatches from British Diplomats: April 1862\-February 1863\|page\=3\|date\=2003\|publisher\=\[\[Kent State University Press]]}}
The raiding ship [CSS *Alabama*](/wiki/CSS_Alabama "CSS Alabama"), built in the British port of [Birkenhead](/wiki/Birkenhead "Birkenhead"), was another difficulty for Palmerston. On 29 July 1862, a law officer's report he had commissioned advised him to detain *Alabama*, as its construction was a breach of Britain's neutrality. Palmerston ordered *Alabama* detained on 31 July, but it had already put to sea before the order reached Birkenhead. In her subsequent cruise, *Alabama* captured or destroyed many Union merchant ships, as did other raiders fitted out in Britain. This was the basis of the postwar [*Alabama* claims](/wiki/Alabama_claims "Alabama claims") for damages against Britain, which Palmerston refused to pay. After his death, Gladstone acknowledged the U.S. claim and agreed to arbitration, paying out $15,500,000 in damages. However, no compensation for damages done to the U.S. by British\-built blockade runners carrying arms supplies to the Confederacy was offered.Adams (1925\)
### Denmark
The [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia") Prime Minister [Otto von Bismarck](/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck "Otto von Bismarck") wanted to annex the Danish [Duchy of Schleswig](/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig "Duchy of Schleswig") and the neighboring German [Duchy of Holstein](/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein "Duchy of Holstein"), whose Duke was the [King of Denmark](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark "Monarchy of Denmark"), chiefly for its port of [Kiel](/wiki/Kiel "Kiel"), and had an alliance with Austria for this purpose. This was part of the longstanding [Schleswig–Holstein question](/wiki/Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question "Schleswig–Holstein question"). In a speech to the Commons on 23 July 1863, Palmerston said the British government, like those of France and Russia, wished that "the independence, the integrity, and the rights of Denmark may be maintained. We are convinced—I am convinced at least—that if any violent attempt were made to overthrow those rights and interfere with that independence, those who made the attempt would find in the result that it would not be Denmark alone with which they would have to contend".Ridley, pp. 570–571\. Palmerston's stance derived from the traditional belief that France was the greater threat to Britain and was much stronger than Austria and Prussia.Ridley, p. 571\. In any case, France and Britain were at odds over Poland, and Paris refused to cooperate with London on the Danish crisis.Kenneth Bourne, *The Foreign Policy\-of Victorian England 1830–1902* (1970\) p. 108\. Public opinion in Britain was strongly pro\-Danish, thanks especially to [the Danish princess](/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark "Alexandra of Denmark") who married the [Prince of Wales](/wiki/Edward_VII "Edward VII"). However Queen Victoria was intensely pro\-German and strongly urged against threatening war.Bourne, p. 373\. Palmerston himself favoured Denmark but he also had long been pacifistic in this matter and did not want Britain to become militarily involved.Herbert C. F. Bell, *Lord Palmerston* (1936\) 2: pp. 9–10, 364\.
For five months Bismarck did nothing. However, in November the Danish government instituted a new constitution whereby Schleswig was bound closer to Denmark. By the year's end, the Prussian and Austrian armies had occupied Holstein and were massing on the [River Eider](/wiki/River_Eider "River Eider"), the border with Schleswig. On 1 February 1864, the Prussian\-Austrian armies [invaded Schleswig](/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War "Second Schleswig War"), and ten days afterwards the Danish government requested British help to resist this. Russell urged Palmerston to send a fleet to Copenhagen and persuade Napoleon III that he should mobilise his French soldiers on the borders of Prussia.
Palmerston replied that the fleet could not do much to assist the Danes in Copenhagen and that nothing should be done to persuade Napoleon to cross the Rhine. Britain had a small army and it had no powerful ally to help. Bismarck remarked that the Royal Navy lacked wheels—it was powerless on land where the war would be fought.Stephen Cooper, "Dreadnoughts without Wheels," *History Today* (Aug 2014\) 64\#8 pp. 16\-17\. In April [Austria's navy](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy "Austro-Hungarian Navy") was on its way to attack Copenhagen. Palmerston told the Austrian ambassador that if his fleet entered the Baltic to attack Denmark the result would be war with Britain. The ambassador replied that the Austrian navy would not enter the Baltic and it did not do so.Ridley, p. 572\.
Palmerston accepted Russell's suggestion that the war should be settled at a conference, but at the ensuing [London Conference of 1864](/wiki/London_Conference_of_1864 "London Conference of 1864") in May and June the Danes refused to accept their loss of Schleswig\-Holstein. The armistice ended on 26 June and Prussian\-Austrian troops quickly invaded more of Denmark. On 25 June the Cabinet was against going to war to save Denmark, and Russell's suggestion to send the Royal Navy to defend Copenhagen was only carried by Palmerston's vote. Palmerston, however, said the fleet could not be sent in view of the deep division in the Cabinet.
On 27 June, Palmerston gave his statement to the Commons and said Britain would not go to war with the German powers unless the existence of Denmark as an independent power was at stake or Denmark's capital was threatened. The Conservatives replied that Palmerston had betrayed the Danes and a vote of censure in the House of Lords was carried by nine votes. In the debate in the Commons the Conservative MP General [Jonathan Peel](/wiki/Jonathan_Peel "Jonathan Peel") said: "It is come to this, that the words of the Prime Minister of England{{sic}}, uttered in the Parliament of England{{sic}}, are to be regarded as mere idle menaces to be laughed at and despised by foreign powers." Palmerston replied in the last night of the debate: "I say that England stands as high as she ever did and those who say she had fallen in the estimation of the world are not the men to whom the honour and dignity of England should be confided".Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) pp. 573\-74\.
The vote of censure was defeated by 313 votes to 295, with Palmerston's old enemies in the pacifist camp, Cobden and Bright, voting for him. The result of the vote was announced at 2:30 in the morning, and when Palmerston heard the news he ran up the stairs to the Ladies' Gallery and embraced his wife. Disraeli wrote: "What pluck to mount those dreadful stairs at three o'clock in the morning, and eighty years of age!"Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) p. 574\.
In a speech at his constituency at [Tiverton](/wiki/Tiverton_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)") in August, Palmerston told his constituents:
> I am sure every Englishman who has a heart in his breast and a feeling of justice in his mind, sympathizes with those unfortunate Danes (cheers), and wishes that this country could have been able to draw the sword successfully in their defence (continued cheers); but I am satisfied that those who reflect on the season of the year when that war broke out, on the means which this country could have applied for deciding in one sense that issue, I am satisfied that those who make these reflections will think that we acted wisely in not embarking in that dispute. (Cheers.) To have sent a fleet in midwinter to the Baltic every sailor would tell you was an impossibility, but if it could have gone it would have been attended by no effectual result. Ships sailing on the sea cannot stop armies on land, and to have attempted to stop the progress of an army by sending a fleet to the Baltic would have been attempting to do that which it was not possible to accomplish. (Hear, hear.) If England could have sent an army, and although we all know how admirable that army is on the peace establishment, we must acknowledge that we have no means of sending out a force at all equal to cope with the 300,000 or 400,000 men whom the 30,000,000 or 40,000,000 of Germany could have pitted against us, and that such an attempt would only have insured a disgraceful discomfiture—not to the army, indeed, but to the Government which sent out an inferior force and expected it to cope successfully with a force so vastly superior. (Cheers.) ... we did not think that the Danish cause would be considered as sufficiently British, and as sufficiently bearing on the interests and the security and the honour of England, as to make it justifiable to ask the country to make those exertions which such a war would render necessary.'Lord Palmerston at Tiverton', *The Times* (24 August 1864\), p. 9\.
Europe's leaders were unable to settle the matter by peaceful compromise. Palmerston's biographer William Baring Pemberton argued that his "failure to understand Bismarck lies at the root of his misunderstanding of the Schleswig\-Holstein question, and it derived from an old man's inability to adapt himself to a changing world".William Baring Pemberton, *Lord Palmerston* (Batchworth Press, 1954\) p. 332 Thus Britain was militarily unable to stop Bismarck's armies and misunderstood Bismarck's ambitions. Russian historian V. N. Vinogradov writes: "In place of the former insight came bias in judgments and stubbornness in defending outdated views. Palmerston continued to consider Prussia 'an instrument in the hands of Austria', its army weak and doomed to defeat, and its public to consist of romantically minded students and dreamy professors. And Otto von Bismarck quietly annexed the two Duchies to Prussia, and at the same time the [County of Lauenburg](/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg "Saxe-Lauenburg")".{{cite journal \|author\=V. N. Vinogradov \|title\=Lord Palmerston in European diplomacy \|year\=2006 \|journal\={{Interlanguage link multi\|New and Recent History\|ru\|Новая и новейшая история}} \|issue\=5 \|pages\=182–209 \|language\=ru}}{{vn\|date\=August 2020}}
### Electoral victory
Palmerston won another [general election in July 1865](/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election "1865 United Kingdom general election"), increasing his majority. The leadership of Palmerston was a great electoral asset to the Liberal Party.Ridley, p. 579\. He then had to deal with the outbreak of [Fenian](/wiki/Fenian "Fenian") violence in Ireland. Palmerston ordered the [Viceroy of Ireland](/wiki/Viceroy_of_Ireland "Viceroy of Ireland"), [Lord Wodehouse](/wiki/John_Wodehouse%2C_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley "John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley"), to take measures against this, including a possible suspension of trial\-by\-jury and a monitoring of Americans travelling to Ireland. He believed that the Fenian agitation was caused by America. On 27 September 1865 he wrote to the Secretary for War:
> The American assault on Ireland under the name of Fenianism may be now held to have failed, but the snake is only scotched and not killed. It is far from impossible that the American conspirators may try and obtain in our North American provinces compensation for their defeat in Ireland.Ridley, p. 581\.
He advised that more armaments be sent to Canada and more troops be sent to Ireland. During these last few weeks of his life, Palmerston pondered on developments in foreign affairs. He began thinking of a new friendship with France as "a sort of preliminary defensive alliance" against the United States and looked forward to Prussia becoming more powerful as this would balance against the growing threat from Russia. In a letter to Russell he warned that Russia "will in due time become a power almost as great as the old Roman Empire ... Germany ought to be strong in order to resist Russian aggression."Ridley, p. 582\.
|
[
"Prime Minister: 1859–1865\n-------------------------",
"{{Further\\|Liberal government, 1859–1866}}\nHistorians usually regard Palmerston, starting in 1859, as the first Liberal prime minister.David Loades, ed., *Readers Guide to British History* (2003\\) 2: p. 998 In his last premiership Palmerston oversaw the passage of important legislation. The [Offences against the Person Act 1861](/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1861 \"Offences against the Person Act 1861\") codified and reformed the law, and was part of a wider process of [consolidating criminal law](/wiki/Criminal_Law_Consolidation_Acts_1861 \"Criminal Law Consolidation Acts 1861\"). The [Companies Act 1862](/wiki/Companies_Act_1862 \"Companies Act 1862\") was the basis of modern company law.Ridley, p. 506\\.",
"### Foreign policy",
"Foreign policy continued to be his main strength; he thought that he could shape if not control all of European diplomacy, especially by using France as a vital ally and trade partner. However, historians often characterise his method as bluffing more than decisive action.Chris Williams, ed., *A Companion to 19th\\-Century Britain* (2006\\). p. 42",
"[thumb\\|Palmerston, [Lord Russell](/wiki/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell \"John Russell, 1st Earl Russell\") and [Prince Albert](/wiki/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort \"Albert, Prince Consort\") looking on as Queen Victoria presents a [Bible](/wiki/Bible \"Bible\") to an African ruler who is bowing down before her](/wiki/File:The_Secret_of_England%27s_Greatness%27_%28Queen_Victoria_presenting_a_Bible_in_the_Audience_Chamber_at_Windsor%29_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg \"The Secret of England's Greatness' (Queen Victoria presenting a Bible in the Audience Chamber at Windsor) by Thomas Jones Barker.jpg\")\nSome people called Palmerston a womaniser; *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* named him Lord Cupid (on account of his youthful looks), and he was cited, at the age of 79, as co\\-respondent in an 1863 divorce case, although it emerged that the case was nothing more than an attempted blackmail.",
"### Relationship with Gladstone",
"Although Palmerston and [William Ewart Gladstone](/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone \"William Ewart Gladstone\") treated each other respectfully, they disagreed fundamentally over Church appointments, foreign affairs, defence and reform;Ridley, p. 565\\. Palmerston's greatest problem during his last premiership was how to handle his Chancellor of the Exchequer. The MP Sir [William Henry Gregory](/wiki/William_Henry_Gregory \"William Henry Gregory\") was told by a member of the Cabinet that \"at the beginning of each session and after each holiday, Mr Gladstone used to come in charged to the muzzle with all sorts of schemes of all sorts of reforms which were absolutely necessary in his opinion to be immediately undertaken. Palmerston used to look fixedly at the paper before him, saying nothing until there was a lull in Gladstone's outpouring. He then rapped the table and said cheerfully: 'Now, my Lords and gentlemen, let us go to business'.\"Ridley, p. 563\\. Palmerston told Lord Shaftesbury: \"Gladstone will soon have it all his own way and whenever he gets my place we shall have strange doings\". He told another friend that he thought Gladstone would wreck the Liberal Party and end up in a madhouse.Ridley, p. 566\\.",
"When in May 1864 the MP [Edward Baines](/wiki/Edward_Baines_%281800%E2%80%931890%29 \"Edward Baines (1800–1890)\") introduced a Reform Bill in the Commons, Palmerston ordered Gladstone to not commit himself and the government to any particular scheme.[Philip Guedalla](/wiki/Philip_Guedalla \"Philip Guedalla\") (ed.), *Gladstone and Palmerston, being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston with Mr. Gladstone 1851–1865* (London: Victor Gollancz, 1928\\), p. 279\\. Instead Gladstone said in his speech in the Commons that he did not see why any man should not have the vote unless he was mentally incapacitated, but added that this would not come about unless the working class showed an interest in reform. Palmerston believed that this was incitement to the working class to begin agitating for reform and told Gladstone: \"What every Man and Woman too have a Right to, is to be well governed and under just Laws, and they who propose a change ought to shew that the present organization does not accomplish those objects\".Guedalla, p. 282\\.",
"[French intervention in Italy](/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence \"Second Italian War of Independence\") had created an invasion scare and Palmerston established a [Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Defence_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom\") which reported in 1860\\. It recommended a huge [programme of fortifications](/wiki/Palmerston_Forts \"Palmerston Forts\") to protect the [Royal Navy Dockyards](/wiki/Royal_Navy_Dockyards \"Royal Navy Dockyards\") and ports, which Palmerston vigorously supported. Objecting to the enormous expense, Gladstone repeatedly threatened to resign as Chancellor when the proposals were accepted. Palmerston said that he had received so many resignation letters from Gladstone that he feared that they would set fire to the chimney.Ridley, p. 564\\.",
"### Relationship with Lord Lyons",
"During the advent and occurrence of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), the British Ambassador to the United States was Palmerston's close friend and ally [Richard Lyons, 2nd Baron Lyons](/wiki/Richard_Lyons%2C_1st_Viscount_Lyons \"Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons\"). Palmerston had first appointed Richard Lyons to the Foreign Service in 1839, and was a close friend of his father, [Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons](/wiki/Edmund_Lyons%2C_1st_Baron_Lyons \"Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons\"), with whom he had vehemently advocated increased aggression in the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\"). Palmerston and Lyons both had similar sociopolitical sympathies: both advocated monarchy and foreign interventionism. Throughout the American Civil War, Palmerston and Richard Lyons maintained an extensive confidential correspondence. Their actions were responsible for the peaceful resolution of the [Trent Affair](/wiki/Trent_Affair \"Trent Affair\"). When Lyons resigned from the position of American Ambassador, Palmerston attempted to persuade him to return, but Lyons declined the offer.{{cite book\\|title\\=Lord Lyons: A Diplomat in an Age of Nationalism and War\\|author\\=Jenkins, Brian\\|publisher\\=McGill\\-Queen’s Press, 2014}}",
"### American Civil War",
"{{Main\\|Diplomacy of the American Civil War}}\nPalmerston's sympathies in the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") (1861–65\\) were with the secessionist [Confederate States of America](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America \"Confederate States of America\"). Although a professed opponent of the [Atlantic slave trade](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade \"Atlantic slave trade\") and [slavery](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\"), he held a lifelong hostility towards the United States, and believed a dissolution of the Union would enhance British power. Additionally, the Confederacy \"would afford a valuable and extensive market for British manufactures\".Ridley, p. 552\\.Kevin Peraino, \"Lincoln vs. Palmerston\" in Peraino, *Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power* (2013\\) pp. 120–69\\.",
"Britain issued a [proclamation of neutrality](/wiki/s:British_proclamation_of_neutrality_in_the_American_Civil_War \"British proclamation of neutrality in the American Civil War\") at the beginning of the Civil War on 13 May 1861\\. The Confederacy was recognised as a [belligerent](/wiki/Belligerent \"Belligerent\") but it was too premature to recognise it as a sovereign state. The [United States Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\"), [William Seward](/wiki/William_Seward \"William Seward\"), threatened to treat as hostile any country which recognised the Confederacy. Britain depended more on American corn than Confederate cotton, and a war with the U.S. would not be in Britain's economic interest.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Thomas Paterson\\|author2\\=J. Garry Clifford\\|author3\\=Shane J. Maddock\\|title\\=American Foreign Relations: A History to 1920\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9\\-alDgRk\\-IYC\\&pg\\=PA149\\|year\\=2009\\|publisher\\=Cengage Learning\\|page\\=149\\|isbn\\=978\\-0547225647}} Palmerston ordered reinforcements sent to the [Province of Canada](/wiki/Province_of_Canada \"Province of Canada\") because he was convinced the [North](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 \"Union (American Civil War)\") would make peace with the South and then invade Canada. He was very pleased with the Confederate victory at the [First Battle of Bull Run](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run \"First Battle of Bull Run\") in July 1861, but 15 months later he felt: \n> \"...the American War... has manifestly ceased to have any attainable object as far as the Northerns are concerned, except to get rid of some more thousand troublesome Irish and Germans. It must be owned, however, that the Anglo\\-Saxon race on both sides have shown courage and endurance highly honourable to their stock.\"Ridley, p. 559\\.",
"",
"The [*Trent* Affair](/wiki/Trent_Affair \"Trent Affair\") in November 1861 produced public outrage in Britain and a diplomatic crisis. A U.S. Navy warship stopped the British steamer *Trent* and seized two Confederate envoys *en route* to Europe. Palmerston called the action \"a declared and gross insult\", demanded the release of the two diplomats and ordered 3,000 troops to Canada. In a letter to Queen Victoria on 5 December 1861 he said that if his demands were not met: \n> \"Great Britain is in a better state than at any former time to inflict a severe blow upon and to read a lesson to the United States which will not soon be forgotten.\"Ridley, p. 554\\.",
"In another letter to his foreign secretary, he predicted war between Britain and the Union:",
"> \"It is difficult not to come to the conclusion that the rabid hatred of England which animates the exiled Irishmen who direct almost all the Northern newspapers, will so excite the masses as to make it impossible for Lincoln and Seward to grant our demands; and we must therefore look forward to war as the probable result.\"",
"In fact, Irishmen did not control any major newspapers in the North, and the U.S. decided to release the prisoners rather than risk war. Palmerston was convinced the presence of troops in Canada persuaded the U.S. to acquiesce.Kenneth Bourne, \"British Preparations for War with the North, 1861–1862,\" *The English Historical Review* Vol 76 No 301 (Oct 1961\\) pp. 600–632 {{JSTOR\\|558199}}",
"After President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\")'s announcement in September 1862 that he would issue an [Emancipation Proclamation](/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation \"Emancipation Proclamation\") in ninety days, the cabinet debated intervention as a humanitarian move to stop a likely race war. At the same time however there was a cabinet crisis in France over the [overthrow of the Greek king](/wiki/23_October_1862_Revolution \"23 October 1862 Revolution\") and the growing [Eastern Question](/wiki/Eastern_Question \"Eastern Question\") with regard to Russia. The British Government had to determine whether the situation in North America or the containment of Russia was more urgent. The decision was to give priority to threats closer to home and to decline France's suggestion of a joint intervention in America; the threatened race war over slavery never happened.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Eichhorn \\| first1 \\= Niels \\| year \\= 2014 \\| title \\= The Intervention Crisis of 1862: A British Diplomatic Dilemma? \\| journal \\= American Nineteenth Century History \\| volume \\= 15 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 287–310 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1080/14664658\\.2014\\.959819 \\| s2cid \\= 143983887 }} Palmerston rejected all further efforts of the Confederacy to gain British recognition.\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[Carte de visite](/wiki/Carte_de_visite \"Carte de visite\") depicting Palmerston, 1863](/wiki/Image:Lord_Palmerston_1863.jpg \"Lord Palmerston 1863.jpg\")",
"The long\\-term issue between Britain and the United States was the [supply of blockade runners](/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War \"Blockade runners of the American Civil War\") loaded with British arms or construction of [commerce raiders](/wiki/Commerce_raider \"Commerce raider\") for the Confederate war effort. The U.S. accused Britain of being complicit in [gunrunning](/wiki/Arms_trafficking \"Arms trafficking\") and sales of warships by private firms to the Confederacy that actually sustained the war by two years.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=aNaFDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT62\\|title\\=Lincoln, Seward, and U.S. Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era\\|page\\=162\\|date\\=April 5, 2019\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University Press of Kentucky]]\\|isbn\\=9\\-7808\\-1317\\-7151}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3LEq7RBH\\_0AC\\&pg\\=RA2\\-PA114\\|title\\=Civil War Chronology, 1861\\-1865\\|page\\=114\\|publisher\\=Naval Operations Office\\|date\\=1966}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/historians\\-reveal\\-secrets\\-of\\-uk\\-gunrunning\\-which\\-lengthened\\-the\\-american\\-civil\\-war\\-by\\-two\\-years\\-9557937\\.html\\|title\\=Historians reveal secrets of UK gun\\-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years\\|author\\=David Keys\\|date\\=24 June 2014\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]}}{{cite web\\|title\\=The Confederate Blockade Runners\\|url\\=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1933/april/confederate\\-blockade\\-runners\\|author\\=Paul Hendren\\|date\\=April 1933\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Naval Institute]]}} This was later evidenced by Palmerston's refusal to stop firms from selling arms and ships on the basis that it had a right to sell such things to both sides as a [neutral country](/wiki/Neutral_country \"Neutral country\"), even though the South was still part of the U.S. (as ruled in *[Texas v. White](/wiki/Texas_v._White \"Texas v. White\")* in 1869 by the [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\")). As such, many Americans viewed the British as interfering with American affairs and indirectly committing an act of war against the U.S.{{cite book\\|title\\=The American Civil War Through British Eyes Dispatches from British Diplomats: April 1862\\-February 1863\\|page\\=3\\|date\\=2003\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Kent State University Press]]}}",
"The raiding ship [CSS *Alabama*](/wiki/CSS_Alabama \"CSS Alabama\"), built in the British port of [Birkenhead](/wiki/Birkenhead \"Birkenhead\"), was another difficulty for Palmerston. On 29 July 1862, a law officer's report he had commissioned advised him to detain *Alabama*, as its construction was a breach of Britain's neutrality. Palmerston ordered *Alabama* detained on 31 July, but it had already put to sea before the order reached Birkenhead. In her subsequent cruise, *Alabama* captured or destroyed many Union merchant ships, as did other raiders fitted out in Britain. This was the basis of the postwar [*Alabama* claims](/wiki/Alabama_claims \"Alabama claims\") for damages against Britain, which Palmerston refused to pay. After his death, Gladstone acknowledged the U.S. claim and agreed to arbitration, paying out $15,500,000 in damages. However, no compensation for damages done to the U.S. by British\\-built blockade runners carrying arms supplies to the Confederacy was offered.Adams (1925\\)",
"### Denmark",
"The [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\") Prime Minister [Otto von Bismarck](/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck \"Otto von Bismarck\") wanted to annex the Danish [Duchy of Schleswig](/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig \"Duchy of Schleswig\") and the neighboring German [Duchy of Holstein](/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein \"Duchy of Holstein\"), whose Duke was the [King of Denmark](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark \"Monarchy of Denmark\"), chiefly for its port of [Kiel](/wiki/Kiel \"Kiel\"), and had an alliance with Austria for this purpose. This was part of the longstanding [Schleswig–Holstein question](/wiki/Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question \"Schleswig–Holstein question\"). In a speech to the Commons on 23 July 1863, Palmerston said the British government, like those of France and Russia, wished that \"the independence, the integrity, and the rights of Denmark may be maintained. We are convinced—I am convinced at least—that if any violent attempt were made to overthrow those rights and interfere with that independence, those who made the attempt would find in the result that it would not be Denmark alone with which they would have to contend\".Ridley, pp. 570–571\\. Palmerston's stance derived from the traditional belief that France was the greater threat to Britain and was much stronger than Austria and Prussia.Ridley, p. 571\\. In any case, France and Britain were at odds over Poland, and Paris refused to cooperate with London on the Danish crisis.Kenneth Bourne, *The Foreign Policy\\-of Victorian England 1830–1902* (1970\\) p. 108\\. Public opinion in Britain was strongly pro\\-Danish, thanks especially to [the Danish princess](/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark \"Alexandra of Denmark\") who married the [Prince of Wales](/wiki/Edward_VII \"Edward VII\"). However Queen Victoria was intensely pro\\-German and strongly urged against threatening war.Bourne, p. 373\\. Palmerston himself favoured Denmark but he also had long been pacifistic in this matter and did not want Britain to become militarily involved.Herbert C. F. Bell, *Lord Palmerston* (1936\\) 2: pp. 9–10, 364\\.",
"For five months Bismarck did nothing. However, in November the Danish government instituted a new constitution whereby Schleswig was bound closer to Denmark. By the year's end, the Prussian and Austrian armies had occupied Holstein and were massing on the [River Eider](/wiki/River_Eider \"River Eider\"), the border with Schleswig. On 1 February 1864, the Prussian\\-Austrian armies [invaded Schleswig](/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War \"Second Schleswig War\"), and ten days afterwards the Danish government requested British help to resist this. Russell urged Palmerston to send a fleet to Copenhagen and persuade Napoleon III that he should mobilise his French soldiers on the borders of Prussia.",
"Palmerston replied that the fleet could not do much to assist the Danes in Copenhagen and that nothing should be done to persuade Napoleon to cross the Rhine. Britain had a small army and it had no powerful ally to help. Bismarck remarked that the Royal Navy lacked wheels—it was powerless on land where the war would be fought.Stephen Cooper, \"Dreadnoughts without Wheels,\" *History Today* (Aug 2014\\) 64\\#8 pp. 16\\-17\\. In April [Austria's navy](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy \"Austro-Hungarian Navy\") was on its way to attack Copenhagen. Palmerston told the Austrian ambassador that if his fleet entered the Baltic to attack Denmark the result would be war with Britain. The ambassador replied that the Austrian navy would not enter the Baltic and it did not do so.Ridley, p. 572\\.",
"Palmerston accepted Russell's suggestion that the war should be settled at a conference, but at the ensuing [London Conference of 1864](/wiki/London_Conference_of_1864 \"London Conference of 1864\") in May and June the Danes refused to accept their loss of Schleswig\\-Holstein. The armistice ended on 26 June and Prussian\\-Austrian troops quickly invaded more of Denmark. On 25 June the Cabinet was against going to war to save Denmark, and Russell's suggestion to send the Royal Navy to defend Copenhagen was only carried by Palmerston's vote. Palmerston, however, said the fleet could not be sent in view of the deep division in the Cabinet.",
"On 27 June, Palmerston gave his statement to the Commons and said Britain would not go to war with the German powers unless the existence of Denmark as an independent power was at stake or Denmark's capital was threatened. The Conservatives replied that Palmerston had betrayed the Danes and a vote of censure in the House of Lords was carried by nine votes. In the debate in the Commons the Conservative MP General [Jonathan Peel](/wiki/Jonathan_Peel \"Jonathan Peel\") said: \"It is come to this, that the words of the Prime Minister of England{{sic}}, uttered in the Parliament of England{{sic}}, are to be regarded as mere idle menaces to be laughed at and despised by foreign powers.\" Palmerston replied in the last night of the debate: \"I say that England stands as high as she ever did and those who say she had fallen in the estimation of the world are not the men to whom the honour and dignity of England should be confided\".Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) pp. 573\\-74\\.",
"The vote of censure was defeated by 313 votes to 295, with Palmerston's old enemies in the pacifist camp, Cobden and Bright, voting for him. The result of the vote was announced at 2:30 in the morning, and when Palmerston heard the news he ran up the stairs to the Ladies' Gallery and embraced his wife. Disraeli wrote: \"What pluck to mount those dreadful stairs at three o'clock in the morning, and eighty years of age!\"Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) p. 574\\.",
"In a speech at his constituency at [Tiverton](/wiki/Tiverton_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)\") in August, Palmerston told his constituents:",
"",
"> I am sure every Englishman who has a heart in his breast and a feeling of justice in his mind, sympathizes with those unfortunate Danes (cheers), and wishes that this country could have been able to draw the sword successfully in their defence (continued cheers); but I am satisfied that those who reflect on the season of the year when that war broke out, on the means which this country could have applied for deciding in one sense that issue, I am satisfied that those who make these reflections will think that we acted wisely in not embarking in that dispute. (Cheers.) To have sent a fleet in midwinter to the Baltic every sailor would tell you was an impossibility, but if it could have gone it would have been attended by no effectual result. Ships sailing on the sea cannot stop armies on land, and to have attempted to stop the progress of an army by sending a fleet to the Baltic would have been attempting to do that which it was not possible to accomplish. (Hear, hear.) If England could have sent an army, and although we all know how admirable that army is on the peace establishment, we must acknowledge that we have no means of sending out a force at all equal to cope with the 300,000 or 400,000 men whom the 30,000,000 or 40,000,000 of Germany could have pitted against us, and that such an attempt would only have insured a disgraceful discomfiture—not to the army, indeed, but to the Government which sent out an inferior force and expected it to cope successfully with a force so vastly superior. (Cheers.) ... we did not think that the Danish cause would be considered as sufficiently British, and as sufficiently bearing on the interests and the security and the honour of England, as to make it justifiable to ask the country to make those exertions which such a war would render necessary.'Lord Palmerston at Tiverton', *The Times* (24 August 1864\\), p. 9\\.",
"Europe's leaders were unable to settle the matter by peaceful compromise. Palmerston's biographer William Baring Pemberton argued that his \"failure to understand Bismarck lies at the root of his misunderstanding of the Schleswig\\-Holstein question, and it derived from an old man's inability to adapt himself to a changing world\".William Baring Pemberton, *Lord Palmerston* (Batchworth Press, 1954\\) p. 332 Thus Britain was militarily unable to stop Bismarck's armies and misunderstood Bismarck's ambitions. Russian historian V. N. Vinogradov writes: \"In place of the former insight came bias in judgments and stubbornness in defending outdated views. Palmerston continued to consider Prussia 'an instrument in the hands of Austria', its army weak and doomed to defeat, and its public to consist of romantically minded students and dreamy professors. And Otto von Bismarck quietly annexed the two Duchies to Prussia, and at the same time the [County of Lauenburg](/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg \"Saxe-Lauenburg\")\".{{cite journal \\|author\\=V. N. Vinogradov \\|title\\=Lord Palmerston in European diplomacy \\|year\\=2006 \\|journal\\={{Interlanguage link multi\\|New and Recent History\\|ru\\|Новая и новейшая история}} \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=182–209 \\|language\\=ru}}{{vn\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
"### Electoral victory",
"Palmerston won another [general election in July 1865](/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1865 United Kingdom general election\"), increasing his majority. The leadership of Palmerston was a great electoral asset to the Liberal Party.Ridley, p. 579\\. He then had to deal with the outbreak of [Fenian](/wiki/Fenian \"Fenian\") violence in Ireland. Palmerston ordered the [Viceroy of Ireland](/wiki/Viceroy_of_Ireland \"Viceroy of Ireland\"), [Lord Wodehouse](/wiki/John_Wodehouse%2C_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley \"John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley\"), to take measures against this, including a possible suspension of trial\\-by\\-jury and a monitoring of Americans travelling to Ireland. He believed that the Fenian agitation was caused by America. On 27 September 1865 he wrote to the Secretary for War:",
"> The American assault on Ireland under the name of Fenianism may be now held to have failed, but the snake is only scotched and not killed. It is far from impossible that the American conspirators may try and obtain in our North American provinces compensation for their defeat in Ireland.Ridley, p. 581\\.",
"",
"He advised that more armaments be sent to Canada and more troops be sent to Ireland. During these last few weeks of his life, Palmerston pondered on developments in foreign affairs. He began thinking of a new friendship with France as \"a sort of preliminary defensive alliance\" against the United States and looked forward to Prussia becoming more powerful as this would balance against the growing threat from Russia. In a letter to Russell he warned that Russia \"will in due time become a power almost as great as the old Roman Empire ... Germany ought to be strong in order to resist Russian aggression.\"Ridley, p. 582\\.",
""
] |
### Denmark
The [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia") Prime Minister [Otto von Bismarck](/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck "Otto von Bismarck") wanted to annex the Danish [Duchy of Schleswig](/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig "Duchy of Schleswig") and the neighboring German [Duchy of Holstein](/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein "Duchy of Holstein"), whose Duke was the [King of Denmark](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark "Monarchy of Denmark"), chiefly for its port of [Kiel](/wiki/Kiel "Kiel"), and had an alliance with Austria for this purpose. This was part of the longstanding [Schleswig–Holstein question](/wiki/Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question "Schleswig–Holstein question"). In a speech to the Commons on 23 July 1863, Palmerston said the British government, like those of France and Russia, wished that "the independence, the integrity, and the rights of Denmark may be maintained. We are convinced—I am convinced at least—that if any violent attempt were made to overthrow those rights and interfere with that independence, those who made the attempt would find in the result that it would not be Denmark alone with which they would have to contend".Ridley, pp. 570–571\. Palmerston's stance derived from the traditional belief that France was the greater threat to Britain and was much stronger than Austria and Prussia.Ridley, p. 571\. In any case, France and Britain were at odds over Poland, and Paris refused to cooperate with London on the Danish crisis.Kenneth Bourne, *The Foreign Policy\-of Victorian England 1830–1902* (1970\) p. 108\. Public opinion in Britain was strongly pro\-Danish, thanks especially to [the Danish princess](/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark "Alexandra of Denmark") who married the [Prince of Wales](/wiki/Edward_VII "Edward VII"). However Queen Victoria was intensely pro\-German and strongly urged against threatening war.Bourne, p. 373\. Palmerston himself favoured Denmark but he also had long been pacifistic in this matter and did not want Britain to become militarily involved.Herbert C. F. Bell, *Lord Palmerston* (1936\) 2: pp. 9–10, 364\.
For five months Bismarck did nothing. However, in November the Danish government instituted a new constitution whereby Schleswig was bound closer to Denmark. By the year's end, the Prussian and Austrian armies had occupied Holstein and were massing on the [River Eider](/wiki/River_Eider "River Eider"), the border with Schleswig. On 1 February 1864, the Prussian\-Austrian armies [invaded Schleswig](/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War "Second Schleswig War"), and ten days afterwards the Danish government requested British help to resist this. Russell urged Palmerston to send a fleet to Copenhagen and persuade Napoleon III that he should mobilise his French soldiers on the borders of Prussia.
Palmerston replied that the fleet could not do much to assist the Danes in Copenhagen and that nothing should be done to persuade Napoleon to cross the Rhine. Britain had a small army and it had no powerful ally to help. Bismarck remarked that the Royal Navy lacked wheels—it was powerless on land where the war would be fought.Stephen Cooper, "Dreadnoughts without Wheels," *History Today* (Aug 2014\) 64\#8 pp. 16\-17\. In April [Austria's navy](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy "Austro-Hungarian Navy") was on its way to attack Copenhagen. Palmerston told the Austrian ambassador that if his fleet entered the Baltic to attack Denmark the result would be war with Britain. The ambassador replied that the Austrian navy would not enter the Baltic and it did not do so.Ridley, p. 572\.
Palmerston accepted Russell's suggestion that the war should be settled at a conference, but at the ensuing [London Conference of 1864](/wiki/London_Conference_of_1864 "London Conference of 1864") in May and June the Danes refused to accept their loss of Schleswig\-Holstein. The armistice ended on 26 June and Prussian\-Austrian troops quickly invaded more of Denmark. On 25 June the Cabinet was against going to war to save Denmark, and Russell's suggestion to send the Royal Navy to defend Copenhagen was only carried by Palmerston's vote. Palmerston, however, said the fleet could not be sent in view of the deep division in the Cabinet.
On 27 June, Palmerston gave his statement to the Commons and said Britain would not go to war with the German powers unless the existence of Denmark as an independent power was at stake or Denmark's capital was threatened. The Conservatives replied that Palmerston had betrayed the Danes and a vote of censure in the House of Lords was carried by nine votes. In the debate in the Commons the Conservative MP General [Jonathan Peel](/wiki/Jonathan_Peel "Jonathan Peel") said: "It is come to this, that the words of the Prime Minister of England{{sic}}, uttered in the Parliament of England{{sic}}, are to be regarded as mere idle menaces to be laughed at and despised by foreign powers." Palmerston replied in the last night of the debate: "I say that England stands as high as she ever did and those who say she had fallen in the estimation of the world are not the men to whom the honour and dignity of England should be confided".Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) pp. 573\-74\.
The vote of censure was defeated by 313 votes to 295, with Palmerston's old enemies in the pacifist camp, Cobden and Bright, voting for him. The result of the vote was announced at 2:30 in the morning, and when Palmerston heard the news he ran up the stairs to the Ladies' Gallery and embraced his wife. Disraeli wrote: "What pluck to mount those dreadful stairs at three o'clock in the morning, and eighty years of age!"Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\) p. 574\.
In a speech at his constituency at [Tiverton](/wiki/Tiverton_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)") in August, Palmerston told his constituents:
> I am sure every Englishman who has a heart in his breast and a feeling of justice in his mind, sympathizes with those unfortunate Danes (cheers), and wishes that this country could have been able to draw the sword successfully in their defence (continued cheers); but I am satisfied that those who reflect on the season of the year when that war broke out, on the means which this country could have applied for deciding in one sense that issue, I am satisfied that those who make these reflections will think that we acted wisely in not embarking in that dispute. (Cheers.) To have sent a fleet in midwinter to the Baltic every sailor would tell you was an impossibility, but if it could have gone it would have been attended by no effectual result. Ships sailing on the sea cannot stop armies on land, and to have attempted to stop the progress of an army by sending a fleet to the Baltic would have been attempting to do that which it was not possible to accomplish. (Hear, hear.) If England could have sent an army, and although we all know how admirable that army is on the peace establishment, we must acknowledge that we have no means of sending out a force at all equal to cope with the 300,000 or 400,000 men whom the 30,000,000 or 40,000,000 of Germany could have pitted against us, and that such an attempt would only have insured a disgraceful discomfiture—not to the army, indeed, but to the Government which sent out an inferior force and expected it to cope successfully with a force so vastly superior. (Cheers.) ... we did not think that the Danish cause would be considered as sufficiently British, and as sufficiently bearing on the interests and the security and the honour of England, as to make it justifiable to ask the country to make those exertions which such a war would render necessary.'Lord Palmerston at Tiverton', *The Times* (24 August 1864\), p. 9\.
Europe's leaders were unable to settle the matter by peaceful compromise. Palmerston's biographer William Baring Pemberton argued that his "failure to understand Bismarck lies at the root of his misunderstanding of the Schleswig\-Holstein question, and it derived from an old man's inability to adapt himself to a changing world".William Baring Pemberton, *Lord Palmerston* (Batchworth Press, 1954\) p. 332 Thus Britain was militarily unable to stop Bismarck's armies and misunderstood Bismarck's ambitions. Russian historian V. N. Vinogradov writes: "In place of the former insight came bias in judgments and stubbornness in defending outdated views. Palmerston continued to consider Prussia 'an instrument in the hands of Austria', its army weak and doomed to defeat, and its public to consist of romantically minded students and dreamy professors. And Otto von Bismarck quietly annexed the two Duchies to Prussia, and at the same time the [County of Lauenburg](/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg "Saxe-Lauenburg")".{{cite journal \|author\=V. N. Vinogradov \|title\=Lord Palmerston in European diplomacy \|year\=2006 \|journal\={{Interlanguage link multi\|New and Recent History\|ru\|Новая и новейшая история}} \|issue\=5 \|pages\=182–209 \|language\=ru}}{{vn\|date\=August 2020}}
|
[
"### Denmark",
"The [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\") Prime Minister [Otto von Bismarck](/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck \"Otto von Bismarck\") wanted to annex the Danish [Duchy of Schleswig](/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig \"Duchy of Schleswig\") and the neighboring German [Duchy of Holstein](/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein \"Duchy of Holstein\"), whose Duke was the [King of Denmark](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark \"Monarchy of Denmark\"), chiefly for its port of [Kiel](/wiki/Kiel \"Kiel\"), and had an alliance with Austria for this purpose. This was part of the longstanding [Schleswig–Holstein question](/wiki/Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question \"Schleswig–Holstein question\"). In a speech to the Commons on 23 July 1863, Palmerston said the British government, like those of France and Russia, wished that \"the independence, the integrity, and the rights of Denmark may be maintained. We are convinced—I am convinced at least—that if any violent attempt were made to overthrow those rights and interfere with that independence, those who made the attempt would find in the result that it would not be Denmark alone with which they would have to contend\".Ridley, pp. 570–571\\. Palmerston's stance derived from the traditional belief that France was the greater threat to Britain and was much stronger than Austria and Prussia.Ridley, p. 571\\. In any case, France and Britain were at odds over Poland, and Paris refused to cooperate with London on the Danish crisis.Kenneth Bourne, *The Foreign Policy\\-of Victorian England 1830–1902* (1970\\) p. 108\\. Public opinion in Britain was strongly pro\\-Danish, thanks especially to [the Danish princess](/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark \"Alexandra of Denmark\") who married the [Prince of Wales](/wiki/Edward_VII \"Edward VII\"). However Queen Victoria was intensely pro\\-German and strongly urged against threatening war.Bourne, p. 373\\. Palmerston himself favoured Denmark but he also had long been pacifistic in this matter and did not want Britain to become militarily involved.Herbert C. F. Bell, *Lord Palmerston* (1936\\) 2: pp. 9–10, 364\\.",
"For five months Bismarck did nothing. However, in November the Danish government instituted a new constitution whereby Schleswig was bound closer to Denmark. By the year's end, the Prussian and Austrian armies had occupied Holstein and were massing on the [River Eider](/wiki/River_Eider \"River Eider\"), the border with Schleswig. On 1 February 1864, the Prussian\\-Austrian armies [invaded Schleswig](/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War \"Second Schleswig War\"), and ten days afterwards the Danish government requested British help to resist this. Russell urged Palmerston to send a fleet to Copenhagen and persuade Napoleon III that he should mobilise his French soldiers on the borders of Prussia.",
"Palmerston replied that the fleet could not do much to assist the Danes in Copenhagen and that nothing should be done to persuade Napoleon to cross the Rhine. Britain had a small army and it had no powerful ally to help. Bismarck remarked that the Royal Navy lacked wheels—it was powerless on land where the war would be fought.Stephen Cooper, \"Dreadnoughts without Wheels,\" *History Today* (Aug 2014\\) 64\\#8 pp. 16\\-17\\. In April [Austria's navy](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy \"Austro-Hungarian Navy\") was on its way to attack Copenhagen. Palmerston told the Austrian ambassador that if his fleet entered the Baltic to attack Denmark the result would be war with Britain. The ambassador replied that the Austrian navy would not enter the Baltic and it did not do so.Ridley, p. 572\\.",
"Palmerston accepted Russell's suggestion that the war should be settled at a conference, but at the ensuing [London Conference of 1864](/wiki/London_Conference_of_1864 \"London Conference of 1864\") in May and June the Danes refused to accept their loss of Schleswig\\-Holstein. The armistice ended on 26 June and Prussian\\-Austrian troops quickly invaded more of Denmark. On 25 June the Cabinet was against going to war to save Denmark, and Russell's suggestion to send the Royal Navy to defend Copenhagen was only carried by Palmerston's vote. Palmerston, however, said the fleet could not be sent in view of the deep division in the Cabinet.",
"On 27 June, Palmerston gave his statement to the Commons and said Britain would not go to war with the German powers unless the existence of Denmark as an independent power was at stake or Denmark's capital was threatened. The Conservatives replied that Palmerston had betrayed the Danes and a vote of censure in the House of Lords was carried by nine votes. In the debate in the Commons the Conservative MP General [Jonathan Peel](/wiki/Jonathan_Peel \"Jonathan Peel\") said: \"It is come to this, that the words of the Prime Minister of England{{sic}}, uttered in the Parliament of England{{sic}}, are to be regarded as mere idle menaces to be laughed at and despised by foreign powers.\" Palmerston replied in the last night of the debate: \"I say that England stands as high as she ever did and those who say she had fallen in the estimation of the world are not the men to whom the honour and dignity of England should be confided\".Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) pp. 573\\-74\\.",
"The vote of censure was defeated by 313 votes to 295, with Palmerston's old enemies in the pacifist camp, Cobden and Bright, voting for him. The result of the vote was announced at 2:30 in the morning, and when Palmerston heard the news he ran up the stairs to the Ladies' Gallery and embraced his wife. Disraeli wrote: \"What pluck to mount those dreadful stairs at three o'clock in the morning, and eighty years of age!\"Ridley, *Lord Palmerston* (1970\\) p. 574\\.",
"In a speech at his constituency at [Tiverton](/wiki/Tiverton_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)\") in August, Palmerston told his constituents:",
"",
"> I am sure every Englishman who has a heart in his breast and a feeling of justice in his mind, sympathizes with those unfortunate Danes (cheers), and wishes that this country could have been able to draw the sword successfully in their defence (continued cheers); but I am satisfied that those who reflect on the season of the year when that war broke out, on the means which this country could have applied for deciding in one sense that issue, I am satisfied that those who make these reflections will think that we acted wisely in not embarking in that dispute. (Cheers.) To have sent a fleet in midwinter to the Baltic every sailor would tell you was an impossibility, but if it could have gone it would have been attended by no effectual result. Ships sailing on the sea cannot stop armies on land, and to have attempted to stop the progress of an army by sending a fleet to the Baltic would have been attempting to do that which it was not possible to accomplish. (Hear, hear.) If England could have sent an army, and although we all know how admirable that army is on the peace establishment, we must acknowledge that we have no means of sending out a force at all equal to cope with the 300,000 or 400,000 men whom the 30,000,000 or 40,000,000 of Germany could have pitted against us, and that such an attempt would only have insured a disgraceful discomfiture—not to the army, indeed, but to the Government which sent out an inferior force and expected it to cope successfully with a force so vastly superior. (Cheers.) ... we did not think that the Danish cause would be considered as sufficiently British, and as sufficiently bearing on the interests and the security and the honour of England, as to make it justifiable to ask the country to make those exertions which such a war would render necessary.'Lord Palmerston at Tiverton', *The Times* (24 August 1864\\), p. 9\\.",
"Europe's leaders were unable to settle the matter by peaceful compromise. Palmerston's biographer William Baring Pemberton argued that his \"failure to understand Bismarck lies at the root of his misunderstanding of the Schleswig\\-Holstein question, and it derived from an old man's inability to adapt himself to a changing world\".William Baring Pemberton, *Lord Palmerston* (Batchworth Press, 1954\\) p. 332 Thus Britain was militarily unable to stop Bismarck's armies and misunderstood Bismarck's ambitions. Russian historian V. N. Vinogradov writes: \"In place of the former insight came bias in judgments and stubbornness in defending outdated views. Palmerston continued to consider Prussia 'an instrument in the hands of Austria', its army weak and doomed to defeat, and its public to consist of romantically minded students and dreamy professors. And Otto von Bismarck quietly annexed the two Duchies to Prussia, and at the same time the [County of Lauenburg](/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg \"Saxe-Lauenburg\")\".{{cite journal \\|author\\=V. N. Vinogradov \\|title\\=Lord Palmerston in European diplomacy \\|year\\=2006 \\|journal\\={{Interlanguage link multi\\|New and Recent History\\|ru\\|Новая и новейшая история}} \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=182–209 \\|language\\=ru}}{{vn\\|date\\=August 2020}}",
""
] |
Legacy
------
As the exemplar of British nationalism, he was "the defining political personality of his age."Jonathan Parry, *The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain* (1993\) p. 194\.
Historian [Norman Gash](/wiki/Norman_Gash "Norman Gash") endorses Jasper Ridley's characterisation of Palmerston:
Fundamentally he was a professional politician, shrewd, cynical, resilient; tough and sometimes unscrupulous; quick to seize opportunities; always ready either to abandon an impossible cause or bide his time for a more favourable opportunity. He liked power, he needed his salary, he enjoyed office, he worked hard. In later life he took an increasing pleasure in the game of politics, and ultimately became an adroit and successful prime minister.... in the end he became one of the great Victorian public personalities, a legend in his own lifetime, the personification of an England that was already passing away.Norman Gash, ‘’The English Historical Review’’ (Jan. 1972\) 87\#342, p. 136 [online](https://www.jstor.org/stable/563802)
Historian Algernon Cecil summed up his greatness:
Palmerston placed his trust... in the Press which he was at pains to manipulate; in Parliament, which he learnt better than any man then living to manage; and the Country, whose temper he knew how to catch and the weight of his name and resources he brought to bear upon every negotiation with a patriotic effrontry that has never been excelled.Algernon Cecil, *British Foreign Secretaries, 1807–1916* (1927\) p. 139
Palmerston has traditionally been viewed as "a Conservative at home and a Liberal abroad".Ridley, p. 587\. He believed that the British constitution as secured by the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution "Glorious Revolution") of 1688 was the best which human hands had made, with a constitutional monarchy subject to the laws of the land but retaining some political power. He supported the rule of law and opposed further democratisation after the [Reform Act 1832](/wiki/Reform_Act_1832 "Reform Act 1832"). He wished to see this liberal system of a mixed constitution in\-between the two extremes of absolute monarchy and republican democracy replace the absolute monarchies on the Continent.Ridley, p. 588\. More recently some historians have seen his domestic policies as prime minister as not merely liberal but genuinely progressive by the standards of his era.David Steele, *Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855–1865* (Cambridge University Press, 1991\).
It is in foreign affairs that Palmerston is chiefly remembered. Palmerston's principal aim in foreign policy was to advance British national interests.Ridley, p. 589\. Palmerston is famous for his patriotism. [Lord John Russell](/wiki/Lord_John_Russell "Lord John Russell") said that "his heart always beat for the honour of England".*The Times* (10 November 1865\), p. 7\. Palmerston believed it was in Britain's interests that liberal governments be established on the Continent. He also practised brinkmanship and bluff in that he was prepared to threaten war to achieve Britain's interests.
When in 1886 [Lord Rosebery](/wiki/Archibald_Primrose%2C_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery "Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery") became foreign secretary in the [Third Gladstone ministry](/wiki/Third_Gladstone_ministry "Third Gladstone ministry"), [John Bright](/wiki/John_Bright "John Bright"), a longstanding radical critic of Palmerston, asked Rosebery if he had read about Palmerston's policies as foreign secretary. Rosebery replied that he had. "Then", said Bright, "you know what to avoid. Do the exact opposite of what he did. His administration at the Foreign Office was one long crime."Ridley, p. 591\.
In contrast the [Marquess of Lorne](/wiki/John_Campbell%2C_9th_Duke_of_Argyll "John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll"), a son\-in\-law of Queen Victoria, said of Palmerston in 1866: "He loved his country and his country loved him. He lived for her honour, and she will cherish his memory."{{cite book\|title\=Edinburgh Review\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=miQ4AQAAIAAJ\&pg\=PA275\|year\=1866\|page\=275}}
In 1889, Gladstone recounted a story of when "a Frenchman, thinking to be highly complimentary, said to Palmerston: 'If I were not a Frenchman, I should wish to be an Englishman'; to which Pam coolly replied: 'If I were not an Englishman, I should wish to be an Englishman.{{'"}} When [Winston Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") campaigned for rearmament in the 1930s, he was compared to Palmerston in warning the nation to look to its defences.Martin Gilbert, *Winston Churchill. The Wilderness Years* (London: Book Club Associates, 1981\), pp. 106–107\. The policy of [appeasement](/wiki/Appeasement "Appeasement") led General [Jan Smuts](/wiki/Jan_Smuts "Jan Smuts") to write in 1936 that "we are afraid of our shadows. I sometimes long for a ruffian like Palmerston or any man who would be more than a string of platitudes and apologies."W. K. Hancock, *Smuts. Volume II: The Fields of Force. 1919–1950* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968\), p. 281\.
He was an avowed [abolitionist](/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Abolitionism in the United Kingdom") whose attempts to abolish the slave trade was one of the most consistent elements of his foreign policy. His opposition to the slave trade created tensions with South American countries and the United States over his insistence that the Royal Navy had the right to search the vessels of any country if they suspected the vessels were being used in the [Atlantic slave trade](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade "Atlantic slave trade").J. R. Oldfield, "Palmerston and Anti\-Slavery" *Palmerston Studies* 2 (2007\): 24\-38\.Leslie M. Bethell, "Britain, Portugal and the suppression of the Brazilian slave trade: the origins of Lord Palmerston's Act of 1839\." *English historical review* 80\.317 (1965\): 761\-784 [online](https://www.jstor.org/stable/559311).
Historian [A. J. P. Taylor](/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor "A. J. P. Taylor") has summarised his career by emphasising the paradoxes:
For twenty years junior minister in a Tory government, he became the most successful of Whig Foreign Secretaries; though always a Conservative, he ended his life by presiding over the transition from Whiggism to Liberalism. He was the exponent of British strength, yet was driven from office for truckling to a foreign despot; he preached the Balance of Power, yet helped to inaugurate the policy of isolation and of British withdrawal from Europe. Irresponsible and flippant, he became the first hero of the serious middle\-class electorate. He reached high office solely through an irregular family connection; he retained it through skilful use of the press—the only Prime Minister to become an accomplished leader\-writer.A. J. P. Taylor, "Lord Palmerston," *History Today* Jan 1991, Vol. 41\#1 p. 1
Palmerston is also remembered for his light\-hearted approach to government. He is once said to have claimed of a particularly intractable problem relating to [Schleswig\-Holstein](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_question "Schleswig-Holstein question"), that only three people had ever understood the problem: one was [Prince Albert](/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha"), who was dead; the second was a German professor, who had gone insane; and the third was himself, who had forgotten it.{{cite book\|first1\=Douglas\|last1\=Hurd\|author1\-link\=Douglas Hurd\|title\=Choose Your Weapons: The British Foreign Secretary\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rpBc5JZsd5gC\&pg\=RA1\-PR33\|year\=2013\|publisher\=Orion\|isbn\=978\-0\-297\-85851\-5\|page\=33}}
*The Life of Lord Palmerston up to 1847* was written by [Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer](/wiki/Henry_Bulwer%2C_1st_Baron_Dalling_and_Bulwer "Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer"), volumes I and II (1870\), volume III edited and partly written by [Evelyn Ashley](/wiki/Evelyn_Ashley "Evelyn Ashley") (1874\), after the author's death. Ashley completed the biography in two more volumes (1876\). The whole work was reissued in a revised and slightly abridged form by Ashley in 2 volumes in 1879, with the title *The Life and Correspondence of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston*; the letters are judiciously curtailed, but unfortunately without indicating where the excisions occur; the appendices of the original work are omitted, but much fresh matter is added, and this edition is undoubtedly the standard biography.Stanley Lane\-Poole, '[Temple, Henry John](/wiki/s:Temple%2C_Henry_John_%28DNB00%29 "Temple, Henry John (DNB00)")', *Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 56*.
The popular Victorian novelist
[Anthony Trollope](/wiki/Anthony_Trollope "Anthony Trollope") published a very readable memoir of Palmerston, one of his political heroes, in 1882\.
### Places named after Palmerston
* Palmerston Lodge, Fairburn, North Yorkshire, hunting lodge built by Lord Palmerston in Fairburn, Yorkshire.
[thumb\|right\|Palmerston's Memorial in Southampton](/wiki/File:Palmerston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_259077.jpg "Palmerston - geograph.org.uk - 259077.jpg")
* The Town of [Palmerston](/wiki/Palmerston%2C_Ontario "Palmerston, Ontario") located in Southwestern Ontario, Canada was founded and named after Palmerston in 1875\. Palmerston is now part of the amalgamated town of Minto.
* The former township of Palmerston in [Frontenac County](/wiki/Frontenac_County "Frontenac County") in Eastern Ontario, now part of the amalgamated township of [North Frontenac](/wiki/North_Frontenac "North Frontenac")
* In [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), the town of [Palmerston](/wiki/Palmerston%2C_New_Zealand "Palmerston, New Zealand"), in Otago in the [South Island](/wiki/South_Island "South Island"), and the city of [Palmerston North](/wiki/Palmerston_North "Palmerston North"), in Manawatu in the [North Island](/wiki/North_Island "North Island").
* The Australian city of [Darwin](/wiki/Darwin%2C_Northern_Territory "Darwin, Northern Territory") was previously named Palmerston in honour of the Viscount. A satellite city called [Palmerston](/wiki/Palmerston%2C_Northern_Territory "Palmerston, Northern Territory") was established adjacent to Darwin in 1971\.
* [Palmerston Atoll](/wiki/Palmerston_Atoll "Palmerston Atoll") is the most northerly of the Southern Group of the Cook Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Amongst the 15 or so islands of the atoll, Palmerston Island is the only one which is inhabited.
* In the [Rathmines](/wiki/Rathmines "Rathmines") area of [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") 6 in the southern suburbs, villas are named after Palmerston, as well as Temple Road and Palmerston Road. Both are quasi\-translated variously as Bóthar an Stiguaire, Bóthar P(h)almerston, Bóthar Baile an Phámar and Bóthar an Teampaill.
* [Palmerston Forts](/wiki/Palmerston_Forts "Palmerston Forts")
* Several places in [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth "Portsmouth") are named after Palmerston – notably [Southsea](/wiki/Southsea "Southsea")'s main shopping precinct, Palmerston Road.
* Palmerston Road in [East Sheen](/wiki/East_Sheen "East Sheen"), London, SW14\.
* Palmerston Place in the [West End, Edinburgh](/wiki/West_End%2C_Edinburgh "West End, Edinburgh"), EH12\.
* Palmerston Road in [Walthamstow](/wiki/Walthamstow "Walthamstow"), London \& The Lord Palmerston Pub at the junction of Palmerston Road and Forest Road.
* Palmerston Road and Palmerston Grove in [Merton Park](/wiki/Merton_Park "Merton Park"), London
* The Lord Palmerston public house in [Dartmouth Park](/wiki/Dartmouth_Park "Dartmouth Park"), London, NW5 is named after Palmerston.
* Palmerston Park and the Palmerston Hotel in [Tiverton, Devon](/wiki/Tiverton%2C_Devon "Tiverton, Devon"), Palmerston's constituency, are named after him.
* Palmerston Road in [Bournemouth](/wiki/Bournemouth "Bournemouth")
* Palmerston Park, [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton "Southampton") was named after him, as was nearby Palmerston Road. A seven\-foot high marble statue of Palmerston was erected in the park and unveiled on 2 June 1869\.{{cite web\|title\=Palmerston Park \|url\=http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s\-leisure/parksgreenspaces/citycentreparks/palmerstonpark.aspx \|work\=City Centre Parks \|publisher\=Southampton City Council \|access\-date\=22 June 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421002715/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s\-leisure/parksgreenspaces/citycentreparks/PalmerstonPark.aspx \|archive\-date\=21 April 2012}} Temple street in Sligo is also called after him
* Palmerston Street in [Derby](/wiki/Derby "Derby").
* Palmerston Street in [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford "Bedford").
* Palmerston Road and Palmerston Park in east [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast").
* [Palmerston Boulevard](/wiki/Palmerston_Boulevard "Palmerston Boulevard") and Palmerston Avenue in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") are named for him.
* Palmerston Street in Romsey, Hampshire; there is also a statue of him in the market place.
|
[
"Legacy\n------",
"As the exemplar of British nationalism, he was \"the defining political personality of his age.\"Jonathan Parry, *The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain* (1993\\) p. 194\\.",
"Historian [Norman Gash](/wiki/Norman_Gash \"Norman Gash\") endorses Jasper Ridley's characterisation of Palmerston:\nFundamentally he was a professional politician, shrewd, cynical, resilient; tough and sometimes unscrupulous; quick to seize opportunities; always ready either to abandon an impossible cause or bide his time for a more favourable opportunity. He liked power, he needed his salary, he enjoyed office, he worked hard. In later life he took an increasing pleasure in the game of politics, and ultimately became an adroit and successful prime minister.... in the end he became one of the great Victorian public personalities, a legend in his own lifetime, the personification of an England that was already passing away.Norman Gash, ‘’The English Historical Review’’ (Jan. 1972\\) 87\\#342, p. 136 [online](https://www.jstor.org/stable/563802)",
"Historian Algernon Cecil summed up his greatness:\n Palmerston placed his trust... in the Press which he was at pains to manipulate; in Parliament, which he learnt better than any man then living to manage; and the Country, whose temper he knew how to catch and the weight of his name and resources he brought to bear upon every negotiation with a patriotic effrontry that has never been excelled.Algernon Cecil, *British Foreign Secretaries, 1807–1916* (1927\\) p. 139",
"Palmerston has traditionally been viewed as \"a Conservative at home and a Liberal abroad\".Ridley, p. 587\\. He believed that the British constitution as secured by the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution \"Glorious Revolution\") of 1688 was the best which human hands had made, with a constitutional monarchy subject to the laws of the land but retaining some political power. He supported the rule of law and opposed further democratisation after the [Reform Act 1832](/wiki/Reform_Act_1832 \"Reform Act 1832\"). He wished to see this liberal system of a mixed constitution in\\-between the two extremes of absolute monarchy and republican democracy replace the absolute monarchies on the Continent.Ridley, p. 588\\. More recently some historians have seen his domestic policies as prime minister as not merely liberal but genuinely progressive by the standards of his era.David Steele, *Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855–1865* (Cambridge University Press, 1991\\).",
"It is in foreign affairs that Palmerston is chiefly remembered. Palmerston's principal aim in foreign policy was to advance British national interests.Ridley, p. 589\\. Palmerston is famous for his patriotism. [Lord John Russell](/wiki/Lord_John_Russell \"Lord John Russell\") said that \"his heart always beat for the honour of England\".*The Times* (10 November 1865\\), p. 7\\. Palmerston believed it was in Britain's interests that liberal governments be established on the Continent. He also practised brinkmanship and bluff in that he was prepared to threaten war to achieve Britain's interests.",
"When in 1886 [Lord Rosebery](/wiki/Archibald_Primrose%2C_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery \"Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery\") became foreign secretary in the [Third Gladstone ministry](/wiki/Third_Gladstone_ministry \"Third Gladstone ministry\"), [John Bright](/wiki/John_Bright \"John Bright\"), a longstanding radical critic of Palmerston, asked Rosebery if he had read about Palmerston's policies as foreign secretary. Rosebery replied that he had. \"Then\", said Bright, \"you know what to avoid. Do the exact opposite of what he did. His administration at the Foreign Office was one long crime.\"Ridley, p. 591\\.",
"In contrast the [Marquess of Lorne](/wiki/John_Campbell%2C_9th_Duke_of_Argyll \"John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll\"), a son\\-in\\-law of Queen Victoria, said of Palmerston in 1866: \"He loved his country and his country loved him. He lived for her honour, and she will cherish his memory.\"{{cite book\\|title\\=Edinburgh Review\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=miQ4AQAAIAAJ\\&pg\\=PA275\\|year\\=1866\\|page\\=275}}",
"In 1889, Gladstone recounted a story of when \"a Frenchman, thinking to be highly complimentary, said to Palmerston: 'If I were not a Frenchman, I should wish to be an Englishman'; to which Pam coolly replied: 'If I were not an Englishman, I should wish to be an Englishman.{{'\"}} When [Winston Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill \"Winston Churchill\") campaigned for rearmament in the 1930s, he was compared to Palmerston in warning the nation to look to its defences.Martin Gilbert, *Winston Churchill. The Wilderness Years* (London: Book Club Associates, 1981\\), pp. 106–107\\. The policy of [appeasement](/wiki/Appeasement \"Appeasement\") led General [Jan Smuts](/wiki/Jan_Smuts \"Jan Smuts\") to write in 1936 that \"we are afraid of our shadows. I sometimes long for a ruffian like Palmerston or any man who would be more than a string of platitudes and apologies.\"W. K. Hancock, *Smuts. Volume II: The Fields of Force. 1919–1950* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968\\), p. 281\\.",
"He was an avowed [abolitionist](/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Abolitionism in the United Kingdom\") whose attempts to abolish the slave trade was one of the most consistent elements of his foreign policy. His opposition to the slave trade created tensions with South American countries and the United States over his insistence that the Royal Navy had the right to search the vessels of any country if they suspected the vessels were being used in the [Atlantic slave trade](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade \"Atlantic slave trade\").J. R. Oldfield, \"Palmerston and Anti\\-Slavery\" *Palmerston Studies* 2 (2007\\): 24\\-38\\.Leslie M. Bethell, \"Britain, Portugal and the suppression of the Brazilian slave trade: the origins of Lord Palmerston's Act of 1839\\.\" *English historical review* 80\\.317 (1965\\): 761\\-784 [online](https://www.jstor.org/stable/559311).",
"Historian [A. J. P. Taylor](/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor \"A. J. P. Taylor\") has summarised his career by emphasising the paradoxes:\nFor twenty years junior minister in a Tory government, he became the most successful of Whig Foreign Secretaries; though always a Conservative, he ended his life by presiding over the transition from Whiggism to Liberalism. He was the exponent of British strength, yet was driven from office for truckling to a foreign despot; he preached the Balance of Power, yet helped to inaugurate the policy of isolation and of British withdrawal from Europe. Irresponsible and flippant, he became the first hero of the serious middle\\-class electorate. He reached high office solely through an irregular family connection; he retained it through skilful use of the press—the only Prime Minister to become an accomplished leader\\-writer.A. J. P. Taylor, \"Lord Palmerston,\" *History Today* Jan 1991, Vol. 41\\#1 p. 1",
"Palmerston is also remembered for his light\\-hearted approach to government. He is once said to have claimed of a particularly intractable problem relating to [Schleswig\\-Holstein](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_question \"Schleswig-Holstein question\"), that only three people had ever understood the problem: one was [Prince Albert](/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha \"Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha\"), who was dead; the second was a German professor, who had gone insane; and the third was himself, who had forgotten it.{{cite book\\|first1\\=Douglas\\|last1\\=Hurd\\|author1\\-link\\=Douglas Hurd\\|title\\=Choose Your Weapons: The British Foreign Secretary\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rpBc5JZsd5gC\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PR33\\|year\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Orion\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-297\\-85851\\-5\\|page\\=33}}",
"*The Life of Lord Palmerston up to 1847* was written by [Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer](/wiki/Henry_Bulwer%2C_1st_Baron_Dalling_and_Bulwer \"Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer\"), volumes I and II (1870\\), volume III edited and partly written by [Evelyn Ashley](/wiki/Evelyn_Ashley \"Evelyn Ashley\") (1874\\), after the author's death. Ashley completed the biography in two more volumes (1876\\). The whole work was reissued in a revised and slightly abridged form by Ashley in 2 volumes in 1879, with the title *The Life and Correspondence of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston*; the letters are judiciously curtailed, but unfortunately without indicating where the excisions occur; the appendices of the original work are omitted, but much fresh matter is added, and this edition is undoubtedly the standard biography.Stanley Lane\\-Poole, '[Temple, Henry John](/wiki/s:Temple%2C_Henry_John_%28DNB00%29 \"Temple, Henry John (DNB00)\")', *Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 56*.",
"The popular Victorian novelist\n[Anthony Trollope](/wiki/Anthony_Trollope \"Anthony Trollope\") published a very readable memoir of Palmerston, one of his political heroes, in 1882\\.",
"### Places named after Palmerston",
"* Palmerston Lodge, Fairburn, North Yorkshire, hunting lodge built by Lord Palmerston in Fairburn, Yorkshire. \n[thumb\\|right\\|Palmerston's Memorial in Southampton](/wiki/File:Palmerston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_259077.jpg \"Palmerston - geograph.org.uk - 259077.jpg\")\n* The Town of [Palmerston](/wiki/Palmerston%2C_Ontario \"Palmerston, Ontario\") located in Southwestern Ontario, Canada was founded and named after Palmerston in 1875\\. Palmerston is now part of the amalgamated town of Minto.\n* The former township of Palmerston in [Frontenac County](/wiki/Frontenac_County \"Frontenac County\") in Eastern Ontario, now part of the amalgamated township of [North Frontenac](/wiki/North_Frontenac \"North Frontenac\")\n* In [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), the town of [Palmerston](/wiki/Palmerston%2C_New_Zealand \"Palmerston, New Zealand\"), in Otago in the [South Island](/wiki/South_Island \"South Island\"), and the city of [Palmerston North](/wiki/Palmerston_North \"Palmerston North\"), in Manawatu in the [North Island](/wiki/North_Island \"North Island\").\n* The Australian city of [Darwin](/wiki/Darwin%2C_Northern_Territory \"Darwin, Northern Territory\") was previously named Palmerston in honour of the Viscount. A satellite city called [Palmerston](/wiki/Palmerston%2C_Northern_Territory \"Palmerston, Northern Territory\") was established adjacent to Darwin in 1971\\.\n* [Palmerston Atoll](/wiki/Palmerston_Atoll \"Palmerston Atoll\") is the most northerly of the Southern Group of the Cook Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Amongst the 15 or so islands of the atoll, Palmerston Island is the only one which is inhabited.\n* In the [Rathmines](/wiki/Rathmines \"Rathmines\") area of [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\") 6 in the southern suburbs, villas are named after Palmerston, as well as Temple Road and Palmerston Road. Both are quasi\\-translated variously as Bóthar an Stiguaire, Bóthar P(h)almerston, Bóthar Baile an Phámar and Bóthar an Teampaill.\n* [Palmerston Forts](/wiki/Palmerston_Forts \"Palmerston Forts\")\n* Several places in [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth \"Portsmouth\") are named after Palmerston – notably [Southsea](/wiki/Southsea \"Southsea\")'s main shopping precinct, Palmerston Road.\n* Palmerston Road in [East Sheen](/wiki/East_Sheen \"East Sheen\"), London, SW14\\.\n* Palmerston Place in the [West End, Edinburgh](/wiki/West_End%2C_Edinburgh \"West End, Edinburgh\"), EH12\\.\n* Palmerston Road in [Walthamstow](/wiki/Walthamstow \"Walthamstow\"), London \\& The Lord Palmerston Pub at the junction of Palmerston Road and Forest Road.\n* Palmerston Road and Palmerston Grove in [Merton Park](/wiki/Merton_Park \"Merton Park\"), London\n* The Lord Palmerston public house in [Dartmouth Park](/wiki/Dartmouth_Park \"Dartmouth Park\"), London, NW5 is named after Palmerston.\n* Palmerston Park and the Palmerston Hotel in [Tiverton, Devon](/wiki/Tiverton%2C_Devon \"Tiverton, Devon\"), Palmerston's constituency, are named after him.\n* Palmerston Road in [Bournemouth](/wiki/Bournemouth \"Bournemouth\")\n* Palmerston Park, [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton \"Southampton\") was named after him, as was nearby Palmerston Road. A seven\\-foot high marble statue of Palmerston was erected in the park and unveiled on 2 June 1869\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Palmerston Park \\|url\\=http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s\\-leisure/parksgreenspaces/citycentreparks/palmerstonpark.aspx \\|work\\=City Centre Parks \\|publisher\\=Southampton City Council \\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421002715/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s\\-leisure/parksgreenspaces/citycentreparks/PalmerstonPark.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=21 April 2012}} Temple street in Sligo is also called after him\n* Palmerston Street in [Derby](/wiki/Derby \"Derby\").\n* Palmerston Street in [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford \"Bedford\").\n* Palmerston Road and Palmerston Park in east [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\").\n* [Palmerston Boulevard](/wiki/Palmerston_Boulevard \"Palmerston Boulevard\") and Palmerston Avenue in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") are named for him.\n* Palmerston Street in Romsey, Hampshire; there is also a statue of him in the market place."
] |
Biography
---------
### Youth and education
Paul Brody's father was the son of a Ukrainian immigrant and his mother was a Jewish refugee from [Nazi\-era](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna").
Brody spent most of his youth in [San Leandro](/wiki/San_Leandro "San Leandro"), California, where his struggles with [dyslexia](/wiki/Dyslexia "Dyslexia") led him to find his voice in music and poetry. He studied composition, poetry, and trumpet at [San Francisco State University](/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University "San Francisco State University") and [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") and [Third stream](/wiki/Third_stream "Third stream") music at the [New England Conservatory of Music](/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music "New England Conservatory of Music"). As a writer and performer, Brody was active in the [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston")'s lively poetry and experimental music scene. At [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") he produced a series of inter\-disciplinary events with actors, dancers, poets and musicians, which he called Un\-recitals. He learned from such poets as [Denise Levertov](/wiki/Denise_Levertov "Denise Levertov"), Bill Knot, [Derek Walcott](/wiki/Derek_Walcott "Derek Walcott") and [Charles Simic](/wiki/Charles_Simic "Charles Simic") and was often invited to read for literary events. Before receiving a bachelor in music performance he won two prizes from [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University")'s literary magazine, Ex Libris. After earning a master's degree in [Third stream](/wiki/Third_stream "Third stream") music from the [New England Conservatory of Music](/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music "New England Conservatory of Music"), Brody toured with various ensembles before settling in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") to pursue a career as a [composer](/wiki/Composer "Composer"), performer, and [sound artist](/wiki/Sound_art "Sound art").
### Sound installation
Citing influences from [Joseph Beuys](/wiki/Joseph_Beuys "Joseph Beuys"), [Charles Ives](/wiki/Charles_Ives "Charles Ives"), [Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Samuel_Beckett "Samuel Beckett"), and the [Art Ensemble of Chicago](/wiki/Art_Ensemble_of_Chicago "Art Ensemble of Chicago"), along with the story and folklore collecting traditions of [Studs Terkel](/wiki/Studs_Terkel "Studs Terkel") and [Alan Lomax](/wiki/Alan_Lomax "Alan Lomax"), Brody uses oral history to create word and sound\-orientated narratives from documentary material. "A story is a melody and a melody is a story," Brody explained in an [interview](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berlin-schoeneberg-die-kunst-des-helfens/19334238.html) with [Der Tagesspiegel](/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel "Der Tagesspiegel"). His installation work generally examines the relationship between voice\-melody (Sprechgesang) and identity and the notion of home. Brody believes that while words carry one meaning, the voice\-melody can be heard as carrying its own independent narrative. Voices speaking one language with the melody of another language contain infinitely more complex parallel narratives. In addition, the voice\-melody reveals both impersonal and personal information: origin, family history, travels, but also emotional state and physical condition.
Brody's first major sound installation was featured at the [Jewish Museum](/wiki/Jewish_Museum%2C_Berlin "Jewish Museum, Berlin") Berlin's 2011 Heimatkunde (local history) Exhibit. Five Easy Pieces explored the notion of [home](/wiki/Heimat "Heimat") by asking people who live in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") to describe how they view themselves in relation to their adopted city. The installation includes Swiss [filmmaker](/wiki/Filmmaking "Filmmaking") [Dani Levy](/wiki/Dani_Levy "Dani Levy"), Afro\-German writer Katharina Oguntoy, Indian [curator](/wiki/Curator "Curator") Mini Kapur, teachers Anna and Helmut Franz, and Brody himself. While the Berliners describe their place in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), their voice\-melodies reveal much about where they come from and their emotional state. The museum built a surround sound room to display the exhibit.
Brody created a surveillance art piece, Five Families Listening: An Eavesdropping Installation (2015\), for the NK art space in connection with the [Transmediale Festival for Art and Digital Culture](/wiki/Transmediale "Transmediale"). The piece explores the acoustic spaces of living rooms through secret recordings of families talking.
Brody's Art Accompanying Noise (2016\) for the Prinz\-Georg Art Space is a pivotal work, exploring the narrative quality of sounds that artists make while they work. The materials and tools an artist uses to create a picture or a sculpture all create a soundscape (for example, the sound of glass being chipped and wood being cut). Even the sound of paint smeared on canvas has a particular acoustic quality, revealing the work process, a kind of narrative. These sounds are recorded, along with the artist talking about his or her inspiration for the piece being made. The recorded sounds and the voice of the artist are used to create a musical sound installation displayed in a container for the artist's work. The artwork itself is secondary to the sounds used for the installation, therefore the by\-product of the noise becomes the subject of focus, while the finished objects of art are secondary.
[Talking Melody\-Singing Story](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcTl7zN46sM) (2016\) was done as Brody's Artist\-in\-Residence project for the [Munich Kammerspiele](/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele "Munich Kammerspiele"). The piece is based on an [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera")'s two main components, the [aria](/wiki/Aria "Aria") and the [recitative](/wiki/Recitative "Recitative"). For Talking\-Melody, Brody recorded singers recalling the moment they discovered that their voices were special. The stories are used to create [arias](/wiki/Aria "Aria") based on the voice\-melodies of the singers. For Singing\-Story Brody recorded people in three different cities describing what [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera") is to them. The answers were accompanied by a recitative accompaniment, and the interviews include vocal stars [Anna Prohaska](/wiki/Anna_Prohaska "Anna Prohaska"), Laurent Naouri and Lorin Sklamberg. A mini opera house was built to contain the installation. The [Süddeutsche Zeitung](/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung "Süddeutsche Zeitung") writes:
{{Blockquote\|Talking Melody \- Singing Story'. Der knapp zwanzigminütige Hörfilm des amerikanische Musikers Paul Brody reißt die oft so perfekt inszenierte Oberfläche der Kunstform Oper auf, lässt etwa Sänger intim plaudern oder befragt Strafgefangene in Alabama zu ihrem Verhältnis zur Oper, genauso wie deutsche Passanten... Brodys Klanginstallation fängt diesen Moment des Intimwerdens wunderbar auf: Opernsänger, die über ihre ersten bewussten Erfahrungen mit ihrer Stimme plaudern \- die meisten dieser Sängern fangen dann prompt an, Kinderlieder zu singen \- nicht erzwungen, mehr als klangliches Beispiel für ihre Anekdoten.\|\[\[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] July 8th 2016\. \[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/theater\-intime\-miniatur\-1\.3069658 online]}}
[Voices of Help](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berlin-schoeneberg-die-kunst-des-helfens/19334238.html) (2016\-2017\) was a three\-room documentary sound installation at the Youth Museum Berlin. The piece explored concepts of help through interviews with [community](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") and [social workers](/wiki/Social_work "Social work") around Berlin's so\-called [Rote Insel](/wiki/Rote_Insel "Rote Insel"), or Red Island, an erstwhile socialist stronghold in [Schöneberg](/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg "Schöneberg"). The recording of each voice received an instrument that brought out the personal qualities of the interviewees. The first room was dedicated to hearing the stories of how helpers began; the second explored the tools of professional [social workers](/wiki/Social_work "Social work") through collected narratives; the third investigated those expanding the system of help, mostly by volunteering to help refugees in ways meaningful to the helpers themselves. The exhibit was inspired by a [Studs Terkel](/wiki/Studs_Terkel "Studs Terkel")\-like curiosity about the neighborhood—where Brody lives—the knowledge that help is not as prominent in US\-American culture as it is in Germany, and by the people who had helped Brody's mother decades before when she escaped [Nazi](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") Vienna on a [Kindertransport](/wiki/Kindertransport "Kindertransport") (Children's train) at age 13\.
Brody's 2018 sound installation, [Webern from the Inside and Outside](https://boulezsaal.de/webern-installation-paul-brody), was commissioned by the [Pierre Boulez Saal\-Daniel Barenboim Stiftung](/wiki/Barenboim-Said_Akademie "Barenboim-Said Akademie") in Berlin. The immersive sound installation is constructed from fragments of Austrian composer [Anton Webern](/wiki/Anton_Webern "Anton Webern")'s letters that show his moods and reflections on composing. The colorful descriptions are purposely short to reflect the Webern's musical style: short compositions where texture and color are more prominent than melody and development. Brody recorded an actor reading fragments of Webern's letters and used the voice\-melody of the actor's voice for his compositions. The idea of speaking and singing a song became a feature in both classical composition and in cabaret music in the 30s. Using the recording of the voice\-melody of the actor as a framework for his sound installation, Brody followed in the tradition of Schoenberg and Webern by coloring in the compositions with musical colors and textures: this technique is called [Klangfarbenmelodien](/wiki/Klangfarbenmelodie "Klangfarbenmelodie") (Sound color melodies), and was often used by later composers like [György Ligeti](/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti "György Ligeti"). As a dedication to Webern, Brody colored the spoken fragments of Webern's letters with bits and pieces of Webern's own compositions which Brody had sampled. So while listening to Webern's feelings about music, about problems with his colleagues, and his struggles with his insecurities, one hears the musical world of Webern – thus the title of the sound installation, Webern From the Inside and Outside.
In 2019 Brody's composition and sound design premiered at the [Institute for Cultural Inquiry, Berlin.](https://www.ici-berlin.org) He collaborated with [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") Professor and [American Academy](/wiki/American_Academy_in_Berlin "American Academy in Berlin") Scholar, [Rosalind C. Morris](/wiki/Rosalind_C._Morris "Rosalind C. Morris") in her art documentary film, Zama Zama, about gold miners in South Africa.
In 2019 the [Canadian Language Museum](/wiki/Canadian_Language_Museum "Canadian Language Museum") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") commissioned Brody's [The Music of Yiddish Blessings and Curses](http://www.languagemuseum.ca/news/yiddish-spring-canadian-language-museum). The sound installation explores the sonic and narrative qualities of [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish "Yiddish") blessings and cures through interviews with native Yiddish speakers in the Toronto area. Photo portraits of the speakers are included in the installation. Brody was fascinated by Yiddish blessings and curses because of their unique humor, and because curses and blessings reflect both the idiosyncrasies of a culture in their content, and a deep emotionality from the individual saying them.
As the 2020 Artist in Residence at the Museums Quartier at the Tonspur: Kunstverein Wien sound art space, Brody combines the idea of Klangfarbenmelodien with speech\-melody composition. [5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language](https://www.mqw.at/institutionen/q21/artists-in-residence/2020/paul-brody/) grew out of a commission for the [Opéra National de Lorraine](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Lorraine "Opéra national de Lorraine"), in [Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France "Nancy, France"), France. The libretto of Paul Brody's upcoming work will be constructed from interviews with local residents about love, and the music is derived from note\-for\-note transcriptions of the melodies of the recorded voices. A 30\-piece choir and four soloists will bring those stories and voice\-melodies on stage of the baroque opera house. 5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language provides a counterpoint to the grand opera project. Through recorded interviews, it explores the singing qualities of the everyday speaking voice. Brody experiments with compositional techniques to direct the listener's ear to the independent musical qualities of the voice. Words become secondary.
Much of Brody's work is based on the premise that daily conversation contains as much melodic expression as an operatic aria. The spoken voice has its own narration, independent of subject matter, formed by the speaker's life history: family background, geography, age, mood, perhaps even genetic memory. We often filter out this information to focus on the subject matter. Despite all its expressive power, our speaking voice is usually just a servant of words—except in extreme cases: crying, laughing, utterances inspired by [food and sex](/wiki/Food_and_sexuality "Food and sexuality"). At the outer limits of expression, our voice leaves words and becomes its own instrument. 5 Mini Operas is an immersive sound installation that attempts to topple the hierarchy of listening by unhooking syntax and freeing the voice from the tyranny of subject matter, redirecting the ear to the narrative of the voice itself.
The sound installation consists of five short interviews about language and belonging. The interviewees tell us how finding their voice gave them a sense of belonging, an inner Heimat. The listener will hear a few selected interviews from Brody's past projects combined with new interviews, in both English and German. Following operatic tradition, each part of 5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language begins with a short overture – a mini\-homage to one of Brody's primary musical influences, Anton Webern. Then the interviewees share anecdotes illustrating an awareness of their own accent.
Finding musical inspiration from voice\-melodies goes back to early opera. The baroque opera was not aria oriented, but a string of recitatives: that is, a kind of heightened speech\-singing strung into a story. Composer [Leoš Janáček](/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek "Leoš Janáček") was obsessed with vocal patterns. He transcribed them constantly and enjoyed putting them in his compositions. [Steve Reich](/wiki/Steve_Reich "Steve Reich")'s [Different Trains](/wiki/Different_Trains "Different Trains") is perhaps the most well known voice\-melody oriented composition. Brody's interest in vocal patterns bridges both artistic and anthropological. His music seems to ask, "Where does this voice\-melody come from? What does it tell us about this person?"
### Radio art and documentary
Between 2007 and 2012 Paul Brody produced a series of children's radio features about young people in different countries who are involved in music. The series portrayed not only the musical ideas of young performers and composers, but reflected on their social and cultural life as well and its implications for their music.
In the [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") (West German Radio) series 'Musikselbermachen' ('making music yourself') (2007\-2008\) Brody also worked with young narrators who presented the features. From 2010 to 2012 Brody continued the project for the SWR series 'Klangküche' ('sound kitchen'. The young musicians, playing a variety of styles, hailed from [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala "Guatemala"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), and [Eastern](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") and [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe "Western Europe").
In 2013 Brody produced a short piece for the Berlin Stories series of [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio "National Public Radio"), entitled How I didn't meet Diana Ross.
In 2014 he produced The Fringe Sound of Berlin, a full\-length feature exploring the culture of sound in the capital. How does the city sound? And how does the city's mentality affect its musicians? The feature includes interviews with architects such as Barkow Leibinger, Christine Edmaier, writers Leslie Dunton\-Downer, Robert Beachy, and Carol Scherer; and musicians David Marton, Marie Goyette, [David Moss](/wiki/David_Moss_%28musician%29 "David Moss (musician)"), Daniel Dorsch, Wolfgang Müller, and Jochen Arbeit from the [Einstürzende Neubauten](/wiki/Einst%C3%BCrzende_Neubauten "Einstürzende Neubauten").
In 2014 Brody helped develop the three part series *Made in America* for [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk"). He wrote and produced the road trip feature Southern Discomfort– A Jew from Oklahoma for the series. It explores the cultural crossroads of [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish_culture "Jewish culture") and [Southern American](/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States "Culture of the Southern United States") culture through the life of legendary bassist and songwriter [Mark Rubin](/wiki/Mark_Rubin_%28musician%29 "Mark Rubin (musician)").
In 2016 Brody wrote and produced Most Wanted Poets, Escape from Alabama Prison, a WDR radio feature exploring the effect of art on poetry in the harsh environment of the [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") prison system.
In 2017 Brody produced a WDR feature exploring cultural perspectives of the [German constitution](/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany "Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany") and transformed his [Munich Kammerspiele](/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele "Munich Kammerspiele") Artist in Residence project, Talking Melody\-Singing Story, into a radio art piece for [Deutschlandradio](/wiki/Deutschlandradio "Deutschlandradio").
In 2019 Brody produced an autobiographical radio feature for [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk"): Jazzy Diaspora \-Birth of a Secular Jew. While explaining his family history he tells about how his evolution as a musician playing Jewish music in Berlin inspired him to develop a new perspective on Jewish culture. Throughout the story, Brody discovers how music can embody the constant self\-questioning in contemporary Jewish culture without demanding an answer. The Jazzy Diaspora won a place in the WDR lineup for the 2020 [Prix Europa Broadcasting Festival](/wiki/Prix_Europa "Prix Europa").
### Performance art
Breaking from the performance traditions of [classical](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music") and [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") trumpet, Brody fuses his work with language, art and melody into his trumpet playing. His solo techniques often involve movement, utilizing the performance space, creating sounds, and drawing melodic inspiration from speech rather than traditional melodic ideas. The rich experimental theater scene in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") led him to the [director](/wiki/Theatre_director "Theatre director") David Marton, who is well known for his music theater experiments. In the Marton ensemble Brody works as a performance artist, fusing trumpet improvisation with spoken word and acting. The group has enjoyed long stints at theaters such as MC93 House of Culture in Paris, the [Schaubühne](/wiki/Schaub%C3%BChne "Schaubühne") and [Volksbühne](/wiki/Volksb%C3%BChne "Volksbühne") in Berlin, the Chekhov International Theatre Festival in Moscow, and [Burgtheater](/wiki/Burgtheater "Burgtheater") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"). He gave voice\-melody performances in various museums and galleries, including the [Jewish Museum, Berlin](/wiki/Jewish_Museum%2C_Berlin "Jewish Museum, Berlin") and Häusler Contemporary in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"). In 2016 Brody was Artist in Residence for the [Munich Kammerspiele](/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele "Munich Kammerspiele") [Opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera") Department, where he played a singing roll on the trumpet for an experimental production of La Sonnambula. Brody is currently collaborating with Director David Marton for the [Théâtre Vidy\-Lausanne](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Vidy-Lausanne "Théâtre Vidy-Lausanne") in Narcissus et Echo (2019\-2020\).
### Composition and ensemble projects
In 2002, through a [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") Council Arts Grant, Brody formed his best known ensemble, Paul Brody's Sadawi. The group has performed extensively in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), and [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") and has recorded seven albums for US\-American, German, and [Polish](/wiki/Poland "Poland") labels. Originally the group explored the crossroads of contemporary [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") and traditional [klezmer](/wiki/Klezmer "Klezmer"). [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish "Jewish") philosophers like [Martin Buber](/wiki/Martin_Buber "Martin Buber"), [Abraham Joshua Heschel](/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel "Abraham Joshua Heschel"), and [Walter Benjamin](/wiki/Walter_Benjamin "Walter Benjamin") also inspired many of the compositions. They can be heard on the three albums recorded from 2002 to 2007 on the [Tzadik](/wiki/Tzadik "Tzadik") Label.
{{Blockquote\|Paul Brody is a remarkable trumpet player, composer, arranger based in Berlin \[...] he brought together some of the best players from both the U.S. and Germany to create a new Jewish supergroup. The music combines exciting arrangements, catchy tunes, and compelling solos into another classic of the new Jewish Renaissance \[...] Brody is forging a new Jewish jazz for the 21st Century.\[...]\|[John Zorn](/wiki/John_Zorn "John Zorn")\<ref\>Booklet of Paul Brody's CD Sadawi:Kabbalah Dream*, Cat. \# 7163, Label Tzadik 2002\.\</ref\>}}*In 2014 the group began exploring what Brody calls an "Indie Jazz cinematic sound" and signed with [Enja](/wiki/Enja "Enja") Records. They recorded the album Behind All Words, dedicated to the poetry of [Rose Ausländer](/wiki/Rose_Ausl%C3%A4nder "Rose Ausländer"). The CD presents extended compositional techniques with [electronics](/wiki/Electronic_music "Electronic music"), [strings](/wiki/String_instruments "String instruments") and vocals featuring [Meret Becker](/wiki/Meret_Becker "Meret Becker"), [Clueso](/wiki/Clueso "Clueso"), and Jelena Kuljic. The CD won the [Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik](/wiki/Preis_der_Deutschen_Schallplattenkritik "Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik") Bestenliste in the "Grenzganger Kategory" (German Recording Prize Best of List 2014\). Sadawi's second album on [Enja](/wiki/Enja "Enja"), Vanishing Night, is inspired the by literaturary and theater works of Mary Cappello, [Czesław Miłosz](/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz "Czesław Miłosz"), and David Marton. Along with Sadawi, Brody has performed and recorded both solo and in collaboration with many artists, including [John Zorn](/wiki/John_Zorn "John Zorn"), [Kent Nagano](/wiki/Kent_Nagano "Kent Nagano"), [Wim Wenders](/wiki/Wim_Wenders "Wim Wenders"), [Blixa Bargeld](/wiki/Blixa_Bargeld "Blixa Bargeld"), Ari Benjamin Meyers, Orb, [David Moss](/wiki/David_Moss_%28musician%29 "David Moss (musician)"), [Tony Buck](/wiki/Tony_Buck_%28musician%29 "Tony Buck (musician)"), [Shirley Bassey](/wiki/Shirley_Bassey "Shirley Bassey"), [Ran Blake](/wiki/Ran_Blake "Ran Blake"), [Alan Bern](/wiki/Alan_Bern "Alan Bern"), [Frank London](/wiki/Frank_London "Frank London"), and Michael Rodach, [Clueso](/wiki/Clueso "Clueso"), [17 Hippies](/wiki/17_Hippies "17 Hippies"), Semer Ensemble, The Other Europeans, Danial Kahn and The Painted Bird, Barry White and The Gincident.
In 2018 Brody composed an hour\-long chamber music composition based on the voices of the translators at the Nurnbering Trial. Saal 600, directed by Kevin Barz, won second place at the [Koerber Stiftung for Young Directors.](/wiki/K%C3%B6rber_Foundation "Körber Foundation")
In 2020 Brody composed music for the [Schauspiel Leipzig](/wiki/Schauspiel_Leipzig "Schauspiel Leipzig") production of Brennende Erde (Directors: Dura \& Hans\-Werner Kroesinger). Along with using traditional instruments, Brody composed with samples of strip mining machines sounds, tractors, nature sounds, and church bells. Radio Mephisto [wrote](https://radiomephisto.de/news/theater-als-dokument-der-gegenwart-68367),
'Aber auch starke ästhetische Seiten gibt es an dem Abend, insbesondere die musikalischen Arbeit von Paul Brody. Unaufdringlich meistert er es, mit atmosphärischen Klängen und Soundinstallationen Bilder auf die Bühne zu zeichnen — auch zum Vorteil der Schauspielerinnen und Schauspieler.' (But there are also strong aesthetic aspects to the evening, especially the musical work of Paul Brody. Unobtrusively, he masters drawing pictures on the stage with atmospheric sounds and sound installations \- also for the benefit of the actors and actresses.*)*
Brody's 2021 commissions include an opera for Opéra National de Lorraine. The libretto will be constructed from interviews with people living around the opera house, and the melodic material of the opera will be based on the voice\-melodies of the interviewees. Brody's idea is that the city of Nancy writes its own libretto. Democratic Symphony (2021\) is a commission by the [Oldenburgisches Staatstheater](/wiki/Oldenburgisches_Staatstheater "Oldenburgisches Staatstheater"). The work will be based on recent discussions that Mr. Barz chose from the German Parliament archives. The political debates will be transformed into a theatrical form on stage as part of the symphonic work.
Radio productions (selection)
-----------------------------
[WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") 'Musikselbermachen' Young people in music (2007\-2008\)
[SWR](/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk "Südwestrundfunk") 'Klangküche' Young people in music (2010\-2012\)
[WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") Southern Discomfort \-A Jew from Oklahoma (2014\)
[WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") Most Wanted Poets, Escape from Alabama Prison (2016\)
[WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") Grundgesetz \-Cultural perspectives of German basic law (2017\)
[Deutschlandradio](/wiki/Deutschlandradio "Deutschlandradio") \-Radio Art: Talking Melody\-Singing Story (2017\)
[WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") Jazzy Diaspora \- Oder: Die Geburt eines säkularen Juden (2019\)
Awards
------
[WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") 5 Lilipuz Lieblingslieder (Favorite Songs) (EMI Virgin Records) (2007\)
[Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik](/wiki/Preis_der_Deutschen_Schallplattenkritik "Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik"), Bestenliste (2015\)
International Radio Conference in Vienna featured guest (2016\)
Artist in Residence Kammerspiel (2016\)
[Prix Europa](/wiki/Prix_Europa "Prix Europa") Radio Broadcasting Festival: Talking Melody/Singing Story (2017\)
Artist in Residence [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia") (2018\)
[University of Rhode Island](/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island "University of Rhode Island") Guest Artist Speaker (2018\)
[Prix Europa](/wiki/Prix_Europa "Prix Europa") Radio Broadcasting Festival: Jazzy Diaspora \- Oder: Die Geburt eines säkularen Juden (2020\)
Artist in Residence \-[Museum Quartier Q21 Art Space, Vienna](https://www.mqw.at/en/institutions/q21/artists-in-residence/2020/paul-brody/) (2020\)
Discography
-----------
\* Paul Brody Octet: "Turtle Paridise" (99 Records 1995\)
Detonation Orchestra: "Animals \& Cowboys" (NRW Records 2002\)
Paul Brody's Tango Toy: "Laika Records" (Klezmer Stories 2010\)
Paul Brody's Tango Toy: "Laika Records" (South Klezmer Suite 2011\)
Arnold Dreyblatt And The Orchestra Of Excited Strings: "Animal Magnetism" (Tzadik Records 1988\)
Paul Brody's Sadawi: "Kabbalah Dream" (Tzadik Records 2002\)
Paul Brody's Sadawi: "Beyond Babylon" (Tzadik Records 2004\)
Paul Brody's Sadawi: "For the Moment" (Tzadik Records 2007\)
Bern, Brody, and Rodach: "Triophilia" (Jazzwerkstatt 2009\)
Paul Brody's Sadawi: "Far From Moldova" (Morgenland Label 2010\)
Paul Brody's Sadawi: "Behind All Words" (Enja Records 2013\)
Paul Brody's Sadawi: "Vanishing Night" (Enja Records 2017\)
Teaching
--------
Musikschule Wedding Berlin (1998\-2015\)
[Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin](/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_%22Hanns_Eisler%22 "Hochschule für Musik ") (2009\- 2014\)
Cracow Jewish Culture Festival (2010\-2011\)
[Yiddish Summer Weimar](/wiki/Yiddish_Summer_Weimar "Yiddish Summer Weimar") (2012\-2013\)
[University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia") Guest Artist Lecture (2018\)
[Rhode Island University](/wiki/Rhode_Island_University "Rhode Island University") Guest Artist Lecture (2018\)
Bibliography
------------
Joachim\-Ernst Berendt, Günther Huesmann: * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to the 21st Century. *Chicago Review Press 2009, {{ISBN\|1\-613\-7460\-40}}.
Magdalena Waligorska:*
* Klezmer's Afterlife: An Ethnography of the Jewish Music Revival in Poland and Germany.'' Oxford University Press 2013, {{ISBN\|0\-199\-9958\-0X}}, S. 169\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Youth and education",
"Paul Brody's father was the son of a Ukrainian immigrant and his mother was a Jewish refugee from [Nazi\\-era](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\") [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\").",
"Brody spent most of his youth in [San Leandro](/wiki/San_Leandro \"San Leandro\"), California, where his struggles with [dyslexia](/wiki/Dyslexia \"Dyslexia\") led him to find his voice in music and poetry. He studied composition, poetry, and trumpet at [San Francisco State University](/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University \"San Francisco State University\") and [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\") and [Third stream](/wiki/Third_stream \"Third stream\") music at the [New England Conservatory of Music](/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music \"New England Conservatory of Music\"). As a writer and performer, Brody was active in the [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\")'s lively poetry and experimental music scene. At [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\") he produced a series of inter\\-disciplinary events with actors, dancers, poets and musicians, which he called Un\\-recitals. He learned from such poets as [Denise Levertov](/wiki/Denise_Levertov \"Denise Levertov\"), Bill Knot, [Derek Walcott](/wiki/Derek_Walcott \"Derek Walcott\") and [Charles Simic](/wiki/Charles_Simic \"Charles Simic\") and was often invited to read for literary events. Before receiving a bachelor in music performance he won two prizes from [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\")'s literary magazine, Ex Libris. After earning a master's degree in [Third stream](/wiki/Third_stream \"Third stream\") music from the [New England Conservatory of Music](/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music \"New England Conservatory of Music\"), Brody toured with various ensembles before settling in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") to pursue a career as a [composer](/wiki/Composer \"Composer\"), performer, and [sound artist](/wiki/Sound_art \"Sound art\").",
"### Sound installation",
"Citing influences from [Joseph Beuys](/wiki/Joseph_Beuys \"Joseph Beuys\"), [Charles Ives](/wiki/Charles_Ives \"Charles Ives\"), [Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Samuel_Beckett \"Samuel Beckett\"), and the [Art Ensemble of Chicago](/wiki/Art_Ensemble_of_Chicago \"Art Ensemble of Chicago\"), along with the story and folklore collecting traditions of [Studs Terkel](/wiki/Studs_Terkel \"Studs Terkel\") and [Alan Lomax](/wiki/Alan_Lomax \"Alan Lomax\"), Brody uses oral history to create word and sound\\-orientated narratives from documentary material. \"A story is a melody and a melody is a story,\" Brody explained in an [interview](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berlin-schoeneberg-die-kunst-des-helfens/19334238.html) with [Der Tagesspiegel](/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel \"Der Tagesspiegel\"). His installation work generally examines the relationship between voice\\-melody (Sprechgesang) and identity and the notion of home. Brody believes that while words carry one meaning, the voice\\-melody can be heard as carrying its own independent narrative. Voices speaking one language with the melody of another language contain infinitely more complex parallel narratives. In addition, the voice\\-melody reveals both impersonal and personal information: origin, family history, travels, but also emotional state and physical condition.",
"Brody's first major sound installation was featured at the [Jewish Museum](/wiki/Jewish_Museum%2C_Berlin \"Jewish Museum, Berlin\") Berlin's 2011 Heimatkunde (local history) Exhibit. Five Easy Pieces explored the notion of [home](/wiki/Heimat \"Heimat\") by asking people who live in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") to describe how they view themselves in relation to their adopted city. The installation includes Swiss [filmmaker](/wiki/Filmmaking \"Filmmaking\") [Dani Levy](/wiki/Dani_Levy \"Dani Levy\"), Afro\\-German writer Katharina Oguntoy, Indian [curator](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\") Mini Kapur, teachers Anna and Helmut Franz, and Brody himself. While the Berliners describe their place in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"), their voice\\-melodies reveal much about where they come from and their emotional state. The museum built a surround sound room to display the exhibit.",
"Brody created a surveillance art piece, Five Families Listening: An Eavesdropping Installation (2015\\), for the NK art space in connection with the [Transmediale Festival for Art and Digital Culture](/wiki/Transmediale \"Transmediale\"). The piece explores the acoustic spaces of living rooms through secret recordings of families talking.",
"Brody's Art Accompanying Noise (2016\\) for the Prinz\\-Georg Art Space is a pivotal work, exploring the narrative quality of sounds that artists make while they work. The materials and tools an artist uses to create a picture or a sculpture all create a soundscape (for example, the sound of glass being chipped and wood being cut). Even the sound of paint smeared on canvas has a particular acoustic quality, revealing the work process, a kind of narrative. These sounds are recorded, along with the artist talking about his or her inspiration for the piece being made. The recorded sounds and the voice of the artist are used to create a musical sound installation displayed in a container for the artist's work. The artwork itself is secondary to the sounds used for the installation, therefore the by\\-product of the noise becomes the subject of focus, while the finished objects of art are secondary.",
"[Talking Melody\\-Singing Story](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcTl7zN46sM) (2016\\) was done as Brody's Artist\\-in\\-Residence project for the [Munich Kammerspiele](/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele \"Munich Kammerspiele\"). The piece is based on an [opera](/wiki/Opera \"Opera\")'s two main components, the [aria](/wiki/Aria \"Aria\") and the [recitative](/wiki/Recitative \"Recitative\"). For Talking\\-Melody, Brody recorded singers recalling the moment they discovered that their voices were special. The stories are used to create [arias](/wiki/Aria \"Aria\") based on the voice\\-melodies of the singers. For Singing\\-Story Brody recorded people in three different cities describing what [opera](/wiki/Opera \"Opera\") is to them. The answers were accompanied by a recitative accompaniment, and the interviews include vocal stars [Anna Prohaska](/wiki/Anna_Prohaska \"Anna Prohaska\"), Laurent Naouri and Lorin Sklamberg. A mini opera house was built to contain the installation. The [Süddeutsche Zeitung](/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung \"Süddeutsche Zeitung\") writes:",
"{{Blockquote\\|Talking Melody \\- Singing Story'. Der knapp zwanzigminütige Hörfilm des amerikanische Musikers Paul Brody reißt die oft so perfekt inszenierte Oberfläche der Kunstform Oper auf, lässt etwa Sänger intim plaudern oder befragt Strafgefangene in Alabama zu ihrem Verhältnis zur Oper, genauso wie deutsche Passanten... Brodys Klanginstallation fängt diesen Moment des Intimwerdens wunderbar auf: Opernsänger, die über ihre ersten bewussten Erfahrungen mit ihrer Stimme plaudern \\- die meisten dieser Sängern fangen dann prompt an, Kinderlieder zu singen \\- nicht erzwungen, mehr als klangliches Beispiel für ihre Anekdoten.\\|\\[\\[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] July 8th 2016\\. \\[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/theater\\-intime\\-miniatur\\-1\\.3069658 online]}}\n[Voices of Help](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berlin-schoeneberg-die-kunst-des-helfens/19334238.html) (2016\\-2017\\) was a three\\-room documentary sound installation at the Youth Museum Berlin. The piece explored concepts of help through interviews with [community](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") and [social workers](/wiki/Social_work \"Social work\") around Berlin's so\\-called [Rote Insel](/wiki/Rote_Insel \"Rote Insel\"), or Red Island, an erstwhile socialist stronghold in [Schöneberg](/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg \"Schöneberg\"). The recording of each voice received an instrument that brought out the personal qualities of the interviewees. The first room was dedicated to hearing the stories of how helpers began; the second explored the tools of professional [social workers](/wiki/Social_work \"Social work\") through collected narratives; the third investigated those expanding the system of help, mostly by volunteering to help refugees in ways meaningful to the helpers themselves. The exhibit was inspired by a [Studs Terkel](/wiki/Studs_Terkel \"Studs Terkel\")\\-like curiosity about the neighborhood—where Brody lives—the knowledge that help is not as prominent in US\\-American culture as it is in Germany, and by the people who had helped Brody's mother decades before when she escaped [Nazi](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\") Vienna on a [Kindertransport](/wiki/Kindertransport \"Kindertransport\") (Children's train) at age 13\\.",
"Brody's 2018 sound installation, [Webern from the Inside and Outside](https://boulezsaal.de/webern-installation-paul-brody), was commissioned by the [Pierre Boulez Saal\\-Daniel Barenboim Stiftung](/wiki/Barenboim-Said_Akademie \"Barenboim-Said Akademie\") in Berlin. The immersive sound installation is constructed from fragments of Austrian composer [Anton Webern](/wiki/Anton_Webern \"Anton Webern\")'s letters that show his moods and reflections on composing. The colorful descriptions are purposely short to reflect the Webern's musical style: short compositions where texture and color are more prominent than melody and development. Brody recorded an actor reading fragments of Webern's letters and used the voice\\-melody of the actor's voice for his compositions. The idea of speaking and singing a song became a feature in both classical composition and in cabaret music in the 30s. Using the recording of the voice\\-melody of the actor as a framework for his sound installation, Brody followed in the tradition of Schoenberg and Webern by coloring in the compositions with musical colors and textures: this technique is called [Klangfarbenmelodien](/wiki/Klangfarbenmelodie \"Klangfarbenmelodie\") (Sound color melodies), and was often used by later composers like [György Ligeti](/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti \"György Ligeti\"). As a dedication to Webern, Brody colored the spoken fragments of Webern's letters with bits and pieces of Webern's own compositions which Brody had sampled. So while listening to Webern's feelings about music, about problems with his colleagues, and his struggles with his insecurities, one hears the musical world of Webern – thus the title of the sound installation, Webern From the Inside and Outside.",
"In 2019 Brody's composition and sound design premiered at the [Institute for Cultural Inquiry, Berlin.](https://www.ici-berlin.org) He collaborated with [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\") Professor and [American Academy](/wiki/American_Academy_in_Berlin \"American Academy in Berlin\") Scholar, [Rosalind C. Morris](/wiki/Rosalind_C._Morris \"Rosalind C. Morris\") in her art documentary film, Zama Zama, about gold miners in South Africa.",
"In 2019 the [Canadian Language Museum](/wiki/Canadian_Language_Museum \"Canadian Language Museum\") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") commissioned Brody's [The Music of Yiddish Blessings and Curses](http://www.languagemuseum.ca/news/yiddish-spring-canadian-language-museum). The sound installation explores the sonic and narrative qualities of [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish \"Yiddish\") blessings and cures through interviews with native Yiddish speakers in the Toronto area. Photo portraits of the speakers are included in the installation. Brody was fascinated by Yiddish blessings and curses because of their unique humor, and because curses and blessings reflect both the idiosyncrasies of a culture in their content, and a deep emotionality from the individual saying them.",
"As the 2020 Artist in Residence at the Museums Quartier at the Tonspur: Kunstverein Wien sound art space, Brody combines the idea of Klangfarbenmelodien with speech\\-melody composition. [5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language](https://www.mqw.at/institutionen/q21/artists-in-residence/2020/paul-brody/) grew out of a commission for the [Opéra National de Lorraine](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Lorraine \"Opéra national de Lorraine\"), in [Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France \"Nancy, France\"), France. The libretto of Paul Brody's upcoming work will be constructed from interviews with local residents about love, and the music is derived from note\\-for\\-note transcriptions of the melodies of the recorded voices. A 30\\-piece choir and four soloists will bring those stories and voice\\-melodies on stage of the baroque opera house. 5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language provides a counterpoint to the grand opera project. Through recorded interviews, it explores the singing qualities of the everyday speaking voice. Brody experiments with compositional techniques to direct the listener's ear to the independent musical qualities of the voice. Words become secondary.",
"Much of Brody's work is based on the premise that daily conversation contains as much melodic expression as an operatic aria. The spoken voice has its own narration, independent of subject matter, formed by the speaker's life history: family background, geography, age, mood, perhaps even genetic memory. We often filter out this information to focus on the subject matter. Despite all its expressive power, our speaking voice is usually just a servant of words—except in extreme cases: crying, laughing, utterances inspired by [food and sex](/wiki/Food_and_sexuality \"Food and sexuality\"). At the outer limits of expression, our voice leaves words and becomes its own instrument. 5 Mini Operas is an immersive sound installation that attempts to topple the hierarchy of listening by unhooking syntax and freeing the voice from the tyranny of subject matter, redirecting the ear to the narrative of the voice itself.",
"The sound installation consists of five short interviews about language and belonging. The interviewees tell us how finding their voice gave them a sense of belonging, an inner Heimat. The listener will hear a few selected interviews from Brody's past projects combined with new interviews, in both English and German. Following operatic tradition, each part of 5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language begins with a short overture – a mini\\-homage to one of Brody's primary musical influences, Anton Webern. Then the interviewees share anecdotes illustrating an awareness of their own accent.",
"Finding musical inspiration from voice\\-melodies goes back to early opera. The baroque opera was not aria oriented, but a string of recitatives: that is, a kind of heightened speech\\-singing strung into a story. Composer [Leoš Janáček](/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek \"Leoš Janáček\") was obsessed with vocal patterns. He transcribed them constantly and enjoyed putting them in his compositions. [Steve Reich](/wiki/Steve_Reich \"Steve Reich\")'s [Different Trains](/wiki/Different_Trains \"Different Trains\") is perhaps the most well known voice\\-melody oriented composition. Brody's interest in vocal patterns bridges both artistic and anthropological. His music seems to ask, \"Where does this voice\\-melody come from? What does it tell us about this person?\"",
"### Radio art and documentary",
"Between 2007 and 2012 Paul Brody produced a series of children's radio features about young people in different countries who are involved in music. The series portrayed not only the musical ideas of young performers and composers, but reflected on their social and cultural life as well and its implications for their music.",
"In the [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") (West German Radio) series 'Musikselbermachen' ('making music yourself') (2007\\-2008\\) Brody also worked with young narrators who presented the features. From 2010 to 2012 Brody continued the project for the SWR series 'Klangküche' ('sound kitchen'. The young musicians, playing a variety of styles, hailed from [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), and [Eastern](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\") and [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\").",
"In 2013 Brody produced a short piece for the Berlin Stories series of [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio \"National Public Radio\"), entitled How I didn't meet Diana Ross.",
"In 2014 he produced The Fringe Sound of Berlin, a full\\-length feature exploring the culture of sound in the capital. How does the city sound? And how does the city's mentality affect its musicians? The feature includes interviews with architects such as Barkow Leibinger, Christine Edmaier, writers Leslie Dunton\\-Downer, Robert Beachy, and Carol Scherer; and musicians David Marton, Marie Goyette, [David Moss](/wiki/David_Moss_%28musician%29 \"David Moss (musician)\"), Daniel Dorsch, Wolfgang Müller, and Jochen Arbeit from the [Einstürzende Neubauten](/wiki/Einst%C3%BCrzende_Neubauten \"Einstürzende Neubauten\").",
"In 2014 Brody helped develop the three part series *Made in America* for [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\"). He wrote and produced the road trip feature Southern Discomfort– A Jew from Oklahoma for the series. It explores the cultural crossroads of [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish_culture \"Jewish culture\") and [Southern American](/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States \"Culture of the Southern United States\") culture through the life of legendary bassist and songwriter [Mark Rubin](/wiki/Mark_Rubin_%28musician%29 \"Mark Rubin (musician)\").",
"In 2016 Brody wrote and produced Most Wanted Poets, Escape from Alabama Prison, a WDR radio feature exploring the effect of art on poetry in the harsh environment of the [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\") prison system.",
"In 2017 Brody produced a WDR feature exploring cultural perspectives of the [German constitution](/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany \"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany\") and transformed his [Munich Kammerspiele](/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele \"Munich Kammerspiele\") Artist in Residence project, Talking Melody\\-Singing Story, into a radio art piece for [Deutschlandradio](/wiki/Deutschlandradio \"Deutschlandradio\").",
"In 2019 Brody produced an autobiographical radio feature for [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\"): Jazzy Diaspora \\-Birth of a Secular Jew. While explaining his family history he tells about how his evolution as a musician playing Jewish music in Berlin inspired him to develop a new perspective on Jewish culture. Throughout the story, Brody discovers how music can embody the constant self\\-questioning in contemporary Jewish culture without demanding an answer. The Jazzy Diaspora won a place in the WDR lineup for the 2020 [Prix Europa Broadcasting Festival](/wiki/Prix_Europa \"Prix Europa\").",
"### Performance art",
"Breaking from the performance traditions of [classical](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\") and [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") trumpet, Brody fuses his work with language, art and melody into his trumpet playing. His solo techniques often involve movement, utilizing the performance space, creating sounds, and drawing melodic inspiration from speech rather than traditional melodic ideas. The rich experimental theater scene in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") led him to the [director](/wiki/Theatre_director \"Theatre director\") David Marton, who is well known for his music theater experiments. In the Marton ensemble Brody works as a performance artist, fusing trumpet improvisation with spoken word and acting. The group has enjoyed long stints at theaters such as MC93 House of Culture in Paris, the [Schaubühne](/wiki/Schaub%C3%BChne \"Schaubühne\") and [Volksbühne](/wiki/Volksb%C3%BChne \"Volksbühne\") in Berlin, the Chekhov International Theatre Festival in Moscow, and [Burgtheater](/wiki/Burgtheater \"Burgtheater\") in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"). He gave voice\\-melody performances in various museums and galleries, including the [Jewish Museum, Berlin](/wiki/Jewish_Museum%2C_Berlin \"Jewish Museum, Berlin\") and Häusler Contemporary in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"). In 2016 Brody was Artist in Residence for the [Munich Kammerspiele](/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele \"Munich Kammerspiele\") [Opera](/wiki/Opera \"Opera\") Department, where he played a singing roll on the trumpet for an experimental production of La Sonnambula. Brody is currently collaborating with Director David Marton for the [Théâtre Vidy\\-Lausanne](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Vidy-Lausanne \"Théâtre Vidy-Lausanne\") in Narcissus et Echo (2019\\-2020\\).",
"### Composition and ensemble projects",
"In 2002, through a [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") Council Arts Grant, Brody formed his best known ensemble, Paul Brody's Sadawi. The group has performed extensively in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), and [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") and has recorded seven albums for US\\-American, German, and [Polish](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\") labels. Originally the group explored the crossroads of contemporary [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") and traditional [klezmer](/wiki/Klezmer \"Klezmer\"). [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish \"Jewish\") philosophers like [Martin Buber](/wiki/Martin_Buber \"Martin Buber\"), [Abraham Joshua Heschel](/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel \"Abraham Joshua Heschel\"), and [Walter Benjamin](/wiki/Walter_Benjamin \"Walter Benjamin\") also inspired many of the compositions. They can be heard on the three albums recorded from 2002 to 2007 on the [Tzadik](/wiki/Tzadik \"Tzadik\") Label.",
"{{Blockquote\\|Paul Brody is a remarkable trumpet player, composer, arranger based in Berlin \\[...] he brought together some of the best players from both the U.S. and Germany to create a new Jewish supergroup. The music combines exciting arrangements, catchy tunes, and compelling solos into another classic of the new Jewish Renaissance \\[...] Brody is forging a new Jewish jazz for the 21st Century.\\[...]\\|[John Zorn](/wiki/John_Zorn \"John Zorn\")\\<ref\\>Booklet of Paul Brody's CD Sadawi:Kabbalah Dream*, Cat. \\# 7163, Label Tzadik 2002\\.\\</ref\\>}}*In 2014 the group began exploring what Brody calls an \"Indie Jazz cinematic sound\" and signed with [Enja](/wiki/Enja \"Enja\") Records. They recorded the album Behind All Words, dedicated to the poetry of [Rose Ausländer](/wiki/Rose_Ausl%C3%A4nder \"Rose Ausländer\"). The CD presents extended compositional techniques with [electronics](/wiki/Electronic_music \"Electronic music\"), [strings](/wiki/String_instruments \"String instruments\") and vocals featuring [Meret Becker](/wiki/Meret_Becker \"Meret Becker\"), [Clueso](/wiki/Clueso \"Clueso\"), and Jelena Kuljic. The CD won the [Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik](/wiki/Preis_der_Deutschen_Schallplattenkritik \"Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik\") Bestenliste in the \"Grenzganger Kategory\" (German Recording Prize Best of List 2014\\). Sadawi's second album on [Enja](/wiki/Enja \"Enja\"), Vanishing Night, is inspired the by literaturary and theater works of Mary Cappello, [Czesław Miłosz](/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz \"Czesław Miłosz\"), and David Marton. Along with Sadawi, Brody has performed and recorded both solo and in collaboration with many artists, including [John Zorn](/wiki/John_Zorn \"John Zorn\"), [Kent Nagano](/wiki/Kent_Nagano \"Kent Nagano\"), [Wim Wenders](/wiki/Wim_Wenders \"Wim Wenders\"), [Blixa Bargeld](/wiki/Blixa_Bargeld \"Blixa Bargeld\"), Ari Benjamin Meyers, Orb, [David Moss](/wiki/David_Moss_%28musician%29 \"David Moss (musician)\"), [Tony Buck](/wiki/Tony_Buck_%28musician%29 \"Tony Buck (musician)\"), [Shirley Bassey](/wiki/Shirley_Bassey \"Shirley Bassey\"), [Ran Blake](/wiki/Ran_Blake \"Ran Blake\"), [Alan Bern](/wiki/Alan_Bern \"Alan Bern\"), [Frank London](/wiki/Frank_London \"Frank London\"), and Michael Rodach, [Clueso](/wiki/Clueso \"Clueso\"), [17 Hippies](/wiki/17_Hippies \"17 Hippies\"), Semer Ensemble, The Other Europeans, Danial Kahn and The Painted Bird, Barry White and The Gincident.\nIn 2018 Brody composed an hour\\-long chamber music composition based on the voices of the translators at the Nurnbering Trial. Saal 600, directed by Kevin Barz, won second place at the [Koerber Stiftung for Young Directors.](/wiki/K%C3%B6rber_Foundation \"Körber Foundation\")\nIn 2020 Brody composed music for the [Schauspiel Leipzig](/wiki/Schauspiel_Leipzig \"Schauspiel Leipzig\") production of Brennende Erde (Directors: Dura \\& Hans\\-Werner Kroesinger). Along with using traditional instruments, Brody composed with samples of strip mining machines sounds, tractors, nature sounds, and church bells. Radio Mephisto [wrote](https://radiomephisto.de/news/theater-als-dokument-der-gegenwart-68367),\n'Aber auch starke ästhetische Seiten gibt es an dem Abend, insbesondere die musikalischen Arbeit von Paul Brody. Unaufdringlich meistert er es, mit atmosphärischen Klängen und Soundinstallationen Bilder auf die Bühne zu zeichnen — auch zum Vorteil der Schauspielerinnen und Schauspieler.' (But there are also strong aesthetic aspects to the evening, especially the musical work of Paul Brody. Unobtrusively, he masters drawing pictures on the stage with atmospheric sounds and sound installations \\- also for the benefit of the actors and actresses.*)*",
"Brody's 2021 commissions include an opera for Opéra National de Lorraine. The libretto will be constructed from interviews with people living around the opera house, and the melodic material of the opera will be based on the voice\\-melodies of the interviewees. Brody's idea is that the city of Nancy writes its own libretto. Democratic Symphony (2021\\) is a commission by the [Oldenburgisches Staatstheater](/wiki/Oldenburgisches_Staatstheater \"Oldenburgisches Staatstheater\"). The work will be based on recent discussions that Mr. Barz chose from the German Parliament archives. The political debates will be transformed into a theatrical form on stage as part of the symphonic work.\nRadio productions (selection)\n-----------------------------",
"[WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") 'Musikselbermachen' Young people in music (2007\\-2008\\) \n [SWR](/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk \"Südwestrundfunk\") 'Klangküche' Young people in music (2010\\-2012\\)\n [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") Southern Discomfort \\-A Jew from Oklahoma (2014\\)\n [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") Most Wanted Poets, Escape from Alabama Prison (2016\\)\n [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") Grundgesetz \\-Cultural perspectives of German basic law (2017\\)\n [Deutschlandradio](/wiki/Deutschlandradio \"Deutschlandradio\") \\-Radio Art: Talking Melody\\-Singing Story (2017\\)\n [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") Jazzy Diaspora \\- Oder: Die Geburt eines säkularen Juden (2019\\)\nAwards\n------",
"[WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") 5 Lilipuz Lieblingslieder (Favorite Songs) (EMI Virgin Records) (2007\\)\n [Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik](/wiki/Preis_der_Deutschen_Schallplattenkritik \"Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik\"), Bestenliste (2015\\)\n International Radio Conference in Vienna featured guest (2016\\)\n Artist in Residence Kammerspiel (2016\\)\n [Prix Europa](/wiki/Prix_Europa \"Prix Europa\") Radio Broadcasting Festival: Talking Melody/Singing Story (2017\\)\n Artist in Residence [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\") (2018\\)\n [University of Rhode Island](/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island \"University of Rhode Island\") Guest Artist Speaker (2018\\)\n [Prix Europa](/wiki/Prix_Europa \"Prix Europa\") Radio Broadcasting Festival: Jazzy Diaspora \\- Oder: Die Geburt eines säkularen Juden (2020\\)\n Artist in Residence \\-[Museum Quartier Q21 Art Space, Vienna](https://www.mqw.at/en/institutions/q21/artists-in-residence/2020/paul-brody/) (2020\\)\nDiscography\n-----------",
"\\* Paul Brody Octet: \"Turtle Paridise\" (99 Records 1995\\)\n Detonation Orchestra: \"Animals \\& Cowboys\" (NRW Records 2002\\)\n Paul Brody's Tango Toy: \"Laika Records\" (Klezmer Stories 2010\\)\n Paul Brody's Tango Toy: \"Laika Records\" (South Klezmer Suite 2011\\)\n Arnold Dreyblatt And The Orchestra Of Excited Strings: \"Animal Magnetism\" (Tzadik Records 1988\\)\n Paul Brody's Sadawi: \"Kabbalah Dream\" (Tzadik Records 2002\\)\n Paul Brody's Sadawi: \"Beyond Babylon\" (Tzadik Records 2004\\)\n Paul Brody's Sadawi: \"For the Moment\" (Tzadik Records 2007\\)\n Bern, Brody, and Rodach: \"Triophilia\" (Jazzwerkstatt 2009\\)\n Paul Brody's Sadawi: \"Far From Moldova\" (Morgenland Label 2010\\)\n Paul Brody's Sadawi: \"Behind All Words\" (Enja Records 2013\\)\n Paul Brody's Sadawi: \"Vanishing Night\" (Enja Records 2017\\)\nTeaching\n--------",
"Musikschule Wedding Berlin (1998\\-2015\\)\n[Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin](/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_%22Hanns_Eisler%22 \"Hochschule für Musik \") (2009\\- 2014\\)\nCracow Jewish Culture Festival (2010\\-2011\\)\n[Yiddish Summer Weimar](/wiki/Yiddish_Summer_Weimar \"Yiddish Summer Weimar\") (2012\\-2013\\)\n[University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\") Guest Artist Lecture (2018\\)\n[Rhode Island University](/wiki/Rhode_Island_University \"Rhode Island University\") Guest Artist Lecture (2018\\)\nBibliography\n------------",
"Joachim\\-Ernst Berendt, Günther Huesmann: * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to the 21st Century. *Chicago Review Press 2009, {{ISBN\\|1\\-613\\-7460\\-40}}.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Magdalena Waligorska:*\n* Klezmer's Afterlife: An Ethnography of the Jewish Music Revival in Poland and Germany.'' Oxford University Press 2013, {{ISBN\\|0\\-199\\-9958\\-0X}}, S. 169\\."
] |
### Sound installation
Citing influences from [Joseph Beuys](/wiki/Joseph_Beuys "Joseph Beuys"), [Charles Ives](/wiki/Charles_Ives "Charles Ives"), [Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Samuel_Beckett "Samuel Beckett"), and the [Art Ensemble of Chicago](/wiki/Art_Ensemble_of_Chicago "Art Ensemble of Chicago"), along with the story and folklore collecting traditions of [Studs Terkel](/wiki/Studs_Terkel "Studs Terkel") and [Alan Lomax](/wiki/Alan_Lomax "Alan Lomax"), Brody uses oral history to create word and sound\-orientated narratives from documentary material. "A story is a melody and a melody is a story," Brody explained in an [interview](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berlin-schoeneberg-die-kunst-des-helfens/19334238.html) with [Der Tagesspiegel](/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel "Der Tagesspiegel"). His installation work generally examines the relationship between voice\-melody (Sprechgesang) and identity and the notion of home. Brody believes that while words carry one meaning, the voice\-melody can be heard as carrying its own independent narrative. Voices speaking one language with the melody of another language contain infinitely more complex parallel narratives. In addition, the voice\-melody reveals both impersonal and personal information: origin, family history, travels, but also emotional state and physical condition.
Brody's first major sound installation was featured at the [Jewish Museum](/wiki/Jewish_Museum%2C_Berlin "Jewish Museum, Berlin") Berlin's 2011 Heimatkunde (local history) Exhibit. Five Easy Pieces explored the notion of [home](/wiki/Heimat "Heimat") by asking people who live in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") to describe how they view themselves in relation to their adopted city. The installation includes Swiss [filmmaker](/wiki/Filmmaking "Filmmaking") [Dani Levy](/wiki/Dani_Levy "Dani Levy"), Afro\-German writer Katharina Oguntoy, Indian [curator](/wiki/Curator "Curator") Mini Kapur, teachers Anna and Helmut Franz, and Brody himself. While the Berliners describe their place in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), their voice\-melodies reveal much about where they come from and their emotional state. The museum built a surround sound room to display the exhibit.
Brody created a surveillance art piece, Five Families Listening: An Eavesdropping Installation (2015\), for the NK art space in connection with the [Transmediale Festival for Art and Digital Culture](/wiki/Transmediale "Transmediale"). The piece explores the acoustic spaces of living rooms through secret recordings of families talking.
Brody's Art Accompanying Noise (2016\) for the Prinz\-Georg Art Space is a pivotal work, exploring the narrative quality of sounds that artists make while they work. The materials and tools an artist uses to create a picture or a sculpture all create a soundscape (for example, the sound of glass being chipped and wood being cut). Even the sound of paint smeared on canvas has a particular acoustic quality, revealing the work process, a kind of narrative. These sounds are recorded, along with the artist talking about his or her inspiration for the piece being made. The recorded sounds and the voice of the artist are used to create a musical sound installation displayed in a container for the artist's work. The artwork itself is secondary to the sounds used for the installation, therefore the by\-product of the noise becomes the subject of focus, while the finished objects of art are secondary.
[Talking Melody\-Singing Story](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcTl7zN46sM) (2016\) was done as Brody's Artist\-in\-Residence project for the [Munich Kammerspiele](/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele "Munich Kammerspiele"). The piece is based on an [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera")'s two main components, the [aria](/wiki/Aria "Aria") and the [recitative](/wiki/Recitative "Recitative"). For Talking\-Melody, Brody recorded singers recalling the moment they discovered that their voices were special. The stories are used to create [arias](/wiki/Aria "Aria") based on the voice\-melodies of the singers. For Singing\-Story Brody recorded people in three different cities describing what [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera") is to them. The answers were accompanied by a recitative accompaniment, and the interviews include vocal stars [Anna Prohaska](/wiki/Anna_Prohaska "Anna Prohaska"), Laurent Naouri and Lorin Sklamberg. A mini opera house was built to contain the installation. The [Süddeutsche Zeitung](/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung "Süddeutsche Zeitung") writes:
{{Blockquote\|Talking Melody \- Singing Story'. Der knapp zwanzigminütige Hörfilm des amerikanische Musikers Paul Brody reißt die oft so perfekt inszenierte Oberfläche der Kunstform Oper auf, lässt etwa Sänger intim plaudern oder befragt Strafgefangene in Alabama zu ihrem Verhältnis zur Oper, genauso wie deutsche Passanten... Brodys Klanginstallation fängt diesen Moment des Intimwerdens wunderbar auf: Opernsänger, die über ihre ersten bewussten Erfahrungen mit ihrer Stimme plaudern \- die meisten dieser Sängern fangen dann prompt an, Kinderlieder zu singen \- nicht erzwungen, mehr als klangliches Beispiel für ihre Anekdoten.\|\[\[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] July 8th 2016\. \[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/theater\-intime\-miniatur\-1\.3069658 online]}}
[Voices of Help](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berlin-schoeneberg-die-kunst-des-helfens/19334238.html) (2016\-2017\) was a three\-room documentary sound installation at the Youth Museum Berlin. The piece explored concepts of help through interviews with [community](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") and [social workers](/wiki/Social_work "Social work") around Berlin's so\-called [Rote Insel](/wiki/Rote_Insel "Rote Insel"), or Red Island, an erstwhile socialist stronghold in [Schöneberg](/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg "Schöneberg"). The recording of each voice received an instrument that brought out the personal qualities of the interviewees. The first room was dedicated to hearing the stories of how helpers began; the second explored the tools of professional [social workers](/wiki/Social_work "Social work") through collected narratives; the third investigated those expanding the system of help, mostly by volunteering to help refugees in ways meaningful to the helpers themselves. The exhibit was inspired by a [Studs Terkel](/wiki/Studs_Terkel "Studs Terkel")\-like curiosity about the neighborhood—where Brody lives—the knowledge that help is not as prominent in US\-American culture as it is in Germany, and by the people who had helped Brody's mother decades before when she escaped [Nazi](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") Vienna on a [Kindertransport](/wiki/Kindertransport "Kindertransport") (Children's train) at age 13\.
Brody's 2018 sound installation, [Webern from the Inside and Outside](https://boulezsaal.de/webern-installation-paul-brody), was commissioned by the [Pierre Boulez Saal\-Daniel Barenboim Stiftung](/wiki/Barenboim-Said_Akademie "Barenboim-Said Akademie") in Berlin. The immersive sound installation is constructed from fragments of Austrian composer [Anton Webern](/wiki/Anton_Webern "Anton Webern")'s letters that show his moods and reflections on composing. The colorful descriptions are purposely short to reflect the Webern's musical style: short compositions where texture and color are more prominent than melody and development. Brody recorded an actor reading fragments of Webern's letters and used the voice\-melody of the actor's voice for his compositions. The idea of speaking and singing a song became a feature in both classical composition and in cabaret music in the 30s. Using the recording of the voice\-melody of the actor as a framework for his sound installation, Brody followed in the tradition of Schoenberg and Webern by coloring in the compositions with musical colors and textures: this technique is called [Klangfarbenmelodien](/wiki/Klangfarbenmelodie "Klangfarbenmelodie") (Sound color melodies), and was often used by later composers like [György Ligeti](/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti "György Ligeti"). As a dedication to Webern, Brody colored the spoken fragments of Webern's letters with bits and pieces of Webern's own compositions which Brody had sampled. So while listening to Webern's feelings about music, about problems with his colleagues, and his struggles with his insecurities, one hears the musical world of Webern – thus the title of the sound installation, Webern From the Inside and Outside.
In 2019 Brody's composition and sound design premiered at the [Institute for Cultural Inquiry, Berlin.](https://www.ici-berlin.org) He collaborated with [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") Professor and [American Academy](/wiki/American_Academy_in_Berlin "American Academy in Berlin") Scholar, [Rosalind C. Morris](/wiki/Rosalind_C._Morris "Rosalind C. Morris") in her art documentary film, Zama Zama, about gold miners in South Africa.
In 2019 the [Canadian Language Museum](/wiki/Canadian_Language_Museum "Canadian Language Museum") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") commissioned Brody's [The Music of Yiddish Blessings and Curses](http://www.languagemuseum.ca/news/yiddish-spring-canadian-language-museum). The sound installation explores the sonic and narrative qualities of [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish "Yiddish") blessings and cures through interviews with native Yiddish speakers in the Toronto area. Photo portraits of the speakers are included in the installation. Brody was fascinated by Yiddish blessings and curses because of their unique humor, and because curses and blessings reflect both the idiosyncrasies of a culture in their content, and a deep emotionality from the individual saying them.
As the 2020 Artist in Residence at the Museums Quartier at the Tonspur: Kunstverein Wien sound art space, Brody combines the idea of Klangfarbenmelodien with speech\-melody composition. [5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language](https://www.mqw.at/institutionen/q21/artists-in-residence/2020/paul-brody/) grew out of a commission for the [Opéra National de Lorraine](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Lorraine "Opéra national de Lorraine"), in [Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France "Nancy, France"), France. The libretto of Paul Brody's upcoming work will be constructed from interviews with local residents about love, and the music is derived from note\-for\-note transcriptions of the melodies of the recorded voices. A 30\-piece choir and four soloists will bring those stories and voice\-melodies on stage of the baroque opera house. 5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language provides a counterpoint to the grand opera project. Through recorded interviews, it explores the singing qualities of the everyday speaking voice. Brody experiments with compositional techniques to direct the listener's ear to the independent musical qualities of the voice. Words become secondary.
Much of Brody's work is based on the premise that daily conversation contains as much melodic expression as an operatic aria. The spoken voice has its own narration, independent of subject matter, formed by the speaker's life history: family background, geography, age, mood, perhaps even genetic memory. We often filter out this information to focus on the subject matter. Despite all its expressive power, our speaking voice is usually just a servant of words—except in extreme cases: crying, laughing, utterances inspired by [food and sex](/wiki/Food_and_sexuality "Food and sexuality"). At the outer limits of expression, our voice leaves words and becomes its own instrument. 5 Mini Operas is an immersive sound installation that attempts to topple the hierarchy of listening by unhooking syntax and freeing the voice from the tyranny of subject matter, redirecting the ear to the narrative of the voice itself.
The sound installation consists of five short interviews about language and belonging. The interviewees tell us how finding their voice gave them a sense of belonging, an inner Heimat. The listener will hear a few selected interviews from Brody's past projects combined with new interviews, in both English and German. Following operatic tradition, each part of 5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language begins with a short overture – a mini\-homage to one of Brody's primary musical influences, Anton Webern. Then the interviewees share anecdotes illustrating an awareness of their own accent.
Finding musical inspiration from voice\-melodies goes back to early opera. The baroque opera was not aria oriented, but a string of recitatives: that is, a kind of heightened speech\-singing strung into a story. Composer [Leoš Janáček](/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek "Leoš Janáček") was obsessed with vocal patterns. He transcribed them constantly and enjoyed putting them in his compositions. [Steve Reich](/wiki/Steve_Reich "Steve Reich")'s [Different Trains](/wiki/Different_Trains "Different Trains") is perhaps the most well known voice\-melody oriented composition. Brody's interest in vocal patterns bridges both artistic and anthropological. His music seems to ask, "Where does this voice\-melody come from? What does it tell us about this person?"
|
[
"### Sound installation",
"Citing influences from [Joseph Beuys](/wiki/Joseph_Beuys \"Joseph Beuys\"), [Charles Ives](/wiki/Charles_Ives \"Charles Ives\"), [Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Samuel_Beckett \"Samuel Beckett\"), and the [Art Ensemble of Chicago](/wiki/Art_Ensemble_of_Chicago \"Art Ensemble of Chicago\"), along with the story and folklore collecting traditions of [Studs Terkel](/wiki/Studs_Terkel \"Studs Terkel\") and [Alan Lomax](/wiki/Alan_Lomax \"Alan Lomax\"), Brody uses oral history to create word and sound\\-orientated narratives from documentary material. \"A story is a melody and a melody is a story,\" Brody explained in an [interview](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berlin-schoeneberg-die-kunst-des-helfens/19334238.html) with [Der Tagesspiegel](/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel \"Der Tagesspiegel\"). His installation work generally examines the relationship between voice\\-melody (Sprechgesang) and identity and the notion of home. Brody believes that while words carry one meaning, the voice\\-melody can be heard as carrying its own independent narrative. Voices speaking one language with the melody of another language contain infinitely more complex parallel narratives. In addition, the voice\\-melody reveals both impersonal and personal information: origin, family history, travels, but also emotional state and physical condition.",
"Brody's first major sound installation was featured at the [Jewish Museum](/wiki/Jewish_Museum%2C_Berlin \"Jewish Museum, Berlin\") Berlin's 2011 Heimatkunde (local history) Exhibit. Five Easy Pieces explored the notion of [home](/wiki/Heimat \"Heimat\") by asking people who live in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") to describe how they view themselves in relation to their adopted city. The installation includes Swiss [filmmaker](/wiki/Filmmaking \"Filmmaking\") [Dani Levy](/wiki/Dani_Levy \"Dani Levy\"), Afro\\-German writer Katharina Oguntoy, Indian [curator](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\") Mini Kapur, teachers Anna and Helmut Franz, and Brody himself. While the Berliners describe their place in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"), their voice\\-melodies reveal much about where they come from and their emotional state. The museum built a surround sound room to display the exhibit.",
"Brody created a surveillance art piece, Five Families Listening: An Eavesdropping Installation (2015\\), for the NK art space in connection with the [Transmediale Festival for Art and Digital Culture](/wiki/Transmediale \"Transmediale\"). The piece explores the acoustic spaces of living rooms through secret recordings of families talking.",
"Brody's Art Accompanying Noise (2016\\) for the Prinz\\-Georg Art Space is a pivotal work, exploring the narrative quality of sounds that artists make while they work. The materials and tools an artist uses to create a picture or a sculpture all create a soundscape (for example, the sound of glass being chipped and wood being cut). Even the sound of paint smeared on canvas has a particular acoustic quality, revealing the work process, a kind of narrative. These sounds are recorded, along with the artist talking about his or her inspiration for the piece being made. The recorded sounds and the voice of the artist are used to create a musical sound installation displayed in a container for the artist's work. The artwork itself is secondary to the sounds used for the installation, therefore the by\\-product of the noise becomes the subject of focus, while the finished objects of art are secondary.",
"[Talking Melody\\-Singing Story](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcTl7zN46sM) (2016\\) was done as Brody's Artist\\-in\\-Residence project for the [Munich Kammerspiele](/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele \"Munich Kammerspiele\"). The piece is based on an [opera](/wiki/Opera \"Opera\")'s two main components, the [aria](/wiki/Aria \"Aria\") and the [recitative](/wiki/Recitative \"Recitative\"). For Talking\\-Melody, Brody recorded singers recalling the moment they discovered that their voices were special. The stories are used to create [arias](/wiki/Aria \"Aria\") based on the voice\\-melodies of the singers. For Singing\\-Story Brody recorded people in three different cities describing what [opera](/wiki/Opera \"Opera\") is to them. The answers were accompanied by a recitative accompaniment, and the interviews include vocal stars [Anna Prohaska](/wiki/Anna_Prohaska \"Anna Prohaska\"), Laurent Naouri and Lorin Sklamberg. A mini opera house was built to contain the installation. The [Süddeutsche Zeitung](/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung \"Süddeutsche Zeitung\") writes:",
"{{Blockquote\\|Talking Melody \\- Singing Story'. Der knapp zwanzigminütige Hörfilm des amerikanische Musikers Paul Brody reißt die oft so perfekt inszenierte Oberfläche der Kunstform Oper auf, lässt etwa Sänger intim plaudern oder befragt Strafgefangene in Alabama zu ihrem Verhältnis zur Oper, genauso wie deutsche Passanten... Brodys Klanginstallation fängt diesen Moment des Intimwerdens wunderbar auf: Opernsänger, die über ihre ersten bewussten Erfahrungen mit ihrer Stimme plaudern \\- die meisten dieser Sängern fangen dann prompt an, Kinderlieder zu singen \\- nicht erzwungen, mehr als klangliches Beispiel für ihre Anekdoten.\\|\\[\\[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] July 8th 2016\\. \\[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/theater\\-intime\\-miniatur\\-1\\.3069658 online]}}\n[Voices of Help](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berlin-schoeneberg-die-kunst-des-helfens/19334238.html) (2016\\-2017\\) was a three\\-room documentary sound installation at the Youth Museum Berlin. The piece explored concepts of help through interviews with [community](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") and [social workers](/wiki/Social_work \"Social work\") around Berlin's so\\-called [Rote Insel](/wiki/Rote_Insel \"Rote Insel\"), or Red Island, an erstwhile socialist stronghold in [Schöneberg](/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg \"Schöneberg\"). The recording of each voice received an instrument that brought out the personal qualities of the interviewees. The first room was dedicated to hearing the stories of how helpers began; the second explored the tools of professional [social workers](/wiki/Social_work \"Social work\") through collected narratives; the third investigated those expanding the system of help, mostly by volunteering to help refugees in ways meaningful to the helpers themselves. The exhibit was inspired by a [Studs Terkel](/wiki/Studs_Terkel \"Studs Terkel\")\\-like curiosity about the neighborhood—where Brody lives—the knowledge that help is not as prominent in US\\-American culture as it is in Germany, and by the people who had helped Brody's mother decades before when she escaped [Nazi](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\") Vienna on a [Kindertransport](/wiki/Kindertransport \"Kindertransport\") (Children's train) at age 13\\.",
"Brody's 2018 sound installation, [Webern from the Inside and Outside](https://boulezsaal.de/webern-installation-paul-brody), was commissioned by the [Pierre Boulez Saal\\-Daniel Barenboim Stiftung](/wiki/Barenboim-Said_Akademie \"Barenboim-Said Akademie\") in Berlin. The immersive sound installation is constructed from fragments of Austrian composer [Anton Webern](/wiki/Anton_Webern \"Anton Webern\")'s letters that show his moods and reflections on composing. The colorful descriptions are purposely short to reflect the Webern's musical style: short compositions where texture and color are more prominent than melody and development. Brody recorded an actor reading fragments of Webern's letters and used the voice\\-melody of the actor's voice for his compositions. The idea of speaking and singing a song became a feature in both classical composition and in cabaret music in the 30s. Using the recording of the voice\\-melody of the actor as a framework for his sound installation, Brody followed in the tradition of Schoenberg and Webern by coloring in the compositions with musical colors and textures: this technique is called [Klangfarbenmelodien](/wiki/Klangfarbenmelodie \"Klangfarbenmelodie\") (Sound color melodies), and was often used by later composers like [György Ligeti](/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti \"György Ligeti\"). As a dedication to Webern, Brody colored the spoken fragments of Webern's letters with bits and pieces of Webern's own compositions which Brody had sampled. So while listening to Webern's feelings about music, about problems with his colleagues, and his struggles with his insecurities, one hears the musical world of Webern – thus the title of the sound installation, Webern From the Inside and Outside.",
"In 2019 Brody's composition and sound design premiered at the [Institute for Cultural Inquiry, Berlin.](https://www.ici-berlin.org) He collaborated with [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\") Professor and [American Academy](/wiki/American_Academy_in_Berlin \"American Academy in Berlin\") Scholar, [Rosalind C. Morris](/wiki/Rosalind_C._Morris \"Rosalind C. Morris\") in her art documentary film, Zama Zama, about gold miners in South Africa.",
"In 2019 the [Canadian Language Museum](/wiki/Canadian_Language_Museum \"Canadian Language Museum\") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") commissioned Brody's [The Music of Yiddish Blessings and Curses](http://www.languagemuseum.ca/news/yiddish-spring-canadian-language-museum). The sound installation explores the sonic and narrative qualities of [Yiddish](/wiki/Yiddish \"Yiddish\") blessings and cures through interviews with native Yiddish speakers in the Toronto area. Photo portraits of the speakers are included in the installation. Brody was fascinated by Yiddish blessings and curses because of their unique humor, and because curses and blessings reflect both the idiosyncrasies of a culture in their content, and a deep emotionality from the individual saying them.",
"As the 2020 Artist in Residence at the Museums Quartier at the Tonspur: Kunstverein Wien sound art space, Brody combines the idea of Klangfarbenmelodien with speech\\-melody composition. [5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language](https://www.mqw.at/institutionen/q21/artists-in-residence/2020/paul-brody/) grew out of a commission for the [Opéra National de Lorraine](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_de_Lorraine \"Opéra national de Lorraine\"), in [Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France \"Nancy, France\"), France. The libretto of Paul Brody's upcoming work will be constructed from interviews with local residents about love, and the music is derived from note\\-for\\-note transcriptions of the melodies of the recorded voices. A 30\\-piece choir and four soloists will bring those stories and voice\\-melodies on stage of the baroque opera house. 5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language provides a counterpoint to the grand opera project. Through recorded interviews, it explores the singing qualities of the everyday speaking voice. Brody experiments with compositional techniques to direct the listener's ear to the independent musical qualities of the voice. Words become secondary.",
"Much of Brody's work is based on the premise that daily conversation contains as much melodic expression as an operatic aria. The spoken voice has its own narration, independent of subject matter, formed by the speaker's life history: family background, geography, age, mood, perhaps even genetic memory. We often filter out this information to focus on the subject matter. Despite all its expressive power, our speaking voice is usually just a servant of words—except in extreme cases: crying, laughing, utterances inspired by [food and sex](/wiki/Food_and_sexuality \"Food and sexuality\"). At the outer limits of expression, our voice leaves words and becomes its own instrument. 5 Mini Operas is an immersive sound installation that attempts to topple the hierarchy of listening by unhooking syntax and freeing the voice from the tyranny of subject matter, redirecting the ear to the narrative of the voice itself.",
"The sound installation consists of five short interviews about language and belonging. The interviewees tell us how finding their voice gave them a sense of belonging, an inner Heimat. The listener will hear a few selected interviews from Brody's past projects combined with new interviews, in both English and German. Following operatic tradition, each part of 5 Mini Operas in Ordinary Language begins with a short overture – a mini\\-homage to one of Brody's primary musical influences, Anton Webern. Then the interviewees share anecdotes illustrating an awareness of their own accent.",
"Finding musical inspiration from voice\\-melodies goes back to early opera. The baroque opera was not aria oriented, but a string of recitatives: that is, a kind of heightened speech\\-singing strung into a story. Composer [Leoš Janáček](/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek \"Leoš Janáček\") was obsessed with vocal patterns. He transcribed them constantly and enjoyed putting them in his compositions. [Steve Reich](/wiki/Steve_Reich \"Steve Reich\")'s [Different Trains](/wiki/Different_Trains \"Different Trains\") is perhaps the most well known voice\\-melody oriented composition. Brody's interest in vocal patterns bridges both artistic and anthropological. His music seems to ask, \"Where does this voice\\-melody come from? What does it tell us about this person?\"",
""
] |
### Radio art and documentary
Between 2007 and 2012 Paul Brody produced a series of children's radio features about young people in different countries who are involved in music. The series portrayed not only the musical ideas of young performers and composers, but reflected on their social and cultural life as well and its implications for their music.
In the [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") (West German Radio) series 'Musikselbermachen' ('making music yourself') (2007\-2008\) Brody also worked with young narrators who presented the features. From 2010 to 2012 Brody continued the project for the SWR series 'Klangküche' ('sound kitchen'. The young musicians, playing a variety of styles, hailed from [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala "Guatemala"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), and [Eastern](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") and [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe "Western Europe").
In 2013 Brody produced a short piece for the Berlin Stories series of [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio "National Public Radio"), entitled How I didn't meet Diana Ross.
In 2014 he produced The Fringe Sound of Berlin, a full\-length feature exploring the culture of sound in the capital. How does the city sound? And how does the city's mentality affect its musicians? The feature includes interviews with architects such as Barkow Leibinger, Christine Edmaier, writers Leslie Dunton\-Downer, Robert Beachy, and Carol Scherer; and musicians David Marton, Marie Goyette, [David Moss](/wiki/David_Moss_%28musician%29 "David Moss (musician)"), Daniel Dorsch, Wolfgang Müller, and Jochen Arbeit from the [Einstürzende Neubauten](/wiki/Einst%C3%BCrzende_Neubauten "Einstürzende Neubauten").
In 2014 Brody helped develop the three part series *Made in America* for [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk"). He wrote and produced the road trip feature Southern Discomfort– A Jew from Oklahoma for the series. It explores the cultural crossroads of [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish_culture "Jewish culture") and [Southern American](/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States "Culture of the Southern United States") culture through the life of legendary bassist and songwriter [Mark Rubin](/wiki/Mark_Rubin_%28musician%29 "Mark Rubin (musician)").
In 2016 Brody wrote and produced Most Wanted Poets, Escape from Alabama Prison, a WDR radio feature exploring the effect of art on poetry in the harsh environment of the [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") prison system.
In 2017 Brody produced a WDR feature exploring cultural perspectives of the [German constitution](/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany "Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany") and transformed his [Munich Kammerspiele](/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele "Munich Kammerspiele") Artist in Residence project, Talking Melody\-Singing Story, into a radio art piece for [Deutschlandradio](/wiki/Deutschlandradio "Deutschlandradio").
In 2019 Brody produced an autobiographical radio feature for [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk"): Jazzy Diaspora \-Birth of a Secular Jew. While explaining his family history he tells about how his evolution as a musician playing Jewish music in Berlin inspired him to develop a new perspective on Jewish culture. Throughout the story, Brody discovers how music can embody the constant self\-questioning in contemporary Jewish culture without demanding an answer. The Jazzy Diaspora won a place in the WDR lineup for the 2020 [Prix Europa Broadcasting Festival](/wiki/Prix_Europa "Prix Europa").
|
[
"### Radio art and documentary",
"Between 2007 and 2012 Paul Brody produced a series of children's radio features about young people in different countries who are involved in music. The series portrayed not only the musical ideas of young performers and composers, but reflected on their social and cultural life as well and its implications for their music.",
"In the [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") (West German Radio) series 'Musikselbermachen' ('making music yourself') (2007\\-2008\\) Brody also worked with young narrators who presented the features. From 2010 to 2012 Brody continued the project for the SWR series 'Klangküche' ('sound kitchen'. The young musicians, playing a variety of styles, hailed from [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), and [Eastern](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\") and [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\").",
"In 2013 Brody produced a short piece for the Berlin Stories series of [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio \"National Public Radio\"), entitled How I didn't meet Diana Ross.",
"In 2014 he produced The Fringe Sound of Berlin, a full\\-length feature exploring the culture of sound in the capital. How does the city sound? And how does the city's mentality affect its musicians? The feature includes interviews with architects such as Barkow Leibinger, Christine Edmaier, writers Leslie Dunton\\-Downer, Robert Beachy, and Carol Scherer; and musicians David Marton, Marie Goyette, [David Moss](/wiki/David_Moss_%28musician%29 \"David Moss (musician)\"), Daniel Dorsch, Wolfgang Müller, and Jochen Arbeit from the [Einstürzende Neubauten](/wiki/Einst%C3%BCrzende_Neubauten \"Einstürzende Neubauten\").",
"In 2014 Brody helped develop the three part series *Made in America* for [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\"). He wrote and produced the road trip feature Southern Discomfort– A Jew from Oklahoma for the series. It explores the cultural crossroads of [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish_culture \"Jewish culture\") and [Southern American](/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States \"Culture of the Southern United States\") culture through the life of legendary bassist and songwriter [Mark Rubin](/wiki/Mark_Rubin_%28musician%29 \"Mark Rubin (musician)\").",
"In 2016 Brody wrote and produced Most Wanted Poets, Escape from Alabama Prison, a WDR radio feature exploring the effect of art on poetry in the harsh environment of the [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\") prison system.",
"In 2017 Brody produced a WDR feature exploring cultural perspectives of the [German constitution](/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany \"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany\") and transformed his [Munich Kammerspiele](/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele \"Munich Kammerspiele\") Artist in Residence project, Talking Melody\\-Singing Story, into a radio art piece for [Deutschlandradio](/wiki/Deutschlandradio \"Deutschlandradio\").",
"In 2019 Brody produced an autobiographical radio feature for [WDR](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\"): Jazzy Diaspora \\-Birth of a Secular Jew. While explaining his family history he tells about how his evolution as a musician playing Jewish music in Berlin inspired him to develop a new perspective on Jewish culture. Throughout the story, Brody discovers how music can embody the constant self\\-questioning in contemporary Jewish culture without demanding an answer. The Jazzy Diaspora won a place in the WDR lineup for the 2020 [Prix Europa Broadcasting Festival](/wiki/Prix_Europa \"Prix Europa\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Maddux was born in [Lawton, Oklahoma](/wiki/Lawton%2C_Oklahoma "Lawton, Oklahoma"). He received a bachelor of arts degree from the [University of Oklahoma](/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma "University of Oklahoma") in 1936, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in October 1937 upon completion of flying training at Randolph and Kelly fields, Texas.
### Service
His first assignment as a pilot was in the [Panama Canal Zone](/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone "Panama Canal Zone") from 1937 to 1940, where he flew pursuit aircraft. In June 1940 he was assigned to the 19th Bombardment Group as a B\-17 pilot. In May 1941 he participated in the first long\-range, over\-water flight of land\-based bombers, from California to Hawaii; and in October 1941 he piloted a B\-17 to the Philippines, arriving there shortly before the U.S. involvement in World War II began on December 7, 1941\. He was on Bataan and in Australia and New Guinea until November 1942 when he was sent to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), for duty on the War Department General Staff.
In August 1945 Maddux returned to the Pacific with the 20th Bomber Command on Guam. In 1946 he became chief of personnel of the Far East Air Forces with headquarters in Japan, where he remained until assignment to the Air War College in 1948\. From 1949 until 1952 he was a division chief in Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, and in 1952 he attended the National War College. From 1953 to 1957 Maddux commanded the Navigator Training Wing at Mather Air Force Base, California. In July 1957 he became deputy commander of Flying Training Air Force and in June 1958 the inspector general of the [Air Training Command](/wiki/Air_Training_Command "Air Training Command").
Maddux served as the senior member, [United Nations Command](/wiki/United_Nations_Command "United Nations Command"), Military Armistice Commission at [Panmunjom](/wiki/Panmunjom "Panmunjom"), Korea, from October 1959 until May 1960, when he became deputy for plans and operations to the commander in chief, Pacific. In August 1963 he returned to the Philippines as the commander, Thirteenth Air Force.
In July 1965 he became the vice commander in chief of the Pacific Air Forces and in 1966 assumed command of the Air Training Command. He retired September 1, 1970\.
### Awards and Medals
His military decorations include the Distinguished Service Medal, [Legion of Merit](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit "Legion of Merit") with oak leaf cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star Medal with oak leaf cluster, Air Medal, Joint Services Commendation Medal and the Purple Heart. In 1957 he was awarded the Air Force Association Citation of Honor for outstanding contribution to the advancement of airpower in the interest of national security and world peace. He also holds the Vietnamese Air Force Distinguished Service Medal 1st Class, the Vietnamese Air Force Air Gallantry Medal with Gold Wings, Korean Order of Military Merit Taeguk, Chinese Medal of Cloud and Banner, and the First Class Knight Grand Cross of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Maddux was born in [Lawton, Oklahoma](/wiki/Lawton%2C_Oklahoma \"Lawton, Oklahoma\"). He received a bachelor of arts degree from the [University of Oklahoma](/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma \"University of Oklahoma\") in 1936, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in October 1937 upon completion of flying training at Randolph and Kelly fields, Texas.",
"### Service",
"His first assignment as a pilot was in the [Panama Canal Zone](/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone \"Panama Canal Zone\") from 1937 to 1940, where he flew pursuit aircraft. In June 1940 he was assigned to the 19th Bombardment Group as a B\\-17 pilot. In May 1941 he participated in the first long\\-range, over\\-water flight of land\\-based bombers, from California to Hawaii; and in October 1941 he piloted a B\\-17 to the Philippines, arriving there shortly before the U.S. involvement in World War II began on December 7, 1941\\. He was on Bataan and in Australia and New Guinea until November 1942 when he was sent to [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), for duty on the War Department General Staff.",
"In August 1945 Maddux returned to the Pacific with the 20th Bomber Command on Guam. In 1946 he became chief of personnel of the Far East Air Forces with headquarters in Japan, where he remained until assignment to the Air War College in 1948\\. From 1949 until 1952 he was a division chief in Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, and in 1952 he attended the National War College. From 1953 to 1957 Maddux commanded the Navigator Training Wing at Mather Air Force Base, California. In July 1957 he became deputy commander of Flying Training Air Force and in June 1958 the inspector general of the [Air Training Command](/wiki/Air_Training_Command \"Air Training Command\").",
"Maddux served as the senior member, [United Nations Command](/wiki/United_Nations_Command \"United Nations Command\"), Military Armistice Commission at [Panmunjom](/wiki/Panmunjom \"Panmunjom\"), Korea, from October 1959 until May 1960, when he became deputy for plans and operations to the commander in chief, Pacific. In August 1963 he returned to the Philippines as the commander, Thirteenth Air Force.",
"In July 1965 he became the vice commander in chief of the Pacific Air Forces and in 1966 assumed command of the Air Training Command. He retired September 1, 1970\\.",
"### Awards and Medals",
"His military decorations include the Distinguished Service Medal, [Legion of Merit](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit \"Legion of Merit\") with oak leaf cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star Medal with oak leaf cluster, Air Medal, Joint Services Commendation Medal and the Purple Heart. In 1957 he was awarded the Air Force Association Citation of Honor for outstanding contribution to the advancement of airpower in the interest of national security and world peace. He also holds the Vietnamese Air Force Distinguished Service Medal 1st Class, the Vietnamese Air Force Air Gallantry Medal with Gold Wings, Korean Order of Military Merit Taeguk, Chinese Medal of Cloud and Banner, and the First Class Knight Grand Cross of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand.",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1914, the first Scout groups in Cuba were founded, and [Carlos Alzugarai](/wiki/Carlos_Alzugarai "Carlos Alzugarai"), [Miguel Ángel Quevedo](/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Quevedo "Miguel Ángel Quevedo"), [Jules Loustalot](/wiki/Jules_Loustalot "Jules Loustalot") and others wrote up the statutes and began Scout activities. The first troops of [Boy Scouts](/wiki/Boy_Scout "Boy Scout") in Cuba met under the [sponsorship](/wiki/Sponsor_%28commercial%29 "Sponsor (commercial)") of the [American Legion](/wiki/American_Legion "American Legion"), the *Mother's Club del Vedado* and the electric generating plant of the *[Compañía Cubana de Electricidad](/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Cubana_de_Electricidad "Compañía Cubana de Electricidad")*. [Angel Loustalot](/wiki/Angel_Loustalot "Angel Loustalot"), the son of Jules Loustalot, was commissioner for other pioneers of the Scout Movement, [Enrique Quintana](/wiki/Enrique_Quintana "Enrique Quintana"), Dr. [Moisés Boudé](/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_Boud%C3%A9 "Moisés Boudé"), [Domingo Romeo Jaime](/wiki/Domingo_Romeo_Jaime "Domingo Romeo Jaime") and [Oscar Poey Bonachea](/wiki/Oscar_Poey_Bonachea "Oscar Poey Bonachea"). In the following years more local groups emerged, but they were not coordinated through a national association until 1927 when the *Asociación de Scouts de Cuba* was founded.[J.S. Wilson](/wiki/J.S._Wilson "J.S. Wilson"), *Scouting Round the World*, Bandford Press, London, 1959, p. 229\. The Scouts of Cuba was declared an official institution by [presidential decree](/wiki/Presidential_decree "Presidential decree") no. 871 of June 22, 1927\. In the same year the association became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. During its first years, Cuban Scouting followed the model of the [Boy Scouts of America](/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America "Boy Scouts of America"), using the [uniform](/wiki/Uniform "Uniform"), [Boy Scout Handbook](/wiki/Boy_Scout_Handbook "Boy Scout Handbook") and many of their practices.
[thumb\|140px\|left\|1940s membership badge of the then\-**Exploradores de Cuba** features a [palm tree](/wiki/Palm_tree "Palm tree"); the shape was not set, so the design changed depending on the artist](/wiki/File:Asociaci%C3%B3n_de_Scouts_de_Cuba_1940s.svg "Asociación de Scouts de Cuba 1940s.svg")
[thumb\|140px\|left\|In the 1950s, the membership badge was colored to match the [flag of Cuba](/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba "Flag of Cuba").](/wiki/File:Asociaci%C3%B3n_de_Scouts_de_Cuba_1954.svg "Asociación de Scouts de Cuba 1954.svg")
In 1941, the ASC held its first national [Jamboree](/wiki/Jamboree_%28Scouting%29 "Jamboree (Scouting)") in [Havana](/wiki/Havana "Havana"). The second followed in 1948 in [Cayo Conuco](/wiki/Caibari%C3%A9n%23Cayo_Conuco "Caibarién#Cayo Conuco"), [Caibarién](/wiki/Caibari%C3%A9n "Caibarién") and the third in 1954 in [Wajay](/wiki/Matanzas%23Wajay "Matanzas#Wajay") celebrating the 40th anniversary of Scouting in Cuba.
Dr. [Rogelio Pina Estrada](/wiki/Rogelio_Pina_Estrada "Rogelio Pina Estrada") was a member of the [World Scout Committee](/wiki/World_Scout_Committee "World Scout Committee") of the [World Organization of the Scout Movement](/wiki/World_Organization_of_the_Scout_Movement "World Organization of the Scout Movement") from 1949 until 1951\.
[Salvador Fernández Beltrán](/wiki/Salvador_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Beltr%C3%A1n "Salvador Fernández Beltrán") [D.J.C.](/wiki/D.J.C. "D.J.C.") of [Matanzas](/wiki/Matanzas "Matanzas") was among the first in [the Americas](/wiki/The_Americas "The Americas") to receive [Wood Badge](/wiki/Wood_Badge "Wood Badge") training, at [Gilwell Park](/wiki/Gilwell_Park "Gilwell Park"), [England](/wiki/England "England"). He was the first to receive honorary appointment as Deputy Camp Chief of [Gilwell](/wiki/Gilwell_Park "Gilwell Park"). With this influence, the Scouts of Cuba began to use short trousers like those worn by the [English](/wiki/England "England"). Fernandez Beltrán was known for his work within the Scouts of Cuba, as well as assisting in the creation of the [InterAmerican Scout Office](/wiki/Interamerican_Region "Interamerican Region"), the divisional office of the World Scout Bureau of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, founded and maintained with headquarters in Havana from 1946 to 1960\. At the beginning of the 1960s Fernandez Beltrán was appointed to the office of Deputy Secretary of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in [Geneva, Switzerland](/wiki/Geneva%2C_Switzerland "Geneva, Switzerland").[J.S. Wilson](/wiki/J.S._Wilson "J.S. Wilson"), *Scouting Round the World*, Bandford Press, London, 1959, p. 239\. He retired to Venezuela where he died in 1987\.
In February 1953, the Third\-Inter\-American Scouyt Conference was held at La Habana. In 1954, for the 40th anniversary of their foundation, the Scouts of Cuba celebrated with the Third National [Jamboree](/wiki/Jamboree_%28Scouting%29 "Jamboree (Scouting)") *Tercer Campamento Nacional de Patrullas* in Wajay, [Havana Province](/wiki/Havana_Province "Havana Province"), attended by more than 1000 Scouts, including several neighboring countries. For this celebration, the [Ministry of Communications](/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications "Ministry of Communications") issued [Scout postage stamps](/wiki/SOSSI "SOSSI").
[thumb\|140px\|Scouts de Cuba contingent badge to the 1959 World Scout Jamboree](/wiki/File:Scouts_de_Cuba_1959.png "Scouts de Cuba 1959.png")
In 1956, under the leadership of [Serafín García Menocal](/wiki/Seraf%C3%ADn_Garc%C3%ADa_Menocal "Serafín García Menocal"), President of the *Consejo Nacional Scouts de Cuba* (National Council), the Scouts of Cuba bought the national training grounds *Campo Escuela Nacional Mayabeque* at [Mayabeque](/wiki/Mayabeque_Province "Mayabeque Province"), along the river of the same name, near [Catalina de Güines](/wiki/Catalina_de_G%C3%BCines "Catalina de Güines") in [Havana Province](/wiki/Havana_Province "Havana Province") within 50 km of the capital. The National Camp School was dedicated to the training of Scouters and for Scout camping. The Field School was abandoned in 1961, and at the moment is under the water of [Mampostón](/wiki/Mampost%C3%B3n "Mampostón") reservoir.
Scouting existed in Cuba itself until the 1960s, when Cuban Scouting ceased operations after the [Cuban revolution](/wiki/Cuban_revolution "Cuban revolution") of 1959\. Cuban Scouts rendered service during those times, directing traffic, collecting rations, helping in hospitals and establishing first aid stations. In 1961, the [World Scout Conference](/wiki/World_Scout_Conference "World Scout Conference") terminated the WOSM membership claiming that the ASC had ceased to exist. The last National Chief Scouts were [Virgilio Morales Díaz](/wiki/Virgilio_Morales_D%C3%ADaz "Virgilio Morales Díaz") and Doctor [José Borrel Tudurí](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Borrel_Tudur%C3%AD "José Borrel Tudurí"), along with Doctor [Celina Cardoso](/wiki/Celina_Cardoso "Celina Cardoso"), President and Secretary of the National Council. [Kenneth Symington](/wiki/Kenneth_Symington "Kenneth Symington") of Cañal was the last National Executive Commissioner.
[Communist leaders](/wiki/Cuba%23Revolution_and_Communist_Party_rule_%281959%E2%80%93present%29 "Cuba#Revolution and Communist Party rule (1959–present)") replaced the association with the [José Martí Pioneer Organization](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_Pioneer_Organization "José Martí Pioneer Organization").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1914, the first Scout groups in Cuba were founded, and [Carlos Alzugarai](/wiki/Carlos_Alzugarai \"Carlos Alzugarai\"), [Miguel Ángel Quevedo](/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Quevedo \"Miguel Ángel Quevedo\"), [Jules Loustalot](/wiki/Jules_Loustalot \"Jules Loustalot\") and others wrote up the statutes and began Scout activities. The first troops of [Boy Scouts](/wiki/Boy_Scout \"Boy Scout\") in Cuba met under the [sponsorship](/wiki/Sponsor_%28commercial%29 \"Sponsor (commercial)\") of the [American Legion](/wiki/American_Legion \"American Legion\"), the *Mother's Club del Vedado* and the electric generating plant of the *[Compañía Cubana de Electricidad](/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Cubana_de_Electricidad \"Compañía Cubana de Electricidad\")*. [Angel Loustalot](/wiki/Angel_Loustalot \"Angel Loustalot\"), the son of Jules Loustalot, was commissioner for other pioneers of the Scout Movement, [Enrique Quintana](/wiki/Enrique_Quintana \"Enrique Quintana\"), Dr. [Moisés Boudé](/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_Boud%C3%A9 \"Moisés Boudé\"), [Domingo Romeo Jaime](/wiki/Domingo_Romeo_Jaime \"Domingo Romeo Jaime\") and [Oscar Poey Bonachea](/wiki/Oscar_Poey_Bonachea \"Oscar Poey Bonachea\"). In the following years more local groups emerged, but they were not coordinated through a national association until 1927 when the *Asociación de Scouts de Cuba* was founded.[J.S. Wilson](/wiki/J.S._Wilson \"J.S. Wilson\"), *Scouting Round the World*, Bandford Press, London, 1959, p. 229\\. The Scouts of Cuba was declared an official institution by [presidential decree](/wiki/Presidential_decree \"Presidential decree\") no. 871 of June 22, 1927\\. In the same year the association became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. During its first years, Cuban Scouting followed the model of the [Boy Scouts of America](/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America \"Boy Scouts of America\"), using the [uniform](/wiki/Uniform \"Uniform\"), [Boy Scout Handbook](/wiki/Boy_Scout_Handbook \"Boy Scout Handbook\") and many of their practices.",
"[thumb\\|140px\\|left\\|1940s membership badge of the then\\-**Exploradores de Cuba** features a [palm tree](/wiki/Palm_tree \"Palm tree\"); the shape was not set, so the design changed depending on the artist](/wiki/File:Asociaci%C3%B3n_de_Scouts_de_Cuba_1940s.svg \"Asociación de Scouts de Cuba 1940s.svg\")\n[thumb\\|140px\\|left\\|In the 1950s, the membership badge was colored to match the [flag of Cuba](/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba \"Flag of Cuba\").](/wiki/File:Asociaci%C3%B3n_de_Scouts_de_Cuba_1954.svg \"Asociación de Scouts de Cuba 1954.svg\")",
"In 1941, the ASC held its first national [Jamboree](/wiki/Jamboree_%28Scouting%29 \"Jamboree (Scouting)\") in [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\"). The second followed in 1948 in [Cayo Conuco](/wiki/Caibari%C3%A9n%23Cayo_Conuco \"Caibarién#Cayo Conuco\"), [Caibarién](/wiki/Caibari%C3%A9n \"Caibarién\") and the third in 1954 in [Wajay](/wiki/Matanzas%23Wajay \"Matanzas#Wajay\") celebrating the 40th anniversary of Scouting in Cuba.",
"Dr. [Rogelio Pina Estrada](/wiki/Rogelio_Pina_Estrada \"Rogelio Pina Estrada\") was a member of the [World Scout Committee](/wiki/World_Scout_Committee \"World Scout Committee\") of the [World Organization of the Scout Movement](/wiki/World_Organization_of_the_Scout_Movement \"World Organization of the Scout Movement\") from 1949 until 1951\\.",
"[Salvador Fernández Beltrán](/wiki/Salvador_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Beltr%C3%A1n \"Salvador Fernández Beltrán\") [D.J.C.](/wiki/D.J.C. \"D.J.C.\") of [Matanzas](/wiki/Matanzas \"Matanzas\") was among the first in [the Americas](/wiki/The_Americas \"The Americas\") to receive [Wood Badge](/wiki/Wood_Badge \"Wood Badge\") training, at [Gilwell Park](/wiki/Gilwell_Park \"Gilwell Park\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). He was the first to receive honorary appointment as Deputy Camp Chief of [Gilwell](/wiki/Gilwell_Park \"Gilwell Park\"). With this influence, the Scouts of Cuba began to use short trousers like those worn by the [English](/wiki/England \"England\"). Fernandez Beltrán was known for his work within the Scouts of Cuba, as well as assisting in the creation of the [InterAmerican Scout Office](/wiki/Interamerican_Region \"Interamerican Region\"), the divisional office of the World Scout Bureau of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, founded and maintained with headquarters in Havana from 1946 to 1960\\. At the beginning of the 1960s Fernandez Beltrán was appointed to the office of Deputy Secretary of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in [Geneva, Switzerland](/wiki/Geneva%2C_Switzerland \"Geneva, Switzerland\").[J.S. Wilson](/wiki/J.S._Wilson \"J.S. Wilson\"), *Scouting Round the World*, Bandford Press, London, 1959, p. 239\\. He retired to Venezuela where he died in 1987\\.",
"In February 1953, the Third\\-Inter\\-American Scouyt Conference was held at La Habana. In 1954, for the 40th anniversary of their foundation, the Scouts of Cuba celebrated with the Third National [Jamboree](/wiki/Jamboree_%28Scouting%29 \"Jamboree (Scouting)\") *Tercer Campamento Nacional de Patrullas* in Wajay, [Havana Province](/wiki/Havana_Province \"Havana Province\"), attended by more than 1000 Scouts, including several neighboring countries. For this celebration, the [Ministry of Communications](/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications \"Ministry of Communications\") issued [Scout postage stamps](/wiki/SOSSI \"SOSSI\").",
"[thumb\\|140px\\|Scouts de Cuba contingent badge to the 1959 World Scout Jamboree](/wiki/File:Scouts_de_Cuba_1959.png \"Scouts de Cuba 1959.png\")\nIn 1956, under the leadership of [Serafín García Menocal](/wiki/Seraf%C3%ADn_Garc%C3%ADa_Menocal \"Serafín García Menocal\"), President of the *Consejo Nacional Scouts de Cuba* (National Council), the Scouts of Cuba bought the national training grounds *Campo Escuela Nacional Mayabeque* at [Mayabeque](/wiki/Mayabeque_Province \"Mayabeque Province\"), along the river of the same name, near [Catalina de Güines](/wiki/Catalina_de_G%C3%BCines \"Catalina de Güines\") in [Havana Province](/wiki/Havana_Province \"Havana Province\") within 50 km of the capital. The National Camp School was dedicated to the training of Scouters and for Scout camping. The Field School was abandoned in 1961, and at the moment is under the water of [Mampostón](/wiki/Mampost%C3%B3n \"Mampostón\") reservoir.",
"Scouting existed in Cuba itself until the 1960s, when Cuban Scouting ceased operations after the [Cuban revolution](/wiki/Cuban_revolution \"Cuban revolution\") of 1959\\. Cuban Scouts rendered service during those times, directing traffic, collecting rations, helping in hospitals and establishing first aid stations. In 1961, the [World Scout Conference](/wiki/World_Scout_Conference \"World Scout Conference\") terminated the WOSM membership claiming that the ASC had ceased to exist. The last National Chief Scouts were [Virgilio Morales Díaz](/wiki/Virgilio_Morales_D%C3%ADaz \"Virgilio Morales Díaz\") and Doctor [José Borrel Tudurí](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Borrel_Tudur%C3%AD \"José Borrel Tudurí\"), along with Doctor [Celina Cardoso](/wiki/Celina_Cardoso \"Celina Cardoso\"), President and Secretary of the National Council. [Kenneth Symington](/wiki/Kenneth_Symington \"Kenneth Symington\") of Cañal was the last National Executive Commissioner.",
"[Communist leaders](/wiki/Cuba%23Revolution_and_Communist_Party_rule_%281959%E2%80%93present%29 \"Cuba#Revolution and Communist Party rule (1959–present)\") replaced the association with the [José Martí Pioneer Organization](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_Pioneer_Organization \"José Martí Pioneer Organization\").",
""
] |
Models
------
### Mercedes\-Benz
The engine range from W222 is carried over to W223 with inline six, V8, and V12\. For the first time, the V12 engine is fitted with 4MATIC all\-wheel\-drive system and is exclusive to S 680 Guard 4MATIC. The 4MATIC system is standard equipment for most of S\-Class models with exception of S 450 e. S 350 d and S 580 e can be ordered with 4MATIC system as extra\-cost option. All models except S 680 Guard 4MATIC are offered in both standard and long wheelbases.
#### Mercedes\-Benz S 680 Guard 4MATIC
[thumb\|Mercedes\-Benz S 680 Guard (W223\)\|left](/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_W223_680_Guard_IAA_2021_1X7A0048.jpg "Mercedes-Benz W223 680 Guard IAA 2021 1X7A0048.jpg")
On 28 July 2021, Mercedes\-Benz announced the new armoured S 680 Guard 4MATIC. The S 680 Guard 4MATIC has [VPAM VR10](/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards "List of body armor performance standards") armour level.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.motor1\.com/news/523186/2022\-mercedes\-s\-class\-guard/ \|title\=2022 Mercedes S\-Class Guard Debuts As V12 Armored Luxury Cocoon \|first\=Adrian \|last\=Padeanu \|date\=28 July 2021 \|work\=Motor 1 \|accessdate\=2 November 2023}}
Due to its heavier weight, the top speed limit is reduced to 190 km/h.
{{clear\|left}}
### Mercedes\-Maybach
The Z223 Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Class was revealed on 19 November 2020 with model designations S 580 4MATIC and S 680 4MATIC.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.autobild.de/artikel/mercedes\-maybach\-s\-klasse\-2020\-preis\-s\-650\-motor\-v12\-18574069\.html \|language\=de \|work\=Auto Bild \|first\=Jan \|last\=Götze \|title\=Als Maybach wird die Mercedes S\-Klasse noch luxuriöser als bisher \|date\=19 November 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car\-news/new\-cars/new\-2021\-mercedes\-maybach\-s\-class\-revealed\-ultra\-luxury\-flagship \|work\=Autocar UK \|date\=19 November 2020 \|first\=Lawrence \|last\=Allan \|title\=The new Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Class has been unveiled as the pinnacle of the new luxury saloon range, offering more space and premium features for rear\-seat occupants.}} The Mercedes\-Maybach is 18 centimetres longer than the predecessor. Several design cues, separating the Mercedes\-Maybach from Mercedes\-Benz, are carried over. Another first for Mercedes\-Benz is the frontal airbags for the rear passengers.{{cite web\|date\=11 November 2020\|title\=Restraint and Driving Assistance System\|url\=https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Restraint\-and\-driving\-assistance\-systems.xhtml?oid\=48161758\|work\=Daimler AG Media}}
Available engines are a 3\-litre six\-cylinder inline petrol for S 580 e 4MATIC, 4\-litre biturbo V8 for the S 580 4MATIC, and a 6\-litre biturbo V12 for the S 680 4MATIC. Both are fitted with standard 4MATIC all\-wheel\-drive system.
Exclusive to the Chinese market, an S 480 4MATIC with 3\-litre six\-cylinder inline petrol engine is offered due to the high taxation on engine displacement.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.motor1\.com/news/503797/maybach\-s\-class\-six\-cylinder/ \|title\=Maybach S\-Class Gets Six\-Cylinder Engine For The Poorer Rich People \|first\=Adrian \|last\=Padeanu \|date\=27 April 2021 \|work\=Motor One \|access\-date\=2 November 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mercedes\-benz.com.cn/engine\-detail.html\#/engine?code\=22396110\-CN1 \|title\=S级 全新梅赛德斯\-迈巴赫S级轿车 \|work\=Mercedes\-Benz China \|access\-date\=20 June 2021}}
In Germany Mercedes\-Maybach announced the launch date of May 2021 for ordering and the delivery date of July 2021\.{{cite web\|url\=https://blog.mercedes\-benz\-passion.com/2021/01/neues\-maybach\-modell\-verkaufsfreigabe\-im\-mai\-markteinfuehrung\-im\-juni/ \|title\=Verkaufsfreigabe für Maybach S 580 4MATIC \& 680 4MATIC im Mai 2021 \|first\=Markus \|last\=Jordan \|date\=25 January 2021 \|language\=de \|work\=mbPassion}}{{cite web\|last\=Jordan \|first\=Markus \|date\=18 May 2021 \|title\=Mercedes\-Maybach 8\- \& 12 Zylinder S 580 4MATIC sowie 680 4MATIC Varianten nun bestellbar \|url\=https://mbpassion.de/2021/05/mercedes\-maybach\-s\-580\-4matic\-sowie\-680\-4matic\-bestellbar/ \|work\=mbPassion\|language\=de}}
Mercedes\-Benz launched the S 580 4MATIC and the S 680 4MATIC in India on 3 March 2022\. The S 580 4MATIC is assembled at Mercedes\-Benz manufacturing plant in [Chakan, Pune](/wiki/Chakan%2C_Pune "Chakan, Pune").{{Cite web \| title\=Made\-in\-India Mercedes Maybach S\-Class 580 launched at INR 2\.5 crore \| url\=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger\-vehicle/cars/2022\-mercedes\-maybach\-s\-class\-launched\-in\-india\-at\-inr\-2\-5\-crore\-rolled\-out\-from\-pune\-production\-facility/89970329 \|access\-date\=11 March 2022 \|website\=ET Auto \|language\=en}}{{Cite news \| date\=4 April 2022 \|title\=Mercedes\-Benz rolls out 'Made\-in\-India' Maybach S\-Class \|language\=en\-IN \|work\=The Hindu \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/business/mercedes\-benz\-rolls\-out\-made\-in\-india\-maybach\-s\-class/article65187080\.ece \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20220420045226/https://www.thehindu.com/business/mercedes\-benz\-rolls\-out\-made\-in\-india\-maybach\-s\-class/article65187080\.ece \| archive\-date\=20 April 2022 \|issn\=0971\-751X}}
File:2023 Mercedes Maybach S580 in Obsidian Black and High\-Tech Silver, front left side.jpg\|Mercedes\-Maybach S 580
File:2023 Mercedes Maybach S580 in Obsidian Black and High\-Tech Silver, rear left.jpg\|Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Class (rear view)
File:Mercedes\-Maybach Z223 680 IAA 2021 1X7A0287\.jpg\|Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 (interior)
File:Mercedes\-Maybach Z223 680 IAA 2021 1X7A0286\.jpg\|Back seat
{{clear\|left}}
#### Mercedes\-Maybach S 580 e
The Mercedes\-Maybach S 580 e debuted in February 2023 as the brand's first plug\-in hybrid model, featuring an inline\-six engine and an electric motor that produce a combined {{cvt\|510\|PS\|kW hp\|0}} output.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.carscoops.com/2023/02/new\-s580e\-is\-maybachs\-first\-ever\-plug\-in\-hybrid\-pure\-ev\-coming\-this\-year/ \|first\=Thanos \|last\=Pappas \|title\=New S580e Is Maybach's First Ever Plug\-in Hybrid, Pure EV Coming Soon \|date\=9 February 2023 \|website\=Carscoops}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.motor1\.com/news/651754/mercedes\-maybach\-s580e\-plug\-in\-hybrid\-debuts/ \|first\=Anthony \|last\=Alaniz \|title\=Mercedes\-Maybach S 580 e Debuts As Brand's First Plug\-In Hybrid Model \|date\=9 February 2023 \|website\=Motor1}} S 580 e is only Mercedes\-Maybach model not to be equipped with 4MATIC system.
#### Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 "Edition 100"
To commemorate the 100\-year anniversary of first production car by [Maybach Motorenbau GmbH](/wiki/Maybach "Maybach") in 1921, Mercedes\-Benz launched the limited production of Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 "Edition 100".{{cite web\|url\=https://de.motor1\.com/news/536967/maybach\-sklasse\-edition100\-sondermodell\-2021/ \|title\=Mercedes\-Maybach zeigt S\-Klasse und GLS Edition 100 \|first\=Manuel \|last\=Lehbrink \|work\=Motor1 \|date\=29 September 2021 \|lang\=de \|accessdate\=2 November 2023}} The production is limited to 100 units.
The S 680 "Edition 100" has the special two\-tone paint colours: High Tech Silver (Hightechsilber) on lower part and Nautical Blue (Nautikblau) on the upper part. The interior is done with special upholstery design in two\-tone colours: Crystal White and Silver\-grey Pearl
#### Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture
The Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture is a special edition of the S 680 that is based on "haute couture" (high fashion). It was presented in May 2022 in a concept form, with Mercedes later confirming intentions to put the Haute Voiture into production, with the production version being unveiled in December following a Dubai fashion show.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mercedes\-benz.com/de/exklusiv/me\-magazin/haute\-voiture/ \|title\=Haute Voiture \|work\=Mercedes\-Benz AG \|lang\=de \|accessdate\=2 November 2023}}
The car features a two\-tone paint job consisting of Nautical Blue and Rose Gold above and below the belt line, respectively. This color is exclusive to the Haute Voiture. It sports monoblock wheels painted to match the blue paint on the upper body. The body is also adorned with chrome trim.
For the interior, the car is upholstered in Bouclé, a type of fabric woven from yarn, that incorporates blue, beige, rose gold, and various other shades of gold into the pattern, with additional crystal and glossy opal white features. The car comes with a set of linen and mohair (yarn made from goat hair) floor mats, as well as a set of rose gold champagne flutes. {{Cite web \|date\=12 December 2022 \|title\=2023 Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture Heralded as 'Drivable Art' \|url\=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a42204345/2023\-mercedes\-maybach\-s680\-haute\-voiture\-revealed/ \|first\=Eric \|last\=Stafford \|website\=Car and Driver \|access\-date\=2 November 2023}}
The MBUX system was upgraded with the intention to emphasize the atmosphere of a fashion show catwalk, with sparkling glitter clouds and a variety of rose gold accents. Drivers are greeted with sparkling particles and a magnolia blossom on the profile selection menu, and available are 12 different elegantly dressed avatars, such as in a tailcoat, evening gown, and dinner jacket, and are adorned with fine accessories.{{Cite web \|date\=12 December 2022 \|title\=The ultimate collectible: Mercedes\-Maybach releases the limited edition series Haute Voiture \|url\=https://media.mbusa.com/releases/the\-ultimate\-collectible\-mercedes\-maybach\-releases\-the\-limited\-edition\-series\-haute\-voiture \|website\=Mercedes\-Benz USA \|accessdate\=2 November 2023}}
The Haute Voiture is accompanied by a special hand\-made gift box containing a key ring, its badge number, and a scale model. Mercedes will also be releasing a bag collection, made of materials of the vehicle's interior, to be available in different sizes and styles. The bag collection has been released in early 2023 in limited run and are available at both Maybach Icons of Luxury physical and online stores.
The Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture is launched in early 2023 and is strictly limited to 150 units.
{{clear}}
#### Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Klasse "Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680
As inspired by the "Project MAYBACH", Mercedes\-Benz introduced the Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Klasse "Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680 that interpreted the style, fashion, material, and design directions set by [Virgil Abloh](/wiki/Virgil_Abloh "Virgil Abloh") and [Gorden Wagener](/wiki/Gorden_Wagener "Gorden Wagener") for their "Project MAYBACH" Show Car.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mercedes\-benz.com/de/fahrzeuge/mercedes\-maybach/project\-maybach/ \|title\="Project MAYBACH" \|work\=Mercedes\-Benz AG \|accessdate\=2 November 2023}} The special edition honours Virgil Abloh who passed away in 2021 from cancer.
Only 152 were produced, and 39 were sold in the United States {{cite web\|title\=2023 Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Class Designed By Virgil Abloh Debuts With Style \|first\=Angel \|last\=Sergeev \|date\=5 April 2022 \|work\=Motor1
\|url\=https://www.motor1\.com/news/577931/maybach\-s\-class\-virgil\-abloh/}} to artists, celebrities, and other influential individuals. [Alicia Keys](/wiki/Alicia_Keys "Alicia Keys") was the first person to receive an S\-Klasse „Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680, as a gift from her husband [Swizz Beatz](/wiki/Swizz_Beatz "Swizz Beatz").{{cite web \|title\=Celebrities Start Taking Delivery Of Their Virgil Abloh Maybachs \|url\=https://blog.dupontregistry.com/features/661806/celebrities\-delivery\-virgil\-abloh\-maybachs/ \|first\=Jordan \|last\=Aquistapace \|date\=11 April 2023 \|website\=dupontregistry.com \|access\-date\=2 November 2023}}
It has 2\-tone paint with a top in obsidian black and a tan bottom with tan wheels. The interior has sand\-colored Nappa leather accented by black trim on the doors, center console, and steering wheel. Customers also got a 1/18\-scale replica of the car inside a custom\-made wooden box wrapped in tan Nappa leather, along with a special car cover with the Maybach and Abloh logo.{{cite web \|title\=Special 2023 Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 Honors Designer Virgil Abloh \|url\=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a39641958/mercedes\-maybach\-s680\-virgil\-abloh/ \|website\=Car and Driver \|access\-date\=2 November 2023 \|first\=Caleb \|last\=Miller \|date\=5 April 2022}}
[Rick Ross](/wiki/Rick_Ross "Rick Ross") was offered an S 680 but declined.{{cite web \|title\=Rick Ross Explains Why He Turned Down Chance To Own Virgil Abloh Maybach \|url\=https://hiphopdx.com/news/rick\-ross\-turned\-down\-virgil\-abloh\-maybach \|website\=HipHopDX \|first\=Marisa \|last\=Mendez\|access\-date\=2 November 2023 \|date\=8 June 2023}}
### Mercedes\-AMG
#### S 63 E Performance
In December 2022, the Mercedes\-AMG S 63 E Performance, the high performance version of the S\-Class, was introduced. It uses a plug\-in hybrid drivetrain, which is powered by a 4\.0 L twin\-turbo V8 in the form of the *[M177](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_M176/M177/M178_engine "Mercedes-Benz M176/M177/M178 engine")*, along with an electric motor and 13\.1 kWh battery pack. The car produces a combined {{convert\|802\|PS\|hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} and {{convert\|1430\|Nm\|lbft\|0\|abbr\=on}} of torque. The car can accelerate from {{cvt\|0 to 100\|km/h\|mph}} in 3\.2 seconds.{{Cite web \|date\=5 December 2022 \|title\=2023 Mercedes\-AMG S 63 Returns as a 791\-HP Plug\-In Hybrid \|url\=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a42157538/2023\-mercedes\-amg\-s63\-e\-performance\-hybrid\-details/ \|website\=Car and Driver \|first\=Caleb \|last\=Miller \|access\-date\=2 November 2023}} Additionally, the new S 63 E Performance has a top speed of {{Convert\|250\|km/h\|mph\|0\|abbr\=on}}, however when coupled with the AMG Driver's Package, the top speed will increase to roughly {{Convert\|290\|km/h\|mph\|0\|abbr\=on}}.
For the first time in the S\-Class sedan's history, the design features a Panamericana style grille design with a large Mercedes\-Benz logo in the center, instead of a [hood ornament](/wiki/Hood_ornament "Hood ornament") like on the standard models.{{cite news \|last\=Chilton \|first\=Chris \|date\=5 December 2022 \|title\=2024 Mercedes\-AMG S 63 Hybrid Gets 791 HP, 33\-Mile EV Range And Panamericana Grille \|url\=https://www.carscoops.com/2022/12/791\-hp\-amg\-s63\-hybrid\-gets\-33\-mile\-ev\-range\-and\-panamericana\-grille/ \|website\=Carscoops \|publisher\=Carscoops \|access\-date\=2 November 2023}}
In June 2023, buyers who ordered their S 63 E Performance upon the opening of the order book on 5 April 2023 were informed that the delivery of their orders would not take place until the first quarter of 2025\.{{cite web\|url\=https://mbpassion.de/2023/06/mercedes\-amg\-s\-63\-e\-performance\-fruehestens\-2025\-lieferbar/ \|title\=S 63 E Performance Frühestens Anfang 2025 Lieferbar \|first\=Markus \|last\=Jordan \|date\=9 June 2023 \|accessdate\=2 November 2023 \|work\=MB Passion \|lang\=de}}
File:Mercedes\-AMG S 63 (W223\) IMG 8215\.jpg\|Mercedes\-AMG S 63 E Performance
|
[
"Models\n------",
"### Mercedes\\-Benz",
"The engine range from W222 is carried over to W223 with inline six, V8, and V12\\. For the first time, the V12 engine is fitted with 4MATIC all\\-wheel\\-drive system and is exclusive to S 680 Guard 4MATIC. The 4MATIC system is standard equipment for most of S\\-Class models with exception of S 450 e. S 350 d and S 580 e can be ordered with 4MATIC system as extra\\-cost option. All models except S 680 Guard 4MATIC are offered in both standard and long wheelbases.",
"#### Mercedes\\-Benz S 680 Guard 4MATIC",
"[thumb\\|Mercedes\\-Benz S 680 Guard (W223\\)\\|left](/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_W223_680_Guard_IAA_2021_1X7A0048.jpg \"Mercedes-Benz W223 680 Guard IAA 2021 1X7A0048.jpg\")\nOn 28 July 2021, Mercedes\\-Benz announced the new armoured S 680 Guard 4MATIC. The S 680 Guard 4MATIC has [VPAM VR10](/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards \"List of body armor performance standards\") armour level.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.motor1\\.com/news/523186/2022\\-mercedes\\-s\\-class\\-guard/ \\|title\\=2022 Mercedes S\\-Class Guard Debuts As V12 Armored Luxury Cocoon \\|first\\=Adrian \\|last\\=Padeanu \\|date\\=28 July 2021 \\|work\\=Motor 1 \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2023}}",
"Due to its heavier weight, the top speed limit is reduced to 190 km/h.",
"{{clear\\|left}}",
"### Mercedes\\-Maybach",
"The Z223 Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Class was revealed on 19 November 2020 with model designations S 580 4MATIC and S 680 4MATIC.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.autobild.de/artikel/mercedes\\-maybach\\-s\\-klasse\\-2020\\-preis\\-s\\-650\\-motor\\-v12\\-18574069\\.html \\|language\\=de \\|work\\=Auto Bild \\|first\\=Jan \\|last\\=Götze \\|title\\=Als Maybach wird die Mercedes S\\-Klasse noch luxuriöser als bisher \\|date\\=19 November 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car\\-news/new\\-cars/new\\-2021\\-mercedes\\-maybach\\-s\\-class\\-revealed\\-ultra\\-luxury\\-flagship \\|work\\=Autocar UK \\|date\\=19 November 2020 \\|first\\=Lawrence \\|last\\=Allan \\|title\\=The new Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Class has been unveiled as the pinnacle of the new luxury saloon range, offering more space and premium features for rear\\-seat occupants.}} The Mercedes\\-Maybach is 18 centimetres longer than the predecessor. Several design cues, separating the Mercedes\\-Maybach from Mercedes\\-Benz, are carried over. Another first for Mercedes\\-Benz is the frontal airbags for the rear passengers.{{cite web\\|date\\=11 November 2020\\|title\\=Restraint and Driving Assistance System\\|url\\=https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Restraint\\-and\\-driving\\-assistance\\-systems.xhtml?oid\\=48161758\\|work\\=Daimler AG Media}}",
"Available engines are a 3\\-litre six\\-cylinder inline petrol for S 580 e 4MATIC, 4\\-litre biturbo V8 for the S 580 4MATIC, and a 6\\-litre biturbo V12 for the S 680 4MATIC. Both are fitted with standard 4MATIC all\\-wheel\\-drive system.",
"Exclusive to the Chinese market, an S 480 4MATIC with 3\\-litre six\\-cylinder inline petrol engine is offered due to the high taxation on engine displacement.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.motor1\\.com/news/503797/maybach\\-s\\-class\\-six\\-cylinder/ \\|title\\=Maybach S\\-Class Gets Six\\-Cylinder Engine For The Poorer Rich People \\|first\\=Adrian \\|last\\=Padeanu \\|date\\=27 April 2021 \\|work\\=Motor One \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mercedes\\-benz.com.cn/engine\\-detail.html\\#/engine?code\\=22396110\\-CN1 \\|title\\=S级 全新梅赛德斯\\-迈巴赫S级轿车 \\|work\\=Mercedes\\-Benz China \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021}}",
"In Germany Mercedes\\-Maybach announced the launch date of May 2021 for ordering and the delivery date of July 2021\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://blog.mercedes\\-benz\\-passion.com/2021/01/neues\\-maybach\\-modell\\-verkaufsfreigabe\\-im\\-mai\\-markteinfuehrung\\-im\\-juni/ \\|title\\=Verkaufsfreigabe für Maybach S 580 4MATIC \\& 680 4MATIC im Mai 2021 \\|first\\=Markus \\|last\\=Jordan \\|date\\=25 January 2021 \\|language\\=de \\|work\\=mbPassion}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Jordan \\|first\\=Markus \\|date\\=18 May 2021 \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Maybach 8\\- \\& 12 Zylinder S 580 4MATIC sowie 680 4MATIC Varianten nun bestellbar \\|url\\=https://mbpassion.de/2021/05/mercedes\\-maybach\\-s\\-580\\-4matic\\-sowie\\-680\\-4matic\\-bestellbar/ \\|work\\=mbPassion\\|language\\=de}}",
"Mercedes\\-Benz launched the S 580 4MATIC and the S 680 4MATIC in India on 3 March 2022\\. The S 580 4MATIC is assembled at Mercedes\\-Benz manufacturing plant in [Chakan, Pune](/wiki/Chakan%2C_Pune \"Chakan, Pune\").{{Cite web \\| title\\=Made\\-in\\-India Mercedes Maybach S\\-Class 580 launched at INR 2\\.5 crore \\| url\\=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger\\-vehicle/cars/2022\\-mercedes\\-maybach\\-s\\-class\\-launched\\-in\\-india\\-at\\-inr\\-2\\-5\\-crore\\-rolled\\-out\\-from\\-pune\\-production\\-facility/89970329 \\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2022 \\|website\\=ET Auto \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news \\| date\\=4 April 2022 \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Benz rolls out 'Made\\-in\\-India' Maybach S\\-Class \\|language\\=en\\-IN \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/business/mercedes\\-benz\\-rolls\\-out\\-made\\-in\\-india\\-maybach\\-s\\-class/article65187080\\.ece \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220420045226/https://www.thehindu.com/business/mercedes\\-benz\\-rolls\\-out\\-made\\-in\\-india\\-maybach\\-s\\-class/article65187080\\.ece \\| archive\\-date\\=20 April 2022 \\|issn\\=0971\\-751X}}",
"",
"File:2023 Mercedes Maybach S580 in Obsidian Black and High\\-Tech Silver, front left side.jpg\\|Mercedes\\-Maybach S 580\nFile:2023 Mercedes Maybach S580 in Obsidian Black and High\\-Tech Silver, rear left.jpg\\|Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Class (rear view)\nFile:Mercedes\\-Maybach Z223 680 IAA 2021 1X7A0287\\.jpg\\|Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 (interior)\nFile:Mercedes\\-Maybach Z223 680 IAA 2021 1X7A0286\\.jpg\\|Back seat",
"{{clear\\|left}}",
"#### Mercedes\\-Maybach S 580 e",
"The Mercedes\\-Maybach S 580 e debuted in February 2023 as the brand's first plug\\-in hybrid model, featuring an inline\\-six engine and an electric motor that produce a combined {{cvt\\|510\\|PS\\|kW hp\\|0}} output.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.carscoops.com/2023/02/new\\-s580e\\-is\\-maybachs\\-first\\-ever\\-plug\\-in\\-hybrid\\-pure\\-ev\\-coming\\-this\\-year/ \\|first\\=Thanos \\|last\\=Pappas \\|title\\=New S580e Is Maybach's First Ever Plug\\-in Hybrid, Pure EV Coming Soon \\|date\\=9 February 2023 \\|website\\=Carscoops}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.motor1\\.com/news/651754/mercedes\\-maybach\\-s580e\\-plug\\-in\\-hybrid\\-debuts/ \\|first\\=Anthony \\|last\\=Alaniz \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Maybach S 580 e Debuts As Brand's First Plug\\-In Hybrid Model \\|date\\=9 February 2023 \\|website\\=Motor1}} S 580 e is only Mercedes\\-Maybach model not to be equipped with 4MATIC system.",
"#### Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 \"Edition 100\"",
"To commemorate the 100\\-year anniversary of first production car by [Maybach Motorenbau GmbH](/wiki/Maybach \"Maybach\") in 1921, Mercedes\\-Benz launched the limited production of Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 \"Edition 100\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://de.motor1\\.com/news/536967/maybach\\-sklasse\\-edition100\\-sondermodell\\-2021/ \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Maybach zeigt S\\-Klasse und GLS Edition 100 \\|first\\=Manuel \\|last\\=Lehbrink \\|work\\=Motor1 \\|date\\=29 September 2021 \\|lang\\=de \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2023}} The production is limited to 100 units.",
"The S 680 \"Edition 100\" has the special two\\-tone paint colours: High Tech Silver (Hightechsilber) on lower part and Nautical Blue (Nautikblau) on the upper part. The interior is done with special upholstery design in two\\-tone colours: Crystal White and Silver\\-grey Pearl",
"#### Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture",
"The Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture is a special edition of the S 680 that is based on \"haute couture\" (high fashion). It was presented in May 2022 in a concept form, with Mercedes later confirming intentions to put the Haute Voiture into production, with the production version being unveiled in December following a Dubai fashion show.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mercedes\\-benz.com/de/exklusiv/me\\-magazin/haute\\-voiture/ \\|title\\=Haute Voiture \\|work\\=Mercedes\\-Benz AG \\|lang\\=de \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2023}}",
"The car features a two\\-tone paint job consisting of Nautical Blue and Rose Gold above and below the belt line, respectively. This color is exclusive to the Haute Voiture. It sports monoblock wheels painted to match the blue paint on the upper body. The body is also adorned with chrome trim.",
"For the interior, the car is upholstered in Bouclé, a type of fabric woven from yarn, that incorporates blue, beige, rose gold, and various other shades of gold into the pattern, with additional crystal and glossy opal white features. The car comes with a set of linen and mohair (yarn made from goat hair) floor mats, as well as a set of rose gold champagne flutes. {{Cite web \\|date\\=12 December 2022 \\|title\\=2023 Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture Heralded as 'Drivable Art' \\|url\\=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a42204345/2023\\-mercedes\\-maybach\\-s680\\-haute\\-voiture\\-revealed/ \\|first\\=Eric \\|last\\=Stafford \\|website\\=Car and Driver \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023}}",
"The MBUX system was upgraded with the intention to emphasize the atmosphere of a fashion show catwalk, with sparkling glitter clouds and a variety of rose gold accents. Drivers are greeted with sparkling particles and a magnolia blossom on the profile selection menu, and available are 12 different elegantly dressed avatars, such as in a tailcoat, evening gown, and dinner jacket, and are adorned with fine accessories.{{Cite web \\|date\\=12 December 2022 \\|title\\=The ultimate collectible: Mercedes\\-Maybach releases the limited edition series Haute Voiture \\|url\\=https://media.mbusa.com/releases/the\\-ultimate\\-collectible\\-mercedes\\-maybach\\-releases\\-the\\-limited\\-edition\\-series\\-haute\\-voiture \\|website\\=Mercedes\\-Benz USA \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2023}}",
"The Haute Voiture is accompanied by a special hand\\-made gift box containing a key ring, its badge number, and a scale model. Mercedes will also be releasing a bag collection, made of materials of the vehicle's interior, to be available in different sizes and styles. The bag collection has been released in early 2023 in limited run and are available at both Maybach Icons of Luxury physical and online stores.",
"The Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture is launched in early 2023 and is strictly limited to 150 units.\n{{clear}}",
"#### Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Klasse \"Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680",
"As inspired by the \"Project MAYBACH\", Mercedes\\-Benz introduced the Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Klasse \"Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680 that interpreted the style, fashion, material, and design directions set by [Virgil Abloh](/wiki/Virgil_Abloh \"Virgil Abloh\") and [Gorden Wagener](/wiki/Gorden_Wagener \"Gorden Wagener\") for their \"Project MAYBACH\" Show Car.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mercedes\\-benz.com/de/fahrzeuge/mercedes\\-maybach/project\\-maybach/ \\|title\\=\"Project MAYBACH\" \\|work\\=Mercedes\\-Benz AG \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2023}} The special edition honours Virgil Abloh who passed away in 2021 from cancer.",
"Only 152 were produced, and 39 were sold in the United States {{cite web\\|title\\=2023 Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Class Designed By Virgil Abloh Debuts With Style \\|first\\=Angel \\|last\\=Sergeev \\|date\\=5 April 2022 \\|work\\=Motor1 \n\\|url\\=https://www.motor1\\.com/news/577931/maybach\\-s\\-class\\-virgil\\-abloh/}} to artists, celebrities, and other influential individuals. [Alicia Keys](/wiki/Alicia_Keys \"Alicia Keys\") was the first person to receive an S\\-Klasse „Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680, as a gift from her husband [Swizz Beatz](/wiki/Swizz_Beatz \"Swizz Beatz\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Celebrities Start Taking Delivery Of Their Virgil Abloh Maybachs \\|url\\=https://blog.dupontregistry.com/features/661806/celebrities\\-delivery\\-virgil\\-abloh\\-maybachs/ \\|first\\=Jordan \\|last\\=Aquistapace \\|date\\=11 April 2023 \\|website\\=dupontregistry.com \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023}}",
"It has 2\\-tone paint with a top in obsidian black and a tan bottom with tan wheels. The interior has sand\\-colored Nappa leather accented by black trim on the doors, center console, and steering wheel. Customers also got a 1/18\\-scale replica of the car inside a custom\\-made wooden box wrapped in tan Nappa leather, along with a special car cover with the Maybach and Abloh logo.{{cite web \\|title\\=Special 2023 Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 Honors Designer Virgil Abloh \\|url\\=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a39641958/mercedes\\-maybach\\-s680\\-virgil\\-abloh/ \\|website\\=Car and Driver \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023 \\|first\\=Caleb \\|last\\=Miller \\|date\\=5 April 2022}}\n[Rick Ross](/wiki/Rick_Ross \"Rick Ross\") was offered an S 680 but declined.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rick Ross Explains Why He Turned Down Chance To Own Virgil Abloh Maybach \\|url\\=https://hiphopdx.com/news/rick\\-ross\\-turned\\-down\\-virgil\\-abloh\\-maybach \\|website\\=HipHopDX \\|first\\=Marisa \\|last\\=Mendez\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023 \\|date\\=8 June 2023}}",
"### Mercedes\\-AMG",
"#### S 63 E Performance",
"In December 2022, the Mercedes\\-AMG S 63 E Performance, the high performance version of the S\\-Class, was introduced. It uses a plug\\-in hybrid drivetrain, which is powered by a 4\\.0 L twin\\-turbo V8 in the form of the *[M177](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_M176/M177/M178_engine \"Mercedes-Benz M176/M177/M178 engine\")*, along with an electric motor and 13\\.1 kWh battery pack. The car produces a combined {{convert\\|802\\|PS\\|hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} and {{convert\\|1430\\|Nm\\|lbft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} of torque. The car can accelerate from {{cvt\\|0 to 100\\|km/h\\|mph}} in 3\\.2 seconds.{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 December 2022 \\|title\\=2023 Mercedes\\-AMG S 63 Returns as a 791\\-HP Plug\\-In Hybrid \\|url\\=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a42157538/2023\\-mercedes\\-amg\\-s63\\-e\\-performance\\-hybrid\\-details/ \\|website\\=Car and Driver \\|first\\=Caleb \\|last\\=Miller \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023}} Additionally, the new S 63 E Performance has a top speed of {{Convert\\|250\\|km/h\\|mph\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, however when coupled with the AMG Driver's Package, the top speed will increase to roughly {{Convert\\|290\\|km/h\\|mph\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
"For the first time in the S\\-Class sedan's history, the design features a Panamericana style grille design with a large Mercedes\\-Benz logo in the center, instead of a [hood ornament](/wiki/Hood_ornament \"Hood ornament\") like on the standard models.{{cite news \\|last\\=Chilton \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=5 December 2022 \\|title\\=2024 Mercedes\\-AMG S 63 Hybrid Gets 791 HP, 33\\-Mile EV Range And Panamericana Grille \\|url\\=https://www.carscoops.com/2022/12/791\\-hp\\-amg\\-s63\\-hybrid\\-gets\\-33\\-mile\\-ev\\-range\\-and\\-panamericana\\-grille/ \\|website\\=Carscoops \\|publisher\\=Carscoops \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023}}",
"In June 2023, buyers who ordered their S 63 E Performance upon the opening of the order book on 5 April 2023 were informed that the delivery of their orders would not take place until the first quarter of 2025\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://mbpassion.de/2023/06/mercedes\\-amg\\-s\\-63\\-e\\-performance\\-fruehestens\\-2025\\-lieferbar/ \\|title\\=S 63 E Performance Frühestens Anfang 2025 Lieferbar \\|first\\=Markus \\|last\\=Jordan \\|date\\=9 June 2023 \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2023 \\|work\\=MB Passion \\|lang\\=de}}",
"",
"File:Mercedes\\-AMG S 63 (W223\\) IMG 8215\\.jpg\\|Mercedes\\-AMG S 63 E Performance",
"",
""
] |
### Mercedes\-Maybach
The Z223 Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Class was revealed on 19 November 2020 with model designations S 580 4MATIC and S 680 4MATIC.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.autobild.de/artikel/mercedes\-maybach\-s\-klasse\-2020\-preis\-s\-650\-motor\-v12\-18574069\.html \|language\=de \|work\=Auto Bild \|first\=Jan \|last\=Götze \|title\=Als Maybach wird die Mercedes S\-Klasse noch luxuriöser als bisher \|date\=19 November 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car\-news/new\-cars/new\-2021\-mercedes\-maybach\-s\-class\-revealed\-ultra\-luxury\-flagship \|work\=Autocar UK \|date\=19 November 2020 \|first\=Lawrence \|last\=Allan \|title\=The new Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Class has been unveiled as the pinnacle of the new luxury saloon range, offering more space and premium features for rear\-seat occupants.}} The Mercedes\-Maybach is 18 centimetres longer than the predecessor. Several design cues, separating the Mercedes\-Maybach from Mercedes\-Benz, are carried over. Another first for Mercedes\-Benz is the frontal airbags for the rear passengers.{{cite web\|date\=11 November 2020\|title\=Restraint and Driving Assistance System\|url\=https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Restraint\-and\-driving\-assistance\-systems.xhtml?oid\=48161758\|work\=Daimler AG Media}}
Available engines are a 3\-litre six\-cylinder inline petrol for S 580 e 4MATIC, 4\-litre biturbo V8 for the S 580 4MATIC, and a 6\-litre biturbo V12 for the S 680 4MATIC. Both are fitted with standard 4MATIC all\-wheel\-drive system.
Exclusive to the Chinese market, an S 480 4MATIC with 3\-litre six\-cylinder inline petrol engine is offered due to the high taxation on engine displacement.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.motor1\.com/news/503797/maybach\-s\-class\-six\-cylinder/ \|title\=Maybach S\-Class Gets Six\-Cylinder Engine For The Poorer Rich People \|first\=Adrian \|last\=Padeanu \|date\=27 April 2021 \|work\=Motor One \|access\-date\=2 November 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mercedes\-benz.com.cn/engine\-detail.html\#/engine?code\=22396110\-CN1 \|title\=S级 全新梅赛德斯\-迈巴赫S级轿车 \|work\=Mercedes\-Benz China \|access\-date\=20 June 2021}}
In Germany Mercedes\-Maybach announced the launch date of May 2021 for ordering and the delivery date of July 2021\.{{cite web\|url\=https://blog.mercedes\-benz\-passion.com/2021/01/neues\-maybach\-modell\-verkaufsfreigabe\-im\-mai\-markteinfuehrung\-im\-juni/ \|title\=Verkaufsfreigabe für Maybach S 580 4MATIC \& 680 4MATIC im Mai 2021 \|first\=Markus \|last\=Jordan \|date\=25 January 2021 \|language\=de \|work\=mbPassion}}{{cite web\|last\=Jordan \|first\=Markus \|date\=18 May 2021 \|title\=Mercedes\-Maybach 8\- \& 12 Zylinder S 580 4MATIC sowie 680 4MATIC Varianten nun bestellbar \|url\=https://mbpassion.de/2021/05/mercedes\-maybach\-s\-580\-4matic\-sowie\-680\-4matic\-bestellbar/ \|work\=mbPassion\|language\=de}}
Mercedes\-Benz launched the S 580 4MATIC and the S 680 4MATIC in India on 3 March 2022\. The S 580 4MATIC is assembled at Mercedes\-Benz manufacturing plant in [Chakan, Pune](/wiki/Chakan%2C_Pune "Chakan, Pune").{{Cite web \| title\=Made\-in\-India Mercedes Maybach S\-Class 580 launched at INR 2\.5 crore \| url\=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger\-vehicle/cars/2022\-mercedes\-maybach\-s\-class\-launched\-in\-india\-at\-inr\-2\-5\-crore\-rolled\-out\-from\-pune\-production\-facility/89970329 \|access\-date\=11 March 2022 \|website\=ET Auto \|language\=en}}{{Cite news \| date\=4 April 2022 \|title\=Mercedes\-Benz rolls out 'Made\-in\-India' Maybach S\-Class \|language\=en\-IN \|work\=The Hindu \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/business/mercedes\-benz\-rolls\-out\-made\-in\-india\-maybach\-s\-class/article65187080\.ece \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20220420045226/https://www.thehindu.com/business/mercedes\-benz\-rolls\-out\-made\-in\-india\-maybach\-s\-class/article65187080\.ece \| archive\-date\=20 April 2022 \|issn\=0971\-751X}}
File:2023 Mercedes Maybach S580 in Obsidian Black and High\-Tech Silver, front left side.jpg\|Mercedes\-Maybach S 580
File:2023 Mercedes Maybach S580 in Obsidian Black and High\-Tech Silver, rear left.jpg\|Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Class (rear view)
File:Mercedes\-Maybach Z223 680 IAA 2021 1X7A0287\.jpg\|Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 (interior)
File:Mercedes\-Maybach Z223 680 IAA 2021 1X7A0286\.jpg\|Back seat
{{clear\|left}}
#### Mercedes\-Maybach S 580 e
The Mercedes\-Maybach S 580 e debuted in February 2023 as the brand's first plug\-in hybrid model, featuring an inline\-six engine and an electric motor that produce a combined {{cvt\|510\|PS\|kW hp\|0}} output.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.carscoops.com/2023/02/new\-s580e\-is\-maybachs\-first\-ever\-plug\-in\-hybrid\-pure\-ev\-coming\-this\-year/ \|first\=Thanos \|last\=Pappas \|title\=New S580e Is Maybach's First Ever Plug\-in Hybrid, Pure EV Coming Soon \|date\=9 February 2023 \|website\=Carscoops}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.motor1\.com/news/651754/mercedes\-maybach\-s580e\-plug\-in\-hybrid\-debuts/ \|first\=Anthony \|last\=Alaniz \|title\=Mercedes\-Maybach S 580 e Debuts As Brand's First Plug\-In Hybrid Model \|date\=9 February 2023 \|website\=Motor1}} S 580 e is only Mercedes\-Maybach model not to be equipped with 4MATIC system.
#### Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 "Edition 100"
To commemorate the 100\-year anniversary of first production car by [Maybach Motorenbau GmbH](/wiki/Maybach "Maybach") in 1921, Mercedes\-Benz launched the limited production of Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 "Edition 100".{{cite web\|url\=https://de.motor1\.com/news/536967/maybach\-sklasse\-edition100\-sondermodell\-2021/ \|title\=Mercedes\-Maybach zeigt S\-Klasse und GLS Edition 100 \|first\=Manuel \|last\=Lehbrink \|work\=Motor1 \|date\=29 September 2021 \|lang\=de \|accessdate\=2 November 2023}} The production is limited to 100 units.
The S 680 "Edition 100" has the special two\-tone paint colours: High Tech Silver (Hightechsilber) on lower part and Nautical Blue (Nautikblau) on the upper part. The interior is done with special upholstery design in two\-tone colours: Crystal White and Silver\-grey Pearl
#### Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture
The Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture is a special edition of the S 680 that is based on "haute couture" (high fashion). It was presented in May 2022 in a concept form, with Mercedes later confirming intentions to put the Haute Voiture into production, with the production version being unveiled in December following a Dubai fashion show.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mercedes\-benz.com/de/exklusiv/me\-magazin/haute\-voiture/ \|title\=Haute Voiture \|work\=Mercedes\-Benz AG \|lang\=de \|accessdate\=2 November 2023}}
The car features a two\-tone paint job consisting of Nautical Blue and Rose Gold above and below the belt line, respectively. This color is exclusive to the Haute Voiture. It sports monoblock wheels painted to match the blue paint on the upper body. The body is also adorned with chrome trim.
For the interior, the car is upholstered in Bouclé, a type of fabric woven from yarn, that incorporates blue, beige, rose gold, and various other shades of gold into the pattern, with additional crystal and glossy opal white features. The car comes with a set of linen and mohair (yarn made from goat hair) floor mats, as well as a set of rose gold champagne flutes. {{Cite web \|date\=12 December 2022 \|title\=2023 Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture Heralded as 'Drivable Art' \|url\=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a42204345/2023\-mercedes\-maybach\-s680\-haute\-voiture\-revealed/ \|first\=Eric \|last\=Stafford \|website\=Car and Driver \|access\-date\=2 November 2023}}
The MBUX system was upgraded with the intention to emphasize the atmosphere of a fashion show catwalk, with sparkling glitter clouds and a variety of rose gold accents. Drivers are greeted with sparkling particles and a magnolia blossom on the profile selection menu, and available are 12 different elegantly dressed avatars, such as in a tailcoat, evening gown, and dinner jacket, and are adorned with fine accessories.{{Cite web \|date\=12 December 2022 \|title\=The ultimate collectible: Mercedes\-Maybach releases the limited edition series Haute Voiture \|url\=https://media.mbusa.com/releases/the\-ultimate\-collectible\-mercedes\-maybach\-releases\-the\-limited\-edition\-series\-haute\-voiture \|website\=Mercedes\-Benz USA \|accessdate\=2 November 2023}}
The Haute Voiture is accompanied by a special hand\-made gift box containing a key ring, its badge number, and a scale model. Mercedes will also be releasing a bag collection, made of materials of the vehicle's interior, to be available in different sizes and styles. The bag collection has been released in early 2023 in limited run and are available at both Maybach Icons of Luxury physical and online stores.
The Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture is launched in early 2023 and is strictly limited to 150 units.
{{clear}}
#### Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Klasse "Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680
As inspired by the "Project MAYBACH", Mercedes\-Benz introduced the Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Klasse "Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680 that interpreted the style, fashion, material, and design directions set by [Virgil Abloh](/wiki/Virgil_Abloh "Virgil Abloh") and [Gorden Wagener](/wiki/Gorden_Wagener "Gorden Wagener") for their "Project MAYBACH" Show Car.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mercedes\-benz.com/de/fahrzeuge/mercedes\-maybach/project\-maybach/ \|title\="Project MAYBACH" \|work\=Mercedes\-Benz AG \|accessdate\=2 November 2023}} The special edition honours Virgil Abloh who passed away in 2021 from cancer.
Only 152 were produced, and 39 were sold in the United States {{cite web\|title\=2023 Mercedes\-Maybach S\-Class Designed By Virgil Abloh Debuts With Style \|first\=Angel \|last\=Sergeev \|date\=5 April 2022 \|work\=Motor1
\|url\=https://www.motor1\.com/news/577931/maybach\-s\-class\-virgil\-abloh/}} to artists, celebrities, and other influential individuals. [Alicia Keys](/wiki/Alicia_Keys "Alicia Keys") was the first person to receive an S\-Klasse „Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680, as a gift from her husband [Swizz Beatz](/wiki/Swizz_Beatz "Swizz Beatz").{{cite web \|title\=Celebrities Start Taking Delivery Of Their Virgil Abloh Maybachs \|url\=https://blog.dupontregistry.com/features/661806/celebrities\-delivery\-virgil\-abloh\-maybachs/ \|first\=Jordan \|last\=Aquistapace \|date\=11 April 2023 \|website\=dupontregistry.com \|access\-date\=2 November 2023}}
It has 2\-tone paint with a top in obsidian black and a tan bottom with tan wheels. The interior has sand\-colored Nappa leather accented by black trim on the doors, center console, and steering wheel. Customers also got a 1/18\-scale replica of the car inside a custom\-made wooden box wrapped in tan Nappa leather, along with a special car cover with the Maybach and Abloh logo.{{cite web \|title\=Special 2023 Mercedes\-Maybach S 680 Honors Designer Virgil Abloh \|url\=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a39641958/mercedes\-maybach\-s680\-virgil\-abloh/ \|website\=Car and Driver \|access\-date\=2 November 2023 \|first\=Caleb \|last\=Miller \|date\=5 April 2022}}
[Rick Ross](/wiki/Rick_Ross "Rick Ross") was offered an S 680 but declined.{{cite web \|title\=Rick Ross Explains Why He Turned Down Chance To Own Virgil Abloh Maybach \|url\=https://hiphopdx.com/news/rick\-ross\-turned\-down\-virgil\-abloh\-maybach \|website\=HipHopDX \|first\=Marisa \|last\=Mendez\|access\-date\=2 November 2023 \|date\=8 June 2023}}
|
[
"### Mercedes\\-Maybach",
"The Z223 Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Class was revealed on 19 November 2020 with model designations S 580 4MATIC and S 680 4MATIC.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.autobild.de/artikel/mercedes\\-maybach\\-s\\-klasse\\-2020\\-preis\\-s\\-650\\-motor\\-v12\\-18574069\\.html \\|language\\=de \\|work\\=Auto Bild \\|first\\=Jan \\|last\\=Götze \\|title\\=Als Maybach wird die Mercedes S\\-Klasse noch luxuriöser als bisher \\|date\\=19 November 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car\\-news/new\\-cars/new\\-2021\\-mercedes\\-maybach\\-s\\-class\\-revealed\\-ultra\\-luxury\\-flagship \\|work\\=Autocar UK \\|date\\=19 November 2020 \\|first\\=Lawrence \\|last\\=Allan \\|title\\=The new Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Class has been unveiled as the pinnacle of the new luxury saloon range, offering more space and premium features for rear\\-seat occupants.}} The Mercedes\\-Maybach is 18 centimetres longer than the predecessor. Several design cues, separating the Mercedes\\-Maybach from Mercedes\\-Benz, are carried over. Another first for Mercedes\\-Benz is the frontal airbags for the rear passengers.{{cite web\\|date\\=11 November 2020\\|title\\=Restraint and Driving Assistance System\\|url\\=https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Restraint\\-and\\-driving\\-assistance\\-systems.xhtml?oid\\=48161758\\|work\\=Daimler AG Media}}",
"Available engines are a 3\\-litre six\\-cylinder inline petrol for S 580 e 4MATIC, 4\\-litre biturbo V8 for the S 580 4MATIC, and a 6\\-litre biturbo V12 for the S 680 4MATIC. Both are fitted with standard 4MATIC all\\-wheel\\-drive system.",
"Exclusive to the Chinese market, an S 480 4MATIC with 3\\-litre six\\-cylinder inline petrol engine is offered due to the high taxation on engine displacement.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.motor1\\.com/news/503797/maybach\\-s\\-class\\-six\\-cylinder/ \\|title\\=Maybach S\\-Class Gets Six\\-Cylinder Engine For The Poorer Rich People \\|first\\=Adrian \\|last\\=Padeanu \\|date\\=27 April 2021 \\|work\\=Motor One \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mercedes\\-benz.com.cn/engine\\-detail.html\\#/engine?code\\=22396110\\-CN1 \\|title\\=S级 全新梅赛德斯\\-迈巴赫S级轿车 \\|work\\=Mercedes\\-Benz China \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2021}}",
"In Germany Mercedes\\-Maybach announced the launch date of May 2021 for ordering and the delivery date of July 2021\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://blog.mercedes\\-benz\\-passion.com/2021/01/neues\\-maybach\\-modell\\-verkaufsfreigabe\\-im\\-mai\\-markteinfuehrung\\-im\\-juni/ \\|title\\=Verkaufsfreigabe für Maybach S 580 4MATIC \\& 680 4MATIC im Mai 2021 \\|first\\=Markus \\|last\\=Jordan \\|date\\=25 January 2021 \\|language\\=de \\|work\\=mbPassion}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Jordan \\|first\\=Markus \\|date\\=18 May 2021 \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Maybach 8\\- \\& 12 Zylinder S 580 4MATIC sowie 680 4MATIC Varianten nun bestellbar \\|url\\=https://mbpassion.de/2021/05/mercedes\\-maybach\\-s\\-580\\-4matic\\-sowie\\-680\\-4matic\\-bestellbar/ \\|work\\=mbPassion\\|language\\=de}}",
"Mercedes\\-Benz launched the S 580 4MATIC and the S 680 4MATIC in India on 3 March 2022\\. The S 580 4MATIC is assembled at Mercedes\\-Benz manufacturing plant in [Chakan, Pune](/wiki/Chakan%2C_Pune \"Chakan, Pune\").{{Cite web \\| title\\=Made\\-in\\-India Mercedes Maybach S\\-Class 580 launched at INR 2\\.5 crore \\| url\\=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger\\-vehicle/cars/2022\\-mercedes\\-maybach\\-s\\-class\\-launched\\-in\\-india\\-at\\-inr\\-2\\-5\\-crore\\-rolled\\-out\\-from\\-pune\\-production\\-facility/89970329 \\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2022 \\|website\\=ET Auto \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news \\| date\\=4 April 2022 \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Benz rolls out 'Made\\-in\\-India' Maybach S\\-Class \\|language\\=en\\-IN \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/business/mercedes\\-benz\\-rolls\\-out\\-made\\-in\\-india\\-maybach\\-s\\-class/article65187080\\.ece \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220420045226/https://www.thehindu.com/business/mercedes\\-benz\\-rolls\\-out\\-made\\-in\\-india\\-maybach\\-s\\-class/article65187080\\.ece \\| archive\\-date\\=20 April 2022 \\|issn\\=0971\\-751X}}",
"",
"File:2023 Mercedes Maybach S580 in Obsidian Black and High\\-Tech Silver, front left side.jpg\\|Mercedes\\-Maybach S 580\nFile:2023 Mercedes Maybach S580 in Obsidian Black and High\\-Tech Silver, rear left.jpg\\|Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Class (rear view)\nFile:Mercedes\\-Maybach Z223 680 IAA 2021 1X7A0287\\.jpg\\|Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 (interior)\nFile:Mercedes\\-Maybach Z223 680 IAA 2021 1X7A0286\\.jpg\\|Back seat",
"{{clear\\|left}}",
"#### Mercedes\\-Maybach S 580 e",
"The Mercedes\\-Maybach S 580 e debuted in February 2023 as the brand's first plug\\-in hybrid model, featuring an inline\\-six engine and an electric motor that produce a combined {{cvt\\|510\\|PS\\|kW hp\\|0}} output.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.carscoops.com/2023/02/new\\-s580e\\-is\\-maybachs\\-first\\-ever\\-plug\\-in\\-hybrid\\-pure\\-ev\\-coming\\-this\\-year/ \\|first\\=Thanos \\|last\\=Pappas \\|title\\=New S580e Is Maybach's First Ever Plug\\-in Hybrid, Pure EV Coming Soon \\|date\\=9 February 2023 \\|website\\=Carscoops}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.motor1\\.com/news/651754/mercedes\\-maybach\\-s580e\\-plug\\-in\\-hybrid\\-debuts/ \\|first\\=Anthony \\|last\\=Alaniz \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Maybach S 580 e Debuts As Brand's First Plug\\-In Hybrid Model \\|date\\=9 February 2023 \\|website\\=Motor1}} S 580 e is only Mercedes\\-Maybach model not to be equipped with 4MATIC system.",
"#### Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 \"Edition 100\"",
"To commemorate the 100\\-year anniversary of first production car by [Maybach Motorenbau GmbH](/wiki/Maybach \"Maybach\") in 1921, Mercedes\\-Benz launched the limited production of Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 \"Edition 100\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://de.motor1\\.com/news/536967/maybach\\-sklasse\\-edition100\\-sondermodell\\-2021/ \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Maybach zeigt S\\-Klasse und GLS Edition 100 \\|first\\=Manuel \\|last\\=Lehbrink \\|work\\=Motor1 \\|date\\=29 September 2021 \\|lang\\=de \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2023}} The production is limited to 100 units.",
"The S 680 \"Edition 100\" has the special two\\-tone paint colours: High Tech Silver (Hightechsilber) on lower part and Nautical Blue (Nautikblau) on the upper part. The interior is done with special upholstery design in two\\-tone colours: Crystal White and Silver\\-grey Pearl",
"#### Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture",
"The Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture is a special edition of the S 680 that is based on \"haute couture\" (high fashion). It was presented in May 2022 in a concept form, with Mercedes later confirming intentions to put the Haute Voiture into production, with the production version being unveiled in December following a Dubai fashion show.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mercedes\\-benz.com/de/exklusiv/me\\-magazin/haute\\-voiture/ \\|title\\=Haute Voiture \\|work\\=Mercedes\\-Benz AG \\|lang\\=de \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2023}}",
"The car features a two\\-tone paint job consisting of Nautical Blue and Rose Gold above and below the belt line, respectively. This color is exclusive to the Haute Voiture. It sports monoblock wheels painted to match the blue paint on the upper body. The body is also adorned with chrome trim.",
"For the interior, the car is upholstered in Bouclé, a type of fabric woven from yarn, that incorporates blue, beige, rose gold, and various other shades of gold into the pattern, with additional crystal and glossy opal white features. The car comes with a set of linen and mohair (yarn made from goat hair) floor mats, as well as a set of rose gold champagne flutes. {{Cite web \\|date\\=12 December 2022 \\|title\\=2023 Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture Heralded as 'Drivable Art' \\|url\\=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a42204345/2023\\-mercedes\\-maybach\\-s680\\-haute\\-voiture\\-revealed/ \\|first\\=Eric \\|last\\=Stafford \\|website\\=Car and Driver \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023}}",
"The MBUX system was upgraded with the intention to emphasize the atmosphere of a fashion show catwalk, with sparkling glitter clouds and a variety of rose gold accents. Drivers are greeted with sparkling particles and a magnolia blossom on the profile selection menu, and available are 12 different elegantly dressed avatars, such as in a tailcoat, evening gown, and dinner jacket, and are adorned with fine accessories.{{Cite web \\|date\\=12 December 2022 \\|title\\=The ultimate collectible: Mercedes\\-Maybach releases the limited edition series Haute Voiture \\|url\\=https://media.mbusa.com/releases/the\\-ultimate\\-collectible\\-mercedes\\-maybach\\-releases\\-the\\-limited\\-edition\\-series\\-haute\\-voiture \\|website\\=Mercedes\\-Benz USA \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2023}}",
"The Haute Voiture is accompanied by a special hand\\-made gift box containing a key ring, its badge number, and a scale model. Mercedes will also be releasing a bag collection, made of materials of the vehicle's interior, to be available in different sizes and styles. The bag collection has been released in early 2023 in limited run and are available at both Maybach Icons of Luxury physical and online stores.",
"The Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 Haute Voiture is launched in early 2023 and is strictly limited to 150 units.\n{{clear}}",
"#### Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Klasse \"Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680",
"As inspired by the \"Project MAYBACH\", Mercedes\\-Benz introduced the Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Klasse \"Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680 that interpreted the style, fashion, material, and design directions set by [Virgil Abloh](/wiki/Virgil_Abloh \"Virgil Abloh\") and [Gorden Wagener](/wiki/Gorden_Wagener \"Gorden Wagener\") for their \"Project MAYBACH\" Show Car.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mercedes\\-benz.com/de/fahrzeuge/mercedes\\-maybach/project\\-maybach/ \\|title\\=\"Project MAYBACH\" \\|work\\=Mercedes\\-Benz AG \\|accessdate\\=2 November 2023}} The special edition honours Virgil Abloh who passed away in 2021 from cancer.",
"Only 152 were produced, and 39 were sold in the United States {{cite web\\|title\\=2023 Mercedes\\-Maybach S\\-Class Designed By Virgil Abloh Debuts With Style \\|first\\=Angel \\|last\\=Sergeev \\|date\\=5 April 2022 \\|work\\=Motor1 \n\\|url\\=https://www.motor1\\.com/news/577931/maybach\\-s\\-class\\-virgil\\-abloh/}} to artists, celebrities, and other influential individuals. [Alicia Keys](/wiki/Alicia_Keys \"Alicia Keys\") was the first person to receive an S\\-Klasse „Maybach by Virgil Abloh” S 680, as a gift from her husband [Swizz Beatz](/wiki/Swizz_Beatz \"Swizz Beatz\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Celebrities Start Taking Delivery Of Their Virgil Abloh Maybachs \\|url\\=https://blog.dupontregistry.com/features/661806/celebrities\\-delivery\\-virgil\\-abloh\\-maybachs/ \\|first\\=Jordan \\|last\\=Aquistapace \\|date\\=11 April 2023 \\|website\\=dupontregistry.com \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023}}",
"It has 2\\-tone paint with a top in obsidian black and a tan bottom with tan wheels. The interior has sand\\-colored Nappa leather accented by black trim on the doors, center console, and steering wheel. Customers also got a 1/18\\-scale replica of the car inside a custom\\-made wooden box wrapped in tan Nappa leather, along with a special car cover with the Maybach and Abloh logo.{{cite web \\|title\\=Special 2023 Mercedes\\-Maybach S 680 Honors Designer Virgil Abloh \\|url\\=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a39641958/mercedes\\-maybach\\-s680\\-virgil\\-abloh/ \\|website\\=Car and Driver \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023 \\|first\\=Caleb \\|last\\=Miller \\|date\\=5 April 2022}}\n[Rick Ross](/wiki/Rick_Ross \"Rick Ross\") was offered an S 680 but declined.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rick Ross Explains Why He Turned Down Chance To Own Virgil Abloh Maybach \\|url\\=https://hiphopdx.com/news/rick\\-ross\\-turned\\-down\\-virgil\\-abloh\\-maybach \\|website\\=HipHopDX \\|first\\=Marisa \\|last\\=Mendez\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2023 \\|date\\=8 June 2023}}",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Main\|Free University of Brussels (1834–1969\)}}
### Establishment of a university in Brussels
[left\|thumb\|upright\|[Pierre\-Théodore Verhaegen](/wiki/Pierre-Th%C3%A9odore_Verhaegen "Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen"), founder of the [Free University of Brussels](/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_%281834%E2%80%931969%29 "Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)")](/wiki/File:TheodoreVerhaegen.jpg "TheodoreVerhaegen.jpg")
The history of the {{Lang\|fr\|Université libre de Bruxelles\|italic\=no}} is closely linked with that of [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") itself. When the [Belgian State was formed in 1830](/wiki/Belgian_Revolution "Belgian Revolution") by nine breakaway provinces from the [Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands "Kingdom of the Netherlands"), three state universities existed in the cities of [Ghent](/wiki/Ghent "Ghent"), [Leuven](/wiki/Leuven "Leuven") and [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge "Liège"), but none in the new capital, Brussels. Since the government was reluctant to fund another state university, a group of leading [intellectuals](/wiki/Intellectual "Intellectual") in the fields of arts, science, and education — amongst whom the study prefect of the Royal Athenaeum of Brussels, [Auguste Baron](/wiki/Auguste_Baron "Auguste Baron"), as well as the astronomer and mathematician [Adolphe Quetelet](/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet "Adolphe Quetelet") — planned to create a [private university](/wiki/Private_university "Private university"), which was permitted under the [Belgian Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium "Constitution of Belgium").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ulb.ac.be/ulb/presentation/histuk.html \|title\=A University born of an idea \|website\=Université libre de Bruxelles \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-04}}
In 1834, the Belgian [episcopate](/wiki/Episcopate "Episcopate") decided to establish a [Catholic](/wiki/Catholicism "Catholicism") university in [Mechelen](/wiki/Mechelen "Mechelen") with the aim of regaining the influence of the Catholic Church on the academic scene in Belgium, and the government had the intent to close the [university at Leuven](/wiki/State_University_of_Leuven "State University of Leuven") and donate the buildings to the Catholic institution.{{Cite book \| last1 \= Lamberts \| first1 \= Emiel \| last2 \= Roegiers \| first2 \= Jan \| year \= 1990 \| title \= Leuven University, 1425–1985 \| publication\-place \= Leuven \| publisher \= Leuven University Press \| isbn \= 90\-6186\-418\-6 }} The country's [liberals](/wiki/Liberalism "Liberalism") strongly opposed to this decision, and furthered their ideas for a university in Brussels as a counterbalance to the Catholic institution. At the same time, Auguste Baron had just become a member of the [freemasonic](/wiki/Freemasonry "Freemasonry") lodge *Les Amis Philantropes*. Baron was able to convince [Pierre\-Théodore Verhaegen](/wiki/Pierre-Th%C3%A9odore_Verhaegen "Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen"), the president of the lodge, to support the idea for a new university. On 24 June 1834, Verhaegen presented his plan to establish a free university.
After sufficient funding was collected among advocates, the *Université libre de Belgique* ("Free University of Belgium") was inaugurated on 20 November 1834, in the Gothic Room of [Brussels Town Hall](/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall "Brussels Town Hall"). The date of its establishment is still commemorated annually, by students of its successor institutions, as a holiday called [Saint\-Verhaegen/Sint\-Verhaegen](/wiki/St_V "St V") (often shortened to *St V*) for Pierre\-Théodore Verhaegen.{{Cite web \|title\=Pierre Théodore Verhaegen and St V \|url\=https://www.vub.be/en/about\-vub/history\-and\-philosophy\-vub/this\-is\-what\-we\-stand\-for\-essence\-vub/our\-philosophy/pierre\-theodore\-verhaegen\-and\-st\-v \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-25 \|website\=Vrije Universiteit Brussel \|language\=en}} In 1836, the university was renamed the *Université libre de Bruxelles* ("[Free University of Brussels](/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_%281834%E2%80%931969%29 "Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)")").
After its establishment, the Free University faced difficult times, since it received no [subsidies](/wiki/Subsidy "Subsidy") or grants from the government; yearly fundraising events and tuition fees provided the only financial means. Verhaegen, who became a professor and later head of the new university, gave it a mission statement which he summarised in a speech to [King Leopold I](/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium "Leopold I of Belgium"): "the principle of *free inquiry* and academic freedom uninfluenced by any political or religious authority." In 1858, the Catholic Church established the [Saint\-Louis Institute](/wiki/Saint-Louis_University%2C_Brussels "Saint-Louis University, Brussels") in the city, which subsequently expanded into a university in its own right.
### Growth, internal tensions and move
[thumb\|right\|The Free University, then housed in the [Granvelle Palace](/wiki/Granvelle_Palace%2C_Brussels "Granvelle Palace, Brussels"), {{circa\|1900}}](/wiki/File:Granvellepaleis.jpg "Granvellepaleis.jpg")
The Free University grew significantly over the following decades. In 1842, it moved to the [Granvelle Palace](/wiki/Granvelle_Palace%2C_Brussels "Granvelle Palace, Brussels"), which it occupied until 1928\. It expanded the number of subjects taught and, in 1880, became one of the first institutions in Belgium to allow female students to study in some faculties. In 1893, it received large grants from [Ernest](/wiki/Ernest_Solvay "Ernest Solvay") and [Alfred Solvay](/wiki/Alfred_Solvay "Alfred Solvay") and [Raoul Warocqué](/wiki/Raoul_Warocqu%C3%A9 "Raoul Warocqué") to open new faculties in the city. A disagreement over an invite to the [anarchist](/wiki/Anarchism "Anarchism") geographer [Élisée Reclus](/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus "Élisée Reclus") to speak at the university in 1893 led to some of the liberal and socialist faculty splitting away from the Free University to form the [New University of Brussels](/wiki/New_University_of_Brussels "New University of Brussels") (*Université nouvelle de Bruxelles*) in 1894\. The institution failed to displace the Free University, however, and closed definitively in 1919\.{{cite book \|last1\=Laqua \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=The Age of Internationalism and Belgium, 1880–1930: Peace, Progress and Prestige \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=Manchester University Press \|location\=Manchester \|isbn\=978\-0\-7190\-8883\-4}}
In [1900](/wiki/Football_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics"), the Free University's [football](/wiki/Association_football "Association football") team won the bronze medal at the [Summer Olympics](/wiki/Summer_Olympics "Summer Olympics"). After [Racing Club de Bruxelles](/wiki/K.F.C._Rhodienne-De_Hoek "K.F.C. Rhodienne-De Hoek") declined to participate, a student selection with players from the university was sent by the Federation.[Great Britain's first home Olympic football adventure](http://en.espn.co.uk/olympic-sports/sport/story/162086.html) by Jon Carter, ESPN, 26 Jun 2012[Before the World Cup: Who were football’s earliest world champions?](https://medium.com/@paulbrownUK/before-the-world-cup-who-were-footballs-earliest-world-champions-8aebac11429a) by Paul Brown on Medium Sports, 6 Jun 2018 The team was enforced with a few non\-students.[Games of the II. Olympiad \- Football Tournament](https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1900f.html) by Søren Elbech and Karel Stokkermans on the [RSSSF](/wiki/RSSSF "RSSSF") The Institute of Sociology was founded in 1902, then in 1904 the Solvay School of Commerce, which would later become the [Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management](/wiki/Solvay_Brussels_School_of_Economics_and_Management "Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management"). In 1911, the university obtained its [legal personality](/wiki/Juristic_person "Juristic person") under the name *Université libre de Bruxelles \- Vrije Hogeschool te Brussel*.{{Cite book\|last\=Nerincx\|first\=Edmond\|title\=Loi du 12 août 1911 accordant la personnification civile aux universités de Bruxelles et de Louvain\|publisher\=\[\[Belgian official journal]]\|number\=L. 12\-08\-1911 M.B. 21/22\-08\-1911\|location\=Brussels\|date\=8 November 1911\|url\=https://www.senate.be/lexdocs/S0665/S06651540\.pdf\|language\=fr\|access\-date\=2023\-02\-25\|pages\=4846}}
[thumb\|left\|220px\|The university's football team that won the bronze medal at the [1900 Olympic Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics")](/wiki/File:1900_Belgian_Olympic_Football_Team.jpg "1900 Belgian Olympic Football Team.jpg")
The [German occupation](/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I "German occupation of Belgium during World War I") during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") led to the suspension of classes for four years in 1914–1918\. In the aftermath of the war, the Free University moved its principle activities to the *Solbosch* in the southern suburb of [Ixelles](/wiki/Ixelles "Ixelles") and a purpose\-built university campus was created, funded by the [Belgian American Educational Foundation](/wiki/Belgian_American_Educational_Foundation "Belgian American Educational Foundation").
The university was again closed by the German occupiers during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") on 25 November 1941\. Students from the university were involved in the [Belgian Resistance](/wiki/Belgian_Resistance "Belgian Resistance"), notably establishing the sabotage\-orientated network [Groupe G](/wiki/Groupe_G "Groupe G").
### Splitting of the university
Courses at the Free University were taught exclusively in French until the early 20th century. After Belgian independence, French was widely accepted as the language of the [bourgeoisie](/wiki/Bourgeoisie "Bourgeoisie") and [upper classes](/wiki/Upper_classes "Upper classes") and was the only medium in law and [academia](/wiki/Academia "Academia"). As the [Flemish Movement](/wiki/Flemish_Movement "Flemish Movement") gained prominence among the Dutch\-speaking majority in Flanders over the late 19th century, the lack of provision for Dutch speakers in higher education became a major source of political contention. Ghent University became the first institution in 1930 to teach exclusively in Dutch.
Some courses at the Free University's Faculty of Law began being taught in both French and Dutch as early as 1935\. Nevertheless, it was not until 1963 that all faculties offered their courses in both languages.{{cite web \|url \= http://www.vub.ac.be/english/home/about.html \|title \= About the University: Culture and History \|access\-date \= 25 November 2007 \|publisher \= Vrije Universiteit Brussel \|archive\-date \= 16 June 2015 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150616050829/http://www.vub.ac.be/english/home/about.html \|url\-status \= dead }} Tensions between French\- and Dutch\-speaking students in the country came to a head in 1968 when the [Catholic University of Leuven](/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_%281835%E2%80%931968%29 "Catholic University of Leuven (1835–1968)") [split along linguistic lines](/wiki/Split_of_the_Catholic_University_of_Leuven "Split of the Catholic University of Leuven"), becoming the first of several national institutions to do so.{{cite book \|last1\=Jonckheere \|first1\=Willy \|last2\=Todts \|first2\=Herman \|title\=Leuven Vlaams: Splitsingsgeschiedenis van de Katholieke Universiteit Leuven \|language\=nl \|date\=1979 \|publisher\=Davidsfonds \|location\=Leuven \|isbn\=9061523052}}
On 1 October 1969, the French and Dutch entities of the Free University separated into two distinct sister universities. This splitting became official with the act of 28 May 1970, of the [Belgian Parliament](/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament "Belgian Federal Parliament"), by which the French\-speaking {{Lang\|fr\|Université libre de Bruxelles\|italic\=no}} (ULB) and the Dutch\-speaking {{Lang\|nl\|\[\[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]]\|italic\=no}} (VUB) officially became two separate legal, administrative and scientific entities.{{Cite web \|title\=Chambre des Représen tant. \|url\=https://www.lachambre.be/digidoc/OCR/K2008/K20083087/K20083087\.PDF}}{{cite web \|url \= http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/edulex/database/document/document.asp?docid\=12770 \|title \= Law of 28 May 1970, concerning the splitting of the universities in Brussels and Leuven \|access\-date \= 25 November 2007 \|publisher \= Belgisch Staatsblad/Flemish Government \|language\=nl}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Main\\|Free University of Brussels (1834–1969\\)}}",
"### Establishment of a university in Brussels",
"[left\\|thumb\\|upright\\|[Pierre\\-Théodore Verhaegen](/wiki/Pierre-Th%C3%A9odore_Verhaegen \"Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen\"), founder of the [Free University of Brussels](/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_%281834%E2%80%931969%29 \"Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)\")](/wiki/File:TheodoreVerhaegen.jpg \"TheodoreVerhaegen.jpg\")",
"The history of the {{Lang\\|fr\\|Université libre de Bruxelles\\|italic\\=no}} is closely linked with that of [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") itself. When the [Belgian State was formed in 1830](/wiki/Belgian_Revolution \"Belgian Revolution\") by nine breakaway provinces from the [Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands \"Kingdom of the Netherlands\"), three state universities existed in the cities of [Ghent](/wiki/Ghent \"Ghent\"), [Leuven](/wiki/Leuven \"Leuven\") and [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge \"Liège\"), but none in the new capital, Brussels. Since the government was reluctant to fund another state university, a group of leading [intellectuals](/wiki/Intellectual \"Intellectual\") in the fields of arts, science, and education — amongst whom the study prefect of the Royal Athenaeum of Brussels, [Auguste Baron](/wiki/Auguste_Baron \"Auguste Baron\"), as well as the astronomer and mathematician [Adolphe Quetelet](/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet \"Adolphe Quetelet\") — planned to create a [private university](/wiki/Private_university \"Private university\"), which was permitted under the [Belgian Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium \"Constitution of Belgium\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ulb.ac.be/ulb/presentation/histuk.html \\|title\\=A University born of an idea \\|website\\=Université libre de Bruxelles \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-04}}",
"In 1834, the Belgian [episcopate](/wiki/Episcopate \"Episcopate\") decided to establish a [Catholic](/wiki/Catholicism \"Catholicism\") university in [Mechelen](/wiki/Mechelen \"Mechelen\") with the aim of regaining the influence of the Catholic Church on the academic scene in Belgium, and the government had the intent to close the [university at Leuven](/wiki/State_University_of_Leuven \"State University of Leuven\") and donate the buildings to the Catholic institution.{{Cite book \\| last1 \\= Lamberts \\| first1 \\= Emiel \\| last2 \\= Roegiers \\| first2 \\= Jan \\| year \\= 1990 \\| title \\= Leuven University, 1425–1985 \\| publication\\-place \\= Leuven \\| publisher \\= Leuven University Press \\| isbn \\= 90\\-6186\\-418\\-6 }} The country's [liberals](/wiki/Liberalism \"Liberalism\") strongly opposed to this decision, and furthered their ideas for a university in Brussels as a counterbalance to the Catholic institution. At the same time, Auguste Baron had just become a member of the [freemasonic](/wiki/Freemasonry \"Freemasonry\") lodge *Les Amis Philantropes*. Baron was able to convince [Pierre\\-Théodore Verhaegen](/wiki/Pierre-Th%C3%A9odore_Verhaegen \"Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen\"), the president of the lodge, to support the idea for a new university. On 24 June 1834, Verhaegen presented his plan to establish a free university.",
"After sufficient funding was collected among advocates, the *Université libre de Belgique* (\"Free University of Belgium\") was inaugurated on 20 November 1834, in the Gothic Room of [Brussels Town Hall](/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall \"Brussels Town Hall\"). The date of its establishment is still commemorated annually, by students of its successor institutions, as a holiday called [Saint\\-Verhaegen/Sint\\-Verhaegen](/wiki/St_V \"St V\") (often shortened to *St V*) for Pierre\\-Théodore Verhaegen.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pierre Théodore Verhaegen and St V \\|url\\=https://www.vub.be/en/about\\-vub/history\\-and\\-philosophy\\-vub/this\\-is\\-what\\-we\\-stand\\-for\\-essence\\-vub/our\\-philosophy/pierre\\-theodore\\-verhaegen\\-and\\-st\\-v \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-25 \\|website\\=Vrije Universiteit Brussel \\|language\\=en}} In 1836, the university was renamed the *Université libre de Bruxelles* (\"[Free University of Brussels](/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_%281834%E2%80%931969%29 \"Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)\")\").",
"After its establishment, the Free University faced difficult times, since it received no [subsidies](/wiki/Subsidy \"Subsidy\") or grants from the government; yearly fundraising events and tuition fees provided the only financial means. Verhaegen, who became a professor and later head of the new university, gave it a mission statement which he summarised in a speech to [King Leopold I](/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium \"Leopold I of Belgium\"): \"the principle of *free inquiry* and academic freedom uninfluenced by any political or religious authority.\" In 1858, the Catholic Church established the [Saint\\-Louis Institute](/wiki/Saint-Louis_University%2C_Brussels \"Saint-Louis University, Brussels\") in the city, which subsequently expanded into a university in its own right.",
"### Growth, internal tensions and move",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The Free University, then housed in the [Granvelle Palace](/wiki/Granvelle_Palace%2C_Brussels \"Granvelle Palace, Brussels\"), {{circa\\|1900}}](/wiki/File:Granvellepaleis.jpg \"Granvellepaleis.jpg\")",
"The Free University grew significantly over the following decades. In 1842, it moved to the [Granvelle Palace](/wiki/Granvelle_Palace%2C_Brussels \"Granvelle Palace, Brussels\"), which it occupied until 1928\\. It expanded the number of subjects taught and, in 1880, became one of the first institutions in Belgium to allow female students to study in some faculties. In 1893, it received large grants from [Ernest](/wiki/Ernest_Solvay \"Ernest Solvay\") and [Alfred Solvay](/wiki/Alfred_Solvay \"Alfred Solvay\") and [Raoul Warocqué](/wiki/Raoul_Warocqu%C3%A9 \"Raoul Warocqué\") to open new faculties in the city. A disagreement over an invite to the [anarchist](/wiki/Anarchism \"Anarchism\") geographer [Élisée Reclus](/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus \"Élisée Reclus\") to speak at the university in 1893 led to some of the liberal and socialist faculty splitting away from the Free University to form the [New University of Brussels](/wiki/New_University_of_Brussels \"New University of Brussels\") (*Université nouvelle de Bruxelles*) in 1894\\. The institution failed to displace the Free University, however, and closed definitively in 1919\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Laqua \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=The Age of Internationalism and Belgium, 1880–1930: Peace, Progress and Prestige \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Manchester University Press \\|location\\=Manchester \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7190\\-8883\\-4}}",
"In [1900](/wiki/Football_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics\"), the Free University's [football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") team won the bronze medal at the [Summer Olympics](/wiki/Summer_Olympics \"Summer Olympics\"). After [Racing Club de Bruxelles](/wiki/K.F.C._Rhodienne-De_Hoek \"K.F.C. Rhodienne-De Hoek\") declined to participate, a student selection with players from the university was sent by the Federation.[Great Britain's first home Olympic football adventure](http://en.espn.co.uk/olympic-sports/sport/story/162086.html) by Jon Carter, ESPN, 26 Jun 2012[Before the World Cup: Who were football’s earliest world champions?](https://medium.com/@paulbrownUK/before-the-world-cup-who-were-footballs-earliest-world-champions-8aebac11429a) by Paul Brown on Medium Sports, 6 Jun 2018 The team was enforced with a few non\\-students.[Games of the II. Olympiad \\- Football Tournament](https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1900f.html) by Søren Elbech and Karel Stokkermans on the [RSSSF](/wiki/RSSSF \"RSSSF\") The Institute of Sociology was founded in 1902, then in 1904 the Solvay School of Commerce, which would later become the [Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management](/wiki/Solvay_Brussels_School_of_Economics_and_Management \"Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management\"). In 1911, the university obtained its [legal personality](/wiki/Juristic_person \"Juristic person\") under the name *Université libre de Bruxelles \\- Vrije Hogeschool te Brussel*.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Nerincx\\|first\\=Edmond\\|title\\=Loi du 12 août 1911 accordant la personnification civile aux universités de Bruxelles et de Louvain\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Belgian official journal]]\\|number\\=L. 12\\-08\\-1911 M.B. 21/22\\-08\\-1911\\|location\\=Brussels\\|date\\=8 November 1911\\|url\\=https://www.senate.be/lexdocs/S0665/S06651540\\.pdf\\|language\\=fr\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-25\\|pages\\=4846}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|220px\\|The university's football team that won the bronze medal at the [1900 Olympic Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics\")](/wiki/File:1900_Belgian_Olympic_Football_Team.jpg \"1900 Belgian Olympic Football Team.jpg\")",
"The [German occupation](/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I \"German occupation of Belgium during World War I\") during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") led to the suspension of classes for four years in 1914–1918\\. In the aftermath of the war, the Free University moved its principle activities to the *Solbosch* in the southern suburb of [Ixelles](/wiki/Ixelles \"Ixelles\") and a purpose\\-built university campus was created, funded by the [Belgian American Educational Foundation](/wiki/Belgian_American_Educational_Foundation \"Belgian American Educational Foundation\").",
"The university was again closed by the German occupiers during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") on 25 November 1941\\. Students from the university were involved in the [Belgian Resistance](/wiki/Belgian_Resistance \"Belgian Resistance\"), notably establishing the sabotage\\-orientated network [Groupe G](/wiki/Groupe_G \"Groupe G\").",
"### Splitting of the university",
"Courses at the Free University were taught exclusively in French until the early 20th century. After Belgian independence, French was widely accepted as the language of the [bourgeoisie](/wiki/Bourgeoisie \"Bourgeoisie\") and [upper classes](/wiki/Upper_classes \"Upper classes\") and was the only medium in law and [academia](/wiki/Academia \"Academia\"). As the [Flemish Movement](/wiki/Flemish_Movement \"Flemish Movement\") gained prominence among the Dutch\\-speaking majority in Flanders over the late 19th century, the lack of provision for Dutch speakers in higher education became a major source of political contention. Ghent University became the first institution in 1930 to teach exclusively in Dutch.",
"Some courses at the Free University's Faculty of Law began being taught in both French and Dutch as early as 1935\\. Nevertheless, it was not until 1963 that all faculties offered their courses in both languages.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.vub.ac.be/english/home/about.html \\|title \\= About the University: Culture and History \\|access\\-date \\= 25 November 2007 \\|publisher \\= Vrije Universiteit Brussel \\|archive\\-date \\= 16 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150616050829/http://www.vub.ac.be/english/home/about.html \\|url\\-status \\= dead }} Tensions between French\\- and Dutch\\-speaking students in the country came to a head in 1968 when the [Catholic University of Leuven](/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_%281835%E2%80%931968%29 \"Catholic University of Leuven (1835–1968)\") [split along linguistic lines](/wiki/Split_of_the_Catholic_University_of_Leuven \"Split of the Catholic University of Leuven\"), becoming the first of several national institutions to do so.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Jonckheere \\|first1\\=Willy \\|last2\\=Todts \\|first2\\=Herman \\|title\\=Leuven Vlaams: Splitsingsgeschiedenis van de Katholieke Universiteit Leuven \\|language\\=nl \\|date\\=1979 \\|publisher\\=Davidsfonds \\|location\\=Leuven \\|isbn\\=9061523052}}",
"On 1 October 1969, the French and Dutch entities of the Free University separated into two distinct sister universities. This splitting became official with the act of 28 May 1970, of the [Belgian Parliament](/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament \"Belgian Federal Parliament\"), by which the French\\-speaking {{Lang\\|fr\\|Université libre de Bruxelles\\|italic\\=no}} (ULB) and the Dutch\\-speaking {{Lang\\|nl\\|\\[\\[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]]\\|italic\\=no}} (VUB) officially became two separate legal, administrative and scientific entities.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Chambre des Représen tant. \\|url\\=https://www.lachambre.be/digidoc/OCR/K2008/K20083087/K20083087\\.PDF}}{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/edulex/database/document/document.asp?docid\\=12770 \\|title \\= Law of 28 May 1970, concerning the splitting of the universities in Brussels and Leuven \\|access\\-date \\= 25 November 2007 \\|publisher \\= Belgisch Staatsblad/Flemish Government \\|language\\=nl}}",
""
] |
Campuses
--------
The ULB comprises three main [campuses](/wiki/Campus "Campus"): the *Solbosch* campus, on the territories of the [City of Brussels](/wiki/City_of_Brussels "City of Brussels") and [Ixelles](/wiki/Ixelles "Ixelles") municipalities in the [Brussels\-Capital Region](/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region "Brussels-Capital Region"), the *Plaine* campus in Ixelles, and the *Erasmus* campus in [Anderlecht](/wiki/Anderlecht "Anderlecht"), beside the [Erasmus Hospital](/wiki/Erasmus_Hospital "Erasmus Hospital").
The main and largest campus of the university is the *Solbosch*, which hosts the administration and general services of the university. It also includes most of the faculties of the humanities, the *École polytechnique*, the large library of social sciences, and among the museums of the ULB, the Museum of Zoology and Anthropology,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www2\.ulb.ac.be/sites/musees/zoologie/presentation.html\|title\=Muséum de Zoologie et d'Anthropologie\|website\=www2\.ulb.ac.be\|access\-date\=August 14, 2019}} the *Allende* exhibition room and the Michel de Ghelderode Museum\-Library.
The *Plaine* campus hosts the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Pharmacy. There are also the Experimentariums of physics and chemistry, the Museum of Medicinal Plants and Pharmacy{{Cite web\|url\=https://www2\.ulb.ac.be/sites/musees/mpmp/infospratiques.html\|title\=Université Libre de Bruxelles \- page 3\|website\=www2\.ulb.ac.be\|access\-date\=August 14, 2019}} and student housing. This site is served by [Delta station](/wiki/Delta_station "Delta station").
The *Erasmus* campus houses the [Erasmus Hospital](/wiki/Erasmus_Hospital "Erasmus Hospital") and the *Pôle Santé*, the Faculty of Medicine, the School of Public Health and the Faculty of Motor Sciences. There is also the School of Nursing (with the Haute école libre de Bruxelles – Ilya Prigogine), the Museum of Medicine{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.museemedecine.be/\|title\=Musée de la Médecine de Bruxelles\|website\=Musée de la médecine\|access\-date\=August 14, 2019}} and the Museum of Human Anatomy and Embryology.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www2\.ulb.ac.be/sites/musees/aeh/presentation.html\|title\=Musée d'Anatomie et d'Embryologie humaines \- page 2\|website\=www2\.ulb.ac.be\|access\-date\=August 14, 2019}} This site is served by [Erasme/Erasmus metro station](/wiki/Erasmus_metro_station "Erasmus metro station").
The university also has buildings and activities in the Brussels municipality of [Auderghem](/wiki/Auderghem "Auderghem"), and outside of Brussels, in [Charleroi](/wiki/Charleroi "Charleroi") on the [Aéropole Science Park](/wiki/A%C3%A9ropole_Science_Park "Aéropole Science Park") and [Nivelles](/wiki/Nivelles "Nivelles").
File:Université Libre de Bruxelles Franklin Rooseveltlaan Brussel 02\.jpg\|The main building on the ''Solbosch'' campus, located in the \[\[City of Brussels]] close to \[\[Ixelles]]
File:Bâtiment d'entrée \- auditoire Janson \- crédits David Attas.jpg\|Entrance of the Paul\-Émile Janson Auditorium on the ''Solbosch'' campus
File:Bruxelles \- musée de la médecine ULB 2019\-07\-11 (1\).jpg\|The Museum of Medicine on the ''Erasmus'' campus in \[\[Anderlecht]]
|
[
"Campuses\n--------",
"The ULB comprises three main [campuses](/wiki/Campus \"Campus\"): the *Solbosch* campus, on the territories of the [City of Brussels](/wiki/City_of_Brussels \"City of Brussels\") and [Ixelles](/wiki/Ixelles \"Ixelles\") municipalities in the [Brussels\\-Capital Region](/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region \"Brussels-Capital Region\"), the *Plaine* campus in Ixelles, and the *Erasmus* campus in [Anderlecht](/wiki/Anderlecht \"Anderlecht\"), beside the [Erasmus Hospital](/wiki/Erasmus_Hospital \"Erasmus Hospital\").",
"The main and largest campus of the university is the *Solbosch*, which hosts the administration and general services of the university. It also includes most of the faculties of the humanities, the *École polytechnique*, the large library of social sciences, and among the museums of the ULB, the Museum of Zoology and Anthropology,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www2\\.ulb.ac.be/sites/musees/zoologie/presentation.html\\|title\\=Muséum de Zoologie et d'Anthropologie\\|website\\=www2\\.ulb.ac.be\\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2019}} the *Allende* exhibition room and the Michel de Ghelderode Museum\\-Library.",
"The *Plaine* campus hosts the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Pharmacy. There are also the Experimentariums of physics and chemistry, the Museum of Medicinal Plants and Pharmacy{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www2\\.ulb.ac.be/sites/musees/mpmp/infospratiques.html\\|title\\=Université Libre de Bruxelles \\- page 3\\|website\\=www2\\.ulb.ac.be\\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2019}} and student housing. This site is served by [Delta station](/wiki/Delta_station \"Delta station\").",
"The *Erasmus* campus houses the [Erasmus Hospital](/wiki/Erasmus_Hospital \"Erasmus Hospital\") and the *Pôle Santé*, the Faculty of Medicine, the School of Public Health and the Faculty of Motor Sciences. There is also the School of Nursing (with the Haute école libre de Bruxelles – Ilya Prigogine), the Museum of Medicine{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.museemedecine.be/\\|title\\=Musée de la Médecine de Bruxelles\\|website\\=Musée de la médecine\\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2019}} and the Museum of Human Anatomy and Embryology.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www2\\.ulb.ac.be/sites/musees/aeh/presentation.html\\|title\\=Musée d'Anatomie et d'Embryologie humaines \\- page 2\\|website\\=www2\\.ulb.ac.be\\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2019}} This site is served by [Erasme/Erasmus metro station](/wiki/Erasmus_metro_station \"Erasmus metro station\").",
"The university also has buildings and activities in the Brussels municipality of [Auderghem](/wiki/Auderghem \"Auderghem\"), and outside of Brussels, in [Charleroi](/wiki/Charleroi \"Charleroi\") on the [Aéropole Science Park](/wiki/A%C3%A9ropole_Science_Park \"Aéropole Science Park\") and [Nivelles](/wiki/Nivelles \"Nivelles\").",
"",
"File:Université Libre de Bruxelles Franklin Rooseveltlaan Brussel 02\\.jpg\\|The main building on the ''Solbosch'' campus, located in the \\[\\[City of Brussels]] close to \\[\\[Ixelles]]\nFile:Bâtiment d'entrée \\- auditoire Janson \\- crédits David Attas.jpg\\|Entrance of the Paul\\-Émile Janson Auditorium on the ''Solbosch'' campus\nFile:Bruxelles \\- musée de la médecine ULB 2019\\-07\\-11 (1\\).jpg\\|The Museum of Medicine on the ''Erasmus'' campus in \\[\\[Anderlecht]]",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
When the south of France \- *[Le Midi](/wiki/Le_Midi "Le Midi")* \- was connected by [railways](/wiki/Railway "Railway") to the more industrial and populous north of the country in the 19th century, the cost of transporting wines and other goods decreased considerably. Previously, waterways had provided the best transportation routes for wine, and only more expensive wines had been able to bear the cost of long overland transport. In the resulting 19th century vineyard expansion of southern France, Aramon became the grape variety of choice in [Languedoc](/wiki/Languedoc "Languedoc"). As an indication of the wine industry boom of the era, the vineyards of the [Hérault](/wiki/H%C3%A9rault "Hérault") department (one part of Languedoc) more than doubled between 1849 and 1869, when they covered a massive {{convert\|214000\|ha}}. Thus, in this department alone, a vineyard surface somewhat larger than that of the entire [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux_wine "Bordeaux wine") region of today was added in 20 years, most of it planted with Aramon.
The wine produced was undistinguished, but it was produced cheaply and in huge quantities. The simple reds of Languedoc initially competed with equally simple reds made closer to [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), in areas where most of the wine production disappeared in the early 20th century due to the combined effect of competition and phylloxera. Thus, the wines were not made in a mold that wine consumers of the late 20th and early 21st century would have recognised as a typical "warm climate" style, but rather outmatched other thin red wines by means of sheer volume and lower production costs. Such wines were primarily drunk as everyday [table wine](/wiki/Table_wine "Table wine") by French workers, and they were known as *petit rouge* – small reds.
Since high\-yielding Aramon gives one of the least coloured wines that still pass as red, the practice of blending such wines with wines from *[teinturier](/wiki/Teinturier "Teinturier")* grapes such as Alicante Bouschet was a measure used to give them a measure of increased credibility as reds.
Later, Aramon\-based light red wines got competition on the French market from cheap red wines from [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa"), primarily from the then\-French colony of [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria "Algeria"). [Algerian wines](/wiki/Algerian_wine "Algerian wine"), produced primarily from [Carignan](/wiki/Carignan "Carignan"), had more colour, alcohol and concentration than the typical Languedoc wines of the era.{{cite encyclopedia \|editor\=\[\[Jancis Robinson]] \|encyclopedia\=\[\[Oxford Companion to Wine]] \|edition\=Third \|title\=Algeria \|year\=2006 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|location\=Oxford \|isbn\=0\-19\-860990\-6 \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/11 11–12] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/11 }} Since these characteristics were attractive to consumers, it became common in the 20th century to blend cheap wines from the south of France with Algerian and other North African wines.
These characters lead to a decreased popularity of Aramon in France from the mid\-20th century. This trend was reinforced when the French vineyards were hit by frost in 1956 and 1963, which hit the frost\-sensitive Aramon particularly hard. Aramon was primarily replaced with Carignan, which overtook Aramon as France's most grown grape variety in the 1960s.{{cite encyclopedia \|editor\=\[\[Jancis Robinson]] \|encyclopedia\=\[\[Oxford Companion to Wine]] \|edition\=Third \|title\=Carignan \|year\=2006 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|location\=Oxford \|isbn\=0\-19\-860990\-6 \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/139 139] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/139 }}
In 2000, there remained {{convert\|9100\|ha}} of Aramon in France, primarily in the Hérault, with a rapidly decreasing trend.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"When the south of France \\- *[Le Midi](/wiki/Le_Midi \"Le Midi\")* \\- was connected by [railways](/wiki/Railway \"Railway\") to the more industrial and populous north of the country in the 19th century, the cost of transporting wines and other goods decreased considerably. Previously, waterways had provided the best transportation routes for wine, and only more expensive wines had been able to bear the cost of long overland transport. In the resulting 19th century vineyard expansion of southern France, Aramon became the grape variety of choice in [Languedoc](/wiki/Languedoc \"Languedoc\"). As an indication of the wine industry boom of the era, the vineyards of the [Hérault](/wiki/H%C3%A9rault \"Hérault\") department (one part of Languedoc) more than doubled between 1849 and 1869, when they covered a massive {{convert\\|214000\\|ha}}. Thus, in this department alone, a vineyard surface somewhat larger than that of the entire [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux_wine \"Bordeaux wine\") region of today was added in 20 years, most of it planted with Aramon.",
"The wine produced was undistinguished, but it was produced cheaply and in huge quantities. The simple reds of Languedoc initially competed with equally simple reds made closer to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), in areas where most of the wine production disappeared in the early 20th century due to the combined effect of competition and phylloxera. Thus, the wines were not made in a mold that wine consumers of the late 20th and early 21st century would have recognised as a typical \"warm climate\" style, but rather outmatched other thin red wines by means of sheer volume and lower production costs. Such wines were primarily drunk as everyday [table wine](/wiki/Table_wine \"Table wine\") by French workers, and they were known as *petit rouge* – small reds.",
"Since high\\-yielding Aramon gives one of the least coloured wines that still pass as red, the practice of blending such wines with wines from *[teinturier](/wiki/Teinturier \"Teinturier\")* grapes such as Alicante Bouschet was a measure used to give them a measure of increased credibility as reds.",
"Later, Aramon\\-based light red wines got competition on the French market from cheap red wines from [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\"), primarily from the then\\-French colony of [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\"). [Algerian wines](/wiki/Algerian_wine \"Algerian wine\"), produced primarily from [Carignan](/wiki/Carignan \"Carignan\"), had more colour, alcohol and concentration than the typical Languedoc wines of the era.{{cite encyclopedia \\|editor\\=\\[\\[Jancis Robinson]] \\|encyclopedia\\=\\[\\[Oxford Companion to Wine]] \\|edition\\=Third \\|title\\=Algeria \\|year\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|location\\=Oxford \\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-860990\\-6 \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/11 11–12] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/11 }} Since these characteristics were attractive to consumers, it became common in the 20th century to blend cheap wines from the south of France with Algerian and other North African wines.",
"These characters lead to a decreased popularity of Aramon in France from the mid\\-20th century. This trend was reinforced when the French vineyards were hit by frost in 1956 and 1963, which hit the frost\\-sensitive Aramon particularly hard. Aramon was primarily replaced with Carignan, which overtook Aramon as France's most grown grape variety in the 1960s.{{cite encyclopedia \\|editor\\=\\[\\[Jancis Robinson]] \\|encyclopedia\\=\\[\\[Oxford Companion to Wine]] \\|edition\\=Third \\|title\\=Carignan \\|year\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|location\\=Oxford \\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-860990\\-6 \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/139 139] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/139 }}",
"In 2000, there remained {{convert\\|9100\\|ha}} of Aramon in France, primarily in the Hérault, with a rapidly decreasing trend.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
*Nepenthes insignis* is a weak climber. The stem is usually around 50 to 80 cm long and up to 7 mm in diameter. [Internodes](/wiki/Plant_stem "Plant stem") are triangular in cross section and up to 9 cm long.
Leaves are [coriaceous](/wiki/wikt:Coriaceous "Coriaceous") and [sessile](/wiki/wikt:Sessile "Sessile"). The [lamina](/wiki/Leaf%23Anatomy "Leaf#Anatomy") is linear\-[lanceolate](/wiki/wikt:Lanceolate "Lanceolate") or slightly [spathulate](/wiki/wikt:Spathulate "Spathulate") and up to 35 cm long and 6 cm wide. It has an acute apex and is gradually [attenuate](/wiki/wikt:Attenuate "Attenuate") towards the base. Four to six longitudinal veins are present on either side of the [midrib](/wiki/Midrib "Midrib"). [Pinnate](/wiki/wikt:Pinnate "Pinnate") veins run obliquely towards the margin and are indistinct in the outer part of the lamina. [Tendrils](/wiki/Tendril "Tendril") are up to 6 mm in diameter and may or may not have a curl.
{{multiple image
\| align \= left
\| image1 \= Nepinsignis4\.jpg
\| width1 \= 180
\| alt1 \=
\| caption1 \=
\| image2 \= Nepinsignis8\.jpg
\| width2 \= 180
\| alt2 \=
\| caption2 \=
\| footer \= A lower pitcher (left) and an upper pitcher (right) of the \[\[Biak]] form
}}
Rosette and lower pitchers are ovate or narrowly ovate in the lower half and cylindrical above. They can be very large, reaching 35 cm in height. Terrestrial pitchers usually lack fringed wings, having a pair of ribs instead. The insertion of the pitcher mouth is slightly oblique. The flattened [peristome](/wiki/Peristome "Peristome") bears ribs spaced 0\.5 to 1 mm apart. Its inner margin is lined with small teeth up to 1 mm long. It is not elongated into a neck. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 43% of its total cross\-sectional surface length.Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner \& W. Federle 2012\. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous *Nepenthes* pitcher plants. *Journal of Evolutionary Biology* **25**(1\): 90–102\. {{doi\|10\.1111/j.1420\-9101\.2011\.02406\.x}} The inner surface of the pitcher is glandular in its lower half. Digestive glands are present at a density of 150 to 1500 per square centimetre. The waxy zone is reduced. The pitcher lid is [orbiculate](/wiki/wikt:Orbiculate "Orbiculate") to broad [cordate](/wiki/wikt:Cordate "Cordate"), bears a distinct midline, and may be up to 8 cm long. Numerous large glands are present on the underside of the lid, concentrated near the two main lateral veins.Nerz, J., P. Mann, T. Alt \& T. Smith 1998\. [*Nepenthes sibuyanensis*, a new *Nepenthes* from Sibuyan, a remote island of the Philippines](http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/samples/Tax271Nsibuy.htm). *[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter](/wiki/Carnivorous_Plant_Newsletter "Carnivorous Plant Newsletter")* **27**(1\): 18–23\. An unbranched [filiform](/wiki/wikt:Filiform "Filiform") [spur](/wiki/Spur_%28biology%29 "Spur (biology)") (≤5 mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid.
Upper pitchers gradually arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 5 to 35 mm wide curve. They are [infundibulate](/wiki/wikt:Infundibulate "Infundibulate") in the lower part and cylindrical above. They are up to 30 cm high and 8 cm wide. They may have very short wings (≤3 cm long) below the peristome. The pitcher mouth is oblique and acute or [acuminate](/wiki/wikt:Acuminate "Acuminate") towards the lid. The expanded peristome is up to 35 mm wide and bears ribs spaced 0\.5 to 1 mm apart. Its inner margin is lined with teeth which are about as long as they are wide. The inner surface of the pitcher is almost wholly glandular. The very small, overarched digestive glands occur at a density of 400 to 3000 per square centimetre. The pitcher lid is orbicular\-ovate and up to 7\.5 cm long. It bears a distinct midline and two distinct lateral veins. A number of large [suborbicular](/wiki/wikt:Suborbicular "Suborbicular") glands are concentrated around these veins. A filiform spur (≤5 mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid.
[thumb\|An [infructescence](/wiki/Infructescence "Infructescence")](/wiki/Image:Nepinsignis2.jpg "Nepinsignis2.jpg")
*Nepenthes insignis* has a [racemose](/wiki/Raceme "Raceme") [inflorescence](/wiki/Inflorescence "Inflorescence"). The [peduncle](/wiki/Peduncle_%28botany%29 "Peduncle (botany)") is up to 18 cm long and 7 mm in diameter. The [rachis](/wiki/Rachis "Rachis") is [attenuate](/wiki/wikt:Attenuate "Attenuate"), angular in cross section, and up to 46 cm long. [Pedicels](/wiki/Pedicel_%28botany%29 "Pedicel (botany)") are two\-flowered and lack [bracts](/wiki/Bract "Bract"). They may be up to 22 mm long. The oblong [tepals](/wiki/Tepal "Tepal") are approximately 4 mm long. [Stamens](/wiki/Stamen "Stamen") are around 5 mm long including the [anthers](/wiki/Anther "Anther").
Most parts of the plant are virtually [glabrous](/wiki/wikt:Glabrous "Glabrous"). Developing pitchers have a sparse [indumentum](/wiki/Indumentum "Indumentum") of short [stellate](/wiki/wikt:Stellate "Stellate") hairs. Developing inflorescences are very densely hairy, becoming less hairy when mature. Pedicels and tepals are densely and shortly hairy. Stamens are more densely hairy near the base than near the anthers.
The stem and lamina are green. Lower pitchers are usually dark green with red blotches concentrated near the peristome, which is dark reddish brown. Upper pitchers are yellowish green with fewer blotches. Herbarium specimens are greenish or yellowish to light brown in colour. Faint red spots are visible on the outside surface of preserved pitchers. In dried specimens, the non\-glandular portion of the inner surface is bluish and [pruinose](/wiki/wikt:Pruinose "Pruinose") and may or may not be spotted.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"*Nepenthes insignis* is a weak climber. The stem is usually around 50 to 80 cm long and up to 7 mm in diameter. [Internodes](/wiki/Plant_stem \"Plant stem\") are triangular in cross section and up to 9 cm long.",
"Leaves are [coriaceous](/wiki/wikt:Coriaceous \"Coriaceous\") and [sessile](/wiki/wikt:Sessile \"Sessile\"). The [lamina](/wiki/Leaf%23Anatomy \"Leaf#Anatomy\") is linear\\-[lanceolate](/wiki/wikt:Lanceolate \"Lanceolate\") or slightly [spathulate](/wiki/wikt:Spathulate \"Spathulate\") and up to 35 cm long and 6 cm wide. It has an acute apex and is gradually [attenuate](/wiki/wikt:Attenuate \"Attenuate\") towards the base. Four to six longitudinal veins are present on either side of the [midrib](/wiki/Midrib \"Midrib\"). [Pinnate](/wiki/wikt:Pinnate \"Pinnate\") veins run obliquely towards the margin and are indistinct in the outer part of the lamina. [Tendrils](/wiki/Tendril \"Tendril\") are up to 6 mm in diameter and may or may not have a curl.",
"{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= left\n\\| image1 \\= Nepinsignis4\\.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 180\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= Nepinsignis8\\.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 180\n\\| alt2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= A lower pitcher (left) and an upper pitcher (right) of the \\[\\[Biak]] form\n}}",
"Rosette and lower pitchers are ovate or narrowly ovate in the lower half and cylindrical above. They can be very large, reaching 35 cm in height. Terrestrial pitchers usually lack fringed wings, having a pair of ribs instead. The insertion of the pitcher mouth is slightly oblique. The flattened [peristome](/wiki/Peristome \"Peristome\") bears ribs spaced 0\\.5 to 1 mm apart. Its inner margin is lined with small teeth up to 1 mm long. It is not elongated into a neck. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 43% of its total cross\\-sectional surface length.Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner \\& W. Federle 2012\\. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous *Nepenthes* pitcher plants. *Journal of Evolutionary Biology* **25**(1\\): 90–102\\. {{doi\\|10\\.1111/j.1420\\-9101\\.2011\\.02406\\.x}} The inner surface of the pitcher is glandular in its lower half. Digestive glands are present at a density of 150 to 1500 per square centimetre. The waxy zone is reduced. The pitcher lid is [orbiculate](/wiki/wikt:Orbiculate \"Orbiculate\") to broad [cordate](/wiki/wikt:Cordate \"Cordate\"), bears a distinct midline, and may be up to 8 cm long. Numerous large glands are present on the underside of the lid, concentrated near the two main lateral veins.Nerz, J., P. Mann, T. Alt \\& T. Smith 1998\\. [*Nepenthes sibuyanensis*, a new *Nepenthes* from Sibuyan, a remote island of the Philippines](http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/samples/Tax271Nsibuy.htm). *[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter](/wiki/Carnivorous_Plant_Newsletter \"Carnivorous Plant Newsletter\")* **27**(1\\): 18–23\\. An unbranched [filiform](/wiki/wikt:Filiform \"Filiform\") [spur](/wiki/Spur_%28biology%29 \"Spur (biology)\") (≤5 mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid.",
"Upper pitchers gradually arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 5 to 35 mm wide curve. They are [infundibulate](/wiki/wikt:Infundibulate \"Infundibulate\") in the lower part and cylindrical above. They are up to 30 cm high and 8 cm wide. They may have very short wings (≤3 cm long) below the peristome. The pitcher mouth is oblique and acute or [acuminate](/wiki/wikt:Acuminate \"Acuminate\") towards the lid. The expanded peristome is up to 35 mm wide and bears ribs spaced 0\\.5 to 1 mm apart. Its inner margin is lined with teeth which are about as long as they are wide. The inner surface of the pitcher is almost wholly glandular. The very small, overarched digestive glands occur at a density of 400 to 3000 per square centimetre. The pitcher lid is orbicular\\-ovate and up to 7\\.5 cm long. It bears a distinct midline and two distinct lateral veins. A number of large [suborbicular](/wiki/wikt:Suborbicular \"Suborbicular\") glands are concentrated around these veins. A filiform spur (≤5 mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid.",
"[thumb\\|An [infructescence](/wiki/Infructescence \"Infructescence\")](/wiki/Image:Nepinsignis2.jpg \"Nepinsignis2.jpg\")",
"*Nepenthes insignis* has a [racemose](/wiki/Raceme \"Raceme\") [inflorescence](/wiki/Inflorescence \"Inflorescence\"). The [peduncle](/wiki/Peduncle_%28botany%29 \"Peduncle (botany)\") is up to 18 cm long and 7 mm in diameter. The [rachis](/wiki/Rachis \"Rachis\") is [attenuate](/wiki/wikt:Attenuate \"Attenuate\"), angular in cross section, and up to 46 cm long. [Pedicels](/wiki/Pedicel_%28botany%29 \"Pedicel (botany)\") are two\\-flowered and lack [bracts](/wiki/Bract \"Bract\"). They may be up to 22 mm long. The oblong [tepals](/wiki/Tepal \"Tepal\") are approximately 4 mm long. [Stamens](/wiki/Stamen \"Stamen\") are around 5 mm long including the [anthers](/wiki/Anther \"Anther\").",
"Most parts of the plant are virtually [glabrous](/wiki/wikt:Glabrous \"Glabrous\"). Developing pitchers have a sparse [indumentum](/wiki/Indumentum \"Indumentum\") of short [stellate](/wiki/wikt:Stellate \"Stellate\") hairs. Developing inflorescences are very densely hairy, becoming less hairy when mature. Pedicels and tepals are densely and shortly hairy. Stamens are more densely hairy near the base than near the anthers.",
"The stem and lamina are green. Lower pitchers are usually dark green with red blotches concentrated near the peristome, which is dark reddish brown. Upper pitchers are yellowish green with fewer blotches. Herbarium specimens are greenish or yellowish to light brown in colour. Faint red spots are visible on the outside surface of preserved pitchers. In dried specimens, the non\\-glandular portion of the inner surface is bluish and [pruinose](/wiki/wikt:Pruinose \"Pruinose\") and may or may not be spotted.",
""
] |
MLB career
----------
### Minnesota Twins
The Twins promoted Kepler to the major leagues on September 21, 2015\.{{Cite web \|last\=Bollinger \|first\=Rhett \|date\=September 21, 2015 \|title\=Twins call up German\-born Kepler for stretch run: Recently named Southern League MVP, outfielder ranks as club's No. 6 prospect \|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/150905984/twins\-call\-up\-german\-born\-prospect\-max\-kepler \|access\-date\=September 22, 2015 \|website\=MLB.com}} After [Donald Lutz](/wiki/Donald_Lutz "Donald Lutz"), Kepler is the second German\-developed player to play in modern MLB.{{Cite web \|last\=Sheldon \|first\=Mark \|date\=May 1, 2013 \|title\=Lutz gets first big league start in finale \|url\=http://m.reds.mlb.com/news/article/46326920/lutz\-gets\-first\-big\-league\-start\-in\-finale/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417235927/http://m.reds.mlb.com/news/article/46326920/lutz\-gets\-first\-big\-league\-start\-in\-finale/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=April 17, 2017 \|access\-date\=April 17, 2017 \|website\=MLB.com}} Kepler made his major league debut on September 27, 2015\. He recorded his first hit on October 4, 2015\.{{Cite web \|last\=Heneghan \|first\=Kelsie \|date\=February 9, 2016 \|title\=Kepler rides roller coaster to Minnesota: Twins prospect deals with disappointment, playoffs before first callup \|url\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20160209\&content\_id\=163962648\&fext\=.jsp\&vkey\=news\_milb\&sid\=milb \|access\-date\=February 9, 2016 \|website\=MiLB.com}}{{Cite web \|title\=Max Kepler Statistics and History \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/k/keplema01\.shtml \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]}}
#### 2016 season
The Twins assigned Kepler to the [Rochester Red Wings](/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings "Rochester Red Wings") of the [Triple–A](/wiki/Class_AAA "Class AAA") [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League") to start the 2016 season.{{Cite web \|last\=Kraft \|first\=Alex \|date\=March 25, 2016 \|title\=Twins option Kepler to Triple\-A Rochester: Third\-ranked prospect heads to International League for first time \|url\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20160325\&content\_id\=169074566\&fext\=.jsp\&vkey\=news\_milb\&sid\=milb \|access\-date\=March 25, 2016 \|website\=MiLB.com}} After playing in two games for Rochester, the Twins promoted him to the major leagues to replace the injured [Danny Santana](/wiki/Danny_Santana "Danny Santana") on April 10\.{{Cite news \|last\=Berardino \|first\=Mike \|date\=April 10, 2016 \|title\=Minnesota Twins: Top position prospect Max Kepler gets a surprise call \|work\=Pioneer Press \|url\=http://www.twincities.com/2016/04/10/minnesota\-twins\-top\-position\-prospect\-max\-kepler\-gets\-a\-surprise\-call/ \|access\-date\=April 26, 2016}} Kepler was optioned to Rochester fifteen days later.{{Cite news \|date\=April 25, 2016 \|title\=Twins send top prospect Byron Buxton, batting .156, to minors \|work\=ESPN.com \|agency\=Associated Press \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/15355631/minnesota\-twins\-send\-top\-prospect\-byron\-buxton\-minors\-roster\-shuffle \|access\-date\=April 25, 2016}} On June 1, Kepler was recalled to replace the injured [Miguel Sanó](/wiki/Miguel_San%C3%B3 "Miguel Sanó"), and he began getting regular starts for the Twins in right field.
Kepler had his first multi\-hit game on June 2 against the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays "Tampa Bay Rays").{{Cite web \|title\=Tampa Bay Rays vs Minnesota Twins Box Score: June 2, 2016 \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/MIN/MIN201606020\.shtml \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} His first Major League home run was a walk\-off blast against [Matt Barnes](/wiki/Matt_Barnes "Matt Barnes").{{Cite web \|last\=Miller \|first\=Phil \|date\=June 12, 2016 \|title\=Kepler's first career home run is a walkoff winner over Boston \|url\=http://www.startribune.com/kepler\-s\-first\-career\-home\-run\-is\-a\-walkoff\-winner\-over\-boston/382627071/ \|access\-date\=June 13, 2016 \|website\=Minneapolis Star Tribune}} He became the first European\-born Major League player to hit three home runs in a game on August 1 against the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians "Cleveland Indians"). This also made him the fifth Twins player to hit three home runs in a game, along with [Bob Allison](/wiki/Bob_Allison "Bob Allison"), [Harmon Killebrew](/wiki/Harmon_Killebrew "Harmon Killebrew"), [Tony Oliva](/wiki/Tony_Oliva "Tony Oliva"), and [Justin Morneau](/wiki/Justin_Morneau "Justin Morneau").{{Cite web \|title\=Twins vs. Indians \- Game Recap \- August 1, 2016 \- ESPN \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId\=360801105 \|website\=ESPN.com}} Kepler was named co\-American League Player of the Week on August 8, sharing the honors with Twins teammate [Joe Mauer](/wiki/Joe_Mauer "Joe Mauer").{{Cite web \|title\=Kepler, Mauer share AL Player of the Week honor \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\-kepler\-joe\-mauer\-are\-players\-of\-the\-week\-c194354372 \|website\=MLB.com}}
He finished the season with a .235 batting average, hitting 17 home runs and driving in 63 runs over 113 games.
#### 2017 season
Kepler was an Opening Day starter for the first time in 2017, collecting a hit in his first at\-bat of the season against the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals").{{Cite web \|title\=Kansas City Royals at Minnesota Twins Box Score, April 3, 2017 \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/MIN/MIN201704030\.shtml \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]}} He became the second player in Twins history to have a walk\-off [hit by the pitch](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch "Hit by pitch") in a game against the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox") on August 31\.
Kepler played in 147 games during the 2017 season. He hit 19 home runs and had 69 RBI, helping the Twins reach the postseason for the first time since 2010\.{{Cite web \|last\=Opatz \|first\=Louie \|date\=2017\-09\-29 \|title\=Which Twin had the most fun celebrating clinching the playoffs? \|url\=https://www.twinkietown.com/2017/9/29/16383010/which\-minnesota\-twins\-had\-the\-most\-fun\-celebrating\-clinching\-the\-playoffs\-mlb\-wild\-card \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Twinkie Town \|language\=en}} He went 1\-for\-3 with a double and a walk in the 2017 American League Wild Card Game, but the Twins were defeated by the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees").{{Cite web \|title\=Yankees 8\-4 Twins (Oct 3, 2017\) Game Recap \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap/\_/gameId/371003110 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=ESPN \|language\=en}}
#### 2018 season
Kepler hit a walk\-off home run against [Brad Peacock](/wiki/Brad_Peacock "Brad Peacock") of the defending champion [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") on April 11, 2018\.{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=2018\-04\-11 \|title\=Twins survive Astros 9\-8 on Max Kepler's walk\-off homer in the ninth \|url\=https://www.twincities.com/2018/04/11/twins\-survive\-9\-8\-on\-max\-keplers\-walk\-off\-homer\-in\-the\-ninth/ \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Twin Cities \|language\=en\-US}} He finished the season with a batting average of .224 and hit 20 home runs with 58 RBI.
[thumb\|left\|upright\|Kepler in 2017](/wiki/File:Max_Kepler_in_2017_%2834816208366%29.jpg "Max Kepler in 2017 (34816208366).jpg")
#### 2019 season
Kepler signed a five\-year, $35 million contract with the Twins on February 14, 2019\. The deal also included a team option for the 2024 season.{{Cite web \|title\=Twins reach 5\-year deals with Kepler, Polanco \|url\=https://apnews.com/5c65a4bde6744adca2fbf85449d78a08 \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=February 15, 2019 }}
He won his second career American League Player of the Week award for the week of May 26\.{{Cite web \|last\=David Adler \|title\=Kepler, Arenado win Player of the Week honors \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\-kepler\-nolan\-arenado\-players\-of\-the\-week \|access\-date\=August 22, 2019 \|website\=MLB.com}} Kepler had his second career three home run game on June 6\. All three home runs came against [Trevor Bauer](/wiki/Trevor_Bauer "Trevor Bauer").{{Cite web \|title\=Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Box Score, June 6, 2019 \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/CLE/CLE201906060\.shtml \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]}} He hit two more home runs against Bauer in a game on July 13\.{{Cite web \|title\=Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Box Score, July 13, 2019 \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/CLE/CLE201907130\.shtml \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]}} This was the first time in Major League history that a batter homered in five consecutive at bats against the same pitcher during a single season.{{Cite web \|title\=Twins' Max Kepler makes history by homering in five straight at\-bats against Trevor Bauer \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/twins\-max\-kepler\-makes\-history\-by\-homering\-in\-five\-straight\-at\-bats\-against\-trevor\-bauer/ \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[CBS Sports]]\|date\=July 14, 2019 }}
Kepler finished the 2019 season with 36 home runs, which is the single season Major League record for home runs by a European\-born player. He passed former [Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants_%28baseball%29 "New York Giants (baseball)") outfielder [Bobby Thomson](/wiki/Bobby_Thomson "Bobby Thomson"), who hit 32 home runs during the 1951 season.{{Cite web \|title\=Kepler is new European\-born home run king \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\-kepler\-sets\-european\-born\-home\-run\-record \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[MLB]]}} He also drove in a career high 90 runs, and finished 20th in the American League MVP voting.
#### 2020 season
Kepler was the Twins lead\-off hitter on opening day, homering against [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox") starter [Lucas Giolito](/wiki/Lucas_Giolito "Lucas Giolito") on the first pitch of the season. He also homered again during his second at\-bat of the game.{{Cite web \|title\=Watch: Max Kepler homers on 1st pitch of Twins season {{!}} Bring Me The News \|url\=https://bringmethenews.com/.amp/minnesota\-sports/watch\-max\-kepler\-homers\-on\-1st\-pitch\-of\-twins\-season \|access\-date\=2020\-07\-25 \|website\=bringmethenews.com\|date\=July 24, 2020 }} This made him the second player in Major League history to hit a home run in the first two innings of a season, following [Ted Kluszewski](/wiki/Ted_Kluszewski "Ted Kluszewski") of the [Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels "Los Angeles Angels") (April 11, 1961\).{{Cite web \|title\=Ted Kluszewski starts things off right for the Angels \|url\=https://www.halosheaven.com/2020/4/11/21212836/angels\-history\-ted\-kluszewski\-first\-game\-home\-runs\-1961 \|access\-date\=2020\-07\-25 \|website\=www.halosheaven.com \|date\=April 11, 2020 \|language\=en}} Kepler had a walk\-off single against the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") on September 22\.{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-09\-22 \|title\=Twins Now Half Game Behind White Sox After Beating Tigers 5\-4 \- CBS Minnesota \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/twins\-now\-half\-game\-behind\-white\-sox\-after\-beating\-tigers\-5\-4/ \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=www.cbsnews.com \|language\=en\-US}}
He finished the 2020 season with a .228 batting average, hitting nine home runs and driving in 23 runs.
#### 2021 season
Kepler batted a career low .211 with 19 home runs and 54 runs batted in.{{Cite web \|title\=Max Kepler Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status \& More \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/k/keplema01\.shtml \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} He had two walk\-off singles during the season. The first came against the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox") on April 15\.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-04\-15 \|title\=Max Kepler blooper helps Twins walk off Red Sox with dramatic 4\-3 win \|url\=https://www.twincities.com/2021/04/15/max\-kepler\-blooper\-helps\-twins\-walk\-off\-red\-sox\-with\-dramatic\-4\-3\-win/ \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Twin Cities \|language\=en\-US}} The second came against the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") on July 26\.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-07\-27 \|title\=Kepler's RBI single gives Twins 6\-5 win vs Tigers in 10 \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/sports\-mlb\-baseball\-f838745405d69d90e6064a8e62764600 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=AP News \|language\=en}}
#### 2022 season
Kepler batted .227 with nine home runs and 43 runs batted in during the 2022 season. He was hampered by a second half toe injury, and was ultimately shut down in early September.{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|title\=From penthouses to Paris: Twins outfielder Max Kepler makes offseasons spectacular \|url\=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota\-twins\-outfielder\-max\-kepler\-fort\-myers\-spring\-training\-berlin\-germany\-paris\-france/600251992/ \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Star Tribune\|date\= February 16, 2023}}
#### 2023 season
Kepler had a bounce back season in 2023, batting .260 and leading the Twins with 24 home runs.{{Cite web \|title\=2023 Minnesota Twins Statistics \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/MIN/2023\.shtml \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} He was espically strong in the second half, batting .306 after the All\-Star break.{{Cite web \|title\=Max Kepler 2023 Batting Splits \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/split.fcgi?id\=keplema01\&t\=b\&year\=2023 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} This helped the Twins win their third [American League Central](/wiki/American_League_Central "American League Central") title in five seasons.{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-09\-23 \|title\=Twins secure third AL Central title in last 5 years \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/38465721/twins\-angels\-clinch\-al\-central\-title\-again \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=ESPN.com \|language\=en}}
#### 2024 season
The Twins exercised their $10 million team option on Kepler on November 2, 2023\.{{Cite web \|title\=Twins exercise '24 options on Polanco, Kepler \-\- but will they be back? \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/twins\-exercise\-2024\-options\-for\-jorge\-polanco\-max\-kepler \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=MLB.com \|language\=en}} He broke the [Target Field](/wiki/Target_Field "Target Field") home run record on June 14, 2024 against the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics "Oakland Athletics"). Kepler also delivered a walk\-off single later that night. {{cite web \| url\=https://m.startribune.com/minnesota\-twins\-beat\-oakland\-athletics\-10\-innings\-max\-kepler\-jhoan\-duran/600373713/?clmob\=y\&c\=n\&clmob\=y\&c\=n \| title\=The latest from the StarTribune \| website\=\[\[Star Tribune]] }} Kepler recorded another walk\-off single on July 24, against the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies"). It was the 11th walk\-off plate appearance of his career, which tied a franchise record. {{cite web \| url\=https://www.startribune.com/twins\-beat\-phillies\-max\-kepler\-matt\-wallner\-bryce\-harper\-brooks\-lee\-aaron\-nola/600385429/ \| title\=Twins rally late, beat Phillies on Max Kepler's bottom\-of\-the\-ninth RBI single \| website\=\[\[Star Tribune]] \| date\=July 25, 2024 }} In 105 games for Minnesota, he slashed .253/.302/.380 with eight home runs and 42 RBI. Kepler was placed on the injured list with left [patellar tendinitis](/wiki/Patellar_tendinitis "Patellar tendinitis") on September 5\.{{Cite web\|title\=Buxton, Kepler deliver double dose of bad news for injury\-struck Twins\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/byron\-buxton\-remains\-injured\-max\-kepler\-to\-il\|access\-date\=October 3, 2024\|website\=mlb.com\|language\=en}} He was transferred to the 60–day injured list on September 27, ending his season.{{Cite web\|title\=Injury ends Max Kepler's 2024 regular season and, possibly, his Twins career\|url\=https://www.startribune.com/twins\-max\-kepler\-injury\-hip\-knee\-season\-ends\-justin\-topa\-chris\-paddack/601151079\|access\-date\=October 3, 2024\|website\=startribune.com\|language\=en}}
|
[
"MLB career\n----------",
"### Minnesota Twins",
"The Twins promoted Kepler to the major leagues on September 21, 2015\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bollinger \\|first\\=Rhett \\|date\\=September 21, 2015 \\|title\\=Twins call up German\\-born Kepler for stretch run: Recently named Southern League MVP, outfielder ranks as club's No. 6 prospect \\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/150905984/twins\\-call\\-up\\-german\\-born\\-prospect\\-max\\-kepler \\|access\\-date\\=September 22, 2015 \\|website\\=MLB.com}} After [Donald Lutz](/wiki/Donald_Lutz \"Donald Lutz\"), Kepler is the second German\\-developed player to play in modern MLB.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sheldon \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=May 1, 2013 \\|title\\=Lutz gets first big league start in finale \\|url\\=http://m.reds.mlb.com/news/article/46326920/lutz\\-gets\\-first\\-big\\-league\\-start\\-in\\-finale/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417235927/http://m.reds.mlb.com/news/article/46326920/lutz\\-gets\\-first\\-big\\-league\\-start\\-in\\-finale/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=April 17, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2017 \\|website\\=MLB.com}} Kepler made his major league debut on September 27, 2015\\. He recorded his first hit on October 4, 2015\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Heneghan \\|first\\=Kelsie \\|date\\=February 9, 2016 \\|title\\=Kepler rides roller coaster to Minnesota: Twins prospect deals with disappointment, playoffs before first callup \\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20160209\\&content\\_id\\=163962648\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&vkey\\=news\\_milb\\&sid\\=milb \\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2016 \\|website\\=MiLB.com}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Max Kepler Statistics and History \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/k/keplema01\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]}}",
"#### 2016 season",
"The Twins assigned Kepler to the [Rochester Red Wings](/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings \"Rochester Red Wings\") of the [Triple–A](/wiki/Class_AAA \"Class AAA\") [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\") to start the 2016 season.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kraft \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=March 25, 2016 \\|title\\=Twins option Kepler to Triple\\-A Rochester: Third\\-ranked prospect heads to International League for first time \\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20160325\\&content\\_id\\=169074566\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&vkey\\=news\\_milb\\&sid\\=milb \\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2016 \\|website\\=MiLB.com}} After playing in two games for Rochester, the Twins promoted him to the major leagues to replace the injured [Danny Santana](/wiki/Danny_Santana \"Danny Santana\") on April 10\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Berardino \\|first\\=Mike \\|date\\=April 10, 2016 \\|title\\=Minnesota Twins: Top position prospect Max Kepler gets a surprise call \\|work\\=Pioneer Press \\|url\\=http://www.twincities.com/2016/04/10/minnesota\\-twins\\-top\\-position\\-prospect\\-max\\-kepler\\-gets\\-a\\-surprise\\-call/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2016}} Kepler was optioned to Rochester fifteen days later.{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 25, 2016 \\|title\\=Twins send top prospect Byron Buxton, batting .156, to minors \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/15355631/minnesota\\-twins\\-send\\-top\\-prospect\\-byron\\-buxton\\-minors\\-roster\\-shuffle \\|access\\-date\\=April 25, 2016}} On June 1, Kepler was recalled to replace the injured [Miguel Sanó](/wiki/Miguel_San%C3%B3 \"Miguel Sanó\"), and he began getting regular starts for the Twins in right field.",
"Kepler had his first multi\\-hit game on June 2 against the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays \"Tampa Bay Rays\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tampa Bay Rays vs Minnesota Twins Box Score: June 2, 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/MIN/MIN201606020\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} His first Major League home run was a walk\\-off blast against [Matt Barnes](/wiki/Matt_Barnes \"Matt Barnes\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Miller \\|first\\=Phil \\|date\\=June 12, 2016 \\|title\\=Kepler's first career home run is a walkoff winner over Boston \\|url\\=http://www.startribune.com/kepler\\-s\\-first\\-career\\-home\\-run\\-is\\-a\\-walkoff\\-winner\\-over\\-boston/382627071/ \\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2016 \\|website\\=Minneapolis Star Tribune}} He became the first European\\-born Major League player to hit three home runs in a game on August 1 against the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians \"Cleveland Indians\"). This also made him the fifth Twins player to hit three home runs in a game, along with [Bob Allison](/wiki/Bob_Allison \"Bob Allison\"), [Harmon Killebrew](/wiki/Harmon_Killebrew \"Harmon Killebrew\"), [Tony Oliva](/wiki/Tony_Oliva \"Tony Oliva\"), and [Justin Morneau](/wiki/Justin_Morneau \"Justin Morneau\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Twins vs. Indians \\- Game Recap \\- August 1, 2016 \\- ESPN \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId\\=360801105 \\|website\\=ESPN.com}} Kepler was named co\\-American League Player of the Week on August 8, sharing the honors with Twins teammate [Joe Mauer](/wiki/Joe_Mauer \"Joe Mauer\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kepler, Mauer share AL Player of the Week honor \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\\-kepler\\-joe\\-mauer\\-are\\-players\\-of\\-the\\-week\\-c194354372 \\|website\\=MLB.com}}",
"He finished the season with a .235 batting average, hitting 17 home runs and driving in 63 runs over 113 games.",
"#### 2017 season",
"Kepler was an Opening Day starter for the first time in 2017, collecting a hit in his first at\\-bat of the season against the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kansas City Royals at Minnesota Twins Box Score, April 3, 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/MIN/MIN201704030\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]}} He became the second player in Twins history to have a walk\\-off [hit by the pitch](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch \"Hit by pitch\") in a game against the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\") on August 31\\.",
"Kepler played in 147 games during the 2017 season. He hit 19 home runs and had 69 RBI, helping the Twins reach the postseason for the first time since 2010\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Opatz \\|first\\=Louie \\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-29 \\|title\\=Which Twin had the most fun celebrating clinching the playoffs? \\|url\\=https://www.twinkietown.com/2017/9/29/16383010/which\\-minnesota\\-twins\\-had\\-the\\-most\\-fun\\-celebrating\\-clinching\\-the\\-playoffs\\-mlb\\-wild\\-card \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Twinkie Town \\|language\\=en}} He went 1\\-for\\-3 with a double and a walk in the 2017 American League Wild Card Game, but the Twins were defeated by the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Yankees 8\\-4 Twins (Oct 3, 2017\\) Game Recap \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap/\\_/gameId/371003110 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=ESPN \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### 2018 season",
"Kepler hit a walk\\-off home run against [Brad Peacock](/wiki/Brad_Peacock \"Brad Peacock\") of the defending champion [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") on April 11, 2018\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-11 \\|title\\=Twins survive Astros 9\\-8 on Max Kepler's walk\\-off homer in the ninth \\|url\\=https://www.twincities.com/2018/04/11/twins\\-survive\\-9\\-8\\-on\\-max\\-keplers\\-walk\\-off\\-homer\\-in\\-the\\-ninth/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Twin Cities \\|language\\=en\\-US}} He finished the season with a batting average of .224 and hit 20 home runs with 58 RBI.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Kepler in 2017](/wiki/File:Max_Kepler_in_2017_%2834816208366%29.jpg \"Max Kepler in 2017 (34816208366).jpg\")",
"#### 2019 season",
"Kepler signed a five\\-year, $35 million contract with the Twins on February 14, 2019\\. The deal also included a team option for the 2024 season.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Twins reach 5\\-year deals with Kepler, Polanco \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/5c65a4bde6744adca2fbf85449d78a08 \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=February 15, 2019 }}",
"He won his second career American League Player of the Week award for the week of May 26\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=David Adler \\|title\\=Kepler, Arenado win Player of the Week honors \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\\-kepler\\-nolan\\-arenado\\-players\\-of\\-the\\-week \\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2019 \\|website\\=MLB.com}} Kepler had his second career three home run game on June 6\\. All three home runs came against [Trevor Bauer](/wiki/Trevor_Bauer \"Trevor Bauer\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Box Score, June 6, 2019 \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/CLE/CLE201906060\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]}} He hit two more home runs against Bauer in a game on July 13\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Box Score, July 13, 2019 \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/CLE/CLE201907130\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]}} This was the first time in Major League history that a batter homered in five consecutive at bats against the same pitcher during a single season.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Twins' Max Kepler makes history by homering in five straight at\\-bats against Trevor Bauer \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/twins\\-max\\-kepler\\-makes\\-history\\-by\\-homering\\-in\\-five\\-straight\\-at\\-bats\\-against\\-trevor\\-bauer/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[CBS Sports]]\\|date\\=July 14, 2019 }}",
"Kepler finished the 2019 season with 36 home runs, which is the single season Major League record for home runs by a European\\-born player. He passed former [Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants_%28baseball%29 \"New York Giants (baseball)\") outfielder [Bobby Thomson](/wiki/Bobby_Thomson \"Bobby Thomson\"), who hit 32 home runs during the 1951 season.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kepler is new European\\-born home run king \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\\-kepler\\-sets\\-european\\-born\\-home\\-run\\-record \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[MLB]]}} He also drove in a career high 90 runs, and finished 20th in the American League MVP voting.",
"#### 2020 season",
"Kepler was the Twins lead\\-off hitter on opening day, homering against [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\") starter [Lucas Giolito](/wiki/Lucas_Giolito \"Lucas Giolito\") on the first pitch of the season. He also homered again during his second at\\-bat of the game.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Watch: Max Kepler homers on 1st pitch of Twins season {{!}} Bring Me The News \\|url\\=https://bringmethenews.com/.amp/minnesota\\-sports/watch\\-max\\-kepler\\-homers\\-on\\-1st\\-pitch\\-of\\-twins\\-season \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-25 \\|website\\=bringmethenews.com\\|date\\=July 24, 2020 }} This made him the second player in Major League history to hit a home run in the first two innings of a season, following [Ted Kluszewski](/wiki/Ted_Kluszewski \"Ted Kluszewski\") of the [Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels \"Los Angeles Angels\") (April 11, 1961\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ted Kluszewski starts things off right for the Angels \\|url\\=https://www.halosheaven.com/2020/4/11/21212836/angels\\-history\\-ted\\-kluszewski\\-first\\-game\\-home\\-runs\\-1961 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-25 \\|website\\=www.halosheaven.com \\|date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|language\\=en}} Kepler had a walk\\-off single against the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") on September 22\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-09\\-22 \\|title\\=Twins Now Half Game Behind White Sox After Beating Tigers 5\\-4 \\- CBS Minnesota \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/twins\\-now\\-half\\-game\\-behind\\-white\\-sox\\-after\\-beating\\-tigers\\-5\\-4/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=www.cbsnews.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"He finished the 2020 season with a .228 batting average, hitting nine home runs and driving in 23 runs.",
"#### 2021 season",
"Kepler batted a career low .211 with 19 home runs and 54 runs batted in.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Max Kepler Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status \\& More \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/k/keplema01\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} He had two walk\\-off singles during the season. The first came against the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") on April 15\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-15 \\|title\\=Max Kepler blooper helps Twins walk off Red Sox with dramatic 4\\-3 win \\|url\\=https://www.twincities.com/2021/04/15/max\\-kepler\\-blooper\\-helps\\-twins\\-walk\\-off\\-red\\-sox\\-with\\-dramatic\\-4\\-3\\-win/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Twin Cities \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The second came against the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") on July 26\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-27 \\|title\\=Kepler's RBI single gives Twins 6\\-5 win vs Tigers in 10 \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/sports\\-mlb\\-baseball\\-f838745405d69d90e6064a8e62764600 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=AP News \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### 2022 season",
"Kepler batted .227 with nine home runs and 43 runs batted in during the 2022 season. He was hampered by a second half toe injury, and was ultimately shut down in early September.{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|title\\=From penthouses to Paris: Twins outfielder Max Kepler makes offseasons spectacular \\|url\\=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota\\-twins\\-outfielder\\-max\\-kepler\\-fort\\-myers\\-spring\\-training\\-berlin\\-germany\\-paris\\-france/600251992/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Star Tribune\\|date\\= February 16, 2023}}",
"#### 2023 season",
"Kepler had a bounce back season in 2023, batting .260 and leading the Twins with 24 home runs.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2023 Minnesota Twins Statistics \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/MIN/2023\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} He was espically strong in the second half, batting .306 after the All\\-Star break.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Max Kepler 2023 Batting Splits \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/split.fcgi?id\\=keplema01\\&t\\=b\\&year\\=2023 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} This helped the Twins win their third [American League Central](/wiki/American_League_Central \"American League Central\") title in five seasons.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-23 \\|title\\=Twins secure third AL Central title in last 5 years \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/38465721/twins\\-angels\\-clinch\\-al\\-central\\-title\\-again \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=ESPN.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### 2024 season",
"The Twins exercised their $10 million team option on Kepler on November 2, 2023\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Twins exercise '24 options on Polanco, Kepler \\-\\- but will they be back? \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/twins\\-exercise\\-2024\\-options\\-for\\-jorge\\-polanco\\-max\\-kepler \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=MLB.com \\|language\\=en}} He broke the [Target Field](/wiki/Target_Field \"Target Field\") home run record on June 14, 2024 against the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\"). Kepler also delivered a walk\\-off single later that night. {{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.startribune.com/minnesota\\-twins\\-beat\\-oakland\\-athletics\\-10\\-innings\\-max\\-kepler\\-jhoan\\-duran/600373713/?clmob\\=y\\&c\\=n\\&clmob\\=y\\&c\\=n \\| title\\=The latest from the StarTribune \\| website\\=\\[\\[Star Tribune]] }} Kepler recorded another walk\\-off single on July 24, against the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\"). It was the 11th walk\\-off plate appearance of his career, which tied a franchise record. {{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.startribune.com/twins\\-beat\\-phillies\\-max\\-kepler\\-matt\\-wallner\\-bryce\\-harper\\-brooks\\-lee\\-aaron\\-nola/600385429/ \\| title\\=Twins rally late, beat Phillies on Max Kepler's bottom\\-of\\-the\\-ninth RBI single \\| website\\=\\[\\[Star Tribune]] \\| date\\=July 25, 2024 }} In 105 games for Minnesota, he slashed .253/.302/.380 with eight home runs and 42 RBI. Kepler was placed on the injured list with left [patellar tendinitis](/wiki/Patellar_tendinitis \"Patellar tendinitis\") on September 5\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Buxton, Kepler deliver double dose of bad news for injury\\-struck Twins\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/byron\\-buxton\\-remains\\-injured\\-max\\-kepler\\-to\\-il\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2024\\|website\\=mlb.com\\|language\\=en}} He was transferred to the 60–day injured list on September 27, ending his season.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Injury ends Max Kepler's 2024 regular season and, possibly, his Twins career\\|url\\=https://www.startribune.com/twins\\-max\\-kepler\\-injury\\-hip\\-knee\\-season\\-ends\\-justin\\-topa\\-chris\\-paddack/601151079\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2024\\|website\\=startribune.com\\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### Minnesota Twins
The Twins promoted Kepler to the major leagues on September 21, 2015\.{{Cite web \|last\=Bollinger \|first\=Rhett \|date\=September 21, 2015 \|title\=Twins call up German\-born Kepler for stretch run: Recently named Southern League MVP, outfielder ranks as club's No. 6 prospect \|url\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/150905984/twins\-call\-up\-german\-born\-prospect\-max\-kepler \|access\-date\=September 22, 2015 \|website\=MLB.com}} After [Donald Lutz](/wiki/Donald_Lutz "Donald Lutz"), Kepler is the second German\-developed player to play in modern MLB.{{Cite web \|last\=Sheldon \|first\=Mark \|date\=May 1, 2013 \|title\=Lutz gets first big league start in finale \|url\=http://m.reds.mlb.com/news/article/46326920/lutz\-gets\-first\-big\-league\-start\-in\-finale/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417235927/http://m.reds.mlb.com/news/article/46326920/lutz\-gets\-first\-big\-league\-start\-in\-finale/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=April 17, 2017 \|access\-date\=April 17, 2017 \|website\=MLB.com}} Kepler made his major league debut on September 27, 2015\. He recorded his first hit on October 4, 2015\.{{Cite web \|last\=Heneghan \|first\=Kelsie \|date\=February 9, 2016 \|title\=Kepler rides roller coaster to Minnesota: Twins prospect deals with disappointment, playoffs before first callup \|url\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20160209\&content\_id\=163962648\&fext\=.jsp\&vkey\=news\_milb\&sid\=milb \|access\-date\=February 9, 2016 \|website\=MiLB.com}}{{Cite web \|title\=Max Kepler Statistics and History \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/k/keplema01\.shtml \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]}}
#### 2016 season
The Twins assigned Kepler to the [Rochester Red Wings](/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings "Rochester Red Wings") of the [Triple–A](/wiki/Class_AAA "Class AAA") [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League") to start the 2016 season.{{Cite web \|last\=Kraft \|first\=Alex \|date\=March 25, 2016 \|title\=Twins option Kepler to Triple\-A Rochester: Third\-ranked prospect heads to International League for first time \|url\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20160325\&content\_id\=169074566\&fext\=.jsp\&vkey\=news\_milb\&sid\=milb \|access\-date\=March 25, 2016 \|website\=MiLB.com}} After playing in two games for Rochester, the Twins promoted him to the major leagues to replace the injured [Danny Santana](/wiki/Danny_Santana "Danny Santana") on April 10\.{{Cite news \|last\=Berardino \|first\=Mike \|date\=April 10, 2016 \|title\=Minnesota Twins: Top position prospect Max Kepler gets a surprise call \|work\=Pioneer Press \|url\=http://www.twincities.com/2016/04/10/minnesota\-twins\-top\-position\-prospect\-max\-kepler\-gets\-a\-surprise\-call/ \|access\-date\=April 26, 2016}} Kepler was optioned to Rochester fifteen days later.{{Cite news \|date\=April 25, 2016 \|title\=Twins send top prospect Byron Buxton, batting .156, to minors \|work\=ESPN.com \|agency\=Associated Press \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/15355631/minnesota\-twins\-send\-top\-prospect\-byron\-buxton\-minors\-roster\-shuffle \|access\-date\=April 25, 2016}} On June 1, Kepler was recalled to replace the injured [Miguel Sanó](/wiki/Miguel_San%C3%B3 "Miguel Sanó"), and he began getting regular starts for the Twins in right field.
Kepler had his first multi\-hit game on June 2 against the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays "Tampa Bay Rays").{{Cite web \|title\=Tampa Bay Rays vs Minnesota Twins Box Score: June 2, 2016 \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/MIN/MIN201606020\.shtml \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} His first Major League home run was a walk\-off blast against [Matt Barnes](/wiki/Matt_Barnes "Matt Barnes").{{Cite web \|last\=Miller \|first\=Phil \|date\=June 12, 2016 \|title\=Kepler's first career home run is a walkoff winner over Boston \|url\=http://www.startribune.com/kepler\-s\-first\-career\-home\-run\-is\-a\-walkoff\-winner\-over\-boston/382627071/ \|access\-date\=June 13, 2016 \|website\=Minneapolis Star Tribune}} He became the first European\-born Major League player to hit three home runs in a game on August 1 against the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians "Cleveland Indians"). This also made him the fifth Twins player to hit three home runs in a game, along with [Bob Allison](/wiki/Bob_Allison "Bob Allison"), [Harmon Killebrew](/wiki/Harmon_Killebrew "Harmon Killebrew"), [Tony Oliva](/wiki/Tony_Oliva "Tony Oliva"), and [Justin Morneau](/wiki/Justin_Morneau "Justin Morneau").{{Cite web \|title\=Twins vs. Indians \- Game Recap \- August 1, 2016 \- ESPN \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId\=360801105 \|website\=ESPN.com}} Kepler was named co\-American League Player of the Week on August 8, sharing the honors with Twins teammate [Joe Mauer](/wiki/Joe_Mauer "Joe Mauer").{{Cite web \|title\=Kepler, Mauer share AL Player of the Week honor \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\-kepler\-joe\-mauer\-are\-players\-of\-the\-week\-c194354372 \|website\=MLB.com}}
He finished the season with a .235 batting average, hitting 17 home runs and driving in 63 runs over 113 games.
#### 2017 season
Kepler was an Opening Day starter for the first time in 2017, collecting a hit in his first at\-bat of the season against the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals").{{Cite web \|title\=Kansas City Royals at Minnesota Twins Box Score, April 3, 2017 \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/MIN/MIN201704030\.shtml \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]}} He became the second player in Twins history to have a walk\-off [hit by the pitch](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch "Hit by pitch") in a game against the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox") on August 31\.
Kepler played in 147 games during the 2017 season. He hit 19 home runs and had 69 RBI, helping the Twins reach the postseason for the first time since 2010\.{{Cite web \|last\=Opatz \|first\=Louie \|date\=2017\-09\-29 \|title\=Which Twin had the most fun celebrating clinching the playoffs? \|url\=https://www.twinkietown.com/2017/9/29/16383010/which\-minnesota\-twins\-had\-the\-most\-fun\-celebrating\-clinching\-the\-playoffs\-mlb\-wild\-card \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Twinkie Town \|language\=en}} He went 1\-for\-3 with a double and a walk in the 2017 American League Wild Card Game, but the Twins were defeated by the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees").{{Cite web \|title\=Yankees 8\-4 Twins (Oct 3, 2017\) Game Recap \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap/\_/gameId/371003110 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=ESPN \|language\=en}}
#### 2018 season
Kepler hit a walk\-off home run against [Brad Peacock](/wiki/Brad_Peacock "Brad Peacock") of the defending champion [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") on April 11, 2018\.{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=2018\-04\-11 \|title\=Twins survive Astros 9\-8 on Max Kepler's walk\-off homer in the ninth \|url\=https://www.twincities.com/2018/04/11/twins\-survive\-9\-8\-on\-max\-keplers\-walk\-off\-homer\-in\-the\-ninth/ \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Twin Cities \|language\=en\-US}} He finished the season with a batting average of .224 and hit 20 home runs with 58 RBI.
[thumb\|left\|upright\|Kepler in 2017](/wiki/File:Max_Kepler_in_2017_%2834816208366%29.jpg "Max Kepler in 2017 (34816208366).jpg")
#### 2019 season
Kepler signed a five\-year, $35 million contract with the Twins on February 14, 2019\. The deal also included a team option for the 2024 season.{{Cite web \|title\=Twins reach 5\-year deals with Kepler, Polanco \|url\=https://apnews.com/5c65a4bde6744adca2fbf85449d78a08 \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=February 15, 2019 }}
He won his second career American League Player of the Week award for the week of May 26\.{{Cite web \|last\=David Adler \|title\=Kepler, Arenado win Player of the Week honors \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\-kepler\-nolan\-arenado\-players\-of\-the\-week \|access\-date\=August 22, 2019 \|website\=MLB.com}} Kepler had his second career three home run game on June 6\. All three home runs came against [Trevor Bauer](/wiki/Trevor_Bauer "Trevor Bauer").{{Cite web \|title\=Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Box Score, June 6, 2019 \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/CLE/CLE201906060\.shtml \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]}} He hit two more home runs against Bauer in a game on July 13\.{{Cite web \|title\=Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Box Score, July 13, 2019 \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/CLE/CLE201907130\.shtml \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[Baseball\-Reference.com]]}} This was the first time in Major League history that a batter homered in five consecutive at bats against the same pitcher during a single season.{{Cite web \|title\=Twins' Max Kepler makes history by homering in five straight at\-bats against Trevor Bauer \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/twins\-max\-kepler\-makes\-history\-by\-homering\-in\-five\-straight\-at\-bats\-against\-trevor\-bauer/ \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[CBS Sports]]\|date\=July 14, 2019 }}
Kepler finished the 2019 season with 36 home runs, which is the single season Major League record for home runs by a European\-born player. He passed former [Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants_%28baseball%29 "New York Giants (baseball)") outfielder [Bobby Thomson](/wiki/Bobby_Thomson "Bobby Thomson"), who hit 32 home runs during the 1951 season.{{Cite web \|title\=Kepler is new European\-born home run king \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\-kepler\-sets\-european\-born\-home\-run\-record \|access\-date\=February 6, 2020 \|website\=\[\[MLB]]}} He also drove in a career high 90 runs, and finished 20th in the American League MVP voting.
#### 2020 season
Kepler was the Twins lead\-off hitter on opening day, homering against [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox") starter [Lucas Giolito](/wiki/Lucas_Giolito "Lucas Giolito") on the first pitch of the season. He also homered again during his second at\-bat of the game.{{Cite web \|title\=Watch: Max Kepler homers on 1st pitch of Twins season {{!}} Bring Me The News \|url\=https://bringmethenews.com/.amp/minnesota\-sports/watch\-max\-kepler\-homers\-on\-1st\-pitch\-of\-twins\-season \|access\-date\=2020\-07\-25 \|website\=bringmethenews.com\|date\=July 24, 2020 }} This made him the second player in Major League history to hit a home run in the first two innings of a season, following [Ted Kluszewski](/wiki/Ted_Kluszewski "Ted Kluszewski") of the [Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels "Los Angeles Angels") (April 11, 1961\).{{Cite web \|title\=Ted Kluszewski starts things off right for the Angels \|url\=https://www.halosheaven.com/2020/4/11/21212836/angels\-history\-ted\-kluszewski\-first\-game\-home\-runs\-1961 \|access\-date\=2020\-07\-25 \|website\=www.halosheaven.com \|date\=April 11, 2020 \|language\=en}} Kepler had a walk\-off single against the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") on September 22\.{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-09\-22 \|title\=Twins Now Half Game Behind White Sox After Beating Tigers 5\-4 \- CBS Minnesota \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/twins\-now\-half\-game\-behind\-white\-sox\-after\-beating\-tigers\-5\-4/ \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=www.cbsnews.com \|language\=en\-US}}
He finished the 2020 season with a .228 batting average, hitting nine home runs and driving in 23 runs.
#### 2021 season
Kepler batted a career low .211 with 19 home runs and 54 runs batted in.{{Cite web \|title\=Max Kepler Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status \& More \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/k/keplema01\.shtml \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} He had two walk\-off singles during the season. The first came against the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox") on April 15\.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-04\-15 \|title\=Max Kepler blooper helps Twins walk off Red Sox with dramatic 4\-3 win \|url\=https://www.twincities.com/2021/04/15/max\-kepler\-blooper\-helps\-twins\-walk\-off\-red\-sox\-with\-dramatic\-4\-3\-win/ \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Twin Cities \|language\=en\-US}} The second came against the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") on July 26\.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-07\-27 \|title\=Kepler's RBI single gives Twins 6\-5 win vs Tigers in 10 \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/sports\-mlb\-baseball\-f838745405d69d90e6064a8e62764600 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=AP News \|language\=en}}
#### 2022 season
Kepler batted .227 with nine home runs and 43 runs batted in during the 2022 season. He was hampered by a second half toe injury, and was ultimately shut down in early September.{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|title\=From penthouses to Paris: Twins outfielder Max Kepler makes offseasons spectacular \|url\=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota\-twins\-outfielder\-max\-kepler\-fort\-myers\-spring\-training\-berlin\-germany\-paris\-france/600251992/ \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Star Tribune\|date\= February 16, 2023}}
#### 2023 season
Kepler had a bounce back season in 2023, batting .260 and leading the Twins with 24 home runs.{{Cite web \|title\=2023 Minnesota Twins Statistics \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/MIN/2023\.shtml \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} He was espically strong in the second half, batting .306 after the All\-Star break.{{Cite web \|title\=Max Kepler 2023 Batting Splits \|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/split.fcgi?id\=keplema01\&t\=b\&year\=2023 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} This helped the Twins win their third [American League Central](/wiki/American_League_Central "American League Central") title in five seasons.{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-09\-23 \|title\=Twins secure third AL Central title in last 5 years \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/38465721/twins\-angels\-clinch\-al\-central\-title\-again \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=ESPN.com \|language\=en}}
#### 2024 season
The Twins exercised their $10 million team option on Kepler on November 2, 2023\.{{Cite web \|title\=Twins exercise '24 options on Polanco, Kepler \-\- but will they be back? \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/twins\-exercise\-2024\-options\-for\-jorge\-polanco\-max\-kepler \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-21 \|website\=MLB.com \|language\=en}} He broke the [Target Field](/wiki/Target_Field "Target Field") home run record on June 14, 2024 against the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics "Oakland Athletics"). Kepler also delivered a walk\-off single later that night. {{cite web \| url\=https://m.startribune.com/minnesota\-twins\-beat\-oakland\-athletics\-10\-innings\-max\-kepler\-jhoan\-duran/600373713/?clmob\=y\&c\=n\&clmob\=y\&c\=n \| title\=The latest from the StarTribune \| website\=\[\[Star Tribune]] }} Kepler recorded another walk\-off single on July 24, against the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies"). It was the 11th walk\-off plate appearance of his career, which tied a franchise record. {{cite web \| url\=https://www.startribune.com/twins\-beat\-phillies\-max\-kepler\-matt\-wallner\-bryce\-harper\-brooks\-lee\-aaron\-nola/600385429/ \| title\=Twins rally late, beat Phillies on Max Kepler's bottom\-of\-the\-ninth RBI single \| website\=\[\[Star Tribune]] \| date\=July 25, 2024 }} In 105 games for Minnesota, he slashed .253/.302/.380 with eight home runs and 42 RBI. Kepler was placed on the injured list with left [patellar tendinitis](/wiki/Patellar_tendinitis "Patellar tendinitis") on September 5\.{{Cite web\|title\=Buxton, Kepler deliver double dose of bad news for injury\-struck Twins\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/byron\-buxton\-remains\-injured\-max\-kepler\-to\-il\|access\-date\=October 3, 2024\|website\=mlb.com\|language\=en}} He was transferred to the 60–day injured list on September 27, ending his season.{{Cite web\|title\=Injury ends Max Kepler's 2024 regular season and, possibly, his Twins career\|url\=https://www.startribune.com/twins\-max\-kepler\-injury\-hip\-knee\-season\-ends\-justin\-topa\-chris\-paddack/601151079\|access\-date\=October 3, 2024\|website\=startribune.com\|language\=en}}
|
[
"### Minnesota Twins",
"The Twins promoted Kepler to the major leagues on September 21, 2015\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bollinger \\|first\\=Rhett \\|date\\=September 21, 2015 \\|title\\=Twins call up German\\-born Kepler for stretch run: Recently named Southern League MVP, outfielder ranks as club's No. 6 prospect \\|url\\=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/150905984/twins\\-call\\-up\\-german\\-born\\-prospect\\-max\\-kepler \\|access\\-date\\=September 22, 2015 \\|website\\=MLB.com}} After [Donald Lutz](/wiki/Donald_Lutz \"Donald Lutz\"), Kepler is the second German\\-developed player to play in modern MLB.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sheldon \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=May 1, 2013 \\|title\\=Lutz gets first big league start in finale \\|url\\=http://m.reds.mlb.com/news/article/46326920/lutz\\-gets\\-first\\-big\\-league\\-start\\-in\\-finale/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417235927/http://m.reds.mlb.com/news/article/46326920/lutz\\-gets\\-first\\-big\\-league\\-start\\-in\\-finale/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=April 17, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2017 \\|website\\=MLB.com}} Kepler made his major league debut on September 27, 2015\\. He recorded his first hit on October 4, 2015\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Heneghan \\|first\\=Kelsie \\|date\\=February 9, 2016 \\|title\\=Kepler rides roller coaster to Minnesota: Twins prospect deals with disappointment, playoffs before first callup \\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20160209\\&content\\_id\\=163962648\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&vkey\\=news\\_milb\\&sid\\=milb \\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2016 \\|website\\=MiLB.com}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Max Kepler Statistics and History \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/k/keplema01\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]}}",
"#### 2016 season",
"The Twins assigned Kepler to the [Rochester Red Wings](/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings \"Rochester Red Wings\") of the [Triple–A](/wiki/Class_AAA \"Class AAA\") [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\") to start the 2016 season.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kraft \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=March 25, 2016 \\|title\\=Twins option Kepler to Triple\\-A Rochester: Third\\-ranked prospect heads to International League for first time \\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20160325\\&content\\_id\\=169074566\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&vkey\\=news\\_milb\\&sid\\=milb \\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2016 \\|website\\=MiLB.com}} After playing in two games for Rochester, the Twins promoted him to the major leagues to replace the injured [Danny Santana](/wiki/Danny_Santana \"Danny Santana\") on April 10\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Berardino \\|first\\=Mike \\|date\\=April 10, 2016 \\|title\\=Minnesota Twins: Top position prospect Max Kepler gets a surprise call \\|work\\=Pioneer Press \\|url\\=http://www.twincities.com/2016/04/10/minnesota\\-twins\\-top\\-position\\-prospect\\-max\\-kepler\\-gets\\-a\\-surprise\\-call/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2016}} Kepler was optioned to Rochester fifteen days later.{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 25, 2016 \\|title\\=Twins send top prospect Byron Buxton, batting .156, to minors \\|work\\=ESPN.com \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/15355631/minnesota\\-twins\\-send\\-top\\-prospect\\-byron\\-buxton\\-minors\\-roster\\-shuffle \\|access\\-date\\=April 25, 2016}} On June 1, Kepler was recalled to replace the injured [Miguel Sanó](/wiki/Miguel_San%C3%B3 \"Miguel Sanó\"), and he began getting regular starts for the Twins in right field.",
"Kepler had his first multi\\-hit game on June 2 against the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays \"Tampa Bay Rays\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tampa Bay Rays vs Minnesota Twins Box Score: June 2, 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/MIN/MIN201606020\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} His first Major League home run was a walk\\-off blast against [Matt Barnes](/wiki/Matt_Barnes \"Matt Barnes\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Miller \\|first\\=Phil \\|date\\=June 12, 2016 \\|title\\=Kepler's first career home run is a walkoff winner over Boston \\|url\\=http://www.startribune.com/kepler\\-s\\-first\\-career\\-home\\-run\\-is\\-a\\-walkoff\\-winner\\-over\\-boston/382627071/ \\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2016 \\|website\\=Minneapolis Star Tribune}} He became the first European\\-born Major League player to hit three home runs in a game on August 1 against the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians \"Cleveland Indians\"). This also made him the fifth Twins player to hit three home runs in a game, along with [Bob Allison](/wiki/Bob_Allison \"Bob Allison\"), [Harmon Killebrew](/wiki/Harmon_Killebrew \"Harmon Killebrew\"), [Tony Oliva](/wiki/Tony_Oliva \"Tony Oliva\"), and [Justin Morneau](/wiki/Justin_Morneau \"Justin Morneau\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Twins vs. Indians \\- Game Recap \\- August 1, 2016 \\- ESPN \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId\\=360801105 \\|website\\=ESPN.com}} Kepler was named co\\-American League Player of the Week on August 8, sharing the honors with Twins teammate [Joe Mauer](/wiki/Joe_Mauer \"Joe Mauer\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kepler, Mauer share AL Player of the Week honor \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\\-kepler\\-joe\\-mauer\\-are\\-players\\-of\\-the\\-week\\-c194354372 \\|website\\=MLB.com}}",
"He finished the season with a .235 batting average, hitting 17 home runs and driving in 63 runs over 113 games.",
"#### 2017 season",
"Kepler was an Opening Day starter for the first time in 2017, collecting a hit in his first at\\-bat of the season against the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kansas City Royals at Minnesota Twins Box Score, April 3, 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/MIN/MIN201704030\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]}} He became the second player in Twins history to have a walk\\-off [hit by the pitch](/wiki/Hit_by_pitch \"Hit by pitch\") in a game against the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\") on August 31\\.",
"Kepler played in 147 games during the 2017 season. He hit 19 home runs and had 69 RBI, helping the Twins reach the postseason for the first time since 2010\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Opatz \\|first\\=Louie \\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-29 \\|title\\=Which Twin had the most fun celebrating clinching the playoffs? \\|url\\=https://www.twinkietown.com/2017/9/29/16383010/which\\-minnesota\\-twins\\-had\\-the\\-most\\-fun\\-celebrating\\-clinching\\-the\\-playoffs\\-mlb\\-wild\\-card \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Twinkie Town \\|language\\=en}} He went 1\\-for\\-3 with a double and a walk in the 2017 American League Wild Card Game, but the Twins were defeated by the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Yankees 8\\-4 Twins (Oct 3, 2017\\) Game Recap \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap/\\_/gameId/371003110 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=ESPN \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### 2018 season",
"Kepler hit a walk\\-off home run against [Brad Peacock](/wiki/Brad_Peacock \"Brad Peacock\") of the defending champion [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") on April 11, 2018\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-11 \\|title\\=Twins survive Astros 9\\-8 on Max Kepler's walk\\-off homer in the ninth \\|url\\=https://www.twincities.com/2018/04/11/twins\\-survive\\-9\\-8\\-on\\-max\\-keplers\\-walk\\-off\\-homer\\-in\\-the\\-ninth/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Twin Cities \\|language\\=en\\-US}} He finished the season with a batting average of .224 and hit 20 home runs with 58 RBI.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Kepler in 2017](/wiki/File:Max_Kepler_in_2017_%2834816208366%29.jpg \"Max Kepler in 2017 (34816208366).jpg\")",
"#### 2019 season",
"Kepler signed a five\\-year, $35 million contract with the Twins on February 14, 2019\\. The deal also included a team option for the 2024 season.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Twins reach 5\\-year deals with Kepler, Polanco \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/5c65a4bde6744adca2fbf85449d78a08 \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=February 15, 2019 }}",
"He won his second career American League Player of the Week award for the week of May 26\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=David Adler \\|title\\=Kepler, Arenado win Player of the Week honors \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\\-kepler\\-nolan\\-arenado\\-players\\-of\\-the\\-week \\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2019 \\|website\\=MLB.com}} Kepler had his second career three home run game on June 6\\. All three home runs came against [Trevor Bauer](/wiki/Trevor_Bauer \"Trevor Bauer\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Box Score, June 6, 2019 \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/CLE/CLE201906060\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]}} He hit two more home runs against Bauer in a game on July 13\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Box Score, July 13, 2019 \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/CLE/CLE201907130\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Baseball\\-Reference.com]]}} This was the first time in Major League history that a batter homered in five consecutive at bats against the same pitcher during a single season.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Twins' Max Kepler makes history by homering in five straight at\\-bats against Trevor Bauer \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/twins\\-max\\-kepler\\-makes\\-history\\-by\\-homering\\-in\\-five\\-straight\\-at\\-bats\\-against\\-trevor\\-bauer/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[CBS Sports]]\\|date\\=July 14, 2019 }}",
"Kepler finished the 2019 season with 36 home runs, which is the single season Major League record for home runs by a European\\-born player. He passed former [Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants_%28baseball%29 \"New York Giants (baseball)\") outfielder [Bobby Thomson](/wiki/Bobby_Thomson \"Bobby Thomson\"), who hit 32 home runs during the 1951 season.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kepler is new European\\-born home run king \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/max\\-kepler\\-sets\\-european\\-born\\-home\\-run\\-record \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[MLB]]}} He also drove in a career high 90 runs, and finished 20th in the American League MVP voting.",
"#### 2020 season",
"Kepler was the Twins lead\\-off hitter on opening day, homering against [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\") starter [Lucas Giolito](/wiki/Lucas_Giolito \"Lucas Giolito\") on the first pitch of the season. He also homered again during his second at\\-bat of the game.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Watch: Max Kepler homers on 1st pitch of Twins season {{!}} Bring Me The News \\|url\\=https://bringmethenews.com/.amp/minnesota\\-sports/watch\\-max\\-kepler\\-homers\\-on\\-1st\\-pitch\\-of\\-twins\\-season \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-25 \\|website\\=bringmethenews.com\\|date\\=July 24, 2020 }} This made him the second player in Major League history to hit a home run in the first two innings of a season, following [Ted Kluszewski](/wiki/Ted_Kluszewski \"Ted Kluszewski\") of the [Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels \"Los Angeles Angels\") (April 11, 1961\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ted Kluszewski starts things off right for the Angels \\|url\\=https://www.halosheaven.com/2020/4/11/21212836/angels\\-history\\-ted\\-kluszewski\\-first\\-game\\-home\\-runs\\-1961 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-25 \\|website\\=www.halosheaven.com \\|date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|language\\=en}} Kepler had a walk\\-off single against the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") on September 22\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-09\\-22 \\|title\\=Twins Now Half Game Behind White Sox After Beating Tigers 5\\-4 \\- CBS Minnesota \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/twins\\-now\\-half\\-game\\-behind\\-white\\-sox\\-after\\-beating\\-tigers\\-5\\-4/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=www.cbsnews.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"He finished the 2020 season with a .228 batting average, hitting nine home runs and driving in 23 runs.",
"#### 2021 season",
"Kepler batted a career low .211 with 19 home runs and 54 runs batted in.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Max Kepler Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status \\& More \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/k/keplema01\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} He had two walk\\-off singles during the season. The first came against the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") on April 15\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-15 \\|title\\=Max Kepler blooper helps Twins walk off Red Sox with dramatic 4\\-3 win \\|url\\=https://www.twincities.com/2021/04/15/max\\-kepler\\-blooper\\-helps\\-twins\\-walk\\-off\\-red\\-sox\\-with\\-dramatic\\-4\\-3\\-win/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Twin Cities \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The second came against the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") on July 26\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-27 \\|title\\=Kepler's RBI single gives Twins 6\\-5 win vs Tigers in 10 \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/sports\\-mlb\\-baseball\\-f838745405d69d90e6064a8e62764600 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=AP News \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### 2022 season",
"Kepler batted .227 with nine home runs and 43 runs batted in during the 2022 season. He was hampered by a second half toe injury, and was ultimately shut down in early September.{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|title\\=From penthouses to Paris: Twins outfielder Max Kepler makes offseasons spectacular \\|url\\=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota\\-twins\\-outfielder\\-max\\-kepler\\-fort\\-myers\\-spring\\-training\\-berlin\\-germany\\-paris\\-france/600251992/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Star Tribune\\|date\\= February 16, 2023}}",
"#### 2023 season",
"Kepler had a bounce back season in 2023, batting .260 and leading the Twins with 24 home runs.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2023 Minnesota Twins Statistics \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/MIN/2023\\.shtml \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} He was espically strong in the second half, batting .306 after the All\\-Star break.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Max Kepler 2023 Batting Splits \\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/split.fcgi?id\\=keplema01\\&t\\=b\\&year\\=2023 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} This helped the Twins win their third [American League Central](/wiki/American_League_Central \"American League Central\") title in five seasons.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-23 \\|title\\=Twins secure third AL Central title in last 5 years \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/38465721/twins\\-angels\\-clinch\\-al\\-central\\-title\\-again \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=ESPN.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### 2024 season",
"The Twins exercised their $10 million team option on Kepler on November 2, 2023\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Twins exercise '24 options on Polanco, Kepler \\-\\- but will they be back? \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/twins\\-exercise\\-2024\\-options\\-for\\-jorge\\-polanco\\-max\\-kepler \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-21 \\|website\\=MLB.com \\|language\\=en}} He broke the [Target Field](/wiki/Target_Field \"Target Field\") home run record on June 14, 2024 against the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\"). Kepler also delivered a walk\\-off single later that night. {{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.startribune.com/minnesota\\-twins\\-beat\\-oakland\\-athletics\\-10\\-innings\\-max\\-kepler\\-jhoan\\-duran/600373713/?clmob\\=y\\&c\\=n\\&clmob\\=y\\&c\\=n \\| title\\=The latest from the StarTribune \\| website\\=\\[\\[Star Tribune]] }} Kepler recorded another walk\\-off single on July 24, against the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\"). It was the 11th walk\\-off plate appearance of his career, which tied a franchise record. {{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.startribune.com/twins\\-beat\\-phillies\\-max\\-kepler\\-matt\\-wallner\\-bryce\\-harper\\-brooks\\-lee\\-aaron\\-nola/600385429/ \\| title\\=Twins rally late, beat Phillies on Max Kepler's bottom\\-of\\-the\\-ninth RBI single \\| website\\=\\[\\[Star Tribune]] \\| date\\=July 25, 2024 }} In 105 games for Minnesota, he slashed .253/.302/.380 with eight home runs and 42 RBI. Kepler was placed on the injured list with left [patellar tendinitis](/wiki/Patellar_tendinitis \"Patellar tendinitis\") on September 5\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Buxton, Kepler deliver double dose of bad news for injury\\-struck Twins\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/byron\\-buxton\\-remains\\-injured\\-max\\-kepler\\-to\\-il\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2024\\|website\\=mlb.com\\|language\\=en}} He was transferred to the 60–day injured list on September 27, ending his season.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Injury ends Max Kepler's 2024 regular season and, possibly, his Twins career\\|url\\=https://www.startribune.com/twins\\-max\\-kepler\\-injury\\-hip\\-knee\\-season\\-ends\\-justin\\-topa\\-chris\\-paddack/601151079\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2024\\|website\\=startribune.com\\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Teams
-----
| Team name | Yacht club | Country | External link | Skipper/Helmsman{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cupinfo.com/en/07teampage\-main.php\|title\=America's Cup \- 2007 Defender and Challengers: Teams \- from CupInfo\|website\=Cupinfo.com\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-18}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Yacht_Squadron "Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron") | {{NZL}} | <http://www.emiratesteamnz.com/> | [Dean Barker](/wiki/Dean_Barker_%28sailor%29 "Dean Barker (sailor)") |
| [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Golden Gate Yacht Club](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Yacht_Club "Golden Gate Yacht Club") | {{USA}} | <https://web.archive.org/web/20040323061031/http://bmworacleracing.com/> | [Chris Dickson](/wiki/Chris_Dickson_%28sailor%29 "Chris Dickson (sailor)") |
| [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [Yacht Club Italiano](/wiki/Yacht_Club_Italiano "Yacht Club Italiano") | {{ITA}} | <http://www.lunarossachallenge.com/> | [Francesco de Angelis](/wiki/Francesco_de_Angelis_%28sailor%29 "Francesco de Angelis (sailor)")[James Spithill](/wiki/James_Spithill "James Spithill") |
| [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Real Federación Española de Vela](/wiki/Real_Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Vela "Real Federación Española de Vela") | {{ESP}} | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070602165442/http://www.desafioespanol2007\.com/](https://web.archive.org/web/20070602165442/http://www.desafioespanol2007.com/) | [Karol Jabłoński](/wiki/Karol_Jab%C5%82o%C5%84ski "Karol Jabłoński") |
| [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [Gamla Stans Yacht Sällskap](/wiki/Gamla_Stans_Yacht_S%C3%A4llskap "Gamla Stans Yacht Sällskap") | {{SWE}} | <https://web.archive.org/web/20070609194406/http://www.victorychallenge.com/> | [Magnus Holmberg](/wiki/Magnus_Holmberg "Magnus Holmberg") |
| [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Reale Yacht Club Canottieri Savoia](/wiki/Reale_Yacht_Club_Canottieri_Savoia "Reale Yacht Club Canottieri Savoia") | {{ITA}} | <http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/> | [Vasco Vascotto](/wiki/Vasco_Vascotto "Vasco Vascotto") |
| [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Royal Cape Yacht Club](/wiki/Royal_Cape_Yacht_Club "Royal Cape Yacht Club") | {{RSA}} | <https://web.archive.org/web/20070406184949/http://www.teamshosholoza.com/> | [Mark Sadler](/wiki/Mark_Sadler "Mark Sadler")[Ian Ainslie](/wiki/Ian_Ainslie "Ian Ainslie") |
| [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [Cercle de la Voile de Paris](/wiki/Cercle_de_la_Voile_de_Paris "Cercle de la Voile de Paris") | {{FRA}} | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501191940/http://www.areva\-challenge.com/](https://web.archive.org/web/20070501191940/http://www.areva-challenge.com/) | [Thierry Peponnet](/wiki/Thierry_Peponnet "Thierry Peponnet") |
| [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Circolo Vela Gargnano](/wiki/Circolo_Vela_Gargnano "Circolo Vela Gargnano") | {{ITA}} | <https://web.archive.org/web/20070429142854/http://www.piu39challenge.it/eng/index.asp> | [Iain Percy](/wiki/Iain_Percy "Iain Percy") |
| [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Deutscher Challenger Yacht Club](/wiki/Deutscher_Challenger_Yacht_Club "Deutscher Challenger Yacht Club") | {{GER}} | [https://web.archive.org/web/20051104090201/http://www.united\-internet\-team\-germany.de/main\-en.php](https://web.archive.org/web/20051104090201/http://www.united-internet-team-germany.de/main-en.php) | [Jesper Bank](/wiki/Jesper_Bank "Jesper Bank") |
| [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Qingdao International Yacht Club](/wiki/Qingdao_International_Yacht_Club "Qingdao International Yacht Club") | {{CHN}} | [https://web.archive.org/web/20050506004110/http://www.china\-team.org/](https://web.archive.org/web/20050506004110/http://www.china-team.org/) | [Pierre Mas](/wiki/Pierre_Mas "Pierre Mas") |
### Team New Zealand
Managed by [Grant Dalton](/wiki/Grant_Dalton "Grant Dalton") and skippered by [Dean Barker](/wiki/Dean_Barker_%28sailor%29 "Dean Barker (sailor)"), the crew included [Terry Hutchinson](/wiki/Terry_Hutchinson "Terry Hutchinson"); navigator [Kevin Hall](/wiki/Kevin_Hall_%28sailor%29 "Kevin Hall (sailor)"); strategist [Ray Davies](/wiki/Ray_Davies_%28sailor%29 "Ray Davies (sailor)"); [Adam Beashel](/wiki/Adam_Beashel "Adam Beashel"); [Barry Mckay](/wiki/Barry_Mckay "Barry Mckay"); [Tony Rae](/wiki/Tony_Rae_%28sailor%29 "Tony Rae (sailor)"); [Don Cowie](/wiki/Don_Cowie_%28sailor%29 "Don Cowie (sailor)"); [Chris Ward](/wiki/Chris_Ward_%28sailor%29 "Chris Ward (sailor)") ; [Grant Loretz](/wiki/Grant_Loretz "Grant Loretz"); [Robert Salthouse](/wiki/Robert_Salthouse "Robert Salthouse"); [James Dagg](/wiki/James_Dagg "James Dagg"); [Rob Waddell](/wiki/Rob_Waddell "Rob Waddell"); [Andrew Hemmings](/wiki/Andrew_Hemmings "Andrew Hemmings"); [Jono McBeth](/wiki/Jono_McBeth "Jono McBeth"); [Matt Mason](/wiki/Matt_Mason_%28sailor%29 "Matt Mason (sailor)"); [Richard Meacham](/wiki/Richard_Meacham "Richard Meacham") and [Jeremy Lomas](/wiki/Jeremy_Lomas "Jeremy Lomas").
[Ben Ainslie](/wiki/Ben_Ainslie "Ben Ainslie") and [Kelvin Harrap](/wiki/Kelvin_Harrap "Kelvin Harrap") sailed the trial boat.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/apr/15/sailing.theobserver\|title\=Americas Cup: a team\-by\-team guide\|first\=Bob\|last\=Fisher\|date\=14 April 2007\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-18}}
### BMW Oracle Racing
Skippered by [Chris Dickson](/wiki/Chris_Dickson_%28sailor%29 "Chris Dickson (sailor)"), the crew included [Gavin Brady](/wiki/Gavin_Brady "Gavin Brady"), Phil Jameson, Paul Westlake,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/paul\-%E2%80%9Cflipper%E2%80%9D\-westlake\|title\=PAUL "FLIPPER" WESTLAKE \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} Scott Crawford,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/scott\-crawford\|title\=SCOTT CRAWFORD \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} Alberto Barovier,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/alberto\-barovier\|title\=ALBERTO BAROVIER \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} [Brad Webb](/wiki/Brad_Webb "Brad Webb"), Brian MacInnes, [Joe Spooner](/wiki/Joe_Spooner "Joe Spooner"), [Ross Halcrow](/wiki/Ross_Halcrow "Ross Halcrow"), [Robbie Naismith](/wiki/Robbie_Naismith "Robbie Naismith"),{{cite web \|date\=April 15, 2007 \|title\=Six of the best \|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/new\-zealand/herald\-on\-sunday/20070415/282351150332498 \|access\-date\=23 July 2017 \|via\=PressReader}} [Bertrand Pacé](/wiki/Bertrand_Pac%C3%A9 "Bertrand Pacé"), [Craig Monk](/wiki/Craig_Monk "Craig Monk"), [Carl Williams](/wiki/Carl_Williams_%28sailor%29 "Carl Williams (sailor)"),{{cite web\|url\=http://tvnz.co.nz/content/1087258\|title\=McBeth: Not panic time yet\|website\=America's Cup\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} [Peter Isler](/wiki/Peter_Isler "Peter Isler") and owner [Larry Ellison](/wiki/Larry_Ellison "Larry Ellison").
### Luna Rossa Challenge
[Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") was led by [Francesco de Angelis](/wiki/Francesco_de_Angelis_%28sailor%29 "Francesco de Angelis (sailor)") and helmsman [James Spithill](/wiki/James_Spithill "James Spithill"). The crew included [Peter Gilmour](/wiki/Peter_Gilmour "Peter Gilmour"), [Francesco Bruni](/wiki/Francesco_Bruni_%28sailor%29 "Francesco Bruni (sailor)"), mid\-bowman [Max Sirena](/wiki/Max_Sirena "Max Sirena"), Emanuele Marino, Manuel Modena, Marco Montis, Benjamin Durham, [Andy Horton](/wiki/Andy_Horton "Andy Horton"),{{cite web\|url\=http://archive.sailingscuttlebutt.com/news/07/0412/\|title\=Scuttlebutt News: Armchair viewing of the 32nd America's Cup\|website\=archive.sailingscuttlebutt.com\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} Michele Cannoni, Gilberto Nobili, [Joey Newton](/wiki/Joey_Newton "Joey Newton"), [Shannon Falcone](/wiki/Shannon_Falcone "Shannon Falcone"),{{cite web\|url\=http://tvnz.co.nz/americas\-cup\-team\-news/oracle\-usa\-5456412\|title\=Oracle Team USA\|access\-date\=23 July 2017\|via\=TVNZ}} Christian Kamp, Romolo Ranieri, Emanuele Marino, [Andrew Taylor](/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_%28sailor%29 "Andrew Taylor (sailor)"), [Matteo Plazzi](/wiki/Matteo_Plazzi "Matteo Plazzi"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lunarossachallenge.com/en/team/102\_Matteo\-Plazzi\|title\=Matteo Plazzi \- Luna Rossa\|first\=Luna\|last\=Rossa\|website\=www.lunarossachallenge.com\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} [Simone de Mari](/wiki/Simone_de_Mari "Simone de Mari"), Massimo Gherarducci, Paolo Bassani, [Alan Smith](/wiki/Alan_Smith_%28sailor%29 "Alan Smith (sailor)"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/alan\-smith\|title\=ALAN SMITH \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.sail\-world.com/NZ/Here\-are\-the\-Americas\-Cup\-numbers\-and\-more\-\-\-/34309\|title \= Here are the America's Cup numbers and more . ..}} and Olympians [Torben Grael](/wiki/Torben_Grael "Torben Grael"), [Philippe Presti](/wiki/Philippe_Presti "Philippe Presti"), [Michele Ivaldi](/wiki/Michele_Ivaldi "Michele Ivaldi"), [Magnus Augustson](/wiki/Magnus_Augustson "Magnus Augustson") and [Charles](/wiki/Charles_McKee "Charles McKee") and [Jonathan McKee](/wiki/Jonathan_McKee "Jonathan McKee").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/americas\-cup\-seattle\-seasoning\-adds\-spice\-to\-italian\-crew/\|title\=America's Cup \- Seattle seasoning adds spice to Italian crew\|date\=1 June 2007\|newspaper\=\[\[The Seattle Times]]}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sail\-world.com/Australia/Americas\-Cup\-\-\-Tech\-Tuesday\-\-\-Philippe\-Presti\-on\-being\-a\-super\-coach/151292\|title\=America's Cup \- Tech Tuesday \- Philippe Presti on being a super\-coach\|access\-date\=20 July 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sail\-world.com/EuS/Two\-victories\-puts\-Luna\-Rossa\-into\-equal\-lead/33284\|title\=Two victories puts Luna Rossa into equal lead\|access\-date\=20 July 2017}}
### Desafío Español 2007
Skippered by [Luis Doreste](/wiki/Luis_Doreste "Luis Doreste"), the boat was helmed by [Karol Jabłoński](/wiki/Karol_Jab%C5%82o%C5%84ski "Karol Jabłoński") and [John Cutler](/wiki/John_Cutler_%28sailor%29 "John Cutler (sailor)") was the teams tactician and technical director. The team was coached by [Paul Cayard](/wiki/Paul_Cayard "Paul Cayard").
### Victory Challenge
[Magnus Holmberg](/wiki/Magnus_Holmberg "Magnus Holmberg") skippered [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge"). The afterguard included Stefan Rahn, [Santiago Lange](/wiki/Santiago_Lange "Santiago Lange"), [Thierry Fouchier](/wiki/Thierry_Fouchier "Thierry Fouchier"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/thierry\-fouchier\-0\|title\=THIERRY FOUCHIER \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} and [Morgan Larson](/wiki/Morgan_Larson_%28sailor%29 "Morgan Larson (sailor)"). The crew also included six members of the former GBR Challenge; traveller/strategist [Neal McDonald](/wiki/Neal_McDonald "Neal McDonald"), Simon Fisher, David Carr, Nik Pearson, Richard Sydenham and Ian Weighell.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.yachtingworld.com/races/americas\-cup\-2007/neal\-mcdonald\-joins\-victory\-challenge\-35546\|title\=Neal McDonald joins Victory Challenge \- Yachting World\|date\=11 October 2006\|access\-date\=1 August 2017}} [Jeremy Scantlebury](/wiki/Jeremy_Scantlebury "Jeremy Scantlebury") was the sailing team manager.
### Mascalzone Latino
[Vasco Vascotto](/wiki/Vasco_Vascotto "Vasco Vascotto") was the skipper for Mascalzone Latino, which included helmsman Flavio Favini, Cameron Dunn,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/cameron\-dunn\|title\=CAMERON DUNN \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} Jes Gram\-Hansen,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/jes\-gram\-hansen\|title\=JES GRAM\-HANSEN \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} Andrea Pavan,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/andrea\-pavan\|title\=ANDREA PAVAN \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} Chris Dougall,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/chris\-dougall\|title\=CHRIS DOUGALL \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} Pierluigi De Felice, Giuseppe Brizzi,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/santino\-brizzi\|title\=SANTINO BRIZZI \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} Davide Scarpa,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/davide\-scarpa\|title\=DAVIDE SCARPA \- Mascalzone Latino\|website\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} Nacho Postigo, Giulio Giovanella and funder [Vincenzo Onorato](/wiki/Vincenzo_Onorato "Vincenzo Onorato").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cupinfo.com/en/07teampage\_MLCT\-1\.php\|title\=Mascalzone Latino \- America's Cup Challenger Candidate \- 2007 Team Page\|website\=Cupinfo.com\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-18}}
### Team Shosholoza
South Africa's first challenge, [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") was skippered by [Mark Sadler](/wiki/Mark_Sadler "Mark Sadler") and [Ian Ainslie](/wiki/Ian_Ainslie "Ian Ainslie"). The crew included Italians [Paolo Cian](/wiki/Paolo_Cian "Paolo Cian") and [Tommaso Chieffi](/wiki/Tommaso_Chieffi "Tommaso Chieffi").
### Areva Challenge
Managed by [Dawn Riley](/wiki/Dawn_Riley "Dawn Riley"), [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") was led by [Thierry Peponnet](/wiki/Thierry_Peponnet "Thierry Peponnet") and included Sebastien Col, [Tanguy Cariou](/wiki/Tanguy_Cariou "Tanguy Cariou"), Frederic Guilmin, Jean François Cuzon,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sailingworld.com/racing/pepponet\-exits\-areva\-afterguard\|title\=Pepponet Exits Areva Afterguard\|website\=www.sailingworld.com\|date\=14 April 2007 \|access\-date\=28 July 2017}} [Jim Turner](/wiki/Jim_Turner_%28sailor%29 "Jim Turner (sailor)"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/sailor/jim\-turner\|title\=Jim Turner\|website\=www.yachtingnz.org.nz\|access\-date\=20 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728083731/https://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/sailor/jim\-turner\|archive\-date\=28 July 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} and Wade Morgan.
### \+39 Challenge
From Italy, [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") included non\-sailing skipper [Luca Devoti](/wiki/Luca_Devoti "Luca Devoti"), helmsman [Iain Percy](/wiki/Iain_Percy "Iain Percy"), and other Olympic competitors such as [Rafael Trujillo](/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo_%28sailor%29 "Rafael Trujillo (sailor)") and [Ian Walker](/wiki/Ian_Walker_%28sailor%29 "Ian Walker (sailor)").
The rest of the crew was navigator Bruno Zirilli; afterguard [Andrew Simpson](/wiki/Andrew_Simpson_%28sailor%29 "Andrew Simpson (sailor)"); traveller Gabriele Bruni; runner [Anthony Nossiter](/wiki/Anthony_Nossiter "Anthony Nossiter"); trimmers Stefano Rizzi and Christian Scherrer; grinders Michele Gnutti, Chris Brittle and Pawel Bielecki; mast Alejandro Colla; mast/pitman Massimo Galli; sewerman Piero Romeo; mid\-bowman Corrado Rossignoli; Andy Fethers; and bowman Jacek Wisoski.
### Team Germany
[United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") was skippered by [Jesper Bank](/wiki/Jesper_Bank "Jesper Bank") and included America's Cup veteran [David Dellenbaugh](/wiki/David_Dellenbaugh "David Dellenbaugh").
### China Team
[Pierre Mas](/wiki/Pierre_Mas "Pierre Mas") was the skipper of [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") which had an alliance with [Le Défi](/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9fi "Le Défi"). Only two of the crew were Chinese.
|
[
"Teams\n-----",
"",
"| Team name | Yacht club | Country | External link | Skipper/Helmsman{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cupinfo.com/en/07teampage\\-main.php\\|title\\=America's Cup \\- 2007 Defender and Challengers: Teams \\- from CupInfo\\|website\\=Cupinfo.com\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-18}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Yacht_Squadron \"Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron\") | {{NZL}} | <http://www.emiratesteamnz.com/> | [Dean Barker](/wiki/Dean_Barker_%28sailor%29 \"Dean Barker (sailor)\") |\n| [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Golden Gate Yacht Club](/wiki/Golden_Gate_Yacht_Club \"Golden Gate Yacht Club\") | {{USA}} | <https://web.archive.org/web/20040323061031/http://bmworacleracing.com/> | [Chris Dickson](/wiki/Chris_Dickson_%28sailor%29 \"Chris Dickson (sailor)\") |\n| [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [Yacht Club Italiano](/wiki/Yacht_Club_Italiano \"Yacht Club Italiano\") | {{ITA}} | <http://www.lunarossachallenge.com/> | [Francesco de Angelis](/wiki/Francesco_de_Angelis_%28sailor%29 \"Francesco de Angelis (sailor)\")[James Spithill](/wiki/James_Spithill \"James Spithill\") |\n| [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Real Federación Española de Vela](/wiki/Real_Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Vela \"Real Federación Española de Vela\") | {{ESP}} | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070602165442/http://www.desafioespanol2007\\.com/](https://web.archive.org/web/20070602165442/http://www.desafioespanol2007.com/) | [Karol Jabłoński](/wiki/Karol_Jab%C5%82o%C5%84ski \"Karol Jabłoński\") |\n| [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [Gamla Stans Yacht Sällskap](/wiki/Gamla_Stans_Yacht_S%C3%A4llskap \"Gamla Stans Yacht Sällskap\") | {{SWE}} | <https://web.archive.org/web/20070609194406/http://www.victorychallenge.com/> | [Magnus Holmberg](/wiki/Magnus_Holmberg \"Magnus Holmberg\") |\n| [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Reale Yacht Club Canottieri Savoia](/wiki/Reale_Yacht_Club_Canottieri_Savoia \"Reale Yacht Club Canottieri Savoia\") | {{ITA}} | <http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/> | [Vasco Vascotto](/wiki/Vasco_Vascotto \"Vasco Vascotto\") |\n| [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Royal Cape Yacht Club](/wiki/Royal_Cape_Yacht_Club \"Royal Cape Yacht Club\") | {{RSA}} | <https://web.archive.org/web/20070406184949/http://www.teamshosholoza.com/> | [Mark Sadler](/wiki/Mark_Sadler \"Mark Sadler\")[Ian Ainslie](/wiki/Ian_Ainslie \"Ian Ainslie\") |\n| [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [Cercle de la Voile de Paris](/wiki/Cercle_de_la_Voile_de_Paris \"Cercle de la Voile de Paris\") | {{FRA}} | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501191940/http://www.areva\\-challenge.com/](https://web.archive.org/web/20070501191940/http://www.areva-challenge.com/) | [Thierry Peponnet](/wiki/Thierry_Peponnet \"Thierry Peponnet\") |\n| [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Circolo Vela Gargnano](/wiki/Circolo_Vela_Gargnano \"Circolo Vela Gargnano\") | {{ITA}} | <https://web.archive.org/web/20070429142854/http://www.piu39challenge.it/eng/index.asp> | [Iain Percy](/wiki/Iain_Percy \"Iain Percy\") |\n| [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Deutscher Challenger Yacht Club](/wiki/Deutscher_Challenger_Yacht_Club \"Deutscher Challenger Yacht Club\") | {{GER}} | [https://web.archive.org/web/20051104090201/http://www.united\\-internet\\-team\\-germany.de/main\\-en.php](https://web.archive.org/web/20051104090201/http://www.united-internet-team-germany.de/main-en.php) | [Jesper Bank](/wiki/Jesper_Bank \"Jesper Bank\") |\n| [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Qingdao International Yacht Club](/wiki/Qingdao_International_Yacht_Club \"Qingdao International Yacht Club\") | {{CHN}} | [https://web.archive.org/web/20050506004110/http://www.china\\-team.org/](https://web.archive.org/web/20050506004110/http://www.china-team.org/) | [Pierre Mas](/wiki/Pierre_Mas \"Pierre Mas\") |",
"### Team New Zealand",
"Managed by [Grant Dalton](/wiki/Grant_Dalton \"Grant Dalton\") and skippered by [Dean Barker](/wiki/Dean_Barker_%28sailor%29 \"Dean Barker (sailor)\"), the crew included [Terry Hutchinson](/wiki/Terry_Hutchinson \"Terry Hutchinson\"); navigator [Kevin Hall](/wiki/Kevin_Hall_%28sailor%29 \"Kevin Hall (sailor)\"); strategist [Ray Davies](/wiki/Ray_Davies_%28sailor%29 \"Ray Davies (sailor)\"); [Adam Beashel](/wiki/Adam_Beashel \"Adam Beashel\"); [Barry Mckay](/wiki/Barry_Mckay \"Barry Mckay\"); [Tony Rae](/wiki/Tony_Rae_%28sailor%29 \"Tony Rae (sailor)\"); [Don Cowie](/wiki/Don_Cowie_%28sailor%29 \"Don Cowie (sailor)\"); [Chris Ward](/wiki/Chris_Ward_%28sailor%29 \"Chris Ward (sailor)\") ; [Grant Loretz](/wiki/Grant_Loretz \"Grant Loretz\"); [Robert Salthouse](/wiki/Robert_Salthouse \"Robert Salthouse\"); [James Dagg](/wiki/James_Dagg \"James Dagg\"); [Rob Waddell](/wiki/Rob_Waddell \"Rob Waddell\"); [Andrew Hemmings](/wiki/Andrew_Hemmings \"Andrew Hemmings\"); [Jono McBeth](/wiki/Jono_McBeth \"Jono McBeth\"); [Matt Mason](/wiki/Matt_Mason_%28sailor%29 \"Matt Mason (sailor)\"); [Richard Meacham](/wiki/Richard_Meacham \"Richard Meacham\") and [Jeremy Lomas](/wiki/Jeremy_Lomas \"Jeremy Lomas\").",
"[Ben Ainslie](/wiki/Ben_Ainslie \"Ben Ainslie\") and [Kelvin Harrap](/wiki/Kelvin_Harrap \"Kelvin Harrap\") sailed the trial boat.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/apr/15/sailing.theobserver\\|title\\=Americas Cup: a team\\-by\\-team guide\\|first\\=Bob\\|last\\=Fisher\\|date\\=14 April 2007\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-18}}",
"### BMW Oracle Racing",
"Skippered by [Chris Dickson](/wiki/Chris_Dickson_%28sailor%29 \"Chris Dickson (sailor)\"), the crew included [Gavin Brady](/wiki/Gavin_Brady \"Gavin Brady\"), Phil Jameson, Paul Westlake,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/paul\\-%E2%80%9Cflipper%E2%80%9D\\-westlake\\|title\\=PAUL \"FLIPPER\" WESTLAKE \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} Scott Crawford,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/scott\\-crawford\\|title\\=SCOTT CRAWFORD \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} Alberto Barovier,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/alberto\\-barovier\\|title\\=ALBERTO BAROVIER \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} [Brad Webb](/wiki/Brad_Webb \"Brad Webb\"), Brian MacInnes, [Joe Spooner](/wiki/Joe_Spooner \"Joe Spooner\"), [Ross Halcrow](/wiki/Ross_Halcrow \"Ross Halcrow\"), [Robbie Naismith](/wiki/Robbie_Naismith \"Robbie Naismith\"),{{cite web \\|date\\=April 15, 2007 \\|title\\=Six of the best \\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/new\\-zealand/herald\\-on\\-sunday/20070415/282351150332498 \\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2017 \\|via\\=PressReader}} [Bertrand Pacé](/wiki/Bertrand_Pac%C3%A9 \"Bertrand Pacé\"), [Craig Monk](/wiki/Craig_Monk \"Craig Monk\"), [Carl Williams](/wiki/Carl_Williams_%28sailor%29 \"Carl Williams (sailor)\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvnz.co.nz/content/1087258\\|title\\=McBeth: Not panic time yet\\|website\\=America's Cup\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} [Peter Isler](/wiki/Peter_Isler \"Peter Isler\") and owner [Larry Ellison](/wiki/Larry_Ellison \"Larry Ellison\").",
"### Luna Rossa Challenge",
"[Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") was led by [Francesco de Angelis](/wiki/Francesco_de_Angelis_%28sailor%29 \"Francesco de Angelis (sailor)\") and helmsman [James Spithill](/wiki/James_Spithill \"James Spithill\"). The crew included [Peter Gilmour](/wiki/Peter_Gilmour \"Peter Gilmour\"), [Francesco Bruni](/wiki/Francesco_Bruni_%28sailor%29 \"Francesco Bruni (sailor)\"), mid\\-bowman [Max Sirena](/wiki/Max_Sirena \"Max Sirena\"), Emanuele Marino, Manuel Modena, Marco Montis, Benjamin Durham, [Andy Horton](/wiki/Andy_Horton \"Andy Horton\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://archive.sailingscuttlebutt.com/news/07/0412/\\|title\\=Scuttlebutt News: Armchair viewing of the 32nd America's Cup\\|website\\=archive.sailingscuttlebutt.com\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} Michele Cannoni, Gilberto Nobili, [Joey Newton](/wiki/Joey_Newton \"Joey Newton\"), [Shannon Falcone](/wiki/Shannon_Falcone \"Shannon Falcone\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tvnz.co.nz/americas\\-cup\\-team\\-news/oracle\\-usa\\-5456412\\|title\\=Oracle Team USA\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2017\\|via\\=TVNZ}} Christian Kamp, Romolo Ranieri, Emanuele Marino, [Andrew Taylor](/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_%28sailor%29 \"Andrew Taylor (sailor)\"), [Matteo Plazzi](/wiki/Matteo_Plazzi \"Matteo Plazzi\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lunarossachallenge.com/en/team/102\\_Matteo\\-Plazzi\\|title\\=Matteo Plazzi \\- Luna Rossa\\|first\\=Luna\\|last\\=Rossa\\|website\\=www.lunarossachallenge.com\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} [Simone de Mari](/wiki/Simone_de_Mari \"Simone de Mari\"), Massimo Gherarducci, Paolo Bassani, [Alan Smith](/wiki/Alan_Smith_%28sailor%29 \"Alan Smith (sailor)\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/alan\\-smith\\|title\\=ALAN SMITH \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sail\\-world.com/NZ/Here\\-are\\-the\\-Americas\\-Cup\\-numbers\\-and\\-more\\-\\-\\-/34309\\|title \\= Here are the America's Cup numbers and more . ..}} and Olympians [Torben Grael](/wiki/Torben_Grael \"Torben Grael\"), [Philippe Presti](/wiki/Philippe_Presti \"Philippe Presti\"), [Michele Ivaldi](/wiki/Michele_Ivaldi \"Michele Ivaldi\"), [Magnus Augustson](/wiki/Magnus_Augustson \"Magnus Augustson\") and [Charles](/wiki/Charles_McKee \"Charles McKee\") and [Jonathan McKee](/wiki/Jonathan_McKee \"Jonathan McKee\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/americas\\-cup\\-seattle\\-seasoning\\-adds\\-spice\\-to\\-italian\\-crew/\\|title\\=America's Cup \\- Seattle seasoning adds spice to Italian crew\\|date\\=1 June 2007\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Seattle Times]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sail\\-world.com/Australia/Americas\\-Cup\\-\\-\\-Tech\\-Tuesday\\-\\-\\-Philippe\\-Presti\\-on\\-being\\-a\\-super\\-coach/151292\\|title\\=America's Cup \\- Tech Tuesday \\- Philippe Presti on being a super\\-coach\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sail\\-world.com/EuS/Two\\-victories\\-puts\\-Luna\\-Rossa\\-into\\-equal\\-lead/33284\\|title\\=Two victories puts Luna Rossa into equal lead\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2017}}",
"### Desafío Español 2007",
"Skippered by [Luis Doreste](/wiki/Luis_Doreste \"Luis Doreste\"), the boat was helmed by [Karol Jabłoński](/wiki/Karol_Jab%C5%82o%C5%84ski \"Karol Jabłoński\") and [John Cutler](/wiki/John_Cutler_%28sailor%29 \"John Cutler (sailor)\") was the teams tactician and technical director. The team was coached by [Paul Cayard](/wiki/Paul_Cayard \"Paul Cayard\").",
"### Victory Challenge",
"[Magnus Holmberg](/wiki/Magnus_Holmberg \"Magnus Holmberg\") skippered [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\"). The afterguard included Stefan Rahn, [Santiago Lange](/wiki/Santiago_Lange \"Santiago Lange\"), [Thierry Fouchier](/wiki/Thierry_Fouchier \"Thierry Fouchier\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/thierry\\-fouchier\\-0\\|title\\=THIERRY FOUCHIER \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} and [Morgan Larson](/wiki/Morgan_Larson_%28sailor%29 \"Morgan Larson (sailor)\"). The crew also included six members of the former GBR Challenge; traveller/strategist [Neal McDonald](/wiki/Neal_McDonald \"Neal McDonald\"), Simon Fisher, David Carr, Nik Pearson, Richard Sydenham and Ian Weighell.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.yachtingworld.com/races/americas\\-cup\\-2007/neal\\-mcdonald\\-joins\\-victory\\-challenge\\-35546\\|title\\=Neal McDonald joins Victory Challenge \\- Yachting World\\|date\\=11 October 2006\\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2017}} [Jeremy Scantlebury](/wiki/Jeremy_Scantlebury \"Jeremy Scantlebury\") was the sailing team manager.",
"### Mascalzone Latino",
"[Vasco Vascotto](/wiki/Vasco_Vascotto \"Vasco Vascotto\") was the skipper for Mascalzone Latino, which included helmsman Flavio Favini, Cameron Dunn,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/cameron\\-dunn\\|title\\=CAMERON DUNN \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} Jes Gram\\-Hansen,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/jes\\-gram\\-hansen\\|title\\=JES GRAM\\-HANSEN \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} Andrea Pavan,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/andrea\\-pavan\\|title\\=ANDREA PAVAN \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} Chris Dougall,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/chris\\-dougall\\|title\\=CHRIS DOUGALL \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} Pierluigi De Felice, Giuseppe Brizzi,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/santino\\-brizzi\\|title\\=SANTINO BRIZZI \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} Davide Scarpa,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/davide\\-scarpa\\|title\\=DAVIDE SCARPA \\- Mascalzone Latino\\|website\\=www.mascalzonelatino.it\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} Nacho Postigo, Giulio Giovanella and funder [Vincenzo Onorato](/wiki/Vincenzo_Onorato \"Vincenzo Onorato\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cupinfo.com/en/07teampage\\_MLCT\\-1\\.php\\|title\\=Mascalzone Latino \\- America's Cup Challenger Candidate \\- 2007 Team Page\\|website\\=Cupinfo.com\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-18}}",
"### Team Shosholoza",
"South Africa's first challenge, [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") was skippered by [Mark Sadler](/wiki/Mark_Sadler \"Mark Sadler\") and [Ian Ainslie](/wiki/Ian_Ainslie \"Ian Ainslie\"). The crew included Italians [Paolo Cian](/wiki/Paolo_Cian \"Paolo Cian\") and [Tommaso Chieffi](/wiki/Tommaso_Chieffi \"Tommaso Chieffi\").",
"### Areva Challenge",
"Managed by [Dawn Riley](/wiki/Dawn_Riley \"Dawn Riley\"), [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") was led by [Thierry Peponnet](/wiki/Thierry_Peponnet \"Thierry Peponnet\") and included Sebastien Col, [Tanguy Cariou](/wiki/Tanguy_Cariou \"Tanguy Cariou\"), Frederic Guilmin, Jean François Cuzon,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sailingworld.com/racing/pepponet\\-exits\\-areva\\-afterguard\\|title\\=Pepponet Exits Areva Afterguard\\|website\\=www.sailingworld.com\\|date\\=14 April 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2017}} [Jim Turner](/wiki/Jim_Turner_%28sailor%29 \"Jim Turner (sailor)\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/sailor/jim\\-turner\\|title\\=Jim Turner\\|website\\=www.yachtingnz.org.nz\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728083731/https://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/sailor/jim\\-turner\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and Wade Morgan.",
"### \\+39 Challenge",
"From Italy, [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") included non\\-sailing skipper [Luca Devoti](/wiki/Luca_Devoti \"Luca Devoti\"), helmsman [Iain Percy](/wiki/Iain_Percy \"Iain Percy\"), and other Olympic competitors such as [Rafael Trujillo](/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo_%28sailor%29 \"Rafael Trujillo (sailor)\") and [Ian Walker](/wiki/Ian_Walker_%28sailor%29 \"Ian Walker (sailor)\").",
"The rest of the crew was navigator Bruno Zirilli; afterguard [Andrew Simpson](/wiki/Andrew_Simpson_%28sailor%29 \"Andrew Simpson (sailor)\"); traveller Gabriele Bruni; runner [Anthony Nossiter](/wiki/Anthony_Nossiter \"Anthony Nossiter\"); trimmers Stefano Rizzi and Christian Scherrer; grinders Michele Gnutti, Chris Brittle and Pawel Bielecki; mast Alejandro Colla; mast/pitman Massimo Galli; sewerman Piero Romeo; mid\\-bowman Corrado Rossignoli; Andy Fethers; and bowman Jacek Wisoski.",
"### Team Germany",
"[United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") was skippered by [Jesper Bank](/wiki/Jesper_Bank \"Jesper Bank\") and included America's Cup veteran [David Dellenbaugh](/wiki/David_Dellenbaugh \"David Dellenbaugh\").",
"### China Team",
"[Pierre Mas](/wiki/Pierre_Mas \"Pierre Mas\") was the skipper of [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") which had an alliance with [Le Défi](/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9fi \"Le Défi\"). Only two of the crew were Chinese.",
""
] |
Round robin
-----------
Round robin 2 was completed on May 9, 2007\. Teams had accrued bonus points based on their results in the [Louis Vuitton Acts](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Acts "Louis Vuitton Acts") which took place in the preceding years. For the round\-robin races, two points were awarded for a win and zero for a defeat. The first four boats then progressed to the semi\-finals stage of the [Louis Vuitton Cup](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup "Louis Vuitton Cup") and the remainder were eliminated. As winner of the round\-robin events [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") won the right to choose their opponent.
| Team name | Races | Won | [Bonus pts.](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Acts%23Bonus_Points "Louis Vuitton Acts#Bonus Points") | RR1 pts. | RR2 pts. | Total pts. | Ranking |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | 20 | 17 | 4 | 14 | 20 | **38** | 1 |
| [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | 20 | 17 | 3 | 18 | 16 | **37** | 2 |
| [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | 20 | 16 | 3 | 16 | 16 | **35** | 3 |
| [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | 20 | 13 | 3 | 14 | 12 | **29** | 4 |
| [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | 20 | 12 | 2 | 12 | 12 | **26** | 5 |
| [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | 20 | 10 | 2 | 12 | 8 | **22** | 6 |
| [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | 20 | 9 | 2 | 10 | 8 | **20** | 7 |
| [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | 20 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 8 | **17** | 8 |
| [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | 20 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 6 | **12** | 9 |
| [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | 20 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | **5** | 10 |
| [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | 20 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | **3** | 11 |
### Round robin 1
The 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup started slowly with all races postponed for the first four days of competition due to light and variable winds. There were rumors that BMW Oracle was planning on rotating the crew off the boat because they were running out of stories to tell as they sat in the boat waiting for wind. To entertain fans, some teams came up with interesting stunts. For instance, United Internet Germany came up with a way to [wakeboard](/wiki/Wakeboard "Wakeboard"), by having their largest sail trimmers pull on the wakeboarder using the [jib](/wiki/Jib "Jib") trimming system.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=BnOYkrICSQE\&eurl\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Esailingtalk%2Ecom%2Fgrind%2Dthat%2Dwakeboarder%2Ehtml \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/BnOYkrICSQE \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Wakeboarding \- Valencia \|publisher\=\[\[YouTube]] \|date\=2007\-04\-23 \|access\-date\=2017\-07\-18}}{{cbignore}} \+39, an Italian challenger, used the windless days off to continue making repairs to their mast, which shattered in a starboard\-port situation with Internet Team Germany two weeks earlier, and completed mast repairs by the time racing had commenced.
The highlights for the week were not on the water, but rather off it. The Measurement Committee released the final rule interpretations. The rules state that any cup team can request an interpretation and remain anonymous. Additionally, any interpretation by the committee stays private for 6 months. Every cup team and all the media was trying to find out more about two of the final interpretations. It seems that one boat may have found a significant advantage, but everyone would have to wait until the end of the Cup to find out who and exactly what had happened.
Racing was scheduled to start on April 16, 2007, but did not get underway until April 20, 2007\.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 20, 2007 | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 0:15 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070426215124/http://www.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1744\&idContent\=16114](https://web.archive.org/web/20070426215124/http://www.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16114) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Areva Challenge | 1:09 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095610/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1744\&idContent\=16115](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095610/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16115) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:00 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223926/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1744\&idContent\=16116](https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223926/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16116) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 0:46 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1744\&idContent\=16117](https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16117) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 2:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083039/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1744\&idContent\=16118](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083039/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16118) |
| | [Desafío Español](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol "Desafío Español") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Desafío Español | 2:45 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104539/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1901\&idContent\=16129](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104539/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16129) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 1:41 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105713/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1901\&idContent\=16122](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105713/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16122) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Team Shosholoza | 1:10 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105543/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1901\&idContent\=16123](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105543/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16123) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 4:36 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105742/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1901\&idContent\=16124](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105742/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16124) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104813/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1901\&idContent\=16125](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104813/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16125) |
All the scheduled races for April 21, 2007, were postponed by the race committee to April 22, 2007, due to light winds.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 22, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:50 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041443/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1956\&idContent\=16808](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041443/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16808) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | Victory Challenge | 3:50 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041450/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1956\&idContent\=16809](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041450/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16809) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:47 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041453/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1956\&idContent\=16807](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041453/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16807) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Areva Challenge | 2:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041501/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1956\&idContent\=16810](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041501/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16810) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 2:41 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041510/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1956\&idContent\=16811](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041510/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16811) |
Some of the scheduled races for April 22, 2007, and all of the races on April 23, 2007, were postponed by the race committee until April 24, 2007, due to poor wind conditions.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 24, 2007 | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | United Internet Team Germany | 4:01 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041517/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1967\&idContent\=17161](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041517/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17161) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Team Shosholoza | 0:36 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041532/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1967\&idContent\=17162](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041532/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17162) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 1:18 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1967\&idContent\=17163](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17163) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:55 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041613/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1967\&idContent\=17159](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041613/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17159) |
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:39 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1967\&idContent\=17160](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17160) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Team Shosholoza | 2:05 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041621/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1968\&idContent\=17168](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041621/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17168) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:12 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1968\&idContent\=17165](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17165) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Victory Challenge | 0:56 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1968\&idContent\=17166](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17166) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041637/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1968\&idContent\=17167](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041637/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17167) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 1:12 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041641/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1968\&idContent\=17164](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041641/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17164) |
| April 25, 2007 | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Desafío Español 2007 | 2:01 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1940\&idContent\=16248](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16248) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:23 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1940\&idContent\=16249](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16249) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:33 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1940\&idContent\=16250](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16250) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 0:24 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1940\&idContent\=16251](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16251) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 0:55 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041801/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1940\&idContent\=16252](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041801/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16252) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:54 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041836/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1941\&idContent\=16333](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041836/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16333) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:22 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041842/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1941\&idContent\=16334](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041842/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16334) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:03 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1941\&idContent\=16335](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16335) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | *Withdrew* | \-
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041906/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1941\&idContent\=16337](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041906/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16337) |
| April 26, 2007 | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 0:05 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041912/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1943\&idContent\=16338](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041912/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16338) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:14 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014403/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1943\&idContent\=16339](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014403/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16339) |
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014414/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1943\&idContent\=16340](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014414/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16340) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 1:56 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014513/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1943\&idContent\=16341](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014513/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16341) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | *Withdrew* | \-
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015550/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1820\&idContent\=15467](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015550/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15467) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:48 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015556/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1820\&idContent\=15468](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015556/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15468) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | Areva Challenge | *Withdrew* | \-
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Team Shosholoza | 0:26 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1820\&idContent\=15469](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15469) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | BMW Oracle Racing | 1:38 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015611/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1820\&idContent\=15466](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015611/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15466) |
| April 27, 2007 | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Areva Challenge | 1:09 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1821\&idContent\=15476](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1821&idContent=15476) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | \+39 Challenge | *Withdrew* | \-
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | \+39 Challenge | 0:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1821\&idContent\=15475](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1821&idContent=15475) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Team Shosholoza | *DNF* | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015629/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1822\&idContent\=15479](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015629/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1822&idContent=15479) |
Some of the scheduled races for April 27, 2007, were postponed by the race committee until April 28, 2007, due to very light and variable winds.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 28, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:49 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015638/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2022\&idContent\=18894](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015638/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18894) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:42 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015642/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2022\&idContent\=18896](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015642/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18896) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Desafío Español 2007 | 1:00 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015645/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2022\&idContent\=18899](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015645/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18899) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 0:28 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2023\&idContent\=18906](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18906) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:37 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2023\&idContent\=18910](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18910) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:38 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015704/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2023\&idContent\=18914](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015704/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18914) |
### Round robin 2
The following week brought a little wind, and although most days the race committee postponed races for wind, they were able to race most days. Although many of the results were easy to predict, a few upsets occurred in the first round robin. In the first race of the first flight, the powerhouse from New Zealand lost to the Mascalzone Latino, an Italian challenger. In the fourth flight, Shosholoza, the underdog from South Africa, beat Luna Rossa from Italy, a three time cup veteran.
Due to the lack of wind the first week, the second round robin began without any lay days after the first. The first surprise of the second round robin was by China Team, who beat the favored [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/Oracle_BMW_Racing "Oracle BMW Racing") team by 3 minutes and 15 seconds, the only team yet to achieve a win against BMW Oracle. The win was due to a delamination on the American team's headsail foil which caused the headsail to become partially detached making the sail totally ineffective for part of the race. Also, the Americans gave their best crew members a holiday and sailed against the Chinese with a less experienced crew. The following day several of the China Team members arrived at the compound with bald heads. Reportedly they bet one another that if they beat the Americans, they would shave their heads.
The final round of round robin competition featured a race for the top place. Both Emirates Team New Zealand and the United States had lost one race in the first round and zero in the second round robin. Because of Bonus Points from previous acts, New Zealand had a one\-point advantage over the United States. Each race counted as two points, so a win for either team would result in the first\-place finish in the round robins. The final race was expected to be an exciting match between the two. However, after the start, the race quickly became disappointing for BMW Oracle fans, with New Zealand stretching their early lead. The result was New Zealand winning the round robin, and was able to choose its opponent for the subsequent semi\-final round.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 29, 2007 | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | BMW Oracle Racing | 3:17 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015707/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1859\&idContent\=15637](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015707/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1859&idContent=15637) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Victory Challenge | 0:52 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015723/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1859\&idContent\=15638](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015723/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1859&idContent=15638) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 2:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015728/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1859\&idContent\=15639](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015728/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1859&idContent=15639) |
Some of the scheduled races for April 29, 2007 were postponed by the race committee until April 30, 2007, due to lack of wind.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 30, 2007 | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Team Shosholoza | 1:23 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015731/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1860\&idContent\=15642](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015731/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1860&idContent=15642) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | China Team | 3:15 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015735/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1860\&idContent\=15643](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015735/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1860&idContent=15643) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:27 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015755/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1860\&idContent\=15644](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015755/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1860&idContent=15644) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:10 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015802/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1860\&idContent\=15648](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015802/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1860&idContent=15648) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Areva Challenge | 2:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015806/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1860\&idContent\=15649](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015806/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1860&idContent=15649) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:25 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015913/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2033\&idContent\=19668](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015913/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2033&idContent=19668) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Areva Challenge | 1:11 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015957/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2033\&idContent\=19669](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015957/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2033&idContent=19669) |
All races scheduled for May 1 were postponed to May 2 due to excessive wind.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 2, 2007 | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:30 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020006/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2046\&idContent\=20161](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020006/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2046&idContent=20161) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:45 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020024/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2046\&idContent\=20160](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020024/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2046&idContent=20160) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:02 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020132/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2046\&idContent\=20159](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020132/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2046&idContent=20159) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 11:49 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020226/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2046\&idContent\=20158](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020226/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2046&idContent=20158) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:43 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020300/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2046\&idContent\=20157](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020300/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2046&idContent=20157) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | *A resail was ordered by the race committee* | \-
\-
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:59 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020312/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1862\&idContent\=15659](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020312/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1862&idContent=15659) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | United Internet Team Germany | 2:16 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020334/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1862\&idContent\=15661](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020334/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1862&idContent=15661) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:25 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020347/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1862\&idContent\=15662](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020347/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1862&idContent=15662) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:14 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020438/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1862\&idContent\=15663](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020438/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1862&idContent=15663) |
All races scheduled for May 3 were postponed to May 4 due to thunder storms.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 4, 2007 | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 1:18 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020521/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2063\&idContent\=20767](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020521/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2063&idContent=20767) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:19 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020525/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2063\&idContent\=20768](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020525/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2063&idContent=20768) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 2:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020528/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2063\&idContent\=20769](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020528/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2063&idContent=20769) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | Team Shosholoza | 2:01 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020536/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2063\&idContent\=20770](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020536/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2063&idContent=20770) |
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:43 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020615/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2063\&idContent\=20771](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020615/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2063&idContent=20771) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:16 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020619/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1864\&idContent\=15674](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020619/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1864&idContent=15674) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 0:34 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1864\&idContent\=15675](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1864&idContent=15675) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 1:03 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1864\&idContent\=15676](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1864&idContent=15676) |
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | Desafío Español 2007 | 3:45 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020651/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1864\&idContent\=15677](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020651/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1864&idContent=15677) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:29 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020700/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1864\&idContent\=15678](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020700/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1864&idContent=15678) |
| May 5, 2007 | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 2:22 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020708/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1865\&idContent\=15681](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020708/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1865&idContent=15681) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:47 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1865\&idContent\=15683](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1865&idContent=15683) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 2:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020752/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1865\&idContent\=15679](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020752/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1865&idContent=15679) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 1:28 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020758/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1865\&idContent\=15685](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020758/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1865&idContent=15685) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:04 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1865\&idContent\=15686](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1865&idContent=15686) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212705/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2072\&idContent\=21195](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212705/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2072&idContent=21195) |
| May 6, 2007 | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Desafío Español 2007 | 1:08 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212712/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1866\&idContent\=15687](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212712/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1866&idContent=15687) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Team Shosholoza | 0:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212715/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1866\&idContent\=15688](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212715/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1866&idContent=15688) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 3:02 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212719/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1866\&idContent\=15689](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212719/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1866&idContent=15689) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212733/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1866\&idContent\=15690](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212733/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1866&idContent=15690) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:53 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212738/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1866\&idContent\=15691](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212738/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1866&idContent=15691) |
| May 7, 2007 | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | \+39 Challenge | 0:50 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212746/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1867\&idContent\=15692](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212746/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1867&idContent=15692) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Areva Challenge | 3:03 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212750/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1867\&idContent\=15693](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212750/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1867&idContent=15693) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212814/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1867\&idContent\=15694](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212814/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1867&idContent=15694) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Victory Challenge | 0:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212820/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1867\&idContent\=15695](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212820/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1867&idContent=15695) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:36 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212825/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1867\&idContent\=15697](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212825/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1867&idContent=15697) |
| May 8, 2007 | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | \+39 Challenge | 1:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212835/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1868\&idContent\=15699](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212835/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1868&idContent=15699) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Areva Challenge | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212840/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1868\&idContent\=15700](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212840/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1868&idContent=15700) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212844/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1868\&idContent\=15701](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212844/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1868&idContent=15701) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:34 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212856/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1868\&idContent\=15702](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212856/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1868&idContent=15702) |
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:55 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1868\&idContent\=15703](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1868&idContent=15703) |
| May 9, 2007 | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 0:38 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212914/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1869\&idContent\=15705](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212914/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1869&idContent=15705) |
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:54 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212918/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1869\&idContent\=15706](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212918/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1869&idContent=15706) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:34 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212951/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1869\&idContent\=15707](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212951/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1869&idContent=15707) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | \+39 Challenge | 0:30 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212958/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1869\&idContent\=15708](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212958/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1869&idContent=15708) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Team Shosholoza | 0:14 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331213006/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1869\&idContent\=15709](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331213006/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1869&idContent=15709) |
|
[
"Round robin\n-----------",
"Round robin 2 was completed on May 9, 2007\\. Teams had accrued bonus points based on their results in the [Louis Vuitton Acts](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Acts \"Louis Vuitton Acts\") which took place in the preceding years. For the round\\-robin races, two points were awarded for a win and zero for a defeat. The first four boats then progressed to the semi\\-finals stage of the [Louis Vuitton Cup](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup \"Louis Vuitton Cup\") and the remainder were eliminated. As winner of the round\\-robin events [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") won the right to choose their opponent.",
"",
"| Team name | Races | Won | [Bonus pts.](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Acts%23Bonus_Points \"Louis Vuitton Acts#Bonus Points\") | RR1 pts. | RR2 pts. | Total pts. | Ranking |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | 20 | 17 | 4 | 14 | 20 | **38** | 1 |\n| [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | 20 | 17 | 3 | 18 | 16 | **37** | 2 |\n| [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | 20 | 16 | 3 | 16 | 16 | **35** | 3 |\n| [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | 20 | 13 | 3 | 14 | 12 | **29** | 4 |\n| [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | 20 | 12 | 2 | 12 | 12 | **26** | 5 |\n| [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | 20 | 10 | 2 | 12 | 8 | **22** | 6 |\n| [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | 20 | 9 | 2 | 10 | 8 | **20** | 7 |\n| [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | 20 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 8 | **17** | 8 |\n| [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | 20 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 6 | **12** | 9 |\n| [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | 20 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | **5** | 10 |\n| [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | 20 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | **3** | 11 |",
"### Round robin 1",
"The 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup started slowly with all races postponed for the first four days of competition due to light and variable winds. There were rumors that BMW Oracle was planning on rotating the crew off the boat because they were running out of stories to tell as they sat in the boat waiting for wind. To entertain fans, some teams came up with interesting stunts. For instance, United Internet Germany came up with a way to [wakeboard](/wiki/Wakeboard \"Wakeboard\"), by having their largest sail trimmers pull on the wakeboarder using the [jib](/wiki/Jib \"Jib\") trimming system.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=BnOYkrICSQE\\&eurl\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Esailingtalk%2Ecom%2Fgrind%2Dthat%2Dwakeboarder%2Ehtml \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/BnOYkrICSQE \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Wakeboarding \\- Valencia \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-18}}{{cbignore}} \\+39, an Italian challenger, used the windless days off to continue making repairs to their mast, which shattered in a starboard\\-port situation with Internet Team Germany two weeks earlier, and completed mast repairs by the time racing had commenced.",
"The highlights for the week were not on the water, but rather off it. The Measurement Committee released the final rule interpretations. The rules state that any cup team can request an interpretation and remain anonymous. Additionally, any interpretation by the committee stays private for 6 months. Every cup team and all the media was trying to find out more about two of the final interpretations. It seems that one boat may have found a significant advantage, but everyone would have to wait until the end of the Cup to find out who and exactly what had happened.",
"Racing was scheduled to start on April 16, 2007, but did not get underway until April 20, 2007\\.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 20, 2007 | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 0:15 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070426215124/http://www.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1744\\&idContent\\=16114](https://web.archive.org/web/20070426215124/http://www.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16114) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Areva Challenge | 1:09 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095610/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1744\\&idContent\\=16115](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095610/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16115) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:00 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223926/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1744\\&idContent\\=16116](https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223926/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16116) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 0:46 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1744\\&idContent\\=16117](https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16117) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 2:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083039/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1744\\&idContent\\=16118](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083039/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16118) |\n| | [Desafío Español](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol \"Desafío Español\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Desafío Español | 2:45 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104539/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1901\\&idContent\\=16129](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104539/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16129) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 1:41 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105713/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1901\\&idContent\\=16122](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105713/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16122) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Team Shosholoza | 1:10 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105543/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1901\\&idContent\\=16123](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105543/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16123) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 4:36 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105742/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1901\\&idContent\\=16124](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105742/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16124) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104813/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1901\\&idContent\\=16125](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104813/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16125) |",
"All the scheduled races for April 21, 2007, were postponed by the race committee to April 22, 2007, due to light winds.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 22, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:50 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041443/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1956\\&idContent\\=16808](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041443/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16808) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | Victory Challenge | 3:50 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041450/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1956\\&idContent\\=16809](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041450/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16809) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:47 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041453/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1956\\&idContent\\=16807](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041453/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16807) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Areva Challenge | 2:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041501/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1956\\&idContent\\=16810](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041501/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16810) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 2:41 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041510/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1956\\&idContent\\=16811](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041510/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16811) |",
"Some of the scheduled races for April 22, 2007, and all of the races on April 23, 2007, were postponed by the race committee until April 24, 2007, due to poor wind conditions.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 24, 2007 | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | United Internet Team Germany | 4:01 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041517/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1967\\&idContent\\=17161](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041517/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17161) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Team Shosholoza | 0:36 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041532/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1967\\&idContent\\=17162](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041532/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17162) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 1:18 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1967\\&idContent\\=17163](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17163) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:55 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041613/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1967\\&idContent\\=17159](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041613/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17159) |\n| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:39 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1967\\&idContent\\=17160](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17160) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Team Shosholoza | 2:05 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041621/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1968\\&idContent\\=17168](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041621/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17168) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:12 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1968\\&idContent\\=17165](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17165) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Victory Challenge | 0:56 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1968\\&idContent\\=17166](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17166) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041637/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1968\\&idContent\\=17167](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041637/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17167) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 1:12 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041641/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1968\\&idContent\\=17164](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041641/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17164) |\n| April 25, 2007 | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 2:01 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1940\\&idContent\\=16248](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16248) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:23 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1940\\&idContent\\=16249](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16249) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:33 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1940\\&idContent\\=16250](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16250) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 0:24 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1940\\&idContent\\=16251](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16251) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 0:55 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041801/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1940\\&idContent\\=16252](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041801/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16252) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:54 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041836/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1941\\&idContent\\=16333](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041836/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16333) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:22 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041842/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1941\\&idContent\\=16334](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041842/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16334) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:03 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1941\\&idContent\\=16335](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16335) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | *Withdrew* | \\-",
"| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041906/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1941\\&idContent\\=16337](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041906/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16337) |\n| April 26, 2007 | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 0:05 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041912/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1943\\&idContent\\=16338](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041912/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16338) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:14 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014403/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1943\\&idContent\\=16339](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014403/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16339) |\n| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014414/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1943\\&idContent\\=16340](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014414/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16340) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 1:56 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014513/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1943\\&idContent\\=16341](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014513/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16341) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | *Withdrew* | \\-",
"| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015550/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1820\\&idContent\\=15467](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015550/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15467) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:48 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015556/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1820\\&idContent\\=15468](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015556/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15468) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | Areva Challenge | *Withdrew* | \\-",
"| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Team Shosholoza | 0:26 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1820\\&idContent\\=15469](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15469) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 1:38 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015611/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1820\\&idContent\\=15466](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015611/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15466) |\n| April 27, 2007 | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Areva Challenge | 1:09 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1821\\&idContent\\=15476](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1821&idContent=15476) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | \\+39 Challenge | *Withdrew* | \\-",
"| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | \\+39 Challenge | 0:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1821\\&idContent\\=15475](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1821&idContent=15475) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Team Shosholoza | *DNF* | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015629/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1822\\&idContent\\=15479](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015629/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1822&idContent=15479) |",
"Some of the scheduled races for April 27, 2007, were postponed by the race committee until April 28, 2007, due to very light and variable winds.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 28, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:49 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015638/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2022\\&idContent\\=18894](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015638/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18894) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:42 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015642/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2022\\&idContent\\=18896](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015642/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18896) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 1:00 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015645/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2022\\&idContent\\=18899](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015645/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18899) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 0:28 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2023\\&idContent\\=18906](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18906) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:37 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2023\\&idContent\\=18910](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18910) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:38 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015704/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2023\\&idContent\\=18914](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015704/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18914) |",
"### Round robin 2",
"The following week brought a little wind, and although most days the race committee postponed races for wind, they were able to race most days. Although many of the results were easy to predict, a few upsets occurred in the first round robin. In the first race of the first flight, the powerhouse from New Zealand lost to the Mascalzone Latino, an Italian challenger. In the fourth flight, Shosholoza, the underdog from South Africa, beat Luna Rossa from Italy, a three time cup veteran.",
"Due to the lack of wind the first week, the second round robin began without any lay days after the first. The first surprise of the second round robin was by China Team, who beat the favored [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/Oracle_BMW_Racing \"Oracle BMW Racing\") team by 3 minutes and 15 seconds, the only team yet to achieve a win against BMW Oracle. The win was due to a delamination on the American team's headsail foil which caused the headsail to become partially detached making the sail totally ineffective for part of the race. Also, the Americans gave their best crew members a holiday and sailed against the Chinese with a less experienced crew. The following day several of the China Team members arrived at the compound with bald heads. Reportedly they bet one another that if they beat the Americans, they would shave their heads.",
"The final round of round robin competition featured a race for the top place. Both Emirates Team New Zealand and the United States had lost one race in the first round and zero in the second round robin. Because of Bonus Points from previous acts, New Zealand had a one\\-point advantage over the United States. Each race counted as two points, so a win for either team would result in the first\\-place finish in the round robins. The final race was expected to be an exciting match between the two. However, after the start, the race quickly became disappointing for BMW Oracle fans, with New Zealand stretching their early lead. The result was New Zealand winning the round robin, and was able to choose its opponent for the subsequent semi\\-final round.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 29, 2007 | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 3:17 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015707/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1859\\&idContent\\=15637](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015707/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1859&idContent=15637) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Victory Challenge | 0:52 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015723/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1859\\&idContent\\=15638](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015723/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1859&idContent=15638) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 2:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015728/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1859\\&idContent\\=15639](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015728/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1859&idContent=15639) |",
"Some of the scheduled races for April 29, 2007 were postponed by the race committee until April 30, 2007, due to lack of wind.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 30, 2007 | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Team Shosholoza | 1:23 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015731/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1860\\&idContent\\=15642](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015731/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1860&idContent=15642) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | China Team | 3:15 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015735/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1860\\&idContent\\=15643](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015735/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1860&idContent=15643) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:27 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015755/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1860\\&idContent\\=15644](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015755/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1860&idContent=15644) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:10 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015802/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1860\\&idContent\\=15648](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015802/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1860&idContent=15648) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Areva Challenge | 2:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015806/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1860\\&idContent\\=15649](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015806/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1860&idContent=15649) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:25 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015913/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2033\\&idContent\\=19668](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015913/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2033&idContent=19668) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Areva Challenge | 1:11 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015957/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2033\\&idContent\\=19669](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015957/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2033&idContent=19669) |",
"All races scheduled for May 1 were postponed to May 2 due to excessive wind.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| May 2, 2007 | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:30 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020006/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2046\\&idContent\\=20161](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020006/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2046&idContent=20161) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:45 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020024/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2046\\&idContent\\=20160](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020024/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2046&idContent=20160) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:02 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020132/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2046\\&idContent\\=20159](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020132/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2046&idContent=20159) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 11:49 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020226/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2046\\&idContent\\=20158](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020226/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2046&idContent=20158) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:43 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020300/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2046\\&idContent\\=20157](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020300/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2046&idContent=20157) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | *A resail was ordered by the race committee* | \\-",
"\\-",
"| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:59 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020312/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1862\\&idContent\\=15659](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020312/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1862&idContent=15659) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | United Internet Team Germany | 2:16 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020334/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1862\\&idContent\\=15661](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020334/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1862&idContent=15661) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:25 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020347/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1862\\&idContent\\=15662](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020347/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1862&idContent=15662) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:14 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020438/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1862\\&idContent\\=15663](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020438/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1862&idContent=15663) |",
"All races scheduled for May 3 were postponed to May 4 due to thunder storms.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| May 4, 2007 | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 1:18 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020521/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2063\\&idContent\\=20767](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020521/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2063&idContent=20767) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:19 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020525/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2063\\&idContent\\=20768](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020525/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2063&idContent=20768) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 2:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020528/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2063\\&idContent\\=20769](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020528/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2063&idContent=20769) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | Team Shosholoza | 2:01 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020536/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2063\\&idContent\\=20770](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020536/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2063&idContent=20770) |\n| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:43 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020615/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2063\\&idContent\\=20771](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020615/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2063&idContent=20771) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:16 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020619/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1864\\&idContent\\=15674](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020619/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1864&idContent=15674) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 0:34 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1864\\&idContent\\=15675](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1864&idContent=15675) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 1:03 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1864\\&idContent\\=15676](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1864&idContent=15676) |\n| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 3:45 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020651/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1864\\&idContent\\=15677](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020651/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1864&idContent=15677) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:29 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020700/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1864\\&idContent\\=15678](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020700/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1864&idContent=15678) |\n| May 5, 2007 | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 2:22 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020708/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1865\\&idContent\\=15681](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020708/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1865&idContent=15681) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:47 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1865\\&idContent\\=15683](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1865&idContent=15683) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 2:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020752/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1865\\&idContent\\=15679](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020752/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1865&idContent=15679) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 1:28 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020758/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1865\\&idContent\\=15685](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020758/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1865&idContent=15685) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:04 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1865\\&idContent\\=15686](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1865&idContent=15686) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212705/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2072\\&idContent\\=21195](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212705/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2072&idContent=21195) |\n| May 6, 2007 | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 1:08 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212712/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1866\\&idContent\\=15687](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212712/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1866&idContent=15687) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Team Shosholoza | 0:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212715/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1866\\&idContent\\=15688](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212715/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1866&idContent=15688) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 3:02 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212719/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1866\\&idContent\\=15689](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212719/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1866&idContent=15689) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212733/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1866\\&idContent\\=15690](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212733/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1866&idContent=15690) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:53 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212738/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1866\\&idContent\\=15691](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212738/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1866&idContent=15691) |\n| May 7, 2007 | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | \\+39 Challenge | 0:50 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212746/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1867\\&idContent\\=15692](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212746/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1867&idContent=15692) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Areva Challenge | 3:03 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212750/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1867\\&idContent\\=15693](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212750/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1867&idContent=15693) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212814/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1867\\&idContent\\=15694](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212814/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1867&idContent=15694) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Victory Challenge | 0:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212820/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1867\\&idContent\\=15695](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212820/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1867&idContent=15695) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:36 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212825/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1867\\&idContent\\=15697](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212825/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1867&idContent=15697) |\n| May 8, 2007 | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | \\+39 Challenge | 1:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212835/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1868\\&idContent\\=15699](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212835/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1868&idContent=15699) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Areva Challenge | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212840/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1868\\&idContent\\=15700](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212840/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1868&idContent=15700) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212844/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1868\\&idContent\\=15701](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212844/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1868&idContent=15701) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:34 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212856/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1868\\&idContent\\=15702](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212856/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1868&idContent=15702) |\n| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:55 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1868\\&idContent\\=15703](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1868&idContent=15703) |\n| May 9, 2007 | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 0:38 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212914/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1869\\&idContent\\=15705](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212914/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1869&idContent=15705) |\n| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:54 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212918/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1869\\&idContent\\=15706](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212918/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1869&idContent=15706) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:34 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212951/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1869\\&idContent\\=15707](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212951/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1869&idContent=15707) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | \\+39 Challenge | 0:30 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212958/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1869\\&idContent\\=15708](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212958/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1869&idContent=15708) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Team Shosholoza | 0:14 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331213006/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1869\\&idContent\\=15709](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331213006/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1869&idContent=15709) |",
""
] |
### Round robin 1
The 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup started slowly with all races postponed for the first four days of competition due to light and variable winds. There were rumors that BMW Oracle was planning on rotating the crew off the boat because they were running out of stories to tell as they sat in the boat waiting for wind. To entertain fans, some teams came up with interesting stunts. For instance, United Internet Germany came up with a way to [wakeboard](/wiki/Wakeboard "Wakeboard"), by having their largest sail trimmers pull on the wakeboarder using the [jib](/wiki/Jib "Jib") trimming system.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=BnOYkrICSQE\&eurl\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Esailingtalk%2Ecom%2Fgrind%2Dthat%2Dwakeboarder%2Ehtml \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/BnOYkrICSQE \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Wakeboarding \- Valencia \|publisher\=\[\[YouTube]] \|date\=2007\-04\-23 \|access\-date\=2017\-07\-18}}{{cbignore}} \+39, an Italian challenger, used the windless days off to continue making repairs to their mast, which shattered in a starboard\-port situation with Internet Team Germany two weeks earlier, and completed mast repairs by the time racing had commenced.
The highlights for the week were not on the water, but rather off it. The Measurement Committee released the final rule interpretations. The rules state that any cup team can request an interpretation and remain anonymous. Additionally, any interpretation by the committee stays private for 6 months. Every cup team and all the media was trying to find out more about two of the final interpretations. It seems that one boat may have found a significant advantage, but everyone would have to wait until the end of the Cup to find out who and exactly what had happened.
Racing was scheduled to start on April 16, 2007, but did not get underway until April 20, 2007\.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 20, 2007 | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 0:15 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070426215124/http://www.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1744\&idContent\=16114](https://web.archive.org/web/20070426215124/http://www.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16114) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Areva Challenge | 1:09 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095610/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1744\&idContent\=16115](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095610/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16115) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:00 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223926/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1744\&idContent\=16116](https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223926/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16116) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 0:46 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1744\&idContent\=16117](https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16117) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 2:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083039/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1744\&idContent\=16118](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083039/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16118) |
| | [Desafío Español](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol "Desafío Español") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Desafío Español | 2:45 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104539/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1901\&idContent\=16129](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104539/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16129) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 1:41 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105713/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1901\&idContent\=16122](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105713/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16122) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Team Shosholoza | 1:10 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105543/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1901\&idContent\=16123](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105543/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16123) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 4:36 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105742/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1901\&idContent\=16124](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105742/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16124) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104813/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1901\&idContent\=16125](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104813/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16125) |
All the scheduled races for April 21, 2007, were postponed by the race committee to April 22, 2007, due to light winds.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 22, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:50 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041443/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1956\&idContent\=16808](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041443/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16808) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | Victory Challenge | 3:50 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041450/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1956\&idContent\=16809](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041450/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16809) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:47 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041453/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1956\&idContent\=16807](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041453/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16807) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Areva Challenge | 2:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041501/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1956\&idContent\=16810](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041501/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16810) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 2:41 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041510/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1956\&idContent\=16811](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041510/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16811) |
Some of the scheduled races for April 22, 2007, and all of the races on April 23, 2007, were postponed by the race committee until April 24, 2007, due to poor wind conditions.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 24, 2007 | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | United Internet Team Germany | 4:01 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041517/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1967\&idContent\=17161](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041517/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17161) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Team Shosholoza | 0:36 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041532/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1967\&idContent\=17162](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041532/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17162) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 1:18 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1967\&idContent\=17163](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17163) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:55 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041613/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1967\&idContent\=17159](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041613/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17159) |
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:39 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1967\&idContent\=17160](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17160) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Team Shosholoza | 2:05 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041621/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1968\&idContent\=17168](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041621/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17168) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:12 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1968\&idContent\=17165](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17165) |
| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Victory Challenge | 0:56 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1968\&idContent\=17166](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17166) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041637/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1968\&idContent\=17167](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041637/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17167) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 1:12 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041641/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1968\&idContent\=17164](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041641/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17164) |
| April 25, 2007 | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Desafío Español 2007 | 2:01 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1940\&idContent\=16248](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16248) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:23 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1940\&idContent\=16249](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16249) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:33 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1940\&idContent\=16250](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16250) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 0:24 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1940\&idContent\=16251](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16251) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 0:55 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041801/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1940\&idContent\=16252](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041801/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16252) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:54 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041836/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1941\&idContent\=16333](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041836/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16333) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:22 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041842/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1941\&idContent\=16334](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041842/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16334) |
| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:03 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1941\&idContent\=16335](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16335) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | *Withdrew* | \-
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041906/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1941\&idContent\=16337](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041906/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16337) |
| April 26, 2007 | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 0:05 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041912/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1943\&idContent\=16338](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041912/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16338) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:14 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014403/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1943\&idContent\=16339](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014403/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16339) |
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014414/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1943\&idContent\=16340](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014414/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16340) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team | 1:56 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014513/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1943\&idContent\=16341](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014513/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16341) |
| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | *Withdrew* | \-
| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015550/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1820\&idContent\=15467](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015550/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15467) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:48 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015556/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1820\&idContent\=15468](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015556/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15468) |
| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | Areva Challenge | *Withdrew* | \-
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | Team Shosholoza | 0:26 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1820\&idContent\=15469](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15469) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | BMW Oracle Racing | 1:38 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015611/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1820\&idContent\=15466](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015611/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15466) |
| April 27, 2007 | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | Areva Challenge | 1:09 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1821\&idContent\=15476](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1821&idContent=15476) |
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team "China Team") | \+39 Challenge | *Withdrew* | \-
| | [\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge "+39 Challenge") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany "United Internet Team Germany") | \+39 Challenge | 0:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1821\&idContent\=15475](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1821&idContent=15475) |
| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza "Team Shosholoza") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge "Areva Challenge") | Team Shosholoza | *DNF* | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015629/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1822\&idContent\=15479](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015629/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1822&idContent=15479) |
Some of the scheduled races for April 27, 2007, were postponed by the race committee until April 28, 2007, due to very light and variable winds.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Timings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 28, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:49 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015638/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2022\&idContent\=18894](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015638/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18894) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:42 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015642/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2022\&idContent\=18896](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015642/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18896) |
| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Desafío Español 2007 | 1:00 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015645/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2022\&idContent\=18899](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015645/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18899) |
| | [Mascalzone Latino \- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team "Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge "Victory Challenge") | Victory Challenge | 0:28 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2023\&idContent\=18906](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18906) |
| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:37 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2023\&idContent\=18910](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18910) |
| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:38 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015704/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2023\&idContent\=18914](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015704/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18914) |
|
[
"### Round robin 1",
"The 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup started slowly with all races postponed for the first four days of competition due to light and variable winds. There were rumors that BMW Oracle was planning on rotating the crew off the boat because they were running out of stories to tell as they sat in the boat waiting for wind. To entertain fans, some teams came up with interesting stunts. For instance, United Internet Germany came up with a way to [wakeboard](/wiki/Wakeboard \"Wakeboard\"), by having their largest sail trimmers pull on the wakeboarder using the [jib](/wiki/Jib \"Jib\") trimming system.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=BnOYkrICSQE\\&eurl\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Esailingtalk%2Ecom%2Fgrind%2Dthat%2Dwakeboarder%2Ehtml \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/BnOYkrICSQE \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Wakeboarding \\- Valencia \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-18}}{{cbignore}} \\+39, an Italian challenger, used the windless days off to continue making repairs to their mast, which shattered in a starboard\\-port situation with Internet Team Germany two weeks earlier, and completed mast repairs by the time racing had commenced.",
"The highlights for the week were not on the water, but rather off it. The Measurement Committee released the final rule interpretations. The rules state that any cup team can request an interpretation and remain anonymous. Additionally, any interpretation by the committee stays private for 6 months. Every cup team and all the media was trying to find out more about two of the final interpretations. It seems that one boat may have found a significant advantage, but everyone would have to wait until the end of the Cup to find out who and exactly what had happened.",
"Racing was scheduled to start on April 16, 2007, but did not get underway until April 20, 2007\\.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 20, 2007 | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 0:15 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070426215124/http://www.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1744\\&idContent\\=16114](https://web.archive.org/web/20070426215124/http://www.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16114) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Areva Challenge | 1:09 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095610/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1744\\&idContent\\=16115](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095610/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16115) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:00 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223926/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1744\\&idContent\\=16116](https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223926/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16116) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 0:46 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1744\\&idContent\\=16117](https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16117) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 2:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083039/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1744\\&idContent\\=16118](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083039/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1744&idContent=16118) |\n| | [Desafío Español](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol \"Desafío Español\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Desafío Español | 2:45 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104539/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1901\\&idContent\\=16129](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104539/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16129) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 1:41 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105713/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1901\\&idContent\\=16122](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105713/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16122) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Team Shosholoza | 1:10 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105543/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1901\\&idContent\\=16123](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105543/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16123) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 4:36 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105742/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1901\\&idContent\\=16124](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105742/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16124) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:07 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104813/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1901\\&idContent\\=16125](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104813/http://americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1901&idContent=16125) |",
"All the scheduled races for April 21, 2007, were postponed by the race committee to April 22, 2007, due to light winds.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 22, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:50 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041443/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1956\\&idContent\\=16808](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041443/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16808) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | Victory Challenge | 3:50 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041450/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1956\\&idContent\\=16809](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041450/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16809) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:47 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041453/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1956\\&idContent\\=16807](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041453/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16807) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Areva Challenge | 2:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041501/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1956\\&idContent\\=16810](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041501/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16810) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 2:41 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041510/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1956\\&idContent\\=16811](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041510/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1956&idContent=16811) |",
"Some of the scheduled races for April 22, 2007, and all of the races on April 23, 2007, were postponed by the race committee until April 24, 2007, due to poor wind conditions.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 24, 2007 | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | United Internet Team Germany | 4:01 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041517/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1967\\&idContent\\=17161](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041517/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17161) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Team Shosholoza | 0:36 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041532/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1967\\&idContent\\=17162](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041532/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17162) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 1:18 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1967\\&idContent\\=17163](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17163) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:55 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041613/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1967\\&idContent\\=17159](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041613/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17159) |\n| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:39 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1967\\&idContent\\=17160](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1967&idContent=17160) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Team Shosholoza | 2:05 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041621/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1968\\&idContent\\=17168](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041621/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17168) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:12 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1968\\&idContent\\=17165](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17165) |\n| | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Victory Challenge | 0:56 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1968\\&idContent\\=17166](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17166) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:06 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041637/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1968\\&idContent\\=17167](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041637/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17167) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 1:12 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041641/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1968\\&idContent\\=17164](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041641/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1968&idContent=17164) |\n| April 25, 2007 | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 2:01 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1940\\&idContent\\=16248](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041647/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16248) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:23 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1940\\&idContent\\=16249](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16249) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:33 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1940\\&idContent\\=16250](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16250) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 0:24 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1940\\&idContent\\=16251](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041744/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16251) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 0:55 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041801/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1940\\&idContent\\=16252](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041801/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1940&idContent=16252) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:54 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041836/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1941\\&idContent\\=16333](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041836/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16333) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:22 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041842/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1941\\&idContent\\=16334](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041842/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16334) |\n| | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:03 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1941\\&idContent\\=16335](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041900/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16335) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | *Withdrew* | \\-",
"| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041906/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1941\\&idContent\\=16337](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041906/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1941&idContent=16337) |\n| April 26, 2007 | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 0:05 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041912/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1943\\&idContent\\=16338](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041912/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16338) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 2:14 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014403/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1943\\&idContent\\=16339](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014403/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16339) |\n| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014414/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1943\\&idContent\\=16340](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014414/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16340) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team | 1:56 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014513/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1943\\&idContent\\=16341](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317014513/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1943&idContent=16341) |\n| | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | *Withdrew* | \\-",
"| | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:35 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015550/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1820\\&idContent\\=15467](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015550/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15467) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:48 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015556/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1820\\&idContent\\=15468](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015556/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15468) |\n| | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | Areva Challenge | *Withdrew* | \\-",
"| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | Team Shosholoza | 0:26 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1820\\&idContent\\=15469](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015605/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15469) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 1:38 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015611/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1820\\&idContent\\=15466](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015611/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1820&idContent=15466) |\n| April 27, 2007 | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | Areva Challenge | 1:09 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1821\\&idContent\\=15476](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015617/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1821&idContent=15476) |\n| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [China Team](/wiki/China_Team \"China Team\") | \\+39 Challenge | *Withdrew* | \\-",
"| | [\\+39 Challenge](/wiki/%2B39_Challenge \"+39 Challenge\") | [United Internet Team Germany](/wiki/United_Internet_Team_Germany \"United Internet Team Germany\") | \\+39 Challenge | 0:57 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1821\\&idContent\\=15475](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015625/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1821&idContent=15475) |\n| | [Team Shosholoza](/wiki/Team_Shosholoza \"Team Shosholoza\") | [Areva Challenge](/wiki/Areva_Challenge \"Areva Challenge\") | Team Shosholoza | *DNF* | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015629/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1822\\&idContent\\=15479](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015629/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1822&idContent=15479) |",
"Some of the scheduled races for April 27, 2007, were postponed by the race committee until April 28, 2007, due to very light and variable winds.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Timings |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| April 28, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:49 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015638/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2022\\&idContent\\=18894](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015638/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18894) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:42 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015642/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2022\\&idContent\\=18896](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015642/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18896) |\n| | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 1:00 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015645/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2022\\&idContent\\=18899](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015645/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2022&idContent=18899) |\n| | [Mascalzone Latino \\- Capitalia Team](/wiki/Mascalzone_Latino_-_Capitalia_Team \"Mascalzone Latino - Capitalia Team\") | [Victory Challenge](/wiki/Victory_Challenge \"Victory Challenge\") | Victory Challenge | 0:28 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2023\\&idContent\\=18906](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015652/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18906) |\n| | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:37 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2023\\&idContent\\=18910](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015657/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18910) |\n| | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:38 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015704/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2023\\&idContent\\=18914](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317015704/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2023&idContent=18914) |",
""
] |
Knock\-out stage
----------------
{{\#invoke:RoundN\|main\|columns\=2
\|bold\_winner\=high
\|team\-width\=250
\|\|{{flagicon\|NZL}} \[\[Emirates Team New Zealand]]\|5\|{{flagicon\|ESP}} \[\[Desafío Español 2007]]\|2
\|\|{{flagicon\|ITA}} \[\[Luna Rossa Challenge]]\|5\|{{flagicon\|USA}} \[\[BMW Oracle Racing]]\|1
\|\|{{flagicon\|NZL}} \[\[Emirates Team New Zealand]]\|5\|{{flagicon\|ITA}} \[\[Luna Rossa Challenge]]\|0
}}
### Semi\-finals
As winner of the round\-robin events [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") won the right to choose their opponent in the semi\-finals and chose *Desafío Español 2007*. Hence [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") raced against [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") in the other semi\-final.
The first team in each semi\-final to win 5 races then qualified for the finals of the [Louis Vuitton Cup](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup "Louis Vuitton Cup").
Each pairing had raced against each other twice in the preceding round\-robin events.
In their previous meetings, [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") had a 2–0 record against *Desafío Español 2007* with winning margins of 1:12 and 0:43\. In their semi\-final competition [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") always led at the 1st mark and beat *Desafío Español 2007* 5–2, advancing to the finals.
Likewise, [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") had a 2–0 record against [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") with winning margins of 0:06 and 0:19 but were comprehensively beaten 1–5 by *Luna Rossa Challenge* in their semi\-final. Superior tactics by [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") in the pre\-start sequences were a significant factor in their semi\-final win. Luna Rossa Challenge advanced to face [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") in the finals.
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Score | Timings | Race summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 14, 2007 | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 2:19 | 0–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134249/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1874\&idContent\=15892](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134249/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1874&idContent=15892) | Teams split tacks from the start and sailed to opposite sides of the race course. For most of the race the boats sailed well apart on very different courses but *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* took much better advantage of very variable wind patterns to win. |
| May 14, 2007 | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:43 | 0–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134333/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1874\&idContent\=15891](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134333/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1874&idContent=15891) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* won the start and sailed a defensive race keeping a loose cover on *DE2007* throughout the race. |
| May 15, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:40 | 2–0 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134346/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1875\&idContent\=15893](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134346/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1875&idContent=15893) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* won the start and easily controlled the race throughout. |
| May 15, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:13 | 1–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134356/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1875\&idContent\=15894](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134356/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1875&idContent=15894) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* was again strong in the pre\-start manoeuvres, won the start and lead throughout until the last leg. A tense struggle resulted on the last downwind leg to the finish resulting in a win for *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing")*. |
| May 16, 2007 | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Desafío Español 2007 | 1:14 | 1–2 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134620/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1876\&idContent\=15895](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134620/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1876&idContent=15895) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* incurred a penalty by not keeping clear when *DE2007* was executing a gybe during the pre\-start engagement. *DE2007* lead at every mark and increased their lead on the final leg to the finish |
| May 16, 2007 | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:31 | 1–2 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1876\&idContent\=15896](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1876&idContent=15896) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* again won the start and were 29 seconds ahead at the first mark and 49 seconds ahead at the final mark. *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing")* narrowed the gap slightly on the last leg race to the finish line. |
| May 18, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:42 | 3–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134651/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1877\&idContent\=15898](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134651/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1877&idContent=15898) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* won the start and extended their lead as the race progressed. |
| May 18, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:23 | 3–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134702/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1877\&idContent\=15899](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134702/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1877&idContent=15899) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* lead the race at each mark through to the finish. |
| May 19, 2007 | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:49 | 1–4 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041341/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1878\&idContent\=15900](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041341/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1878&idContent=15900) | *DE2007* was ahead at the start but a small wind\-shift gave the advantage to *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* who extended their lead through to the finish. |
| May 19, 2007 | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:57 | 1–4 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041346/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1878\&idContent\=15901](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041346/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1878&idContent=15901) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* won two penalties against *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing")* during the pre\-start. The first a 'port and starboard' incident. The second penalty was given when *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing")* was bearing away and their stern touched *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")*. |
| May 20, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:15 | 2–4 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041426/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1879\&idContent\=15902](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041426/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1879&idContent=15902) | Teams split tacks away from each other at the start. *DE2007* narrowly lead when they came back together again and it was an extremely close race all the way to the finish. |
| May 20, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:33 | **5**–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041430/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1879\&idContent\=15903](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041430/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1879&idContent=15903) | *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing")* changed helmsmen for this final race but *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* were easily fastest away at the start and lead at each mark through to the finish. *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* qualified for the *[LVC](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup "Louis Vuitton Cup")* final and *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing")* were eliminated. |
| May 23, 2007 | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 "Desafío Español 2007") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:18 | 2–**5** | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041435/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=2129\&idContent\=24345](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041435/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2129&idContent=24345) | Race sailed in winds approaching 20 kts. *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* lead over the start line and extended their lead through to the finish. *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* qualified for the finals of the *[LVC](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup "Louis Vuitton Cup")* and *DE2007* were eliminated. |
### Final
The finals of the 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup pitted [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") against [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand"). Both boats had decisive results in the semi\-finals, where Luna Rossa Challenge defeated [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing") 5–1, and Emirates Team New Zealand defeated *Desafío Español 2007* 5–2\.
The two teams raced against each other in each of the two round robins. Luna Rossa Challenge won their race in round robin 1 on 26 April 2007 by 48 seconds. Emirates Team New Zealand won their race in round robin 2 on 7 May 2007 by 36 seconds.
Prior to the final, expert commentators were fairly unanimous that [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") were in top form but [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") had improved since the round robins as evidenced by their comprehensive beating of [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing "BMW Oracle Racing"), one of the favourites, in their semi\-final. In the best of 9 race final Emirates Team New Zealand beat Luna Rossa Challenge 5–0\. However to put this into context, Luna Rossa Challenge 'worst' defeat was in race 3 when Emirates Team New Zealand were only 0:1:38 seconds faster in a race lasting 1:35:37 i.e. a 1\.71% performance advantage. In the other 4 races the performance margin was even smaller.
[Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") won the toss prior to the first race of the final which gave them the advantage of entering the starting area from the "yellow" side.
*In the results tables below, the team with the advantage of entering the starting area from the yellow side (entering from the right\-hand side on starboard tack) is marked with [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg"). This is decided for the first race by the toss of a coin; then the advantage of starting from the yellow side alternates race by race.*
| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg "Solid blue.svg") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg "Solid yellow.svg") | Winner | Delta | Score | Timings | Race summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| June 1, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") ([NZL\-92](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts "List of IACC yachts")) | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") ([ITA\-94](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts "List of IACC yachts")) | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:08 | 1–0 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707133831/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1883\&idContent\=15910](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707133831/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1883&idContent=15910) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* led by 12 seconds at the 1st mark and only 8 seconds at the finish. A quote from the *[LVC organisers](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup "Louis Vuitton Cup")* press release read, "high\-quality match racing of the highest order, the outcome of the race decided on the tiniest of details." |
| June 2, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") ([ITA\-94](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts "List of IACC yachts")) | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") ([NZL\-92](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts "List of IACC yachts")) | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:40 | 0–2 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134033/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1884\&idContent\=15911](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134033/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1884&idContent=15911) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* crossed the start line at full speed. *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* were squeezed to the right and forced to tack at slow speed away from *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* who then controlled the race through to the finish. |
| June 3, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") ([NZL\-92](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts "List of IACC yachts")) | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") ([ITA\-94](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts "List of IACC yachts")) | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:38 | 3–0 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134107/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1885\&idContent\=15912](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134107/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1885&idContent=15912) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* won the start but *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* picked up a favourable wind shift to be ahead at the 1st mark and then extended their lead through to the finish. |
| June 5, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") ([ITA\-94](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts "List of IACC yachts")) | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") ([NZL\-92](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts "List of IACC yachts")) | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:52 | 0–4 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134120/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1886\&idContent\=15913](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134120/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1886&idContent=15913) | A split\-tack start, *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* was ahead at the 1st cross. At 2nd cross, *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* did not force their starboard advantage and tacked to leeward. *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* took *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* beyond the layline for the first mark, rounded 15 seconds ahead and were never threatened through to the finish. |
| June 6, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand") ([NZL\-92](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts "List of IACC yachts")) | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge") ([ITA\-94](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts "List of IACC yachts")) | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:22 | **5**–0 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134158/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\_race.php?idIndex\=1887\&idContent\=15914](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134158/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1887&idContent=15914) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* made a significant change from race four with longer wings on its keel in hopes of better upwind speed but with a penalty of more drag downwind. After remeasurement, both *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* boats did some quick testing. Race 5 began with *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* at full speed and a 1\-second lead over *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")*. However, by the first mark, *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* led by 20 seconds. The remainder of the race entailed *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* catching *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand "Emirates Team New Zealand")* but then dropping back. At one point in the last downwind leg *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge "Luna Rossa Challenge")* were within one boat length but dropped back before the finish. |
|
[
"Knock\\-out stage\n----------------",
"{{\\#invoke:RoundN\\|main\\|columns\\=2\n\\|bold\\_winner\\=high\n\\|team\\-width\\=250\n\\|\\|{{flagicon\\|NZL}} \\[\\[Emirates Team New Zealand]]\\|5\\|{{flagicon\\|ESP}} \\[\\[Desafío Español 2007]]\\|2\n\\|\\|{{flagicon\\|ITA}} \\[\\[Luna Rossa Challenge]]\\|5\\|{{flagicon\\|USA}} \\[\\[BMW Oracle Racing]]\\|1\n\\|\\|{{flagicon\\|NZL}} \\[\\[Emirates Team New Zealand]]\\|5\\|{{flagicon\\|ITA}} \\[\\[Luna Rossa Challenge]]\\|0\n}}\n### Semi\\-finals",
"As winner of the round\\-robin events [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") won the right to choose their opponent in the semi\\-finals and chose *Desafío Español 2007*. Hence [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") raced against [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") in the other semi\\-final. \nThe first team in each semi\\-final to win 5 races then qualified for the finals of the [Louis Vuitton Cup](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup \"Louis Vuitton Cup\").",
"Each pairing had raced against each other twice in the preceding round\\-robin events.",
"In their previous meetings, [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") had a 2–0 record against *Desafío Español 2007* with winning margins of 1:12 and 0:43\\. In their semi\\-final competition [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") always led at the 1st mark and beat *Desafío Español 2007* 5–2, advancing to the finals.",
"Likewise, [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") had a 2–0 record against [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") with winning margins of 0:06 and 0:19 but were comprehensively beaten 1–5 by *Luna Rossa Challenge* in their semi\\-final. Superior tactics by [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") in the pre\\-start sequences were a significant factor in their semi\\-final win. Luna Rossa Challenge advanced to face [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") in the finals.",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Score | Timings | Race summary |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| May 14, 2007 | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 2:19 | 0–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134249/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1874\\&idContent\\=15892](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134249/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1874&idContent=15892) | Teams split tacks from the start and sailed to opposite sides of the race course. For most of the race the boats sailed well apart on very different courses but *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* took much better advantage of very variable wind patterns to win. |\n| May 14, 2007 | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:43 | 0–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134333/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1874\\&idContent\\=15891](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134333/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1874&idContent=15891) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* won the start and sailed a defensive race keeping a loose cover on *DE2007* throughout the race. |\n| May 15, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:40 | 2–0 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134346/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1875\\&idContent\\=15893](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134346/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1875&idContent=15893) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* won the start and easily controlled the race throughout. |\n| May 15, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | BMW Oracle Racing | 0:13 | 1–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134356/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1875\\&idContent\\=15894](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134356/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1875&idContent=15894) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* was again strong in the pre\\-start manoeuvres, won the start and lead throughout until the last leg. A tense struggle resulted on the last downwind leg to the finish resulting in a win for *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\")*. |\n| May 16, 2007 | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 1:14 | 1–2 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134620/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1876\\&idContent\\=15895](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134620/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1876&idContent=15895) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* incurred a penalty by not keeping clear when *DE2007* was executing a gybe during the pre\\-start engagement. *DE2007* lead at every mark and increased their lead on the final leg to the finish |\n| May 16, 2007 | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:31 | 1–2 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1876\\&idContent\\=15896](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134630/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1876&idContent=15896) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* again won the start and were 29 seconds ahead at the first mark and 49 seconds ahead at the final mark. *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\")* narrowed the gap slightly on the last leg race to the finish line. |\n| May 18, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:42 | 3–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134651/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1877\\&idContent\\=15898](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134651/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1877&idContent=15898) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* won the start and extended their lead as the race progressed. |\n| May 18, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:23 | 3–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134702/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1877\\&idContent\\=15899](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134702/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1877&idContent=15899) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* lead the race at each mark through to the finish. |\n| May 19, 2007 | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:49 | 1–4 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041341/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1878\\&idContent\\=15900](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041341/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1878&idContent=15900) | *DE2007* was ahead at the start but a small wind\\-shift gave the advantage to *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* who extended their lead through to the finish. |\n| May 19, 2007 | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 1:57 | 1–4 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041346/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1878\\&idContent\\=15901](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041346/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1878&idContent=15901) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* won two penalties against *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\")* during the pre\\-start. The first a 'port and starboard' incident. The second penalty was given when *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\")* was bearing away and their stern touched *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")*. |\n| May 20, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | Desafío Español 2007 | 0:15 | 2–4 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041426/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1879\\&idContent\\=15902](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041426/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1879&idContent=15902) | Teams split tacks away from each other at the start. *DE2007* narrowly lead when they came back together again and it was an extremely close race all the way to the finish. |\n| May 20, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") | [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") | Luna Rossa Challenge | 0:33 | **5**–1 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041430/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1879\\&idContent\\=15903](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041430/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1879&idContent=15903) | *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\")* changed helmsmen for this final race but *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* were easily fastest away at the start and lead at each mark through to the finish. *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* qualified for the *[LVC](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup \"Louis Vuitton Cup\")* final and *[BOR](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\")* were eliminated. |\n| May 23, 2007 | [Desafío Español 2007](/wiki/Desaf%C3%ADo_Espa%C3%B1ol_2007 \"Desafío Español 2007\") | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:18 | 2–**5** | [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041435/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=2129\\&idContent\\=24345](https://web.archive.org/web/20120303041435/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=2129&idContent=24345) | Race sailed in winds approaching 20 kts. *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* lead over the start line and extended their lead through to the finish. *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* qualified for the finals of the *[LVC](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup \"Louis Vuitton Cup\")* and *DE2007* were eliminated. |",
"### Final",
"The finals of the 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup pitted [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") against [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\"). Both boats had decisive results in the semi\\-finals, where Luna Rossa Challenge defeated [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\") 5–1, and Emirates Team New Zealand defeated *Desafío Español 2007* 5–2\\.",
"The two teams raced against each other in each of the two round robins. Luna Rossa Challenge won their race in round robin 1 on 26 April 2007 by 48 seconds. Emirates Team New Zealand won their race in round robin 2 on 7 May 2007 by 36 seconds.",
"Prior to the final, expert commentators were fairly unanimous that [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") were in top form but [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") had improved since the round robins as evidenced by their comprehensive beating of [BMW Oracle Racing](/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing \"BMW Oracle Racing\"), one of the favourites, in their semi\\-final. In the best of 9 race final Emirates Team New Zealand beat Luna Rossa Challenge 5–0\\. However to put this into context, Luna Rossa Challenge 'worst' defeat was in race 3 when Emirates Team New Zealand were only 0:1:38 seconds faster in a race lasting 1:35:37 i.e. a 1\\.71% performance advantage. In the other 4 races the performance margin was even smaller.",
"[Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") won the toss prior to the first race of the final which gave them the advantage of entering the starting area from the \"yellow\" side.",
"*In the results tables below, the team with the advantage of entering the starting area from the yellow side (entering from the right\\-hand side on starboard tack) is marked with [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\"). This is decided for the first race by the toss of a coin; then the advantage of starting from the yellow side alternates race by race.*",
"",
"| Date | Team 1 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_blue.svg \"Solid blue.svg\") | Team 2 [15px](/wiki/Image:Solid_yellow.svg \"Solid yellow.svg\") | Winner | Delta | Score | Timings | Race summary |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| June 1, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") ([NZL\\-92](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts \"List of IACC yachts\")) | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") ([ITA\\-94](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts \"List of IACC yachts\")) | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:08 | 1–0 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707133831/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1883\\&idContent\\=15910](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707133831/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1883&idContent=15910) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* led by 12 seconds at the 1st mark and only 8 seconds at the finish. A quote from the *[LVC organisers](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup \"Louis Vuitton Cup\")* press release read, \"high\\-quality match racing of the highest order, the outcome of the race decided on the tiniest of details.\" |\n| June 2, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") ([ITA\\-94](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts \"List of IACC yachts\")) | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") ([NZL\\-92](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts \"List of IACC yachts\")) | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:40 | 0–2 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134033/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1884\\&idContent\\=15911](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134033/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1884&idContent=15911) | *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* crossed the start line at full speed. *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* were squeezed to the right and forced to tack at slow speed away from *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* who then controlled the race through to the finish. |\n| June 3, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") ([NZL\\-92](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts \"List of IACC yachts\")) | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") ([ITA\\-94](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts \"List of IACC yachts\")) | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1:38 | 3–0 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134107/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1885\\&idContent\\=15912](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134107/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1885&idContent=15912) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* won the start but *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* picked up a favourable wind shift to be ahead at the 1st mark and then extended their lead through to the finish. |\n| June 5, 2007 | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") ([ITA\\-94](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts \"List of IACC yachts\")) | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") ([NZL\\-92](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts \"List of IACC yachts\")) | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:52 | 0–4 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134120/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1886\\&idContent\\=15913](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134120/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1886&idContent=15913) | A split\\-tack start, *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* was ahead at the 1st cross. At 2nd cross, *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* did not force their starboard advantage and tacked to leeward. *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* took *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* beyond the layline for the first mark, rounded 15 seconds ahead and were never threatened through to the finish. |\n| June 6, 2007 | [Emirates Team New Zealand](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\") ([NZL\\-92](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts \"List of IACC yachts\")) | [Luna Rossa Challenge](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\") ([ITA\\-94](/wiki/List_of_IACC_yachts \"List of IACC yachts\")) | Emirates Team New Zealand | 0:22 | **5**–0 | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134158/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match\\_race.php?idIndex\\=1887\\&idContent\\=15914](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134158/http://32nd.americascup.com/fr/americascup/program/match_race.php?idIndex=1887&idContent=15914) | *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* made a significant change from race four with longer wings on its keel in hopes of better upwind speed but with a penalty of more drag downwind. After remeasurement, both *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* boats did some quick testing. Race 5 began with *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* at full speed and a 1\\-second lead over *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")*. However, by the first mark, *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* led by 20 seconds. The remainder of the race entailed *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* catching *[ETNZ](/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand \"Emirates Team New Zealand\")* but then dropping back. At one point in the last downwind leg *[LRC](/wiki/Luna_Rossa_Challenge \"Luna Rossa Challenge\")* were within one boat length but dropped back before the finish. |",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Metropolitan Basketball Association
In 1998, Laure joined the [Batangas Blades](/wiki/Batangas_Blades "Batangas Blades") in the newly formed professional [Metropolitan Basketball Association](/wiki/Metropolitan_Basketball_Association "Metropolitan Basketball Association"). Despite playing for the lowly Blades teams from 1998 to 2000, Laure was the cornerstone of the franchise, playing in several All\-Star games and the Mythical Team award.
In 2001, he was later joined by former [Manila Metrostars](/wiki/Manila_Metrostars "Manila Metrostars") players [Rommel Adducul](/wiki/Rommel_Adducul "Rommel Adducul") and [Alex Compton](/wiki/Alex_Compton "Alex Compton") to lead Batangas to their only MBA National Championship over the [Negros Slashers](/wiki/Negros_Slashers "Negros Slashers"). Laure was later named the Most Valuable Player of the 2001 season and the last player in MBA history to win the award before its closure in 2002\.
### Short return to the PBL
After the MBA's demise, Laure joined the [Welcoat Paintmasters](/wiki/Welcoat_Dragons "Welcoat Dragons") in the 2002 PBL Challenge Cup. Again, Laure played with a star\-studded team of [Rommel Adducul](/wiki/Rommel_Adducul "Rommel Adducul"), [Ronald Tubid](/wiki/Ronald_Tubid "Ronald Tubid"), [Marc Pingris](/wiki/Marc_Pingris "Marc Pingris"), and [Ervin Sotto](/wiki/Ervin_Sotto "Ervin Sotto").
Laure was named in the Mythical Five of the said tournament and the Paintmasters won the title via a 3–0 sweep over Dazz Dishwashing. Laure then opted to turn pro again in 2003\.
### Philippine Basketball Association
In 2003, Laure was selected third overall by the [Shell Turbo Chargers](/wiki/Shell_Turbo_Chargers "Shell Turbo Chargers") in the PBA Draft. He had a decent rookie campaign with Shell posting double figures in points but was unable to lead the Turbo Chargers to a respectable record.
He was traded in 2004 to Purefoods for [Billy Mamaril](/wiki/Billy_Mamaril "Billy Mamaril") but struggled in his stint with the TJ Hotdogs while nursing a knee injury. The 6'4 forward played for just 24 games in the 2004–05 season, and hardly a factor on offense but had a few games where he shone on the defensive end.
In the 2005–06 season, he joined the [Alaska Aces](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 "Alaska Aces (PBA)") and was a key contributor off the bench. Due to the injury of [Reynel Hugnatan](/wiki/Reynel_Hugnatan "Reynel Hugnatan"), he was given significant playing time. Along with Hugnatan, Laure was also joined by [John Ferriols](/wiki/John_Ferriols "John Ferriols"), a fellow former MBA MVP, in a trio of former MBA superstars in the Alaska fold.
24 hours after the 2008 Rookie Draft proper, he was traded to his former PBL team, the [Rain or Shine Elasto Painters](/wiki/Rain_or_Shine_Elasto_Painters "Rain or Shine Elasto Painters"), together with fifth overall pick [Solomon Mercado](/wiki/Solomon_Mercado "Solomon Mercado") for former No. 1 pick, [Joe Devance](/wiki/Joe_Devance "Joe Devance"), and two future second round picks.
In the off\-season of 2010, he was traded to the [Powerade Tigers](/wiki/Powerade_Tigers "Powerade Tigers") together with Rain or Shine's 1st round pick in 2011 in exchange for [Larry Rodriguez](/wiki/Larry_Rodriguez_%28basketball%29 "Larry Rodriguez (basketball)").{{cite web\|title\=PBA: Powerade ships Rodriguez to Rain or Shine\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/09/18/10/pba\-powerade\-ships\-rodriguez\-rain\-or\-shine\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=18 September 2010\|access\-date\=17 March 2021}}
He also has a stint with the [AirAsia Philippine Patriots](/wiki/AirAsia_Philippine_Patriots "AirAsia Philippine Patriots") in the [ABL](/wiki/ASEAN_Basketball_League "ASEAN Basketball League") in 2011\.{{Cite web\|first\=Cedelf P.\|last\=Tupas\|title\=Glenn Capacio new Philippine Patriots coach\|url\=http://sports.inquirer.net/23591/glenn\-capacio\-new\-philippine\-patriots\-coach\|website\=INQUIRER.net\|date\=7 November 2011}}
Prior to the start of the [2012–13 PBA season](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_PBA_season "2012–13 PBA season"), he then re\-signed with the Alaska Aces for his second stint with the team.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/alaska\-re\-signs\-old\-reliables\-nic\-belasco\-eddie\-laure \|title\=Alaska re\-signs old reliables Nic Belasco, Eddie Laure \| InterAksyon.com \| Sports5 \|access\-date\=2014\-10\-17 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221535/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/alaska\-re\-signs\-old\-reliables\-nic\-belasco\-eddie\-laure \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-04 \|url\-status\=dead}} His veteran presence provided leadership to the young guns.
He was relegated to the reserved injured list for the entire [2013–14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_PBA_season "2013–14 PBA season"), and was placed in the dispersal pool at season's end. He was picked by [Blackwater Elite](/wiki/Blackwater_Elite "Blackwater Elite") during the [2014 PBA Expansion Draft](/wiki/2014_PBA_Expansion_Draft "2014 PBA Expansion Draft").[http://dzrhnews.com/pba\-players\-get\-new\-lease\-careers\-dispersal\-draft/](http://dzrhnews.com/pba-players-get-new-lease-careers-dispersal-draft/){{cite web\|last1\=Olivares\|first1\=Rick\|title\=LOOKING AT BLACKWATER AFTER THE EXPANSION DRAFT\|url\=http://pba.inquirer.net/48053/looking\-at\-blackwater\-after\-the\-expansion\-draft\|website\=INQUIRER.net\|date\=24 July 2014\|access\-date\=17 October 2014}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Metropolitan Basketball Association",
"In 1998, Laure joined the [Batangas Blades](/wiki/Batangas_Blades \"Batangas Blades\") in the newly formed professional [Metropolitan Basketball Association](/wiki/Metropolitan_Basketball_Association \"Metropolitan Basketball Association\"). Despite playing for the lowly Blades teams from 1998 to 2000, Laure was the cornerstone of the franchise, playing in several All\\-Star games and the Mythical Team award.",
"In 2001, he was later joined by former [Manila Metrostars](/wiki/Manila_Metrostars \"Manila Metrostars\") players [Rommel Adducul](/wiki/Rommel_Adducul \"Rommel Adducul\") and [Alex Compton](/wiki/Alex_Compton \"Alex Compton\") to lead Batangas to their only MBA National Championship over the [Negros Slashers](/wiki/Negros_Slashers \"Negros Slashers\"). Laure was later named the Most Valuable Player of the 2001 season and the last player in MBA history to win the award before its closure in 2002\\.",
"### Short return to the PBL",
"After the MBA's demise, Laure joined the [Welcoat Paintmasters](/wiki/Welcoat_Dragons \"Welcoat Dragons\") in the 2002 PBL Challenge Cup. Again, Laure played with a star\\-studded team of [Rommel Adducul](/wiki/Rommel_Adducul \"Rommel Adducul\"), [Ronald Tubid](/wiki/Ronald_Tubid \"Ronald Tubid\"), [Marc Pingris](/wiki/Marc_Pingris \"Marc Pingris\"), and [Ervin Sotto](/wiki/Ervin_Sotto \"Ervin Sotto\").",
"Laure was named in the Mythical Five of the said tournament and the Paintmasters won the title via a 3–0 sweep over Dazz Dishwashing. Laure then opted to turn pro again in 2003\\.",
"### Philippine Basketball Association",
"In 2003, Laure was selected third overall by the [Shell Turbo Chargers](/wiki/Shell_Turbo_Chargers \"Shell Turbo Chargers\") in the PBA Draft. He had a decent rookie campaign with Shell posting double figures in points but was unable to lead the Turbo Chargers to a respectable record.",
"He was traded in 2004 to Purefoods for [Billy Mamaril](/wiki/Billy_Mamaril \"Billy Mamaril\") but struggled in his stint with the TJ Hotdogs while nursing a knee injury. The 6'4 forward played for just 24 games in the 2004–05 season, and hardly a factor on offense but had a few games where he shone on the defensive end.",
"In the 2005–06 season, he joined the [Alaska Aces](/wiki/Alaska_Aces_%28PBA%29 \"Alaska Aces (PBA)\") and was a key contributor off the bench. Due to the injury of [Reynel Hugnatan](/wiki/Reynel_Hugnatan \"Reynel Hugnatan\"), he was given significant playing time. Along with Hugnatan, Laure was also joined by [John Ferriols](/wiki/John_Ferriols \"John Ferriols\"), a fellow former MBA MVP, in a trio of former MBA superstars in the Alaska fold.",
"24 hours after the 2008 Rookie Draft proper, he was traded to his former PBL team, the [Rain or Shine Elasto Painters](/wiki/Rain_or_Shine_Elasto_Painters \"Rain or Shine Elasto Painters\"), together with fifth overall pick [Solomon Mercado](/wiki/Solomon_Mercado \"Solomon Mercado\") for former No. 1 pick, [Joe Devance](/wiki/Joe_Devance \"Joe Devance\"), and two future second round picks.",
"In the off\\-season of 2010, he was traded to the [Powerade Tigers](/wiki/Powerade_Tigers \"Powerade Tigers\") together with Rain or Shine's 1st round pick in 2011 in exchange for [Larry Rodriguez](/wiki/Larry_Rodriguez_%28basketball%29 \"Larry Rodriguez (basketball)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=PBA: Powerade ships Rodriguez to Rain or Shine\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/09/18/10/pba\\-powerade\\-ships\\-rodriguez\\-rain\\-or\\-shine\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=18 September 2010\\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2021}}",
"He also has a stint with the [AirAsia Philippine Patriots](/wiki/AirAsia_Philippine_Patriots \"AirAsia Philippine Patriots\") in the [ABL](/wiki/ASEAN_Basketball_League \"ASEAN Basketball League\") in 2011\\.{{Cite web\\|first\\=Cedelf P.\\|last\\=Tupas\\|title\\=Glenn Capacio new Philippine Patriots coach\\|url\\=http://sports.inquirer.net/23591/glenn\\-capacio\\-new\\-philippine\\-patriots\\-coach\\|website\\=INQUIRER.net\\|date\\=7 November 2011}}",
"Prior to the start of the [2012–13 PBA season](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_PBA_season \"2012–13 PBA season\"), he then re\\-signed with the Alaska Aces for his second stint with the team.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/alaska\\-re\\-signs\\-old\\-reliables\\-nic\\-belasco\\-eddie\\-laure \\|title\\=Alaska re\\-signs old reliables Nic Belasco, Eddie Laure \\| InterAksyon.com \\| Sports5 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-10\\-17 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221535/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/alaska\\-re\\-signs\\-old\\-reliables\\-nic\\-belasco\\-eddie\\-laure \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} His veteran presence provided leadership to the young guns.",
"He was relegated to the reserved injured list for the entire [2013–14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_PBA_season \"2013–14 PBA season\"), and was placed in the dispersal pool at season's end. He was picked by [Blackwater Elite](/wiki/Blackwater_Elite \"Blackwater Elite\") during the [2014 PBA Expansion Draft](/wiki/2014_PBA_Expansion_Draft \"2014 PBA Expansion Draft\").[http://dzrhnews.com/pba\\-players\\-get\\-new\\-lease\\-careers\\-dispersal\\-draft/](http://dzrhnews.com/pba-players-get-new-lease-careers-dispersal-draft/){{cite web\\|last1\\=Olivares\\|first1\\=Rick\\|title\\=LOOKING AT BLACKWATER AFTER THE EXPANSION DRAFT\\|url\\=http://pba.inquirer.net/48053/looking\\-at\\-blackwater\\-after\\-the\\-expansion\\-draft\\|website\\=INQUIRER.net\\|date\\=24 July 2014\\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2014}}",
""
] |
STAR assessments
----------------
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=November 2022}}
Each assessment provides estimates of students' skills and comparisons of students' abilities to national norms. Each is intended to aid with developing curriculum and instruction by providing feedback about student, classroom, and grade level progress. The software reports grade equivalents, percentile ranks, and [normal curve equivalents](/wiki/Normal_curve_equivalent "Normal curve equivalent").
Each assessment is standardized and highly correlated to other assessments. Thus, the results predict achievement on other standardized tests. For more on the reliability and validity of these assessments, [see below](/wiki/STAR_%28software%29%23Reliability_and_validity "STAR (software)#Reliability and validity").
All STAR products were available as stand\-alone and network software, but now the company strongly advertises the web\-based [Renaissance Place](/wiki/Renaissance_Learning%23Renaissance_Place "Renaissance Learning#Renaissance Place") version.
### STAR Reading
The purpose of STAR Reading is to assess students' reading skills. The assessment provides an approximate measure of each students' reading level. The company claims that students can complete the assessment in less than 10 minutes.
### STAR Early Literacy
The purpose of STAR Early Literacy is to assess students' early literacy skills in preparation for reading. SEL identifies student reading levels (e.g. Emergent Reader) and provides student performance results for pre\-K through third grade students. The company claims that students can complete the assessment in less than 10 minutes.
### STAR Math
The purpose of STAR Math is to assess students' mathematics skills. The assessment provides an approximate measure of each students' math level. The company claims that students can complete the assessment in less than 12 minutes.
### STAR Spanish
The purpose of STAR Spanish is to assess students' Spanish skills. The assessment consists of reading comprehension for independent readers from grade levels 1–5\. However, it can be administered to Spanish speaking students at grade levels 1–12\. STAR Spanish tracks students' Spanish reading level, ZPD for independent reading practice of Spanish literature, Spanish reading growth and overall progress.
|
[
"STAR assessments\n----------------",
"{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=November 2022}}\nEach assessment provides estimates of students' skills and comparisons of students' abilities to national norms. Each is intended to aid with developing curriculum and instruction by providing feedback about student, classroom, and grade level progress. The software reports grade equivalents, percentile ranks, and [normal curve equivalents](/wiki/Normal_curve_equivalent \"Normal curve equivalent\").",
"Each assessment is standardized and highly correlated to other assessments. Thus, the results predict achievement on other standardized tests. For more on the reliability and validity of these assessments, [see below](/wiki/STAR_%28software%29%23Reliability_and_validity \"STAR (software)#Reliability and validity\").",
"All STAR products were available as stand\\-alone and network software, but now the company strongly advertises the web\\-based [Renaissance Place](/wiki/Renaissance_Learning%23Renaissance_Place \"Renaissance Learning#Renaissance Place\") version.",
"### STAR Reading",
"The purpose of STAR Reading is to assess students' reading skills. The assessment provides an approximate measure of each students' reading level. The company claims that students can complete the assessment in less than 10 minutes.",
"### STAR Early Literacy",
"The purpose of STAR Early Literacy is to assess students' early literacy skills in preparation for reading. SEL identifies student reading levels (e.g. Emergent Reader) and provides student performance results for pre\\-K through third grade students. The company claims that students can complete the assessment in less than 10 minutes.",
"### STAR Math",
"The purpose of STAR Math is to assess students' mathematics skills. The assessment provides an approximate measure of each students' math level. The company claims that students can complete the assessment in less than 12 minutes.",
"### STAR Spanish",
"The purpose of STAR Spanish is to assess students' Spanish skills. The assessment consists of reading comprehension for independent readers from grade levels 1–5\\. However, it can be administered to Spanish speaking students at grade levels 1–12\\. STAR Spanish tracks students' Spanish reading level, ZPD for independent reading practice of Spanish literature, Spanish reading growth and overall progress.",
""
] |
Aftermath and consequences
--------------------------
[thumb\|left\|280px\|Historical marker by the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River "Ohio River") near where the Newburgh Raid occurred](/wiki/Image:Newburgh-captured-1862.jpg "Newburgh-captured-1862.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|250px\|Report of the raid in the *Evansville Weekly Gazette* on 26 July 1862](/wiki/File:Newburgh-raid-newspaper.jpg "Newburgh-raid-newspaper.jpg")
When the nearby companies of Union soldiers finally learned of the raid, it set in motion several frantic days of Union responses. Lieutenant Colonel [John Watson Foster](/wiki/John_Watson_Foster "John Watson Foster"), on leave from the [25th Indiana Infantry Regiment](/wiki/25th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment "25th Indiana Infantry Regiment"), took command in Evansville. He called for volunteers, including local convalescent Union soldiers, assembled a small riverboat flotilla, sailed up the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River "Ohio River") to the mouth of the [Green River](/wiki/Green_River_%28Kentucky%29 "Green River (Kentucky)") and engaged in skirmishing with a small number of Confederate guerrillas.
Finding few defenders, Foster then proceeded to Newburgh. Half a dozen local residents who were perceived as friendly to the rebels were arrested. One, Andrew Huston, was later tried and acquitted by a federal court jury in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana "Indianapolis, Indiana") on charges of treason and assisting the rebels. Two other Newburgh residents who had assisted the raiders were slain by members of an angry local crowd before order was restored. An additional six residents were imprisoned in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana "Indianapolis, Indiana") and four others left the town for good.Reid 14\-16
The total surprise and the bloodless success of the raid was a shock to many Hoosier leaders and Governor [Oliver P. Morton](/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton "Oliver P. Morton") soon took a visible hand. First in Indianapolis and then in Evansville, he issued repeated calls for volunteers and urged vigorous military responses. Within three days, state and federal military officers sent approximately a thousand regulars and volunteers to the scene, occupied [Henderson, Kentucky](/wiki/Henderson%2C_Kentucky "Henderson, Kentucky"), and sent probes into that city's countryside. One of the probes, led by Captain Bethell, recovered a portion of the stolen arms at a nearby farm.
The occupation of Henderson proved to be a long term consequence of the raid; Newburgh would not again be threatened. Occurring during a call for large numbers of new volunteers, the raid also proved to be a significant boost for Union recruiting in [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana"). The July volunteers were formed into a short\-lived thirty day unit, the [76th Indiana Infantry Regiment](/wiki/76th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment "76th Indiana Infantry Regiment"). Volunteers of longer service would become parts of the [65th Indiana Infantry Regiment](/wiki/65th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment "65th Indiana Infantry Regiment") and [78th Indiana Infantry Regiment](/wiki/78th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment "78th Indiana Infantry Regiment"). Several thousand more Indiana volunteers joined the army in the following days and weeks. Disappointed with the performance of his militia, Morton returned to Indianapolis and devoted much time to improving militia equipment and training, and extending the telegraph network along the exposed Ohio River.
The Newburgh Raid also enabled Johnson to raise and arm a number of youthful recruits for what became his 10th Kentucky cavalry (CSA). After the raid, [Braxton Bragg](/wiki/Braxton_Bragg "Braxton Bragg") had Johnson promoted to colonel. Johnson would forever be nicknamed "Stovepipe" for his success in this raid.Reid 6, Eicher 311 He returned to Indiana a year later as a brigade commander in [Morgan's Raid](/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid "Morgan's Raid") in 1863\.
Historian and former Union officer Edmund L. Starling said of the raid: "\[Adam] Johnson performed perhaps the most reckless, and yet most successful, military masterstroke achieved by any commander of high or low authority, in either army during the war." Johnson recounted the events many times, and eventually published the account in his memoir, *Partisan Rangers of the Confederacy*.Davis, William J., ed., *The Partisan Rangers of the Confederate States Army: Memoirs of General Adam R. Johnson*. Austin, Tex.: State House Press, 1995\. Reprint of the original edition published by Geo. G. Fetter Company, Louisville, 1904\. Filled with enthusiasm, southern chivalry, and name\-dropping — although often sparse on corroboration — his memoir has assured that many commentators place the Newburgh raid in the context of Confederate movements in Kentucky in the summer of 1862\.
The Newburgh Museum began staging a re\-enactment of the raid in 2016\.{{cite web\|title\=Newburgh Remembers\|url\=http://www.newburghmuseum.com/newburgh\-remembers/\|access\-date\=3 October 2016}} In the past, the event was occasionally commemorated by the [reenactors](/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment "American Civil War reenactment") Cobb's Key Battery at Henderson's Sunset Park.
|
[
"Aftermath and consequences\n--------------------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|280px\\|Historical marker by the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River \"Ohio River\") near where the Newburgh Raid occurred](/wiki/Image:Newburgh-captured-1862.jpg \"Newburgh-captured-1862.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Report of the raid in the *Evansville Weekly Gazette* on 26 July 1862](/wiki/File:Newburgh-raid-newspaper.jpg \"Newburgh-raid-newspaper.jpg\") \nWhen the nearby companies of Union soldiers finally learned of the raid, it set in motion several frantic days of Union responses. Lieutenant Colonel [John Watson Foster](/wiki/John_Watson_Foster \"John Watson Foster\"), on leave from the [25th Indiana Infantry Regiment](/wiki/25th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment \"25th Indiana Infantry Regiment\"), took command in Evansville. He called for volunteers, including local convalescent Union soldiers, assembled a small riverboat flotilla, sailed up the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River \"Ohio River\") to the mouth of the [Green River](/wiki/Green_River_%28Kentucky%29 \"Green River (Kentucky)\") and engaged in skirmishing with a small number of Confederate guerrillas.",
"Finding few defenders, Foster then proceeded to Newburgh. Half a dozen local residents who were perceived as friendly to the rebels were arrested. One, Andrew Huston, was later tried and acquitted by a federal court jury in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana \"Indianapolis, Indiana\") on charges of treason and assisting the rebels. Two other Newburgh residents who had assisted the raiders were slain by members of an angry local crowd before order was restored. An additional six residents were imprisoned in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis%2C_Indiana \"Indianapolis, Indiana\") and four others left the town for good.Reid 14\\-16",
"The total surprise and the bloodless success of the raid was a shock to many Hoosier leaders and Governor [Oliver P. Morton](/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton \"Oliver P. Morton\") soon took a visible hand. First in Indianapolis and then in Evansville, he issued repeated calls for volunteers and urged vigorous military responses. Within three days, state and federal military officers sent approximately a thousand regulars and volunteers to the scene, occupied [Henderson, Kentucky](/wiki/Henderson%2C_Kentucky \"Henderson, Kentucky\"), and sent probes into that city's countryside. One of the probes, led by Captain Bethell, recovered a portion of the stolen arms at a nearby farm.",
"The occupation of Henderson proved to be a long term consequence of the raid; Newburgh would not again be threatened. Occurring during a call for large numbers of new volunteers, the raid also proved to be a significant boost for Union recruiting in [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\"). The July volunteers were formed into a short\\-lived thirty day unit, the [76th Indiana Infantry Regiment](/wiki/76th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment \"76th Indiana Infantry Regiment\"). Volunteers of longer service would become parts of the [65th Indiana Infantry Regiment](/wiki/65th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment \"65th Indiana Infantry Regiment\") and [78th Indiana Infantry Regiment](/wiki/78th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment \"78th Indiana Infantry Regiment\"). Several thousand more Indiana volunteers joined the army in the following days and weeks. Disappointed with the performance of his militia, Morton returned to Indianapolis and devoted much time to improving militia equipment and training, and extending the telegraph network along the exposed Ohio River.",
"The Newburgh Raid also enabled Johnson to raise and arm a number of youthful recruits for what became his 10th Kentucky cavalry (CSA). After the raid, [Braxton Bragg](/wiki/Braxton_Bragg \"Braxton Bragg\") had Johnson promoted to colonel. Johnson would forever be nicknamed \"Stovepipe\" for his success in this raid.Reid 6, Eicher 311 He returned to Indiana a year later as a brigade commander in [Morgan's Raid](/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid \"Morgan's Raid\") in 1863\\.",
"Historian and former Union officer Edmund L. Starling said of the raid: \"\\[Adam] Johnson performed perhaps the most reckless, and yet most successful, military masterstroke achieved by any commander of high or low authority, in either army during the war.\" Johnson recounted the events many times, and eventually published the account in his memoir, *Partisan Rangers of the Confederacy*.Davis, William J., ed., *The Partisan Rangers of the Confederate States Army: Memoirs of General Adam R. Johnson*. Austin, Tex.: State House Press, 1995\\. Reprint of the original edition published by Geo. G. Fetter Company, Louisville, 1904\\. Filled with enthusiasm, southern chivalry, and name\\-dropping — although often sparse on corroboration — his memoir has assured that many commentators place the Newburgh raid in the context of Confederate movements in Kentucky in the summer of 1862\\.",
"The Newburgh Museum began staging a re\\-enactment of the raid in 2016\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Newburgh Remembers\\|url\\=http://www.newburghmuseum.com/newburgh\\-remembers/\\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2016}} In the past, the event was occasionally commemorated by the [reenactors](/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment \"American Civil War reenactment\") Cobb's Key Battery at Henderson's Sunset Park.",
""
] |
Overview
--------
Clinical peer review should be distinguished from the [peer review](/wiki/Peer_review "Peer review") that medical journals use to evaluate the merits of a scientific manuscript, from the [peer review](/wiki/Peer_review "Peer review") process used to evaluate health care research grant applications, and, also, from the process by which clinical teaching might be evaluated. All these forms of peer review are confounded in the term **Medical Peer Review**. Moreover, Medical peer review has been used by the [American Medical Association](/wiki/American_Medical_Association "American Medical Association") (AMA) to refer not only to the process of improving quality and safety in health care organizations,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ama\-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/21/omss\-bylaws\-4thedition\-final.pdf\|title\=page 131}} but also to process by which adverse actions involving clinical privileges or professional society membership may be pursued.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ama\-assn.org/ama/pub/physician\-resources/legal\-topics/medical\-peer\-review.shtml \|title\=AMA – Medical Peer Review \|website\=www.ama\-assn.org \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211075142/http://www.ama\-assn.org/ama/pub/physician\-resources/legal\-topics/medical\-peer\-review.shtml \|archive\-date\=2009\-02\-11}} In addition, peer review methods are frequently used by state medical boards with respect to licensing decisions and complaint investigation. They are also used by insurance companies with respect to credentialing and utilization management processes.
### Medicine
In US hospital settings, clinical peer review encompasses a wide variety of activities, whose scope varies across institutions.{{cite journal \|last1\=Edwards \|first1\=Marc T \|title\=In pursuit of quality and safety: an 8\-year study of clinical peer review best practices in US hospitals \|journal\=International Journal for Quality in Health Care \|date\=October 2018 \|volume\=30 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=602–607 \|doi\=10\.1093/intqhc/mzy069\|pmid\=29635470 \|doi\-access\=free }} Virtually all programs perform retrospective medical record review (aka, case review) of the quality of care. Most also include Ongoing Professional Practice Evaluation (OPPE) and Focused Professional Practice Evaluation (FPPE) required by the Joint Commission since 2007\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/news\-and\-multimedia/blogs/high\-reliability\-healthcare\|title\=High Reliability Healthcare\|website\=www.jointcommission.org}} Many also include the management of disruptive behavior (see {{Cite web\|url\=http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA\_40\.PDFJoint\|title\=Commission. Behaviors that Undermine a Culture of Safety. Sentinel Event Alert 40 (2008\). (last accessed 1/30/19\)\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-21\|archive\-date\=2022\-01\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123201150/https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA\_40\.PDFJoint\|url\-status\=dead}}) and physician health programs.
Routine clinical peer review activity (performance assessment) is typically organized separately from the credentialing/privileging process (competence assessment), but the results of peer review inform those decisions. From a legal and regulatory perspective, however, the line is blurred. The definition of a peer review body can be broad, including not only individuals but also (for example, in [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon")), "tissue committees, governing bodies or committees including medical staff committees of a \[licensed] health care facility...or any other medical group in connection with bona fide medical research, quality assurance, utilization review, credentialing, education, training, supervision or discipline of physicians or other health care providers."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.hortyspringer.com/peer\-review\-statutes\-by\-state/oregon\-peer\-review\-statute/\|title\=Oregon Peer Review Statute}}
Medical staffs generally rely on generic screens for adverse events to identify cases for peer review, even though that might not be the most efficient or effective method. These are generally applied through administrative data analysis, but referrals for peer review are frequently made by risk managers, nurses and medical staff. The median annual review volume is 1–2% of hospital inpatient admissions. Thus, case review may be the dominant form of adverse event analysis in US hospitals.
Case reviews are typically conducted by individual reviewers, but in nearly 70% of hospitals, most reviews are presented and discussed in a committee prior to final decision\-making. Nurses now participate on physician review committees in the majority of programs. This extends the trend of the past decade for adoption of multi\-specialty representation in the direction of multi\-disciplinary peer review.{{Cite journal \|pmid \= 24195344\|year \= 2013\|last1 \= Edwards\|first1 \= M. T.\|title \= A longitudinal study of clinical peer review's impact on quality and safety in U.S. Hospitals\|journal \= Journal of Healthcare Management \|volume \= 58\|issue \= 5\|pages \= 369–84; discussion 384–5\|doi \= 10\.1097/00115514\-201309000\-00011\|s2cid \= 38480374}} Some of these committees now routinely assess nursing care during the case review process and may even directly address all improvement opportunities.
### Nursing
The American Nurses Association published the first definition of nursing peer review in 1988\.American Nurses Association. (1988\). Peer review in nursing practice. Kansas City, MO It includes the following statements:
{{blockquote\|The American Nurses Association believes nurses bare primary responsibility and accountability for the quality of nursing care their clients receive. Standards of nursing practice provide a means for measuring the quality of nursing care a client receives. Each nurse is responsible for interpreting and implementing the standards of nursing practice. Likewise, each nurse must participate with other nurses in the decision\-making process for evaluating nursing care…Peer review implies that the nursing care delivered by a group of nurses or an individual nurse is evaluated by individuals of the same rank or standing according to established standards of practice…. Peer review is an organized effort whereby practicing professionals review the quality and appropriateness of services ordered or performed by their professional peers. Peer review in nursing is the process by which practicing registered nurses systematically access, monitor, and make judgments about the quality of nursing care provided by peers as measured against professional standards of practice.}}
In Nursing, as in other professions, peer review applies professional control to practice, and is used by professionals to hold themselves accountable for their services to the public and the organization. Peer review plays a role in affecting the quality of outcomes, fostering practice development, and maintaining professional autonomy. American Nurses Association guidelines define peer review as the process by which practitioners of the same rank, profession, or setting critically appraise each other's work performance against established standards. The professionals who are best acquainted with the requirements and demands of the role are the givers and receivers of the review.
Nursing peer review appears to have gained momentum as a result of growth of hospital participation in the American Nursing Association's Magnet Program.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nursecredentialing.org/Magnet/ProgramOverview/GrowthoftheProgram.aspx \|title\=Growth of the Program – American Nurses Credentialing Center – ANCC \|accessdate\=2011\-07\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805022055/http://www.nursecredentialing.org/Magnet/ProgramOverview/GrowthoftheProgram.aspx \|archive\-date\=2011\-08\-05 }} Even so, less than 7% of U.S. hospitals have qualified. Magnet hospitals must have at least 2 years of experience with a peer review evaluation process designed to improve practice and performance for all RNs for at least 2 years.{{cite journal\|last1\=Davis\|first1\=Karen K.\|last2\=Capozzoli\|first2\=Joe\|last3\=Parks\|first3\=Joyce\|title\=Implementing peer review: guidelines for managers and staff\|journal\=Nursing Administration Quarterly\|date\=2009\|volume\=33\|issue\=3\|pages\=251–7\|doi\=10\.1097/NAQ.0b013e3181accb62\|pmid\=19546745\|s2cid\=5883834}} The literature on nursing peer review is more limited than that which has been developed for physician peer review,{{cite journal\|last1\=Rout\|first1\=Amelia\|last2\=Roberts\|first2\=Paula\|title\=Peer review in nursing and midwifery: a literature review\|journal\=Journal of Clinical Nursing\|date\=February 2008\|volume\=17\|issue\=4\|pages\=427–42\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1365\-2702\.2007\.01934\.x\|pmid\=17419775}} and has focused more on annual performance appraisal than on case review. No aggregate studies of clinical nursing peer review practices have been published. Nevertheless, more sophisticated studies have been reported.{{cite journal\|last1\=Pearson\|first1\=Marjorie L.\|last2\=Lee\|first2\=Jan L.\|last3\=Chang\|first3\=Betty L.\|last4\=Elliott\|first4\=Marc\|last5\=Kahn\|first5\=Katherine L.\|last6\=Rubenstein\|first6\=Lisa V.\|title\=Structured implicit review: a new method for monitoring nursing care quality\|journal\=Medical Care\|date\=November 2000\|volume\=38\|issue\=11\|pages\=1074–91\|pmid\=11078049\|jstor\=3767807\|doi\=10\.1097/00005650\-200011000\-00003\|s2cid\=31948125}}
Nursing professionals have historically been less likely to participate or be subject to peer review. This is changing,{{cite journal\|last1\=Hitchings\|first1\=Kim S.\|last2\=Davies\-Hathen\|first2\=Nancy\|last3\=Capuano\|first3\=Terry Ann\|last4\=Morgan\|first4\=Georgiann\|last5\=Bendekovits\|first5\=Rita\|title\=Peer case review sharpens event analysis\|journal\=Journal of Nursing Care Quality\|date\=2008\|volume\=23\|issue\=4\|pages\=296–304\|doi\=10\.1097/01\.NCQ.0000324210\.34497\.f5\|pmid\=18528303\|s2cid\=23046105}} as is the previously limited extensiveness (for example, no aggregate studies of clinical nursing peer review practices had been published as of 2010\) of the literature on nursing peer review
Mostly what is mistakenly referred to as "peer review" in clinical practice is really a form of the annual performance evaluation. The annual performance review is a managerial process and does not meet the definition or outcomes needed related to peer review. Other organizational practices may violate the peer review guidelines set forth 1988 by the ANA 1988\. The most frequent violation is the performance of direct care peer review by managers. One of the reasons for the confusion is that the ANA guidelines for peer review had been out of print prior to being reprinted and updated in 2011\.{{cite journal\|last1\=Haag\-Heitman\|first1\=Barb\|last2\=George\|first2\=Vicki\|title\=Nursing peer review: Principles and practice \|journal\=American Nurse Today\|date\=11 September 2011\|volume\=6\|issue\=9\|pages\=48–53\|url\=https://www.americannursetoday.com/nursing\-peer\-review\-principles\-and\-practice/}}
The early ANA Peer Review Guidelines (1988\) and Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001\) focus on maintaining standards of nursing practice and upgrading nursing care in three contemporary focus areas for peer review. The three dimensions of peer review are: (a) quality and safety, (b) role actualization, and (c) practice advancement. Each area of contemporary peer review has an organizational, unit, and individual focus.Haag\-Heitman, B. \& George, V. (2011\). Peer Review In Nursing: Principles for Successful Practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett The following six peer review practice principles stem from and are grounded in the 1988 ANA Guidelines and may help to assure an evidence\-based and consistent approach to peer review:
1\. A peer is someone of the same rank.
2\. Peer review is practice focused.
3\. Feedback is timely, routine and a continuous expectation.
4\. Peer review fosters a continuous learning culture of patient safety and best practice.
5\. Feedback is not anonymous.
6\. Feedback incorporates the developmental stage of the nurse.
Written and standardized operating procedures for peer review also need development and adoption by the direct care staff and incorporation into the professional practice model (shared governance) bylaws.Haag\-Heitman, B. \& George, V. (2010\). Guide for Establishing Shared Governance: A Starter's Tool Kit. Sliver Spring. MD: American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC)
Confusion exists about the differences between the Professional Peer Review process, the Annual Performance Review (APR) and the role of peer evaluation. The APR is a managerial human resource function performed with direct reports, and is aimed at defining, aligning and recognizing each employee's contribution to the organization's success. In contrast, professional peer review is conducted within the professional practice model and is not a managerial accountability. Peer evaluation is the process of getting feedback on one's specific role competencies or "at work" behaviors from people that one works within the department and from other departments. "Colleague evaluation" is a more appropriate term than "peer evaluation" as this is not a form of professional peer review.{{cite journal\|last1\=George\|first1\=Vicki\|last2\=Haag\-Heitman\|first2\=Barb\|title\=Nursing peer review: the manager's role\|journal\=Journal of Nursing Management\|date\=March 2011\|volume\=19\|issue\=2\|pages\=254–9\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1365\-2834\.2011\.01225\.x\|pmid\=21375629\|doi\-access\=free}}
### Pharmacy
There is limited published information about peer review among pharmacists.{{Cite journal \|pmid \= 22235954\|year \= 2012\|last1 \= Milchak\|first1 \= J. L.\|title \= Implementation of a peer review process to improve documentation consistency of care process indicators in the EMR in a primary care setting\|journal \= Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy \|volume \= 18\|issue \= 1\|pages \= 46–53\|last2 \= Shanahan\|first2 \= R. L.\|last3 \= Kerzee\|first3 \= J. A.\|doi \= 10\.18553/jmcp.2012\.18\.1\.46\| pmc\=10438320 }}
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"Clinical peer review should be distinguished from the [peer review](/wiki/Peer_review \"Peer review\") that medical journals use to evaluate the merits of a scientific manuscript, from the [peer review](/wiki/Peer_review \"Peer review\") process used to evaluate health care research grant applications, and, also, from the process by which clinical teaching might be evaluated. All these forms of peer review are confounded in the term **Medical Peer Review**. Moreover, Medical peer review has been used by the [American Medical Association](/wiki/American_Medical_Association \"American Medical Association\") (AMA) to refer not only to the process of improving quality and safety in health care organizations,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ama\\-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/21/omss\\-bylaws\\-4thedition\\-final.pdf\\|title\\=page 131}} but also to process by which adverse actions involving clinical privileges or professional society membership may be pursued.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ama\\-assn.org/ama/pub/physician\\-resources/legal\\-topics/medical\\-peer\\-review.shtml \\|title\\=AMA – Medical Peer Review \\|website\\=www.ama\\-assn.org \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211075142/http://www.ama\\-assn.org/ama/pub/physician\\-resources/legal\\-topics/medical\\-peer\\-review.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-11}} In addition, peer review methods are frequently used by state medical boards with respect to licensing decisions and complaint investigation. They are also used by insurance companies with respect to credentialing and utilization management processes.",
"### Medicine",
"In US hospital settings, clinical peer review encompasses a wide variety of activities, whose scope varies across institutions.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Edwards \\|first1\\=Marc T \\|title\\=In pursuit of quality and safety: an 8\\-year study of clinical peer review best practices in US hospitals \\|journal\\=International Journal for Quality in Health Care \\|date\\=October 2018 \\|volume\\=30 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=602–607 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/intqhc/mzy069\\|pmid\\=29635470 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Virtually all programs perform retrospective medical record review (aka, case review) of the quality of care. Most also include Ongoing Professional Practice Evaluation (OPPE) and Focused Professional Practice Evaluation (FPPE) required by the Joint Commission since 2007\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/news\\-and\\-multimedia/blogs/high\\-reliability\\-healthcare\\|title\\=High Reliability Healthcare\\|website\\=www.jointcommission.org}} Many also include the management of disruptive behavior (see {{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA\\_40\\.PDFJoint\\|title\\=Commission. Behaviors that Undermine a Culture of Safety. Sentinel Event Alert 40 (2008\\). (last accessed 1/30/19\\)\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123201150/https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA\\_40\\.PDFJoint\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}) and physician health programs.",
"Routine clinical peer review activity (performance assessment) is typically organized separately from the credentialing/privileging process (competence assessment), but the results of peer review inform those decisions. From a legal and regulatory perspective, however, the line is blurred. The definition of a peer review body can be broad, including not only individuals but also (for example, in [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\")), \"tissue committees, governing bodies or committees including medical staff committees of a \\[licensed] health care facility...or any other medical group in connection with bona fide medical research, quality assurance, utilization review, credentialing, education, training, supervision or discipline of physicians or other health care providers.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hortyspringer.com/peer\\-review\\-statutes\\-by\\-state/oregon\\-peer\\-review\\-statute/\\|title\\=Oregon Peer Review Statute}}",
"Medical staffs generally rely on generic screens for adverse events to identify cases for peer review, even though that might not be the most efficient or effective method. These are generally applied through administrative data analysis, but referrals for peer review are frequently made by risk managers, nurses and medical staff. The median annual review volume is 1–2% of hospital inpatient admissions. Thus, case review may be the dominant form of adverse event analysis in US hospitals.",
"Case reviews are typically conducted by individual reviewers, but in nearly 70% of hospitals, most reviews are presented and discussed in a committee prior to final decision\\-making. Nurses now participate on physician review committees in the majority of programs. This extends the trend of the past decade for adoption of multi\\-specialty representation in the direction of multi\\-disciplinary peer review.{{Cite journal \\|pmid \\= 24195344\\|year \\= 2013\\|last1 \\= Edwards\\|first1 \\= M. T.\\|title \\= A longitudinal study of clinical peer review's impact on quality and safety in U.S. Hospitals\\|journal \\= Journal of Healthcare Management \\|volume \\= 58\\|issue \\= 5\\|pages \\= 369–84; discussion 384–5\\|doi \\= 10\\.1097/00115514\\-201309000\\-00011\\|s2cid \\= 38480374}} Some of these committees now routinely assess nursing care during the case review process and may even directly address all improvement opportunities.",
"### Nursing",
"The American Nurses Association published the first definition of nursing peer review in 1988\\.American Nurses Association. (1988\\). Peer review in nursing practice. Kansas City, MO It includes the following statements:\n{{blockquote\\|The American Nurses Association believes nurses bare primary responsibility and accountability for the quality of nursing care their clients receive. Standards of nursing practice provide a means for measuring the quality of nursing care a client receives. Each nurse is responsible for interpreting and implementing the standards of nursing practice. Likewise, each nurse must participate with other nurses in the decision\\-making process for evaluating nursing care…Peer review implies that the nursing care delivered by a group of nurses or an individual nurse is evaluated by individuals of the same rank or standing according to established standards of practice…. Peer review is an organized effort whereby practicing professionals review the quality and appropriateness of services ordered or performed by their professional peers. Peer review in nursing is the process by which practicing registered nurses systematically access, monitor, and make judgments about the quality of nursing care provided by peers as measured against professional standards of practice.}}",
"In Nursing, as in other professions, peer review applies professional control to practice, and is used by professionals to hold themselves accountable for their services to the public and the organization. Peer review plays a role in affecting the quality of outcomes, fostering practice development, and maintaining professional autonomy. American Nurses Association guidelines define peer review as the process by which practitioners of the same rank, profession, or setting critically appraise each other's work performance against established standards. The professionals who are best acquainted with the requirements and demands of the role are the givers and receivers of the review.",
"Nursing peer review appears to have gained momentum as a result of growth of hospital participation in the American Nursing Association's Magnet Program.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nursecredentialing.org/Magnet/ProgramOverview/GrowthoftheProgram.aspx \\|title\\=Growth of the Program – American Nurses Credentialing Center – ANCC \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-07\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805022055/http://www.nursecredentialing.org/Magnet/ProgramOverview/GrowthoftheProgram.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-05 }} Even so, less than 7% of U.S. hospitals have qualified. Magnet hospitals must have at least 2 years of experience with a peer review evaluation process designed to improve practice and performance for all RNs for at least 2 years.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Davis\\|first1\\=Karen K.\\|last2\\=Capozzoli\\|first2\\=Joe\\|last3\\=Parks\\|first3\\=Joyce\\|title\\=Implementing peer review: guidelines for managers and staff\\|journal\\=Nursing Administration Quarterly\\|date\\=2009\\|volume\\=33\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=251–7\\|doi\\=10\\.1097/NAQ.0b013e3181accb62\\|pmid\\=19546745\\|s2cid\\=5883834}} The literature on nursing peer review is more limited than that which has been developed for physician peer review,{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Rout\\|first1\\=Amelia\\|last2\\=Roberts\\|first2\\=Paula\\|title\\=Peer review in nursing and midwifery: a literature review\\|journal\\=Journal of Clinical Nursing\\|date\\=February 2008\\|volume\\=17\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=427–42\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2702\\.2007\\.01934\\.x\\|pmid\\=17419775}} and has focused more on annual performance appraisal than on case review. No aggregate studies of clinical nursing peer review practices have been published. Nevertheless, more sophisticated studies have been reported.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Pearson\\|first1\\=Marjorie L.\\|last2\\=Lee\\|first2\\=Jan L.\\|last3\\=Chang\\|first3\\=Betty L.\\|last4\\=Elliott\\|first4\\=Marc\\|last5\\=Kahn\\|first5\\=Katherine L.\\|last6\\=Rubenstein\\|first6\\=Lisa V.\\|title\\=Structured implicit review: a new method for monitoring nursing care quality\\|journal\\=Medical Care\\|date\\=November 2000\\|volume\\=38\\|issue\\=11\\|pages\\=1074–91\\|pmid\\=11078049\\|jstor\\=3767807\\|doi\\=10\\.1097/00005650\\-200011000\\-00003\\|s2cid\\=31948125}}",
"Nursing professionals have historically been less likely to participate or be subject to peer review. This is changing,{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Hitchings\\|first1\\=Kim S.\\|last2\\=Davies\\-Hathen\\|first2\\=Nancy\\|last3\\=Capuano\\|first3\\=Terry Ann\\|last4\\=Morgan\\|first4\\=Georgiann\\|last5\\=Bendekovits\\|first5\\=Rita\\|title\\=Peer case review sharpens event analysis\\|journal\\=Journal of Nursing Care Quality\\|date\\=2008\\|volume\\=23\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=296–304\\|doi\\=10\\.1097/01\\.NCQ.0000324210\\.34497\\.f5\\|pmid\\=18528303\\|s2cid\\=23046105}} as is the previously limited extensiveness (for example, no aggregate studies of clinical nursing peer review practices had been published as of 2010\\) of the literature on nursing peer review",
"Mostly what is mistakenly referred to as \"peer review\" in clinical practice is really a form of the annual performance evaluation. The annual performance review is a managerial process and does not meet the definition or outcomes needed related to peer review. Other organizational practices may violate the peer review guidelines set forth 1988 by the ANA 1988\\. The most frequent violation is the performance of direct care peer review by managers. One of the reasons for the confusion is that the ANA guidelines for peer review had been out of print prior to being reprinted and updated in 2011\\.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Haag\\-Heitman\\|first1\\=Barb\\|last2\\=George\\|first2\\=Vicki\\|title\\=Nursing peer review: Principles and practice \\|journal\\=American Nurse Today\\|date\\=11 September 2011\\|volume\\=6\\|issue\\=9\\|pages\\=48–53\\|url\\=https://www.americannursetoday.com/nursing\\-peer\\-review\\-principles\\-and\\-practice/}}",
"The early ANA Peer Review Guidelines (1988\\) and Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001\\) focus on maintaining standards of nursing practice and upgrading nursing care in three contemporary focus areas for peer review. The three dimensions of peer review are: (a) quality and safety, (b) role actualization, and (c) practice advancement. Each area of contemporary peer review has an organizational, unit, and individual focus.Haag\\-Heitman, B. \\& George, V. (2011\\). Peer Review In Nursing: Principles for Successful Practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett The following six peer review practice principles stem from and are grounded in the 1988 ANA Guidelines and may help to assure an evidence\\-based and consistent approach to peer review:\n1\\. A peer is someone of the same rank.\n2\\. Peer review is practice focused.\n3\\. Feedback is timely, routine and a continuous expectation.\n4\\. Peer review fosters a continuous learning culture of patient safety and best practice.\n5\\. Feedback is not anonymous.\n6\\. Feedback incorporates the developmental stage of the nurse.",
"Written and standardized operating procedures for peer review also need development and adoption by the direct care staff and incorporation into the professional practice model (shared governance) bylaws.Haag\\-Heitman, B. \\& George, V. (2010\\). Guide for Establishing Shared Governance: A Starter's Tool Kit. Sliver Spring. MD: American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC)",
"Confusion exists about the differences between the Professional Peer Review process, the Annual Performance Review (APR) and the role of peer evaluation. The APR is a managerial human resource function performed with direct reports, and is aimed at defining, aligning and recognizing each employee's contribution to the organization's success. In contrast, professional peer review is conducted within the professional practice model and is not a managerial accountability. Peer evaluation is the process of getting feedback on one's specific role competencies or \"at work\" behaviors from people that one works within the department and from other departments. \"Colleague evaluation\" is a more appropriate term than \"peer evaluation\" as this is not a form of professional peer review.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=George\\|first1\\=Vicki\\|last2\\=Haag\\-Heitman\\|first2\\=Barb\\|title\\=Nursing peer review: the manager's role\\|journal\\=Journal of Nursing Management\\|date\\=March 2011\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=254–9\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2834\\.2011\\.01225\\.x\\|pmid\\=21375629\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"### Pharmacy",
"There is limited published information about peer review among pharmacists.{{Cite journal \\|pmid \\= 22235954\\|year \\= 2012\\|last1 \\= Milchak\\|first1 \\= J. L.\\|title \\= Implementation of a peer review process to improve documentation consistency of care process indicators in the EMR in a primary care setting\\|journal \\= Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy \\|volume \\= 18\\|issue \\= 1\\|pages \\= 46–53\\|last2 \\= Shanahan\\|first2 \\= R. L.\\|last3 \\= Kerzee\\|first3 \\= J. A.\\|doi \\= 10\\.18553/jmcp.2012\\.18\\.1\\.46\\| pmc\\=10438320 }}",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Further\|Quality improvement\|Clinical audit}}
The first documented description of a [peer review](/wiki/Peer_review "Peer review") process is found in the *Ethics of the Physician* written by Ishap bin Ali al\-Rahawi (854–931\) of al\-Raha, [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"). His work, as well as later Arabic medical manuals, states that a visiting physician must always make duplicate notes of a patient's condition on every visit. When the patient was cured or had died, the notes of the physician were examined by a local medical council of other physicians, who would [review](/wiki/Review "Review") the practicing physician's notes to decide whether his or her performance met the required standards of medical care. If their reviews were negative, the practicing physician could face a [lawsuit](/wiki/Lawsuit "Lawsuit") from a maltreated patient.{{cite journal \| last1 \= Spier \| first1 \= Ray \| year \= 2002 \| title \= The history of the peer\-review process \| journal \= Trends in Biotechnology \| volume \= 20 \| issue \= 8\| pages \= 357–358 \[357] \| doi\=10\.1016/s0167\-7799(02\)01985\-6 \| pmid\=12127284}} Such practices are known to have continued into the 11th century.{{cite journal \| author \= Ajlouni KM, Al\-Khalidi U \| year \= 1997 \| title \= Medical records, patients outcome, and peer review in eleventh\-century Arab medicine \| journal \= Annals of Saudi Medicine \| volume \= 17 \| issue \= 3\| pages \= 326–327 \| doi \= 10\.5144/0256\-4947\.1997\.326 \| pmid \= 17369732 }}
In the 1900s, peer review methods evolved in relation to the pioneering work of Codman's End Result System Codman EA. A Study in Hospital Efficiency. Boston, MA: T Todd Company; 1917\. and Ponton's concept of Medical Audit.Ponton TR, "Gauging efficiency of hospital and its staff. *Modern Hospital* 1928;31(Aug):64–68\. Lembcke, himself a major contributor to audit methodology, in reviewing this history, notes the pre\-emptive influence of hospital standardization promoted by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) following WWI.{{cite journal \| author \= Lembcke PA \| year \= 1967 \| title \= Evolution of the medical audit \| journal \= JAMA \| volume \= 199 \| issue \= 8\| pages \= 543–550 \| doi \= 10\.1001/jama.1967\.03120080077012 \| pmid \= 5335644 }} The Joint Commission (on Accreditation of Hospitals) followed the ACS in this role from 1952\. Medicare legislation, enacted in 1964, boosted the stature and influence of the Joint Commission because the conditions for hospital participation required a credible medical care review program and the regulations stipulated that Joint Commission accreditation would guarantee payment eligibility.{{cite journal \| author \= Legge D \| year \= 1981 \| title \= Peer review in the USA: an historical perspective \| journal \= Medical Journal of Australia \| volume \= 1 \| issue \= 13\| pages \= 709–711 \| doi \= 10\.5694/j.1326\-5377\.1981\.tb135967\.x \| pmid \= 7024757 \| s2cid \= 6762159 }} What was once a sporadic process, became hardwired in most hospitals following the medical audit model. The widespread creation of new programs was hampered, however, by limitations in the available process models, tools, training and implementation support.
Medical audit is a focused study of the process and/or outcomes of care for a specified patient cohort using pre\-defined criteria. Audits are typically organized around a diagnosis, procedure or clinical situation.{{cite journal\|last1\=Shaw\|first1\=Charles D.\|title\=Aspects of audit. 2\. Audit in British hospitals\|journal\=British Medical Journal\|date\=31 May 1980\|volume\=280\|issue\=6227\|pages\=1314–6\|doi\=10\.1136/bmj.280\.6227\.1314\|pmid\=7388522\|pmc\=1601590}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Jamtvedt\|first1\=Gro\|last2\=Young\|first2\=Jane M.\|last3\=Kristoffersen\|first3\=Doris T.\|last4\=O'Brien\|first4\=Mary Ann\|last5\=Oxman\|first5\=Andrew D.\|title\=Does telling people what they have been doing change what they do? A systematic review of the effects of audit and feedback\|journal\=Quality \& Safety in Health Care\|date\=December 2006\|volume\=15\|issue\=6\|pages\=433–6\|doi\=10\.1136/qshc.2006\.018549\|pmid\=17142594\|pmc\=2464905}} It remains the predominant mode of peer review in Europe {{cite journal \| author \= van Herk R, Klazinga NS, Schepers RMJ, Casparie \| year \= 2001 \| title \= threat or opportunity for the medical profession. A comparative study of medical audit among specialists in general hospitals in the Netherlands and England, 1970–1999 \| journal \= Soc Sci Med \| volume \= 53 \| issue \= 12\| pages \= 1721–32 \| doi \= 10\.1016/s0277\-9536(00\)00458\-5 \| pmid \= 11762896 }} and other countries.{{cite journal \|last1\=Ivers \|first1\=Noah M \|last2\=Barrett \|first2\=Jon \|title\=Using report cards and dashboards to drive quality improvement: lessons learnt and lessons still to learn \|journal\=BMJ Quality \& Safety \|date\=June 2018 \|volume\=27 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=417–420 \|doi\=10\.1136/bmjqs\-2017\-007563\|pmid\=29317464 \|doi\-access\=free \|url\=http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/27/6/417\.full.pdf }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/toward\-clinical\-excellence\-introduction\-clinical\-audit\-peer\-review\-and\-other\-clinical\-practice\|title\=Toward Clinical Excellence: An Introduction to Clinical Audit, Peer Review and Other Clinical Practice Improvements\|website\=Ministry of Health NZ}}
In the US, however, the lack of perceived effectiveness of medical audit led to revisions of Joint Commission standards in 1980\. Those modified standards dispensed with the audit requirement and called for an organized system of Quality Assurance (QA). About the same time, hospital and physicians were facing escalating malpractice insurance costs. In response to these combined pressures, they began to adopt "generic screens" for potential substandard care. These screens were originally developed to evaluate the feasibility of a no\-fault medical malpractice insurance plan and were never validated as a tool to improve quality of care. Despite warnings from the developers, their use became widespread.Sanazaro PJ, Mills DH. A critique of the use of generic screening in quality assessment. [JAMA. 1991;265(15\):1977–1981\.](http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/vol265/issue15/index.dtl) In the process, a QA model for peer review evolved with a narrow focus on the question of whether or not the standard of care had been met. It has persisted despite the many criticisms of its methods and effectiveness.{{cite journal \| author \= Goldman RL \| year \= 1994 \| title \= The reliability of peer assessments: A meta\-analysis \| journal \= Evaluation and the Health Professions \| volume \= 17 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 3–21 \| doi \= 10\.1177/016327879401700101 \| pmid \= 10132480 \| s2cid \= 28236596 }}{{cite journal \| author \= Berwick DM \| year \= 1990 \| title \= Peer review and quality management: are they compatible? \| journal \= Quality Review Bulletin \| volume \= 16 \| issue \= 7\| pages \= 246–51 \| doi \= 10\.1016/s0097\-5990(16\)30377\-3 \| pmid \= 2120663 }}Edwards MT. "Peer review: a new tool for quality improvement. *The Physician Executive Journal of Medical Management* 2009;35(5\):54\-59\. [reprint requests](http://qatoqi.com/contact.htm) Today, its methods are increasingly recognized to be outdated and incongruent with the [Quality Improvement](/wiki/Quality_improvement "Quality improvement") (QI) principles that have been increasingly embraced by healthcare organizations.
There is good evidence that contemporary peer review process can be further improved. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology has offered a Voluntary Review of Quality of Care Program for more than 2 decades. Perceived issues with the adequacy of peer review were an explicit reason for requesting this service by 15% of participating hospitals, yet recommendations for improved peer review process were made to 60%.Lichtmacher A. Quality assessment tools: ACOG Voluntary Review of Quality Program, peer review reporting system. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2008;35(1\):147–162\. A 2007 study of peer review in US hospitals found wide variation in practice. The more effective programs had more features consistent with quality improvement principles. There were substantial opportunities for program improvement. The implication was that a new QI model for peer review seems to be evolving.
While it is premature to judge the potential effectiveness of this model, a 2009 study confirmed these findings in a separate sampling of hospitals.{{Cite journal \| doi\=10\.1177/1062860610371224\| pmid\=20733206\| title\=Clinical Peer Review Program Self\-Evaluation for US Hospitals\| journal\=American Journal of Medical Quality\| volume\=25\| issue\=6\| pages\=474–480\| year\=2010\| last1\=Edwards\| first1\=Marc T.\| s2cid\=23236198\| url\=https://zenodo.org/record/898065}} It also showed that important differences among programs predict a meaningful portion of the variation on 32 objective measures of patient care quality and safety.{{cite journal \|last1\=Edwards \|first1\=Marc T. \|title\=The Objective Impact of Clinical Peer Review on Hospital Quality and Safety \|journal\=American Journal of Medical Quality \|date\=15 December 2010 \|volume\=26 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=110–119 \|doi\=10\.1177/1062860610380732\|pmid\=21169223 \|s2cid\=34522712 \|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/898011 }} These findings were extended by cohort follow\-up studies conducted in 2011 and 2015–16\.
The 2015\-16 study refined QI model identifying 20 features that distinguish the most effective programs. These include among other factors: aiming first and foremost at improving quality, standardizing review process, maintaining high quality of case review, promoting self\-reporting of adverse events, near misses and hazardous conditions, identifying opportunities for improvement in the review process (as opposed to casting blame), providing timely clinical performance feedback, recognizing clinical excellence, and establishing effective program governance. as additional multivariate predictors of the impact of clinical peer review on quality and safety, medical staff perceptions of the program, and clinician engagement in quality and safety initiatives. The online supplement to the report includes a program self assessment tool which is also available as a free online utility.{{Cite web \| url\=https://qatoqi.com/php/self\-assessment.php \| title\=Clinical Peer Review Program Self\-Assessment Inventory \| QA2QI Consulting}} Despite a persistently high annual rate of major program change, about two\-thirds of programs still have significant opportunity for improvement. It is argued that the outmoded QA model perpetuates a culture of blame that is toxic to efforts to advance quality and high reliability among both physicians and nurses.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Further\\|Quality improvement\\|Clinical audit}}\nThe first documented description of a [peer review](/wiki/Peer_review \"Peer review\") process is found in the *Ethics of the Physician* written by Ishap bin Ali al\\-Rahawi (854–931\\) of al\\-Raha, [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"). His work, as well as later Arabic medical manuals, states that a visiting physician must always make duplicate notes of a patient's condition on every visit. When the patient was cured or had died, the notes of the physician were examined by a local medical council of other physicians, who would [review](/wiki/Review \"Review\") the practicing physician's notes to decide whether his or her performance met the required standards of medical care. If their reviews were negative, the practicing physician could face a [lawsuit](/wiki/Lawsuit \"Lawsuit\") from a maltreated patient.{{cite journal \\| last1 \\= Spier \\| first1 \\= Ray \\| year \\= 2002 \\| title \\= The history of the peer\\-review process \\| journal \\= Trends in Biotechnology \\| volume \\= 20 \\| issue \\= 8\\| pages \\= 357–358 \\[357] \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/s0167\\-7799(02\\)01985\\-6 \\| pmid\\=12127284}} Such practices are known to have continued into the 11th century.{{cite journal \\| author \\= Ajlouni KM, Al\\-Khalidi U \\| year \\= 1997 \\| title \\= Medical records, patients outcome, and peer review in eleventh\\-century Arab medicine \\| journal \\= Annals of Saudi Medicine \\| volume \\= 17 \\| issue \\= 3\\| pages \\= 326–327 \\| doi \\= 10\\.5144/0256\\-4947\\.1997\\.326 \\| pmid \\= 17369732 }}",
"In the 1900s, peer review methods evolved in relation to the pioneering work of Codman's End Result System Codman EA. A Study in Hospital Efficiency. Boston, MA: T Todd Company; 1917\\. and Ponton's concept of Medical Audit.Ponton TR, \"Gauging efficiency of hospital and its staff. *Modern Hospital* 1928;31(Aug):64–68\\. Lembcke, himself a major contributor to audit methodology, in reviewing this history, notes the pre\\-emptive influence of hospital standardization promoted by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) following WWI.{{cite journal \\| author \\= Lembcke PA \\| year \\= 1967 \\| title \\= Evolution of the medical audit \\| journal \\= JAMA \\| volume \\= 199 \\| issue \\= 8\\| pages \\= 543–550 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1001/jama.1967\\.03120080077012 \\| pmid \\= 5335644 }} The Joint Commission (on Accreditation of Hospitals) followed the ACS in this role from 1952\\. Medicare legislation, enacted in 1964, boosted the stature and influence of the Joint Commission because the conditions for hospital participation required a credible medical care review program and the regulations stipulated that Joint Commission accreditation would guarantee payment eligibility.{{cite journal \\| author \\= Legge D \\| year \\= 1981 \\| title \\= Peer review in the USA: an historical perspective \\| journal \\= Medical Journal of Australia \\| volume \\= 1 \\| issue \\= 13\\| pages \\= 709–711 \\| doi \\= 10\\.5694/j.1326\\-5377\\.1981\\.tb135967\\.x \\| pmid \\= 7024757 \\| s2cid \\= 6762159 }} What was once a sporadic process, became hardwired in most hospitals following the medical audit model. The widespread creation of new programs was hampered, however, by limitations in the available process models, tools, training and implementation support.",
"Medical audit is a focused study of the process and/or outcomes of care for a specified patient cohort using pre\\-defined criteria. Audits are typically organized around a diagnosis, procedure or clinical situation.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Shaw\\|first1\\=Charles D.\\|title\\=Aspects of audit. 2\\. Audit in British hospitals\\|journal\\=British Medical Journal\\|date\\=31 May 1980\\|volume\\=280\\|issue\\=6227\\|pages\\=1314–6\\|doi\\=10\\.1136/bmj.280\\.6227\\.1314\\|pmid\\=7388522\\|pmc\\=1601590}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Jamtvedt\\|first1\\=Gro\\|last2\\=Young\\|first2\\=Jane M.\\|last3\\=Kristoffersen\\|first3\\=Doris T.\\|last4\\=O'Brien\\|first4\\=Mary Ann\\|last5\\=Oxman\\|first5\\=Andrew D.\\|title\\=Does telling people what they have been doing change what they do? A systematic review of the effects of audit and feedback\\|journal\\=Quality \\& Safety in Health Care\\|date\\=December 2006\\|volume\\=15\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=433–6\\|doi\\=10\\.1136/qshc.2006\\.018549\\|pmid\\=17142594\\|pmc\\=2464905}} It remains the predominant mode of peer review in Europe {{cite journal \\| author \\= van Herk R, Klazinga NS, Schepers RMJ, Casparie \\| year \\= 2001 \\| title \\= threat or opportunity for the medical profession. A comparative study of medical audit among specialists in general hospitals in the Netherlands and England, 1970–1999 \\| journal \\= Soc Sci Med \\| volume \\= 53 \\| issue \\= 12\\| pages \\= 1721–32 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/s0277\\-9536(00\\)00458\\-5 \\| pmid \\= 11762896 }} and other countries.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Ivers \\|first1\\=Noah M \\|last2\\=Barrett \\|first2\\=Jon \\|title\\=Using report cards and dashboards to drive quality improvement: lessons learnt and lessons still to learn \\|journal\\=BMJ Quality \\& Safety \\|date\\=June 2018 \\|volume\\=27 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=417–420 \\|doi\\=10\\.1136/bmjqs\\-2017\\-007563\\|pmid\\=29317464 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|url\\=http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/27/6/417\\.full.pdf }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/toward\\-clinical\\-excellence\\-introduction\\-clinical\\-audit\\-peer\\-review\\-and\\-other\\-clinical\\-practice\\|title\\=Toward Clinical Excellence: An Introduction to Clinical Audit, Peer Review and Other Clinical Practice Improvements\\|website\\=Ministry of Health NZ}}",
"In the US, however, the lack of perceived effectiveness of medical audit led to revisions of Joint Commission standards in 1980\\. Those modified standards dispensed with the audit requirement and called for an organized system of Quality Assurance (QA). About the same time, hospital and physicians were facing escalating malpractice insurance costs. In response to these combined pressures, they began to adopt \"generic screens\" for potential substandard care. These screens were originally developed to evaluate the feasibility of a no\\-fault medical malpractice insurance plan and were never validated as a tool to improve quality of care. Despite warnings from the developers, their use became widespread.Sanazaro PJ, Mills DH. A critique of the use of generic screening in quality assessment. [JAMA. 1991;265(15\\):1977–1981\\.](http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/vol265/issue15/index.dtl) In the process, a QA model for peer review evolved with a narrow focus on the question of whether or not the standard of care had been met. It has persisted despite the many criticisms of its methods and effectiveness.{{cite journal \\| author \\= Goldman RL \\| year \\= 1994 \\| title \\= The reliability of peer assessments: A meta\\-analysis \\| journal \\= Evaluation and the Health Professions \\| volume \\= 17 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 3–21 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1177/016327879401700101 \\| pmid \\= 10132480 \\| s2cid \\= 28236596 }}{{cite journal \\| author \\= Berwick DM \\| year \\= 1990 \\| title \\= Peer review and quality management: are they compatible? \\| journal \\= Quality Review Bulletin \\| volume \\= 16 \\| issue \\= 7\\| pages \\= 246–51 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/s0097\\-5990(16\\)30377\\-3 \\| pmid \\= 2120663 }}Edwards MT. \"Peer review: a new tool for quality improvement. *The Physician Executive Journal of Medical Management* 2009;35(5\\):54\\-59\\. [reprint requests](http://qatoqi.com/contact.htm) Today, its methods are increasingly recognized to be outdated and incongruent with the [Quality Improvement](/wiki/Quality_improvement \"Quality improvement\") (QI) principles that have been increasingly embraced by healthcare organizations.",
"There is good evidence that contemporary peer review process can be further improved. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology has offered a Voluntary Review of Quality of Care Program for more than 2 decades. Perceived issues with the adequacy of peer review were an explicit reason for requesting this service by 15% of participating hospitals, yet recommendations for improved peer review process were made to 60%.Lichtmacher A. Quality assessment tools: ACOG Voluntary Review of Quality Program, peer review reporting system. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2008;35(1\\):147–162\\. A 2007 study of peer review in US hospitals found wide variation in practice. The more effective programs had more features consistent with quality improvement principles. There were substantial opportunities for program improvement. The implication was that a new QI model for peer review seems to be evolving.",
"While it is premature to judge the potential effectiveness of this model, a 2009 study confirmed these findings in a separate sampling of hospitals.{{Cite journal \\| doi\\=10\\.1177/1062860610371224\\| pmid\\=20733206\\| title\\=Clinical Peer Review Program Self\\-Evaluation for US Hospitals\\| journal\\=American Journal of Medical Quality\\| volume\\=25\\| issue\\=6\\| pages\\=474–480\\| year\\=2010\\| last1\\=Edwards\\| first1\\=Marc T.\\| s2cid\\=23236198\\| url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/898065}} It also showed that important differences among programs predict a meaningful portion of the variation on 32 objective measures of patient care quality and safety.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Edwards \\|first1\\=Marc T. \\|title\\=The Objective Impact of Clinical Peer Review on Hospital Quality and Safety \\|journal\\=American Journal of Medical Quality \\|date\\=15 December 2010 \\|volume\\=26 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=110–119 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/1062860610380732\\|pmid\\=21169223 \\|s2cid\\=34522712 \\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/898011 }} These findings were extended by cohort follow\\-up studies conducted in 2011 and 2015–16\\.",
"The 2015\\-16 study refined QI model identifying 20 features that distinguish the most effective programs. These include among other factors: aiming first and foremost at improving quality, standardizing review process, maintaining high quality of case review, promoting self\\-reporting of adverse events, near misses and hazardous conditions, identifying opportunities for improvement in the review process (as opposed to casting blame), providing timely clinical performance feedback, recognizing clinical excellence, and establishing effective program governance. as additional multivariate predictors of the impact of clinical peer review on quality and safety, medical staff perceptions of the program, and clinician engagement in quality and safety initiatives. The online supplement to the report includes a program self assessment tool which is also available as a free online utility.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://qatoqi.com/php/self\\-assessment.php \\| title\\=Clinical Peer Review Program Self\\-Assessment Inventory \\| QA2QI Consulting}} Despite a persistently high annual rate of major program change, about two\\-thirds of programs still have significant opportunity for improvement. It is argued that the outmoded QA model perpetuates a culture of blame that is toxic to efforts to advance quality and high reliability among both physicians and nurses.",
""
] |
History
-------
The Second Programme originated on May 11, 1952 as a result of an attempt at an alternative music and entertainment program, to the [First Programme](/wiki/First_Programme_%28ERT%29 "First Programme (ERT)"). It was originally broadcast on 666 kHz, later on 93\.6 MHz FM, and still later carried on [Kosmos 93\.6](/wiki/Kosmos_93.6 "Kosmos 93.6"). The station program focused, from the outset, on Greek music but also on theatre performances. In 1987 it was renamed ERA 2\. Ten years later, in 1997, it returned to the old name.
The second program, due to nationwide broadcast, was the top in ratings for musical radio in the region. Every year the station broadcasts live the [Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest "Eurovision Song Contest"), in cooperation with [ERT1](/wiki/ERT1 "ERT1"), which carries it on television.
### After ERT
On June 11, 2013, after the [government's decision Samara](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece "Cabinet of Greece") for the [closure of ERT](/wiki/Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation%23Closure "Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation#Closure"), the Second Program stopped functioning. From then until November 7 of the same year the station broadcast 4 hours to 24 hours from a single network of [HR](/wiki/Hellenic_Radio "Hellenic Radio") operated by redundant workers from ERT. On Monday 16 December the same year the Second Programme reopened ERT Open.
A year later, Monday, December 15, 2014, the Second Program started operating under the [New Greek Radio, Internet and TV](/wiki/New_Hellenic_Radio%2C_Internet_and_Television "New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television"), the new operator of Greece that existed.
### Back to ERT
On April 28 of 2015 it was passed by law from the [Parliament](/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament "Hellenic Parliament") to reopen ERT, which took place on June 11, 2015, two years after the black ERT and its replacement of NERIT. Specifically, NERIT was closed and ERT reopened with all the radio stations including the Second Programme. So, on the day of relaunch, the station transmitted the ERT and the HR again.
{{Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation}}
[Category:Hellenic Radio](/wiki/Category:Hellenic_Radio "Hellenic Radio")
[Category:Radio stations established in 1952](/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_established_in_1952 "Radio stations established in 1952")
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Second Programme originated on May 11, 1952 as a result of an attempt at an alternative music and entertainment program, to the [First Programme](/wiki/First_Programme_%28ERT%29 \"First Programme (ERT)\"). It was originally broadcast on 666 kHz, later on 93\\.6 MHz FM, and still later carried on [Kosmos 93\\.6](/wiki/Kosmos_93.6 \"Kosmos 93.6\"). The station program focused, from the outset, on Greek music but also on theatre performances. In 1987 it was renamed ERA 2\\. Ten years later, in 1997, it returned to the old name.",
"The second program, due to nationwide broadcast, was the top in ratings for musical radio in the region. Every year the station broadcasts live the [Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest \"Eurovision Song Contest\"), in cooperation with [ERT1](/wiki/ERT1 \"ERT1\"), which carries it on television.",
"### After ERT",
"On June 11, 2013, after the [government's decision Samara](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece \"Cabinet of Greece\") for the [closure of ERT](/wiki/Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation%23Closure \"Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation#Closure\"), the Second Program stopped functioning. From then until November 7 of the same year the station broadcast 4 hours to 24 hours from a single network of [HR](/wiki/Hellenic_Radio \"Hellenic Radio\") operated by redundant workers from ERT. On Monday 16 December the same year the Second Programme reopened ERT Open.",
"A year later, Monday, December 15, 2014, the Second Program started operating under the [New Greek Radio, Internet and TV](/wiki/New_Hellenic_Radio%2C_Internet_and_Television \"New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television\"), the new operator of Greece that existed.",
"### Back to ERT",
"On April 28 of 2015 it was passed by law from the [Parliament](/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament \"Hellenic Parliament\") to reopen ERT, which took place on June 11, 2015, two years after the black ERT and its replacement of NERIT. Specifically, NERIT was closed and ERT reopened with all the radio stations including the Second Programme. So, on the day of relaunch, the station transmitted the ERT and the HR again.",
"{{Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation}}",
"[Category:Hellenic Radio](/wiki/Category:Hellenic_Radio \"Hellenic Radio\")\n[Category:Radio stations established in 1952](/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_established_in_1952 \"Radio stations established in 1952\")",
""
] |
History
-------
The *Old Watling Street* in the parish, as its name suggests, follows the route of the original [Roman road](/wiki/Roman_road "Roman road"). The modern A5 runs roughly parallel with it but closer to the River Ver.
In 2008 [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4")'s *[Time Team](/wiki/Time_Team "Time Team")* discovered a previously unknown major [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Britain "Roman Britain") temple complex, near [Watling Street](/wiki/Watling_Street "Watling Street") at nearby [Friar's Wash](/wiki/Friar%27s_Wash "Friar's Wash") which was likely associated with [Verulamium](/wiki/Verulamium "Verulamium") ([St. Albans](/wiki/St._Albans "St. Albans")).{{cite web \| url\=http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/system/files/68735\_Friars\_Wash\_Redbourn.pdf \| title\=Friars Wash, Redbourn, Hertfordshire \| publisher\=\[\[Wessex Archaeology]] \| date\=January 2009 \| access\-date\=7 September 2015}} An earlier building, purpose unknown, was built on the site during the reign of [Emperor Trajan](/wiki/Emperor_Trajan "Emperor Trajan"), based on a coin found at the site dating to 98 AD, and the temple complex began construction during the 3rd century and existed until at least {{circa\|341 AD}}. The programme about the dig was first broadcast on 4 January 2009\.
The village of Flamstead was built away from the site of the Roman temple complex during the [Saxon era](/wiki/Anglo-Saxons "Anglo-Saxons"), and it is first documented in 1006, although the village was likely present during the 9th century. [St Leonard's Church](/wiki/Leonard_of_Noblac "Leonard of Noblac") was built on the site of a 9th\-century chapel, while the present building was built during the [Norman era](/wiki/Norman_era "Norman era"), in 1140\. Much of the present buildings in Flamstead date to the 15th\-17th centuries, with the almshouses dating to 1669, many cottages dating to a similar age to the almshouses (late 17th century) and many paintings in the church dating to the 15th to 17th centuries.
Since 2002, an annual [Scarecrow](/wiki/Scarecrow "Scarecrow") Festival has been held in Flamstead to raise funds for the upkeep of the church and for local charities.
Since 2014 the village has held a literary festival, 'Books in the Belfry', attracting best\-selling authors including Tony Parsons, Sophie Hannah, Jane Hawking, Jonathan Stroud, Alex Scarrow, Clare Mulley, Ian Ridley and Michael Calvin. Proceeds go to restoration of medieval wall\-paintings in the village church.
In June 2023, two of the village's three pubs closed in the same day, leaving only The Rose \& Crown open.{{cite web \|title\=Flamstead: Village loses two of its three pubs in a day \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-beds\-bucks\-herts\-65879492 \|website\=\[\[BBC News]] \|access\-date\=16 June 2023 \|date\=13 June 2023}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The *Old Watling Street* in the parish, as its name suggests, follows the route of the original [Roman road](/wiki/Roman_road \"Roman road\"). The modern A5 runs roughly parallel with it but closer to the River Ver.",
"In 2008 [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\")'s *[Time Team](/wiki/Time_Team \"Time Team\")* discovered a previously unknown major [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Britain \"Roman Britain\") temple complex, near [Watling Street](/wiki/Watling_Street \"Watling Street\") at nearby [Friar's Wash](/wiki/Friar%27s_Wash \"Friar's Wash\") which was likely associated with [Verulamium](/wiki/Verulamium \"Verulamium\") ([St. Albans](/wiki/St._Albans \"St. Albans\")).{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/system/files/68735\\_Friars\\_Wash\\_Redbourn.pdf \\| title\\=Friars Wash, Redbourn, Hertfordshire \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Wessex Archaeology]] \\| date\\=January 2009 \\| access\\-date\\=7 September 2015}} An earlier building, purpose unknown, was built on the site during the reign of [Emperor Trajan](/wiki/Emperor_Trajan \"Emperor Trajan\"), based on a coin found at the site dating to 98 AD, and the temple complex began construction during the 3rd century and existed until at least {{circa\\|341 AD}}. The programme about the dig was first broadcast on 4 January 2009\\.",
"The village of Flamstead was built away from the site of the Roman temple complex during the [Saxon era](/wiki/Anglo-Saxons \"Anglo-Saxons\"), and it is first documented in 1006, although the village was likely present during the 9th century. [St Leonard's Church](/wiki/Leonard_of_Noblac \"Leonard of Noblac\") was built on the site of a 9th\\-century chapel, while the present building was built during the [Norman era](/wiki/Norman_era \"Norman era\"), in 1140\\. Much of the present buildings in Flamstead date to the 15th\\-17th centuries, with the almshouses dating to 1669, many cottages dating to a similar age to the almshouses (late 17th century) and many paintings in the church dating to the 15th to 17th centuries.",
"Since 2002, an annual [Scarecrow](/wiki/Scarecrow \"Scarecrow\") Festival has been held in Flamstead to raise funds for the upkeep of the church and for local charities.",
"Since 2014 the village has held a literary festival, 'Books in the Belfry', attracting best\\-selling authors including Tony Parsons, Sophie Hannah, Jane Hawking, Jonathan Stroud, Alex Scarrow, Clare Mulley, Ian Ridley and Michael Calvin. Proceeds go to restoration of medieval wall\\-paintings in the village church.",
"In June 2023, two of the village's three pubs closed in the same day, leaving only The Rose \\& Crown open.{{cite web \\|title\\=Flamstead: Village loses two of its three pubs in a day \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-beds\\-bucks\\-herts\\-65879492 \\|website\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2023 \\|date\\=13 June 2023}}",
""
] |
Social and legal issues
-----------------------
### Religion in public life
Despite attending a [Pentecostal](/wiki/Pentecostalism "Pentecostalism") church, which supported [abstinence](/wiki/Abstinence "Abstinence") from alcohol, Palin, then on the [Wasilla](/wiki/Wasilla%2C_Alaska "Wasilla, Alaska") City Council, cast the deciding vote against restricting the hours during which the city's bars could operate. According to Gene Straatmeyer, a local [Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism") minister, Palin told him during a city council hearing, "'I go to Assembly of God Church and I am a Sunday school teacher there, and I see no relationship between my Christian faith and what hours the bars close.'" Straatmeyer continued, "She felt it was out of line for me to testify on behalf of the church groups I represented." The effort to restrict bar hours was intended to combat [drunken driving](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence "Driving under the influence") and [spousal abuse](/wiki/Domestic_violence "Domestic violence"), but Palin felt that restricting bar hours would hurt the local economy.{{cite news\| url\=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008\-10\-05/news/0810040312\_1\_sarah\-palin\-mayor\-of\-tiny\-wasilla\-stambaugh \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001112808/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008\-10\-05/news/0810040312\_1\_sarah\-palin\-mayor\-of\-tiny\-wasilla\-stambaugh \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=October 1, 2012 \| work\=Chicago Tribune \| first1\=Andrew \| last1\=Zajac \| first2\=Bob \| last2\=Secter \| title\=Sarah Palin's opposition to bar crackdown surprised some \| date\=October 5, 2008}}
During a candidates' debate for governor in 2006, when asked how she would feel if a church pastor endorsed a candidate for governor, Palin said that she "would never support any government effort to stifle our freedom of religion or freedom of expression or freedom of speech," but would caution the pastor that the endorsement could result in "frustration" and "fewer dollars in the offering plate."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ontheissues.org/2008/Sarah\_Palin\_Principles\_\+\_Values.htm \|title\=Sarah Palin on Principles \& Values \|work\=\[\[On the Issues]] \|access\-date\=February 24, 2016 }}
In 2006, Palin told the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") that her personal beliefs would not dictate her public policies, adding that she was "not one to be out there preaching and forcing my views on anyone else."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/09/08/palin.pastor/index.html\|title\=Pastor: GOP may be downplaying Palin's religious beliefs\|first\=Randi\|last\=Kaye\|work\=ElectionCenter2008\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=September 12, 2008\|access\-date\=May 28, 2010}}
During a debate for Governor of Alaska in 2006, Palin said she was a proponent of teaching both [creationism](/wiki/Creationism "Creationism") and [evolution](/wiki/Evolution "Evolution") in Alaska [public schools](/wiki/Public_school_%28government-funded%29%23United_States "Public school (government-funded)#United States"). The following day she said: "It doesn't have to be part of the curriculum," and that she would not push to have it added. She also said she would not use religion or views on creationism as a [litmus test](/wiki/Litmus_test_%28politics%29 "Litmus test (politics)") in picking members of Alaska [Board of Education](/wiki/Board_of_Education "Board of Education"). (Under state law, the board of education determines the content of the public schools' curriculum.){{cite news\|author\=Kizzia, Tom \|url\=http://www.adn.com/sarah\-palin/background/story/217111\.html \|title\='Creation science' enters the race: Governor: Palin is only candidate to suggest it should be discussed in schools. \|newspaper\=\[\[Anchorage Daily News]] \|date\=October 27, 2006 \|access\-date\=May 28, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126131449/http://www.adn.com/sarah\-palin/background/story/217111\.html \|archive\-date\=November 26, 2009 }} Palin has also said that evolution "should be taught as an accepted principle. As you know, I also say that as the daughter of a school teacher, a science teacher, who has really instilled in me a respect for science. It should be taught in our schools. And I won't deny that I see the hand of God in this beautiful creation that is Earth. But that is not part of the state policy or a local curriculum in a school district. Science should be taught in science class."{{cite news \| url \=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palin\-opens\-up\-on\-controversial\-issues/\| first \= Katie \| last \= Couric \| title \= Palin Opens Up On Controversial Issues: VP Candidate Speaks Frankly With Katie Couric About Feminism, Homosexuality, Abortion And The Environment\| publisher \= CBSNews.com \| date \= September 30, 2008 \| access\-date \=January 24, 2011}}
While Governor Palin vetoed public funding for private, Christian schools, saying after the fact, "I'm a Christian.... \[The funding is] unconstitutional. It's illegal. You can't do that. I had to go in there and veto those things and, of course, was accused then of being, 'Oh, you're not a real conservative or a real Republican. Otherwise, you would have fought for that.' No, illegal is illegal."[(At 16:52\)](http://www.palintv.com/2007/07/12/palin-talks-to-dimitri-vassilaros-of-the-pittsburgh-tribune-review-july-12-2007/). Palintv.com. Retrieved on June 4, 2011\.
As Alaska Governor, she signed the "Christian Heritage Week" Proclamation in October 2007{{cite news\|first\=David\|last\=Brody\|url\=http://blogs.cbn.com/thebrodyfile/archive/2008/08/30/sarah\-palin\-signed\-christian\-heritage\-week\-proclamation.aspx\|title\=Sarah Palin Signed 'Christian Heritage Week' Proclamation\|publisher\=CBN\|date\=August 30, 2008\|access\-date\=May 28, 2010}} which "reminds Alaskans of the role Christianity has played in our rich heritage."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gov.alaska.gov/print\_news\-54750\.html \|access\-date\=September 9, 2008\|publisher\=Office of the Governor, Sarah Palin\|title\=News Details: Christian Heritage Week\|date\=September 14, 2007\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920103028/http://www.gov.alaska.gov/print\_news\-54750\.html \|archive\-date\=September 20, 2008}} She also declared the week of November 18–25, 2007 as *Bible Week* in Alaska, saying that "the Bible has profoundly influenced art, literature, music, and codes of law."
On June 10, 2010, Palin expressed dismay on her Twitter account that the [floodlights](/wiki/Empire_State_Building%23Lights "Empire State Building#Lights") of the [Empire State Building](/wiki/Empire_State_Building "Empire State Building") would not be changed blue and white in honor of [Mother Teresa](/wiki/Mother_Teresa "Mother Teresa")'s 100th birthday. Palin asked why the building's owner "won't honor Mother Theresa's compassionate, selfless efforts for humanity, but \[you will] honor \[the] [Communist Mao](/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong")?"[Twitter / Sarah Palin: U kidding, Empire State Bl](https://twitter.com/SarahPalinUSA/status/15851107188). Twitter.com (June 10, 2010\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\. Palin was referring to the Empire State Building's September 9, 2009, lighting scheme, when it was bathed in red and yellow to mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/06/09/empire\-state\-building\-owner\-cites\-policy\-saying\-lights\-mother\-teresas\-birthday/ \| work\=Fox News \| title\=Empire State Building: No Lights for Mother Teresa \| date\=June 9, 2010}}
Palin opposed the construction of [Park51](/wiki/Park51 "Park51"), a proposed 13\-story Islamic cultural center with mosque, planned to be built in New York City on Park Place between [West Broadway](/wiki/West_Broadway_%28Manhattan%29 "West Broadway (Manhattan)") and [Church Street](/wiki/Church_Street_%28Manhattan%29 "Church Street (Manhattan)"), two blocks away from [Ground Zero](/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site "World Trade Center site").{{cite news\| url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palins\-refudiate\-tweet\-on\-mosque\-near\-ground\-zero\-draws\-fire\-for\-substance\-and\-style/ \| work\=CBS News \| title\=Palin's "Refudiate" Tweet on Mosque Near Ground Zero Draws Fire (for Substance and Style) \| first\=Stephanie \| last\=Condon \| date\=July 19, 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720045745/https://www.cbsnews.com/8301\-503544\_162\-20010892\-503544\.html \| archive\-date\=July 20, 2010 \| url\-status\=live }}
In the wake of the Supreme Court decision *[Snyder v. Phelps](/wiki/Snyder_v._Phelps "Snyder v. Phelps")*, which held that the [Westboro Baptist Church](/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church "Westboro Baptist Church") had the right to picket the funerals of dead soldiers on a public sidewalk, Palin asserted that the Court held a double standard for the WBC's speech, as opposed to other religious speech. On March 2, 2011, she tweeted: "Common sense \& decency absent as wacko 'church' allowed hate msgs spewed@ soldiers' funerals, but we can't invoke God's name in public square"[Twitter / Sarah Palin: Common sense \& decency abs](https://twitter.com/SarahPalinUSA/status/43004543126093824). Twitter.com. Retrieved on June 4, 2011\. Palin clarified her tweet the next day: "Obviously my comment meant that when we're told we can't say 'God bless you' in graduation speeches or pray before a local football game, but these wackos can invoke God's name in their hate speech while picketing our military funerals, it shows ridiculous inconsistency. I wasn't calling for any limit on free speech, and it's a shame some folks tried to twist my comment in that way. I was simply pointing out the irony of an often selective interpretation of free speech rights."{{cite magazine \|url\=https://ew.com/article/2013/12/19/sarah\-palin\-phil\-robertson\-duck\-dynasty/ \|title\=Sarah Palin brings back First Amendment defense for Phil Robertson \|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]] \|date\=December 19, 2013 \|first\=Hillary \|last\=Busis \|access\-date\=August 27, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029221537/https://ew.com/article/2013/12/19/sarah\-palin\-phil\-robertson\-duck\-dynasty/ \|archive\-date\=October 29, 2015 \|url\-status\=live}}
### Gun rights
Palin, a strong proponent of gun ownership rights, and a lifetime member of the [National Rifle Association of America](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America "National Rifle Association of America"),{{cite web \|date\=January 8, 2016 \|publisher\=BBC \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-us\-canada\-35261394 \|title\=US gun control: What is the NRA and why is it so powerful? \|access\-date\=June 14, 2016 \|quote\=...Current members include former vice\-presidential candidate Sarah Palin, and actors Tom Selleck and Whoopi Goldberg. ... \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108235230/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-us\-canada\-35261394 \|archive\-date\=January 8, 2016 \|url\-status\=usurped}} has said that she is against [a ban on semi\-automatic firearms](/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban "Federal Assault Weapons Ban"),{{cite news\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id\=5795641\&page\=7\|title\=Charlie Gibson Interviews GOP Vice Presidential Candidate Sarah Palin\|publisher\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]]\|author\=Gibson, Charles\|date\=September 13, 2008\|access\-date\=May 28, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916134004/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id\=5795641\&page\=7\|archive\-date\=September 16, 2008\|url\-status\=live}} and was shown firing a military assault rifle in a 2008 campaign video.{{cite video\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=QFjqZ\_vvLNc\|title\=McCain – Palin 08 – The Team You Can Trust\|access\-date\=May 28, 2010}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link\|date\=February 2022}} She praised *[District of Columbia vs. Heller](/wiki/District_of_Columbia_vs._Heller "District of Columbia vs. Heller")*, the Supreme Court decision in that invalidated Washington D.C.'s ban on handguns, and believes that any regulation of handgun possession violates the [Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution](/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Second Amendment to the United States Constitution").{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2010}} She is in favor of gun\-safety education for children,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.newsweek.com/id/156276\|title\=On the Hunt: Sarah Palin, a moose\-hunting, lifetime NRA member guns for D.C.\|last\=Braiker\|first\=Brian\|date\=August 29, 2008\|work\=Newsweek\|access\-date\=May 29, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831070522/http://www.newsweek.com/id/156276\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2008\|url\-status\=live}} and is said to be popular among gun rights advocates.{{cite news\| url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/08/29/conservative\-activists\-praise\-palin\-as\-mccains\-vp\-pick/?mod\=googlenews\_wsj\|title\=Conservative Activists Praise Palin as McCain's VP Pick\|last\=Davis\| first\=Susan\|date\=August 29, 2008\|work\=Wall Street Journal\|access\-date\=May 28, 2010}} [Sandra Froman](/wiki/Sandra_Froman "Sandra Froman"), a member of the NRA Board of Directors, described McCain's selection of Palin as "outstanding."
### Abortion
Palin is opposed to [abortion](/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States "Abortion in the United States") in almost all cases, including rape and [incest](/wiki/Incest "Incest"), but not if the life of the mother is endangered.
{{cite news\|access\-date\=August 29, 2008\|url\=http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/101906/sta\_20061019031\.shtml\|work\=Juneau Empire\|title\=Abortion Draws Clear Divide in State Races; Palin, Knowles stand on opposite sides of debate\|first\=Pat\|last\=Forgey\|date\=October 19, 2006\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121110454/http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/101906/sta\_20061019031\.shtml\|archive\-date\=November 21, 2008\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite news \| url\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/08/28/mccain\-s\-hail\-sarah\-pass.html \| title\=McCain's 'Hail Sarah' Pass\| first\=Jonathan \| last\=Alter \|work\=Newsweek \| date\=August 29, 2008 \| access\-date\=September 4, 2008}} In 2006, while running for governor, Palin was asked what she would do if her own daughter were raped and became pregnant; she responded that she would "choose life."{{cite news\|url\=http://dwb.adn.com/news/politics/elections/2006/governor/story/8372383p\-8266781c.html \|title\=All three candidates support gas line lawsuit; Governor's Race: Top contenders meet one last time to debate \|last\=Volz \|first\=Matt \|date\=November 3, 2006 \|newspaper\=\[\[Anchorage Daily News]] \|access\-date\=August 30, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901212359/http://dwb.adn.com/news/politics/elections/2006/governor/story/8372383p\-8266781c.html \|archive\-date\=September 1, 2008 }} She and her ex\-husband have said that they have "faith that every baby is created for a good purpose."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122005503104485161?mod\=googlenews\_wsj\|title\=Anti\-Abortion Activists Cheer McCain's V.P. Pick\|last\=Simon\|first\=Stephanie\|date\=August 29, 2008\|work\=Wall Street Journal\|access\-date\=August 30, 2008}} When asked what she would do as governor if *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade "Roe v. Wade")* were overturned, she responded "it would not be up \[to me] to unilaterally ban anything. It would be up to the people of Alaska to discuss and decide how we would like our society to reflect our values."
{{cite news
\|url\=http://community.adn.com/adn/node/130090
\|title\=Candidate Survey October 2006 — Palin on issues
\|publisher\=ADN.com
\|access\-date\=September 8, 2008
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910213756/http://community.adn.com/adn/node/130090
\|archive\-date\=September 10, 2008
\|url\-status\=dead
}}
Palin personally supported bills to outlaw [late\-term abortions](/wiki/Late-term_abortion "Late-term abortion") and to require [parental consent](/wiki/Parental_consent "Parental consent") for [underage](/wiki/Underage "Underage") abortions in Alaska,{{cite news\|url\=http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/president/issues/vice\-presidents/index.html\|title\=Running Mates on the Issues \|work\=Election Guide 2008
\|access\-date\=September 9, 2008}} but rebuffed religious conservatives who wanted to legislate restrictions on abortion even though she agreed with the bills.{{cite news \|first\=Ken \|last\=Dalinian\|title\=Palin 'governed from the center,' went after big oil\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008\-09\-11\-palin\-cover\_N.htm\|work\=USA Today \|date\=September 12, 2008 \|access\-date\=September 13, 2008}}
In her televised interview with [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 "ABC News (United States)") anchor [Charlie Gibson](/wiki/Charlie_Gibson "Charlie Gibson") on September 12, 2008, she made the statement that as a politician she felt that her opinions were to be made open to the public, but that sometimes it may differ with political legislation. When Gibson asked if she thought *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade "Roe v. Wade")* should be overturned, she replied, "I think it should, and I think that states should be able to decide that issue."{{cite news \|title\=Sarah Palin Makes History as First Female Vice Presidential Nominee of Republican Party \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/Story?id\=5789483\&page\=2 \|publisher\=ABC News \|page\=2 \|date\=September 12, 2008 \|access\-date\=September 18, 2008}} Palin also said that she hoped "to reach out and work with those who are on the other side of this issue, because I know that we can all agree on the need for and the desire for fewer abortions in America and greater support for [adoption](/wiki/Adoption "Adoption"), for other alternatives that women can and should be empowered to embrace, to allow that culture of life." Gibson noted that Republican presidential nominee [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") allows exceptions for rape or incest, and asked, "Do you believe in it only in the case where the life of the mother is in danger?" Palin answered, "That is my personal opinion." When pressed on the matter, she said, "My personal opinion is that abortion allowed if the life of the mother is endangered. Please understand me on this. I do understand McCain's position on this. I do understand others who are very passionate about this issue who have a differing \[opinion]."
### Stem cell research
Palin said in 2006 that because she believes [embryonic stem cell research](/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy "Stem cell controversy") causes the destruction of life, this research is inconsistent with her [pro\-life](/wiki/Pro-life "Pro-life") position and she does not support it.{{cite video \| people \= Sarah Palin, \[\[Andrew Halcro]], \[\[Tony Knowles (politician)\|Tony Knowles]] \| title \= 2006 Alaska Governor's Debate among Sarah Palin, Andrew Halcro and Tony Knowles \| medium \= Televised debate \| publisher \= \[\[AlaskaOne\|KTOO Television]] \| location \= Anchorage, Alaska \| date \= November 7, 2006}}
All of the various [adult stem cell](/wiki/Adult_stem_cell "Adult stem cell") research approaches are supported by Palin. In an interview with [Charlie Gibson](/wiki/Charlie_Gibson "Charlie Gibson"), Palin differentiated between the two types of [stem cell research](/wiki/Stem_cell_research "Stem cell research") "And thankfully, again, not only are there other options, but we're getting closer and closer to finding a tremendous amount of other options, like, as I mentioned, the adult stem cell research".{{cite interview\|interviewer\=Charles Gibson\|subject\=Sarah Palin\|type\=Interview\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/Story?id\=5782924\&page\=1\|title\=Excerpt: Charlie Gibson interviews Sarah Palin — Republican VP Candidate Speaks with ABC News' Charlie Gibson in Exclusive Interview\|work\=\[\[World News with Charles Gibson]]\|publisher\=\[\[American Broadcasting Company\|ABC]] \|page\=1\|date\=September 11, 2008}}
### Sex education
Palin answered a 2006 [gubernatorial](/wiki/Governor "Governor") questionnaire by choosing support for funding of abstinence\-before\-marriage programs over support for "explicit [sex\-education](/wiki/Sex_education "Sex education") programs, school\-based clinics and the distribution of [contraceptives](/wiki/Birth_control "Birth control") in schools". In a subsequent radio interview with [KTOO (FM)](/wiki/KTOO_%28FM%29 "KTOO (FM)") in [Juneau, Alaska](/wiki/Juneau%2C_Alaska "Juneau, Alaska"), she clarified her position by saying she was against *explicit* sex education, but was in favor of contraceptive education. She characterized in\-school discussion of condoms as "relatively benign" and not something that would define an "explicit" program. Palin said of contraception that "kids who may not hear about it at home should hear about it in other avenues."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2008\-sep\-06\-na\-sexed6\-story.html\|date\=September 6, 2008 \|access\-date\=January 12, 2010\|first\=Seema \|last\=Mehta\|title\=GOP ticket split over condom use: While running for state office, Palin said their use ought to be discussed in schools. McCain disagrees.
\|work\=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite news\| url\=http://www.adn.com/2006/08/06/183895/same\-sex\-unions\-drugs\-get\-little.html\| title\=Same\-sex unions, drugs get little play\| last\=Hopkins\| first\=Kyle\| date\=August 6, 2006\| work\=\[\[Anchorage Daily News]]\| access\-date\=August 30, 2008\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407091955/http://www.adn.com/2006/08/06/183895/same\-sex\-unions\-drugs\-get\-little.html\| archive\-date\=April 7, 2010\| url\-status\=dead\| df\=mdy\-all}}
### Women's issues
#### Feminism
Palin has been a member of [Feminists for Life](/wiki/Feminists_for_Life "Feminists for Life") since 2006\.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/us/politics/30palin.html\| title\=Sarah Heath Palin, an Outsider Who Charms\| date\=August 29, 2008 \| first\=William \| last\=Yardley\|work\=New York Times \| access\-date\=September 3, 2008}} In August 2006, she told the *Anchorage Daily News* that "no woman should have to choose between her career, education and her child."{{citation needed\|date\=October 2021}} In an interview with [Katie Couric](/wiki/Katie_Couric "Katie Couric") on September 30, 2008, Palin said, "I'm a feminist who believes in equal rights and I believe that women certainly today have every opportunity that a man has to succeed, and to try to do it all, anyway. And I'm very, very thankful that I've been brought up in a family where gender hasn't been an issue."{{cite news\| url \= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palin\-opens\-up\-on\-controversial\-issues/\| last \= Couric\| first \= Katie\| title \= Palin Opens Up On Controversial Issues
\| publisher \= \[\[CBS News]]\| date \= September 30, 2008}}
In subsequent interviews with [Brian Williams](/wiki/Brian_Williams "Brian Williams") on October 29, 2008, Palin was quoted as saying, "I am not going to label myself anything, Brian, and I think that's what annoys a lot of Americans, especially in a political campaign is start trying to label different parts of America, different backgrounds. I'm not going to label myself, but I do believe in women's rights; I believe in equal rights, and I am so thankful I was brought up in were really gender has never been an issue."{{cite web\|url\=http://video.aol.com/video\-detail/williams\-on\-mccainpalin\-nbc\-102308/2705622975/?icid\=VIDURVNWS01 \|title\=Williams on McCain/Palin: NBC 10/23/08 – AOL Video \|publisher\=Video.aol.com \|access\-date\=May 28, 2010}}
During various public appearances, such as her May 14 [Susan B. Anthony List](/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_List "Susan B. Anthony List") speech,[http://www.suzyb.org/blog/\_archives/2010/5/19/4532543\.html{{Dead link\|date\=February 2016}}](http://www.suzyb.org/blog/_archives/2010/5/19/4532543.html{{Dead link|date=February 2016}}) Palin has referred to the [suffragists](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States "Women's suffrage in the United States") as "feminist foremothers" and has called for a "new, conservative feminist movement".[Is Sarah Palin a feminist?](https://theweek.com/article/index/203536/is-sarah-palin-a-feminist). *The Week* (May 31, 2010\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\.
### Same\-sex unions
Palin opposes both [same\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States "Same-sex marriage in the United States") and [civil unions](/wiki/Civil_union "Civil union").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2008\_10/015275\.php \|title\=McCain, Palin Split on Marriage \|department\=Political Animal \|first\=Steve \|last\=Benen \|author\-link\=Steve Benen \|date\=October 20, 2008 \|access\-date\=February 24, 2016 \|newspaper\=Washington Monthly }} While campaigning for election as [Governor of Alaska](/wiki/Governorship_of_Sarah_Palin "Governorship of Sarah Palin") in 2006, Palin declared that she supported the [1998 Alaska constitutional amendment](/wiki/Alaska_Ballot_Measure_2_%281998%29 "Alaska Ballot Measure 2 (1998)") that proposed adding "...a marriage may exist only between one man and one woman" to the [Alaskan constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Alaska "Constitution of Alaska") in order to ensure that same\-sex marriage did not become legal in that state.
Palin opposed state\-covered [health](/wiki/Health_insurance "Health insurance") and [retiree](/wiki/Retirement "Retirement") benefits to [same\-sex partners](/wiki/Same-sex_relationship "Same-sex relationship") of state employees but complied with an [Alaska Supreme Court](/wiki/Alaska_Supreme_Court "Alaska Supreme Court") directive to do so{{cite news\|first \= Lisa\|last \= Demer\|url \= http://www.adn.com/front/story/8508726p\-8401181c.html\|title \= Palin to comply on same\-sex ruling\|work \= Anchorage Daily News\|date \= December 21, 2006\|access\-date \= September 2, 2008 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080617054201/http://www.adn.com/front/story/8508726p\-8401181c.html \|archive\-date \= June 17, 2008}}{{cite news \|last\=Breslau \|first\=Karen \|title\=An Apparent Flip\-Flop On Gay Rights \|work\=Newsweek \|date\=October 13, 2008 \|url\=http://www.newsweek.com/id/162324}} and subsequently vetoed a bill that would have denied the benefits.{{cite news\|first \= Kyle\|last \= Hopkins\|url \= http://dwb.adn.com/news/government/legislature/story/8525563p\-8419318c.html\|title \= Same\-sex benefits ban gets Palin veto\|work \= Anchorage Daily News\|date \= December 29, 2006\|access\-date \= September 2, 2008\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080901151137/http://dwb.adn.com/news/government/legislature/story/8525563p\-8419318c.html\|archive\-date \= September 1, 2008\|url\-status \= dead\|df \= mdy\-all}} "'signing this bill would be in direct violation of my oath of office' due to the state Supreme Court ruling" In an interview with *[Newsweek](/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")* in 2007, she affirmed her support for an amendment to the state constitution denying benefits to same\-sex couples. She later signed a bill ordering a non\-binding [referendum](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum") for a constitutional amendment to deny the benefits.{{cite news\|first\=Bill \|last\=McAllister \|url\=http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S\=5843150 \|title\=Gay partners of state employees win benefits \|work\=KTUU News \|publisher\=KTUU\-TV \|date\=December 20, 2006 \|access\-date\=December 27, 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210120825/http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S\=5843150 \|archive\-date\=December 10, 2007 }} Although the referendum passed in April 2007, with 53 percent of voters supporting a constitutional amendment, a bill to place such an amendment on the [ballot](/wiki/Ballot "Ballot") in November 2008 stalled in the state legislature.{{cite news\|first \= Anne\|last \= Sutton\|url \= http://dwb.adn.com/news/government/legislature/story/8865109p\-8765744c.html\|title \= Same\-sex benefits bill stalls\|work \= Anchorage Daily News\|date \= May 8, 2007\|access\-date \= September 2, 2008\|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080914101500/http://dwb.adn.com/news/government/legislature/story/8865109p\-8765744c.html\|archive\-date \= September 14, 2008\|df \= mdy\-all}}
Palin has said that she supports a [Federal Constitutional Amendment](/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment "Federal Marriage Amendment") to ban same\-sex marriage.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/467179\.aspx \|work\=The Brody File \|title\=Palin Signals Support for Federal Marriage Amendment \|format\=video \|date\=October 19, 2008 \|access\-date\=October 28, 2008}} This position differed with that of her running mate, [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain").["Statement on the Federal Marriage Amendment"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061114104352/http://mccain.senate.gov/press_office/view_article.cfm?id=246), McCain Senate website, July 13, 2004\. Retrieved November 18, 2006\. Archived November 14, 2006\.[Statement on the Marriage Protection Amendment, June 6, 2006](http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=fc30a8b3-6608-4a25-9f9e-17b889e84e40&Region_id=&Issue_id=) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125030646/http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction\=PressOffice.PressReleases\&ContentRecord\_id\=fc30a8b3\-6608\-4a25\-9f9e\-17b889e84e40\&Region\_id\=\&Issue\_id\= \|date\=January 25, 2016 }}. Retrieved August 7, 2012\. Senator John McCain. In a July 31, 2012, interview with [Greta Van Susteren](/wiki/Greta_Van_Susteren "Greta Van Susteren"), Palin was asked about states' rights as they pertained to same\-sex marriage, to which Palin responded, "I believe that states have that constitutional right to make decisions about a variety of issues, but when it comes to some very fundamental, very cornerstone aspects of our society, of our culture, I personally would love to see a national dialogue about what will America continue to define as marriage. As a former Governor, I say let the states decide that, and that's where I would be if I were in national office. I'd be saying let the states decide. And if you see, Greta, and pay attention to where the states have gone with this particular issue and the votes of the people, overwhelmingly the people within the states have said they want to continue to define marriage as one man and one woman, as the Muslims do, [Orthodox Jews](/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism "Orthodox Judaism") do, [nondenominational Christians](/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity "Nondenominational Christianity") do, faith\-practicing Catholics do. It truly is a cornerstone of religion and civilization."{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.motivationtruth.com/2012/07/video\-governor\-palin\-and\-greta\-discuss.html \|title\=MotivationTruth: Video: Governor Palin and Greta Discuss Cruz, Cheney, RNC, and More \|access\-date\=August 1, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804052820/http://www.motivationtruth.com/2012/07/video\-governor\-palin\-and\-greta\-discuss.html \|archive\-date\=August 4, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }}
On March 1, 2011, Palin told [National Organization for Marriage](/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage "National Organization for Marriage") Chairman [Maggie Gallagher](/wiki/Maggie_Gallagher "Maggie Gallagher") that she opposed the Obama administration's refusal to continue defending the [Defense of Marriage Act](/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act "Defense of Marriage Act"): "I have always believed that marriage is between one man and one woman. Like most Americans, I support the Defense of Marriage Act and find it appalling that the Obama administration decided not to defend this federal law, which was enacted with broad bipartisan support and signed into law by a Democrat president. It's appalling, but not surprising that the President has flip\-flopped on yet another issue from his stated position as a candidate to a seemingly opposite position once he was elected."[Sarah Palin Denounces Obama's DOMA Decision – By Maggie Gallagher – The Corner](http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/261025/sarah-palin-denounces-obamas-doma-decision-maggie-gallagher). *National Review* (March 1, 2011\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\.
### Legal system
#### Judicial appointments
While interviewing candidates to fill judge vacancies in Alaska [state courts](/wiki/State_court_%28United_States%29 "State court (United States)"), Palin asked prospective appointees questions about work history, background, and basic judicial philosophy. She did not ask such individuals about their positions on abortion or any other specific cases.{{cite news \|first\=Joe \|last\=Palazzolo \|author2\=Mauro, Tony \|title\=Biden, Palin May Loom Large in Judge Picks \|url\=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id\=1202424466959\&pos\=ataglance \|work\=\[\[Legal Times]] \|date\=September 12, 2008 \|access\-date\=September 14, 2008}}
#### Jury rights
On August 31, 2007, Palin signed a Jury Rights Day Proclamation,{{cite web\|url\=http://gov.state.ak.us/print\_news\-17852\.html\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080909221129/http://gov.state.ak.us/print\_news\-17852\.html \|archive\-date\=September 9, 2008 \| title\=Jury Rights Day Proclamation of 2007 \| quote\=\[This case] established forever the English and American legal doctrine that it is the right and responsibility of the trial jury to decide on matters of law and fact", and "Whereas, the Sixth and Seventh Amendments are included in the Bill of Rights to preserve the right to trial by jury, which in turn conveys upon the jury the responsibility to defend, with its verdict, all other individual rights enumerated or implied by the U.S. Constitution, including its Amendments.}} commemorating September 5, 2007, as the 337th anniversary of the acquittal, in defiance of the legal direction of the bench, of [William Penn](/wiki/William_Penn "William Penn") and [William Mead](/wiki/William_Mead_%28merchant%29 "William Mead (merchant)"), after a [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker "Quaker") sermon, for [unlawful assembly](/wiki/Unlawful_assembly "Unlawful assembly").
### Crime and violence
#### Capital punishment
Palin has declared herself in favor of [capital punishment](/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States "Capital punishment in the United States"). She has said: "If the legislature passed a death penalty law, I would sign it. We have a right to know that someone who rapes and murders a child or kills an innocent person in a [drive\-by shooting](/wiki/Drive-by_shooting "Drive-by shooting") will never be able to do that again."{{cite web\| url\=http://www.ontheissues.org/Governor/Sarah\_Palin\_Crime.htm \| title\=Issues\| last\=Palin\| first\=Sarah \| date\=November 7, 2006\| publisher\="Palin for Governor" (inactive web site) quoted in \[\[On the Issues]] \| access\-date\=August 30, 2008}}
#### Drugs
Palin is opposed to efforts to decriminalize or legalize [marijuana](/wiki/Marijuana "Marijuana"), which she says sends the wrong message to children.[Palin Talks Pot – Archive](http://www.thefoxnation.com/sarah-palin/2010/06/17/palin-talks-pot). Fox Nation (June 17, 2010\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\. Palin does not support full legalization of [medical cannabis](/wiki/Medical_cannabis "Medical cannabis") but said, "I'm not going to get in the way of a doctor prescribing something that he or she believes will help a cancer patient."{{cite web \| last\=Lowry \| first\=Rich \| title\=The Rogue, on the Record \| work\=\[\[National Review]] \| date\=November 17, 2009 \| url\=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q\=YjM3MDBhM2Q0NGQ5YmM5MjM4YTk0MDliNmE5Y2IzN2Q\=\&w\=Mg\=\= \| access\-date\=November 18, 2009 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121060453/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q\=YjM3MDBhM2Q0NGQ5YmM5MjM4YTk0MDliNmE5Y2IzN2Q\=\&w\=Mg\=\= \| archive\-date\=November 21, 2009 \| url\-status\=dead }} Palin has admitted to using marijuana, though at a time when doing so was legal under state law. Palin has also said she is more concerned about [methamphetamine](/wiki/Methamphetamine "Methamphetamine"), which she sees as a greater social threat.{{cite news\|access\-date\=September 17, 2008\|url\=http://dwb.adn.com/news/politics/elections/governor06/story/8049298p\-7942233c.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611203246/http://dwb.adn.com/news/politics/elections/governor06/story/8049298p\-7942233c.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=June 11, 2008\|title\=Same\-sex unions, drugs get little play; Governor's Race: Gas line leaves no room to talk on other hot issues\|author\=Hopkins, Kyle\|work\=Anchorage Daily News\|date\=August 6, 2006}}
During her June 12, 2010, appearance on *[Freedom Watch](/wiki/Freedom_Watch "Freedom Watch")*, Palin elaborated on her stance that even though marijuana should not be legalized, enforcement of marijuana prohibition laws should be made a lower priority: "Well, if we're talking about pot, I'm not for the legalization of pot because I think that that would just encourage, especially, our young people to think that it was okay to go ahead and use it. And I'm not an advocate for that. However, I think that we need to prioritize our law enforcement efforts. And if somebody's gonna smoke a joint in their house and not do anybody else any harm, then perhaps there are other things that our cops should be looking at to engage in and try to clean up some of the other problems that we have in society that are appropriate for law enforcement to do and not concentrate on such a, relatively speaking, minimal problem that we have in the country."[(At 15:56\)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNxJZJGzcOQ). Youtube.com. Retrieved on June 4, 2011\.
In a November 19, 2015, radio interview with [Hugh Hewitt](/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt "Hugh Hewitt"), Palin was asked about the [legalization of recreational marijuana in Alaska](/wiki/Alaska_Measure_2_%282014%29 "Alaska Measure 2 (2014)"), to which Palin responded, "We've got that libertarian streak in us, and I grew up in Alaska when pot was legal anyway. It was absolutely no big deal. I mean, you didn't smoke it because your parents would strangle you. And if you were a jock and you were, you know, a Christian going to youth group, you just didn't do it, right? And I still believe that. But when it comes to picking our battles, for many of us in Alaska, legalization of marijuana just was never really a bright blip on the radar screen, so it didn't surprise me when the voters of Alaska went back to legalizing it. For some years there, it had not been legalized. I look on the national scene and think, 'Wow, of all things to be fighting over and battling over.' Especially when it comes to medical marijuana, I think, 'Hmm. It's just not my baby.'"{{cite news \|url\=https://reason.com/blog/2015/11/20/sarah\-palin\-says\-legal\-pot\-is\-absolutely \|title\=Sarah Palin Says Legal Pot Is 'Absolutely No Big Deal' \|newspaper\=\[\[Reason (magazine)\|Reason]] \|date\=November 20, 2015 \|access\-date\=November 21, 2015 \|first\=Jacob \|last\=Sullum \|author\-link\=Jacob Sullum }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=9rexK81d\-\-I \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/9rexK81d\-\-I \|archive\-date\=December 21, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Sarah Palin Says Legal Pot Is 'Absolutely No Big Deal' \|publisher\=YouTube \|work\=The \[\[Hugh Hewitt]] Show \|date\=November 19, 2015 \|access\-date\=November 21, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}
### Illegal immigration
On October 31, 2008, Palin told reporter [Greta Van Susteren](/wiki/Greta_Van_Susteren "Greta Van Susteren") that closing the borders should be the first priority in dealing with [illegal immigration](/wiki/Illegal_immigration "Illegal immigration"). She rejects [amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty "Amnesty") for illegal immigrants who have violated federal law.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/video2/video08\.html?maven\_referralObject\=3174383\&maven\_referralPlaylistId\=\&sRevUrl\=http://www.foxnews.com/ontherecord/ \|title\=Courting Pennsylvania – Video \|publisher\=Fox News \|date\=December 22, 2009 \|access\-date\=May 28, 2010}} Palin did, however, state that she supported a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?chid\=3\&schid\=10414\&secid\=25534\&cid\=1716304\&pagenum\=2\|title\=Republican vicepresidential candidate Sarah Palin interview on Univision – Sarah Palin – Página 2 \|publisher\=Univision.com \|access\-date\=May 28, 2010}}
In a December 3, 2009, radio interview with [Rusty Humphries](/wiki/Rusty_Humphries "Rusty Humphries"), Palin was asked her position on illegal aliens and closing the [Mexico – United States border](/wiki/Mexico_%E2%80%93_United_States_border "Mexico – United States border"), to which she replied, "We must close the border. They're called 'illegal aliens' for a reason, and if they're not going to follow the rules, they should not be in our country."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=gSh64\-417hM \|title\=Broadcast Yourself \|publisher\=YouTube \|date\=May 6, 2003 \|access\-date\=May 28, 2010}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link\|date\=February 2022}}
On July 9, 2010, episode of *[The O'Reilly Factor](/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor "The O'Reilly Factor")*, Palin again indicated support for a path to citizenship but clarified that illegal aliens should not be "rewarded for bad behavior": "We won't complicate it any more. Let's keep it simple, and let's say, 'No if you are here illegally and you don't follow the steps that at some point through immigration reform we're going to be able to provide, and that is to allow somehow you to work. If you're not going to do that, then you will be deported. You will be gone." Palin emphasized that more border enforcement should come first and said that current attempts at reform should "learn from history," concerning the [amnesty](/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986 "Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986") granted by [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan"), which she believed was "botched."[Sarah Palin \| Illegal Immigrants \| Bill O'Reilly](http://www.mediaite.com/tv/sarah-palin-americans-must-learn-from-reagans-mistakes-on-illegal-immigration/). Mediaite (July 10, 2010\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\.
On June 1, 2011, Palin said her opposition to the [DREAM Act](/wiki/DREAM_Act "DREAM Act"), a bill that would provide conditional [permanent residency](/wiki/Permanent_residency "Permanent residency") to certain illegal and deportable alien students who graduate from U.S. high schools, who are of [good moral character](/wiki/Good_moral_character "Good moral character"), arrived in the U.S. legally or illegally as minors and have been in the country continuously for at least five years before the bill's enactment: "The immigrants in the past, they had to literally and figuratively stand in line and follow the rules to become U.S. citizens. I'd like to see that continue, but unfortunately, the Dream Act kind of usurps that, the system, that is a legal system, to make sure that immigrants who want to be here legally, working hard, producing and supplying revenue and resources for their family, that they're able to do that right and legally. Unfortunately, the DREAM act doesn't accomplish that."{{cite news \|url\=http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/sarah\-palin\-in\-jersey\-city\-20110601\-KC \|title\=Sarah Palin in Jersey City \|date\=June 1, 2011 \|website\=Fox 5 New York \|access\-date\=June 5, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604072717/http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/sarah\-palin\-in\-jersey\-city\-20110601\-KC \|archive\-date\=June 4, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Julian Assange
In December 2020, Palin called for [Julian Assange](/wiki/Julian_Assange "Julian Assange") to be pardoned.{{Cite web\|date\=December 21, 2020\|title\=Sarah Palin calls for Julian Assange to be pardoned\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us\-politics/sarah\-palin\-jullian\-assange\-pardon\-wikileaks\-b1777096\.html\|access\-date\=December 23, 2020\|website\=The Independent\|language\=en}}
### Barack Obama's birth certificate
{{See also\|Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories}}
Palin expressed various views about birther conspiracy theories regarding Barack Obama. At one point, she said that she believed that Barack Obama was born in the United States and that questions about his birthplace were a distraction.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note\_id\=188707498434 \|title\=Stupid Conspiracies \|last\=Palin \|first\=Sarah \|date\=December 3, 2009 \|publisher\=Facebook \|access\-date\=December 7, 2009}}["Sarah Palin 'Appreciates' Donald Trump's 'Birther' Questions"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/sarah-palin-appreciates-donald-trumps-birther-questions/story?id=13342475). ABC News (April 10, 2011\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\. However, at other times, she described conspiracy theories about his birthplace as a "fair question" and said "I think the public rightfully is still making it an issue."{{Cite web\|last\=Smith\|first\=Ben\|title\=Palin: Obama birth certificate 'a fair question'\|url\=https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben\-smith/2009/12/palin\-obama\-birth\-certificate\-a\-fair\-question\-023233\|access\-date\=January 18, 2021\|website\=POLITICO\|date\=December 3, 2009 \|language\=en}} In reference to [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump"), "I appreciate that The Donald wants to spend his resources on something that so interests him and so many Americans, you know more power to him," and "I think that he was born in Hawaii, because there was the birth announcement put in the newspaper, but obviously there is something there that the president doesn't want people to see on that birth certificate, that he sees going to great lengths to make sure it isn't shown. And that's perplexing for a lot of people".{{Cite news\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2011\|title\=More 'birther' nonsense from Donald Trump and Sarah Palin\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact\-checker/post/more\-birther\-nonsense\-from\-donald\-trump\-and\-sarah\-palin/2011/04/11/AFrme2MD\_blog.html\|access\-date\=}}
### COVID\-19
In March 2021, after revealing that she had been diagnosed with COVID\-19, she told *[People magazine](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 "People (magazine)")* that elderly people's "health and quality of life should be a national focus and priority," that wearing a mask indoors was "better than doing nothing to slow the spread," and that people should "use common sense."{{Cite magazine\|last1\=VanHoose\|first1\=Benjamin\|last2\=McGovern\|first2\=Tim\|date\=March 31, 2021\|title\=Sarah Palin Reveals COVID Diagnosis and 'Bizarre' Symptoms, Urges Others to Continue Wearing Masks\|url\=https://people.com/politics/sarah\-palin\-tests\-positive\-coronavirus\-urges\-others\-wear\-masks/\|access\-date\=September 18, 2021\|magazine\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]}} In September 2021, she said on Fox News that she believed her previous infection had given her "immunity" and that she had therefore chosen not to be vaccinated.{{Cite news\|last\=Moran\|first\=Lee\|date\=September 18, 2021\|title\=Sarah Palin Says She's Not Vaccinated Because She Believes 'In Science'\|url\=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sarah\-palin\-unvaccinated\-covid\-19\_n\_61458b1fe4b0efa77f804776\|access\-date\=September 18, 2021\|work\=HuffPost}}
### 2020 presidential election
Palin supports former President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") and after his election loss in the [2020 United States presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election") and [Trump's claim that that the election was stolen](/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election "Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election"), she repeated the claims that the election was fraudulent.{{Cite news \|date\=April 2, 2022 \|title\=Sarah Palin announces US Congress bid \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-us\-canada\-60964852 \|access\-date\=April 2, 2022 \|quote\=Since Mr Trump's 2020 election loss, Ms Palin has repeated the former president's unfounded claims that the election was tarnished by fraud.}}
|
[
"Social and legal issues\n-----------------------",
"### Religion in public life",
"Despite attending a [Pentecostal](/wiki/Pentecostalism \"Pentecostalism\") church, which supported [abstinence](/wiki/Abstinence \"Abstinence\") from alcohol, Palin, then on the [Wasilla](/wiki/Wasilla%2C_Alaska \"Wasilla, Alaska\") City Council, cast the deciding vote against restricting the hours during which the city's bars could operate. According to Gene Straatmeyer, a local [Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterianism \"Presbyterianism\") minister, Palin told him during a city council hearing, \"'I go to Assembly of God Church and I am a Sunday school teacher there, and I see no relationship between my Christian faith and what hours the bars close.'\" Straatmeyer continued, \"She felt it was out of line for me to testify on behalf of the church groups I represented.\" The effort to restrict bar hours was intended to combat [drunken driving](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence \"Driving under the influence\") and [spousal abuse](/wiki/Domestic_violence \"Domestic violence\"), but Palin felt that restricting bar hours would hurt the local economy.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008\\-10\\-05/news/0810040312\\_1\\_sarah\\-palin\\-mayor\\-of\\-tiny\\-wasilla\\-stambaugh \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001112808/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008\\-10\\-05/news/0810040312\\_1\\_sarah\\-palin\\-mayor\\-of\\-tiny\\-wasilla\\-stambaugh \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=October 1, 2012 \\| work\\=Chicago Tribune \\| first1\\=Andrew \\| last1\\=Zajac \\| first2\\=Bob \\| last2\\=Secter \\| title\\=Sarah Palin's opposition to bar crackdown surprised some \\| date\\=October 5, 2008}}",
"During a candidates' debate for governor in 2006, when asked how she would feel if a church pastor endorsed a candidate for governor, Palin said that she \"would never support any government effort to stifle our freedom of religion or freedom of expression or freedom of speech,\" but would caution the pastor that the endorsement could result in \"frustration\" and \"fewer dollars in the offering plate.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ontheissues.org/2008/Sarah\\_Palin\\_Principles\\_\\+\\_Values.htm \\|title\\=Sarah Palin on Principles \\& Values \\|work\\=\\[\\[On the Issues]] \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2016 }}",
"In 2006, Palin told the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") that her personal beliefs would not dictate her public policies, adding that she was \"not one to be out there preaching and forcing my views on anyone else.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/09/08/palin.pastor/index.html\\|title\\=Pastor: GOP may be downplaying Palin's religious beliefs\\|first\\=Randi\\|last\\=Kaye\\|work\\=ElectionCenter2008\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=September 12, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010}}",
"During a debate for Governor of Alaska in 2006, Palin said she was a proponent of teaching both [creationism](/wiki/Creationism \"Creationism\") and [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\") in Alaska [public schools](/wiki/Public_school_%28government-funded%29%23United_States \"Public school (government-funded)#United States\"). The following day she said: \"It doesn't have to be part of the curriculum,\" and that she would not push to have it added. She also said she would not use religion or views on creationism as a [litmus test](/wiki/Litmus_test_%28politics%29 \"Litmus test (politics)\") in picking members of Alaska [Board of Education](/wiki/Board_of_Education \"Board of Education\"). (Under state law, the board of education determines the content of the public schools' curriculum.){{cite news\\|author\\=Kizzia, Tom \\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/sarah\\-palin/background/story/217111\\.html \\|title\\='Creation science' enters the race: Governor: Palin is only candidate to suggest it should be discussed in schools. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Anchorage Daily News]] \\|date\\=October 27, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126131449/http://www.adn.com/sarah\\-palin/background/story/217111\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=November 26, 2009 }} Palin has also said that evolution \"should be taught as an accepted principle. As you know, I also say that as the daughter of a school teacher, a science teacher, who has really instilled in me a respect for science. It should be taught in our schools. And I won't deny that I see the hand of God in this beautiful creation that is Earth. But that is not part of the state policy or a local curriculum in a school district. Science should be taught in science class.\"{{cite news \\| url \\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palin\\-opens\\-up\\-on\\-controversial\\-issues/\\| first \\= Katie \\| last \\= Couric \\| title \\= Palin Opens Up On Controversial Issues: VP Candidate Speaks Frankly With Katie Couric About Feminism, Homosexuality, Abortion And The Environment\\| publisher \\= CBSNews.com \\| date \\= September 30, 2008 \\| access\\-date \\=January 24, 2011}}",
"While Governor Palin vetoed public funding for private, Christian schools, saying after the fact, \"I'm a Christian.... \\[The funding is] unconstitutional. It's illegal. You can't do that. I had to go in there and veto those things and, of course, was accused then of being, 'Oh, you're not a real conservative or a real Republican. Otherwise, you would have fought for that.' No, illegal is illegal.\"[(At 16:52\\)](http://www.palintv.com/2007/07/12/palin-talks-to-dimitri-vassilaros-of-the-pittsburgh-tribune-review-july-12-2007/). Palintv.com. Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\.",
"As Alaska Governor, she signed the \"Christian Heritage Week\" Proclamation in October 2007{{cite news\\|first\\=David\\|last\\=Brody\\|url\\=http://blogs.cbn.com/thebrodyfile/archive/2008/08/30/sarah\\-palin\\-signed\\-christian\\-heritage\\-week\\-proclamation.aspx\\|title\\=Sarah Palin Signed 'Christian Heritage Week' Proclamation\\|publisher\\=CBN\\|date\\=August 30, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010}} which \"reminds Alaskans of the role Christianity has played in our rich heritage.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gov.alaska.gov/print\\_news\\-54750\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2008\\|publisher\\=Office of the Governor, Sarah Palin\\|title\\=News Details: Christian Heritage Week\\|date\\=September 14, 2007\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920103028/http://www.gov.alaska.gov/print\\_news\\-54750\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2008}} She also declared the week of November 18–25, 2007 as *Bible Week* in Alaska, saying that \"the Bible has profoundly influenced art, literature, music, and codes of law.\"",
"On June 10, 2010, Palin expressed dismay on her Twitter account that the [floodlights](/wiki/Empire_State_Building%23Lights \"Empire State Building#Lights\") of the [Empire State Building](/wiki/Empire_State_Building \"Empire State Building\") would not be changed blue and white in honor of [Mother Teresa](/wiki/Mother_Teresa \"Mother Teresa\")'s 100th birthday. Palin asked why the building's owner \"won't honor Mother Theresa's compassionate, selfless efforts for humanity, but \\[you will] honor \\[the] [Communist Mao](/wiki/Mao_Zedong \"Mao Zedong\")?\"[Twitter / Sarah Palin: U kidding, Empire State Bl](https://twitter.com/SarahPalinUSA/status/15851107188). Twitter.com (June 10, 2010\\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\. Palin was referring to the Empire State Building's September 9, 2009, lighting scheme, when it was bathed in red and yellow to mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/06/09/empire\\-state\\-building\\-owner\\-cites\\-policy\\-saying\\-lights\\-mother\\-teresas\\-birthday/ \\| work\\=Fox News \\| title\\=Empire State Building: No Lights for Mother Teresa \\| date\\=June 9, 2010}}",
"Palin opposed the construction of [Park51](/wiki/Park51 \"Park51\"), a proposed 13\\-story Islamic cultural center with mosque, planned to be built in New York City on Park Place between [West Broadway](/wiki/West_Broadway_%28Manhattan%29 \"West Broadway (Manhattan)\") and [Church Street](/wiki/Church_Street_%28Manhattan%29 \"Church Street (Manhattan)\"), two blocks away from [Ground Zero](/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site \"World Trade Center site\").{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palins\\-refudiate\\-tweet\\-on\\-mosque\\-near\\-ground\\-zero\\-draws\\-fire\\-for\\-substance\\-and\\-style/ \\| work\\=CBS News \\| title\\=Palin's \"Refudiate\" Tweet on Mosque Near Ground Zero Draws Fire (for Substance and Style) \\| first\\=Stephanie \\| last\\=Condon \\| date\\=July 19, 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720045745/https://www.cbsnews.com/8301\\-503544\\_162\\-20010892\\-503544\\.html \\| archive\\-date\\=July 20, 2010 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In the wake of the Supreme Court decision *[Snyder v. Phelps](/wiki/Snyder_v._Phelps \"Snyder v. Phelps\")*, which held that the [Westboro Baptist Church](/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church \"Westboro Baptist Church\") had the right to picket the funerals of dead soldiers on a public sidewalk, Palin asserted that the Court held a double standard for the WBC's speech, as opposed to other religious speech. On March 2, 2011, she tweeted: \"Common sense \\& decency absent as wacko 'church' allowed hate msgs spewed@ soldiers' funerals, but we can't invoke God's name in public square\"[Twitter / Sarah Palin: Common sense \\& decency abs](https://twitter.com/SarahPalinUSA/status/43004543126093824). Twitter.com. Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\. Palin clarified her tweet the next day: \"Obviously my comment meant that when we're told we can't say 'God bless you' in graduation speeches or pray before a local football game, but these wackos can invoke God's name in their hate speech while picketing our military funerals, it shows ridiculous inconsistency. I wasn't calling for any limit on free speech, and it's a shame some folks tried to twist my comment in that way. I was simply pointing out the irony of an often selective interpretation of free speech rights.\"{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://ew.com/article/2013/12/19/sarah\\-palin\\-phil\\-robertson\\-duck\\-dynasty/ \\|title\\=Sarah Palin brings back First Amendment defense for Phil Robertson \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\|date\\=December 19, 2013 \\|first\\=Hillary \\|last\\=Busis \\|access\\-date\\=August 27, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029221537/https://ew.com/article/2013/12/19/sarah\\-palin\\-phil\\-robertson\\-duck\\-dynasty/ \\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Gun rights",
"Palin, a strong proponent of gun ownership rights, and a lifetime member of the [National Rifle Association of America](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America \"National Rifle Association of America\"),{{cite web \\|date\\=January 8, 2016 \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-us\\-canada\\-35261394 \\|title\\=US gun control: What is the NRA and why is it so powerful? \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2016 \\|quote\\=...Current members include former vice\\-presidential candidate Sarah Palin, and actors Tom Selleck and Whoopi Goldberg. ... \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108235230/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-us\\-canada\\-35261394 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 8, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=usurped}} has said that she is against [a ban on semi\\-automatic firearms](/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban \"Federal Assault Weapons Ban\"),{{cite news\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id\\=5795641\\&page\\=7\\|title\\=Charlie Gibson Interviews GOP Vice Presidential Candidate Sarah Palin\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]]\\|author\\=Gibson, Charles\\|date\\=September 13, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916134004/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id\\=5795641\\&page\\=7\\|archive\\-date\\=September 16, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and was shown firing a military assault rifle in a 2008 campaign video.{{cite video\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=QFjqZ\\_vvLNc\\|title\\=McCain – Palin 08 – The Team You Can Trust\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link\\|date\\=February 2022}} She praised *[District of Columbia vs. Heller](/wiki/District_of_Columbia_vs._Heller \"District of Columbia vs. Heller\")*, the Supreme Court decision in that invalidated Washington D.C.'s ban on handguns, and believes that any regulation of handgun possession violates the [Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution](/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Second Amendment to the United States Constitution\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2010}} She is in favor of gun\\-safety education for children,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.newsweek.com/id/156276\\|title\\=On the Hunt: Sarah Palin, a moose\\-hunting, lifetime NRA member guns for D.C.\\|last\\=Braiker\\|first\\=Brian\\|date\\=August 29, 2008\\|work\\=Newsweek\\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831070522/http://www.newsweek.com/id/156276\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and is said to be popular among gun rights advocates.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/08/29/conservative\\-activists\\-praise\\-palin\\-as\\-mccains\\-vp\\-pick/?mod\\=googlenews\\_wsj\\|title\\=Conservative Activists Praise Palin as McCain's VP Pick\\|last\\=Davis\\| first\\=Susan\\|date\\=August 29, 2008\\|work\\=Wall Street Journal\\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010}} [Sandra Froman](/wiki/Sandra_Froman \"Sandra Froman\"), a member of the NRA Board of Directors, described McCain's selection of Palin as \"outstanding.\"",
"### Abortion",
"Palin is opposed to [abortion](/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States \"Abortion in the United States\") in almost all cases, including rape and [incest](/wiki/Incest \"Incest\"), but not if the life of the mother is endangered.\n{{cite news\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2008\\|url\\=http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/101906/sta\\_20061019031\\.shtml\\|work\\=Juneau Empire\\|title\\=Abortion Draws Clear Divide in State Races; Palin, Knowles stand on opposite sides of debate\\|first\\=Pat\\|last\\=Forgey\\|date\\=October 19, 2006\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121110454/http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/101906/sta\\_20061019031\\.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/08/28/mccain\\-s\\-hail\\-sarah\\-pass.html \\| title\\=McCain's 'Hail Sarah' Pass\\| first\\=Jonathan \\| last\\=Alter \\|work\\=Newsweek \\| date\\=August 29, 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=September 4, 2008}} In 2006, while running for governor, Palin was asked what she would do if her own daughter were raped and became pregnant; she responded that she would \"choose life.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://dwb.adn.com/news/politics/elections/2006/governor/story/8372383p\\-8266781c.html \\|title\\=All three candidates support gas line lawsuit; Governor's Race: Top contenders meet one last time to debate \\|last\\=Volz \\|first\\=Matt \\|date\\=November 3, 2006 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Anchorage Daily News]] \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901212359/http://dwb.adn.com/news/politics/elections/2006/governor/story/8372383p\\-8266781c.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 1, 2008 }} She and her ex\\-husband have said that they have \"faith that every baby is created for a good purpose.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122005503104485161?mod\\=googlenews\\_wsj\\|title\\=Anti\\-Abortion Activists Cheer McCain's V.P. Pick\\|last\\=Simon\\|first\\=Stephanie\\|date\\=August 29, 2008\\|work\\=Wall Street Journal\\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2008}} When asked what she would do as governor if *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade \"Roe v. Wade\")* were overturned, she responded \"it would not be up \\[to me] to unilaterally ban anything. It would be up to the people of Alaska to discuss and decide how we would like our society to reflect our values.\"\n{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://community.adn.com/adn/node/130090\n\\|title\\=Candidate Survey October 2006 — Palin on issues\n\\|publisher\\=ADN.com\n\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2008\n\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910213756/http://community.adn.com/adn/node/130090\n\\|archive\\-date\\=September 10, 2008\n\\|url\\-status\\=dead\n}}\n Palin personally supported bills to outlaw [late\\-term abortions](/wiki/Late-term_abortion \"Late-term abortion\") and to require [parental consent](/wiki/Parental_consent \"Parental consent\") for [underage](/wiki/Underage \"Underage\") abortions in Alaska,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/president/issues/vice\\-presidents/index.html\\|title\\=Running Mates on the Issues \\|work\\=Election Guide 2008\n\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2008}} but rebuffed religious conservatives who wanted to legislate restrictions on abortion even though she agreed with the bills.{{cite news \\|first\\=Ken \\|last\\=Dalinian\\|title\\=Palin 'governed from the center,' went after big oil\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008\\-09\\-11\\-palin\\-cover\\_N.htm\\|work\\=USA Today \\|date\\=September 12, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2008}}",
"In her televised interview with [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 \"ABC News (United States)\") anchor [Charlie Gibson](/wiki/Charlie_Gibson \"Charlie Gibson\") on September 12, 2008, she made the statement that as a politician she felt that her opinions were to be made open to the public, but that sometimes it may differ with political legislation. When Gibson asked if she thought *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade \"Roe v. Wade\")* should be overturned, she replied, \"I think it should, and I think that states should be able to decide that issue.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Sarah Palin Makes History as First Female Vice Presidential Nominee of Republican Party \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/Story?id\\=5789483\\&page\\=2 \\|publisher\\=ABC News \\|page\\=2 \\|date\\=September 12, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2008}} Palin also said that she hoped \"to reach out and work with those who are on the other side of this issue, because I know that we can all agree on the need for and the desire for fewer abortions in America and greater support for [adoption](/wiki/Adoption \"Adoption\"), for other alternatives that women can and should be empowered to embrace, to allow that culture of life.\" Gibson noted that Republican presidential nominee [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain \"John McCain\") allows exceptions for rape or incest, and asked, \"Do you believe in it only in the case where the life of the mother is in danger?\" Palin answered, \"That is my personal opinion.\" When pressed on the matter, she said, \"My personal opinion is that abortion allowed if the life of the mother is endangered. Please understand me on this. I do understand McCain's position on this. I do understand others who are very passionate about this issue who have a differing \\[opinion].\"",
"### Stem cell research",
"Palin said in 2006 that because she believes [embryonic stem cell research](/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy \"Stem cell controversy\") causes the destruction of life, this research is inconsistent with her [pro\\-life](/wiki/Pro-life \"Pro-life\") position and she does not support it.{{cite video \\| people \\= Sarah Palin, \\[\\[Andrew Halcro]], \\[\\[Tony Knowles (politician)\\|Tony Knowles]] \\| title \\= 2006 Alaska Governor's Debate among Sarah Palin, Andrew Halcro and Tony Knowles \\| medium \\= Televised debate \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[AlaskaOne\\|KTOO Television]] \\| location \\= Anchorage, Alaska \\| date \\= November 7, 2006}}",
"All of the various [adult stem cell](/wiki/Adult_stem_cell \"Adult stem cell\") research approaches are supported by Palin. In an interview with [Charlie Gibson](/wiki/Charlie_Gibson \"Charlie Gibson\"), Palin differentiated between the two types of [stem cell research](/wiki/Stem_cell_research \"Stem cell research\") \"And thankfully, again, not only are there other options, but we're getting closer and closer to finding a tremendous amount of other options, like, as I mentioned, the adult stem cell research\".{{cite interview\\|interviewer\\=Charles Gibson\\|subject\\=Sarah Palin\\|type\\=Interview\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/Story?id\\=5782924\\&page\\=1\\|title\\=Excerpt: Charlie Gibson interviews Sarah Palin — Republican VP Candidate Speaks with ABC News' Charlie Gibson in Exclusive Interview\\|work\\=\\[\\[World News with Charles Gibson]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Broadcasting Company\\|ABC]] \\|page\\=1\\|date\\=September 11, 2008}}",
"### Sex education",
"Palin answered a 2006 [gubernatorial](/wiki/Governor \"Governor\") questionnaire by choosing support for funding of abstinence\\-before\\-marriage programs over support for \"explicit [sex\\-education](/wiki/Sex_education \"Sex education\") programs, school\\-based clinics and the distribution of [contraceptives](/wiki/Birth_control \"Birth control\") in schools\". In a subsequent radio interview with [KTOO (FM)](/wiki/KTOO_%28FM%29 \"KTOO (FM)\") in [Juneau, Alaska](/wiki/Juneau%2C_Alaska \"Juneau, Alaska\"), she clarified her position by saying she was against *explicit* sex education, but was in favor of contraceptive education. She characterized in\\-school discussion of condoms as \"relatively benign\" and not something that would define an \"explicit\" program. Palin said of contraception that \"kids who may not hear about it at home should hear about it in other avenues.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2008\\-sep\\-06\\-na\\-sexed6\\-story.html\\|date\\=September 6, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=January 12, 2010\\|first\\=Seema \\|last\\=Mehta\\|title\\=GOP ticket split over condom use: While running for state office, Palin said their use ought to be discussed in schools. McCain disagrees.\n\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.adn.com/2006/08/06/183895/same\\-sex\\-unions\\-drugs\\-get\\-little.html\\| title\\=Same\\-sex unions, drugs get little play\\| last\\=Hopkins\\| first\\=Kyle\\| date\\=August 6, 2006\\| work\\=\\[\\[Anchorage Daily News]]\\| access\\-date\\=August 30, 2008\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407091955/http://www.adn.com/2006/08/06/183895/same\\-sex\\-unions\\-drugs\\-get\\-little.html\\| archive\\-date\\=April 7, 2010\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| df\\=mdy\\-all}}",
"### Women's issues",
"#### Feminism",
"Palin has been a member of [Feminists for Life](/wiki/Feminists_for_Life \"Feminists for Life\") since 2006\\.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/us/politics/30palin.html\\| title\\=Sarah Heath Palin, an Outsider Who Charms\\| date\\=August 29, 2008 \\| first\\=William \\| last\\=Yardley\\|work\\=New York Times \\| access\\-date\\=September 3, 2008}} In August 2006, she told the *Anchorage Daily News* that \"no woman should have to choose between her career, education and her child.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2021}} In an interview with [Katie Couric](/wiki/Katie_Couric \"Katie Couric\") on September 30, 2008, Palin said, \"I'm a feminist who believes in equal rights and I believe that women certainly today have every opportunity that a man has to succeed, and to try to do it all, anyway. And I'm very, very thankful that I've been brought up in a family where gender hasn't been an issue.\"{{cite news\\| url \\= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palin\\-opens\\-up\\-on\\-controversial\\-issues/\\| last \\= Couric\\| first \\= Katie\\| title \\= Palin Opens Up On Controversial Issues\n\\| publisher \\= \\[\\[CBS News]]\\| date \\= September 30, 2008}}",
"In subsequent interviews with [Brian Williams](/wiki/Brian_Williams \"Brian Williams\") on October 29, 2008, Palin was quoted as saying, \"I am not going to label myself anything, Brian, and I think that's what annoys a lot of Americans, especially in a political campaign is start trying to label different parts of America, different backgrounds. I'm not going to label myself, but I do believe in women's rights; I believe in equal rights, and I am so thankful I was brought up in were really gender has never been an issue.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://video.aol.com/video\\-detail/williams\\-on\\-mccainpalin\\-nbc\\-102308/2705622975/?icid\\=VIDURVNWS01 \\|title\\=Williams on McCain/Palin: NBC 10/23/08 – AOL Video \\|publisher\\=Video.aol.com \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010}}",
"During various public appearances, such as her May 14 [Susan B. Anthony List](/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_List \"Susan B. Anthony List\") speech,[http://www.suzyb.org/blog/\\_archives/2010/5/19/4532543\\.html{{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2016}}](http://www.suzyb.org/blog/_archives/2010/5/19/4532543.html{{Dead link|date=February 2016}}) Palin has referred to the [suffragists](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States \"Women's suffrage in the United States\") as \"feminist foremothers\" and has called for a \"new, conservative feminist movement\".[Is Sarah Palin a feminist?](https://theweek.com/article/index/203536/is-sarah-palin-a-feminist). *The Week* (May 31, 2010\\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\.",
"### Same\\-sex unions",
"Palin opposes both [same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States \"Same-sex marriage in the United States\") and [civil unions](/wiki/Civil_union \"Civil union\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2008\\_10/015275\\.php \\|title\\=McCain, Palin Split on Marriage \\|department\\=Political Animal \\|first\\=Steve \\|last\\=Benen \\|author\\-link\\=Steve Benen \\|date\\=October 20, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2016 \\|newspaper\\=Washington Monthly }} While campaigning for election as [Governor of Alaska](/wiki/Governorship_of_Sarah_Palin \"Governorship of Sarah Palin\") in 2006, Palin declared that she supported the [1998 Alaska constitutional amendment](/wiki/Alaska_Ballot_Measure_2_%281998%29 \"Alaska Ballot Measure 2 (1998)\") that proposed adding \"...a marriage may exist only between one man and one woman\" to the [Alaskan constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Alaska \"Constitution of Alaska\") in order to ensure that same\\-sex marriage did not become legal in that state.",
"Palin opposed state\\-covered [health](/wiki/Health_insurance \"Health insurance\") and [retiree](/wiki/Retirement \"Retirement\") benefits to [same\\-sex partners](/wiki/Same-sex_relationship \"Same-sex relationship\") of state employees but complied with an [Alaska Supreme Court](/wiki/Alaska_Supreme_Court \"Alaska Supreme Court\") directive to do so{{cite news\\|first \\= Lisa\\|last \\= Demer\\|url \\= http://www.adn.com/front/story/8508726p\\-8401181c.html\\|title \\= Palin to comply on same\\-sex ruling\\|work \\= Anchorage Daily News\\|date \\= December 21, 2006\\|access\\-date \\= September 2, 2008 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080617054201/http://www.adn.com/front/story/8508726p\\-8401181c.html \\|archive\\-date \\= June 17, 2008}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Breslau \\|first\\=Karen \\|title\\=An Apparent Flip\\-Flop On Gay Rights \\|work\\=Newsweek \\|date\\=October 13, 2008 \\|url\\=http://www.newsweek.com/id/162324}} and subsequently vetoed a bill that would have denied the benefits.{{cite news\\|first \\= Kyle\\|last \\= Hopkins\\|url \\= http://dwb.adn.com/news/government/legislature/story/8525563p\\-8419318c.html\\|title \\= Same\\-sex benefits ban gets Palin veto\\|work \\= Anchorage Daily News\\|date \\= December 29, 2006\\|access\\-date \\= September 2, 2008\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080901151137/http://dwb.adn.com/news/government/legislature/story/8525563p\\-8419318c.html\\|archive\\-date \\= September 1, 2008\\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|df \\= mdy\\-all}} \"'signing this bill would be in direct violation of my oath of office' due to the state Supreme Court ruling\" In an interview with *[Newsweek](/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")* in 2007, she affirmed her support for an amendment to the state constitution denying benefits to same\\-sex couples. She later signed a bill ordering a non\\-binding [referendum](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\") for a constitutional amendment to deny the benefits.{{cite news\\|first\\=Bill \\|last\\=McAllister \\|url\\=http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S\\=5843150 \\|title\\=Gay partners of state employees win benefits \\|work\\=KTUU News \\|publisher\\=KTUU\\-TV \\|date\\=December 20, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=December 27, 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210120825/http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S\\=5843150 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 10, 2007 }} Although the referendum passed in April 2007, with 53 percent of voters supporting a constitutional amendment, a bill to place such an amendment on the [ballot](/wiki/Ballot \"Ballot\") in November 2008 stalled in the state legislature.{{cite news\\|first \\= Anne\\|last \\= Sutton\\|url \\= http://dwb.adn.com/news/government/legislature/story/8865109p\\-8765744c.html\\|title \\= Same\\-sex benefits bill stalls\\|work \\= Anchorage Daily News\\|date \\= May 8, 2007\\|access\\-date \\= September 2, 2008\\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080914101500/http://dwb.adn.com/news/government/legislature/story/8865109p\\-8765744c.html\\|archive\\-date \\= September 14, 2008\\|df \\= mdy\\-all}}",
"Palin has said that she supports a [Federal Constitutional Amendment](/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment \"Federal Marriage Amendment\") to ban same\\-sex marriage.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/467179\\.aspx \\|work\\=The Brody File \\|title\\=Palin Signals Support for Federal Marriage Amendment \\|format\\=video \\|date\\=October 19, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2008}} This position differed with that of her running mate, [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain \"John McCain\").[\"Statement on the Federal Marriage Amendment\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061114104352/http://mccain.senate.gov/press_office/view_article.cfm?id=246), McCain Senate website, July 13, 2004\\. Retrieved November 18, 2006\\. Archived November 14, 2006\\.[Statement on the Marriage Protection Amendment, June 6, 2006](http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=fc30a8b3-6608-4a25-9f9e-17b889e84e40&Region_id=&Issue_id=) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125030646/http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction\\=PressOffice.PressReleases\\&ContentRecord\\_id\\=fc30a8b3\\-6608\\-4a25\\-9f9e\\-17b889e84e40\\&Region\\_id\\=\\&Issue\\_id\\= \\|date\\=January 25, 2016 }}. Retrieved August 7, 2012\\. Senator John McCain. In a July 31, 2012, interview with [Greta Van Susteren](/wiki/Greta_Van_Susteren \"Greta Van Susteren\"), Palin was asked about states' rights as they pertained to same\\-sex marriage, to which Palin responded, \"I believe that states have that constitutional right to make decisions about a variety of issues, but when it comes to some very fundamental, very cornerstone aspects of our society, of our culture, I personally would love to see a national dialogue about what will America continue to define as marriage. As a former Governor, I say let the states decide that, and that's where I would be if I were in national office. I'd be saying let the states decide. And if you see, Greta, and pay attention to where the states have gone with this particular issue and the votes of the people, overwhelmingly the people within the states have said they want to continue to define marriage as one man and one woman, as the Muslims do, [Orthodox Jews](/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism \"Orthodox Judaism\") do, [nondenominational Christians](/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity \"Nondenominational Christianity\") do, faith\\-practicing Catholics do. It truly is a cornerstone of religion and civilization.\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.motivationtruth.com/2012/07/video\\-governor\\-palin\\-and\\-greta\\-discuss.html \\|title\\=MotivationTruth: Video: Governor Palin and Greta Discuss Cruz, Cheney, RNC, and More \\|access\\-date\\=August 1, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804052820/http://www.motivationtruth.com/2012/07/video\\-governor\\-palin\\-and\\-greta\\-discuss.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"On March 1, 2011, Palin told [National Organization for Marriage](/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage \"National Organization for Marriage\") Chairman [Maggie Gallagher](/wiki/Maggie_Gallagher \"Maggie Gallagher\") that she opposed the Obama administration's refusal to continue defending the [Defense of Marriage Act](/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act \"Defense of Marriage Act\"): \"I have always believed that marriage is between one man and one woman. Like most Americans, I support the Defense of Marriage Act and find it appalling that the Obama administration decided not to defend this federal law, which was enacted with broad bipartisan support and signed into law by a Democrat president. It's appalling, but not surprising that the President has flip\\-flopped on yet another issue from his stated position as a candidate to a seemingly opposite position once he was elected.\"[Sarah Palin Denounces Obama's DOMA Decision – By Maggie Gallagher – The Corner](http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/261025/sarah-palin-denounces-obamas-doma-decision-maggie-gallagher). *National Review* (March 1, 2011\\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\.",
"### Legal system",
"#### Judicial appointments",
"While interviewing candidates to fill judge vacancies in Alaska [state courts](/wiki/State_court_%28United_States%29 \"State court (United States)\"), Palin asked prospective appointees questions about work history, background, and basic judicial philosophy. She did not ask such individuals about their positions on abortion or any other specific cases.{{cite news \\|first\\=Joe \\|last\\=Palazzolo \\|author2\\=Mauro, Tony \\|title\\=Biden, Palin May Loom Large in Judge Picks \\|url\\=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id\\=1202424466959\\&pos\\=ataglance \\|work\\=\\[\\[Legal Times]] \\|date\\=September 12, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=September 14, 2008}}",
"#### Jury rights",
"On August 31, 2007, Palin signed a Jury Rights Day Proclamation,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gov.state.ak.us/print\\_news\\-17852\\.html\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080909221129/http://gov.state.ak.us/print\\_news\\-17852\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 9, 2008 \\| title\\=Jury Rights Day Proclamation of 2007 \\| quote\\=\\[This case] established forever the English and American legal doctrine that it is the right and responsibility of the trial jury to decide on matters of law and fact\", and \"Whereas, the Sixth and Seventh Amendments are included in the Bill of Rights to preserve the right to trial by jury, which in turn conveys upon the jury the responsibility to defend, with its verdict, all other individual rights enumerated or implied by the U.S. Constitution, including its Amendments.}} commemorating September 5, 2007, as the 337th anniversary of the acquittal, in defiance of the legal direction of the bench, of [William Penn](/wiki/William_Penn \"William Penn\") and [William Mead](/wiki/William_Mead_%28merchant%29 \"William Mead (merchant)\"), after a [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker \"Quaker\") sermon, for [unlawful assembly](/wiki/Unlawful_assembly \"Unlawful assembly\").",
"### Crime and violence",
"#### Capital punishment",
"Palin has declared herself in favor of [capital punishment](/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States \"Capital punishment in the United States\"). She has said: \"If the legislature passed a death penalty law, I would sign it. We have a right to know that someone who rapes and murders a child or kills an innocent person in a [drive\\-by shooting](/wiki/Drive-by_shooting \"Drive-by shooting\") will never be able to do that again.\"{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.ontheissues.org/Governor/Sarah\\_Palin\\_Crime.htm \\| title\\=Issues\\| last\\=Palin\\| first\\=Sarah \\| date\\=November 7, 2006\\| publisher\\=\"Palin for Governor\" (inactive web site) quoted in \\[\\[On the Issues]] \\| access\\-date\\=August 30, 2008}}",
"#### Drugs",
"Palin is opposed to efforts to decriminalize or legalize [marijuana](/wiki/Marijuana \"Marijuana\"), which she says sends the wrong message to children.[Palin Talks Pot – Archive](http://www.thefoxnation.com/sarah-palin/2010/06/17/palin-talks-pot). Fox Nation (June 17, 2010\\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\. Palin does not support full legalization of [medical cannabis](/wiki/Medical_cannabis \"Medical cannabis\") but said, \"I'm not going to get in the way of a doctor prescribing something that he or she believes will help a cancer patient.\"{{cite web \\| last\\=Lowry \\| first\\=Rich \\| title\\=The Rogue, on the Record \\| work\\=\\[\\[National Review]] \\| date\\=November 17, 2009 \\| url\\=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q\\=YjM3MDBhM2Q0NGQ5YmM5MjM4YTk0MDliNmE5Y2IzN2Q\\=\\&w\\=Mg\\=\\= \\| access\\-date\\=November 18, 2009 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121060453/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q\\=YjM3MDBhM2Q0NGQ5YmM5MjM4YTk0MDliNmE5Y2IzN2Q\\=\\&w\\=Mg\\=\\= \\| archive\\-date\\=November 21, 2009 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} Palin has admitted to using marijuana, though at a time when doing so was legal under state law. Palin has also said she is more concerned about [methamphetamine](/wiki/Methamphetamine \"Methamphetamine\"), which she sees as a greater social threat.{{cite news\\|access\\-date\\=September 17, 2008\\|url\\=http://dwb.adn.com/news/politics/elections/governor06/story/8049298p\\-7942233c.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611203246/http://dwb.adn.com/news/politics/elections/governor06/story/8049298p\\-7942233c.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2008\\|title\\=Same\\-sex unions, drugs get little play; Governor's Race: Gas line leaves no room to talk on other hot issues\\|author\\=Hopkins, Kyle\\|work\\=Anchorage Daily News\\|date\\=August 6, 2006}}",
"During her June 12, 2010, appearance on *[Freedom Watch](/wiki/Freedom_Watch \"Freedom Watch\")*, Palin elaborated on her stance that even though marijuana should not be legalized, enforcement of marijuana prohibition laws should be made a lower priority: \"Well, if we're talking about pot, I'm not for the legalization of pot because I think that that would just encourage, especially, our young people to think that it was okay to go ahead and use it. And I'm not an advocate for that. However, I think that we need to prioritize our law enforcement efforts. And if somebody's gonna smoke a joint in their house and not do anybody else any harm, then perhaps there are other things that our cops should be looking at to engage in and try to clean up some of the other problems that we have in society that are appropriate for law enforcement to do and not concentrate on such a, relatively speaking, minimal problem that we have in the country.\"[(At 15:56\\)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNxJZJGzcOQ). Youtube.com. Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\.",
"In a November 19, 2015, radio interview with [Hugh Hewitt](/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt \"Hugh Hewitt\"), Palin was asked about the [legalization of recreational marijuana in Alaska](/wiki/Alaska_Measure_2_%282014%29 \"Alaska Measure 2 (2014)\"), to which Palin responded, \"We've got that libertarian streak in us, and I grew up in Alaska when pot was legal anyway. It was absolutely no big deal. I mean, you didn't smoke it because your parents would strangle you. And if you were a jock and you were, you know, a Christian going to youth group, you just didn't do it, right? And I still believe that. But when it comes to picking our battles, for many of us in Alaska, legalization of marijuana just was never really a bright blip on the radar screen, so it didn't surprise me when the voters of Alaska went back to legalizing it. For some years there, it had not been legalized. I look on the national scene and think, 'Wow, of all things to be fighting over and battling over.' Especially when it comes to medical marijuana, I think, 'Hmm. It's just not my baby.'\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://reason.com/blog/2015/11/20/sarah\\-palin\\-says\\-legal\\-pot\\-is\\-absolutely \\|title\\=Sarah Palin Says Legal Pot Is 'Absolutely No Big Deal' \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Reason (magazine)\\|Reason]] \\|date\\=November 20, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=November 21, 2015 \\|first\\=Jacob \\|last\\=Sullum \\|author\\-link\\=Jacob Sullum }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=9rexK81d\\-\\-I \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/9rexK81d\\-\\-I \\|archive\\-date\\=December 21, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Sarah Palin Says Legal Pot Is 'Absolutely No Big Deal' \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|work\\=The \\[\\[Hugh Hewitt]] Show \\|date\\=November 19, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=November 21, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}",
"### Illegal immigration",
"On October 31, 2008, Palin told reporter [Greta Van Susteren](/wiki/Greta_Van_Susteren \"Greta Van Susteren\") that closing the borders should be the first priority in dealing with [illegal immigration](/wiki/Illegal_immigration \"Illegal immigration\"). She rejects [amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty \"Amnesty\") for illegal immigrants who have violated federal law.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/video2/video08\\.html?maven\\_referralObject\\=3174383\\&maven\\_referralPlaylistId\\=\\&sRevUrl\\=http://www.foxnews.com/ontherecord/ \\|title\\=Courting Pennsylvania – Video \\|publisher\\=Fox News \\|date\\=December 22, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010}} Palin did, however, state that she supported a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?chid\\=3\\&schid\\=10414\\&secid\\=25534\\&cid\\=1716304\\&pagenum\\=2\\|title\\=Republican vicepresidential candidate Sarah Palin interview on Univision – Sarah Palin – Página 2 \\|publisher\\=Univision.com \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010}}",
"In a December 3, 2009, radio interview with [Rusty Humphries](/wiki/Rusty_Humphries \"Rusty Humphries\"), Palin was asked her position on illegal aliens and closing the [Mexico – United States border](/wiki/Mexico_%E2%80%93_United_States_border \"Mexico – United States border\"), to which she replied, \"We must close the border. They're called 'illegal aliens' for a reason, and if they're not going to follow the rules, they should not be in our country.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=gSh64\\-417hM \\|title\\=Broadcast Yourself \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|date\\=May 6, 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link\\|date\\=February 2022}}",
"On July 9, 2010, episode of *[The O'Reilly Factor](/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor \"The O'Reilly Factor\")*, Palin again indicated support for a path to citizenship but clarified that illegal aliens should not be \"rewarded for bad behavior\": \"We won't complicate it any more. Let's keep it simple, and let's say, 'No if you are here illegally and you don't follow the steps that at some point through immigration reform we're going to be able to provide, and that is to allow somehow you to work. If you're not going to do that, then you will be deported. You will be gone.\" Palin emphasized that more border enforcement should come first and said that current attempts at reform should \"learn from history,\" concerning the [amnesty](/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986 \"Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986\") granted by [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\"), which she believed was \"botched.\"[Sarah Palin \\| Illegal Immigrants \\| Bill O'Reilly](http://www.mediaite.com/tv/sarah-palin-americans-must-learn-from-reagans-mistakes-on-illegal-immigration/). Mediaite (July 10, 2010\\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\.",
"On June 1, 2011, Palin said her opposition to the [DREAM Act](/wiki/DREAM_Act \"DREAM Act\"), a bill that would provide conditional [permanent residency](/wiki/Permanent_residency \"Permanent residency\") to certain illegal and deportable alien students who graduate from U.S. high schools, who are of [good moral character](/wiki/Good_moral_character \"Good moral character\"), arrived in the U.S. legally or illegally as minors and have been in the country continuously for at least five years before the bill's enactment: \"The immigrants in the past, they had to literally and figuratively stand in line and follow the rules to become U.S. citizens. I'd like to see that continue, but unfortunately, the Dream Act kind of usurps that, the system, that is a legal system, to make sure that immigrants who want to be here legally, working hard, producing and supplying revenue and resources for their family, that they're able to do that right and legally. Unfortunately, the DREAM act doesn't accomplish that.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/sarah\\-palin\\-in\\-jersey\\-city\\-20110601\\-KC \\|title\\=Sarah Palin in Jersey City \\|date\\=June 1, 2011 \\|website\\=Fox 5 New York \\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604072717/http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/sarah\\-palin\\-in\\-jersey\\-city\\-20110601\\-KC \\|archive\\-date\\=June 4, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### Julian Assange",
"In December 2020, Palin called for [Julian Assange](/wiki/Julian_Assange \"Julian Assange\") to be pardoned.{{Cite web\\|date\\=December 21, 2020\\|title\\=Sarah Palin calls for Julian Assange to be pardoned\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us\\-politics/sarah\\-palin\\-jullian\\-assange\\-pardon\\-wikileaks\\-b1777096\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=December 23, 2020\\|website\\=The Independent\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Barack Obama's birth certificate",
"{{See also\\|Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories}}\nPalin expressed various views about birther conspiracy theories regarding Barack Obama. At one point, she said that she believed that Barack Obama was born in the United States and that questions about his birthplace were a distraction.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note\\_id\\=188707498434 \\|title\\=Stupid Conspiracies \\|last\\=Palin \\|first\\=Sarah \\|date\\=December 3, 2009 \\|publisher\\=Facebook \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2009}}[\"Sarah Palin 'Appreciates' Donald Trump's 'Birther' Questions\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/sarah-palin-appreciates-donald-trumps-birther-questions/story?id=13342475). ABC News (April 10, 2011\\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\. However, at other times, she described conspiracy theories about his birthplace as a \"fair question\" and said \"I think the public rightfully is still making it an issue.\"{{Cite web\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Ben\\|title\\=Palin: Obama birth certificate 'a fair question'\\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben\\-smith/2009/12/palin\\-obama\\-birth\\-certificate\\-a\\-fair\\-question\\-023233\\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2021\\|website\\=POLITICO\\|date\\=December 3, 2009 \\|language\\=en}} In reference to [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\"), \"I appreciate that The Donald wants to spend his resources on something that so interests him and so many Americans, you know more power to him,\" and \"I think that he was born in Hawaii, because there was the birth announcement put in the newspaper, but obviously there is something there that the president doesn't want people to see on that birth certificate, that he sees going to great lengths to make sure it isn't shown. And that's perplexing for a lot of people\".{{Cite news\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2011\\|title\\=More 'birther' nonsense from Donald Trump and Sarah Palin\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact\\-checker/post/more\\-birther\\-nonsense\\-from\\-donald\\-trump\\-and\\-sarah\\-palin/2011/04/11/AFrme2MD\\_blog.html\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"### COVID\\-19",
"In March 2021, after revealing that she had been diagnosed with COVID\\-19, she told *[People magazine](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 \"People (magazine)\")* that elderly people's \"health and quality of life should be a national focus and priority,\" that wearing a mask indoors was \"better than doing nothing to slow the spread,\" and that people should \"use common sense.\"{{Cite magazine\\|last1\\=VanHoose\\|first1\\=Benjamin\\|last2\\=McGovern\\|first2\\=Tim\\|date\\=March 31, 2021\\|title\\=Sarah Palin Reveals COVID Diagnosis and 'Bizarre' Symptoms, Urges Others to Continue Wearing Masks\\|url\\=https://people.com/politics/sarah\\-palin\\-tests\\-positive\\-coronavirus\\-urges\\-others\\-wear\\-masks/\\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2021\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]}} In September 2021, she said on Fox News that she believed her previous infection had given her \"immunity\" and that she had therefore chosen not to be vaccinated.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Moran\\|first\\=Lee\\|date\\=September 18, 2021\\|title\\=Sarah Palin Says She's Not Vaccinated Because She Believes 'In Science'\\|url\\=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sarah\\-palin\\-unvaccinated\\-covid\\-19\\_n\\_61458b1fe4b0efa77f804776\\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2021\\|work\\=HuffPost}}",
"### 2020 presidential election",
"Palin supports former President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") and after his election loss in the [2020 United States presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election \"2020 United States presidential election\") and [Trump's claim that that the election was stolen](/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election \"Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election\"), she repeated the claims that the election was fraudulent.{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 2, 2022 \\|title\\=Sarah Palin announces US Congress bid \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-us\\-canada\\-60964852 \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2022 \\|quote\\=Since Mr Trump's 2020 election loss, Ms Palin has repeated the former president's unfounded claims that the election was tarnished by fraud.}}",
""
] |
Energy and environment
----------------------
### Department of Energy
Palin told *[Newsweek](/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")* that she favors revamping or even eliminating the [United States Department of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy"), along with other [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States "Cabinet of the United States")\-level departments, to reduce the [Federal debt](/wiki/Government_debt "Government debt"). "That's the kind of grand reform that is very, very difficult to do. But it can be done," she said.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/07/10/palin\-plots\-her\-next\-move.html \|title\=Sarah Palin Plots Her Next Move \|date\=July 10, 2011 \|magazine\=Newsweek \|first\=Peter J. \|last\=Boyer \|access\-date\=May 6, 2020 }}
### Natural gas pipeline
In June 2008, Palin said that she would work to create jobs by building a pipeline to bring North Slope natural gas to North American markets.Johnson, Gene, *Associated Press*, September 3, 2008\.["Palin: Iraq war 'a task that is from God'](https://web.archive.org/web/20080908111604/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080903/ap_on_el_pr/cvn_palin_iraq_war) In her acceptance speech at the GOP in September 2008, Palin said: "I fought to bring about the largest private\-sector infrastructure project in North American history," "And when that deal was struck, we began a nearly forty billion dollars natural gas pipeline to help lead America to energy independence." TransCanada projects the pipeline to be operational by late 2018, barring unforeseen obstacles.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/11/us/politics/11pipeline.html?ref\=business
\|title\=Palin's Pipeline Is Years From Being a Reality\|author1\=Kovaleski, Serge F. \|author2\=Mike McIntire \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|date\=September 11, 2008 \|work\=New York Times}}
### Nuclear energy
As part of her written comments in July 2009 regarding Obama's cap\-and\-trade energy plan, Palin included that "... every state can consider the possibility of [nuclear energy](/wiki/Nuclear_power "Nuclear power")".{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jul/14/sarah\-palin\-energy\-obama \|title\=Drill, baby, drill \|last\=Palin \|first\=Sarah \|date\=July 14, 2009 \|work\=The Guardian \|publisher\=Guardian News and Media \|access\-date\=December 7, 2009 \|location\=London}} This includes new model [nuclear reactors](/wiki/Nuclear_reactor "Nuclear reactor"), such as those developed by [Hyperion Power Generation](/wiki/Hyperion_Power_Generation "Hyperion Power Generation"), such as the deployment of a 225MW reactor for Alaska.{{cite news \|url\=http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/big\-alaska\-looks\-to\-small\-nuclear/ \|title\=Big Alaska Looks to Small Nuclear \|first\=Stefan \|last\=Milkowski \|date\=June 30, 2009 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=December 7, 2009}} Furthermore, she supports the overhaul of nuclear regulatory regime to allow the ready deployment of these new, smaller, nuclear reactors.
### Oil and gas development
[right\|thumb\|250px\|Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Map: 1002 Area, the proposed drilling area](/wiki/File:Anwrmap.jpg "Anwrmap.jpg")
As governor, Palin strongly promoted [oil](/wiki/Oil_reserves "Oil reserves") and natural gas resource development in Alaska, and advocates exposing the [Arctic National Wildlife Refuge](/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy "Arctic Refuge drilling controversy") to drilling,{{cite news\|first \=Sarah \|last \= Palin
\|url \= http://www.ontheissues.org/Governor/Sarah\_Palin\_Environment.htm
\|title \= State of the State Address Jan 17, 2007\|date \= January 17, 2007\|access\-date \= August 29, 2008}} controverting McCain's position.{{cite news\|title\=Sarah Palin on Climate Change \& Drilling in ANWR\|first\=Charlie \|last\=Gibson\|publisher\=ABC News \|date\=September 12, 2008}}
In an interview with *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* in 2008, Palin argued that [energy independence](/wiki/North_American_energy_independence "North American energy independence") through [ANWR drilling](/wiki/ANWR_Drilling "ANWR Drilling") was essential to reducing American dependence on hostile foreign regimes.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1837536\-2,00\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831231558/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1837536\-2,00\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2008\|title\=Transcript: TIME's interview with Sarah Palin\|last\=Newton\-Small\|first\=Jay\|date\=August 29, 2008\|publisher\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|access\-date\=August 30, 2008}} "We need to drill, drill, drill," she told the Wall Street Journal; she argues that "ANWR is only the size of the [Los Angeles airport](/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport "Los Angeles International Airport"), and drilling there isn't environmentally destructive."{{cite news\|first\=Britt \|last\=Collins\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/sep/17/poles.wildlife\|title\=Sarah Palin: The ice queen; Sarah Palin, the Republican party's vice\-president nominee, governs an oil\-rich area that has seen some of the most dramatic effects of climate change. So what's her record on environmental concerns?\|work\=The Guardian \|date\=September 17, 2008\|location\=London}}
To assuage a fear that oil and gas development would be hampered by the listing of polar bears as a threatened species, Palin tried to sue the US government.
Palin told [RealClearPolitics](/wiki/RealClearPolitics "RealClearPolitics") on May 31, 2011, that she supports the elimination of all energy [subsidies](/wiki/Subsidy "Subsidy"), such those for [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol"): "I think that all of our energy subsidies need to be relooked at today and eliminated, and we need to make sure that we're investing and allowing our businesses to invest in reliable energy products right now that aren't going to necessitate subsidies because, bottom line, we can't afford it." She continued, "We've got to allow the free market to dictate what's most efficient and economical for our nation's economy.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2011/05/31/palin\_eliminate\_all\_energy\_subsidies.html\|title \= Palin: Eliminate All Energy Subsidies \| RealClearPolitics}}
### Global warming
Palin has not completely ruled out manmade [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming"): "I believe that man's activities certainly can be contributing to the issue of global warming, climate change."Alex Koppelman.["Palin flip\-flops on global warming"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090114074555/https://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2008/09/12/palin_global_warming/); Salon, September 12, 2008
On September 14, 2007, Palin signed an administrative order creating a Climate Change Sub\-Cabinet charged with preparing a climate change strategy for Alaska.[Alaska Climate Change Strategy official site](http://www.climatechange.alaska.gov/). Climatechange.alaska.gov. Retrieved on June 4, 2011\. Within her executive order, Palin described warming as a "global challenge" and sought "opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from Alaska sources, including the expanded use of [alternative fuels](/wiki/Alternative_fuel "Alternative fuel"), energy conservation, energy efficiency, renewable energy, land use management, and transportation planning."{{cite web \|url\=http://gov.state.ak.us/admin\-orders/238\.html \|title\=Administrative Order No. 238 \|last\=Palin \|first\=Sarah \|date\=September 14, 2007 \|work\=gov.state.ak.us \|publisher\=Officer of the Governor of Alaska \|access\-date\=December 15, 2009}} In April 2009 Palin acknowledged that "Simply waiting for low\-carbon\-emitting renewable capacity to be large enough will mean that it will be too late to meet the mitigation goals for reducing \[carbon dioxide] that will be required under most credible climate\-change models."[Palin sees gas drilling as a step to curb global warming](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-apr-15-na-palin15-story.html). Articles.latimes.com (April 15, 2009\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\. In a December 2009 editorial, she wrote, "Our representatives in Copenhagen should remember that good environmental policymaking is about weighing real\-world costs and benefits – not pursuing a political agenda. That's not to say I deny the reality of some changes in climate – far from it. I saw the impact of changing weather patterns firsthand while serving as governor of our only Arctic state." and "But while we recognize the occurrence of these natural, cyclical environmental trends, we can't say with assurance that man's activities cause weather changes. We can say, however, that any potential benefits of proposed emissions reduction policies are far outweighed by their economic costs."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2009/12/08/AR2009120803402\.html \|title\=Copenhagen's political science \|last\=Palin \|first\=Sarah \|date\=December 9, 2009 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|access\-date\=December 15, 2009}}
### Water
While governor, Palin opposed [The Alaska Clean Water Act](https://web.archive.org/web/20080903235016/http://www.elections.alaska.gov/petitions/07wtr3.pdf) saying that "very stringent regulations and policies \[were] already in place."Lamb, Jason. "'Governor's hat' off, Palin blasts Clean Water initiative", *KTUU News*, August 22, 2008\. [Available online.](http://www.ktuu.com/global/story.asp?s=8885438) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909070831/http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S\=8885438 \|date\=September 9, 2008 }}
The Clean Water Initiative was voted on as Ballot Measure 4 on August 26, 2008,Harris, Richard: Publisher; Lund, Betsy: Managing Editor; Herman, Drew: Assistant Editor ["Clean Water Act lets citizens put the industry on the right path"](http://www.kodiakdailymirror.com/?pid=19&id=6547) [Kodiak Daily Mirror](/wiki/Kodiak_Daily_Mirror "Kodiak Daily Mirror"), August 15, 2008 and lost by a vote of about 57 percent against and 43 percent for the measure.["Ballot measures find little support from Alaskans"](http://www.newsminer.com/news/2008/aug/27/ballot-measures-find-little-support-alaskans), newsminer.com. [Fairbanks, Alaska](/wiki/Fairbanks%2C_Alaska "Fairbanks, Alaska"), August 27, 2008\. {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919003713/http://www.newsminer.com/news/2008/aug/27/ballot\-measures\-find\-little\-support\-alaskans \|date\=September 19, 2008 }} The measure was designed to impose higher water quality standards on a large scale mining operation, known as the [Pebble Mine](/wiki/Pebble_Mine "Pebble Mine"), near the [Bristol Bay](/wiki/Bristol_Bay "Bristol Bay").Roosevelt, Margot ["Alaskan economy faces a fork in the river"](https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/la-na-mine1sep01,0,6038649.story) [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times"), September 1, 2007 {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424030011/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/la\-na\-mine1sep01%2C0%2C6038649\.story \|date\=April 24, 2008 }}
Palin voiced her opposition to Measure 4, saying "Let me take my governor's hat off for just a minute here and tell you, personally, Prop 4\- I vote no on that", she said. "I have all the confidence in the world that (the Department of Environmental Conservation) and our (Department of Natural Resources) has great, very stringent regulations and policies in place. We're going to make sure that mines only operate safely, soundly."Lamb, Jason [" 'Governor's hat' off, Palin blasts Clean Water Initiative"](http://www.ktuu.com/global/story.asp?s=8885438) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909070831/http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S\=8885438 \|date\=September 9, 2008 }} [Anchorage, Alaska](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska "Anchorage, Alaska") August 22, 2008
### Overfishing
On April 13, 2012, appearance on *[Stossel](/wiki/Stossel_%28TV_series%29 "Stossel (TV series)")*, Palin related how, as a commercial fisherman, she saw firsthand how [Japanese](/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Japan "Fishing industry in Japan") [fishing trawlers](/wiki/Fishing_trawler "Fishing trawler") were responsible for "pretty much raping the bottom of the ocean floor before there was strict regulation on overfishing, and these Japanese trawlers, with 20\-mile long nets, being able to overfish and then waste the bycatch. The rest of us, like commercial fishermen, we sit there saying, 'Well, pretty soon, there's not going to be a species left for us to help feed the rest of the world.'" Host [John Stossel](/wiki/John_Stossel "John Stossel") referred to such abusive fishing practices as an example of the [tragedy of the commons](/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons "Tragedy of the commons") and suggested giving different groups private rights over different parts of the ocean.[(At 4:15\)](http://conservatives4palin.com/2012/04/governor-palin-talks-to-john-stossel.html). Conservatives4Palin.com. Retrieved on April 14, 2012\.
### Predator control
In 2007, Palin supported the [Alaska Department of Fish and Game](/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Fish_and_Game "Alaska Department of Fish and Game") policy allowing Alaska the hunting of [wolves](/wiki/Wolf "Wolf") from helicopters as part of a predator control program intended to increase [moose](/wiki/Moose "Moose") and [caribou](/wiki/Caribou "Caribou") populations.{{cite news\|title\=Lawmaker seeks to ban wolf hunting from planes, copters\|last\=Bolstad\|first\=Erika\|date\=September 26, 2007\|publisher\=Oakland Tribune}} The Program has come under criticism and legal actions from wildlife activists saying the purpose of the program is to increase the numbers of prey species to unsustainable levels for sport hunters, residents, and non\-residents of Alaska.
In May 2007, Palin introduced Bill 256 to streamline the Predator Program[" Alaska Department of Game and Fish"](http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/news/2007/5-11-07_nr.php) ADF \& G Press Release May 11, 2007, and make it more difficult for conservation groups to sue the State.["Palin wants to shoot down wolf lawsuits"](http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/wolves/story/298522.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919075843/http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/wolves/story/298522\.html \|date\=September 19, 2008 }} [Anchorage Daily News](/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News "Anchorage Daily News"), January 30, 2008
### Endangered species
#### Polar bears
In December 2007, Palin wrote an opinion column in which she described her opposition to the listing of [polar bears](/wiki/Polar_bears "Polar bears") as a [threatened species](/wiki/Threatened_species "Threatened species") under the [Endangered Species Act](/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act "Endangered Species Act"). In it she also said that the polar bear population is more numerous now than 40 years ago and "there is insufficient evidence of polar bears becoming extinct in the foreseeable future".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.adn.com/opinion/story/238813\.html \|title\=Alaska takes seriously its job of protecting polar bears \|publisher\=Adn.com \|author\=Gov. Sarah Palin \|date\=December 18, 2007 \|access\-date\=September 8, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220051533/http://www.adn.com/opinion/story/238813\.html \|archive\-date\=February 20, 2008 }}Palin, Sarah ["Bearing Up"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/05/opinion/05palin.html) [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") January 5, 2008 After [Dirk Kempthorne](/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne "Dirk Kempthorne"), the Republican Secretary of the [United States Department of the Interior](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior "United States Department of the Interior"), listed the bear as [threatened](/wiki/Threatened_species "Threatened species") on May 14, 2008, Palin (representing the state of Alaska) sued the federal government, arguing that the listing would adversely affect energy development in the bears' habitat off Alaska's northern and northwestern coasts, while again questioning the scientific basis for the listing.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.adn.com/polarbears/story/413710\.html \|title\=State will sue over polar bear listing, Palin says \|last\=Joling \|first\=Dan \|date\=May 22, 2008 \|work\=\[\[Anchorage Daily News]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901140955/http://www.adn.com/polarbears/story/413710\.html \|archive\-date\=September 1, 2008 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id\=5689165\&page\=1 \|title\=Palin Fought Polar Bear Protections – ABC News \|publisher\=ABC News \|date\=August 31, 2008 \|access\-date\=May 28, 2010}}
Palin claimed that scientists found no ill effects of global warming on the polar bear, a claim disputed by Alaskan state scientists{{cite web \|url\=http://www.adn.com/polarbears/story/416432\.html \|title\=E\-mail reveals state dispute over polar bear listing: Polar Bear News \|publisher\=Adn.com \|author\=Tom Kizzia \|date\=May 25, 2008 \|access\-date\=September 8, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919075434/http://www.adn.com/polarbears/story/416432\.html \|archive\-date\=September 19, 2008 }} and environmental groups.
#### Beluga whales
[right\|thumb\|**Cook Inlet** stretches {{convert\|180\|mi\|km}} from the [Gulf of Alaska](/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska "Gulf of Alaska") to [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska "Anchorage, Alaska") in south\-central Alaska.{{cite web
\|url\=http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/sid/hopkins\_files/Seaice/Cook\_inlet.htm
\|title\=Cook Inlet, Alaska
\|access\-date\=February 3, 2007
\|url\-status\=dead
\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611043401/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/sid/hopkins\_files/Seaice/Cook\_inlet.htm
\|archive\-date\=June 11, 2007
}}](/wiki/File:Wpdms_shdrlfi020l_cook_inlet_with_arms.jpg "Wpdms shdrlfi020l cook inlet with arms.jpg")
Palin opposed strengthening protections for [beluga whales](/wiki/Beluga_whale "Beluga whale") in Alaska's Cook Inlet.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1837868,00\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904022010/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1837868,00\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=September 4, 2008\|title\=Palin on the Environment: Far Right\|date\=September 1, 2008\|access\-date\=September 4, 2008\|magazine\=Time\|author\=Bryan Walsh}} She cited state scientists who claimed that hunting was the only factor causing the whales' decline and that the hunting had been effectively controlled through cooperative agreements with Alaska Native organizations.{{cite web\|url\=http://gov.state.ak.us/archive\-24287\.html \|title\=Governor Palin Urges Feds to not list Belugas as Endangered \|publisher\=State of Alaska \|date\=August 7, 2007 \|access\-date\=September 3, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902183202/http://www1\.gov.state.ak.us/archive\-24287\.html \|archive\-date\=September 2, 2008 }} Recent research states that hunting controls have halted the decline of beluga whales in Cook's Inlet but that the population remains severely depleted and at high risk of extinction.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/statusreviews/belugawhale\_cookinlet.pdf\|title\=2008 Status Review and Extinction Risk Assessment of Cook Inlet Belugas\|publisher\=U.S. Department of Commerce\|date\=April 2008\|access\-date\=September 7, 2008}}Hunter, Don. "Alaska's beluga whales in decline: Federal assessment shows chance of extinction in 100 years", *Anchorage Daily News*, January 8, 2007\. ["Cook Inlet beluga whales in decline"](http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/marine/v-printer/story/8547228p-8440951c.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914101459/http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/marine/v\-printer/story/8547228p\-8440951c.html \|date\=September 14, 2008 }} The Cook Inlet Beluga Whale was declared an endangered species by the Bush Administration on October 17, 2008\.Weiss, Kenneth R. ["Bush administration declares Alaska's Beluga whales endangered"](https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-beluga18-2008oct18,0,4539370.story) October 17, 2008, The Los Angeles Times["NOAA Lists Cook Inlet Beluga Whale as Endangered"](http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2008/20081017_belugawhale.html) October 17, 2008 [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"), [United States Department of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce")
|
[
"Energy and environment\n----------------------",
"### Department of Energy",
"Palin told *[Newsweek](/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")* that she favors revamping or even eliminating the [United States Department of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy \"United States Department of Energy\"), along with other [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States \"Cabinet of the United States\")\\-level departments, to reduce the [Federal debt](/wiki/Government_debt \"Government debt\"). \"That's the kind of grand reform that is very, very difficult to do. But it can be done,\" she said.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/07/10/palin\\-plots\\-her\\-next\\-move.html \\|title\\=Sarah Palin Plots Her Next Move \\|date\\=July 10, 2011 \\|magazine\\=Newsweek \\|first\\=Peter J. \\|last\\=Boyer \\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2020 }}",
"### Natural gas pipeline",
"In June 2008, Palin said that she would work to create jobs by building a pipeline to bring North Slope natural gas to North American markets.Johnson, Gene, *Associated Press*, September 3, 2008\\.[\"Palin: Iraq war 'a task that is from God'](https://web.archive.org/web/20080908111604/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080903/ap_on_el_pr/cvn_palin_iraq_war) In her acceptance speech at the GOP in September 2008, Palin said: \"I fought to bring about the largest private\\-sector infrastructure project in North American history,\" \"And when that deal was struck, we began a nearly forty billion dollars natural gas pipeline to help lead America to energy independence.\" TransCanada projects the pipeline to be operational by late 2018, barring unforeseen obstacles.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/11/us/politics/11pipeline.html?ref\\=business\n\\|title\\=Palin's Pipeline Is Years From Being a Reality\\|author1\\=Kovaleski, Serge F. \\|author2\\=Mike McIntire \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|date\\=September 11, 2008 \\|work\\=New York Times}}",
"### Nuclear energy",
"As part of her written comments in July 2009 regarding Obama's cap\\-and\\-trade energy plan, Palin included that \"... every state can consider the possibility of [nuclear energy](/wiki/Nuclear_power \"Nuclear power\")\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jul/14/sarah\\-palin\\-energy\\-obama \\|title\\=Drill, baby, drill \\|last\\=Palin \\|first\\=Sarah \\|date\\=July 14, 2009 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|publisher\\=Guardian News and Media \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2009 \\|location\\=London}} This includes new model [nuclear reactors](/wiki/Nuclear_reactor \"Nuclear reactor\"), such as those developed by [Hyperion Power Generation](/wiki/Hyperion_Power_Generation \"Hyperion Power Generation\"), such as the deployment of a 225MW reactor for Alaska.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/big\\-alaska\\-looks\\-to\\-small\\-nuclear/ \\|title\\=Big Alaska Looks to Small Nuclear \\|first\\=Stefan \\|last\\=Milkowski \\|date\\=June 30, 2009 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2009}} Furthermore, she supports the overhaul of nuclear regulatory regime to allow the ready deployment of these new, smaller, nuclear reactors.",
"### Oil and gas development",
"[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Map: 1002 Area, the proposed drilling area](/wiki/File:Anwrmap.jpg \"Anwrmap.jpg\")\nAs governor, Palin strongly promoted [oil](/wiki/Oil_reserves \"Oil reserves\") and natural gas resource development in Alaska, and advocates exposing the [Arctic National Wildlife Refuge](/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy \"Arctic Refuge drilling controversy\") to drilling,{{cite news\\|first \\=Sarah \\|last \\= Palin\n\\|url \\= http://www.ontheissues.org/Governor/Sarah\\_Palin\\_Environment.htm\n\\|title \\= State of the State Address Jan 17, 2007\\|date \\= January 17, 2007\\|access\\-date \\= August 29, 2008}} controverting McCain's position.{{cite news\\|title\\=Sarah Palin on Climate Change \\& Drilling in ANWR\\|first\\=Charlie \\|last\\=Gibson\\|publisher\\=ABC News \\|date\\=September 12, 2008}}",
"In an interview with *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* in 2008, Palin argued that [energy independence](/wiki/North_American_energy_independence \"North American energy independence\") through [ANWR drilling](/wiki/ANWR_Drilling \"ANWR Drilling\") was essential to reducing American dependence on hostile foreign regimes.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1837536\\-2,00\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831231558/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1837536\\-2,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2008\\|title\\=Transcript: TIME's interview with Sarah Palin\\|last\\=Newton\\-Small\\|first\\=Jay\\|date\\=August 29, 2008\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]\\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2008}} \"We need to drill, drill, drill,\" she told the Wall Street Journal; she argues that \"ANWR is only the size of the [Los Angeles airport](/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport \"Los Angeles International Airport\"), and drilling there isn't environmentally destructive.\"{{cite news\\|first\\=Britt \\|last\\=Collins\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/sep/17/poles.wildlife\\|title\\=Sarah Palin: The ice queen; Sarah Palin, the Republican party's vice\\-president nominee, governs an oil\\-rich area that has seen some of the most dramatic effects of climate change. So what's her record on environmental concerns?\\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=September 17, 2008\\|location\\=London}}\nTo assuage a fear that oil and gas development would be hampered by the listing of polar bears as a threatened species, Palin tried to sue the US government.",
"Palin told [RealClearPolitics](/wiki/RealClearPolitics \"RealClearPolitics\") on May 31, 2011, that she supports the elimination of all energy [subsidies](/wiki/Subsidy \"Subsidy\"), such those for [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol \"Ethanol\"): \"I think that all of our energy subsidies need to be relooked at today and eliminated, and we need to make sure that we're investing and allowing our businesses to invest in reliable energy products right now that aren't going to necessitate subsidies because, bottom line, we can't afford it.\" She continued, \"We've got to allow the free market to dictate what's most efficient and economical for our nation's economy.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2011/05/31/palin\\_eliminate\\_all\\_energy\\_subsidies.html\\|title \\= Palin: Eliminate All Energy Subsidies \\| RealClearPolitics}}",
"### Global warming",
"Palin has not completely ruled out manmade [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming \"Global warming\"): \"I believe that man's activities certainly can be contributing to the issue of global warming, climate change.\"Alex Koppelman.[\"Palin flip\\-flops on global warming\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090114074555/https://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2008/09/12/palin_global_warming/); Salon, September 12, 2008",
"On September 14, 2007, Palin signed an administrative order creating a Climate Change Sub\\-Cabinet charged with preparing a climate change strategy for Alaska.[Alaska Climate Change Strategy official site](http://www.climatechange.alaska.gov/). Climatechange.alaska.gov. Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\. Within her executive order, Palin described warming as a \"global challenge\" and sought \"opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from Alaska sources, including the expanded use of [alternative fuels](/wiki/Alternative_fuel \"Alternative fuel\"), energy conservation, energy efficiency, renewable energy, land use management, and transportation planning.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://gov.state.ak.us/admin\\-orders/238\\.html \\|title\\=Administrative Order No. 238 \\|last\\=Palin \\|first\\=Sarah \\|date\\=September 14, 2007 \\|work\\=gov.state.ak.us \\|publisher\\=Officer of the Governor of Alaska \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2009}} In April 2009 Palin acknowledged that \"Simply waiting for low\\-carbon\\-emitting renewable capacity to be large enough will mean that it will be too late to meet the mitigation goals for reducing \\[carbon dioxide] that will be required under most credible climate\\-change models.\"[Palin sees gas drilling as a step to curb global warming](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-apr-15-na-palin15-story.html). Articles.latimes.com (April 15, 2009\\). Retrieved on June 4, 2011\\. In a December 2009 editorial, she wrote, \"Our representatives in Copenhagen should remember that good environmental policymaking is about weighing real\\-world costs and benefits – not pursuing a political agenda. That's not to say I deny the reality of some changes in climate – far from it. I saw the impact of changing weather patterns firsthand while serving as governor of our only Arctic state.\" and \"But while we recognize the occurrence of these natural, cyclical environmental trends, we can't say with assurance that man's activities cause weather changes. We can say, however, that any potential benefits of proposed emissions reduction policies are far outweighed by their economic costs.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2009/12/08/AR2009120803402\\.html \\|title\\=Copenhagen's political science \\|last\\=Palin \\|first\\=Sarah \\|date\\=December 9, 2009 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|access\\-date\\=December 15, 2009}}",
"### Water",
"While governor, Palin opposed [The Alaska Clean Water Act](https://web.archive.org/web/20080903235016/http://www.elections.alaska.gov/petitions/07wtr3.pdf) saying that \"very stringent regulations and policies \\[were] already in place.\"Lamb, Jason. \"'Governor's hat' off, Palin blasts Clean Water initiative\", *KTUU News*, August 22, 2008\\. [Available online.](http://www.ktuu.com/global/story.asp?s=8885438) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909070831/http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S\\=8885438 \\|date\\=September 9, 2008 }}\nThe Clean Water Initiative was voted on as Ballot Measure 4 on August 26, 2008,Harris, Richard: Publisher; Lund, Betsy: Managing Editor; Herman, Drew: Assistant Editor [\"Clean Water Act lets citizens put the industry on the right path\"](http://www.kodiakdailymirror.com/?pid=19&id=6547) [Kodiak Daily Mirror](/wiki/Kodiak_Daily_Mirror \"Kodiak Daily Mirror\"), August 15, 2008 and lost by a vote of about 57 percent against and 43 percent for the measure.[\"Ballot measures find little support from Alaskans\"](http://www.newsminer.com/news/2008/aug/27/ballot-measures-find-little-support-alaskans), newsminer.com. [Fairbanks, Alaska](/wiki/Fairbanks%2C_Alaska \"Fairbanks, Alaska\"), August 27, 2008\\. {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919003713/http://www.newsminer.com/news/2008/aug/27/ballot\\-measures\\-find\\-little\\-support\\-alaskans \\|date\\=September 19, 2008 }} The measure was designed to impose higher water quality standards on a large scale mining operation, known as the [Pebble Mine](/wiki/Pebble_Mine \"Pebble Mine\"), near the [Bristol Bay](/wiki/Bristol_Bay \"Bristol Bay\").Roosevelt, Margot [\"Alaskan economy faces a fork in the river\"](https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/la-na-mine1sep01,0,6038649.story) [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\"), September 1, 2007 {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424030011/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/la\\-na\\-mine1sep01%2C0%2C6038649\\.story \\|date\\=April 24, 2008 }}",
"Palin voiced her opposition to Measure 4, saying \"Let me take my governor's hat off for just a minute here and tell you, personally, Prop 4\\- I vote no on that\", she said. \"I have all the confidence in the world that (the Department of Environmental Conservation) and our (Department of Natural Resources) has great, very stringent regulations and policies in place. We're going to make sure that mines only operate safely, soundly.\"Lamb, Jason [\" 'Governor's hat' off, Palin blasts Clean Water Initiative\"](http://www.ktuu.com/global/story.asp?s=8885438) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909070831/http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S\\=8885438 \\|date\\=September 9, 2008 }} [Anchorage, Alaska](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska \"Anchorage, Alaska\") August 22, 2008",
"### Overfishing",
"On April 13, 2012, appearance on *[Stossel](/wiki/Stossel_%28TV_series%29 \"Stossel (TV series)\")*, Palin related how, as a commercial fisherman, she saw firsthand how [Japanese](/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Japan \"Fishing industry in Japan\") [fishing trawlers](/wiki/Fishing_trawler \"Fishing trawler\") were responsible for \"pretty much raping the bottom of the ocean floor before there was strict regulation on overfishing, and these Japanese trawlers, with 20\\-mile long nets, being able to overfish and then waste the bycatch. The rest of us, like commercial fishermen, we sit there saying, 'Well, pretty soon, there's not going to be a species left for us to help feed the rest of the world.'\" Host [John Stossel](/wiki/John_Stossel \"John Stossel\") referred to such abusive fishing practices as an example of the [tragedy of the commons](/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons \"Tragedy of the commons\") and suggested giving different groups private rights over different parts of the ocean.[(At 4:15\\)](http://conservatives4palin.com/2012/04/governor-palin-talks-to-john-stossel.html). Conservatives4Palin.com. Retrieved on April 14, 2012\\.",
"### Predator control",
"In 2007, Palin supported the [Alaska Department of Fish and Game](/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Fish_and_Game \"Alaska Department of Fish and Game\") policy allowing Alaska the hunting of [wolves](/wiki/Wolf \"Wolf\") from helicopters as part of a predator control program intended to increase [moose](/wiki/Moose \"Moose\") and [caribou](/wiki/Caribou \"Caribou\") populations.{{cite news\\|title\\=Lawmaker seeks to ban wolf hunting from planes, copters\\|last\\=Bolstad\\|first\\=Erika\\|date\\=September 26, 2007\\|publisher\\=Oakland Tribune}} The Program has come under criticism and legal actions from wildlife activists saying the purpose of the program is to increase the numbers of prey species to unsustainable levels for sport hunters, residents, and non\\-residents of Alaska.",
"In May 2007, Palin introduced Bill 256 to streamline the Predator Program[\" Alaska Department of Game and Fish\"](http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/news/2007/5-11-07_nr.php) ADF \\& G Press Release May 11, 2007, and make it more difficult for conservation groups to sue the State.[\"Palin wants to shoot down wolf lawsuits\"](http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/wolves/story/298522.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919075843/http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/wolves/story/298522\\.html \\|date\\=September 19, 2008 }} [Anchorage Daily News](/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News \"Anchorage Daily News\"), January 30, 2008",
"### Endangered species",
"#### Polar bears",
"In December 2007, Palin wrote an opinion column in which she described her opposition to the listing of [polar bears](/wiki/Polar_bears \"Polar bears\") as a [threatened species](/wiki/Threatened_species \"Threatened species\") under the [Endangered Species Act](/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act \"Endangered Species Act\"). In it she also said that the polar bear population is more numerous now than 40 years ago and \"there is insufficient evidence of polar bears becoming extinct in the foreseeable future\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/opinion/story/238813\\.html \\|title\\=Alaska takes seriously its job of protecting polar bears \\|publisher\\=Adn.com \\|author\\=Gov. Sarah Palin \\|date\\=December 18, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220051533/http://www.adn.com/opinion/story/238813\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2008 }}Palin, Sarah [\"Bearing Up\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/05/opinion/05palin.html) [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") January 5, 2008 After [Dirk Kempthorne](/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne \"Dirk Kempthorne\"), the Republican Secretary of the [United States Department of the Interior](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior \"United States Department of the Interior\"), listed the bear as [threatened](/wiki/Threatened_species \"Threatened species\") on May 14, 2008, Palin (representing the state of Alaska) sued the federal government, arguing that the listing would adversely affect energy development in the bears' habitat off Alaska's northern and northwestern coasts, while again questioning the scientific basis for the listing.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/polarbears/story/413710\\.html \\|title\\=State will sue over polar bear listing, Palin says \\|last\\=Joling \\|first\\=Dan \\|date\\=May 22, 2008 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Anchorage Daily News]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901140955/http://www.adn.com/polarbears/story/413710\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 1, 2008 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id\\=5689165\\&page\\=1 \\|title\\=Palin Fought Polar Bear Protections – ABC News \\|publisher\\=ABC News \\|date\\=August 31, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2010}}",
"Palin claimed that scientists found no ill effects of global warming on the polar bear, a claim disputed by Alaskan state scientists{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/polarbears/story/416432\\.html \\|title\\=E\\-mail reveals state dispute over polar bear listing: Polar Bear News \\|publisher\\=Adn.com \\|author\\=Tom Kizzia \\|date\\=May 25, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919075434/http://www.adn.com/polarbears/story/416432\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 19, 2008 }} and environmental groups.",
"#### Beluga whales",
"[right\\|thumb\\|**Cook Inlet** stretches {{convert\\|180\\|mi\\|km}} from the [Gulf of Alaska](/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska \"Gulf of Alaska\") to [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska \"Anchorage, Alaska\") in south\\-central Alaska.{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/sid/hopkins\\_files/Seaice/Cook\\_inlet.htm\n \\|title\\=Cook Inlet, Alaska\n \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2007\n\\|url\\-status\\=dead\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611043401/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/sid/hopkins\\_files/Seaice/Cook\\_inlet.htm\n \\|archive\\-date\\=June 11, 2007\n}}](/wiki/File:Wpdms_shdrlfi020l_cook_inlet_with_arms.jpg \"Wpdms shdrlfi020l cook inlet with arms.jpg\")",
"Palin opposed strengthening protections for [beluga whales](/wiki/Beluga_whale \"Beluga whale\") in Alaska's Cook Inlet.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1837868,00\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904022010/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1837868,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=September 4, 2008\\|title\\=Palin on the Environment: Far Right\\|date\\=September 1, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=September 4, 2008\\|magazine\\=Time\\|author\\=Bryan Walsh}} She cited state scientists who claimed that hunting was the only factor causing the whales' decline and that the hunting had been effectively controlled through cooperative agreements with Alaska Native organizations.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gov.state.ak.us/archive\\-24287\\.html \\|title\\=Governor Palin Urges Feds to not list Belugas as Endangered \\|publisher\\=State of Alaska \\|date\\=August 7, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902183202/http://www1\\.gov.state.ak.us/archive\\-24287\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=September 2, 2008 }} Recent research states that hunting controls have halted the decline of beluga whales in Cook's Inlet but that the population remains severely depleted and at high risk of extinction.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/statusreviews/belugawhale\\_cookinlet.pdf\\|title\\=2008 Status Review and Extinction Risk Assessment of Cook Inlet Belugas\\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Commerce\\|date\\=April 2008\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2008}}Hunter, Don. \"Alaska's beluga whales in decline: Federal assessment shows chance of extinction in 100 years\", *Anchorage Daily News*, January 8, 2007\\. [\"Cook Inlet beluga whales in decline\"](http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/marine/v-printer/story/8547228p-8440951c.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914101459/http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/marine/v\\-printer/story/8547228p\\-8440951c.html \\|date\\=September 14, 2008 }} The Cook Inlet Beluga Whale was declared an endangered species by the Bush Administration on October 17, 2008\\.Weiss, Kenneth R. [\"Bush administration declares Alaska's Beluga whales endangered\"](https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-beluga18-2008oct18,0,4539370.story) October 17, 2008, The Los Angeles Times[\"NOAA Lists Cook Inlet Beluga Whale as Endangered\"](http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2008/20081017_belugawhale.html) October 17, 2008 [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration \"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\"), [United States Department of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce \"United States Department of Commerce\")",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Junior career
As a 15\-year\-old, Cloutier played Junior B with the [St. Thomas Stars](/wiki/St._Thomas_Stars "St. Thomas Stars") of the [Western Ontario Hockey League](/wiki/Western_Ontario_Hockey_League "Western Ontario Hockey League") (WOHL). He recorded a 5\.83 [goals against average](/wiki/Goals_against_average "Goals against average") (GAA) over 14 games in his lone season with the team in 1991–92\.
The [following season](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_OHL_season "1992–93 OHL season"), Cloutier began a four\-year career in the [Ontario Hockey League](/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League "Ontario Hockey League") (OHL), debuting with the [Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds](/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_Greyhounds "Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds"). He played in 12 games (4–6–0\){{\#tag:ref\|The remaining 2 games consistute "non\-decisions" in which Cloutier was not on the ice when the game\-winning goal was scored.\|group\=notes}} with the Greyounds, recording a 4\.62 GAA in the regular season. In the 1993 OHL playoffs, Cloutier appeared in an additional four games, winning one and losing two, as part of the Greyhounds' run to the [J. Ross Robertson Cup](/wiki/J._Ross_Robertson_Cup "J. Ross Robertson Cup") Finals. Although they lost the league championship to the [Peterborough Petes](/wiki/Peterborough_Petes "Peterborough Petes") four\-games\-to\-one, the Greyhounds still qualified for the [1993 Memorial Cup](/wiki/1993_Memorial_Cup "1993 Memorial Cup") as the tournament's host team. The Greyhounds met the Petes again in the Memorial Cup final, defeating them by a 4–2 score. Cloutier did not appear in any Memorial Cup games, in lieu of starter [Kevin Hodson](/wiki/Kevin_Hodson "Kevin Hodson"). During his rookie season in the OHL, he also played in five games at the Junior A level with the [Timmins Golden Bears](/wiki/Timmins_Golden_Bears "Timmins Golden Bears") of the [Northern Ontario Junior Hockey Association](/wiki/Northern_Ontario_Junior_Hockey_Association "Northern Ontario Junior Hockey Association").
Cloutier assumed the starting position with the Greyhounds in [1993–94](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_OHL_season "1993–94 OHL season"), posting 28 wins, 14 losses and 6 ties, along with a 3\.56 GAA and .890 [save percentage](/wiki/Save_percentage "Save percentage"). Appearing in an additional 14 playoff games, he led the Greyhounds to the OHL semifinals, where they were defeated by the [Detroit Jr. Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Jr._Red_Wings "Detroit Jr. Red Wings").
In the off\-season, Cloutier was selected by the [New York Rangers](/wiki/New_York_Rangers "New York Rangers") 26th overall in the [1994 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/1994_NHL_Entry_Draft "1994 NHL Entry Draft"). He was the third\-ranked goaltender playing in North America by the [NHL Central Scouting Bureau](/wiki/NHL_Central_Scouting_Bureau "NHL Central Scouting Bureau") and the fourth goaltender taken in the draft.{{cite news\|title\=1994 NHL Entry Draft: Rangers go for goalie at end of first round\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/114666721\.html?dids\=114666721:114666721\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Jun\+29%2C\+1994\&author\=PAUL\+DOYLE%3B\+Courant\+Staff\+Writer\&pub\=Hartford\+Courant\&desc\=1994\+NHL\+ENTRY\+DRAFT\+RANGERS\+GO\+FOR\+GOALIE\+AT\+END\+OF\+FIRST\+ROUND\&pqatl\=google\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122408/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/114666721\.html?dids\=114666721:114666721\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Jun\+29,\+1994\&author\=PAUL\+DOYLE%3B\+Courant\+Staff\+Writer\&pub\=Hartford\+Courant\&desc\=1994\+NHL\+ENTRY\+DRAFT\+RANGERS\+GO\+FOR\+GOALIE\+AT\+END\+OF\+FIRST\+ROUND\&pqatl\=google\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=November 6, 2012\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-21\|date\=1994\-06\-29\|work\=\[\[Hartford Courant]]\|location\=Hartford, Connecticut\|author\=Doyle, Paul}} Appearing in his first NHL training camp in September 1994, he was returned to the OHL by the middle of the month.{{cite news\|title\=Transactions\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/14/sports/transactions\-237795\.html?scp\=3\&sq\=%22dan\+cloutier%22\&st\=nyt\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-21\|date\=1994\-09\-14\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]}}
During his third junior season in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_NHL_season "1994–95 NHL season"), Cloutier recorded a 4\.41 GAA in 45 games (15–26–2\). As a team, the Greyhounds struggled and finished out of the playoffs. In the off\-season, Cloutier was signed by the Rangers to an NHL contract on July 7, 1995\.{{cite news\|title\=Rangers sign two top picks\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/07/sports/hockey\-rangers\-to\-sign\-two\-top\-picks.html?src\=pm\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-08\|date\=1995\-07\-07\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]}}
Despite his NHL contract, Cloutier remained in the OHL for the [1995–96 season](/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_OHL_season "1995–96 OHL season"). In his 12th game of the season with Sault Ste. Marie, he suffered a shoulder injury that sidelined him for two months.{{cite news\|title\=Storm edges Detroit in OT\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/497638511\.html?FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Jan\+20%2C\+1996\&author\=\&pub\=Waterloo\+Region\+Record\&desc\=Storm\+edges\+Detroit\+in\+OT\&pqatl\=google\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-21\|date\=1996\-01\-20\|work\=The Record\|location\=Kitchener, Ontario\|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122345/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/497638511\.html?FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Jan\+20,\+1996\&author\=\&pub\=Waterloo\+Region\+Record\&desc\=Storm\+edges\+Detroit\+in\+OT\&pqatl\=google\|url\-status\=dead}} During his return to the lineup in a game against the [Windsor Spitfires](/wiki/Windsor_Spitfires "Windsor Spitfires") on January 2, 1996, he reaggravated the injury.{{cite news\|title\=New Guelph goalie living up to his reputation\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/497639621\.html?FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Jan\+22%2C\+1996\&author\=Karlo\+Berkovich\&pub\=Waterloo\+Region\+Record\&desc\=New\+Guelph\+goalie\+living\+up\+to\+his\+reputation\&pqatl\=google\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122359/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/497639621\.html?FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Jan\+22,\+1996\&author\=Karlo\+Berkovich\&pub\=Waterloo\+Region\+Record\&desc\=New\+Guelph\+goalie\+living\+up\+to\+his\+reputation\&pqatl\=google\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=November 6, 2012\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-21\|date\=1996\-01\-22\|work\=The Record\|location\=Kitchener, Ontario\|author\=Berkovich, Karlo}} While continuing to recover, he was dealt to the [Guelph Storm](/wiki/Guelph_Storm "Guelph Storm") at the trade deadline on January 10 in exchange for goaltender [Andy Adams](/wiki/Andy_Adams_%28ice_hockey%29 "Andy Adams (ice hockey)") and two draft picks. Splitting the campaign between the Greyhounds and Storm, he recorded a 2\.85 GAA in 30 games. As the Storm finished the season with lowest GAA in the league, Cloutier and backup [Brett Thompson](/wiki/Brett_Thompson_%28ice_hockey%29 "Brett Thompson (ice hockey)") were jointly awarded the [Dave Pinkney Trophy](/wiki/Dave_Pinkney_Trophy "Dave Pinkney Trophy"). Cloutier additionally received OHL Second All\-Star Team honours. In the playoffs, he recorded a 3\.14 GAA in 16 games. However, for the second time in four years, his team was defeated in the J. Ross Robertson Cup Finals by the Peterborough Petes. Despite losing the OHL title, Guelph earned a berth into the [1996 Memorial Cup](/wiki/1996_Memorial_Cup "1996 Memorial Cup") as the OHL's representative; the Petes had an automatic bye into the tournament as the host team. The Storm lost all three of their round\-robin games, failing to qualify for the Memorial Cup playoffs. Cloutier had a 4\.00 GAA in the three contests.
### Early career (1996–2001\)
Cloutier began his professional career in [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_AHL_season "1996–97 AHL season") with the [Binghamton Rangers](/wiki/Binghamton_Rangers "Binghamton Rangers") of the [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League "American Hockey League") (AHL), New York's minor league affiliate. He assumed the starting position in Binghamton as a rookie, posting a 3\.55 GAA and .892 save percentage to be named to the AHL All\-Rookie Team.{{Cite web\|title\=Dan Cloutier (1997–present)\|url\=http://hockeygoalies.org/bio/cloutierd.html\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-06\|publisher\=HockeyGoalies.org}} The following season, New York changed their AHL affiliate to the [Hartford Wolf Pack](/wiki/Hartford_Wolf_Pack "Hartford Wolf Pack"); Cloutier was consequently moved to Hartford for the club's inaugural season in [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_AHL_season "1998–99 AHL season"). By late\-December 1998, he earned a call\-up to the Rangers as backup goaltender [Jason Muzzatti](/wiki/Jason_Muzzatti "Jason Muzzatti") was demoted to the Wolf Pack.{{cite news\|title\=Rangers give Cloutier a chance, ready or not\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/31/sports/hockey\-rangers\-give\-cloutier\-a\-chance\-ready\-or\-not.html?src\=pm\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-08\|date\=1997\-12\-31\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|author\=Lapointe, Joe}} At the time of his call\-up, Rangers management established that although he would play backup to [Mike Richter](/wiki/Mike_Richter "Mike Richter"), they intended on giving him opportunities to play. In anticipation of Cloutier's NHL debut, the team's goaltending consultant, [Sam St. Laurent](/wiki/Sam_St._Laurent "Sam St. Laurent"), described his playing style as a combination of both [butterfly](/wiki/Butterfly_style "Butterfly style") and [stand\-up goaltending](/wiki/Stand-up_style "Stand-up style").
He appeared in his first NHL game on January 3, 1998, replacing Richter seven minutes into a contest against the [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals "Washington Capitals"). Cloutier stopped all 16 shots he faced to record his first NHL victory by a 3–2 score.{{cite news\|title\=Rookie goalkeeper stops Carolina\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=LyofAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2533,1496827\&dq\=dan\+cloutier\+player\+of\+the\+week\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-08\|date\=1998\-01\-04\|work\=\[\[Spartanburg Herald\-Journal\|Herald\-Journal]]\|location\=Spartanburg, South Carolina\|publisher\=\[\[New York Times Company]]}} He made his first NHL start the following game against the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") on January 6, 1998\. Stopping 26 shots, he helped the Rangers to a 4–2 win.{{cite news\|title\=With Cloutier Still In Goal, Rangers Win Again\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/07/sports/hockey\-with\-cloutier\-still\-in\-goal\-the\-rangers\-win\-again.html?src\=pm\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-08\|date\=1998\-01\-07\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|author\=Privman, Jay}} He played 12 games total in 1998–99, backing Richter up for the remainder of the season, recording 4 wins, 5 losses and a tie with a 2\.50 GAA and .907 save percentage.{{cite web\|title\=Dan Cloutier\|url\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/player.htm?id\=8460516\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-08\|publisher\=\[\[National Hockey League]]}} Perhaps his most well\-known performance as a Ranger was during a game against the [New York Islanders](/wiki/New_York_Islanders "New York Islanders") on April 4, 1998, in which he [fought](/wiki/Fighting_in_ice_hockey "Fighting in ice hockey") opposing goalie [Tommy Salo](/wiki/Tommy_Salo "Tommy Salo"). With seven minutes remaining in a 3–0 loss, several fights broke out between players. While Salo tried to intervene in a fight between the Rangers' [P. J. Stock](/wiki/P._J._Stock "P. J. Stock") and Islanders' [Mariusz Czerkawski](/wiki/Mariusz_Czerkawski "Mariusz Czerkawski"), Cloutier attacked the Islanders goaltender. The subsequent goalie fight resulted in Cloutier repeatedly punching Salo in the back of the head before taking it upon himself to stop. He proceeded to skate towards the Islanders bench, challenging the opposing players before being restrained by a referee.{{cite web\|title\=Rangers fall with a fight Milbury apology is a sorry excuse\|url\=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/rangers\-fall\-fight\-milbury\-apology\-excuse\-article\-1\.787595\|access\-date\=2014\-12\-16\|date\=1998\-04\-05\|work\=\[\[New York Daily News]]\|author\=Brown, Frank}}
In the 1998 off\-season, the Rangers signed goaltender [Kay Whitmore](/wiki/Kay_Whitmore "Kay Whitmore") who Cloutier competed with to retain his backup position.{{cite news\|title\=Whitmore signed as a backup\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/18/sports/plus\-hockey\-rangers\-whitmore\-signed\-as\-a\-backup.html?src\=pm\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-08\|date\=1998\-08\-18\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]}} Whitmore spent the season in the minors as Cloutier was kept on the Rangers roster in [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NHL_season "1998–99 NHL season").{{cite web\|title\=Kay Whitmore\|url\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/player.htm?id\=8452440\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-08\|publisher\=\[\[National Hockey League]]}} Playing in his first full NHL season, Cloutier appeared in 22 games (6 wins, 8 losses, 3 ties) with a 2\.68 GAA and .914 save percentage.
The following off\-season, Cloutier was traded on the day of the [1999 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/1999_NHL_Entry_Draft "1999 NHL Entry Draft") (June 26, 1999\) to the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning "Tampa Bay Lightning"). He was sent to Tampa Bay, along with winger [Niklas Sundstrom](/wiki/Niklas_Sundstrom "Niklas Sundstrom"), a first\-round selection ([Nikita Alexeev](/wiki/Nikita_Alexeev "Nikita Alexeev")) in [2000](/wiki/2000_NHL_Entry_Draft "2000 NHL Entry Draft") and a third\-round selection (subsequently traded) in 2000, for the Lightning's first\-round selection in that year's draft ([Pavel Brendl](/wiki/Pavel_Brendl "Pavel Brendl")). With the departure of Tampa Bay's previous starter, [Bill Ranford](/wiki/Bill_Ranford "Bill Ranford"), to the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings "Detroit Red Wings") and [Darren Puppa](/wiki/Darren_Puppa "Darren Puppa") nearing the end of his career, Cloutier assumed the starting position for his new club. Cloutier's first season as an NHL starter was interrupted on several occasions with numerous injuries and a suspension. He suffered a strained groin early in the campaign on November 18, 1999, forcing him out of two games. On January 14, 2000, he was suspended by the league for four games after an incident with Islanders forward [Tim Connolly](/wiki/Tim_Connolly "Tim Connolly"). After the two collided, Cloutier cross\-checked Connolly, then kicked his head (Connolly's helmet was intact) while he was lying face\-down on the ice.{{Cite news\|title\=Cloutier is suspended\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/47973531\.html?dids\=47973531:47973531\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Jan\+15%2C\+2000\&author\=\&pub\=The\+Washington\+Post\&desc\=Cloutier\+Is\+Suspended\&pqatl\=google\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122420/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/47973531\.html?dids\=47973531:47973531\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Jan\+15,\+2000\&author\=\&pub\=The\+Washington\+Post\&desc\=Cloutier\+Is\+Suspended\&pqatl\=google\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=November 6, 2012\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-21\|date\=2000\-01\-15\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]}} The following month, he re\-strained his groin on February 21 and missed four games. Cloutier missed another four contests beginning on March 14 after injuring his neck. His fourth injury of the season occurred on March 28, when he strained his [medial collateral ligament](/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament "Medial collateral ligament") (MCL) and missed five games. He finished the [1999–2000 season](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_NHL_season "1999–2000 NHL season") appearing in 52 games for the Lightning, recording 9 wins, 30 losses and 3 ties as the team finished second\-last in the league. He registered a 3\.49 GAA and .885 save percentage.
Injury troubles continued the following season, in [2000–01](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NHL_season "2000–01 NHL season"), as Cloutier was sidelined for nine games early in the season after straining his [biceps](/wiki/Biceps "Biceps") on October 22, 2000\. After recovering, he recorded his first NHL [shutout](/wiki/Shutout "Shutout"), making 26 saves, in a 3–0 win against the Detroit Red Wings on December 2, 2000\. He achieved the feat in his 95th career game in the NHL.{{cite news\|title\=Kolzig, Capitals shutdown Bruins\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=aUBUAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2189,746499\&dq\=dan\+cloutier\+first\+shutout\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-21\|date\=2000\-12\-03\|work\=\[\[Boca Raton News]]\|agency\=Associated Press}} During that month, head coach [Steve Ludzik](/wiki/Steve_Ludzik "Steve Ludzik") began playing backup [Kevin Weekes](/wiki/Kevin_Weekes "Kevin Weekes") in favour of Cloutier. By the trade deadline, Cloutier was dealt to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks "Vancouver Canucks") on February 7, 2001, in exchange for defenceman [Adrian Aucoin](/wiki/Adrian_Aucoin "Adrian Aucoin") and a second\-round selection in the [2001 draft](/wiki/2001_NHL_Entry_Draft "2001 NHL Entry Draft").{{cite news\|title\=Cloutier sent packing\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/68903778\.html?dids\=68903778:68903778\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Feb\+08%2C\+2001\&author\=DAMIAN\+CRISTODERO\&pub\=St.\+Petersburg\+Times\&desc\=Cloutier\+sent\+packing\&pqatl\=google\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130131161609/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/68903778\.html?dids\=68903778:68903778\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Feb\+08,\+2001\&author\=DAMIAN\+CRISTODERO\&pub\=St.\+Petersburg\+Times\&desc\=Cloutier\+sent\+packing\&pqatl\=google\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 31, 2013\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-21\|date\=2001\-02\-08\|work\=\[\[St. Petersburg Times]]\|author\=Cristodero, Damian}}
### Vancouver Canucks (2001–06\)
Upon arriving in Vancouver, Cloutier began sharing starts with veteran goaltender [Bob Essensa](/wiki/Bob_Essensa "Bob Essensa"); the Canucks' third goaltender, [Félix Potvin](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Potvin "Félix Potvin"), was traded away to the [Los Angeles Kings](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings "Los Angeles Kings") soon after Cloutier's acquisition.{{Cite news\|title\=Canucks trade Potvin to the Kings\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=oYlGAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2527,3422665\&dq\=felix\+potvin\+dan\+cloutier\+canucks\+kings\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-24\|date\=2001\-02\-16\|work\=\[\[The Daily Gazette]]}} Playing in 16 games with the Canucks to close out the [2000–01 season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NHL_season "2000–01 NHL season"), Cloutier recorded 4 wins, 6 losses and 5 ties, along with a 2\.43 GAA and .894 save percentage. He joined the Canucks at the end of the season, during the playoff drive, when the Canucks barely made the playoffs. It would be their first playoffs in 5 seasons. They were the last placed team at 90 points, tied with the Phoenix Coyotes, who also ended the season with 90 points. However, the Canucks won one more game than the Coyotes (36 vs. 35\) thus gaining the last playoff spot.
Playing the first\-seeded [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche "Colorado Avalanche") in the opening round, Cloutier made his first NHL post\-season appearance in game one, stopping 23 of 28 shots in a losing effort. Having surrendered five goals, including the game\-winner in the final minute after an ill\-advised poke\-check attempt, Essensa was given the start over Cloutier for the following two contests. After Essensa suffered a knee injury in game three,{{cite news\|title\=Canucks/Avalanche\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=JUpPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4360,4394464\&dq\=dan\+cloutier\+bob\+essensa\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-24\|date\=2001\-04\-14\|work\=\[\[Toledo Blade]]}} Cloutier was back in net for the fourth and final game of the series, a 5–1 loss.{{cite magazine\|title\=Colorado 5, Vancouver 1\|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/nhl/recaps/2001/04/18/van\_col/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010605142308/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/nhl/recaps/2001/04/18/van\_col/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=June 5, 2001\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-04\|date\=2001\-04\-18\|magazine\=\[\[Sports Illustrated]]\|location\=New York}} He had a 4\.63 GAA and .842 save percentage in his first two career playoff games. Despite the Canucks' early playoff exit, Cloutier's addition to the team helped bolster a young and improving team led by such players as captain [Markus Näslund](/wiki/Markus_N%C3%A4slund "Markus Näslund"), winger [Todd Bertuzzi](/wiki/Todd_Bertuzzi "Todd Bertuzzi") and defencemen [Ed Jovanovski](/wiki/Ed_Jovanovski "Ed Jovanovski") and [Mattias Öhlund](/wiki/Mattias_%C3%96hlund "Mattias Öhlund").{{cite news \|title\=Former Canucks captain Markus Naslund says having jersey retired an honour \|url\=http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/34440\-Former\-Canuck\-captain\-Markus\-Naslund\-says\-having\-jersey\-retired\-an\-honour.html \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-12 \|date\=2010\-07\-08 \|work\=\[\[The Hockey News]] \|agency\=Canadian Press \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313032544/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/34440\-Former\-Canuck\-captain\-Markus\-Naslund\-says\-having\-jersey\-retired\-an\-honour.html \|archive\-date\=March 13, 2012 }}
During the off\-season, both Canucks goaltenders became free agents. Cloutier was re\-signed on July 18, 2001,{{cite web\|title\=Dan Cloutier\|url\=http://tsn.ca/nhl/teams/players/bio/?id\=435\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-25\|publisher\=\[\[The Sports Network]]\|archive\-date\=2014\-08\-31\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831134842/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/teams/players/bio/?id\=435\|url\-status\=dead}} while Essensa agreed to a contract with the [Buffalo Sabres](/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres "Buffalo Sabres").{{cite news\|title\=Sabres sign Essensa to back up Biron in goal\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=g4UUAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2050,932871\&dq\=bob\+essensa\+canucks\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-24\|date\=2001\-08\-04\|work\=\[\[Toledo Blade]]}} With Essensa's departure, Cloutier established himself as the team's starting goaltender in [2001–02](/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_NHL_season "2001–02 NHL season"). He notched his first shutout as a Canuck on October 13, 2001, in a 4–0 win against the Avalanche.{{cite news\|title\=Canucks 4, Avalanche 0\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=XFFWAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6852,3809082\&dq\=dan\+cloutier\+shutout\+avalanche\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-25\|date\=2001\-10\-15\|work\=\[\[Eugene Register\-Guard]]\|agency\=Associated Press}} The following month, Cloutier was named NHL Player of the Week on November 6, 2001\. He earned a second such distinction near the end of the season on March 18, 2002\. Eight days later, he recorded his seventh and final shutout of the campaign in a 4–0 win against the Los Angeles Kings, setting a new team record. His seven shutouts surpassed [Gary Smith](/wiki/Gary_Smith_%28ice_hockey%29 "Gary Smith (ice hockey)") and [Garth Snow](/wiki/Garth_Snow "Garth Snow")'s previous team record of six, accomplished in [1974–75](/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_NHL_season "1974–75 NHL season") and [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NHL_season "1998–99 NHL season"), respectively. Cloutier's mark was later surpassed by [Roberto Luongo](/wiki/Roberto_Luongo "Roberto Luongo"), who recorded nine shutouts in [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NHL_season "2008–09 NHL season").{{cite web\|title\=Vancouver Canucks \- Single\-Season Shutout Leaders\|url\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?fetchKey\=00002VANGAHAll\&sort\=shutOuts\&viewName\=careerLeadersSingleSeasonGoaliesForTeam\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-08\|publisher\=\[\[National Hockey League]]}} Cloutier finished his first full season with Vancouver posting 31 wins, 22 losses and 5 ties with a 2\.43 GAA and .901 save percentage. He played in a career\-high 62 games despite missing nine games in January and February 2002 with an ankle injury.
Entering the [2002 playoffs](/wiki/2002_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2002 Stanley Cup playoffs") as the eighth seed for the second consecutive year, the Canucks faced the [Presidents' Trophy](/wiki/Presidents%27_Trophy "Presidents' Trophy")\-winning Detroit Red Wings in the opening round. With 32\- and 34\-save performances from Cloutier, the Canucks won the first two games of the series in Detroit.{{cite news\|title\=Canucks surprise Red Wings\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/18/sports/nhl\-roundup\-canucks\-surprise\-red\-wings.html\|access\-date\=2010\-08\-09\|date\=2002\-04\-18\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]}}{{cite news\|title\=Canucks maintain edge over Red Wings\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/20/sports/nhl\-playoff\-roundup\-canucks\-maintain\-edge\-over\-the\-red\-wings.html\|access\-date\=2010\-08\-09\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]\|date\=20 April 2002 }} In game three, the Canucks and Red Wings were tied with a minute remaining in the second period when Red Wings defenceman [Nicklas Lidström](/wiki/Nicklas_Lidstr%C3%B6m "Nicklas Lidström") scored on Cloutier with a [slapshot](/wiki/Slapshot "Slapshot") from centre ice.{{cite news\|title\=Hasek back in form; Red Wings down Canucks\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/hasek\-back\-in\-form\-red\-wings\-down\-canucks\-1\.325207\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-01\|date\=2002\-04\-22\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} The goal was observed by the media as a turning point in the series for both Cloutier and the Canucks as a team.{{cite news\|title\=Whatever happened to Dan Cloutier\|url\=http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=535725\&navid\=DL%7cVAN%7chome\|access\-date\=2010\-08\-09\|date\=2010\-08\-04\|publisher\=\[\[Vancouver Canucks]]\|author\=Andy Radia}} The Red Wings won game three, as well as the next three contests to eliminate the Canucks in six games; Cloutier was taken out of the game in the first period of the next two contests in favour of backup [Peter Skudra](/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Skudra "Pēteris Skudra").{{Cite news\|title\=Red Wings bounce Canucks, reach second round\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/cup02/games/2002\-04\-27\-det\-van.htm\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-25\|date\=2002\-04\-27\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|agency\=Associated Press}}
Cloutier began the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_NHL_season "2002–03 NHL season") by recording a shutout against the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames "Calgary Flames") on October 10, 2002\. It marked the first time in Canucks history that the team began the season with a shutout win. In November 2002, Cloutier won 11 of 12 games, including a team record 10 straight games, while recording a 2\.15 GAA and .920 save percentage. He was named NHL Player of the Month, becoming the fourth Canucks player in team history to receive the distinction.{{cite web\|title\=This day in Canucks history\|url\=http://canucks.nhl.com/club/page.htm?bcid\=663\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-08\|publisher\=\[\[Vancouver Canucks]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807123345/http://canucks.nhl.com/club/page.htm?bcid\=663\|archive\-date\=2011\-08\-07}} He suffered a setback in December 2002, when he missed three games with a knee injury. On February 17, 2003, he was named NHL Player of the Week for the third time in his career. Six days later, he recorded his 30th win of the season, becoming the first Canucks goaltender in team history to reach the plateau in back\-to\-back years. That same week, he suffered his second knee injury of the season and missed 10 games. He returned to the lineup by mid\-March to finish the season with Vancouver. After the Canucks ranked in the eighth and final playoff spot in Cloutier's first two seasons with the team, Cloutier helped lead them to within one point of the [Northwest Division](/wiki/Northwest_Division_%28NHL%29 "Northwest Division (NHL)") title in [2002–03](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_NHL_season "2002–03 NHL season"). In 57 games, he posted 33 wins, 16 losses and 7 ties with a 2\.42 GAA and .908 save percentage. Cloutier won the first and only playoff series of his career in [2003](/wiki/2003_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2003 Stanley Cup playoffs") as the Canucks eliminated the [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues "St. Louis Blues") in seven games. He made 33 saves in the deciding contest, a 4–1 win for Vancouver.{{cite news\|title\=Cloutier makes 33 saves in his first series win\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=230422022\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120718090606/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=230422022\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 18, 2012\|access\-date\=2011\-07\-12\|date\=2003\-04\-22\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|agency\=Associated Press}} Advancing to the second round against the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild "Minnesota Wild"), the Canucks took a three\-games\-to\-one lead. With Vancouver needing one more win to eliminate the Wild, Cloutier was taken out of Game 5 in favour of rookie [Alex Auld](/wiki/Alex_Auld "Alex Auld") after allowing six goals on 21 shots through two periods. As both teams were leaving the ice at the start of the second intermission, opposing goaltender [Dwayne Roloson](/wiki/Dwayne_Roloson "Dwayne Roloson") bumped Canucks forward [Trevor Linden](/wiki/Trevor_Linden "Trevor Linden"), prompting Cloutier to challenge Roloson; Cloutier threw two punches towards Roloson and received minor penalties for roughing and for leaving his crease. With Cloutier on the bench for the third period, the Canucks lost 7–2\.{{cite news\|title\=Wild score five unanswered goals in second period\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=230505022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031024012657/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=230505022\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=October 24, 2003\|access\-date\=2011\-07\-12\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|agency\=Associated Press}} In the following two games, Cloutier allowed nine goals on 40 shots as the Wild completed a three\-game comeback to eliminate the Canucks.{{Cite news\|title\=Wild sidestep elimination for fifth time this postseason\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=230507030\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030618210228/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=230507030\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=June 18, 2003\|access\-date\=2011\-07\-12\|date\=2003\-05\-07\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|agency\=Associated Press}}{{cite news\|title\=Wild finish comeback from 3\-1 series deficit\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=230508022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030603164217/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=230508022\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=June 3, 2003\|access\-date\=2011\-07\-12\|date\=2003\-05\-08\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|agency\=Associated Press}}
In the off\-season, Cloutier was re\-signed to a one\-year, $2\.5 million contract on July 15, 2003\. Nearly two months into the [subsequent season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_NHL_season "2003–04 NHL season"), Cloutier recorded his 100th career NHL win, making 31 saves in a 3–1 victory over the [Ottawa Senators](/wiki/Ottawa_Senators "Ottawa Senators") on November 27, 2003\.{{cite magazine\|title\=Crossbar helps Cloutier earn 100th career win as Canucks down Sens\|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2003/hockey/nhl/11/27/bc.hkn.canucks.senators.ap/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104052325/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2003/hockey/nhl/11/27/bc.hkn.canucks.senators.ap/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=November 4, 2012\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-25\|date\=2003\-11\-27\|magazine\=\[\[Sports Illustrated]]\|via\=Associated Press}} As the season progressed, Cloutier suffered several more injuries, the first of which was a groin injury in December 2003 that sidelined him for three games. He missed three more games before the season ended with cases of the flu and a lower\-body injury. On February 14, 2004, he was fined $1,000 by the league for hitting opposing forward [Ronald Petrovický](/wiki/Ronald_Petrovick%C3%BD "Ronald Petrovický") in the face with his blocker during a game against the [Atlanta Thrashers](/wiki/Atlanta_Thrashers "Atlanta Thrashers").{{Cite news\|title\=Fedorov gets milestone on first assist\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=240214022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404235421/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=240214022\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=April 4, 2004\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-25\|date\=2004\-02\-14\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]}}
[thumb\|250px\|Cloutier with the Canucks in 2005](/wiki/File:Dancloutier-skate.jpg "Dancloutier-skate.jpg")
Cloutier's regular season success with the Canucks continued in 2003–04, as he became the first goaltender in team history to record three consecutive 30\-win seasons.{{cite web\|title\=Canucks trade Cloutier to Kings\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/canucks\-trade\-cloutier\-to\-kings\-1\.620636\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-01\|date\=2006\-07\-05\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Over 60 games, he recorded 33 wins, 21 losses and 6 ties. His 2\.27 GAA, which established a Canucks team record (later surpassed by Roberto Luongo), and .914 save percentage were both career highs. In the opening round of the [2004 playoffs](/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2004 Stanley Cup playoffs") against the Calgary Flames, Cloutier suffered another injury, spraining his right ankle in the first period of game three.{{cite web\|title\=Canucks regroup without Cloutier\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/canucks\-regroup\-without\-cloutier\-1\.503527\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-01\|date\=2004\-04\-15\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} After [Johan Hedberg](/wiki/Johan_Hedberg "Johan Hedberg") initially replaced Cloutier, Alex Auld filled in for the final three games of the series; Vancouver was defeated in seven games.
As initial contract negotiations failed in the off\-season, Cloutier filed for [arbitration](/wiki/Arbitration "Arbitration") on July 16, 2004\. Arbitration was avoided by both sides when Cloutier agreed to a one\-year, $3 million contract 11 days later.{{cite news\|title\=Goalie gets 20 percent raise to $3 million\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id\=1847681\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-06\|date\=2004\-06\-27\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]}} Due to the [2004–05 NHL lockout](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout "2004–05 NHL lockout"), however, Cloutier spent the season mostly inactive until signing with [EC KAC](/wiki/EC_KAC "EC KAC") of the [Austrian Hockey League](/wiki/Austrian_Hockey_League "Austrian Hockey League") on January 20, 2005\. Replacing injured starter [Andrew Verner](/wiki/Andrew_Verner "Andrew Verner"),{{cite news\|title\=Hard to see how players can win this time\|url\=http://www.boston.com/sports/hockey/articles/2005/01/23/hard\_to\_see\_how\_players\_can\_win\_this\_time\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-06\|date\=2005\-01\-23\|work\=\[\[Boston Globe]] \| first\=Nancy \| last\=Marrapese\-Burrell}} he appeared in 13 games with the [Klagenfurt](/wiki/Klagenfurt "Klagenfurt")\-based team, going undefeated with a 1\.94 GAA. EC KAC finished the regular season second with the second\-best record in the league.{{Cite web\|title\=2004\-05 Austrian League\|url\=http://hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/aust19902005\.html\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-25\|publisher\=Hockeydb.com}} Cloutier appeared in 10 additional playoff games, recording a 2\.75 GAA. EC KAC advanced to the finals, where they were defeated four\-games\-to\-three by the [Vienna Capitals](/wiki/Vienna_Capitals "Vienna Capitals").
With NHL play set to resume in [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NHL_season "2005–06 NHL season"), Cloutier re\-signed with the Canucks to a two\-year, $5 million contract on August 18, 2005\.{{cite news\|title\=Roundup: Cloutier signs two\-year deal with Canucks\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2005\-08\-18\-free\-agents\_x.htm\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-25\|date\=2005\-08\-18\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|agency\=Associated Press}} Returning to the Canucks, he was injured early in the season during a game against the Avalanche on October 29, 2005\. Attempting to check Avalanche forward [Andrew Brunette](/wiki/Andrew_Brunette "Andrew Brunette"), Canucks defenceman [Nolan Baumgartner](/wiki/Nolan_Baumgartner "Nolan Baumgartner") collided with Cloutier, causing a goal and forcing Cloutier out of the game with both a [concussion](/wiki/Concussion "Concussion") and [whiplash](/wiki/Whiplash_%28medicine%29 "Whiplash (medicine)").{{cite web \|title\=Down and out: Concussion will keep Cloutier on sidelines \|url\=http://www.canada.com/vancouver/vancouversun/news/sports/story.html?id\=bda25df6\-4423\-4e39\-aea9\-ebd5f6584a0f \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-06 \|date\=2005\-10\-31 \|work\=\[\[Vancouver Sun]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511040816/http://www.canada.com/vancouver/vancouversun/news/sports/story.html?id\=bda25df6\-4423\-4e39\-aea9\-ebd5f6584a0f \|archive\-date\=2007\-05\-11 }} The injury caused him to miss five games. Soon after returning, Cloutier was re\-injured in a game against the [Mighty Ducks of Anaheim](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks "Anaheim Ducks") on November 20, when forward [Rob Niedermayer](/wiki/Rob_Niedermayer "Rob Niedermayer") skated into the crease and collided with Cloutier. He stayed in net to complete the game, a 3–2 win, and was on the bench the following game to backup Auld. However, after aggravating the knee in a practice on November 23, an [MRI](/wiki/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging "Magnetic Resonance Imaging") revealed a partially torn [anterior cruciate ligament](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament "Anterior cruciate ligament") (ACL). Electing for reconstructive knee surgery, occurring on December 15, Cloutier missed the remainder of the season.{{cite web\|title\=Goalie Dan Cloutier to miss remainder of season \|url\=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/sports/story.html?id\=9c352df9\-5460\-48da\-bf8b\-a1917aec1973\&k\=86534 \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-06 \|date\=2005\-12\-14 \|work\=\[\[Vancouver Sun]] \|author\=MacIntyre, Ian \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107021935/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/sports/story.html?id\=9c352df9\-5460\-48da\-bf8b\-a1917aec1973\&k\=86534 \|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-07 }}
As the Canucks missed the playoffs in [2006](/wiki/2006_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2006 Stanley Cup playoffs"), several changes were made to team personnel in the off\-season. One such change included the acquisition of [All\-Star](/wiki/National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game "National Hockey League All-Star Game") goaltender [Roberto Luongo](/wiki/Roberto_Luongo "Roberto Luongo") from the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers "Florida Panthers"). Shortly after Luongo was acquired, Cloutier was traded to the Los Angeles Kings on July 5, 2006, for a second\-round draft pick in [2007](/wiki/2007_NHL_Entry_Draft "2007 NHL Entry Draft") and a conditional pick in [2009](/wiki/2009_NHL_Entry_Draft "2009 NHL Entry Draft"). Cloutier finished his five\-and\-a\-half\-year tenure with the Canucks third on the team's all\-time wins list with 109, behind [Kirk McLean](/wiki/Kirk_McLean "Kirk McLean") and [Richard Brodeur](/wiki/Richard_Brodeur "Richard Brodeur"),{{cite web\|title\=Regular Season \- Vancouver Canucks \- Goalie \- Goalie Career Leaders For Team \- Wins\|url\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?fetchKey\=00002VANGAHAll\&sort\=wins\&viewName\=careerLeadersForTeamGoalies\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-28\|publisher\=\[\[National Hockey League]]}} and second in shutouts with 14, behind McLean.{{cite web\|title\=Regular Season \- Vancouver Canucks \- Goalie \- Goalie Career Leaders For Team \- Shutouts\|url\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?fetchKey\=00002VANGAHAll\&sort\=shutOuts\&viewName\=careerLeadersForTeamGoalies\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-28\|publisher\=\[\[National Hockey League]]}} In a 2012 interview following his retirement, Cloutier stated that he "loved playing in Vancouver the most" during his NHL career. He recalled the city's regeneration into a hockey market and described how the team went from playing home games that "seemed half full" to creating a "playoff game atmosphere every night."
### Los Angeles Kings (2006–08\)
[thumb\|right\|Cloutier with the Kings in 2006](/wiki/File:Dan_Cloutier_%28Kings%29.jpg "Dan Cloutier (Kings).jpg")
Leading up to the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NHL_season "2006–07 NHL season"), Cloutier signed a two\-year, $6\.2 million contract extension with the Kings on September 27, 2006\. He had one year, valued at $2\.55 million, remaining on his existing contract, which was transferred over from the Canucks.{{cite web\|title\=Cloutier inks extension with Kings\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/cloutier\-inks\-extension\-with\-kings\-1\.627136\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-06\|date\=2006\-09\-27\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Cloutier moved to the Kings alongside Head Coach [Marc Crawford](/wiki/Marc_Crawford "Marc Crawford"), who was hired by the team shortly after being let go by the Canucks in the 2006 off\-season.
Cloutier made his Kings debut in the first game of the regular season, a 4–3 loss to the Anaheim Ducks on October 6, 2006\. He made 28 saves on 32 shots.{{cite news\|title\=Ducks 4, Kings 3\|url\=http://kings.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id\=2006020018\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-28\|date\=2006\-10\-06\|publisher\=\[\[Los Angeles Kings]]\|agency\=Associated Press\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604233948/http://kings.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id\=2006020018\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-04}} During his first week of the regular season, he suffered a hip injury, but continued playing on the insistence of team management. In retrospect, he later recalled that his "biggest mistake was playing hurt for them." The Kings organization also had Cloutier change his [goaltender mask](/wiki/Goaltender_mask "Goaltender mask") from the uncommon mask/cage style to the more traditional full\-fibreglass style for safety and insurance purposes. After recording 6 wins in 24 games and a 3\.98 GAA, Cloutier's hip forced him to end his season, aggravating it on December 23, 2006, in a 7–0 loss to the [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators "Nashville Predators").
At the time, the injury was still believed to be minor and Cloutier volunteered to continue playing in lieu of backup [Mathieu Garon](/wiki/Mathieu_Garon "Mathieu Garon") also being sidelined with a broken finger. When the pain in his hip quickly got worse, Cloutier appealed to team management. He saw a specialist who diagnosed him with a torn [hip labrum](/wiki/Hip_labrum "Hip labrum") and told him the injury could put his career in jeopardy. He was subsequently flown to [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") for surgery on January 12, 2007\.{{cite web\|title\=Kings lose both Cloutier, Garon in net\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/kings\-lose\-both\-cloutier\-garon\-in\-net\-1\.663862\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-01\|date\=2007\-01\-12\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Cloutier remained in Colorado for ongoing treatment and was lodged by the organization in a motel 31 miles away from the clinic. The Kings' original insistence that he play and his subsequent lodging proved to be a contentious issue for Cloutier.
Having recovered from his injury, he returned for training camp in September 2007\. He was assigned to the Kings' AHL affiliate, the [Manchester Monarchs](/wiki/Manchester_Monarchs_%28AHL%29 "Manchester Monarchs (AHL)"), after losing a roster spot to goaltenders [Jason LaBarbera](/wiki/Jason_LaBarbera "Jason LaBarbera") and [Jonathan Bernier](/wiki/Jonathan_Bernier "Jonathan Bernier"). During his stint with Manchester, Cloutier struggled to earn playing time, as younger goaltenders [Jonathan Quick](/wiki/Jonathan_Quick "Jonathan Quick"), [Danny Taylor](/wiki/Danny_Taylor_%28ice_hockey%29 "Danny Taylor (ice hockey)") and [Erik Ersberg](/wiki/Erik_Ersberg "Erik Ersberg") were given more opportunity to play.{{cite web\|title\=2007\-08 Manchester Monarchs (AHL)\|url\=http://hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/teams/0026722008\.html\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-28\|publisher\=Hockeydb.com}} At one point, he reported to the team's arena in preparation for a road trip, but was left in Manchester in favour of the team's other goaltenders. To Cloutier's surprise, he was recalled by Los Angeles on February 7, 2008, while Kings backup [Jean\-Sébastien Aubin](/wiki/Jean-S%C3%A9bastien_Aubin "Jean-Sébastien Aubin") was sent down in his place.{{cite news\|title\=Kings hope to bring Cloutier back to L.A.\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=LB\&p\_theme\=lb\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=11EAC592C7C958E0\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-28\|date\=2008\-02\-07\|work\=\[\[Press\-Telegram]]\|location\=Long Beach, California\|publisher\=MediaNews Group}} After clearing [re\-entry waivers](/wiki/Waivers_%28NHL%29 "Waivers (NHL)"), he joined the Kings' roster to backup LaBarbera. Three days later, Cloutier started in goal against the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets "Columbus Blue Jackets"); he recorded his first NHL win in over a year, backstopping the Kings to a 3–2 shootout victory.{{cite news\|title\=Kopita, O'Sullivan help Kings send Jackets to fourth straight home loss\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=280210029\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213004338/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=280210029\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 13, 2008\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-28\|date\=2008\-02\-10\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|agency\=Associated Press}} After LaBarbera became sidelined with a groin injury, Cloutier began earning additional playing time with the Kings. On March 10, he played against the Canucks for the first time since being traded.{{cite news\|title\=Cloutier to play goal against Canucks tonight \|url\=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\=cf891cc3\-1b38\-4b90\-b175\-5117f740704c\&k\=62275 \|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29 \|date\=2008\-03\-10 \|work\=\[\[The Vancouver Sun]] \|publisher\=Postmedia News \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110080847/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\=cf891cc3\-1b38\-4b90\-b175\-5117f740704c\&k\=62275 \|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-10 }} He stopped 38 shots in a 2–1 overtime loss against his former teammates.{{cite news\|title\=Kesler scores tying goal late in regulation then nets OT winner for Canucks\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=280310008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315020937/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=280310008\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=March 15, 2008\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2008\-03\-10\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|agency\=Associated Press}} Later that month, he suffered a groin injury and missed three games. Remaining with the Kings for the remainder of the 2007–08 season as backup to Ersberg, he recorded two wins in nine games with a 3\.44 GAA and .887 save percentage.
In the subsequent off\-season, Cloutier's remaining year on his contract was bought out by the Kings on June 21, 2008\.{{cite news\|title\=Kings buy out Cloutier\|url\=http://kings.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=455905\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2008\-06\-21\|publisher\=\[\[Los Angeles Kings]]}} As teams cannot buyout the contract of an injured player, Cloutier claimed he was not healthy and contested the move.{{cite news\|title\=Report: Medical to determine Cloutier's free agent status\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\=241472\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2008\-06\-23\|publisher\=\[\[The Sports Network]]}} However, the NHL ruled in favour of the Kings; the buyout stood and Cloutier became an [unrestricted free agent](/wiki/Unrestricted_free_agent "Unrestricted free agent").{{Cite news\|title\=Cloutier update\|url\=http://www.insidesocal.com/kings/2008/07/cloutier\-update\-4\.html\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2008\-07\-31\|publisher\=Los Angeles Newspaper Group\|author\=Hammond, Rich}} Consequently, he received $2 million over the next two years from the Kings.
Without an NHL job, Cloutier took up an assistant coaching position in the [Central Hockey League](/wiki/Central_Hockey_League "Central Hockey League") (CHL) with his older brother [Sylvain Cloutier](/wiki/Sylvain_Cloutier "Sylvain Cloutier"), who had just been hired as head coach of the [Corpus Christi IceRays](/wiki/Corpus_Christi_IceRays "Corpus Christi IceRays").
### Return to hockey and retirement (2009–10\)
After remaining inactive for a season, Cloutier was offered a tryout with the Canucks for the team's 2009 training camp. Soon thereafter, he accepted another tryout offer from the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings "Detroit Red Wings") on September 4, 2009, sensing he had a better chance to secure a contract with the latter team.{{cite news \|title\=Canucks tried to bring former goalie Dan Cloutier to Vancouver for a tryout this preseason \|url\=http://communities.canada.com/theprovince/blogs/whitetowel/archive/2009/10/03/canucks\-tried\-to\-bring\-former\-goalie\-dan\-cloutier\-to\-vancouver\-for\-a\-tryout\-this\-preseason.aspx \|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29 \|date\=2009\-10\-03 \|work\=\[\[The Province]] \|publisher\=Postmedia News \|location\=Vancouver \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006081418/http://communities.canada.com/theprovince/blogs/whitetowel/archive/2009/10/03/canucks\-tried\-to\-bring\-former\-goalie\-dan\-cloutier\-to\-vancouver\-for\-a\-tryout\-this\-preseason.aspx \|archive\-date\=2009\-10\-06 }} He was expected to compete with [Jimmy Howard](/wiki/Jimmy_Howard "Jimmy Howard") for the Wings' backup position.{{Cite web\|title\=Cloutier will be at Wings camp on tryout \|url\=http://aol.sportingnews.com/nhl/story/2009\-09\-05/cloutier\-will\-be\-wings\-camp\-on\-tryout \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-06 \|date\=2009\-09\-05 \|work\=\[\[Sporting News]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927052951/http://aol.sportingnews.com/nhl/story/2009\-09\-05/cloutier\-will\-be\-wings\-camp\-on\-tryout \|archive\-date\=2012\-09\-27 }} On September 21, Cloutier made his first and only pre\-season appearance with the Red Wings, splitting a game with Wings prospect [Daniel Larsson](/wiki/Daniel_Larsson_%28ice_hockey%29 "Daniel Larsson (ice hockey)"); he stopped all eight shots he faced in a 4–2 loss against the New York Rangers.{{cite news\|title\=Rangers use 3\-goal 1st period to top Red Wings 4\-2\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2009\-09\-21\-1861994823\_x.htm\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2009\-09\-21\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|author\=Podell, Ira}} While Red Wings General Manager [Ken Holland](/wiki/Ken_Holland "Ken Holland") said Cloutier "looked sharp" in his first NHL action since April 5, 2008, he also alluded to the media that the amount of goaltenders competing for spots within the Red Wings organization was a factor against the likelihood of him signing Cloutier.{{cite news\|title\=Dan Cloutier passes test in goal for Red Wings\|url\=http://www.mlive.com/redwings/index.ssf/2009/09/dan\_cloutier\_passes\_test\_in\_go.html\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2009\-09\-22\|publisher\=\[\[Booth Newspapers]]\|author\=Khan, Ansar}} Three days later, he was officially released from the Red Wings.{{cite news\|title\=Red Wings release goaltender Dan Cloutier, trim camp roster to 39 players\|url\=http://www.mlive.com/redwings/index.ssf/2009/09/red\_wings\_release\_goaltender\_d.html\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2009\-09\-24\|publisher\=\[\[Booth Newspapers]]\|author\=Khan, Ansar}}
Cloutier subsequently received several offers to play in Europe until signing a tryout contract with the [Rockford IceHogs](/wiki/Rockford_IceHogs "Rockford IceHogs") of the AHL in December 2009\. He reportedly had received offers from two other North American teams, but chose Rockford as the best choice for his family. Cloutier made his IceHogs debut on December 6 against the [Manitoba Moose](/wiki/Manitoba_Moose "Manitoba Moose"), marking his return to professional hockey after 18 months. He played 26 minutes before receiving a match penalty for punching Moose player [Guillaume Desbiens](/wiki/Guillaume_Desbiens "Guillaume Desbiens") after the opposing forward collided with him in his crease. The following day, Cloutier was additionally suspended by the AHL for one game.{{cite web\|title\=Inside the IceHogs \- Dan Cloutier\|url\=http://www.chicagonow.com/blogs/chicago\-wolves\-call\-of\-the\-wild/2009/12/inside\-the\-icehogs\-\-\-dan\-cloutier.html\|access\-date\=2009\-12\-10\|date\=2009\-12\-08\|work\=Chicago Now\|author\=Gray, Chris\|archive\-date\=2009\-12\-12\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212115533/http://www.chicagonow.com/blogs/chicago\-wolves\-call\-of\-the\-wild/2009/12/inside\-the\-icehogs\-\-\-dan\-cloutier.html\|url\-status\=dead}} After serving his ban, he recorded his first win the IceHogs against the [Texas Stars](/wiki/Texas_Stars "Texas Stars") on December 12\. Cloutier began receiving interest from NHL teams, but his hip began acting up once again. By the end of the month, Cloutier and the IceHogs mutually agreed to terminate his tryout contract. He recorded one win and one loss in three games with the IceHogs, along with a 2\.47 GAA and .893 save percentage.{{cite news\|title\=Cloutier released from PTO, Hogs head to Milwaukee tonight\|url\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id\=3945360\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2009\-12\-29\|publisher\=OurSports Central}} In a later interview, published on the Canucks' website in August 2010, Cloutier declared he was most likely retiring due to chronic injury troubles.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Junior career",
"As a 15\\-year\\-old, Cloutier played Junior B with the [St. Thomas Stars](/wiki/St._Thomas_Stars \"St. Thomas Stars\") of the [Western Ontario Hockey League](/wiki/Western_Ontario_Hockey_League \"Western Ontario Hockey League\") (WOHL). He recorded a 5\\.83 [goals against average](/wiki/Goals_against_average \"Goals against average\") (GAA) over 14 games in his lone season with the team in 1991–92\\.",
"The [following season](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_OHL_season \"1992–93 OHL season\"), Cloutier began a four\\-year career in the [Ontario Hockey League](/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League \"Ontario Hockey League\") (OHL), debuting with the [Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds](/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_Greyhounds \"Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds\"). He played in 12 games (4–6–0\\){{\\#tag:ref\\|The remaining 2 games consistute \"non\\-decisions\" in which Cloutier was not on the ice when the game\\-winning goal was scored.\\|group\\=notes}} with the Greyounds, recording a 4\\.62 GAA in the regular season. In the 1993 OHL playoffs, Cloutier appeared in an additional four games, winning one and losing two, as part of the Greyhounds' run to the [J. Ross Robertson Cup](/wiki/J._Ross_Robertson_Cup \"J. Ross Robertson Cup\") Finals. Although they lost the league championship to the [Peterborough Petes](/wiki/Peterborough_Petes \"Peterborough Petes\") four\\-games\\-to\\-one, the Greyhounds still qualified for the [1993 Memorial Cup](/wiki/1993_Memorial_Cup \"1993 Memorial Cup\") as the tournament's host team. The Greyhounds met the Petes again in the Memorial Cup final, defeating them by a 4–2 score. Cloutier did not appear in any Memorial Cup games, in lieu of starter [Kevin Hodson](/wiki/Kevin_Hodson \"Kevin Hodson\"). During his rookie season in the OHL, he also played in five games at the Junior A level with the [Timmins Golden Bears](/wiki/Timmins_Golden_Bears \"Timmins Golden Bears\") of the [Northern Ontario Junior Hockey Association](/wiki/Northern_Ontario_Junior_Hockey_Association \"Northern Ontario Junior Hockey Association\").",
"Cloutier assumed the starting position with the Greyhounds in [1993–94](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_OHL_season \"1993–94 OHL season\"), posting 28 wins, 14 losses and 6 ties, along with a 3\\.56 GAA and .890 [save percentage](/wiki/Save_percentage \"Save percentage\"). Appearing in an additional 14 playoff games, he led the Greyhounds to the OHL semifinals, where they were defeated by the [Detroit Jr. Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Jr._Red_Wings \"Detroit Jr. Red Wings\").",
"In the off\\-season, Cloutier was selected by the [New York Rangers](/wiki/New_York_Rangers \"New York Rangers\") 26th overall in the [1994 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/1994_NHL_Entry_Draft \"1994 NHL Entry Draft\"). He was the third\\-ranked goaltender playing in North America by the [NHL Central Scouting Bureau](/wiki/NHL_Central_Scouting_Bureau \"NHL Central Scouting Bureau\") and the fourth goaltender taken in the draft.{{cite news\\|title\\=1994 NHL Entry Draft: Rangers go for goalie at end of first round\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/114666721\\.html?dids\\=114666721:114666721\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Jun\\+29%2C\\+1994\\&author\\=PAUL\\+DOYLE%3B\\+Courant\\+Staff\\+Writer\\&pub\\=Hartford\\+Courant\\&desc\\=1994\\+NHL\\+ENTRY\\+DRAFT\\+RANGERS\\+GO\\+FOR\\+GOALIE\\+AT\\+END\\+OF\\+FIRST\\+ROUND\\&pqatl\\=google\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122408/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/114666721\\.html?dids\\=114666721:114666721\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Jun\\+29,\\+1994\\&author\\=PAUL\\+DOYLE%3B\\+Courant\\+Staff\\+Writer\\&pub\\=Hartford\\+Courant\\&desc\\=1994\\+NHL\\+ENTRY\\+DRAFT\\+RANGERS\\+GO\\+FOR\\+GOALIE\\+AT\\+END\\+OF\\+FIRST\\+ROUND\\&pqatl\\=google\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-21\\|date\\=1994\\-06\\-29\\|work\\=\\[\\[Hartford Courant]]\\|location\\=Hartford, Connecticut\\|author\\=Doyle, Paul}} Appearing in his first NHL training camp in September 1994, he was returned to the OHL by the middle of the month.{{cite news\\|title\\=Transactions\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/14/sports/transactions\\-237795\\.html?scp\\=3\\&sq\\=%22dan\\+cloutier%22\\&st\\=nyt\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-21\\|date\\=1994\\-09\\-14\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]}}",
"During his third junior season in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_NHL_season \"1994–95 NHL season\"), Cloutier recorded a 4\\.41 GAA in 45 games (15–26–2\\). As a team, the Greyhounds struggled and finished out of the playoffs. In the off\\-season, Cloutier was signed by the Rangers to an NHL contract on July 7, 1995\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rangers sign two top picks\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/07/sports/hockey\\-rangers\\-to\\-sign\\-two\\-top\\-picks.html?src\\=pm\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-08\\|date\\=1995\\-07\\-07\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]}}",
"Despite his NHL contract, Cloutier remained in the OHL for the [1995–96 season](/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_OHL_season \"1995–96 OHL season\"). In his 12th game of the season with Sault Ste. Marie, he suffered a shoulder injury that sidelined him for two months.{{cite news\\|title\\=Storm edges Detroit in OT\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/497638511\\.html?FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Jan\\+20%2C\\+1996\\&author\\=\\&pub\\=Waterloo\\+Region\\+Record\\&desc\\=Storm\\+edges\\+Detroit\\+in\\+OT\\&pqatl\\=google\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-21\\|date\\=1996\\-01\\-20\\|work\\=The Record\\|location\\=Kitchener, Ontario\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122345/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/497638511\\.html?FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Jan\\+20,\\+1996\\&author\\=\\&pub\\=Waterloo\\+Region\\+Record\\&desc\\=Storm\\+edges\\+Detroit\\+in\\+OT\\&pqatl\\=google\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} During his return to the lineup in a game against the [Windsor Spitfires](/wiki/Windsor_Spitfires \"Windsor Spitfires\") on January 2, 1996, he reaggravated the injury.{{cite news\\|title\\=New Guelph goalie living up to his reputation\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/497639621\\.html?FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Jan\\+22%2C\\+1996\\&author\\=Karlo\\+Berkovich\\&pub\\=Waterloo\\+Region\\+Record\\&desc\\=New\\+Guelph\\+goalie\\+living\\+up\\+to\\+his\\+reputation\\&pqatl\\=google\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122359/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/497639621\\.html?FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Jan\\+22,\\+1996\\&author\\=Karlo\\+Berkovich\\&pub\\=Waterloo\\+Region\\+Record\\&desc\\=New\\+Guelph\\+goalie\\+living\\+up\\+to\\+his\\+reputation\\&pqatl\\=google\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-21\\|date\\=1996\\-01\\-22\\|work\\=The Record\\|location\\=Kitchener, Ontario\\|author\\=Berkovich, Karlo}} While continuing to recover, he was dealt to the [Guelph Storm](/wiki/Guelph_Storm \"Guelph Storm\") at the trade deadline on January 10 in exchange for goaltender [Andy Adams](/wiki/Andy_Adams_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Andy Adams (ice hockey)\") and two draft picks. Splitting the campaign between the Greyhounds and Storm, he recorded a 2\\.85 GAA in 30 games. As the Storm finished the season with lowest GAA in the league, Cloutier and backup [Brett Thompson](/wiki/Brett_Thompson_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Brett Thompson (ice hockey)\") were jointly awarded the [Dave Pinkney Trophy](/wiki/Dave_Pinkney_Trophy \"Dave Pinkney Trophy\"). Cloutier additionally received OHL Second All\\-Star Team honours. In the playoffs, he recorded a 3\\.14 GAA in 16 games. However, for the second time in four years, his team was defeated in the J. Ross Robertson Cup Finals by the Peterborough Petes. Despite losing the OHL title, Guelph earned a berth into the [1996 Memorial Cup](/wiki/1996_Memorial_Cup \"1996 Memorial Cup\") as the OHL's representative; the Petes had an automatic bye into the tournament as the host team. The Storm lost all three of their round\\-robin games, failing to qualify for the Memorial Cup playoffs. Cloutier had a 4\\.00 GAA in the three contests.",
"### Early career (1996–2001\\)",
"Cloutier began his professional career in [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_AHL_season \"1996–97 AHL season\") with the [Binghamton Rangers](/wiki/Binghamton_Rangers \"Binghamton Rangers\") of the [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") (AHL), New York's minor league affiliate. He assumed the starting position in Binghamton as a rookie, posting a 3\\.55 GAA and .892 save percentage to be named to the AHL All\\-Rookie Team.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Dan Cloutier (1997–present)\\|url\\=http://hockeygoalies.org/bio/cloutierd.html\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-06\\|publisher\\=HockeyGoalies.org}} The following season, New York changed their AHL affiliate to the [Hartford Wolf Pack](/wiki/Hartford_Wolf_Pack \"Hartford Wolf Pack\"); Cloutier was consequently moved to Hartford for the club's inaugural season in [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_AHL_season \"1998–99 AHL season\"). By late\\-December 1998, he earned a call\\-up to the Rangers as backup goaltender [Jason Muzzatti](/wiki/Jason_Muzzatti \"Jason Muzzatti\") was demoted to the Wolf Pack.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rangers give Cloutier a chance, ready or not\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/31/sports/hockey\\-rangers\\-give\\-cloutier\\-a\\-chance\\-ready\\-or\\-not.html?src\\=pm\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-08\\|date\\=1997\\-12\\-31\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|author\\=Lapointe, Joe}} At the time of his call\\-up, Rangers management established that although he would play backup to [Mike Richter](/wiki/Mike_Richter \"Mike Richter\"), they intended on giving him opportunities to play. In anticipation of Cloutier's NHL debut, the team's goaltending consultant, [Sam St. Laurent](/wiki/Sam_St._Laurent \"Sam St. Laurent\"), described his playing style as a combination of both [butterfly](/wiki/Butterfly_style \"Butterfly style\") and [stand\\-up goaltending](/wiki/Stand-up_style \"Stand-up style\").",
"He appeared in his first NHL game on January 3, 1998, replacing Richter seven minutes into a contest against the [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals \"Washington Capitals\"). Cloutier stopped all 16 shots he faced to record his first NHL victory by a 3–2 score.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rookie goalkeeper stops Carolina\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=LyofAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2533,1496827\\&dq\\=dan\\+cloutier\\+player\\+of\\+the\\+week\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-08\\|date\\=1998\\-01\\-04\\|work\\=\\[\\[Spartanburg Herald\\-Journal\\|Herald\\-Journal]]\\|location\\=Spartanburg, South Carolina\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York Times Company]]}} He made his first NHL start the following game against the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") on January 6, 1998\\. Stopping 26 shots, he helped the Rangers to a 4–2 win.{{cite news\\|title\\=With Cloutier Still In Goal, Rangers Win Again\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/07/sports/hockey\\-with\\-cloutier\\-still\\-in\\-goal\\-the\\-rangers\\-win\\-again.html?src\\=pm\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-08\\|date\\=1998\\-01\\-07\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|author\\=Privman, Jay}} He played 12 games total in 1998–99, backing Richter up for the remainder of the season, recording 4 wins, 5 losses and a tie with a 2\\.50 GAA and .907 save percentage.{{cite web\\|title\\=Dan Cloutier\\|url\\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/player.htm?id\\=8460516\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-08\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Hockey League]]}} Perhaps his most well\\-known performance as a Ranger was during a game against the [New York Islanders](/wiki/New_York_Islanders \"New York Islanders\") on April 4, 1998, in which he [fought](/wiki/Fighting_in_ice_hockey \"Fighting in ice hockey\") opposing goalie [Tommy Salo](/wiki/Tommy_Salo \"Tommy Salo\"). With seven minutes remaining in a 3–0 loss, several fights broke out between players. While Salo tried to intervene in a fight between the Rangers' [P. J. Stock](/wiki/P._J._Stock \"P. J. Stock\") and Islanders' [Mariusz Czerkawski](/wiki/Mariusz_Czerkawski \"Mariusz Czerkawski\"), Cloutier attacked the Islanders goaltender. The subsequent goalie fight resulted in Cloutier repeatedly punching Salo in the back of the head before taking it upon himself to stop. He proceeded to skate towards the Islanders bench, challenging the opposing players before being restrained by a referee.{{cite web\\|title\\=Rangers fall with a fight Milbury apology is a sorry excuse\\|url\\=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/rangers\\-fall\\-fight\\-milbury\\-apology\\-excuse\\-article\\-1\\.787595\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-16\\|date\\=1998\\-04\\-05\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Daily News]]\\|author\\=Brown, Frank}}",
"In the 1998 off\\-season, the Rangers signed goaltender [Kay Whitmore](/wiki/Kay_Whitmore \"Kay Whitmore\") who Cloutier competed with to retain his backup position.{{cite news\\|title\\=Whitmore signed as a backup\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/18/sports/plus\\-hockey\\-rangers\\-whitmore\\-signed\\-as\\-a\\-backup.html?src\\=pm\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-08\\|date\\=1998\\-08\\-18\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]}} Whitmore spent the season in the minors as Cloutier was kept on the Rangers roster in [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NHL_season \"1998–99 NHL season\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Kay Whitmore\\|url\\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/player.htm?id\\=8452440\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-08\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Hockey League]]}} Playing in his first full NHL season, Cloutier appeared in 22 games (6 wins, 8 losses, 3 ties) with a 2\\.68 GAA and .914 save percentage.",
"The following off\\-season, Cloutier was traded on the day of the [1999 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/1999_NHL_Entry_Draft \"1999 NHL Entry Draft\") (June 26, 1999\\) to the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\"). He was sent to Tampa Bay, along with winger [Niklas Sundstrom](/wiki/Niklas_Sundstrom \"Niklas Sundstrom\"), a first\\-round selection ([Nikita Alexeev](/wiki/Nikita_Alexeev \"Nikita Alexeev\")) in [2000](/wiki/2000_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2000 NHL Entry Draft\") and a third\\-round selection (subsequently traded) in 2000, for the Lightning's first\\-round selection in that year's draft ([Pavel Brendl](/wiki/Pavel_Brendl \"Pavel Brendl\")). With the departure of Tampa Bay's previous starter, [Bill Ranford](/wiki/Bill_Ranford \"Bill Ranford\"), to the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings \"Detroit Red Wings\") and [Darren Puppa](/wiki/Darren_Puppa \"Darren Puppa\") nearing the end of his career, Cloutier assumed the starting position for his new club. Cloutier's first season as an NHL starter was interrupted on several occasions with numerous injuries and a suspension. He suffered a strained groin early in the campaign on November 18, 1999, forcing him out of two games. On January 14, 2000, he was suspended by the league for four games after an incident with Islanders forward [Tim Connolly](/wiki/Tim_Connolly \"Tim Connolly\"). After the two collided, Cloutier cross\\-checked Connolly, then kicked his head (Connolly's helmet was intact) while he was lying face\\-down on the ice.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Cloutier is suspended\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/47973531\\.html?dids\\=47973531:47973531\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Jan\\+15%2C\\+2000\\&author\\=\\&pub\\=The\\+Washington\\+Post\\&desc\\=Cloutier\\+Is\\+Suspended\\&pqatl\\=google\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122420/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/47973531\\.html?dids\\=47973531:47973531\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Jan\\+15,\\+2000\\&author\\=\\&pub\\=The\\+Washington\\+Post\\&desc\\=Cloutier\\+Is\\+Suspended\\&pqatl\\=google\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=November 6, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-21\\|date\\=2000\\-01\\-15\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]}} The following month, he re\\-strained his groin on February 21 and missed four games. Cloutier missed another four contests beginning on March 14 after injuring his neck. His fourth injury of the season occurred on March 28, when he strained his [medial collateral ligament](/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament \"Medial collateral ligament\") (MCL) and missed five games. He finished the [1999–2000 season](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_NHL_season \"1999–2000 NHL season\") appearing in 52 games for the Lightning, recording 9 wins, 30 losses and 3 ties as the team finished second\\-last in the league. He registered a 3\\.49 GAA and .885 save percentage.",
"Injury troubles continued the following season, in [2000–01](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NHL_season \"2000–01 NHL season\"), as Cloutier was sidelined for nine games early in the season after straining his [biceps](/wiki/Biceps \"Biceps\") on October 22, 2000\\. After recovering, he recorded his first NHL [shutout](/wiki/Shutout \"Shutout\"), making 26 saves, in a 3–0 win against the Detroit Red Wings on December 2, 2000\\. He achieved the feat in his 95th career game in the NHL.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kolzig, Capitals shutdown Bruins\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=aUBUAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2189,746499\\&dq\\=dan\\+cloutier\\+first\\+shutout\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-21\\|date\\=2000\\-12\\-03\\|work\\=\\[\\[Boca Raton News]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} During that month, head coach [Steve Ludzik](/wiki/Steve_Ludzik \"Steve Ludzik\") began playing backup [Kevin Weekes](/wiki/Kevin_Weekes \"Kevin Weekes\") in favour of Cloutier. By the trade deadline, Cloutier was dealt to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") on February 7, 2001, in exchange for defenceman [Adrian Aucoin](/wiki/Adrian_Aucoin \"Adrian Aucoin\") and a second\\-round selection in the [2001 draft](/wiki/2001_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2001 NHL Entry Draft\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Cloutier sent packing\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/68903778\\.html?dids\\=68903778:68903778\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Feb\\+08%2C\\+2001\\&author\\=DAMIAN\\+CRISTODERO\\&pub\\=St.\\+Petersburg\\+Times\\&desc\\=Cloutier\\+sent\\+packing\\&pqatl\\=google\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130131161609/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/68903778\\.html?dids\\=68903778:68903778\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Feb\\+08,\\+2001\\&author\\=DAMIAN\\+CRISTODERO\\&pub\\=St.\\+Petersburg\\+Times\\&desc\\=Cloutier\\+sent\\+packing\\&pqatl\\=google\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-21\\|date\\=2001\\-02\\-08\\|work\\=\\[\\[St. Petersburg Times]]\\|author\\=Cristodero, Damian}}",
"### Vancouver Canucks (2001–06\\)",
"Upon arriving in Vancouver, Cloutier began sharing starts with veteran goaltender [Bob Essensa](/wiki/Bob_Essensa \"Bob Essensa\"); the Canucks' third goaltender, [Félix Potvin](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Potvin \"Félix Potvin\"), was traded away to the [Los Angeles Kings](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings \"Los Angeles Kings\") soon after Cloutier's acquisition.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Canucks trade Potvin to the Kings\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=oYlGAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2527,3422665\\&dq\\=felix\\+potvin\\+dan\\+cloutier\\+canucks\\+kings\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-24\\|date\\=2001\\-02\\-16\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Gazette]]}} Playing in 16 games with the Canucks to close out the [2000–01 season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NHL_season \"2000–01 NHL season\"), Cloutier recorded 4 wins, 6 losses and 5 ties, along with a 2\\.43 GAA and .894 save percentage. He joined the Canucks at the end of the season, during the playoff drive, when the Canucks barely made the playoffs. It would be their first playoffs in 5 seasons. They were the last placed team at 90 points, tied with the Phoenix Coyotes, who also ended the season with 90 points. However, the Canucks won one more game than the Coyotes (36 vs. 35\\) thus gaining the last playoff spot.",
"Playing the first\\-seeded [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\") in the opening round, Cloutier made his first NHL post\\-season appearance in game one, stopping 23 of 28 shots in a losing effort. Having surrendered five goals, including the game\\-winner in the final minute after an ill\\-advised poke\\-check attempt, Essensa was given the start over Cloutier for the following two contests. After Essensa suffered a knee injury in game three,{{cite news\\|title\\=Canucks/Avalanche\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=JUpPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4360,4394464\\&dq\\=dan\\+cloutier\\+bob\\+essensa\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-24\\|date\\=2001\\-04\\-14\\|work\\=\\[\\[Toledo Blade]]}} Cloutier was back in net for the fourth and final game of the series, a 5–1 loss.{{cite magazine\\|title\\=Colorado 5, Vancouver 1\\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/nhl/recaps/2001/04/18/van\\_col/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010605142308/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/nhl/recaps/2001/04/18/van\\_col/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=June 5, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-04\\|date\\=2001\\-04\\-18\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Sports Illustrated]]\\|location\\=New York}} He had a 4\\.63 GAA and .842 save percentage in his first two career playoff games. Despite the Canucks' early playoff exit, Cloutier's addition to the team helped bolster a young and improving team led by such players as captain [Markus Näslund](/wiki/Markus_N%C3%A4slund \"Markus Näslund\"), winger [Todd Bertuzzi](/wiki/Todd_Bertuzzi \"Todd Bertuzzi\") and defencemen [Ed Jovanovski](/wiki/Ed_Jovanovski \"Ed Jovanovski\") and [Mattias Öhlund](/wiki/Mattias_%C3%96hlund \"Mattias Öhlund\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Former Canucks captain Markus Naslund says having jersey retired an honour \\|url\\=http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/34440\\-Former\\-Canuck\\-captain\\-Markus\\-Naslund\\-says\\-having\\-jersey\\-retired\\-an\\-honour.html \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-12 \\|date\\=2010\\-07\\-08 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hockey News]] \\|agency\\=Canadian Press \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313032544/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/34440\\-Former\\-Canuck\\-captain\\-Markus\\-Naslund\\-says\\-having\\-jersey\\-retired\\-an\\-honour.html \\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2012 }}",
"During the off\\-season, both Canucks goaltenders became free agents. Cloutier was re\\-signed on July 18, 2001,{{cite web\\|title\\=Dan Cloutier\\|url\\=http://tsn.ca/nhl/teams/players/bio/?id\\=435\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-25\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Sports Network]]\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-31\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831134842/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/teams/players/bio/?id\\=435\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} while Essensa agreed to a contract with the [Buffalo Sabres](/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres \"Buffalo Sabres\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Sabres sign Essensa to back up Biron in goal\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=g4UUAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2050,932871\\&dq\\=bob\\+essensa\\+canucks\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-24\\|date\\=2001\\-08\\-04\\|work\\=\\[\\[Toledo Blade]]}} With Essensa's departure, Cloutier established himself as the team's starting goaltender in [2001–02](/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_NHL_season \"2001–02 NHL season\"). He notched his first shutout as a Canuck on October 13, 2001, in a 4–0 win against the Avalanche.{{cite news\\|title\\=Canucks 4, Avalanche 0\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=XFFWAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6852,3809082\\&dq\\=dan\\+cloutier\\+shutout\\+avalanche\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-25\\|date\\=2001\\-10\\-15\\|work\\=\\[\\[Eugene Register\\-Guard]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} The following month, Cloutier was named NHL Player of the Week on November 6, 2001\\. He earned a second such distinction near the end of the season on March 18, 2002\\. Eight days later, he recorded his seventh and final shutout of the campaign in a 4–0 win against the Los Angeles Kings, setting a new team record. His seven shutouts surpassed [Gary Smith](/wiki/Gary_Smith_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Gary Smith (ice hockey)\") and [Garth Snow](/wiki/Garth_Snow \"Garth Snow\")'s previous team record of six, accomplished in [1974–75](/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_NHL_season \"1974–75 NHL season\") and [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NHL_season \"1998–99 NHL season\"), respectively. Cloutier's mark was later surpassed by [Roberto Luongo](/wiki/Roberto_Luongo \"Roberto Luongo\"), who recorded nine shutouts in [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NHL_season \"2008–09 NHL season\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Vancouver Canucks \\- Single\\-Season Shutout Leaders\\|url\\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?fetchKey\\=00002VANGAHAll\\&sort\\=shutOuts\\&viewName\\=careerLeadersSingleSeasonGoaliesForTeam\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-08\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Hockey League]]}} Cloutier finished his first full season with Vancouver posting 31 wins, 22 losses and 5 ties with a 2\\.43 GAA and .901 save percentage. He played in a career\\-high 62 games despite missing nine games in January and February 2002 with an ankle injury.",
"Entering the [2002 playoffs](/wiki/2002_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2002 Stanley Cup playoffs\") as the eighth seed for the second consecutive year, the Canucks faced the [Presidents' Trophy](/wiki/Presidents%27_Trophy \"Presidents' Trophy\")\\-winning Detroit Red Wings in the opening round. With 32\\- and 34\\-save performances from Cloutier, the Canucks won the first two games of the series in Detroit.{{cite news\\|title\\=Canucks surprise Red Wings\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/18/sports/nhl\\-roundup\\-canucks\\-surprise\\-red\\-wings.html\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-08\\-09\\|date\\=2002\\-04\\-18\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Canucks maintain edge over Red Wings\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/20/sports/nhl\\-playoff\\-roundup\\-canucks\\-maintain\\-edge\\-over\\-the\\-red\\-wings.html\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-08\\-09\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\\|date\\=20 April 2002 }} In game three, the Canucks and Red Wings were tied with a minute remaining in the second period when Red Wings defenceman [Nicklas Lidström](/wiki/Nicklas_Lidstr%C3%B6m \"Nicklas Lidström\") scored on Cloutier with a [slapshot](/wiki/Slapshot \"Slapshot\") from centre ice.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hasek back in form; Red Wings down Canucks\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/hasek\\-back\\-in\\-form\\-red\\-wings\\-down\\-canucks\\-1\\.325207\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-01\\|date\\=2002\\-04\\-22\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} The goal was observed by the media as a turning point in the series for both Cloutier and the Canucks as a team.{{cite news\\|title\\=Whatever happened to Dan Cloutier\\|url\\=http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=535725\\&navid\\=DL%7cVAN%7chome\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-08\\-09\\|date\\=2010\\-08\\-04\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Vancouver Canucks]]\\|author\\=Andy Radia}} The Red Wings won game three, as well as the next three contests to eliminate the Canucks in six games; Cloutier was taken out of the game in the first period of the next two contests in favour of backup [Peter Skudra](/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Skudra \"Pēteris Skudra\").{{Cite news\\|title\\=Red Wings bounce Canucks, reach second round\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/cup02/games/2002\\-04\\-27\\-det\\-van.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-25\\|date\\=2002\\-04\\-27\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}}",
"Cloutier began the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_NHL_season \"2002–03 NHL season\") by recording a shutout against the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\") on October 10, 2002\\. It marked the first time in Canucks history that the team began the season with a shutout win. In November 2002, Cloutier won 11 of 12 games, including a team record 10 straight games, while recording a 2\\.15 GAA and .920 save percentage. He was named NHL Player of the Month, becoming the fourth Canucks player in team history to receive the distinction.{{cite web\\|title\\=This day in Canucks history\\|url\\=http://canucks.nhl.com/club/page.htm?bcid\\=663\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-08\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Vancouver Canucks]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807123345/http://canucks.nhl.com/club/page.htm?bcid\\=663\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-07}} He suffered a setback in December 2002, when he missed three games with a knee injury. On February 17, 2003, he was named NHL Player of the Week for the third time in his career. Six days later, he recorded his 30th win of the season, becoming the first Canucks goaltender in team history to reach the plateau in back\\-to\\-back years. That same week, he suffered his second knee injury of the season and missed 10 games. He returned to the lineup by mid\\-March to finish the season with Vancouver. After the Canucks ranked in the eighth and final playoff spot in Cloutier's first two seasons with the team, Cloutier helped lead them to within one point of the [Northwest Division](/wiki/Northwest_Division_%28NHL%29 \"Northwest Division (NHL)\") title in [2002–03](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_NHL_season \"2002–03 NHL season\"). In 57 games, he posted 33 wins, 16 losses and 7 ties with a 2\\.42 GAA and .908 save percentage. Cloutier won the first and only playoff series of his career in [2003](/wiki/2003_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2003 Stanley Cup playoffs\") as the Canucks eliminated the [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") in seven games. He made 33 saves in the deciding contest, a 4–1 win for Vancouver.{{cite news\\|title\\=Cloutier makes 33 saves in his first series win\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=230422022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120718090606/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=230422022\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-12\\|date\\=2003\\-04\\-22\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} Advancing to the second round against the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\"), the Canucks took a three\\-games\\-to\\-one lead. With Vancouver needing one more win to eliminate the Wild, Cloutier was taken out of Game 5 in favour of rookie [Alex Auld](/wiki/Alex_Auld \"Alex Auld\") after allowing six goals on 21 shots through two periods. As both teams were leaving the ice at the start of the second intermission, opposing goaltender [Dwayne Roloson](/wiki/Dwayne_Roloson \"Dwayne Roloson\") bumped Canucks forward [Trevor Linden](/wiki/Trevor_Linden \"Trevor Linden\"), prompting Cloutier to challenge Roloson; Cloutier threw two punches towards Roloson and received minor penalties for roughing and for leaving his crease. With Cloutier on the bench for the third period, the Canucks lost 7–2\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Wild score five unanswered goals in second period\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=230505022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031024012657/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=230505022\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=October 24, 2003\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-12\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} In the following two games, Cloutier allowed nine goals on 40 shots as the Wild completed a three\\-game comeback to eliminate the Canucks.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Wild sidestep elimination for fifth time this postseason\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=230507030\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030618210228/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=230507030\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=June 18, 2003\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-12\\|date\\=2003\\-05\\-07\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Wild finish comeback from 3\\-1 series deficit\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=230508022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030603164217/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=230508022\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=June 3, 2003\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-12\\|date\\=2003\\-05\\-08\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}}",
"In the off\\-season, Cloutier was re\\-signed to a one\\-year, $2\\.5 million contract on July 15, 2003\\. Nearly two months into the [subsequent season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_NHL_season \"2003–04 NHL season\"), Cloutier recorded his 100th career NHL win, making 31 saves in a 3–1 victory over the [Ottawa Senators](/wiki/Ottawa_Senators \"Ottawa Senators\") on November 27, 2003\\.{{cite magazine\\|title\\=Crossbar helps Cloutier earn 100th career win as Canucks down Sens\\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2003/hockey/nhl/11/27/bc.hkn.canucks.senators.ap/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104052325/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2003/hockey/nhl/11/27/bc.hkn.canucks.senators.ap/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=November 4, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-25\\|date\\=2003\\-11\\-27\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Sports Illustrated]]\\|via\\=Associated Press}} As the season progressed, Cloutier suffered several more injuries, the first of which was a groin injury in December 2003 that sidelined him for three games. He missed three more games before the season ended with cases of the flu and a lower\\-body injury. On February 14, 2004, he was fined $1,000 by the league for hitting opposing forward [Ronald Petrovický](/wiki/Ronald_Petrovick%C3%BD \"Ronald Petrovický\") in the face with his blocker during a game against the [Atlanta Thrashers](/wiki/Atlanta_Thrashers \"Atlanta Thrashers\").{{Cite news\\|title\\=Fedorov gets milestone on first assist\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=240214022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404235421/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=240214022\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-25\\|date\\=2004\\-02\\-14\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]}}",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|Cloutier with the Canucks in 2005](/wiki/File:Dancloutier-skate.jpg \"Dancloutier-skate.jpg\")",
"Cloutier's regular season success with the Canucks continued in 2003–04, as he became the first goaltender in team history to record three consecutive 30\\-win seasons.{{cite web\\|title\\=Canucks trade Cloutier to Kings\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/canucks\\-trade\\-cloutier\\-to\\-kings\\-1\\.620636\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-01\\|date\\=2006\\-07\\-05\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Over 60 games, he recorded 33 wins, 21 losses and 6 ties. His 2\\.27 GAA, which established a Canucks team record (later surpassed by Roberto Luongo), and .914 save percentage were both career highs. In the opening round of the [2004 playoffs](/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2004 Stanley Cup playoffs\") against the Calgary Flames, Cloutier suffered another injury, spraining his right ankle in the first period of game three.{{cite web\\|title\\=Canucks regroup without Cloutier\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/canucks\\-regroup\\-without\\-cloutier\\-1\\.503527\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-01\\|date\\=2004\\-04\\-15\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} After [Johan Hedberg](/wiki/Johan_Hedberg \"Johan Hedberg\") initially replaced Cloutier, Alex Auld filled in for the final three games of the series; Vancouver was defeated in seven games.",
"As initial contract negotiations failed in the off\\-season, Cloutier filed for [arbitration](/wiki/Arbitration \"Arbitration\") on July 16, 2004\\. Arbitration was avoided by both sides when Cloutier agreed to a one\\-year, $3 million contract 11 days later.{{cite news\\|title\\=Goalie gets 20 percent raise to $3 million\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id\\=1847681\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-06\\|date\\=2004\\-06\\-27\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]}} Due to the [2004–05 NHL lockout](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout \"2004–05 NHL lockout\"), however, Cloutier spent the season mostly inactive until signing with [EC KAC](/wiki/EC_KAC \"EC KAC\") of the [Austrian Hockey League](/wiki/Austrian_Hockey_League \"Austrian Hockey League\") on January 20, 2005\\. Replacing injured starter [Andrew Verner](/wiki/Andrew_Verner \"Andrew Verner\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=Hard to see how players can win this time\\|url\\=http://www.boston.com/sports/hockey/articles/2005/01/23/hard\\_to\\_see\\_how\\_players\\_can\\_win\\_this\\_time\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-06\\|date\\=2005\\-01\\-23\\|work\\=\\[\\[Boston Globe]] \\| first\\=Nancy \\| last\\=Marrapese\\-Burrell}} he appeared in 13 games with the [Klagenfurt](/wiki/Klagenfurt \"Klagenfurt\")\\-based team, going undefeated with a 1\\.94 GAA. EC KAC finished the regular season second with the second\\-best record in the league.{{Cite web\\|title\\=2004\\-05 Austrian League\\|url\\=http://hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/aust19902005\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-25\\|publisher\\=Hockeydb.com}} Cloutier appeared in 10 additional playoff games, recording a 2\\.75 GAA. EC KAC advanced to the finals, where they were defeated four\\-games\\-to\\-three by the [Vienna Capitals](/wiki/Vienna_Capitals \"Vienna Capitals\").",
"With NHL play set to resume in [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NHL_season \"2005–06 NHL season\"), Cloutier re\\-signed with the Canucks to a two\\-year, $5 million contract on August 18, 2005\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Roundup: Cloutier signs two\\-year deal with Canucks\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2005\\-08\\-18\\-free\\-agents\\_x.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-25\\|date\\=2005\\-08\\-18\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} Returning to the Canucks, he was injured early in the season during a game against the Avalanche on October 29, 2005\\. Attempting to check Avalanche forward [Andrew Brunette](/wiki/Andrew_Brunette \"Andrew Brunette\"), Canucks defenceman [Nolan Baumgartner](/wiki/Nolan_Baumgartner \"Nolan Baumgartner\") collided with Cloutier, causing a goal and forcing Cloutier out of the game with both a [concussion](/wiki/Concussion \"Concussion\") and [whiplash](/wiki/Whiplash_%28medicine%29 \"Whiplash (medicine)\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Down and out: Concussion will keep Cloutier on sidelines \\|url\\=http://www.canada.com/vancouver/vancouversun/news/sports/story.html?id\\=bda25df6\\-4423\\-4e39\\-aea9\\-ebd5f6584a0f \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-06 \\|date\\=2005\\-10\\-31 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Vancouver Sun]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511040816/http://www.canada.com/vancouver/vancouversun/news/sports/story.html?id\\=bda25df6\\-4423\\-4e39\\-aea9\\-ebd5f6584a0f \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-05\\-11 }} The injury caused him to miss five games. Soon after returning, Cloutier was re\\-injured in a game against the [Mighty Ducks of Anaheim](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks \"Anaheim Ducks\") on November 20, when forward [Rob Niedermayer](/wiki/Rob_Niedermayer \"Rob Niedermayer\") skated into the crease and collided with Cloutier. He stayed in net to complete the game, a 3–2 win, and was on the bench the following game to backup Auld. However, after aggravating the knee in a practice on November 23, an [MRI](/wiki/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging \"Magnetic Resonance Imaging\") revealed a partially torn [anterior cruciate ligament](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament \"Anterior cruciate ligament\") (ACL). Electing for reconstructive knee surgery, occurring on December 15, Cloutier missed the remainder of the season.{{cite web\\|title\\=Goalie Dan Cloutier to miss remainder of season \\|url\\=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/sports/story.html?id\\=9c352df9\\-5460\\-48da\\-bf8b\\-a1917aec1973\\&k\\=86534 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-06 \\|date\\=2005\\-12\\-14 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Vancouver Sun]] \\|author\\=MacIntyre, Ian \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107021935/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/sports/story.html?id\\=9c352df9\\-5460\\-48da\\-bf8b\\-a1917aec1973\\&k\\=86534 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-07 }}",
"As the Canucks missed the playoffs in [2006](/wiki/2006_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2006 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), several changes were made to team personnel in the off\\-season. One such change included the acquisition of [All\\-Star](/wiki/National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game \"National Hockey League All-Star Game\") goaltender [Roberto Luongo](/wiki/Roberto_Luongo \"Roberto Luongo\") from the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers \"Florida Panthers\"). Shortly after Luongo was acquired, Cloutier was traded to the Los Angeles Kings on July 5, 2006, for a second\\-round draft pick in [2007](/wiki/2007_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2007 NHL Entry Draft\") and a conditional pick in [2009](/wiki/2009_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2009 NHL Entry Draft\"). Cloutier finished his five\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year tenure with the Canucks third on the team's all\\-time wins list with 109, behind [Kirk McLean](/wiki/Kirk_McLean \"Kirk McLean\") and [Richard Brodeur](/wiki/Richard_Brodeur \"Richard Brodeur\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=Regular Season \\- Vancouver Canucks \\- Goalie \\- Goalie Career Leaders For Team \\- Wins\\|url\\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?fetchKey\\=00002VANGAHAll\\&sort\\=wins\\&viewName\\=careerLeadersForTeamGoalies\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-28\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Hockey League]]}} and second in shutouts with 14, behind McLean.{{cite web\\|title\\=Regular Season \\- Vancouver Canucks \\- Goalie \\- Goalie Career Leaders For Team \\- Shutouts\\|url\\=http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?fetchKey\\=00002VANGAHAll\\&sort\\=shutOuts\\&viewName\\=careerLeadersForTeamGoalies\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-28\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Hockey League]]}} In a 2012 interview following his retirement, Cloutier stated that he \"loved playing in Vancouver the most\" during his NHL career. He recalled the city's regeneration into a hockey market and described how the team went from playing home games that \"seemed half full\" to creating a \"playoff game atmosphere every night.\"",
"### Los Angeles Kings (2006–08\\)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Cloutier with the Kings in 2006](/wiki/File:Dan_Cloutier_%28Kings%29.jpg \"Dan Cloutier (Kings).jpg\")\nLeading up to the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NHL_season \"2006–07 NHL season\"), Cloutier signed a two\\-year, $6\\.2 million contract extension with the Kings on September 27, 2006\\. He had one year, valued at $2\\.55 million, remaining on his existing contract, which was transferred over from the Canucks.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cloutier inks extension with Kings\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/cloutier\\-inks\\-extension\\-with\\-kings\\-1\\.627136\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-06\\|date\\=2006\\-09\\-27\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Cloutier moved to the Kings alongside Head Coach [Marc Crawford](/wiki/Marc_Crawford \"Marc Crawford\"), who was hired by the team shortly after being let go by the Canucks in the 2006 off\\-season.",
"Cloutier made his Kings debut in the first game of the regular season, a 4–3 loss to the Anaheim Ducks on October 6, 2006\\. He made 28 saves on 32 shots.{{cite news\\|title\\=Ducks 4, Kings 3\\|url\\=http://kings.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id\\=2006020018\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-28\\|date\\=2006\\-10\\-06\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Kings]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604233948/http://kings.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id\\=2006020018\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-04}} During his first week of the regular season, he suffered a hip injury, but continued playing on the insistence of team management. In retrospect, he later recalled that his \"biggest mistake was playing hurt for them.\" The Kings organization also had Cloutier change his [goaltender mask](/wiki/Goaltender_mask \"Goaltender mask\") from the uncommon mask/cage style to the more traditional full\\-fibreglass style for safety and insurance purposes. After recording 6 wins in 24 games and a 3\\.98 GAA, Cloutier's hip forced him to end his season, aggravating it on December 23, 2006, in a 7–0 loss to the [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators \"Nashville Predators\").",
"At the time, the injury was still believed to be minor and Cloutier volunteered to continue playing in lieu of backup [Mathieu Garon](/wiki/Mathieu_Garon \"Mathieu Garon\") also being sidelined with a broken finger. When the pain in his hip quickly got worse, Cloutier appealed to team management. He saw a specialist who diagnosed him with a torn [hip labrum](/wiki/Hip_labrum \"Hip labrum\") and told him the injury could put his career in jeopardy. He was subsequently flown to [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\") for surgery on January 12, 2007\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Kings lose both Cloutier, Garon in net\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/kings\\-lose\\-both\\-cloutier\\-garon\\-in\\-net\\-1\\.663862\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-01\\|date\\=2007\\-01\\-12\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Cloutier remained in Colorado for ongoing treatment and was lodged by the organization in a motel 31 miles away from the clinic. The Kings' original insistence that he play and his subsequent lodging proved to be a contentious issue for Cloutier.",
"Having recovered from his injury, he returned for training camp in September 2007\\. He was assigned to the Kings' AHL affiliate, the [Manchester Monarchs](/wiki/Manchester_Monarchs_%28AHL%29 \"Manchester Monarchs (AHL)\"), after losing a roster spot to goaltenders [Jason LaBarbera](/wiki/Jason_LaBarbera \"Jason LaBarbera\") and [Jonathan Bernier](/wiki/Jonathan_Bernier \"Jonathan Bernier\"). During his stint with Manchester, Cloutier struggled to earn playing time, as younger goaltenders [Jonathan Quick](/wiki/Jonathan_Quick \"Jonathan Quick\"), [Danny Taylor](/wiki/Danny_Taylor_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Danny Taylor (ice hockey)\") and [Erik Ersberg](/wiki/Erik_Ersberg \"Erik Ersberg\") were given more opportunity to play.{{cite web\\|title\\=2007\\-08 Manchester Monarchs (AHL)\\|url\\=http://hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/teams/0026722008\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-28\\|publisher\\=Hockeydb.com}} At one point, he reported to the team's arena in preparation for a road trip, but was left in Manchester in favour of the team's other goaltenders. To Cloutier's surprise, he was recalled by Los Angeles on February 7, 2008, while Kings backup [Jean\\-Sébastien Aubin](/wiki/Jean-S%C3%A9bastien_Aubin \"Jean-Sébastien Aubin\") was sent down in his place.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kings hope to bring Cloutier back to L.A.\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=LB\\&p\\_theme\\=lb\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=11EAC592C7C958E0\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-28\\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-07\\|work\\=\\[\\[Press\\-Telegram]]\\|location\\=Long Beach, California\\|publisher\\=MediaNews Group}} After clearing [re\\-entry waivers](/wiki/Waivers_%28NHL%29 \"Waivers (NHL)\"), he joined the Kings' roster to backup LaBarbera. Three days later, Cloutier started in goal against the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\"); he recorded his first NHL win in over a year, backstopping the Kings to a 3–2 shootout victory.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kopita, O'Sullivan help Kings send Jackets to fourth straight home loss\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=280210029\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213004338/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=280210029\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 13, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-28\\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-10\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} After LaBarbera became sidelined with a groin injury, Cloutier began earning additional playing time with the Kings. On March 10, he played against the Canucks for the first time since being traded.{{cite news\\|title\\=Cloutier to play goal against Canucks tonight \\|url\\=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\\=cf891cc3\\-1b38\\-4b90\\-b175\\-5117f740704c\\&k\\=62275 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29 \\|date\\=2008\\-03\\-10 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Vancouver Sun]] \\|publisher\\=Postmedia News \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110080847/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\\=cf891cc3\\-1b38\\-4b90\\-b175\\-5117f740704c\\&k\\=62275 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-10 }} He stopped 38 shots in a 2–1 overtime loss against his former teammates.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kesler scores tying goal late in regulation then nets OT winner for Canucks\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=280310008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315020937/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=280310008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=March 15, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2008\\-03\\-10\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} Later that month, he suffered a groin injury and missed three games. Remaining with the Kings for the remainder of the 2007–08 season as backup to Ersberg, he recorded two wins in nine games with a 3\\.44 GAA and .887 save percentage.",
"In the subsequent off\\-season, Cloutier's remaining year on his contract was bought out by the Kings on June 21, 2008\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kings buy out Cloutier\\|url\\=http://kings.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=455905\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2008\\-06\\-21\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Kings]]}} As teams cannot buyout the contract of an injured player, Cloutier claimed he was not healthy and contested the move.{{cite news\\|title\\=Report: Medical to determine Cloutier's free agent status\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\\=241472\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2008\\-06\\-23\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Sports Network]]}} However, the NHL ruled in favour of the Kings; the buyout stood and Cloutier became an [unrestricted free agent](/wiki/Unrestricted_free_agent \"Unrestricted free agent\").{{Cite news\\|title\\=Cloutier update\\|url\\=http://www.insidesocal.com/kings/2008/07/cloutier\\-update\\-4\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2008\\-07\\-31\\|publisher\\=Los Angeles Newspaper Group\\|author\\=Hammond, Rich}} Consequently, he received $2 million over the next two years from the Kings.",
"Without an NHL job, Cloutier took up an assistant coaching position in the [Central Hockey League](/wiki/Central_Hockey_League \"Central Hockey League\") (CHL) with his older brother [Sylvain Cloutier](/wiki/Sylvain_Cloutier \"Sylvain Cloutier\"), who had just been hired as head coach of the [Corpus Christi IceRays](/wiki/Corpus_Christi_IceRays \"Corpus Christi IceRays\").",
"### Return to hockey and retirement (2009–10\\)",
"After remaining inactive for a season, Cloutier was offered a tryout with the Canucks for the team's 2009 training camp. Soon thereafter, he accepted another tryout offer from the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings \"Detroit Red Wings\") on September 4, 2009, sensing he had a better chance to secure a contract with the latter team.{{cite news \\|title\\=Canucks tried to bring former goalie Dan Cloutier to Vancouver for a tryout this preseason \\|url\\=http://communities.canada.com/theprovince/blogs/whitetowel/archive/2009/10/03/canucks\\-tried\\-to\\-bring\\-former\\-goalie\\-dan\\-cloutier\\-to\\-vancouver\\-for\\-a\\-tryout\\-this\\-preseason.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29 \\|date\\=2009\\-10\\-03 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Province]] \\|publisher\\=Postmedia News \\|location\\=Vancouver \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006081418/http://communities.canada.com/theprovince/blogs/whitetowel/archive/2009/10/03/canucks\\-tried\\-to\\-bring\\-former\\-goalie\\-dan\\-cloutier\\-to\\-vancouver\\-for\\-a\\-tryout\\-this\\-preseason.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-10\\-06 }} He was expected to compete with [Jimmy Howard](/wiki/Jimmy_Howard \"Jimmy Howard\") for the Wings' backup position.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Cloutier will be at Wings camp on tryout \\|url\\=http://aol.sportingnews.com/nhl/story/2009\\-09\\-05/cloutier\\-will\\-be\\-wings\\-camp\\-on\\-tryout \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-06 \\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-05 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Sporting News]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927052951/http://aol.sportingnews.com/nhl/story/2009\\-09\\-05/cloutier\\-will\\-be\\-wings\\-camp\\-on\\-tryout \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-27 }} On September 21, Cloutier made his first and only pre\\-season appearance with the Red Wings, splitting a game with Wings prospect [Daniel Larsson](/wiki/Daniel_Larsson_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Daniel Larsson (ice hockey)\"); he stopped all eight shots he faced in a 4–2 loss against the New York Rangers.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rangers use 3\\-goal 1st period to top Red Wings 4\\-2\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2009\\-09\\-21\\-1861994823\\_x.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-21\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|author\\=Podell, Ira}} While Red Wings General Manager [Ken Holland](/wiki/Ken_Holland \"Ken Holland\") said Cloutier \"looked sharp\" in his first NHL action since April 5, 2008, he also alluded to the media that the amount of goaltenders competing for spots within the Red Wings organization was a factor against the likelihood of him signing Cloutier.{{cite news\\|title\\=Dan Cloutier passes test in goal for Red Wings\\|url\\=http://www.mlive.com/redwings/index.ssf/2009/09/dan\\_cloutier\\_passes\\_test\\_in\\_go.html\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-22\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Booth Newspapers]]\\|author\\=Khan, Ansar}} Three days later, he was officially released from the Red Wings.{{cite news\\|title\\=Red Wings release goaltender Dan Cloutier, trim camp roster to 39 players\\|url\\=http://www.mlive.com/redwings/index.ssf/2009/09/red\\_wings\\_release\\_goaltender\\_d.html\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-24\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Booth Newspapers]]\\|author\\=Khan, Ansar}}",
"Cloutier subsequently received several offers to play in Europe until signing a tryout contract with the [Rockford IceHogs](/wiki/Rockford_IceHogs \"Rockford IceHogs\") of the AHL in December 2009\\. He reportedly had received offers from two other North American teams, but chose Rockford as the best choice for his family. Cloutier made his IceHogs debut on December 6 against the [Manitoba Moose](/wiki/Manitoba_Moose \"Manitoba Moose\"), marking his return to professional hockey after 18 months. He played 26 minutes before receiving a match penalty for punching Moose player [Guillaume Desbiens](/wiki/Guillaume_Desbiens \"Guillaume Desbiens\") after the opposing forward collided with him in his crease. The following day, Cloutier was additionally suspended by the AHL for one game.{{cite web\\|title\\=Inside the IceHogs \\- Dan Cloutier\\|url\\=http://www.chicagonow.com/blogs/chicago\\-wolves\\-call\\-of\\-the\\-wild/2009/12/inside\\-the\\-icehogs\\-\\-\\-dan\\-cloutier.html\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-10\\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-08\\|work\\=Chicago Now\\|author\\=Gray, Chris\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-12\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212115533/http://www.chicagonow.com/blogs/chicago\\-wolves\\-call\\-of\\-the\\-wild/2009/12/inside\\-the\\-icehogs\\-\\-\\-dan\\-cloutier.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} After serving his ban, he recorded his first win the IceHogs against the [Texas Stars](/wiki/Texas_Stars \"Texas Stars\") on December 12\\. Cloutier began receiving interest from NHL teams, but his hip began acting up once again. By the end of the month, Cloutier and the IceHogs mutually agreed to terminate his tryout contract. He recorded one win and one loss in three games with the IceHogs, along with a 2\\.47 GAA and .893 save percentage.{{cite news\\|title\\=Cloutier released from PTO, Hogs head to Milwaukee tonight\\|url\\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id\\=3945360\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-29\\|publisher\\=OurSports Central}} In a later interview, published on the Canucks' website in August 2010, Cloutier declared he was most likely retiring due to chronic injury troubles.",
""
] |
### Los Angeles Kings (2006–08\)
[thumb\|right\|Cloutier with the Kings in 2006](/wiki/File:Dan_Cloutier_%28Kings%29.jpg "Dan Cloutier (Kings).jpg")
Leading up to the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NHL_season "2006–07 NHL season"), Cloutier signed a two\-year, $6\.2 million contract extension with the Kings on September 27, 2006\. He had one year, valued at $2\.55 million, remaining on his existing contract, which was transferred over from the Canucks.{{cite web\|title\=Cloutier inks extension with Kings\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/cloutier\-inks\-extension\-with\-kings\-1\.627136\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-06\|date\=2006\-09\-27\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Cloutier moved to the Kings alongside Head Coach [Marc Crawford](/wiki/Marc_Crawford "Marc Crawford"), who was hired by the team shortly after being let go by the Canucks in the 2006 off\-season.
Cloutier made his Kings debut in the first game of the regular season, a 4–3 loss to the Anaheim Ducks on October 6, 2006\. He made 28 saves on 32 shots.{{cite news\|title\=Ducks 4, Kings 3\|url\=http://kings.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id\=2006020018\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-28\|date\=2006\-10\-06\|publisher\=\[\[Los Angeles Kings]]\|agency\=Associated Press\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604233948/http://kings.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id\=2006020018\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-04}} During his first week of the regular season, he suffered a hip injury, but continued playing on the insistence of team management. In retrospect, he later recalled that his "biggest mistake was playing hurt for them." The Kings organization also had Cloutier change his [goaltender mask](/wiki/Goaltender_mask "Goaltender mask") from the uncommon mask/cage style to the more traditional full\-fibreglass style for safety and insurance purposes. After recording 6 wins in 24 games and a 3\.98 GAA, Cloutier's hip forced him to end his season, aggravating it on December 23, 2006, in a 7–0 loss to the [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators "Nashville Predators").
At the time, the injury was still believed to be minor and Cloutier volunteered to continue playing in lieu of backup [Mathieu Garon](/wiki/Mathieu_Garon "Mathieu Garon") also being sidelined with a broken finger. When the pain in his hip quickly got worse, Cloutier appealed to team management. He saw a specialist who diagnosed him with a torn [hip labrum](/wiki/Hip_labrum "Hip labrum") and told him the injury could put his career in jeopardy. He was subsequently flown to [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") for surgery on January 12, 2007\.{{cite web\|title\=Kings lose both Cloutier, Garon in net\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/kings\-lose\-both\-cloutier\-garon\-in\-net\-1\.663862\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-01\|date\=2007\-01\-12\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Cloutier remained in Colorado for ongoing treatment and was lodged by the organization in a motel 31 miles away from the clinic. The Kings' original insistence that he play and his subsequent lodging proved to be a contentious issue for Cloutier.
Having recovered from his injury, he returned for training camp in September 2007\. He was assigned to the Kings' AHL affiliate, the [Manchester Monarchs](/wiki/Manchester_Monarchs_%28AHL%29 "Manchester Monarchs (AHL)"), after losing a roster spot to goaltenders [Jason LaBarbera](/wiki/Jason_LaBarbera "Jason LaBarbera") and [Jonathan Bernier](/wiki/Jonathan_Bernier "Jonathan Bernier"). During his stint with Manchester, Cloutier struggled to earn playing time, as younger goaltenders [Jonathan Quick](/wiki/Jonathan_Quick "Jonathan Quick"), [Danny Taylor](/wiki/Danny_Taylor_%28ice_hockey%29 "Danny Taylor (ice hockey)") and [Erik Ersberg](/wiki/Erik_Ersberg "Erik Ersberg") were given more opportunity to play.{{cite web\|title\=2007\-08 Manchester Monarchs (AHL)\|url\=http://hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/teams/0026722008\.html\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-28\|publisher\=Hockeydb.com}} At one point, he reported to the team's arena in preparation for a road trip, but was left in Manchester in favour of the team's other goaltenders. To Cloutier's surprise, he was recalled by Los Angeles on February 7, 2008, while Kings backup [Jean\-Sébastien Aubin](/wiki/Jean-S%C3%A9bastien_Aubin "Jean-Sébastien Aubin") was sent down in his place.{{cite news\|title\=Kings hope to bring Cloutier back to L.A.\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=LB\&p\_theme\=lb\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=11EAC592C7C958E0\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-28\|date\=2008\-02\-07\|work\=\[\[Press\-Telegram]]\|location\=Long Beach, California\|publisher\=MediaNews Group}} After clearing [re\-entry waivers](/wiki/Waivers_%28NHL%29 "Waivers (NHL)"), he joined the Kings' roster to backup LaBarbera. Three days later, Cloutier started in goal against the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets "Columbus Blue Jackets"); he recorded his first NHL win in over a year, backstopping the Kings to a 3–2 shootout victory.{{cite news\|title\=Kopita, O'Sullivan help Kings send Jackets to fourth straight home loss\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=280210029\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213004338/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=280210029\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 13, 2008\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-28\|date\=2008\-02\-10\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|agency\=Associated Press}} After LaBarbera became sidelined with a groin injury, Cloutier began earning additional playing time with the Kings. On March 10, he played against the Canucks for the first time since being traded.{{cite news\|title\=Cloutier to play goal against Canucks tonight \|url\=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\=cf891cc3\-1b38\-4b90\-b175\-5117f740704c\&k\=62275 \|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29 \|date\=2008\-03\-10 \|work\=\[\[The Vancouver Sun]] \|publisher\=Postmedia News \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110080847/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\=cf891cc3\-1b38\-4b90\-b175\-5117f740704c\&k\=62275 \|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-10 }} He stopped 38 shots in a 2–1 overtime loss against his former teammates.{{cite news\|title\=Kesler scores tying goal late in regulation then nets OT winner for Canucks\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=280310008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315020937/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=280310008\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=March 15, 2008\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2008\-03\-10\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|agency\=Associated Press}} Later that month, he suffered a groin injury and missed three games. Remaining with the Kings for the remainder of the 2007–08 season as backup to Ersberg, he recorded two wins in nine games with a 3\.44 GAA and .887 save percentage.
In the subsequent off\-season, Cloutier's remaining year on his contract was bought out by the Kings on June 21, 2008\.{{cite news\|title\=Kings buy out Cloutier\|url\=http://kings.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=455905\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2008\-06\-21\|publisher\=\[\[Los Angeles Kings]]}} As teams cannot buyout the contract of an injured player, Cloutier claimed he was not healthy and contested the move.{{cite news\|title\=Report: Medical to determine Cloutier's free agent status\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\=241472\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2008\-06\-23\|publisher\=\[\[The Sports Network]]}} However, the NHL ruled in favour of the Kings; the buyout stood and Cloutier became an [unrestricted free agent](/wiki/Unrestricted_free_agent "Unrestricted free agent").{{Cite news\|title\=Cloutier update\|url\=http://www.insidesocal.com/kings/2008/07/cloutier\-update\-4\.html\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-29\|date\=2008\-07\-31\|publisher\=Los Angeles Newspaper Group\|author\=Hammond, Rich}} Consequently, he received $2 million over the next two years from the Kings.
Without an NHL job, Cloutier took up an assistant coaching position in the [Central Hockey League](/wiki/Central_Hockey_League "Central Hockey League") (CHL) with his older brother [Sylvain Cloutier](/wiki/Sylvain_Cloutier "Sylvain Cloutier"), who had just been hired as head coach of the [Corpus Christi IceRays](/wiki/Corpus_Christi_IceRays "Corpus Christi IceRays").
|
[
"### Los Angeles Kings (2006–08\\)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Cloutier with the Kings in 2006](/wiki/File:Dan_Cloutier_%28Kings%29.jpg \"Dan Cloutier (Kings).jpg\")\nLeading up to the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NHL_season \"2006–07 NHL season\"), Cloutier signed a two\\-year, $6\\.2 million contract extension with the Kings on September 27, 2006\\. He had one year, valued at $2\\.55 million, remaining on his existing contract, which was transferred over from the Canucks.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cloutier inks extension with Kings\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/cloutier\\-inks\\-extension\\-with\\-kings\\-1\\.627136\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-06\\|date\\=2006\\-09\\-27\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Cloutier moved to the Kings alongside Head Coach [Marc Crawford](/wiki/Marc_Crawford \"Marc Crawford\"), who was hired by the team shortly after being let go by the Canucks in the 2006 off\\-season.",
"Cloutier made his Kings debut in the first game of the regular season, a 4–3 loss to the Anaheim Ducks on October 6, 2006\\. He made 28 saves on 32 shots.{{cite news\\|title\\=Ducks 4, Kings 3\\|url\\=http://kings.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id\\=2006020018\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-28\\|date\\=2006\\-10\\-06\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Kings]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604233948/http://kings.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id\\=2006020018\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-04}} During his first week of the regular season, he suffered a hip injury, but continued playing on the insistence of team management. In retrospect, he later recalled that his \"biggest mistake was playing hurt for them.\" The Kings organization also had Cloutier change his [goaltender mask](/wiki/Goaltender_mask \"Goaltender mask\") from the uncommon mask/cage style to the more traditional full\\-fibreglass style for safety and insurance purposes. After recording 6 wins in 24 games and a 3\\.98 GAA, Cloutier's hip forced him to end his season, aggravating it on December 23, 2006, in a 7–0 loss to the [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators \"Nashville Predators\").",
"At the time, the injury was still believed to be minor and Cloutier volunteered to continue playing in lieu of backup [Mathieu Garon](/wiki/Mathieu_Garon \"Mathieu Garon\") also being sidelined with a broken finger. When the pain in his hip quickly got worse, Cloutier appealed to team management. He saw a specialist who diagnosed him with a torn [hip labrum](/wiki/Hip_labrum \"Hip labrum\") and told him the injury could put his career in jeopardy. He was subsequently flown to [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\") for surgery on January 12, 2007\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Kings lose both Cloutier, Garon in net\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/kings\\-lose\\-both\\-cloutier\\-garon\\-in\\-net\\-1\\.663862\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-01\\|date\\=2007\\-01\\-12\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} Cloutier remained in Colorado for ongoing treatment and was lodged by the organization in a motel 31 miles away from the clinic. The Kings' original insistence that he play and his subsequent lodging proved to be a contentious issue for Cloutier.",
"Having recovered from his injury, he returned for training camp in September 2007\\. He was assigned to the Kings' AHL affiliate, the [Manchester Monarchs](/wiki/Manchester_Monarchs_%28AHL%29 \"Manchester Monarchs (AHL)\"), after losing a roster spot to goaltenders [Jason LaBarbera](/wiki/Jason_LaBarbera \"Jason LaBarbera\") and [Jonathan Bernier](/wiki/Jonathan_Bernier \"Jonathan Bernier\"). During his stint with Manchester, Cloutier struggled to earn playing time, as younger goaltenders [Jonathan Quick](/wiki/Jonathan_Quick \"Jonathan Quick\"), [Danny Taylor](/wiki/Danny_Taylor_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Danny Taylor (ice hockey)\") and [Erik Ersberg](/wiki/Erik_Ersberg \"Erik Ersberg\") were given more opportunity to play.{{cite web\\|title\\=2007\\-08 Manchester Monarchs (AHL)\\|url\\=http://hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/teams/0026722008\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-28\\|publisher\\=Hockeydb.com}} At one point, he reported to the team's arena in preparation for a road trip, but was left in Manchester in favour of the team's other goaltenders. To Cloutier's surprise, he was recalled by Los Angeles on February 7, 2008, while Kings backup [Jean\\-Sébastien Aubin](/wiki/Jean-S%C3%A9bastien_Aubin \"Jean-Sébastien Aubin\") was sent down in his place.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kings hope to bring Cloutier back to L.A.\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=LB\\&p\\_theme\\=lb\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=11EAC592C7C958E0\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-28\\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-07\\|work\\=\\[\\[Press\\-Telegram]]\\|location\\=Long Beach, California\\|publisher\\=MediaNews Group}} After clearing [re\\-entry waivers](/wiki/Waivers_%28NHL%29 \"Waivers (NHL)\"), he joined the Kings' roster to backup LaBarbera. Three days later, Cloutier started in goal against the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\"); he recorded his first NHL win in over a year, backstopping the Kings to a 3–2 shootout victory.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kopita, O'Sullivan help Kings send Jackets to fourth straight home loss\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=280210029\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213004338/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=280210029\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 13, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-28\\|date\\=2008\\-02\\-10\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} After LaBarbera became sidelined with a groin injury, Cloutier began earning additional playing time with the Kings. On March 10, he played against the Canucks for the first time since being traded.{{cite news\\|title\\=Cloutier to play goal against Canucks tonight \\|url\\=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\\=cf891cc3\\-1b38\\-4b90\\-b175\\-5117f740704c\\&k\\=62275 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29 \\|date\\=2008\\-03\\-10 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Vancouver Sun]] \\|publisher\\=Postmedia News \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110080847/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\\=cf891cc3\\-1b38\\-4b90\\-b175\\-5117f740704c\\&k\\=62275 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-10 }} He stopped 38 shots in a 2–1 overtime loss against his former teammates.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kesler scores tying goal late in regulation then nets OT winner for Canucks\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=280310008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315020937/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=280310008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=March 15, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2008\\-03\\-10\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|agency\\=Associated Press}} Later that month, he suffered a groin injury and missed three games. Remaining with the Kings for the remainder of the 2007–08 season as backup to Ersberg, he recorded two wins in nine games with a 3\\.44 GAA and .887 save percentage.",
"In the subsequent off\\-season, Cloutier's remaining year on his contract was bought out by the Kings on June 21, 2008\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Kings buy out Cloutier\\|url\\=http://kings.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=455905\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2008\\-06\\-21\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Kings]]}} As teams cannot buyout the contract of an injured player, Cloutier claimed he was not healthy and contested the move.{{cite news\\|title\\=Report: Medical to determine Cloutier's free agent status\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\\=241472\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2008\\-06\\-23\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Sports Network]]}} However, the NHL ruled in favour of the Kings; the buyout stood and Cloutier became an [unrestricted free agent](/wiki/Unrestricted_free_agent \"Unrestricted free agent\").{{Cite news\\|title\\=Cloutier update\\|url\\=http://www.insidesocal.com/kings/2008/07/cloutier\\-update\\-4\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-29\\|date\\=2008\\-07\\-31\\|publisher\\=Los Angeles Newspaper Group\\|author\\=Hammond, Rich}} Consequently, he received $2 million over the next two years from the Kings.",
"Without an NHL job, Cloutier took up an assistant coaching position in the [Central Hockey League](/wiki/Central_Hockey_League \"Central Hockey League\") (CHL) with his older brother [Sylvain Cloutier](/wiki/Sylvain_Cloutier \"Sylvain Cloutier\"), who had just been hired as head coach of the [Corpus Christi IceRays](/wiki/Corpus_Christi_IceRays \"Corpus Christi IceRays\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Adolphe was born in [Ghent](/wiki/Ghent "Ghent") (which, at the time was a part of the new [French Republic](/wiki/First_French_Republic "First French Republic")). He was the son of François\-Augustin\-Jacques\-Henri Quetelet, a Frenchman and Anne Françoise Vandervelde, a Flemish woman. His father was born at [Ham](/wiki/Ham%2C_France "Ham, France"), [Picardy](/wiki/Picardy "Picardy"), and being of a somewhat adventurous spirit, he crossed the English Channel and became both a British citizen and the secretary of a Scottish nobleman. In that capacity, he traveled with his employer on the Continent, particularly spending time in Italy. At about 31, he settled in Ghent and was employed by the city, where Adolphe was born, the fifth of nine children, several of whom died in childhood.
Francois died when Adolphe was only seven years old. Adolphe studied at the Ghent Lycée, where he afterwards started teaching mathematics in 1815 at the age of 19\. In 1819, he moved to the Athenaeum in Brussels and in the same year he completed his [dissertation](/wiki/Thesis "Thesis") (*De quibusdam locis geometricis, necnon de curva focal – Of some new properties of the focal distance and some other curves*).
Quetelet received a doctorate in [mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics "Mathematics") in 1819 from the [University of Ghent](/wiki/University_of_Ghent "University of Ghent"). Shortly thereafter, the young man set out to convince government officials and private donors to build an astronomical [observatory](/wiki/Observatory "Observatory") in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"); he succeeded in 1828\.
He became a member of the [Royal Academy](/wiki/Royal_Academy "Royal Academy") in 1820\. He lectured at the museum for sciences and letters and at the Belgian Military School. In 1825, he became a correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, in 1827 he became a member. In 1839, he was elected as a member of the [American Philosophical Society](/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society "American Philosophical Society").{{Cite web\|title\=APS Member History\|url\=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator\=\&title\=\&subject\=\&subdiv\=\&mem\=\&year\=1839\&year\-max\=1839\&dead\=\&keyword\=\&smode\=advanced\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-09\|website\=search.amphilsoc.org}} From 1841 to 1851, he was a supernumerary associate in the institute, and when it became [Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences") he became foreign member.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype\=authorDetail\&aId\=PE00002452 \|title\=Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet (1796–1874\) \|publisher\=\[\[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] \|access\-date\=20 July 2015}} In 1850, he was elected a foreign member of the [Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences "Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences").
Quetelet also founded several statistical journals and societies, and was especially interested in creating international cooperation among statisticians. He encouraged the creation of a statistical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA), which later became the [Royal Statistical Society](/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society "Royal Statistical Society"), of which he became the first overseas member. In 1853 he chaired both the [International Maritime Conference](/wiki/International_Meteorological_Organization "International Meteorological Organization") and the [First International Statistical Congress](/wiki/First_International_Statistical_Congress "First International Statistical Congress"). He was a founding member of the first *[Société des douze](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_douze "Société des douze")*.
In 1855, Quetelet developed [apoplexy](/wiki/Apoplexy "Apoplexy"), which diminished but did not end his scientific activity.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2022}}
He died in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") on 17 February 1874, and is buried in the [Brussels Cemetery](/wiki/Brussels_Cemetery "Brussels Cemetery").
In 1825, he married Cécile\-Virginie Curtet.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.genealogieonline.nl/magnum\-opus/I71480\.php \|title\=Cecile Virginie Curtet (1801\-1858\) » Magnum Opus » Genealogie Online \|access\-date\=15 June 2018 \|archive\-date\=15 June 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615193210/https://www.genealogieonline.nl/magnum\-opus/I71480\.php \|url\-status\=dead }}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Adolphe was born in [Ghent](/wiki/Ghent \"Ghent\") (which, at the time was a part of the new [French Republic](/wiki/First_French_Republic \"First French Republic\")). He was the son of François\\-Augustin\\-Jacques\\-Henri Quetelet, a Frenchman and Anne Françoise Vandervelde, a Flemish woman. His father was born at [Ham](/wiki/Ham%2C_France \"Ham, France\"), [Picardy](/wiki/Picardy \"Picardy\"), and being of a somewhat adventurous spirit, he crossed the English Channel and became both a British citizen and the secretary of a Scottish nobleman. In that capacity, he traveled with his employer on the Continent, particularly spending time in Italy. At about 31, he settled in Ghent and was employed by the city, where Adolphe was born, the fifth of nine children, several of whom died in childhood.",
"Francois died when Adolphe was only seven years old. Adolphe studied at the Ghent Lycée, where he afterwards started teaching mathematics in 1815 at the age of 19\\. In 1819, he moved to the Athenaeum in Brussels and in the same year he completed his [dissertation](/wiki/Thesis \"Thesis\") (*De quibusdam locis geometricis, necnon de curva focal – Of some new properties of the focal distance and some other curves*).",
"Quetelet received a doctorate in [mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics \"Mathematics\") in 1819 from the [University of Ghent](/wiki/University_of_Ghent \"University of Ghent\"). Shortly thereafter, the young man set out to convince government officials and private donors to build an astronomical [observatory](/wiki/Observatory \"Observatory\") in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\"); he succeeded in 1828\\.\nHe became a member of the [Royal Academy](/wiki/Royal_Academy \"Royal Academy\") in 1820\\. He lectured at the museum for sciences and letters and at the Belgian Military School. In 1825, he became a correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, in 1827 he became a member. In 1839, he was elected as a member of the [American Philosophical Society](/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society \"American Philosophical Society\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=APS Member History\\|url\\=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator\\=\\&title\\=\\&subject\\=\\&subdiv\\=\\&mem\\=\\&year\\=1839\\&year\\-max\\=1839\\&dead\\=\\&keyword\\=\\&smode\\=advanced\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-09\\|website\\=search.amphilsoc.org}} From 1841 to 1851, he was a supernumerary associate in the institute, and when it became [Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences\") he became foreign member.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype\\=authorDetail\\&aId\\=PE00002452 \\|title\\=Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet (1796–1874\\) \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2015}} In 1850, he was elected a foreign member of the [Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences \"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\").",
"Quetelet also founded several statistical journals and societies, and was especially interested in creating international cooperation among statisticians. He encouraged the creation of a statistical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA), which later became the [Royal Statistical Society](/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society \"Royal Statistical Society\"), of which he became the first overseas member. In 1853 he chaired both the [International Maritime Conference](/wiki/International_Meteorological_Organization \"International Meteorological Organization\") and the [First International Statistical Congress](/wiki/First_International_Statistical_Congress \"First International Statistical Congress\"). He was a founding member of the first *[Société des douze](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_douze \"Société des douze\")*.",
"In 1855, Quetelet developed [apoplexy](/wiki/Apoplexy \"Apoplexy\"), which diminished but did not end his scientific activity.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2022}}",
"He died in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\") on 17 February 1874, and is buried in the [Brussels Cemetery](/wiki/Brussels_Cemetery \"Brussels Cemetery\").",
"In 1825, he married Cécile\\-Virginie Curtet.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.genealogieonline.nl/magnum\\-opus/I71480\\.php \\|title\\=Cecile Virginie Curtet (1801\\-1858\\) » Magnum Opus » Genealogie Online \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615193210/https://www.genealogieonline.nl/magnum\\-opus/I71480\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
""
] |
Work
----
His scientific research encompassed a wide range of different scientific disciplines: [meteorology](/wiki/Meteorology "Meteorology"), astronomy, mathematics, statistics, [demography](/wiki/Demography "Demography"), sociology, [criminology](/wiki/Criminology "Criminology") and history of science. He made significant contributions to scientific development, but he also wrote several [monographs](/wiki/Monograph "Monograph") directed to the general public. He founded the [Royal Observatory of Belgium](/wiki/Royal_Observatory_of_Belgium "Royal Observatory of Belgium"), founded or co\-founded several national and international statistical societies and scientific journals, and presided over the first series of the International Statistical Congresses. Quetelet was a [liberal](/wiki/Liberalism "Liberalism") and an [anticlerical](/wiki/Anti-clericalism "Anti-clericalism"), but not an [atheist](/wiki/Atheism "Atheism") or [materialist](/wiki/Materialism "Materialism") nor a [socialist](/wiki/Socialism "Socialism").
### Social physics
The new science of [probability](/wiki/Probability "Probability") and [statistics](/wiki/Statistics "Statistics") was mainly used in astronomy at the time, where it was essential to account for measurement [errors](/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics "Errors and residuals in statistics") around means. This was done using the method of [least squares](/wiki/Least_squares "Least squares"). Quetelet was among the first to apply statistics to social science, planning what he called "social physics". He was keenly aware of the overwhelming complexity of social phenomena, and the many variables that needed measurement. His goal was to understand the statistical laws underlying such phenomena as crime rates, marriage rates or [suicide rates](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate "List of countries by suicide rate"). He wanted to explain the values of these variables by other social factors. These ideas were rather controversial among other scientists at the time who held that it contradicted the concept of freedom of choice.
His most influential book was *Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale*, published in 1835 (In English translation, it is titled *Treatise on Man*, but a literal translation would be "On Man and the Development of his Faculties, or Essay on Social Physics"). In it, he outlines the project of a social physics and describes his concept of the "average man" (*l'homme moyen*) who is characterized by the [mean values](/wiki/Mean_value "Mean value") of measured variables that follow a [normal distribution](/wiki/Normal_distribution "Normal distribution"). He collected data about many such variables. Quetelet wrote about these values as "ideals" with deviations from them as being less than or more than ideal. He saw the average body as an ideal beauty and something to be desired and his work was influential on [Francis Galton](/wiki/Francis_Galton "Francis Galton") who coined the term *eugenics*.{{r\|grue2006}}{{r\|ea2013}}{{r\|bierne1987}}
Quetelet's student [Pierre François Verhulst](/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Verhulst "Pierre François Verhulst") developed the [logistic function](/wiki/Logistic_function "Logistic function") in the 1830s as a model of [population growth](/wiki/Population_growth "Population growth"); see {{slink\|Logistic function\|History}} for details.{{sfn\|Cramer\|2002\|pp\=3–5}}
When [Auguste Comte](/wiki/Auguste_Comte "Auguste Comte") discovered that Quetelet had appropriated the term 'social physics', which Comte had originally introduced, Comte found it necessary to invent the term 'sociologie' ([sociology](/wiki/Sociology "Sociology")) because he disagreed with Quetelet's notion that a theory of society could be derived from a collection of statistics.
Adolphe Quetelet also had a significant influence on [Florence Nightingale](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale "Florence Nightingale") who shared with him a religious view of statistics which saw understanding statistics as revealing the work of God in addition to statistics being a force of good administration. Nightingale met Quetelet in person at the 1860 International Statistical Congress in London, and they corresponded for years afterwards.{{cite journal \|last1\=Jahoda \|first1\=Gustav \|title\=Quetelet and the emergence of the behavioral sciences \|journal\=SpringerPlus \|date\=4 September 2015 \|volume\=4 \|issue\=1 \|page\=473 \|doi\=10\.1186/s40064\-015\-1261\-7 \|pmid\=26361574 \|pmc\=4559562 \|doi\-access\=free }}
### Criminology
Quetelet was an influential figure in [criminology](/wiki/Criminology "Criminology"). Along with [Andre\-Michel Guerry](/wiki/Andre-Michel_Guerry "Andre-Michel Guerry"), he helped to establish the [cartographic school](/wiki/Crime_mapping "Crime mapping") and [positivist schools](/wiki/Positivist_school "Positivist school") of criminology which made extensive use of statistical techniques. Through statistical analysis, Quetelet gained insight into the relationships between [crime](/wiki/Crime "Crime") and other social factors. Among his findings were strong relationships between age and crime, as well as [gender and crime](/wiki/Gender_and_crime "Gender and crime"). Other influential factors he found included [climate](/wiki/Climate "Climate"), [poverty](/wiki/Poverty "Poverty"), [education](/wiki/Education "Education"), and [alcohol](/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage "Alcoholic beverage") consumption, with his research findings published in *Of the Development of the Propensity to Crime*.Piers Beirne (1987\). "Adolphe Quetelet and the Origins of Positivist Criminology". In; *American Journal of Sociology* 92(5\): pp. 1140–1169\.
### Anthropometry
In his 1835 text on social physics, he presented his theory of human [variance](/wiki/Variance "Variance") around the [average](/wiki/Average "Average"), showing human traits were distributed according to a [normal curve](/wiki/Normal_distribution "Normal distribution"). The existence of such variation provided the basis for later writers, including Darwin, to argue that natural populations contained sufficient variability for [artificial](/wiki/Artificial_selection "Artificial selection") or [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection "Natural selection") to operate.{{cite book \|last\=Eiseley \|first\=Loren \|title\=Darwin's Century \|url\=https://archive.org/details/darwinscenturye000eise \|url\-access\=registration \|date\=1961 \|publisher\=Anchor Books (Doubleday) \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/darwinscenturye000eise/page/227 227] \|isbn\=9780385081412 }}
In terms of influence over later [public health](/wiki/Public_health "Public health") agendas, one of Quetelet's lasting legacies was the establishment of a simple measure for classifying people's weight relative to an ideal for their height. His proposal, the [body mass index](/wiki/Body_mass_index "Body mass index") (or Quetelet index), has endured with minor variations to the present day.Garabed Eknoyan (2008\). ["Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874\) – the average man and indices of obesity".](https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195712/http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/1/47.full) In: *Nephrol. Dial. Transplant*. 23 (1\): 47–51\. Anthropometric data is used in modern applications and referenced in the development of every consumer\-based product.
|
[
"Work\n----",
"His scientific research encompassed a wide range of different scientific disciplines: [meteorology](/wiki/Meteorology \"Meteorology\"), astronomy, mathematics, statistics, [demography](/wiki/Demography \"Demography\"), sociology, [criminology](/wiki/Criminology \"Criminology\") and history of science. He made significant contributions to scientific development, but he also wrote several [monographs](/wiki/Monograph \"Monograph\") directed to the general public. He founded the [Royal Observatory of Belgium](/wiki/Royal_Observatory_of_Belgium \"Royal Observatory of Belgium\"), founded or co\\-founded several national and international statistical societies and scientific journals, and presided over the first series of the International Statistical Congresses. Quetelet was a [liberal](/wiki/Liberalism \"Liberalism\") and an [anticlerical](/wiki/Anti-clericalism \"Anti-clericalism\"), but not an [atheist](/wiki/Atheism \"Atheism\") or [materialist](/wiki/Materialism \"Materialism\") nor a [socialist](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\").",
"### Social physics",
"The new science of [probability](/wiki/Probability \"Probability\") and [statistics](/wiki/Statistics \"Statistics\") was mainly used in astronomy at the time, where it was essential to account for measurement [errors](/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics \"Errors and residuals in statistics\") around means. This was done using the method of [least squares](/wiki/Least_squares \"Least squares\"). Quetelet was among the first to apply statistics to social science, planning what he called \"social physics\". He was keenly aware of the overwhelming complexity of social phenomena, and the many variables that needed measurement. His goal was to understand the statistical laws underlying such phenomena as crime rates, marriage rates or [suicide rates](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate \"List of countries by suicide rate\"). He wanted to explain the values of these variables by other social factors. These ideas were rather controversial among other scientists at the time who held that it contradicted the concept of freedom of choice.",
"His most influential book was *Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale*, published in 1835 (In English translation, it is titled *Treatise on Man*, but a literal translation would be \"On Man and the Development of his Faculties, or Essay on Social Physics\"). In it, he outlines the project of a social physics and describes his concept of the \"average man\" (*l'homme moyen*) who is characterized by the [mean values](/wiki/Mean_value \"Mean value\") of measured variables that follow a [normal distribution](/wiki/Normal_distribution \"Normal distribution\"). He collected data about many such variables. Quetelet wrote about these values as \"ideals\" with deviations from them as being less than or more than ideal. He saw the average body as an ideal beauty and something to be desired and his work was influential on [Francis Galton](/wiki/Francis_Galton \"Francis Galton\") who coined the term *eugenics*.{{r\\|grue2006}}{{r\\|ea2013}}{{r\\|bierne1987}}",
"Quetelet's student [Pierre François Verhulst](/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Verhulst \"Pierre François Verhulst\") developed the [logistic function](/wiki/Logistic_function \"Logistic function\") in the 1830s as a model of [population growth](/wiki/Population_growth \"Population growth\"); see {{slink\\|Logistic function\\|History}} for details.{{sfn\\|Cramer\\|2002\\|pp\\=3–5}}",
"When [Auguste Comte](/wiki/Auguste_Comte \"Auguste Comte\") discovered that Quetelet had appropriated the term 'social physics', which Comte had originally introduced, Comte found it necessary to invent the term 'sociologie' ([sociology](/wiki/Sociology \"Sociology\")) because he disagreed with Quetelet's notion that a theory of society could be derived from a collection of statistics.",
"Adolphe Quetelet also had a significant influence on [Florence Nightingale](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale \"Florence Nightingale\") who shared with him a religious view of statistics which saw understanding statistics as revealing the work of God in addition to statistics being a force of good administration. Nightingale met Quetelet in person at the 1860 International Statistical Congress in London, and they corresponded for years afterwards.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Jahoda \\|first1\\=Gustav \\|title\\=Quetelet and the emergence of the behavioral sciences \\|journal\\=SpringerPlus \\|date\\=4 September 2015 \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=1 \\|page\\=473 \\|doi\\=10\\.1186/s40064\\-015\\-1261\\-7 \\|pmid\\=26361574 \\|pmc\\=4559562 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"### Criminology",
"Quetelet was an influential figure in [criminology](/wiki/Criminology \"Criminology\"). Along with [Andre\\-Michel Guerry](/wiki/Andre-Michel_Guerry \"Andre-Michel Guerry\"), he helped to establish the [cartographic school](/wiki/Crime_mapping \"Crime mapping\") and [positivist schools](/wiki/Positivist_school \"Positivist school\") of criminology which made extensive use of statistical techniques. Through statistical analysis, Quetelet gained insight into the relationships between [crime](/wiki/Crime \"Crime\") and other social factors. Among his findings were strong relationships between age and crime, as well as [gender and crime](/wiki/Gender_and_crime \"Gender and crime\"). Other influential factors he found included [climate](/wiki/Climate \"Climate\"), [poverty](/wiki/Poverty \"Poverty\"), [education](/wiki/Education \"Education\"), and [alcohol](/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage \"Alcoholic beverage\") consumption, with his research findings published in *Of the Development of the Propensity to Crime*.Piers Beirne (1987\\). \"Adolphe Quetelet and the Origins of Positivist Criminology\". In; *American Journal of Sociology* 92(5\\): pp. 1140–1169\\.",
"### Anthropometry",
"In his 1835 text on social physics, he presented his theory of human [variance](/wiki/Variance \"Variance\") around the [average](/wiki/Average \"Average\"), showing human traits were distributed according to a [normal curve](/wiki/Normal_distribution \"Normal distribution\"). The existence of such variation provided the basis for later writers, including Darwin, to argue that natural populations contained sufficient variability for [artificial](/wiki/Artificial_selection \"Artificial selection\") or [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection \"Natural selection\") to operate.{{cite book \\|last\\=Eiseley \\|first\\=Loren \\|title\\=Darwin's Century \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/darwinscenturye000eise \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|date\\=1961 \\|publisher\\=Anchor Books (Doubleday) \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/darwinscenturye000eise/page/227 227] \\|isbn\\=9780385081412 }}",
"In terms of influence over later [public health](/wiki/Public_health \"Public health\") agendas, one of Quetelet's lasting legacies was the establishment of a simple measure for classifying people's weight relative to an ideal for their height. His proposal, the [body mass index](/wiki/Body_mass_index \"Body mass index\") (or Quetelet index), has endured with minor variations to the present day.Garabed Eknoyan (2008\\). [\"Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874\\) – the average man and indices of obesity\".](https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195712/http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/1/47.full) In: *Nephrol. Dial. Transplant*. 23 (1\\): 47–51\\. Anthropometric data is used in modern applications and referenced in the development of every consumer\\-based product.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|Monument depicting King [Casimir III the Great](/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great "Casimir III the Great") giving Świętosław Gryfita permission to establish Dębica](/wiki/File:D%C4%99bica-pomnik_Kazimierza_Wielkiego.jpg "Dębica-pomnik Kazimierza Wielkiego.jpg")
### Middle Ages
One of the oldest documented references to this area dates back to the year 1293\. It records a settlement by the name of *Dambicha*, belonging to the noble Gryfita family.{{cite web \|url\= http://www.debica.pl/index.php?strona\=english\&podstrona\=152 \|title\=Urząd Miejski w Dębicy \- oficjalna strona internetowa \|last\=Urząd Miejski w Dębicy \|work\=debica.pl \|year\=2011 \|access\-date\=1 October 2011}} In 1305, the village was raided by the [Tatars](/wiki/Tatars "Tatars"), who burned down a wooden church. The church was rebuilt in 1318, and by 1325, Dębica became the seat of a [deanery](/wiki/Deanery "Deanery"), located on the outskirts of the mighty [Sandomierz Forest](/wiki/Sandomierz_Forest "Sandomierz Forest"). The Dębica Deanery consisted of fourteen parishes, including [Przecław](/wiki/Przec%C5%82aw "Przecław"), [Sędziszów Małopolski](/wiki/S%C4%99dzisz%C3%B3w_Ma%C5%82opolski "Sędziszów Małopolski"), and [Strzyżów](/wiki/Strzy%C5%BC%C3%B3w "Strzyżów").
In 1358, [King](/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs "List of Polish monarchs") [Casimir III the Great](/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great "Casimir III the Great") granted local nobleman Świętosław Gryfita permission to establish a town, and Dębica received [town rights](/wiki/Town_rights "Town rights"), along with the privilege to hold weekly markets on Wednesdays. However, the town was not officially founded until June 10, 1372, when Mikołaj of Lipiny was appointed its first [wójt](/wiki/Vogt "Vogt"). Dębica was conveniently located along the main merchant route from [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków") to [Lwów](/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w "Lwów"), but the newly founded town struggled to compete with older urban centers in the area, such as [Pilzno](/wiki/Pilzno "Pilzno") and [Ropczyce](/wiki/Ropczyce "Ropczyce"). In 1446, King [Władysław III of Poland](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland "Władysław III of Poland") authorized annual [fairs](/wiki/Fair "Fair") to be held on [Ash Wednesdays](/wiki/Ash_Wednesday "Ash Wednesday"), spurring the town's growth. Despite this, Dębica remained a small town for many years, located in [Pilzno County](/wiki/Pilzno_County "Pilzno County"), part of the [Sandomierz Voivodeship](/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodeship "Sandomierz Voivodeship") in the province of [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland"). Without a [defensive wall](/wiki/Defensive_wall "Defensive wall") for protection, the town was vulnerable to invasions by the Tatars, [Swedes](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 "Deluge (history)"), and [Hungarians](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"), who frequently burned or plundered it. As a result, few historical monuments have survived in Dębica. One notable exception is the [Saint Jadwiga](/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland "Jadwiga of Poland") church, originally built in the 14th century but completely reconstructed in the late 19th century.
[thumb\|Church of St. Jadwiga, first erected in the 14th century](/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Jadwigi_w_D%C4%99bicy.jpg "Kościół św. Jadwigi w Dębicy.jpg") In 1474, Dębica, along with other towns in southern [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland"), was ransacked by the [Black Army of Hungary](/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary "Black Army of Hungary"). In 1502, a Crimean Tatar raid caused widespread devastation, leaving the town burned and depopulated.
### Early modern era
To prevent the complete disappearance of Dębica, its owners exempted residents from all taxes for 14 years, also allowing them to collect free timber and firewood in local forests. In 1504, Dębica was exempted from royal taxes by King [Alexander Jagiellon](/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon "Alexander Jagiellon"). Due to all these privileges, Dębica emerged in the 16th century as a local center of skilled craftsmen. Still, it was much smaller than Pilzno and Ropczyce, also because it remained a private town, whose owners argued with each other. In 1554, most of Dębica burned down, together with the wooden parish church of St. Margaret. In the late 16th century, the population of the town was app. 700\.
Like almost all Lesser Poland's towns and cities, Dębica was completely destroyed in the [Swedish invasion of Poland](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 "Deluge (history)"), when Swedes and Transylvanians of [George II Rakoczi](/wiki/George_II_Rakoczi "George II Rakoczi") burned and ransacked the town (1655 \- 1660\). After the invasion, the population of Dębica was reduced to app. 200, with only 30 houses. As a result, the owners of the town allowed the first Jews to settle in Dębica. The first settlers arrived in 1676–1690\. They expanded the town's population, and had a positive influence on the town's economy.
In the late 17th century, the so\-called *New Dębica* was established, around the now non\-existing St. Barbara church, app. one kilometre ({{convert\|1\|km\|abbr\=off\|disp\=output only}}) west of *Old Dębica*. Both Dębicas had different mayors, who were governed by one [wójt](/wiki/Vogt "Vogt"). In the course of time, the towns merged, and the market square of *New Dębica* now serves as the center of the town. Dębica was completely destroyed during the [Great Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War "Great Northern War"), and the destruction was so severe that the town slowly turned into a farming village. In the late 18th century, it belonged to the [Radziwiłł family](/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82 "Radziwiłł").
### Late modern era
A battle between Poles and Russians took place here during the [Bar Confederation](/wiki/Bar_Confederation "Bar Confederation"), and in 1772, as a result of the [First Partition of Poland](/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland "First Partition of Poland"), Dębica was annexed by the [Habsburg Empire](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy"), as part of newly established [Galicia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria"), where it remained until November 1918\. Austrian authorities decided that it should no longer be regarded as a town, but rather a village and renamed it *Dembitz*. This decision marked the decline of the town.
[thumb\|left\|Dębica's oldest high school in the early 20th century](/wiki/File:I_LO_w_D%C4%99bicy.jpg "I LO w Dębicy.jpg")
Bad times came to an end in the second half of the 19th century, when the Austrian government decided to build a main West\-East [railroad](/wiki/Rail_transport "Rail transport") line (see [Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis](/wiki/Galician_Railway_of_Archduke_Charles_Louis "Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis")), connecting two major urban centres of Galicja \- [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków") and [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv"). A [railroad station](/wiki/Train_station "Train station") was built in Dębica, and at the end of the 19th century, another, northbound line was constructed, joining Dębica and the town of [Sandomierz](/wiki/Sandomierz "Sandomierz"), which was located on the Austrian\-Russian boundary. The town became a rail junction, which was a huge boost for its citizens. In 1900 a [high school](/wiki/High_school "High school") was opened, and in 1908 students from this school founded one of the oldest sports clubs in Poland, [Wisłoka Dębica](/wiki/Wis%C5%82oka_D%C4%99bica "Wisłoka Dębica") (whose name comes from the [River Wisłoka](/wiki/Wis%C5%82oka "Wisłoka"), which flows by the town). Just before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Dębica was again incorporated as a town. The war was a disaster for the town, as it was almost completely destroyed. During several campaigns, Dębica was occupied by Russian, Austrian, Hungarian and German troops, which fought in this area for many months in 1914 \- 1915\. The Entente Powers wanted to get through the [Carpathian](/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains "Carpathian Mountains") Range towards [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia"), Bohemia and Hungary, while the [Central Powers](/wiki/Central_Powers "Central Powers") managed to stop them at the beginning of 1915\. These events had a great impact on the town and hampered its development for many years.
{{multiple image \|align\=right \|caption\_align\=center \|perrow\=2 \|total\_width\=380
\| image1\=Dwór w Dębicy\-Wolicy.JPG
\| image2\=Willa w Dębicy.JPG
\| caption1\=Late 19th\-century manor
\| caption2\=Early 20th\-century villa
}}
In 1918, after Poland regained independence, Dębica was included in the [Kraków Voivodeship](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_%281919%E2%80%9339%29 "Kraków Voivodeship (1919–39)"), in the [county](/wiki/Powiat "Powiat") of Ropczyce. The economic situation of the town did not change \- there was no industry, very few jobs available and surrounding villages were strongly overpopulated. This started to change in 1936, when [Polish government](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic") announced the creation of the [Central Industrial Area](/wiki/Central_Industrial_Region_%28Poland%29 "Central Industrial Region (Poland)"). It was a huge [public works](/wiki/Public_works "Public works") project, aimed at fighting unemployment in this overpopulated part of Poland, as well as creating [heavy industry](/wiki/Heavy_industry "Heavy industry"), concentrated on the production of arms. Dębica started to develop very fast; so fast, that in 1937 the county's capital was moved here from Ropczyce. Among several factories built in the town at that time, the most important was *Stomil* (now called *Tire Company Dębica*, and belonging to the [Goodyear](/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company "Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company")). Other factories were: *Wytwórnia Urządzeń Chłodniczych WUCh* and *Zakłady Tworzyw Sztucznych "Pustków"*, built from scratch, together with a workers' settlement, in [Pustków Osiedle](/wiki/Pustk%C3%B3w_Osiedle "Pustków Osiedle"), {{convert\|15\|km\|abbr\=on\|lk\=off}} northeast of Dębica. Some time in 1938 or 1939 work on another rail connection from Dębica to [Jasło](/wiki/Jas%C5%82o "Jasło"), via Pilzno was started. [the Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") stopped this construction, and after the war it was not continued.
### World War II
The [occupation](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 "Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)") of Dębica by [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") started on September 8, 1939\. The *[Einsatzgruppe I](/wiki/Einsatzgruppen "Einsatzgruppen")* entered the town in September 1939 to commit various [crimes against Poles](/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation "Nazi crimes against the Polish nation").{{cite book\|last\=Wardzyńska\|first\=Maria\|year\=2009\|title\=Był rok 1939\. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion\|language\=pl\|location\=Warszawa\|publisher\=\[\[Institute of National Remembrance\|IPN]]\|page\=58}} The Germans created a [ghetto](/wiki/Nazi_ghettos "Nazi ghettos") for the town's [Jewish](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland "History of the Jews in Poland") population, eventually killing most of them either on the spot or in the [Auschwitz concentration camp](/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp "Auschwitz concentration camp"). In the forested hills south of the town, strong [Polish underground forces](/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II "Polish resistance movement in World War II") operated, with numerous units of the [Home Army](/wiki/Armia_Krajowa "Armia Krajowa") (*AK*). It was too dangerous for AK officers to stay in Dębica, thus the headquarters of a local underground district (known as *Deser*) were located at a nearby village of [Gumniska](/wiki/Gumniska%2C_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship "Gumniska, Subcarpathian Voivodeship"), located in the hilly area south of the town. Resistance fighters were very active here, often attacking the main Kraków\-Lwów rail line, used by German troops. In early 1944, units of the local Armia Krajowa district unsuccessfully tried to blow up a train with [Hans Frank](/wiki/Hans_Frank "Hans Frank"), which was passing through the village station at [Czarna Tarnowska](/wiki/Czarna%2C_D%C4%99bica_County "Czarna, Dębica County"), some {{convert\|15\|km\|0\|abbr\=off}} west of Dębica. As a reprisal, on February 2, 1944, the Germans murdered 50 Poles by the rail track in Dębica (also see [Otto Schimek](/wiki/Otto_Schimek "Otto Schimek")).
[thumb\|Reconstructed camp barracks with a watchtower and the barbed\-wire fence [in the village of Pustków](/wiki/Pustk%C3%B3w%2C_Podkarpackie_Voivodeship "Pustków, Podkarpackie Voivodeship")](/wiki/File:G%C3%B3ra_%C5%9Amierci_Rekonstrukcja_%283%29.JPG "Góra Śmierci Rekonstrukcja (3).JPG")
On the outskirts of Dębica, near the villages of [Pustków](/wiki/Pustk%C3%B3w%2C_Podkarpackie_Voivodeship "Pustków, Podkarpackie Voivodeship") and [Blizna](/wiki/Blizna%2C_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship "Blizna, Subcarpathian Voivodeship") and several neighboring ones, the Germans established a massive military base called [Heidelager](/wiki/Heidelager "Heidelager") in the fall of 1941, which included the [Blizna V\-2 missile launch site](/wiki/Blizna_V-2_missile_launch_site "Blizna V-2 missile launch site") for weapons testing, and the training of new Ukrainian collaborationist military formations including the *[SS](/wiki/SS "SS") [Galizien Division](/wiki/Galizien_Division "Galizien Division")*.{{cite web \| url\=http://pustkow.republika.pl/historia.html \| title\=''HL\-Heidelager: SS\-TruppenÜbungsPlatz'' \| publisher\=Pustkow.Republika.pl \| work\=Historia poligonu Heidelager w Pustkowie \| year\=2013 \| access\-date\=6 July 2013 \| format\=with collection of historical photographs \| language\=pl \| archive\-date\=18 April 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418040914/http://pustkow.republika.pl/historia.html \| url\-status\=dead }} It is estimated that over the duration of the *SS Heidelager* training base operation, some 15,000 [slave\-labour](/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II "Forced labour under German rule during World War II") prisoners perished there, including 7,500 Jews, 5,000 Soviet POWs, and 2,500 Poles, on top of an estimated 1,000 Soviet soldiers who died in the area during the Nazi\-Soviet war. Their remains are buried in the cemetery along the road to Pustków Drips. Originally, the cemetery was located inside the ring IV (Dąbrówki). Later, the graves of soldiers were exhumed and moved. A Russian colonel killed in the fighting is buried in one of the tombs.{{cite web \|url\=http://pustkow.republika.pl/historia.html \|title\=Historia poligonu Heidelager \|publisher\=Pustkow.republika.pl \|access\-date\=2013\-03\-12 \|archive\-date\=2014\-04\-18 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418040914/http://pustkow.republika.pl/historia.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
Implicated in war crimes was SS\-man Alois Kurz (ID 382378\) who, from 1940 to 21 April 1941, served in the SS Regiment *Westland,* then was assigned to a construction battalion for the SS training ground and labor camp serving the *[SS Truppenubungsplatz Heidelager](/wiki/SS_Truppenubungsplatz_Heidelager "SS Truppenubungsplatz Heidelager")* in Pustków. Also implicated in war crimes was [Wilhelm Schitli](/wiki/Wilhelm_Schitli "Wilhelm Schitli"), commander of the "Jewish camp" at the SS training area *HL\-Heidelager* from October 1942 to September 1943\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kz\-gedenkstaette\-neuengamme.de/index.php?id\=3332\&tx\_hnlager\_pi1%5Buid%5D\=161\&tx\_hnlager\_pi1%5BfromPid%5D\=952\&cHash\=7f58b399638e8a2dd08d7fc4259daf9b \|title\=Detailansicht \|publisher\=www.kz\-gedenkstaette\-neuengamme.de \|access\-date\=2013\-03\-12 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102224154/http://www.kz\-gedenkstaette\-neuengamme.de/index.php?id\=3332\&tx\_hnlager\_pi1%5Buid%5D\=161\&tx\_hnlager\_pi1%5BfromPid%5D\=952\&cHash\=7f58b399638e8a2dd08d7fc4259daf9b \|archive\-date\=2014\-01\-02 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Polish priest Jan Nagórzański, who joined the Polish resistance and [rescued Jews](/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust "Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust") during the occupation, was arrested by the Germans, but was soon liberated by the Home Army in 1944\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.swzygmunt.knc.pl/MARTYROLOGIUM/POLISHRELIGIOUS/vPOLISH/HTMs/POLISHRELIGIOUSmartyr3411\.htm\|title\=Jan Nagórzański\|accessdate\=13 February 2021\|language\=pl}} In 1945, he was beaten by Russian troops, and then fell ill with [typhus](/wiki/Typhus "Typhus") and died in Dębica. In 1945 the town was restored to Poland, although with a [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union")\-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the [Fall of Communism](/wiki/Fall_of_Communism "Fall of Communism") in the 1980s.
### Post\-war
After the war, in new, [Communist Poland](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic "Polish People's Republic"), Dębica again became the seat of a county, but the town was moved from the Kraków to the [Rzeszów Voivodeship](/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w_Voivodeship "Rzeszów Voivodeship"). In 1946, executions of anti\-communist activists took place there ([1946 Public execution in Dębica](/wiki/Public_execution_in_D%C4%99bica "Public execution in Dębica")). Polish priest Jan Wójcik, who aided Polish partisans and Jews during the German occupation, died in Dębica in 1954, shortly after he was released from prison by the communists, who imprisoned him in 1949\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.swzygmunt.knc.pl/MARTYROLOGIUM/POLISHRELIGIOUS/vPOLISH/HTMs/POLISHRELIGIOUSmartyr3464\.htm\|title\=Jan Wójcik\|accessdate\=13 February 2021\|language\=pl}} War destruction again stopped the town's development, but recovery this time was fast and based on pre\-war factories. In 1975, after administrative reform, counties in Poland ceased to exist and were replaced by numerous and small Voivodeships. Dębica again was moved \- this time from Rzeszów to the newly created [Tarnów Voivodeship](/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w_Voivodeship "Tarnów Voivodeship"). In the late 1970s, Dębica gained importance as a centre of food and agricultural production. This was due to the creation of *Kombinat Rolno\-Spozywczy Igloopol*, which, under an influential Communist dignitary Edward Brzostowski, developed very fast. *Igloopol* built a huge factory and a completely new district, with numerous condominiums, located on the northern side of the rail line. The company achieved its peak in the late 1980s. After the collapse of the Communist regime, the company was divided into several smaller firms, controlled by former Communist activists.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|Monument depicting King [Casimir III the Great](/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great \"Casimir III the Great\") giving Świętosław Gryfita permission to establish Dębica](/wiki/File:D%C4%99bica-pomnik_Kazimierza_Wielkiego.jpg \"Dębica-pomnik Kazimierza Wielkiego.jpg\")",
"### Middle Ages",
"One of the oldest documented references to this area dates back to the year 1293\\. It records a settlement by the name of *Dambicha*, belonging to the noble Gryfita family.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.debica.pl/index.php?strona\\=english\\&podstrona\\=152 \\|title\\=Urząd Miejski w Dębicy \\- oficjalna strona internetowa \\|last\\=Urząd Miejski w Dębicy \\|work\\=debica.pl \\|year\\=2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2011}} In 1305, the village was raided by the [Tatars](/wiki/Tatars \"Tatars\"), who burned down a wooden church. The church was rebuilt in 1318, and by 1325, Dębica became the seat of a [deanery](/wiki/Deanery \"Deanery\"), located on the outskirts of the mighty [Sandomierz Forest](/wiki/Sandomierz_Forest \"Sandomierz Forest\"). The Dębica Deanery consisted of fourteen parishes, including [Przecław](/wiki/Przec%C5%82aw \"Przecław\"), [Sędziszów Małopolski](/wiki/S%C4%99dzisz%C3%B3w_Ma%C5%82opolski \"Sędziszów Małopolski\"), and [Strzyżów](/wiki/Strzy%C5%BC%C3%B3w \"Strzyżów\").",
"In 1358, [King](/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs \"List of Polish monarchs\") [Casimir III the Great](/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great \"Casimir III the Great\") granted local nobleman Świętosław Gryfita permission to establish a town, and Dębica received [town rights](/wiki/Town_rights \"Town rights\"), along with the privilege to hold weekly markets on Wednesdays. However, the town was not officially founded until June 10, 1372, when Mikołaj of Lipiny was appointed its first [wójt](/wiki/Vogt \"Vogt\"). Dębica was conveniently located along the main merchant route from [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\") to [Lwów](/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w \"Lwów\"), but the newly founded town struggled to compete with older urban centers in the area, such as [Pilzno](/wiki/Pilzno \"Pilzno\") and [Ropczyce](/wiki/Ropczyce \"Ropczyce\"). In 1446, King [Władysław III of Poland](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland \"Władysław III of Poland\") authorized annual [fairs](/wiki/Fair \"Fair\") to be held on [Ash Wednesdays](/wiki/Ash_Wednesday \"Ash Wednesday\"), spurring the town's growth. Despite this, Dębica remained a small town for many years, located in [Pilzno County](/wiki/Pilzno_County \"Pilzno County\"), part of the [Sandomierz Voivodeship](/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodeship \"Sandomierz Voivodeship\") in the province of [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland \"Lesser Poland\"). Without a [defensive wall](/wiki/Defensive_wall \"Defensive wall\") for protection, the town was vulnerable to invasions by the Tatars, [Swedes](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 \"Deluge (history)\"), and [Hungarians](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\"), who frequently burned or plundered it. As a result, few historical monuments have survived in Dębica. One notable exception is the [Saint Jadwiga](/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland \"Jadwiga of Poland\") church, originally built in the 14th century but completely reconstructed in the late 19th century.",
"[thumb\\|Church of St. Jadwiga, first erected in the 14th century](/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Jadwigi_w_D%C4%99bicy.jpg \"Kościół św. Jadwigi w Dębicy.jpg\") In 1474, Dębica, along with other towns in southern [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland \"Lesser Poland\"), was ransacked by the [Black Army of Hungary](/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary \"Black Army of Hungary\"). In 1502, a Crimean Tatar raid caused widespread devastation, leaving the town burned and depopulated.",
"### Early modern era",
"To prevent the complete disappearance of Dębica, its owners exempted residents from all taxes for 14 years, also allowing them to collect free timber and firewood in local forests. In 1504, Dębica was exempted from royal taxes by King [Alexander Jagiellon](/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon \"Alexander Jagiellon\"). Due to all these privileges, Dębica emerged in the 16th century as a local center of skilled craftsmen. Still, it was much smaller than Pilzno and Ropczyce, also because it remained a private town, whose owners argued with each other. In 1554, most of Dębica burned down, together with the wooden parish church of St. Margaret. In the late 16th century, the population of the town was app. 700\\.",
"Like almost all Lesser Poland's towns and cities, Dębica was completely destroyed in the [Swedish invasion of Poland](/wiki/Deluge_%28history%29 \"Deluge (history)\"), when Swedes and Transylvanians of [George II Rakoczi](/wiki/George_II_Rakoczi \"George II Rakoczi\") burned and ransacked the town (1655 \\- 1660\\). After the invasion, the population of Dębica was reduced to app. 200, with only 30 houses. As a result, the owners of the town allowed the first Jews to settle in Dębica. The first settlers arrived in 1676–1690\\. They expanded the town's population, and had a positive influence on the town's economy.",
"In the late 17th century, the so\\-called *New Dębica* was established, around the now non\\-existing St. Barbara church, app. one kilometre ({{convert\\|1\\|km\\|abbr\\=off\\|disp\\=output only}}) west of *Old Dębica*. Both Dębicas had different mayors, who were governed by one [wójt](/wiki/Vogt \"Vogt\"). In the course of time, the towns merged, and the market square of *New Dębica* now serves as the center of the town. Dębica was completely destroyed during the [Great Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War \"Great Northern War\"), and the destruction was so severe that the town slowly turned into a farming village. In the late 18th century, it belonged to the [Radziwiłł family](/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82 \"Radziwiłł\").",
"### Late modern era",
"A battle between Poles and Russians took place here during the [Bar Confederation](/wiki/Bar_Confederation \"Bar Confederation\"), and in 1772, as a result of the [First Partition of Poland](/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland \"First Partition of Poland\"), Dębica was annexed by the [Habsburg Empire](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\"), as part of newly established [Galicia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria \"Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria\"), where it remained until November 1918\\. Austrian authorities decided that it should no longer be regarded as a town, but rather a village and renamed it *Dembitz*. This decision marked the decline of the town.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Dębica's oldest high school in the early 20th century](/wiki/File:I_LO_w_D%C4%99bicy.jpg \"I LO w Dębicy.jpg\")\nBad times came to an end in the second half of the 19th century, when the Austrian government decided to build a main West\\-East [railroad](/wiki/Rail_transport \"Rail transport\") line (see [Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis](/wiki/Galician_Railway_of_Archduke_Charles_Louis \"Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis\")), connecting two major urban centres of Galicja \\- [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\") and [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\"). A [railroad station](/wiki/Train_station \"Train station\") was built in Dębica, and at the end of the 19th century, another, northbound line was constructed, joining Dębica and the town of [Sandomierz](/wiki/Sandomierz \"Sandomierz\"), which was located on the Austrian\\-Russian boundary. The town became a rail junction, which was a huge boost for its citizens. In 1900 a [high school](/wiki/High_school \"High school\") was opened, and in 1908 students from this school founded one of the oldest sports clubs in Poland, [Wisłoka Dębica](/wiki/Wis%C5%82oka_D%C4%99bica \"Wisłoka Dębica\") (whose name comes from the [River Wisłoka](/wiki/Wis%C5%82oka \"Wisłoka\"), which flows by the town). Just before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Dębica was again incorporated as a town. The war was a disaster for the town, as it was almost completely destroyed. During several campaigns, Dębica was occupied by Russian, Austrian, Hungarian and German troops, which fought in this area for many months in 1914 \\- 1915\\. The Entente Powers wanted to get through the [Carpathian](/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains \"Carpathian Mountains\") Range towards [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\"), Bohemia and Hungary, while the [Central Powers](/wiki/Central_Powers \"Central Powers\") managed to stop them at the beginning of 1915\\. These events had a great impact on the town and hampered its development for many years.\n{{multiple image \\|align\\=right \\|caption\\_align\\=center \\|perrow\\=2 \\|total\\_width\\=380\n\\| image1\\=Dwór w Dębicy\\-Wolicy.JPG\n\\| image2\\=Willa w Dębicy.JPG\n\\| caption1\\=Late 19th\\-century manor\n\\| caption2\\=Early 20th\\-century villa\n}}",
"In 1918, after Poland regained independence, Dębica was included in the [Kraków Voivodeship](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_%281919%E2%80%9339%29 \"Kraków Voivodeship (1919–39)\"), in the [county](/wiki/Powiat \"Powiat\") of Ropczyce. The economic situation of the town did not change \\- there was no industry, very few jobs available and surrounding villages were strongly overpopulated. This started to change in 1936, when [Polish government](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\") announced the creation of the [Central Industrial Area](/wiki/Central_Industrial_Region_%28Poland%29 \"Central Industrial Region (Poland)\"). It was a huge [public works](/wiki/Public_works \"Public works\") project, aimed at fighting unemployment in this overpopulated part of Poland, as well as creating [heavy industry](/wiki/Heavy_industry \"Heavy industry\"), concentrated on the production of arms. Dębica started to develop very fast; so fast, that in 1937 the county's capital was moved here from Ropczyce. Among several factories built in the town at that time, the most important was *Stomil* (now called *Tire Company Dębica*, and belonging to the [Goodyear](/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company \"Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company\")). Other factories were: *Wytwórnia Urządzeń Chłodniczych WUCh* and *Zakłady Tworzyw Sztucznych \"Pustków\"*, built from scratch, together with a workers' settlement, in [Pustków Osiedle](/wiki/Pustk%C3%B3w_Osiedle \"Pustków Osiedle\"), {{convert\\|15\\|km\\|abbr\\=on\\|lk\\=off}} northeast of Dębica. Some time in 1938 or 1939 work on another rail connection from Dębica to [Jasło](/wiki/Jas%C5%82o \"Jasło\"), via Pilzno was started. [the Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") stopped this construction, and after the war it was not continued.",
"### World War II",
"The [occupation](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 \"Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)\") of Dębica by [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") started on September 8, 1939\\. The *[Einsatzgruppe I](/wiki/Einsatzgruppen \"Einsatzgruppen\")* entered the town in September 1939 to commit various [crimes against Poles](/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation \"Nazi crimes against the Polish nation\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Wardzyńska\\|first\\=Maria\\|year\\=2009\\|title\\=Był rok 1939\\. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion\\|language\\=pl\\|location\\=Warszawa\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Institute of National Remembrance\\|IPN]]\\|page\\=58}} The Germans created a [ghetto](/wiki/Nazi_ghettos \"Nazi ghettos\") for the town's [Jewish](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland \"History of the Jews in Poland\") population, eventually killing most of them either on the spot or in the [Auschwitz concentration camp](/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp \"Auschwitz concentration camp\"). In the forested hills south of the town, strong [Polish underground forces](/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II \"Polish resistance movement in World War II\") operated, with numerous units of the [Home Army](/wiki/Armia_Krajowa \"Armia Krajowa\") (*AK*). It was too dangerous for AK officers to stay in Dębica, thus the headquarters of a local underground district (known as *Deser*) were located at a nearby village of [Gumniska](/wiki/Gumniska%2C_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship \"Gumniska, Subcarpathian Voivodeship\"), located in the hilly area south of the town. Resistance fighters were very active here, often attacking the main Kraków\\-Lwów rail line, used by German troops. In early 1944, units of the local Armia Krajowa district unsuccessfully tried to blow up a train with [Hans Frank](/wiki/Hans_Frank \"Hans Frank\"), which was passing through the village station at [Czarna Tarnowska](/wiki/Czarna%2C_D%C4%99bica_County \"Czarna, Dębica County\"), some {{convert\\|15\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=off}} west of Dębica. As a reprisal, on February 2, 1944, the Germans murdered 50 Poles by the rail track in Dębica (also see [Otto Schimek](/wiki/Otto_Schimek \"Otto Schimek\")).",
"[thumb\\|Reconstructed camp barracks with a watchtower and the barbed\\-wire fence [in the village of Pustków](/wiki/Pustk%C3%B3w%2C_Podkarpackie_Voivodeship \"Pustków, Podkarpackie Voivodeship\")](/wiki/File:G%C3%B3ra_%C5%9Amierci_Rekonstrukcja_%283%29.JPG \"Góra Śmierci Rekonstrukcja (3).JPG\") \nOn the outskirts of Dębica, near the villages of [Pustków](/wiki/Pustk%C3%B3w%2C_Podkarpackie_Voivodeship \"Pustków, Podkarpackie Voivodeship\") and [Blizna](/wiki/Blizna%2C_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship \"Blizna, Subcarpathian Voivodeship\") and several neighboring ones, the Germans established a massive military base called [Heidelager](/wiki/Heidelager \"Heidelager\") in the fall of 1941, which included the [Blizna V\\-2 missile launch site](/wiki/Blizna_V-2_missile_launch_site \"Blizna V-2 missile launch site\") for weapons testing, and the training of new Ukrainian collaborationist military formations including the *[SS](/wiki/SS \"SS\") [Galizien Division](/wiki/Galizien_Division \"Galizien Division\")*.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://pustkow.republika.pl/historia.html \\| title\\=''HL\\-Heidelager: SS\\-TruppenÜbungsPlatz'' \\| publisher\\=Pustkow.Republika.pl \\| work\\=Historia poligonu Heidelager w Pustkowie \\| year\\=2013 \\| access\\-date\\=6 July 2013 \\| format\\=with collection of historical photographs \\| language\\=pl \\| archive\\-date\\=18 April 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418040914/http://pustkow.republika.pl/historia.html \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} It is estimated that over the duration of the *SS Heidelager* training base operation, some 15,000 [slave\\-labour](/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II \"Forced labour under German rule during World War II\") prisoners perished there, including 7,500 Jews, 5,000 Soviet POWs, and 2,500 Poles, on top of an estimated 1,000 Soviet soldiers who died in the area during the Nazi\\-Soviet war. Their remains are buried in the cemetery along the road to Pustków Drips. Originally, the cemetery was located inside the ring IV (Dąbrówki). Later, the graves of soldiers were exhumed and moved. A Russian colonel killed in the fighting is buried in one of the tombs.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://pustkow.republika.pl/historia.html \\|title\\=Historia poligonu Heidelager \\|publisher\\=Pustkow.republika.pl \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-12 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-18 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418040914/http://pustkow.republika.pl/historia.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Implicated in war crimes was SS\\-man Alois Kurz (ID 382378\\) who, from 1940 to 21 April 1941, served in the SS Regiment *Westland,* then was assigned to a construction battalion for the SS training ground and labor camp serving the *[SS Truppenubungsplatz Heidelager](/wiki/SS_Truppenubungsplatz_Heidelager \"SS Truppenubungsplatz Heidelager\")* in Pustków. Also implicated in war crimes was [Wilhelm Schitli](/wiki/Wilhelm_Schitli \"Wilhelm Schitli\"), commander of the \"Jewish camp\" at the SS training area *HL\\-Heidelager* from October 1942 to September 1943\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kz\\-gedenkstaette\\-neuengamme.de/index.php?id\\=3332\\&tx\\_hnlager\\_pi1%5Buid%5D\\=161\\&tx\\_hnlager\\_pi1%5BfromPid%5D\\=952\\&cHash\\=7f58b399638e8a2dd08d7fc4259daf9b \\|title\\=Detailansicht \\|publisher\\=www.kz\\-gedenkstaette\\-neuengamme.de \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-12 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102224154/http://www.kz\\-gedenkstaette\\-neuengamme.de/index.php?id\\=3332\\&tx\\_hnlager\\_pi1%5Buid%5D\\=161\\&tx\\_hnlager\\_pi1%5BfromPid%5D\\=952\\&cHash\\=7f58b399638e8a2dd08d7fc4259daf9b \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Polish priest Jan Nagórzański, who joined the Polish resistance and [rescued Jews](/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust \"Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust\") during the occupation, was arrested by the Germans, but was soon liberated by the Home Army in 1944\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.swzygmunt.knc.pl/MARTYROLOGIUM/POLISHRELIGIOUS/vPOLISH/HTMs/POLISHRELIGIOUSmartyr3411\\.htm\\|title\\=Jan Nagórzański\\|accessdate\\=13 February 2021\\|language\\=pl}} In 1945, he was beaten by Russian troops, and then fell ill with [typhus](/wiki/Typhus \"Typhus\") and died in Dębica. In 1945 the town was restored to Poland, although with a [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\")\\-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the [Fall of Communism](/wiki/Fall_of_Communism \"Fall of Communism\") in the 1980s.",
"### Post\\-war",
"After the war, in new, [Communist Poland](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic \"Polish People's Republic\"), Dębica again became the seat of a county, but the town was moved from the Kraków to the [Rzeszów Voivodeship](/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w_Voivodeship \"Rzeszów Voivodeship\"). In 1946, executions of anti\\-communist activists took place there ([1946 Public execution in Dębica](/wiki/Public_execution_in_D%C4%99bica \"Public execution in Dębica\")). Polish priest Jan Wójcik, who aided Polish partisans and Jews during the German occupation, died in Dębica in 1954, shortly after he was released from prison by the communists, who imprisoned him in 1949\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.swzygmunt.knc.pl/MARTYROLOGIUM/POLISHRELIGIOUS/vPOLISH/HTMs/POLISHRELIGIOUSmartyr3464\\.htm\\|title\\=Jan Wójcik\\|accessdate\\=13 February 2021\\|language\\=pl}} War destruction again stopped the town's development, but recovery this time was fast and based on pre\\-war factories. In 1975, after administrative reform, counties in Poland ceased to exist and were replaced by numerous and small Voivodeships. Dębica again was moved \\- this time from Rzeszów to the newly created [Tarnów Voivodeship](/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w_Voivodeship \"Tarnów Voivodeship\"). In the late 1970s, Dębica gained importance as a centre of food and agricultural production. This was due to the creation of *Kombinat Rolno\\-Spozywczy Igloopol*, which, under an influential Communist dignitary Edward Brzostowski, developed very fast. *Igloopol* built a huge factory and a completely new district, with numerous condominiums, located on the northern side of the rail line. The company achieved its peak in the late 1980s. After the collapse of the Communist regime, the company was divided into several smaller firms, controlled by former Communist activists.",
""
] |
Considerations
--------------
First, considering how the details about onibi from eyewitness testimony do not match each other, onibi can be thought of as a collective term for several kinds of mysterious light phenomenon. Since they frequently appear during days of rain, even though the "bi" (fire) is in its name, they have been surmised to be different from simply the flames of combustion, and is a different type of luminescent body. It is especially of note that in the past, these phenomena were not strange.
In China in the BC era, it was said that "from the blood of human and animals, phosphorus and oni fire (onibi) comes". The character 燐 at that time in China could also mean the luminescence of fireflies, [triboelectricity](/wiki/Triboelectric_effect "Triboelectric effect"), and was not a word that indicated the chemical element "phosphorus".
Meanwhile, in Japan, according to the explanation in the "Wakan Sansai Zue", for humans, horses, and cattle die in battle and stain the ground with blood, the onibi are what their spirits turn into after several years and months.
One century after the "Wakan Sansai Zue" in the 19th century and afterwards in Japan, as the first to speak of them, they were mentioned in Shūkichi Arai's literary work "Fushigi Benmō", stating, "the corpses of those who are buried have their phosphorus turned into onibi". This interpretation was supported until the 1920s, and dictionaries would state this in the [Shōwa period](/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period "Shōwa period") and beyond.
Sankyō Kanda, a biologist of luminescent animals, found phosphorus in 1696, and as he knew that human bodies also had this phosphorus, in Japan, the character 燐 was applied to it, and thus it can be guessed that it was mixed in with the hint from China about the relation between onibi and phosphorus. In other words, it could be surmised that when corpses decay, the phosphorus in [phosphoric acid](/wiki/Phosphoric_acid "Phosphoric acid") would give off light. In this way, many of the onibi would be explained, but there also remain many testimonies that do not match with the theory that of illumination from phosphorus.
After that, there is a theory that it is not phosphorus itself, but rather the spontaneous combustion of [phosphine](/wiki/Phosphine "Phosphine"), or the theory that it is burning [methane](/wiki/Methane "Methane") produced from the decay of the corpse, and also a theory that [hydrogen sulfide](/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide "Hydrogen sulfide") is produced from the decay and becomes the source of the onibi, and also ones that would be defined in modern science as a type of [plasma](/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29 "Plasma (physics)"). Since they often appear in days of rain, there are scientists that would explain that as [Saint Elmo's fire](/wiki/Saint_Elmo%27s_fire "Saint Elmo's fire") (plasma phenomenon). The physicist [Yoshihiko Ōtsuki](/wiki/Yoshihiko_%C5%8Ctsuki "Yoshihiko Ōtsuki") also advanced the theory that these mysterious fires are caused by plasma.{{Cite book\|author\=大槻義彦\|title\=火の玉を見たか\|year\=1991\|publisher\=筑摩書房\|series\=ちくまプリマーブックス\|isbn\=978\-4\-480\-04154\-8\|pages\=181–193頁}} It has also been pointed out that for the lights that would appear far in the middle of darkness, that if they are able to move by [suggestion](/wiki/Suggestion "Suggestion"), then there is a possibility that they could simply be related to optical illusion phenomena.
Each of these theories has its own merits and demerits, and since the onibi legends themselves are of various kinds, it would be impossible to conclusively explain all of the onibi with a single theory.
Furthermore, they are frequently confused with [hitodama](/wiki/Hitodama "Hitodama") and [kitsunebi](/wiki/Kitsunebi "Kitsunebi"), and as there are many different theories to explain them, and since the true nature of these onibi is unknown, there is no real clear distinction between them.
|
[
"Considerations\n--------------",
"First, considering how the details about onibi from eyewitness testimony do not match each other, onibi can be thought of as a collective term for several kinds of mysterious light phenomenon. Since they frequently appear during days of rain, even though the \"bi\" (fire) is in its name, they have been surmised to be different from simply the flames of combustion, and is a different type of luminescent body. It is especially of note that in the past, these phenomena were not strange.",
"In China in the BC era, it was said that \"from the blood of human and animals, phosphorus and oni fire (onibi) comes\". The character 燐 at that time in China could also mean the luminescence of fireflies, [triboelectricity](/wiki/Triboelectric_effect \"Triboelectric effect\"), and was not a word that indicated the chemical element \"phosphorus\".",
"Meanwhile, in Japan, according to the explanation in the \"Wakan Sansai Zue\", for humans, horses, and cattle die in battle and stain the ground with blood, the onibi are what their spirits turn into after several years and months.",
"One century after the \"Wakan Sansai Zue\" in the 19th century and afterwards in Japan, as the first to speak of them, they were mentioned in Shūkichi Arai's literary work \"Fushigi Benmō\", stating, \"the corpses of those who are buried have their phosphorus turned into onibi\". This interpretation was supported until the 1920s, and dictionaries would state this in the [Shōwa period](/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period \"Shōwa period\") and beyond.",
"Sankyō Kanda, a biologist of luminescent animals, found phosphorus in 1696, and as he knew that human bodies also had this phosphorus, in Japan, the character 燐 was applied to it, and thus it can be guessed that it was mixed in with the hint from China about the relation between onibi and phosphorus. In other words, it could be surmised that when corpses decay, the phosphorus in [phosphoric acid](/wiki/Phosphoric_acid \"Phosphoric acid\") would give off light. In this way, many of the onibi would be explained, but there also remain many testimonies that do not match with the theory that of illumination from phosphorus.",
"After that, there is a theory that it is not phosphorus itself, but rather the spontaneous combustion of [phosphine](/wiki/Phosphine \"Phosphine\"), or the theory that it is burning [methane](/wiki/Methane \"Methane\") produced from the decay of the corpse, and also a theory that [hydrogen sulfide](/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide \"Hydrogen sulfide\") is produced from the decay and becomes the source of the onibi, and also ones that would be defined in modern science as a type of [plasma](/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29 \"Plasma (physics)\"). Since they often appear in days of rain, there are scientists that would explain that as [Saint Elmo's fire](/wiki/Saint_Elmo%27s_fire \"Saint Elmo's fire\") (plasma phenomenon). The physicist [Yoshihiko Ōtsuki](/wiki/Yoshihiko_%C5%8Ctsuki \"Yoshihiko Ōtsuki\") also advanced the theory that these mysterious fires are caused by plasma.{{Cite book\\|author\\=大槻義彦\\|title\\=火の玉を見たか\\|year\\=1991\\|publisher\\=筑摩書房\\|series\\=ちくまプリマーブックス\\|isbn\\=978\\-4\\-480\\-04154\\-8\\|pages\\=181–193頁}} It has also been pointed out that for the lights that would appear far in the middle of darkness, that if they are able to move by [suggestion](/wiki/Suggestion \"Suggestion\"), then there is a possibility that they could simply be related to optical illusion phenomena.",
"Each of these theories has its own merits and demerits, and since the onibi legends themselves are of various kinds, it would be impossible to conclusively explain all of the onibi with a single theory.",
"Furthermore, they are frequently confused with [hitodama](/wiki/Hitodama \"Hitodama\") and [kitsunebi](/wiki/Kitsunebi \"Kitsunebi\"), and as there are many different theories to explain them, and since the true nature of these onibi is unknown, there is no real clear distinction between them.",
""
] |
Profile
-------
As one of the key provincial universities, ZJNU specializes in teacher education with multiple branches of learning. The university consists of 18 colleges offering 61 undergraduate programs. It has an enrolment over 25,480 undergraduates, 4,300 postgraduates, and 15,000 adult students in adult education programs. Among the total staff of 2,640, there are 1,460 full\-time instructors, including a Chinese Academy of Sciences Academician, 260 full professors and 650 associate professors. One professor was awarded the title of National Outstanding Scholar.
The university is named by the Ministry of Education as a Key National Training Base for Teachers of Vocational Education. In addition, it is designated by the Ministry of Railways as a base for the training of locomotive engineers. Moreover, Zhejiang Training Center for University and College Teachers is affiliated to the university for various in\-service training programs.
[thumb\|left\|300px\|International students new dormitory](/wiki/File:DormZJNU.jpg "DormZJNU.jpg")
At present, the university claims 24 provincial key disciplines, 6 provincial key construction disciplines, 3 provincial research bases and 63 master's degree programs. ZJNU offers other professional master's programs including M.Ed., MPA, MBA, MSW, MTCSOL, MA for Part\-Time Vocational Education and MA of Science in Physical Education. The libraries at ZJNU have a collection of more than 3,000,000 traditional books and over 1,850,000 online books. 42 laboratories have been established, with a total floor space of 119,000 square meters, including one key laboratory of the Ministry of Education, one national key demonstration center of experiment instruction and 5 provincial key laboratories and key demonstration centers of experiment instruction.
The university makes strenuous efforts to open up to the outside world. In recent years, ties of academic exchange and cooperation have been set up between ZJNU and 92 foreign universities and research institutes in 42 countries. In 1996, ZJNU set up a Center for Chinese Language and Culture in Cameroon. In 1997, the university was authorized to accept short\- and long\-term international students.
Approved by the Ministry of Education, ZJNU established a Base for Education Assistance and Development in 2004 to undertake human resources development projects for senior education administrators from other continents. In addition, it has been authorized to run a center for overseas studies to assist self\-funded students to study in foreign countries. In 2007, the university was authorized to accept international students supported by the Chinese Government Scholarship and established Confucius Institutes in Cameroon and Ukraine.
Following the motto of "wisdom with virtue, integrity with innovation", ZJNU is striding forward to build itself into a high\-level comprehensive teaching and research university with its own characteristics.
|
[
"Profile\n-------",
"As one of the key provincial universities, ZJNU specializes in teacher education with multiple branches of learning. The university consists of 18 colleges offering 61 undergraduate programs. It has an enrolment over 25,480 undergraduates, 4,300 postgraduates, and 15,000 adult students in adult education programs. Among the total staff of 2,640, there are 1,460 full\\-time instructors, including a Chinese Academy of Sciences Academician, 260 full professors and 650 associate professors. One professor was awarded the title of National Outstanding Scholar.",
"The university is named by the Ministry of Education as a Key National Training Base for Teachers of Vocational Education. In addition, it is designated by the Ministry of Railways as a base for the training of locomotive engineers. Moreover, Zhejiang Training Center for University and College Teachers is affiliated to the university for various in\\-service training programs.\n[thumb\\|left\\|300px\\|International students new dormitory](/wiki/File:DormZJNU.jpg \"DormZJNU.jpg\")",
"At present, the university claims 24 provincial key disciplines, 6 provincial key construction disciplines, 3 provincial research bases and 63 master's degree programs. ZJNU offers other professional master's programs including M.Ed., MPA, MBA, MSW, MTCSOL, MA for Part\\-Time Vocational Education and MA of Science in Physical Education. The libraries at ZJNU have a collection of more than 3,000,000 traditional books and over 1,850,000 online books. 42 laboratories have been established, with a total floor space of 119,000 square meters, including one key laboratory of the Ministry of Education, one national key demonstration center of experiment instruction and 5 provincial key laboratories and key demonstration centers of experiment instruction.",
"The university makes strenuous efforts to open up to the outside world. In recent years, ties of academic exchange and cooperation have been set up between ZJNU and 92 foreign universities and research institutes in 42 countries. In 1996, ZJNU set up a Center for Chinese Language and Culture in Cameroon. In 1997, the university was authorized to accept short\\- and long\\-term international students.",
"Approved by the Ministry of Education, ZJNU established a Base for Education Assistance and Development in 2004 to undertake human resources development projects for senior education administrators from other continents. In addition, it has been authorized to run a center for overseas studies to assist self\\-funded students to study in foreign countries. In 2007, the university was authorized to accept international students supported by the Chinese Government Scholarship and established Confucius Institutes in Cameroon and Ukraine.",
"Following the motto of \"wisdom with virtue, integrity with innovation\", ZJNU is striding forward to build itself into a high\\-level comprehensive teaching and research university with its own characteristics.",
""
] |
History
-------
Until 2010, all eight clubs of the island played only at the stadium. It included clubs based in [Tarrafal de São Nicolau](/wiki/Tarrafal_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau%2C_Cape_Verde_%28municipality%29 "Tarrafal de São Nicolau, Cape Verde (municipality)"), until 201\- it was only the São Francisco de Assis parish as the island was once a single municipality. All of its competitions were at the stadium at the time.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asemana.publ.cv/PDF/41ec1c400db13\.pdf\|title\=Um símbolo de São Nicolau\|trans\-title\=A Symbol of São Nicolau\|publisher\=Lance Desportivo (A Semana)\|language\=pt\|date\=14 January 2005\|accessdate\=3 March 2017}}
On March 15, 2014 and April 2016, it was the stadium where [SC Atlético](/wiki/SC_Atl%C3%A9tico "SC Atlético") were crowned regional champions, on May 7, Atlético fans celebrated the championship and qualification victory, one of the celebrations that were done at the stadium. On April 25, 2015, Ultramarina of Tarrafal de São Nicolau were crowned regional champions at the stadium.
One of the regional cup competitions that took place at the stadium were in 2016 in 2017\.
### National competitions
Numerous National Championship finals took place. All of them with Desportivo Ribeira Brava and SC Atlético losing the total number of goals in its two matches. The first was in 1987 with [Boavista FC](/wiki/Boavista_FC_%28Cape_Verde%29 "Boavista FC (Cape Verde)"), the second was in 1990 with [Sporting Clube da Praia](/wiki/Sporting_Clube_da_Praia "Sporting Clube da Praia"), the third was in 1994 with [CD Travadores](/wiki/CD_Travadores "CD Travadores") of Santiago Island, the recent was the [2012 Cape Verdean Football Championships](/wiki/2012_Cape_Verdean_Football_Championships "2012 Cape Verdean Football Championships"), the first game was held here which ended in a goal draw, Sporting won their ninth and recent title the following week.
Clubs from the west of the island played its national matches until they had their own stadium, the knockout stage which featured Ultramarina had the second leg that took place in 2003 (the second leg of the semis was not played as [Cutelinho](/wiki/Cutelinho_FC "Cutelinho FC") of Mosteiros on the island of Fogo was expelled from further competitions) and the second leg of the semis in 2004\.
After the opening of Tarrafal's stadium in 2010 named [Orlando Rodrigues](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Orlando_Rodrigues "Estádio Orlando Rodrigues"), 2011 was the first year that the national championships did not take place at the stadium with Ultramarina winning the championship. National championship group stage matches took place in 2012, 2014 and 2016 featuring SC Atlético. Now it is being held for the 2018 season with the only time with a club based outside Ribeira Brava, Belo Horizonte.
### Cancelled continental competition
SC Atlético was to play against [ES Sahel](/wiki/ES_Sahel "ES Sahel") in the [1995 CAF Cup](/wiki/1995_CAF_Cup "1995 CAF Cup"), as they did not receive the entrant on time, Atlético was disqualified and the match was cancelled.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Until 2010, all eight clubs of the island played only at the stadium. It included clubs based in [Tarrafal de São Nicolau](/wiki/Tarrafal_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau%2C_Cape_Verde_%28municipality%29 \"Tarrafal de São Nicolau, Cape Verde (municipality)\"), until 201\\- it was only the São Francisco de Assis parish as the island was once a single municipality. All of its competitions were at the stadium at the time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asemana.publ.cv/PDF/41ec1c400db13\\.pdf\\|title\\=Um símbolo de São Nicolau\\|trans\\-title\\=A Symbol of São Nicolau\\|publisher\\=Lance Desportivo (A Semana)\\|language\\=pt\\|date\\=14 January 2005\\|accessdate\\=3 March 2017}}",
"On March 15, 2014 and April 2016, it was the stadium where [SC Atlético](/wiki/SC_Atl%C3%A9tico \"SC Atlético\") were crowned regional champions, on May 7, Atlético fans celebrated the championship and qualification victory, one of the celebrations that were done at the stadium. On April 25, 2015, Ultramarina of Tarrafal de São Nicolau were crowned regional champions at the stadium.",
"One of the regional cup competitions that took place at the stadium were in 2016 in 2017\\.",
"### National competitions",
"Numerous National Championship finals took place. All of them with Desportivo Ribeira Brava and SC Atlético losing the total number of goals in its two matches. The first was in 1987 with [Boavista FC](/wiki/Boavista_FC_%28Cape_Verde%29 \"Boavista FC (Cape Verde)\"), the second was in 1990 with [Sporting Clube da Praia](/wiki/Sporting_Clube_da_Praia \"Sporting Clube da Praia\"), the third was in 1994 with [CD Travadores](/wiki/CD_Travadores \"CD Travadores\") of Santiago Island, the recent was the [2012 Cape Verdean Football Championships](/wiki/2012_Cape_Verdean_Football_Championships \"2012 Cape Verdean Football Championships\"), the first game was held here which ended in a goal draw, Sporting won their ninth and recent title the following week.",
"Clubs from the west of the island played its national matches until they had their own stadium, the knockout stage which featured Ultramarina had the second leg that took place in 2003 (the second leg of the semis was not played as [Cutelinho](/wiki/Cutelinho_FC \"Cutelinho FC\") of Mosteiros on the island of Fogo was expelled from further competitions) and the second leg of the semis in 2004\\.",
"After the opening of Tarrafal's stadium in 2010 named [Orlando Rodrigues](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Orlando_Rodrigues \"Estádio Orlando Rodrigues\"), 2011 was the first year that the national championships did not take place at the stadium with Ultramarina winning the championship. National championship group stage matches took place in 2012, 2014 and 2016 featuring SC Atlético. Now it is being held for the 2018 season with the only time with a club based outside Ribeira Brava, Belo Horizonte.",
"### Cancelled continental competition",
"SC Atlético was to play against [ES Sahel](/wiki/ES_Sahel \"ES Sahel\") in the [1995 CAF Cup](/wiki/1995_CAF_Cup \"1995 CAF Cup\"), as they did not receive the entrant on time, Atlético was disqualified and the match was cancelled.",
""
] |
Conservation
------------
The Edmonton Bird Club began using the site for birdwatching purposes in the 1950s. The first attempted ecological survey of the area was completed in 1972 by Dr. George LaRoi and Mr. Raszewski from the University of Alberta. Since then, formal and informal studies have been done by students from the university, members of the WNAS, specialists, and volunteers. In 1985, the site was selected for a survey of its [arthropod](/wiki/Arthropod "Arthropod") fauna. Though only 130 hectares, the study sample found 2181 species of arthropods, the majority of the 2,905 species identified in the peatland. Of these, 1410 belonged to the order [Hymenoptera](/wiki/Hymenoptera "Hymenoptera"), which includes bees, wasps, and ants. The survey identified 230 species of spiders, 20 of which had never been previously identified.{{Cite web \|title\=In search of biodiversity \|url\=https://www.stalberttoday.ca/local\-news/in\-search\-of\-biodiversity\-1271527 \|access\-date\=22 July 2022 \|website\=StAlbertToday.ca \|language\=en}} The area provides, or at one time provided, habitat for at least 3 species of fish, 6 species of [herptiles](/wiki/Herptile "Herptile"), 138 species of birds, including a nesting colony of [Bonaparte's gulls](/wiki/Bonaparte%27s_gull "Bonaparte's gull"), and 41 species of mammals. Overall, it is estimated that the Wagner Natural Area contains about 6,000 species of arthropods.
The [sparrow's egg lady slipper](/wiki/Cypripedium_passerinum "Cypripedium passerinum"), an endangered species of orchid, is found in Wagner Natural Area, along with fifteen other species of orchid; these represent 16 of the 26 orchid species found in Alberta. The 317 species of vascular plants found in Wagner Natural Area are one\-sixth of all such species in Alberta. Fourteen of the plant species found in Wagner Natural Area are tracked by the Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre (ANHIC).
### Threats
The groundwater of the Wagner Natural Area is increasingly threatened by [urbanization](/wiki/Urbanization "Urbanization") of the surrounding areas. The major threats to the stability of the natural flow of groundwater are industrial developments that can impact water quality; residential developments that utilize groundwater wells and septic systems; developments in the discharge area, such as drainage and ditching, that could lower water levels; and industrial developments in the recharge area that increase surface water flow out of the Wagner Natural Area.{{Cite web \|title\=Abstract: IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON THE WAGNER NATURAL AREA, EDMONTON, ALBERTA (2010 GSA Denver Annual Meeting (31 October–3 November 2010\)) \|url\=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2010AM/webprogram/Paper181480\.html \|access\-date\=22 July 2022 \|website\=gsa.confex.com}}
In 1988, [Alberta Transportation](/wiki/Alberta_Transportation "Alberta Transportation") announced its intention to build a road connecting the [Yellowhead Highway](/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway "Yellowhead Highway") to a new bypass in Edmonton. This proposal would have blocked the flow of groundwater into the fen. With the support of Peter Lee, an environmentally\-minded supporter in Alberta Transportation, the WNAS forced Alberta Transportation to do an [environmental impact assessment](/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment "Environmental impact assessment"), the first in the department's history. Ecologist Matthew Fairbarns was hired to search for the rare [bog adder's\-mouth orchid](/wiki/Hammarbya "Hammarbya") along where the road would have been placed. Eventually, recognizing the biodiversity within the site, the connecting road was relocated.
In recent years, the marl ponds in Wagner have been drying up earlier than in previous years. This is possibly due to the development in the surrounding areas, drought, or climate change.
In 2007, the [Parkland County](/wiki/Parkland_County "Parkland County") considered a draft proposal to rezone the lands along its southern boundary, including Wagner Natural Area, from agricultural to industrial. The construction of roads, sewers, and water lines would have a severe negative impact on Wagner as a wetland because, as a fen as opposed to a bog, it is dependent on groundwater sources, most of which are outside of the protected borders of the area.
In 2019, the city of Edmonton pled guilty to violations of the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act for spraying Hyvar X\-L, a federally regulated herbicide that is not intended for residential areas, on sidewalks in a southwestern residential neighbourhood near Wagner Natural Area. Part of the $165,000 CAD settlement will go towards an Edmonton Native Plant Society initiative to enhance the area.{{Cite news \|date\=15 July 2019 \|title\=Edmonton penalized $165K for spraying industrial herbicide in Haddow community \|work\=\[\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\|CBC]] \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/hyvar\-x\-l\-edmonton\-penalty\-environment\-1\.5212731 \|access\-date\=22 July 2022}}
|
[
"Conservation\n------------",
"The Edmonton Bird Club began using the site for birdwatching purposes in the 1950s. The first attempted ecological survey of the area was completed in 1972 by Dr. George LaRoi and Mr. Raszewski from the University of Alberta. Since then, formal and informal studies have been done by students from the university, members of the WNAS, specialists, and volunteers. In 1985, the site was selected for a survey of its [arthropod](/wiki/Arthropod \"Arthropod\") fauna. Though only 130 hectares, the study sample found 2181 species of arthropods, the majority of the 2,905 species identified in the peatland. Of these, 1410 belonged to the order [Hymenoptera](/wiki/Hymenoptera \"Hymenoptera\"), which includes bees, wasps, and ants. The survey identified 230 species of spiders, 20 of which had never been previously identified.{{Cite web \\|title\\=In search of biodiversity \\|url\\=https://www.stalberttoday.ca/local\\-news/in\\-search\\-of\\-biodiversity\\-1271527 \\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2022 \\|website\\=StAlbertToday.ca \\|language\\=en}} The area provides, or at one time provided, habitat for at least 3 species of fish, 6 species of [herptiles](/wiki/Herptile \"Herptile\"), 138 species of birds, including a nesting colony of [Bonaparte's gulls](/wiki/Bonaparte%27s_gull \"Bonaparte's gull\"), and 41 species of mammals. Overall, it is estimated that the Wagner Natural Area contains about 6,000 species of arthropods.",
"The [sparrow's egg lady slipper](/wiki/Cypripedium_passerinum \"Cypripedium passerinum\"), an endangered species of orchid, is found in Wagner Natural Area, along with fifteen other species of orchid; these represent 16 of the 26 orchid species found in Alberta. The 317 species of vascular plants found in Wagner Natural Area are one\\-sixth of all such species in Alberta. Fourteen of the plant species found in Wagner Natural Area are tracked by the Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre (ANHIC).",
"### Threats",
"The groundwater of the Wagner Natural Area is increasingly threatened by [urbanization](/wiki/Urbanization \"Urbanization\") of the surrounding areas. The major threats to the stability of the natural flow of groundwater are industrial developments that can impact water quality; residential developments that utilize groundwater wells and septic systems; developments in the discharge area, such as drainage and ditching, that could lower water levels; and industrial developments in the recharge area that increase surface water flow out of the Wagner Natural Area.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Abstract: IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON THE WAGNER NATURAL AREA, EDMONTON, ALBERTA (2010 GSA Denver Annual Meeting (31 October–3 November 2010\\)) \\|url\\=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2010AM/webprogram/Paper181480\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2022 \\|website\\=gsa.confex.com}}",
"In 1988, [Alberta Transportation](/wiki/Alberta_Transportation \"Alberta Transportation\") announced its intention to build a road connecting the [Yellowhead Highway](/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway \"Yellowhead Highway\") to a new bypass in Edmonton. This proposal would have blocked the flow of groundwater into the fen. With the support of Peter Lee, an environmentally\\-minded supporter in Alberta Transportation, the WNAS forced Alberta Transportation to do an [environmental impact assessment](/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment \"Environmental impact assessment\"), the first in the department's history. Ecologist Matthew Fairbarns was hired to search for the rare [bog adder's\\-mouth orchid](/wiki/Hammarbya \"Hammarbya\") along where the road would have been placed. Eventually, recognizing the biodiversity within the site, the connecting road was relocated.",
"In recent years, the marl ponds in Wagner have been drying up earlier than in previous years. This is possibly due to the development in the surrounding areas, drought, or climate change.",
"In 2007, the [Parkland County](/wiki/Parkland_County \"Parkland County\") considered a draft proposal to rezone the lands along its southern boundary, including Wagner Natural Area, from agricultural to industrial. The construction of roads, sewers, and water lines would have a severe negative impact on Wagner as a wetland because, as a fen as opposed to a bog, it is dependent on groundwater sources, most of which are outside of the protected borders of the area.",
"In 2019, the city of Edmonton pled guilty to violations of the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act for spraying Hyvar X\\-L, a federally regulated herbicide that is not intended for residential areas, on sidewalks in a southwestern residential neighbourhood near Wagner Natural Area. Part of the $165,000 CAD settlement will go towards an Edmonton Native Plant Society initiative to enhance the area.{{Cite news \\|date\\=15 July 2019 \\|title\\=Edmonton penalized $165K for spraying industrial herbicide in Haddow community \\|work\\=\\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\\|CBC]] \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/hyvar\\-x\\-l\\-edmonton\\-penalty\\-environment\\-1\\.5212731 \\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2022}}",
""
] |
Personal life
-------------
Mahat was born to a middle\-class family in Nuwakot, Nepal on 1 January 1951\. He is the eldest of seven children of Khadga Bahadur Mahat and Tol Kumari Mahat.
He passed the School Leaving Certificate at the age of 13 in 1964\. Ram Sharan Mahat got his master's degree in Economics from [Tribhuvan University](/wiki/Tribhuvan_University "Tribhuvan University") in 1972\. He was gold medalist in his college and university life. Following graduation from college at the age of 17, Mahat worked as a high school headmaster in [Lamjung district](/wiki/Lamjung_District "Lamjung District") of Nepal. He briefly worked as a lecturer in economics, at the Department of Tribhuvan University.
Despite being selected for scholarship, he was denied an opportunity to go abroad for advanced studies by the Panchayat government because of his political background. Instead, he was incarcerated for two years (1973–75\) under Security Act without any charge sheet. After his release, he went to [Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics](/wiki/Gokhale_Institute_of_Politics_and_Economics "Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics") in Pune, India in 1976 for his Ph.D under a Government of India scholarship. He completed his degree in 1979\.
Mahat was also a recipient of US Government's Hubert Humphrey Fellowship 1987/88 and was associated with the School of International Studies of the American University, Washington DC, US. He was a recipient of the Francis Humbert Humphrey Award for leadership role in the public service by the USIA and the Institute of International Education, USA. He is an honorary fellow of the University of Connecticut/Bridgeport.
Mahat joined the UN service in 1980, and served at UNDP office in Kathmandu, New York and Pakistan. In his last assignment, he coordinated UNDP cross border humanitarian programme in Afghanistan (1989\-1990\). After the restoration of democratic politics in Nepal 1990, he left the UNDP job to join electoral politics in his country.
**Political career**
Dr. Ram Sharan Mahat, a senior leader of Nepali Congress, combines a rare background of an active politician and a technocrat. Born in a middle\-class family in Nuwakot district of rural Nepal, he became politically active since early student days. One of the leading student activists in his college and university days in Nepal, he was imprisoned several times by the autocratic monarchial regime in the sixties and seventies. After graduating in 1968 with a gold medal, he taught in a secondary school in a remote Lamjung district and became its headmaster at the age of 19\. In 1971, he became the General Secretary of Nepal Students Union, the largest students association affiliated with Nepali Congress – outlawed by the autocratic regime from 1961 until 1990\.
He campaigned actively for multiparty democracy in Nepal during the national referendum of 1980\. He subsequently joined UNDP/Nepal as a programme officer and subsequently served as Area Officer in UNDP Headquarters Asia and Pacific Bureau in New York.
After losing the parliamentary elections from constituent\-1 of Nuwakot district in 1991, he was appointed the Economic Advisor to the Prime Minister of Nepal. He then served as the deputy chairman of the National Planning Commission of Nepal for three years (1991\-1993\). He was elected Member of Parliament first time in 1993 from constituent\-2 of Nuwakot district, which he has successfully retained to date. He won that seat for the fourth time in the November 2013 general election for the Constituent Assembly/Parliament.
A man of integrity and believer of probity and transparency in public life, he has voluntarily resigned as Finance Minister from cabinet twice. The first time in 1997 to facilitate judicial investigation, when the opposition raised question about his foreign exchange accounts in a NEW York Bank. He was acquitted of the charge and subsequently reinstated to his position. The second time he resigned in 2002 protesting the Prime Minister's unexpected announcement to dissolve the parliament.
Following the royal takeover of political power in 2002, he actively participated in Nepal's 'anti\-regression movement', which culminated in the mass uprising of April 2006 leading eventually to the abolition of monarchy. He was the Finance Minister of the first national unity government formed afterwards, which eventually included the ex Maoist rebels also.
In Nepal's turbulent political transition following the decade\-long Maoist insurgency in Nepal, Mahat also served as member of the Special Committee for the Integration and Rehabilitation of Maoist Army Combatants, which saw the successful resolution in 2013 on the future of some 17,000 former combatants.
He has also served in the board of trustees of the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok (1993/4\).
|
[
"Personal life\n-------------",
"Mahat was born to a middle\\-class family in Nuwakot, Nepal on 1 January 1951\\. He is the eldest of seven children of Khadga Bahadur Mahat and Tol Kumari Mahat.",
"He passed the School Leaving Certificate at the age of 13 in 1964\\. Ram Sharan Mahat got his master's degree in Economics from [Tribhuvan University](/wiki/Tribhuvan_University \"Tribhuvan University\") in 1972\\. He was gold medalist in his college and university life. Following graduation from college at the age of 17, Mahat worked as a high school headmaster in [Lamjung district](/wiki/Lamjung_District \"Lamjung District\") of Nepal. He briefly worked as a lecturer in economics, at the Department of Tribhuvan University.\nDespite being selected for scholarship, he was denied an opportunity to go abroad for advanced studies by the Panchayat government because of his political background. Instead, he was incarcerated for two years (1973–75\\) under Security Act without any charge sheet. After his release, he went to [Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics](/wiki/Gokhale_Institute_of_Politics_and_Economics \"Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics\") in Pune, India in 1976 for his Ph.D under a Government of India scholarship. He completed his degree in 1979\\.",
"Mahat was also a recipient of US Government's Hubert Humphrey Fellowship 1987/88 and was associated with the School of International Studies of the American University, Washington DC, US. He was a recipient of the Francis Humbert Humphrey Award for leadership role in the public service by the USIA and the Institute of International Education, USA. He is an honorary fellow of the University of Connecticut/Bridgeport.",
"Mahat joined the UN service in 1980, and served at UNDP office in Kathmandu, New York and Pakistan. In his last assignment, he coordinated UNDP cross border humanitarian programme in Afghanistan (1989\\-1990\\). After the restoration of democratic politics in Nepal 1990, he left the UNDP job to join electoral politics in his country.",
"**Political career**",
"Dr. Ram Sharan Mahat, a senior leader of Nepali Congress, combines a rare background of an active politician and a technocrat. Born in a middle\\-class family in Nuwakot district of rural Nepal, he became politically active since early student days. One of the leading student activists in his college and university days in Nepal, he was imprisoned several times by the autocratic monarchial regime in the sixties and seventies. After graduating in 1968 with a gold medal, he taught in a secondary school in a remote Lamjung district and became its headmaster at the age of 19\\. In 1971, he became the General Secretary of Nepal Students Union, the largest students association affiliated with Nepali Congress – outlawed by the autocratic regime from 1961 until 1990\\.",
"He campaigned actively for multiparty democracy in Nepal during the national referendum of 1980\\. He subsequently joined UNDP/Nepal as a programme officer and subsequently served as Area Officer in UNDP Headquarters Asia and Pacific Bureau in New York. \nAfter losing the parliamentary elections from constituent\\-1 of Nuwakot district in 1991, he was appointed the Economic Advisor to the Prime Minister of Nepal. He then served as the deputy chairman of the National Planning Commission of Nepal for three years (1991\\-1993\\). He was elected Member of Parliament first time in 1993 from constituent\\-2 of Nuwakot district, which he has successfully retained to date. He won that seat for the fourth time in the November 2013 general election for the Constituent Assembly/Parliament.",
"A man of integrity and believer of probity and transparency in public life, he has voluntarily resigned as Finance Minister from cabinet twice. The first time in 1997 to facilitate judicial investigation, when the opposition raised question about his foreign exchange accounts in a NEW York Bank. He was acquitted of the charge and subsequently reinstated to his position. The second time he resigned in 2002 protesting the Prime Minister's unexpected announcement to dissolve the parliament.",
"Following the royal takeover of political power in 2002, he actively participated in Nepal's 'anti\\-regression movement', which culminated in the mass uprising of April 2006 leading eventually to the abolition of monarchy. He was the Finance Minister of the first national unity government formed afterwards, which eventually included the ex Maoist rebels also.",
"In Nepal's turbulent political transition following the decade\\-long Maoist insurgency in Nepal, Mahat also served as member of the Special Committee for the Integration and Rehabilitation of Maoist Army Combatants, which saw the successful resolution in 2013 on the future of some 17,000 former combatants.",
"He has also served in the board of trustees of the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok (1993/4\\).",
""
] |
Biography
---------
[thumb\|left\|Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg, painted by [Lucas Cranach the Elder](/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder "Lucas Cranach the Elder")](/wiki/File:JoachimII.vonBrandenburg.JPG "JoachimII.vonBrandenburg.JPG")
Joachim II was born in [Cölln](/wiki/C%C3%B6lln "Cölln") and received his education at the imperial court.[Campbell, Gordon. *n The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance*, OUP, 2003](https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001/acref-9780198601753){{ISBN\|9780191727795}}
His father, Joachim I Nestor, made Joachim Hector sign an inheritance contract in which he promised to remain [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church "Roman Catholic Church"). This was intended in part to assist Joachim Nestor's younger brother, the Archbishop\-Elector [Albert of Mainz](/wiki/Albert_of_Mainz "Albert of Mainz"). Albert had borrowed huge amounts from the banking house of [Fugger](/wiki/Fugger "Fugger") in order to pay the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See") for his elevation to the [Prince\-Bishopric of Halberstadt](/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Halberstadt "Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt") and for a [dispensation](/wiki/Dispensation_%28Catholic_canon_law%29 "Dispensation (Catholic canon law)") permitting him to hold both the [Archbishopric of Magdeburg](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg "Archbishopric of Magdeburg") and [Archbishopric of Mainz](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz "Archbishopric of Mainz"). This provided the Hohenzollerns with control over two of the seven electoral votes in imperial elections and many suffragan dioceses to levy dues.
Joachim Nestor, who had co\-financed this accumulation of offices, agreed to let Albert recover these costs by the sale of [indulgences](/wiki/Indulgence "Indulgence") to his subjects. Joachim's neighbor, [John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony](/wiki/John_Frederick_I%2C_Elector_of_Saxony "John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony"), forbade the sale of indulgences, because Albert had outbid his candidate for the see of Mainz, but also on principle, being persuaded by his subject [Martin Luther](/wiki/Martin_Luther "Martin Luther"). Thus repayment of the debt to the Fugger depended on the sale of indulgences to Catholic believers in Brandenburg. However, had Joachim Hector not agreed to this, he would likely have been passed over in the line of inheritance.
His first marriage was to [Magdalena of Saxony](/wiki/Magdalena_of_Saxony "Magdalena of Saxony") from the ducal [Albertine line](/wiki/Albertine_line "Albertine line") of the [House of Wettin](/wiki/House_of_Wettin "House of Wettin"). She died in 1534\.
In 1535 he married [Hedwig](/wiki/Hedwig_Jagiellon%2C_Electress_of_Brandenburg "Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg"), daughter of King [Sigismund I the Old](/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old "Sigismund I the Old") of Poland. As the [Jagiellon dynasty](/wiki/Jagiellon_dynasty "Jagiellon dynasty") was Catholic, Joachim II promised Sigismund that he would not make Hedwig change her religious affiliation.{{cite journal \|first\=Sidney Bradshaw \|last\=Fay \|title\=The Hohenzollern Household and Administration in the Sixteenth Century \|journal\=Smith College Studies in History \|volume\=2 \|publisher\=Smith College \|date\=October 1916 – July 1917 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=EgLTAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA20 \|page\=20}}
[thumb\|280px\|right\|A reformed Joachim II receives the [Eucharist](/wiki/Eucharist "Eucharist") under both kinds, the Bread and the Cup, in St. Nicholas' Church in [Spandau](/wiki/Spandau "Spandau").](/wiki/File:Joachim_II_nimmt_das_Abendmahl.jpg "Joachim II nimmt das Abendmahl.jpg")
With the deaths of his father Joachim Nestor (1535\) and father\-in\-law Sigismund (1548\), Joachim turned gradually to the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation"). On 1 November 1539, he received [Communion under both kinds](/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds "Communion under both kinds") in [Spandau](/wiki/Spandau "Spandau")'s St. Nicholas' Church, an act that indicated a degree of sympathy with the new religious ideas. However, Joachim did not explicitly adopt [Lutheranism](/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") until 1555, to avoid open confrontation with his ally, Emperor [Charles V](/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor").{{dubious\|date\=June 2018}}{{citation needed\|date\=June 2018}} Prior to this, Joachim promulgated a conservative [church order](/wiki/Church_Order_%28Lutheran%29 "Church Order (Lutheran)") that was Lutheran in doctrine, but retained many traditional religious institutions and observances, such as the [episcopate](/wiki/Episcopal_polity "Episcopal polity"), much of the [Mass](/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29 "Mass (liturgy)") in Latin, [religious plays](/wiki/Liturgical_drama "Liturgical drama") and [feast days](/wiki/Calendar_of_saints "Calendar of saints").
In early 1539, at the [diet](/wiki/Diet_%28assembly%29 "Diet (assembly)") of princes of [imperial immediacy](/wiki/Imperial_immediacy "Imperial immediacy") (*Fürstentag*) of the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire") in [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt"), Lutheran spokesman [Philipp Melanchthon](/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon "Philipp Melanchthon") revealed to the gathered princes (among them Joachim) that the anti\-Jewish [pogroms](/wiki/Pogrom "Pogrom") of 1510 in Brandenburg had been based on a feigned [host desecration](/wiki/Host_desecration "Host desecration"). This pogrom had resulted in the expulsion of the [Jews](/wiki/Jew "Jew") from Brandenburg. The Jewish advocate [Josel von Rosheim](/wiki/Josel_von_Rosheim "Josel von Rosheim"), who was also in attendance, pleaded privately with Joachim to allow the Jews to settle in the Brandenburg again. Joachim acceded to this request on 25 June 1539\.Eugen Wolbe, *Geschichte der Juden in Berlin und in der Mark Brandenburg*, Berlin: Kedem, 1937, p. 64\.
Joachim not only loved hunting in person, he also spent great sums on live lions, bears, wolves, and other beasts which he made to fight each other. He also maintained no fewer than eleven [alchemists](/wiki/Alchemy "Alchemy") at his court over a mere ten\-year period. Because of these and other extravagances, although Joachim I had left the country's finances in satisfactory order, by 1540 Joachim II was over 600,000 thalers in debt, which he attempted to pay off by confiscating church property and raising taxes.{{cite book \|last1\=Janssen \|first1\=Johannes \|title\=History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, Volume 6 \|date\=1903 \|publisher\=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner \& Co \|location\=London \|pages\=65–66}}
His wife Hedwig's mother [Barbara Zápolya](/wiki/Barbara_Z%C3%A1polya "Barbara Zápolya") was a sister of [John Zápolya](/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya "John Zápolya"), who had claimed the vacant throne of [Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281526-1867%29 "Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)") after King [Louis II](/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary "Louis II of Hungary") was killed in battle against the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") in 1526\. However, Joachim supported [Ferdinand of Habsburg](/wiki/Ferdinand_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor"), who also claimed the crown and challenged the Turkish invaders. In 1542 Joachim assisted Ferdinand against the Ottomans at the [Siege of Buda (1541\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_%281541%29 "Siege of Buda (1541)"). He commanded an army of Austrian, Hungarian, German, Bohemian, Italian, and Dalmatian troops, but the Elector was not a seasoned warrior and eventually beat a retreat.*History of Hungary 1526–1686*, Zsigmond Pach and Ágnes R. Várkonyi (eds.), [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest "Budapest"): Akadémia Publisher, 1985\. {{ISBN\|963\-05\-0929\-6}} He was defeated again by the Ottomans in the [Siege of Pest](/wiki/Siege_of_Pest "Siege of Pest") in 1542\.
As a part of the alliance, in 1545 Joachim held a gala double wedding celebration for his two children, [John George](/wiki/John_George%2C_Elector_of_Brandenburg "John George, Elector of Brandenburg") and [Barbara](/wiki/Barbara_of_Brandenburg%2C_Duchess_of_Brieg "Barbara of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brieg"). They were married to [Sophie of Legnica](/wiki/Sophie_of_Legnica "Sophie of Legnica") and [George](/wiki/George_II_the_Pious "George II the Pious"), both children of the [Piast](/wiki/Piast_dynasty "Piast dynasty") Duke [Frederick II of Legnica](/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Legnica "Frederick II of Legnica") in [Silesia](/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia "Duchies of Silesia").A. Sammter: *Chronik von Liegnitz*, ed. by W. Pfingsten, 1868, p. 191\.
Joachim was a brother\-in\-law of King [Sigismund II Augustus](/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus "Sigismund II Augustus") of Poland. In 1569, he paid Sigismund for a deed of [enfeoffment](/wiki/Enfeoffment "Enfeoffment") which made Joachim and his issue heirs to [Ducal Prussia](/wiki/Ducal_Prussia "Ducal Prussia") in case of the extinction of the Prussian Hohenzollern line.
In 1571, Joachim died in the [Köpenick Palace](/wiki/K%C3%B6penick_Palace "Köpenick Palace"), which he had built in 1558\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg, painted by [Lucas Cranach the Elder](/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder \"Lucas Cranach the Elder\")](/wiki/File:JoachimII.vonBrandenburg.JPG \"JoachimII.vonBrandenburg.JPG\")\nJoachim II was born in [Cölln](/wiki/C%C3%B6lln \"Cölln\") and received his education at the imperial court.[Campbell, Gordon. *n The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance*, OUP, 2003](https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001/acref-9780198601753){{ISBN\\|9780191727795}}",
"His father, Joachim I Nestor, made Joachim Hector sign an inheritance contract in which he promised to remain [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church \"Roman Catholic Church\"). This was intended in part to assist Joachim Nestor's younger brother, the Archbishop\\-Elector [Albert of Mainz](/wiki/Albert_of_Mainz \"Albert of Mainz\"). Albert had borrowed huge amounts from the banking house of [Fugger](/wiki/Fugger \"Fugger\") in order to pay the [Holy See](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\") for his elevation to the [Prince\\-Bishopric of Halberstadt](/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Halberstadt \"Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt\") and for a [dispensation](/wiki/Dispensation_%28Catholic_canon_law%29 \"Dispensation (Catholic canon law)\") permitting him to hold both the [Archbishopric of Magdeburg](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg \"Archbishopric of Magdeburg\") and [Archbishopric of Mainz](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz \"Archbishopric of Mainz\"). This provided the Hohenzollerns with control over two of the seven electoral votes in imperial elections and many suffragan dioceses to levy dues.",
"Joachim Nestor, who had co\\-financed this accumulation of offices, agreed to let Albert recover these costs by the sale of [indulgences](/wiki/Indulgence \"Indulgence\") to his subjects. Joachim's neighbor, [John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony](/wiki/John_Frederick_I%2C_Elector_of_Saxony \"John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony\"), forbade the sale of indulgences, because Albert had outbid his candidate for the see of Mainz, but also on principle, being persuaded by his subject [Martin Luther](/wiki/Martin_Luther \"Martin Luther\"). Thus repayment of the debt to the Fugger depended on the sale of indulgences to Catholic believers in Brandenburg. However, had Joachim Hector not agreed to this, he would likely have been passed over in the line of inheritance.",
"His first marriage was to [Magdalena of Saxony](/wiki/Magdalena_of_Saxony \"Magdalena of Saxony\") from the ducal [Albertine line](/wiki/Albertine_line \"Albertine line\") of the [House of Wettin](/wiki/House_of_Wettin \"House of Wettin\"). She died in 1534\\.",
"In 1535 he married [Hedwig](/wiki/Hedwig_Jagiellon%2C_Electress_of_Brandenburg \"Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg\"), daughter of King [Sigismund I the Old](/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old \"Sigismund I the Old\") of Poland. As the [Jagiellon dynasty](/wiki/Jagiellon_dynasty \"Jagiellon dynasty\") was Catholic, Joachim II promised Sigismund that he would not make Hedwig change her religious affiliation.{{cite journal \\|first\\=Sidney Bradshaw \\|last\\=Fay \\|title\\=The Hohenzollern Household and Administration in the Sixteenth Century \\|journal\\=Smith College Studies in History \\|volume\\=2 \\|publisher\\=Smith College \\|date\\=October 1916 – July 1917 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=EgLTAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA20 \\|page\\=20}}",
"[thumb\\|280px\\|right\\|A reformed Joachim II receives the [Eucharist](/wiki/Eucharist \"Eucharist\") under both kinds, the Bread and the Cup, in St. Nicholas' Church in [Spandau](/wiki/Spandau \"Spandau\").](/wiki/File:Joachim_II_nimmt_das_Abendmahl.jpg \"Joachim II nimmt das Abendmahl.jpg\")\nWith the deaths of his father Joachim Nestor (1535\\) and father\\-in\\-law Sigismund (1548\\), Joachim turned gradually to the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\"). On 1 November 1539, he received [Communion under both kinds](/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds \"Communion under both kinds\") in [Spandau](/wiki/Spandau \"Spandau\")'s St. Nicholas' Church, an act that indicated a degree of sympathy with the new religious ideas. However, Joachim did not explicitly adopt [Lutheranism](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") until 1555, to avoid open confrontation with his ally, Emperor [Charles V](/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\").{{dubious\\|date\\=June 2018}}{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2018}} Prior to this, Joachim promulgated a conservative [church order](/wiki/Church_Order_%28Lutheran%29 \"Church Order (Lutheran)\") that was Lutheran in doctrine, but retained many traditional religious institutions and observances, such as the [episcopate](/wiki/Episcopal_polity \"Episcopal polity\"), much of the [Mass](/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29 \"Mass (liturgy)\") in Latin, [religious plays](/wiki/Liturgical_drama \"Liturgical drama\") and [feast days](/wiki/Calendar_of_saints \"Calendar of saints\").",
"In early 1539, at the [diet](/wiki/Diet_%28assembly%29 \"Diet (assembly)\") of princes of [imperial immediacy](/wiki/Imperial_immediacy \"Imperial immediacy\") (*Fürstentag*) of the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\") in [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt \"Frankfurt\"), Lutheran spokesman [Philipp Melanchthon](/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon \"Philipp Melanchthon\") revealed to the gathered princes (among them Joachim) that the anti\\-Jewish [pogroms](/wiki/Pogrom \"Pogrom\") of 1510 in Brandenburg had been based on a feigned [host desecration](/wiki/Host_desecration \"Host desecration\"). This pogrom had resulted in the expulsion of the [Jews](/wiki/Jew \"Jew\") from Brandenburg. The Jewish advocate [Josel von Rosheim](/wiki/Josel_von_Rosheim \"Josel von Rosheim\"), who was also in attendance, pleaded privately with Joachim to allow the Jews to settle in the Brandenburg again. Joachim acceded to this request on 25 June 1539\\.Eugen Wolbe, *Geschichte der Juden in Berlin und in der Mark Brandenburg*, Berlin: Kedem, 1937, p. 64\\.",
"Joachim not only loved hunting in person, he also spent great sums on live lions, bears, wolves, and other beasts which he made to fight each other. He also maintained no fewer than eleven [alchemists](/wiki/Alchemy \"Alchemy\") at his court over a mere ten\\-year period. Because of these and other extravagances, although Joachim I had left the country's finances in satisfactory order, by 1540 Joachim II was over 600,000 thalers in debt, which he attempted to pay off by confiscating church property and raising taxes.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Janssen \\|first1\\=Johannes \\|title\\=History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, Volume 6 \\|date\\=1903 \\|publisher\\=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner \\& Co \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=65–66}}",
"His wife Hedwig's mother [Barbara Zápolya](/wiki/Barbara_Z%C3%A1polya \"Barbara Zápolya\") was a sister of [John Zápolya](/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya \"John Zápolya\"), who had claimed the vacant throne of [Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281526-1867%29 \"Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)\") after King [Louis II](/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary \"Louis II of Hungary\") was killed in battle against the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") in 1526\\. However, Joachim supported [Ferdinand of Habsburg](/wiki/Ferdinand_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor\"), who also claimed the crown and challenged the Turkish invaders. In 1542 Joachim assisted Ferdinand against the Ottomans at the [Siege of Buda (1541\\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_%281541%29 \"Siege of Buda (1541)\"). He commanded an army of Austrian, Hungarian, German, Bohemian, Italian, and Dalmatian troops, but the Elector was not a seasoned warrior and eventually beat a retreat.*History of Hungary 1526–1686*, Zsigmond Pach and Ágnes R. Várkonyi (eds.), [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\"): Akadémia Publisher, 1985\\. {{ISBN\\|963\\-05\\-0929\\-6}} He was defeated again by the Ottomans in the [Siege of Pest](/wiki/Siege_of_Pest \"Siege of Pest\") in 1542\\.",
"As a part of the alliance, in 1545 Joachim held a gala double wedding celebration for his two children, [John George](/wiki/John_George%2C_Elector_of_Brandenburg \"John George, Elector of Brandenburg\") and [Barbara](/wiki/Barbara_of_Brandenburg%2C_Duchess_of_Brieg \"Barbara of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brieg\"). They were married to [Sophie of Legnica](/wiki/Sophie_of_Legnica \"Sophie of Legnica\") and [George](/wiki/George_II_the_Pious \"George II the Pious\"), both children of the [Piast](/wiki/Piast_dynasty \"Piast dynasty\") Duke [Frederick II of Legnica](/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Legnica \"Frederick II of Legnica\") in [Silesia](/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia \"Duchies of Silesia\").A. Sammter: *Chronik von Liegnitz*, ed. by W. Pfingsten, 1868, p. 191\\.",
"Joachim was a brother\\-in\\-law of King [Sigismund II Augustus](/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus \"Sigismund II Augustus\") of Poland. In 1569, he paid Sigismund for a deed of [enfeoffment](/wiki/Enfeoffment \"Enfeoffment\") which made Joachim and his issue heirs to [Ducal Prussia](/wiki/Ducal_Prussia \"Ducal Prussia\") in case of the extinction of the Prussian Hohenzollern line.",
"In 1571, Joachim died in the [Köpenick Palace](/wiki/K%C3%B6penick_Palace \"Köpenick Palace\"), which he had built in 1558\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
OBM is a subdiscipline of ABA, thus its emergence stems from the foundations of behavior analysis developed by [B.F. Skinner](/wiki/B._F._Skinner "B. F. Skinner"). Skinner's book *[Science and Human Behavior](https://www.bfskinner.org/product/science-and-human-behavior-pdf/)*, published in 1953, served as the foundation for OBM by highlighting the use of money to increase desired behaviors, wage schedules, and higher levels of praise for desired behaviors as opposed to undesired behaviors.{{Cite journal\|last\=Dickinson\|first\=Alyce M.\|date\=2001\-01\-29\|title\=The Historical Roots of Organizational Behavior Management in the Private Sector\|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\|volume\=20\|issue\=3–4\|pages\=9–58\|doi\=10\.1300/j075v20n03\_02\|issn\=0160\-8061}} Skinner's greatest contributions to the emergence of OBM however was introducing [programmed instruction](/wiki/Programmed_instruction "Programmed instruction") to the educational system. Aspects of programmed instruction proved beneficial in organizational settings, particularly training. This later became the first application of behavioral principles in the organizational settings.
Emergence of research in OBM sparked in the 1960s with publication of [Owen Aldis](/wiki/Owen_Aldis "Owen Aldis")’ paper “Of Pigeons and Men” in which he proposes using reinforcement schedules in industries as the first OBM article published in the 1961 Harvard Business Review.
### Journal of Organizational Behavior Management
Founded in 1977, the [Journal of Organizational Behavior Management](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991379) (JOBM) served as a milestone in the field of Organizational Behavior Management. With [Aubrey Daniels](/wiki/Aubrey_Daniels "Aubrey Daniels") as editor and Larry Miller as manager editor, the first board of editors for JOBM was composed of twenty\-five individuals. Various names were used to describe the application of behavioral principles in organizational settings but the birth of JOBM solidified the use of the term Organizational Behavior Management to describe such applications in such settings.{{Cite book\|title\=Organizational behavior management: the essentials \|editor\-last1\=Wine \|editor\-first1\=Byron \|editor\-last2\=Pritchard \|editor\-first2\=Joshua K. \|year\=2018 \|isbn\=978\-0\-9995467\-1\-0 \|oclc\=1121005902}}
JOBM is periodical journal which seeks to publish research and review articles which apply principles of ABA to improve organizations through behavior change. Areas addressed throughout JOBM include performance measurement, performance level interventions, goal setting, feedback, incentive programs, and evidence\-based management.{{Cite web\|url\=http://obmnetwork.com/publications/journal\-of\-organizational\-behavior\-management\-jobm/\|title\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (JOBM)\|website\=OBM Network\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-09}} In 2003, the [ISI Impact Factor](/wiki/Impact_factor "Impact factor") of JOBM was ranked third in the Journal Citation Reports ranking of journals in applied psychology further establishing JOBM as a high\-quality journal.{{Cite journal\|last\=Hantula\|first\=Donald\|date\=2005\-01\-01\|title\=The impact of JOBM: ISI impact factor places the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management third in applied psychology.\|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232525246\|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\|pages\=1–15}}
Presently, the editorial board of JOBM consist of 72 members with Dr. Ramona Houmanfar serving as editor.
### History of educational advancements in OBM
The first university to offer a graduate program in OBM and systems analysis was [Western Michigan University](/wiki/Western_Michigan_University "Western Michigan University"), under the instruction of Dick Malott.
Another early program in OBM was initiated at the University of Notre Dame in 1975 with the arrival of Martin Wikoff, the first graduate student in the program. Prior to attending Notre Dame, Wikoff, with University of Washington professors, Bob Kohlenberg (Psychology) and Terrance Mitchell (Foster School of Business) conducted one of the first controlled studies of applied behavior analysis in business; in this case, to improve grocery clerk performance.{{cite journal \|last1\=Wikoff \|first1\=Martin \|last2\=Anderson \|first2\=Chris \|last3\=Crowell \|first3\=Charles \|title\=Behavior management in a factory setting \|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management \|date\=1983 \|volume\=4 \|issue\=1–2 \|pages\=97–128 \|doi\=10\.1300/J075v04n01\_04}} This study was presented at the 1976 MABA Convention in Chicago. Its application to business was so novel that the research was assigned to the topic category of "Experimental Living Arrangements", confirming its status as one of the pioneering OBM documented applications. The Wikoff\-Crowell\-Anderson Notre Dame OBM research team was born.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"OBM is a subdiscipline of ABA, thus its emergence stems from the foundations of behavior analysis developed by [B.F. Skinner](/wiki/B._F._Skinner \"B. F. Skinner\"). Skinner's book *[Science and Human Behavior](https://www.bfskinner.org/product/science-and-human-behavior-pdf/)*, published in 1953, served as the foundation for OBM by highlighting the use of money to increase desired behaviors, wage schedules, and higher levels of praise for desired behaviors as opposed to undesired behaviors.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Dickinson\\|first\\=Alyce M.\\|date\\=2001\\-01\\-29\\|title\\=The Historical Roots of Organizational Behavior Management in the Private Sector\\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=3–4\\|pages\\=9–58\\|doi\\=10\\.1300/j075v20n03\\_02\\|issn\\=0160\\-8061}} Skinner's greatest contributions to the emergence of OBM however was introducing [programmed instruction](/wiki/Programmed_instruction \"Programmed instruction\") to the educational system. Aspects of programmed instruction proved beneficial in organizational settings, particularly training. This later became the first application of behavioral principles in the organizational settings.",
"Emergence of research in OBM sparked in the 1960s with publication of [Owen Aldis](/wiki/Owen_Aldis \"Owen Aldis\")’ paper “Of Pigeons and Men” in which he proposes using reinforcement schedules in industries as the first OBM article published in the 1961 Harvard Business Review.",
"### Journal of Organizational Behavior Management",
"Founded in 1977, the [Journal of Organizational Behavior Management](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991379) (JOBM) served as a milestone in the field of Organizational Behavior Management. With [Aubrey Daniels](/wiki/Aubrey_Daniels \"Aubrey Daniels\") as editor and Larry Miller as manager editor, the first board of editors for JOBM was composed of twenty\\-five individuals. Various names were used to describe the application of behavioral principles in organizational settings but the birth of JOBM solidified the use of the term Organizational Behavior Management to describe such applications in such settings.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Organizational behavior management: the essentials \\|editor\\-last1\\=Wine \\|editor\\-first1\\=Byron \\|editor\\-last2\\=Pritchard \\|editor\\-first2\\=Joshua K. \\|year\\=2018 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9995467\\-1\\-0 \\|oclc\\=1121005902}}",
"JOBM is periodical journal which seeks to publish research and review articles which apply principles of ABA to improve organizations through behavior change. Areas addressed throughout JOBM include performance measurement, performance level interventions, goal setting, feedback, incentive programs, and evidence\\-based management.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://obmnetwork.com/publications/journal\\-of\\-organizational\\-behavior\\-management\\-jobm/\\|title\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (JOBM)\\|website\\=OBM Network\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-09}} In 2003, the [ISI Impact Factor](/wiki/Impact_factor \"Impact factor\") of JOBM was ranked third in the Journal Citation Reports ranking of journals in applied psychology further establishing JOBM as a high\\-quality journal.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Hantula\\|first\\=Donald\\|date\\=2005\\-01\\-01\\|title\\=The impact of JOBM: ISI impact factor places the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management third in applied psychology.\\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232525246\\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\\|pages\\=1–15}}",
"Presently, the editorial board of JOBM consist of 72 members with Dr. Ramona Houmanfar serving as editor.",
"### History of educational advancements in OBM",
"The first university to offer a graduate program in OBM and systems analysis was [Western Michigan University](/wiki/Western_Michigan_University \"Western Michigan University\"), under the instruction of Dick Malott.",
"Another early program in OBM was initiated at the University of Notre Dame in 1975 with the arrival of Martin Wikoff, the first graduate student in the program. Prior to attending Notre Dame, Wikoff, with University of Washington professors, Bob Kohlenberg (Psychology) and Terrance Mitchell (Foster School of Business) conducted one of the first controlled studies of applied behavior analysis in business; in this case, to improve grocery clerk performance.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wikoff \\|first1\\=Martin \\|last2\\=Anderson \\|first2\\=Chris \\|last3\\=Crowell \\|first3\\=Charles \\|title\\=Behavior management in a factory setting \\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management \\|date\\=1983 \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=1–2 \\|pages\\=97–128 \\|doi\\=10\\.1300/J075v04n01\\_04}} This study was presented at the 1976 MABA Convention in Chicago. Its application to business was so novel that the research was assigned to the topic category of \"Experimental Living Arrangements\", confirming its status as one of the pioneering OBM documented applications. The Wikoff\\-Crowell\\-Anderson Notre Dame OBM research team was born.",
""
] |
Interventions in OBM
--------------------
### Antecedent interventions
[Antecedents](/wiki/Antecedent_%28behavioral_psychology%29 "Antecedent (behavioral psychology)") in OBM are simply defined as triggers that evoke behavior by presenting something in the workers environment that will increase the likelihood the behavior will occur.{{Cite book\|title\=Unlock behavior, unleash profits: how your leadership behavior can unlock the profitability of your organization \|last\=Braksick \|first\=Leslie Wilk \|date\=2000 \|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|isbn\=0\-07\-137920\-7\|oclc\=49414675}} These interventions can be used to address an array of behaviors which ultimately benefit the organization and workers of the organization. The intervention used is determined by the behavior(s) being targeted and whether or not the organization has a desire for the behavior to be exhibited in the work setting or not. The interventions are categorized by what is done to influence behavior.
More commonly used antecedent interventions involve combining task clarification, job aids, and goal setting. Task clarification interventions are used and designed to provide specific job requirements for employees by clarifying and prompting employee behavior.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Amigo\|first1\=Seth\|last2\=Smith\|first2\=Andrew\|last3\=Ludwig\|first3\=Timothy\|date\=2008\-08\-12\|title\=Using Task Clarification, Goal Setting, and Feedback to Decrease Table Busing Times in a Franchise Pizza Restaurant\|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\|volume\=28\|issue\=3\|pages\=176–187\|doi\=10\.1080/01608060802251106\|s2cid\=145651241\|issn\=0160\-8061\|url\=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Ludwig\_Tim\_2008\_Using\_task.pdf}} Previous studies which implement task clarification involve using items such as memos and checklists to ensure tasks are completed.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Anderson\|first1\=D. Chris\|last2\=Crowell\|first2\=Charles R\|last3\=Hantula\|first3\=Donald A.\|last4\=Siroky\|first4\=Lisa M.\|date\=November 1988\|title\=Task Clarification and Individual Performance Posting for Improving Cleaning in a Student\-Managed University Bar\|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\|volume\=9 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=73–90\|doi\=10\.1300/j075v09n02\_06\|issn\=0160\-8061}} Job aids interventions involve prompts, or addition of items in the work environment such as signs, remind workers whether or not a behavior should occur.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Fienup\|first1\=Daniel M. \|last2\=Luiselli\|first2\=James K.\|last3\=Joy\|first3\=Megan\|last4\=Smyth\|first4\=Deborah\|last5\=Stein\|first5\=Ravit\|date\=December 2013 \|title\=Functional Assessment and Intervention for Organizational Behavior Change: Improving the Timeliness of Staff Meetings at a Human Services Organization\|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\|volume\=33\|issue\=4\|pages\=252–264 \|doi\=10\.1080/01608061\.2013\.843435 \|s2cid\=144704459 \|issn\=0160\-8061}} When combined, goal setting can then be introduced to establish a standard to how well workers must perform within a given time frame.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Calpin\|first1\=James P\|last2\=Edelstein \|first2\=Barry \|last3\=Redmon \|first3\=William K\|date\=November 1988\|title\=Performance Feedback and Goal Setting to Improve Mental Health Center Staff Productivity \|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\|volume\=9\|issue\=2\|pages\=35–58 \|doi\=10\.1300/j075v09n02\_04 \|issn\=0160\-8061}} While the use of antecedent interventions one of the most common strategies, the strategies set the occasion for behavior, but do not maintain them. That aspect of OBM falls to consequence interventions.
### Consequence interventions
Consequence is defined as a change in the environment that follow a worker's behavior which increases the likelihood the behavior will continue to be exhibited in the future.{{Citation \|title\=Learning, 2nd Edition, by A. C. Catania: Book review \|last\=Buskist \|first\=Bill \|date\=1984 \| publisher\=American Psychological Association \| doi \= 10\.1037/e583632009\-006}} Consequences interventions in OBM play a primary role in maintaining behavior, and are seen as one of the most important aspects of OBM.
In OBM, feedback is a common and successful intervention method used in organizational settings. A study in 2012 found that feedback was the research of interest in over 70% of studies published in JOBM.{{Cite journal\|last1\=VanStelle\|first1\=Sarah E.\|last2\=Vicars\|first2\=Sara M.\|last3\=Harr\|first3\=Victoria\|last4\=Miguel\|first4\=Caio F.\|last5\=Koerber\|first5\=Jeana L.\|last6\=Kazbour\|first6\=Richard\|last7\=Austin\|first7\=John\|date\=April 2012\|title\=The Publication History of theJournal of Organizational Behavior Management: An Objective Review and Analysis: 1998–2009\|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\|volume\=32\|issue\=2\|pages\=93–123\|doi\=10\.1080/01608061\.2012\.675864\|s2cid\=143678641\|issn\=0160\-8061}} This is due to the various types of feedback delivery which can be tailored to the organization and its goals in addition to having numerous research articles which provide empirical evidence of its effectiveness. Such types include feedback on individual performance, group performance, previous individual performance, previous group performance, and different group's performance.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Alvero\|first1\=Alicia M.\|last2\=Bucklin\|first2\=Barbara R.\|last3\=Austin\|first3\=John\|date\=February 2001\|title\=An Objective Review of the Effectiveness and Essential Characteristics of Performance Feedback in Organizational Settings (1985\-1998\)\|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\|volume\=21\|issue\=1\|pages\=3–29\|doi\=10\.1300/j075v21n01\_02\|s2cid\=146521769\|issn\=0160\-8061}}
Regardless of the which consequence intervention used, an important element of the OBM intervention involves using one of the principles of ABA known as [reinforcement](/wiki/Reinforcement "Reinforcement").{{citation \| last\=Flora \| first\=Stephen \| title\=Extrinsic Reinforcement Increases Intrinsic Motivation and Academic and Work Performance \| publisher\=American Psychological Association \| year\=2003 \| doi\=10\.1037/e348032004\-001 \| page\=}} This is due to the fact that when a behavior is reinforced, it is likely to continue to be exhibited in similar conditions to which the behavior was reinforced.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Michael\|first1\=Jack\|last2\=Shafer\|first2\=Esther\|date\=April 1995\|title\=State Notation for Teaching About Behavioral Procedures\|journal\=The Behavior Analyst\|volume\=18\|issue\=1\|pages\=123–140 \|doi\=10\.1007/bf03392698 \|pmid\=22478211 \|pmc\=2733665\|issn\=0738\-6729}} Behaviors which will be reinforced it determined by the organizational setting and its goals.
### Benefits of OBM
**Increase Productivity:** Organisations can frequently increase productivity levels by focusing on performance indicators and applying behavioral science using clear, specific, and measurable goals combined with ongoing feedback.{{Cite book \|last\=Aubrey C. Daniels; Jon S. Bailey \|title\=Performance management: Changing behavior that drives organizational effectiveness \|publisher\=Wiley Online Library \|year\=2014 \|edition\=Kennon A. Lattal}}
**Enhance Employee well\-being:** OBM's long\-term objective is to establish the circumstances required to uphold expected behaviour in the absence of intervention managers.{{Cite journal \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.55041/ijsrem \|title\=INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT \|publisher\=Indospace Publications\|doi\=10\.55041/ijsrem \|journal\=International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management }} With clear goals and routinely self\-esteem behavior, it positively impacts on staff performance, satisfactory and happiness. Therefore, organisations that prioritise employee well\-being using tactics such as flexible scheduling, emotional support, and stress management resources can help reduce burnout and improve productivity.{{Cite journal \|last\=GARY P. LATHAM; EDWIN A. LOCKE \|date\=September 13, 2023 \|title\=Enhancing the Benefits and Overcoming the Pitfalls of Goal Setting \|journal\=Organizational Dynamics \|volume\=35 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=332–340 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.orgdyn.2006\.08\.008 \|via\=ScienceDirect doi:10\.1016/j.orgdyn.2006\.08\.008}}
**Reduce Costs:** OBM techniques can find process inefficiencies, such as task analysis and time\-and\-motion studies. Organisations can finish jobs more quickly and with fewer resources by streamlining these procedures, which lowers costs. In addition, effective OBM practices can also help manage and reduce absenteeism. This has the dual benefit of reducing costs related to short\-staffing and overtime payments.{{Cite book \|last1\=Austin \|first1\=John \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=cucnfpq30\_4C\&q\=Austin%2C\+J.%2C\+%26\+Carr%2C\+J.\+E.\+%282000%29\.\+Handbook\+of\+applied\+behavior\+analysis.\+Context\+Press.\&pg\=PR5 \|title\=Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis \|last2\=Carr \|first2\=James \|date\=2000\-05\-01 \|publisher\=New Harbinger Publications \|isbn\=978\-1\-60882\-627\-8 \|language\=en}} Moreover, due to OBM practices improve employees well\-being, it highly likely that it reduces turnover, which is costly, not involving recruitment, training and maintains productivity, thereby reducing these associated costs.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Griffeth \|first1\=Rodger W. \|last2\=Hom \|first2\=Peter W. \|last3\=Gaertner \|first3\=Stefan \|date\=June 2000 \|title\=A Meta\-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover: Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the Next Millennium \|url\=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10\.1177/014920630002600305 \|journal\=Journal of Management \|language\=en \|volume\=26 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=463–488 \|doi\=10\.1177/014920630002600305 \|issn\=0149\-2063}}
**Data\-Driven Decisions:** Using data allows for a precise understanding of what is working and what is not, enabling targeted interventions and allocating resources effectively.{{Cite journal \|last\=Lattal \|first\=Kennon A. \|date\=November 2014 \|title\=Performance Management: Changing Behavior That Drives Organizational Effectiveness, Fifth Edition: Aubrey C. Daniels, PhD; Jon S. Bailey, PhD \|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1002/pfi.21445 \|journal\=Performance Improvement \|language\=en \|volume\=53 \|issue\=10 \|pages\=38–41 \|doi\=10\.1002/pfi.21445}} In addition, Quantifiable metrics allow for increased accountability for both employees and management. It can also improve transparency when decisions are based on data and can be perceived as more fair than decisions based on subjective judgment.{{Cite book \|last1\=Johnston \|first1\=James M. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0rSuDwAAQBAJ\&dq\=Strategies\+and\+tactics\+of\+behavioral\+research\&pg\=PP1 \|title\=Strategies and Tactics of Behavioral Research and Practice \|last2\=Pennypacker \|first2\=Henry S. \|last3\=Green \|first3\=Gina \|date\=2019\-07\-11 \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-1\-134\-99101\-3 \|language\=en}}
### Challenges of OBM
Ethical Concerns: ethical issues frequently centre on the application of behavioural principles in a way that can be perceived as forceful or manipulative. The profession frequently emphasises the necessity of ethical norms and behaviour analyst certification in ensuring that OBM practises are both effective and ethical.{{Cite book \|last1\=Bailey \|first1\=Jon S. \|url\=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003198550 \|title\=Ethics for Behavior Analysts \|last2\=Burch \|first2\=Mary R. \|date\=2022\-03\-01 \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-1\-003\-19855\-0 \|edition\=4 \|location\=New York \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.4324/9781003198550}} For instance, A company might put in place a monitoring system that tracks how many tasks an employee completes per hour, with preset rewards and punishments based on performance. While this may boost productivity, it may also create a work climate in which employees feel continuously observed and pressured, negatively harming their well\-being and potentially breaching their privacy.
Need for Continuous Data Collection: OBM largely depends on data\-driven decisions, which necessitates regular data gathering, which can be resource\-intensive. Prior to implementing any interventions, data must be collected to establish a baseline for performance measures, which will aid in determining the effectiveness of OBM activities. Continuous data allows organisations to examine if actions are achieving the expected outcomes in real time. This allows for timely intervention modifications. Moreover, ongoing data collection enables employees to receive rapid and accurate feedback, which is a powerful motivator for performance development.{{Cite book \|last1\=Johnston \|first1\=James M. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0rSuDwAAQBAJ\&dq\=Johnston,%20J.%20M.,%20\&pg\=PP1 \|title\=Strategies and Tactics of Behavioral Research and Practice \|last2\=Pennypacker \|first2\=Henry S. \|last3\=Green \|first3\=Gina \|date\=2019\-07\-11 \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-1\-134\-99101\-3 \|language\=en}}
### Areas of Application
Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) has expanded, establishing specialty areas such as performance management, systems analysis, and behavior\-based safety, which are now widely recognised.
**Performance Management**
Performance Management (PM) is the implementation of behavioral principles to manage the performance of individual employees or a group of employees. It focuses on improving individual and organizational performance. OBM specialists in this area design and implement strategies to enhance employee productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness. In performance management, managers assess and monitor employee behaviors via tools like performance reviews and feedback to ensure employees have the information they need to do an effective job and receive recognition for good performance.
OBM performance assessments have several uses. Practitioners utilize assessments to identify performance issues, identify environmental factors causing performance issues, and select functionally appropriate interventions.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Gravina \|first1\=Nicole \|last2\=Nastasi \|first2\=Jessica \|last3\=Austin \|first3\=John \|date\=2021\-04\-03 \|title\=Assessment of Employee Performance \|url\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\.1080/01608061\.2020\.1869136 \|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management \|language\=en \|volume\=41 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=124–149 \|doi\=10\.1080/01608061\.2020\.1869136 \|issn\=0160\-8061}}
**Behavioral Systems Analysis**
Behavioral Systems Analysis (BSA) is a comprehensive OBM method that examines the entire organizational system to identify areas for improvement, focusing on planning and managing variables that support desired performance and examining how components interact.
The BSA approach involves a systematic analysis and improvement process across multiple performance levels, ensuring system changes are made based on understanding their impact and assessing the variables affecting performance.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Austin \|first1\=John \|last2\=Carr \|first2\=James E. \|last3\=Agnew \|first3\=Judy L. \|date\=1999\-11\-17 \|title\=The Need for Assessment of Maintaining Variables in OBM \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1300/j075v19n02\_05 \|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management \|volume\=19 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=59–87 \|doi\=10\.1300/j075v19n02\_05 \|issn\=0160\-8061}}
Moreover, BSA views organizations as adaptive and interconnected systems. An adaptive system allows performers to quickly and effectively respond to changes in internal and external environments, while an interconnected system ensures that changes affect other parts.
The three\-level approach{{Cite journal \|last\=Wimbiscus \|first\=James J. \|date\=1993 \|title\=Improving Performance: How to Manage the White Space on the Organization Chart, by Geary Rummler and Alan Brache. (1990\). San Francisco: Jossey\-Bass. 227 pp., $31\.95 cloth \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1002/hrdq.3920040311 \|journal\=Human Resource Development Quarterly \|volume\=4 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=311–315 \|doi\=10\.1002/hrdq.3920040311 \|issn\=1044\-8004}} is the most commonly used multi\-level framework in BSA. It breaks down organizations into three levels of analysis to give a clear picture of how a business runs.
1. **Organizational level**. This level emphasizes the importance of viewing organizations as adaptive systems, establishing goals based on values and customer requirements, and communicating these goals to all stakeholders.
2. **Process level**. The process level offers the most significant opportunities for performance improvement, as it connects goals, design, and management at the organization and job/performer levels.
3. **Job/performer level.** This level focuses on the individuals and their roles inside the organization. For instance, examining job design behaviors, and consequences of individuals working within the system**.**
**Behavior\-Based Safety**
Behavioral\-based safety (BBS) is an OBM approach to reduce workplace accidents and promote a safe work environment. It aims to evaluate work environments and implement safety measures, teaching employees and teams to perform their roles safely rather than solely relying on equipment.
The primary focus in safety is to eliminate occupational hazards from the work environment, followed by substitution and engineering controls. Behavioral processes would be best categorized as administrative controls that can promote safety priority and protective behaviors at all levels of an organization.
Effective BBS{{Cite journal \|last\=Geller \|first\=E. Scott \|date\=2001 \|title\=Behavior\-based safety in industry: Realizing the large\-scale potential of psychology to promote human welfare \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0962184901800081 \|journal\=Applied and Preventive Psychology \|volume\=10 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=2–9 \|via\=Elsevier Science Direct}} applications frequently follow the seven basic principles by Geller{{Cite journal \|last\=Geller \|first\=E. Scott \|date\=May 2005 \|title\=Behavior\-Based Safety and Occupational Risk Management \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1177/0145445504273287 \|journal\=Behavior Modification \|volume\=29 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=539–561 \|doi\=10\.1177/0145445504273287 \|issn\=0145\-4455}} as following:
1. Focus intervention on observable behavior. BBS focuses on what individuals do, examines why they do it, and then employs an intervention technique validated by research to change what people do.
2. Identification of external factors. Identifying environmental conditions influencing behavior is cost\-effective, especially when necessary, such as inadequate management systems or behaviors promoting at\-risk work practices. BBS principles are necessary for these inadequacies to be noticed.
3. Motivation to behave in the desired manner. The BBS approach applies the Activator, Behavior, Consequence (ABC) principle to design interventions for improving individual, group, and organizational behavior. Over 40 years of research have demonstrated its efficacy in directing and motivating behavior change.
4. Focus on the positive consequences of appropriate behavior. Research has shown that individuals with a high need to avoid failure are likelier to set challenging but attainable goals. In contrast, those with a high need for success are likelier to set unrealistic goals.
5. Application of the scientific method. systematic and scientific observation enables objective feedback to know what works and does not work to improve behavior.
6. Integration of information, not to limit possibilities. Research\-based theory develops effective interventions based on situational or interpersonal characteristics, integrating information from systematic behavioral observations.
7. Planned interventions that take internal feelings and attitudes into account. Intervention implementation and refinement decisions should be based on objective behavioral observations and subjective evaluations of feeling states. The indirect internal impact can be evaluated by imagining oneself going through the intervention procedures
|
[
"Interventions in OBM\n--------------------",
"### Antecedent interventions",
"[Antecedents](/wiki/Antecedent_%28behavioral_psychology%29 \"Antecedent (behavioral psychology)\") in OBM are simply defined as triggers that evoke behavior by presenting something in the workers environment that will increase the likelihood the behavior will occur.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Unlock behavior, unleash profits: how your leadership behavior can unlock the profitability of your organization \\|last\\=Braksick \\|first\\=Leslie Wilk \\|date\\=2000 \\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-137920\\-7\\|oclc\\=49414675}} These interventions can be used to address an array of behaviors which ultimately benefit the organization and workers of the organization. The intervention used is determined by the behavior(s) being targeted and whether or not the organization has a desire for the behavior to be exhibited in the work setting or not. The interventions are categorized by what is done to influence behavior.",
"More commonly used antecedent interventions involve combining task clarification, job aids, and goal setting. Task clarification interventions are used and designed to provide specific job requirements for employees by clarifying and prompting employee behavior.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Amigo\\|first1\\=Seth\\|last2\\=Smith\\|first2\\=Andrew\\|last3\\=Ludwig\\|first3\\=Timothy\\|date\\=2008\\-08\\-12\\|title\\=Using Task Clarification, Goal Setting, and Feedback to Decrease Table Busing Times in a Franchise Pizza Restaurant\\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\\|volume\\=28\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=176–187\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/01608060802251106\\|s2cid\\=145651241\\|issn\\=0160\\-8061\\|url\\=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Ludwig\\_Tim\\_2008\\_Using\\_task.pdf}} Previous studies which implement task clarification involve using items such as memos and checklists to ensure tasks are completed.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Anderson\\|first1\\=D. Chris\\|last2\\=Crowell\\|first2\\=Charles R\\|last3\\=Hantula\\|first3\\=Donald A.\\|last4\\=Siroky\\|first4\\=Lisa M.\\|date\\=November 1988\\|title\\=Task Clarification and Individual Performance Posting for Improving Cleaning in a Student\\-Managed University Bar\\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=73–90\\|doi\\=10\\.1300/j075v09n02\\_06\\|issn\\=0160\\-8061}} Job aids interventions involve prompts, or addition of items in the work environment such as signs, remind workers whether or not a behavior should occur.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Fienup\\|first1\\=Daniel M. \\|last2\\=Luiselli\\|first2\\=James K.\\|last3\\=Joy\\|first3\\=Megan\\|last4\\=Smyth\\|first4\\=Deborah\\|last5\\=Stein\\|first5\\=Ravit\\|date\\=December 2013 \\|title\\=Functional Assessment and Intervention for Organizational Behavior Change: Improving the Timeliness of Staff Meetings at a Human Services Organization\\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\\|volume\\=33\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=252–264 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/01608061\\.2013\\.843435 \\|s2cid\\=144704459 \\|issn\\=0160\\-8061}} When combined, goal setting can then be introduced to establish a standard to how well workers must perform within a given time frame.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Calpin\\|first1\\=James P\\|last2\\=Edelstein \\|first2\\=Barry \\|last3\\=Redmon \\|first3\\=William K\\|date\\=November 1988\\|title\\=Performance Feedback and Goal Setting to Improve Mental Health Center Staff Productivity \\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=35–58 \\|doi\\=10\\.1300/j075v09n02\\_04 \\|issn\\=0160\\-8061}} While the use of antecedent interventions one of the most common strategies, the strategies set the occasion for behavior, but do not maintain them. That aspect of OBM falls to consequence interventions.",
"### Consequence interventions",
"Consequence is defined as a change in the environment that follow a worker's behavior which increases the likelihood the behavior will continue to be exhibited in the future.{{Citation \\|title\\=Learning, 2nd Edition, by A. C. Catania: Book review \\|last\\=Buskist \\|first\\=Bill \\|date\\=1984 \\| publisher\\=American Psychological Association \\| doi \\= 10\\.1037/e583632009\\-006}} Consequences interventions in OBM play a primary role in maintaining behavior, and are seen as one of the most important aspects of OBM.",
"In OBM, feedback is a common and successful intervention method used in organizational settings. A study in 2012 found that feedback was the research of interest in over 70% of studies published in JOBM.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=VanStelle\\|first1\\=Sarah E.\\|last2\\=Vicars\\|first2\\=Sara M.\\|last3\\=Harr\\|first3\\=Victoria\\|last4\\=Miguel\\|first4\\=Caio F.\\|last5\\=Koerber\\|first5\\=Jeana L.\\|last6\\=Kazbour\\|first6\\=Richard\\|last7\\=Austin\\|first7\\=John\\|date\\=April 2012\\|title\\=The Publication History of theJournal of Organizational Behavior Management: An Objective Review and Analysis: 1998–2009\\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\\|volume\\=32\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=93–123\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/01608061\\.2012\\.675864\\|s2cid\\=143678641\\|issn\\=0160\\-8061}} This is due to the various types of feedback delivery which can be tailored to the organization and its goals in addition to having numerous research articles which provide empirical evidence of its effectiveness. Such types include feedback on individual performance, group performance, previous individual performance, previous group performance, and different group's performance.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Alvero\\|first1\\=Alicia M.\\|last2\\=Bucklin\\|first2\\=Barbara R.\\|last3\\=Austin\\|first3\\=John\\|date\\=February 2001\\|title\\=An Objective Review of the Effectiveness and Essential Characteristics of Performance Feedback in Organizational Settings (1985\\-1998\\)\\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management\\|volume\\=21\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=3–29\\|doi\\=10\\.1300/j075v21n01\\_02\\|s2cid\\=146521769\\|issn\\=0160\\-8061}}",
"Regardless of the which consequence intervention used, an important element of the OBM intervention involves using one of the principles of ABA known as [reinforcement](/wiki/Reinforcement \"Reinforcement\").{{citation \\| last\\=Flora \\| first\\=Stephen \\| title\\=Extrinsic Reinforcement Increases Intrinsic Motivation and Academic and Work Performance \\| publisher\\=American Psychological Association \\| year\\=2003 \\| doi\\=10\\.1037/e348032004\\-001 \\| page\\=}} This is due to the fact that when a behavior is reinforced, it is likely to continue to be exhibited in similar conditions to which the behavior was reinforced.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Michael\\|first1\\=Jack\\|last2\\=Shafer\\|first2\\=Esther\\|date\\=April 1995\\|title\\=State Notation for Teaching About Behavioral Procedures\\|journal\\=The Behavior Analyst\\|volume\\=18\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=123–140 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/bf03392698 \\|pmid\\=22478211 \\|pmc\\=2733665\\|issn\\=0738\\-6729}} Behaviors which will be reinforced it determined by the organizational setting and its goals.",
"### Benefits of OBM",
"**Increase Productivity:** Organisations can frequently increase productivity levels by focusing on performance indicators and applying behavioral science using clear, specific, and measurable goals combined with ongoing feedback.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Aubrey C. Daniels; Jon S. Bailey \\|title\\=Performance management: Changing behavior that drives organizational effectiveness \\|publisher\\=Wiley Online Library \\|year\\=2014 \\|edition\\=Kennon A. Lattal}}",
"**Enhance Employee well\\-being:** OBM's long\\-term objective is to establish the circumstances required to uphold expected behaviour in the absence of intervention managers.{{Cite journal \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.55041/ijsrem \\|title\\=INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT \\|publisher\\=Indospace Publications\\|doi\\=10\\.55041/ijsrem \\|journal\\=International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management }} With clear goals and routinely self\\-esteem behavior, it positively impacts on staff performance, satisfactory and happiness. Therefore, organisations that prioritise employee well\\-being using tactics such as flexible scheduling, emotional support, and stress management resources can help reduce burnout and improve productivity.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=GARY P. LATHAM; EDWIN A. LOCKE \\|date\\=September 13, 2023 \\|title\\=Enhancing the Benefits and Overcoming the Pitfalls of Goal Setting \\|journal\\=Organizational Dynamics \\|volume\\=35 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=332–340 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.orgdyn.2006\\.08\\.008 \\|via\\=ScienceDirect doi:10\\.1016/j.orgdyn.2006\\.08\\.008}}",
"**Reduce Costs:** OBM techniques can find process inefficiencies, such as task analysis and time\\-and\\-motion studies. Organisations can finish jobs more quickly and with fewer resources by streamlining these procedures, which lowers costs. In addition, effective OBM practices can also help manage and reduce absenteeism. This has the dual benefit of reducing costs related to short\\-staffing and overtime payments.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Austin \\|first1\\=John \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=cucnfpq30\\_4C\\&q\\=Austin%2C\\+J.%2C\\+%26\\+Carr%2C\\+J.\\+E.\\+%282000%29\\.\\+Handbook\\+of\\+applied\\+behavior\\+analysis.\\+Context\\+Press.\\&pg\\=PR5 \\|title\\=Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis \\|last2\\=Carr \\|first2\\=James \\|date\\=2000\\-05\\-01 \\|publisher\\=New Harbinger Publications \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-60882\\-627\\-8 \\|language\\=en}} Moreover, due to OBM practices improve employees well\\-being, it highly likely that it reduces turnover, which is costly, not involving recruitment, training and maintains productivity, thereby reducing these associated costs.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Griffeth \\|first1\\=Rodger W. \\|last2\\=Hom \\|first2\\=Peter W. \\|last3\\=Gaertner \\|first3\\=Stefan \\|date\\=June 2000 \\|title\\=A Meta\\-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover: Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the Next Millennium \\|url\\=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10\\.1177/014920630002600305 \\|journal\\=Journal of Management \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=26 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=463–488 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/014920630002600305 \\|issn\\=0149\\-2063}}",
"**Data\\-Driven Decisions:** Using data allows for a precise understanding of what is working and what is not, enabling targeted interventions and allocating resources effectively.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Lattal \\|first\\=Kennon A. \\|date\\=November 2014 \\|title\\=Performance Management: Changing Behavior That Drives Organizational Effectiveness, Fifth Edition: Aubrey C. Daniels, PhD; Jon S. Bailey, PhD \\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1002/pfi.21445 \\|journal\\=Performance Improvement \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=53 \\|issue\\=10 \\|pages\\=38–41 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/pfi.21445}} In addition, Quantifiable metrics allow for increased accountability for both employees and management. It can also improve transparency when decisions are based on data and can be perceived as more fair than decisions based on subjective judgment.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Johnston \\|first1\\=James M. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0rSuDwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=Strategies\\+and\\+tactics\\+of\\+behavioral\\+research\\&pg\\=PP1 \\|title\\=Strategies and Tactics of Behavioral Research and Practice \\|last2\\=Pennypacker \\|first2\\=Henry S. \\|last3\\=Green \\|first3\\=Gina \\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-11 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-134\\-99101\\-3 \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Challenges of OBM",
"Ethical Concerns: ethical issues frequently centre on the application of behavioural principles in a way that can be perceived as forceful or manipulative. The profession frequently emphasises the necessity of ethical norms and behaviour analyst certification in ensuring that OBM practises are both effective and ethical.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Bailey \\|first1\\=Jon S. \\|url\\=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003198550 \\|title\\=Ethics for Behavior Analysts \\|last2\\=Burch \\|first2\\=Mary R. \\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-01 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-003\\-19855\\-0 \\|edition\\=4 \\|location\\=New York \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.4324/9781003198550}} For instance, A company might put in place a monitoring system that tracks how many tasks an employee completes per hour, with preset rewards and punishments based on performance. While this may boost productivity, it may also create a work climate in which employees feel continuously observed and pressured, negatively harming their well\\-being and potentially breaching their privacy.",
"Need for Continuous Data Collection: OBM largely depends on data\\-driven decisions, which necessitates regular data gathering, which can be resource\\-intensive. Prior to implementing any interventions, data must be collected to establish a baseline for performance measures, which will aid in determining the effectiveness of OBM activities. Continuous data allows organisations to examine if actions are achieving the expected outcomes in real time. This allows for timely intervention modifications. Moreover, ongoing data collection enables employees to receive rapid and accurate feedback, which is a powerful motivator for performance development.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Johnston \\|first1\\=James M. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0rSuDwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=Johnston,%20J.%20M.,%20\\&pg\\=PP1 \\|title\\=Strategies and Tactics of Behavioral Research and Practice \\|last2\\=Pennypacker \\|first2\\=Henry S. \\|last3\\=Green \\|first3\\=Gina \\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-11 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-134\\-99101\\-3 \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Areas of Application",
"Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) has expanded, establishing specialty areas such as performance management, systems analysis, and behavior\\-based safety, which are now widely recognised.",
"**Performance Management**",
"Performance Management (PM) is the implementation of behavioral principles to manage the performance of individual employees or a group of employees. It focuses on improving individual and organizational performance. OBM specialists in this area design and implement strategies to enhance employee productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness. In performance management, managers assess and monitor employee behaviors via tools like performance reviews and feedback to ensure employees have the information they need to do an effective job and receive recognition for good performance.",
"OBM performance assessments have several uses. Practitioners utilize assessments to identify performance issues, identify environmental factors causing performance issues, and select functionally appropriate interventions.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Gravina \\|first1\\=Nicole \\|last2\\=Nastasi \\|first2\\=Jessica \\|last3\\=Austin \\|first3\\=John \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-03 \\|title\\=Assessment of Employee Performance \\|url\\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\\.1080/01608061\\.2020\\.1869136 \\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=41 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=124–149 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/01608061\\.2020\\.1869136 \\|issn\\=0160\\-8061}}",
"",
"**Behavioral Systems Analysis**",
"Behavioral Systems Analysis (BSA) is a comprehensive OBM method that examines the entire organizational system to identify areas for improvement, focusing on planning and managing variables that support desired performance and examining how components interact.",
"The BSA approach involves a systematic analysis and improvement process across multiple performance levels, ensuring system changes are made based on understanding their impact and assessing the variables affecting performance.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Austin \\|first1\\=John \\|last2\\=Carr \\|first2\\=James E. \\|last3\\=Agnew \\|first3\\=Judy L. \\|date\\=1999\\-11\\-17 \\|title\\=The Need for Assessment of Maintaining Variables in OBM \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1300/j075v19n02\\_05 \\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=59–87 \\|doi\\=10\\.1300/j075v19n02\\_05 \\|issn\\=0160\\-8061}}",
"Moreover, BSA views organizations as adaptive and interconnected systems. An adaptive system allows performers to quickly and effectively respond to changes in internal and external environments, while an interconnected system ensures that changes affect other parts.",
"The three\\-level approach{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Wimbiscus \\|first\\=James J. \\|date\\=1993 \\|title\\=Improving Performance: How to Manage the White Space on the Organization Chart, by Geary Rummler and Alan Brache. (1990\\). San Francisco: Jossey\\-Bass. 227 pp., $31\\.95 cloth \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1002/hrdq.3920040311 \\|journal\\=Human Resource Development Quarterly \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=311–315 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/hrdq.3920040311 \\|issn\\=1044\\-8004}} is the most commonly used multi\\-level framework in BSA. It breaks down organizations into three levels of analysis to give a clear picture of how a business runs.",
"1. **Organizational level**. This level emphasizes the importance of viewing organizations as adaptive systems, establishing goals based on values and customer requirements, and communicating these goals to all stakeholders.\n2. **Process level**. The process level offers the most significant opportunities for performance improvement, as it connects goals, design, and management at the organization and job/performer levels.\n3. **Job/performer level.** This level focuses on the individuals and their roles inside the organization. For instance, examining job design behaviors, and consequences of individuals working within the system**.**",
"",
"**Behavior\\-Based Safety**",
"Behavioral\\-based safety (BBS) is an OBM approach to reduce workplace accidents and promote a safe work environment. It aims to evaluate work environments and implement safety measures, teaching employees and teams to perform their roles safely rather than solely relying on equipment.",
"The primary focus in safety is to eliminate occupational hazards from the work environment, followed by substitution and engineering controls. Behavioral processes would be best categorized as administrative controls that can promote safety priority and protective behaviors at all levels of an organization.",
"Effective BBS{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Geller \\|first\\=E. Scott \\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Behavior\\-based safety in industry: Realizing the large\\-scale potential of psychology to promote human welfare \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0962184901800081 \\|journal\\=Applied and Preventive Psychology \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=2–9 \\|via\\=Elsevier Science Direct}} applications frequently follow the seven basic principles by Geller{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Geller \\|first\\=E. Scott \\|date\\=May 2005 \\|title\\=Behavior\\-Based Safety and Occupational Risk Management \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1177/0145445504273287 \\|journal\\=Behavior Modification \\|volume\\=29 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=539–561 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0145445504273287 \\|issn\\=0145\\-4455}} as following:",
"1. Focus intervention on observable behavior. BBS focuses on what individuals do, examines why they do it, and then employs an intervention technique validated by research to change what people do.\n2. Identification of external factors. Identifying environmental conditions influencing behavior is cost\\-effective, especially when necessary, such as inadequate management systems or behaviors promoting at\\-risk work practices. BBS principles are necessary for these inadequacies to be noticed.\n3. Motivation to behave in the desired manner. The BBS approach applies the Activator, Behavior, Consequence (ABC) principle to design interventions for improving individual, group, and organizational behavior. Over 40 years of research have demonstrated its efficacy in directing and motivating behavior change.\n4. Focus on the positive consequences of appropriate behavior. Research has shown that individuals with a high need to avoid failure are likelier to set challenging but attainable goals. In contrast, those with a high need for success are likelier to set unrealistic goals.\n5. Application of the scientific method. systematic and scientific observation enables objective feedback to know what works and does not work to improve behavior.\n6. Integration of information, not to limit possibilities. Research\\-based theory develops effective interventions based on situational or interpersonal characteristics, integrating information from systematic behavioral observations.\n7. Planned interventions that take internal feelings and attitudes into account. Intervention implementation and refinement decisions should be based on objective behavioral observations and subjective evaluations of feeling states. The indirect internal impact can be evaluated by imagining oneself going through the intervention procedures"
] |
### Areas of Application
Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) has expanded, establishing specialty areas such as performance management, systems analysis, and behavior\-based safety, which are now widely recognised.
**Performance Management**
Performance Management (PM) is the implementation of behavioral principles to manage the performance of individual employees or a group of employees. It focuses on improving individual and organizational performance. OBM specialists in this area design and implement strategies to enhance employee productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness. In performance management, managers assess and monitor employee behaviors via tools like performance reviews and feedback to ensure employees have the information they need to do an effective job and receive recognition for good performance.
OBM performance assessments have several uses. Practitioners utilize assessments to identify performance issues, identify environmental factors causing performance issues, and select functionally appropriate interventions.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Gravina \|first1\=Nicole \|last2\=Nastasi \|first2\=Jessica \|last3\=Austin \|first3\=John \|date\=2021\-04\-03 \|title\=Assessment of Employee Performance \|url\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\.1080/01608061\.2020\.1869136 \|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management \|language\=en \|volume\=41 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=124–149 \|doi\=10\.1080/01608061\.2020\.1869136 \|issn\=0160\-8061}}
**Behavioral Systems Analysis**
Behavioral Systems Analysis (BSA) is a comprehensive OBM method that examines the entire organizational system to identify areas for improvement, focusing on planning and managing variables that support desired performance and examining how components interact.
The BSA approach involves a systematic analysis and improvement process across multiple performance levels, ensuring system changes are made based on understanding their impact and assessing the variables affecting performance.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Austin \|first1\=John \|last2\=Carr \|first2\=James E. \|last3\=Agnew \|first3\=Judy L. \|date\=1999\-11\-17 \|title\=The Need for Assessment of Maintaining Variables in OBM \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1300/j075v19n02\_05 \|journal\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management \|volume\=19 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=59–87 \|doi\=10\.1300/j075v19n02\_05 \|issn\=0160\-8061}}
Moreover, BSA views organizations as adaptive and interconnected systems. An adaptive system allows performers to quickly and effectively respond to changes in internal and external environments, while an interconnected system ensures that changes affect other parts.
The three\-level approach{{Cite journal \|last\=Wimbiscus \|first\=James J. \|date\=1993 \|title\=Improving Performance: How to Manage the White Space on the Organization Chart, by Geary Rummler and Alan Brache. (1990\). San Francisco: Jossey\-Bass. 227 pp., $31\.95 cloth \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1002/hrdq.3920040311 \|journal\=Human Resource Development Quarterly \|volume\=4 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=311–315 \|doi\=10\.1002/hrdq.3920040311 \|issn\=1044\-8004}} is the most commonly used multi\-level framework in BSA. It breaks down organizations into three levels of analysis to give a clear picture of how a business runs.
1. **Organizational level**. This level emphasizes the importance of viewing organizations as adaptive systems, establishing goals based on values and customer requirements, and communicating these goals to all stakeholders.
2. **Process level**. The process level offers the most significant opportunities for performance improvement, as it connects goals, design, and management at the organization and job/performer levels.
3. **Job/performer level.** This level focuses on the individuals and their roles inside the organization. For instance, examining job design behaviors, and consequences of individuals working within the system**.**
**Behavior\-Based Safety**
Behavioral\-based safety (BBS) is an OBM approach to reduce workplace accidents and promote a safe work environment. It aims to evaluate work environments and implement safety measures, teaching employees and teams to perform their roles safely rather than solely relying on equipment.
The primary focus in safety is to eliminate occupational hazards from the work environment, followed by substitution and engineering controls. Behavioral processes would be best categorized as administrative controls that can promote safety priority and protective behaviors at all levels of an organization.
Effective BBS{{Cite journal \|last\=Geller \|first\=E. Scott \|date\=2001 \|title\=Behavior\-based safety in industry: Realizing the large\-scale potential of psychology to promote human welfare \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0962184901800081 \|journal\=Applied and Preventive Psychology \|volume\=10 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=2–9 \|via\=Elsevier Science Direct}} applications frequently follow the seven basic principles by Geller{{Cite journal \|last\=Geller \|first\=E. Scott \|date\=May 2005 \|title\=Behavior\-Based Safety and Occupational Risk Management \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1177/0145445504273287 \|journal\=Behavior Modification \|volume\=29 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=539–561 \|doi\=10\.1177/0145445504273287 \|issn\=0145\-4455}} as following:
1. Focus intervention on observable behavior. BBS focuses on what individuals do, examines why they do it, and then employs an intervention technique validated by research to change what people do.
2. Identification of external factors. Identifying environmental conditions influencing behavior is cost\-effective, especially when necessary, such as inadequate management systems or behaviors promoting at\-risk work practices. BBS principles are necessary for these inadequacies to be noticed.
3. Motivation to behave in the desired manner. The BBS approach applies the Activator, Behavior, Consequence (ABC) principle to design interventions for improving individual, group, and organizational behavior. Over 40 years of research have demonstrated its efficacy in directing and motivating behavior change.
4. Focus on the positive consequences of appropriate behavior. Research has shown that individuals with a high need to avoid failure are likelier to set challenging but attainable goals. In contrast, those with a high need for success are likelier to set unrealistic goals.
5. Application of the scientific method. systematic and scientific observation enables objective feedback to know what works and does not work to improve behavior.
6. Integration of information, not to limit possibilities. Research\-based theory develops effective interventions based on situational or interpersonal characteristics, integrating information from systematic behavioral observations.
7. Planned interventions that take internal feelings and attitudes into account. Intervention implementation and refinement decisions should be based on objective behavioral observations and subjective evaluations of feeling states. The indirect internal impact can be evaluated by imagining oneself going through the intervention procedures
|
[
"### Areas of Application",
"Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) has expanded, establishing specialty areas such as performance management, systems analysis, and behavior\\-based safety, which are now widely recognised.",
"**Performance Management**",
"Performance Management (PM) is the implementation of behavioral principles to manage the performance of individual employees or a group of employees. It focuses on improving individual and organizational performance. OBM specialists in this area design and implement strategies to enhance employee productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness. In performance management, managers assess and monitor employee behaviors via tools like performance reviews and feedback to ensure employees have the information they need to do an effective job and receive recognition for good performance.",
"OBM performance assessments have several uses. Practitioners utilize assessments to identify performance issues, identify environmental factors causing performance issues, and select functionally appropriate interventions.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Gravina \\|first1\\=Nicole \\|last2\\=Nastasi \\|first2\\=Jessica \\|last3\\=Austin \\|first3\\=John \\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-03 \\|title\\=Assessment of Employee Performance \\|url\\=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10\\.1080/01608061\\.2020\\.1869136 \\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=41 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=124–149 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/01608061\\.2020\\.1869136 \\|issn\\=0160\\-8061}}",
"",
"**Behavioral Systems Analysis**",
"Behavioral Systems Analysis (BSA) is a comprehensive OBM method that examines the entire organizational system to identify areas for improvement, focusing on planning and managing variables that support desired performance and examining how components interact.",
"The BSA approach involves a systematic analysis and improvement process across multiple performance levels, ensuring system changes are made based on understanding their impact and assessing the variables affecting performance.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Austin \\|first1\\=John \\|last2\\=Carr \\|first2\\=James E. \\|last3\\=Agnew \\|first3\\=Judy L. \\|date\\=1999\\-11\\-17 \\|title\\=The Need for Assessment of Maintaining Variables in OBM \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1300/j075v19n02\\_05 \\|journal\\=Journal of Organizational Behavior Management \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=59–87 \\|doi\\=10\\.1300/j075v19n02\\_05 \\|issn\\=0160\\-8061}}",
"Moreover, BSA views organizations as adaptive and interconnected systems. An adaptive system allows performers to quickly and effectively respond to changes in internal and external environments, while an interconnected system ensures that changes affect other parts.",
"The three\\-level approach{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Wimbiscus \\|first\\=James J. \\|date\\=1993 \\|title\\=Improving Performance: How to Manage the White Space on the Organization Chart, by Geary Rummler and Alan Brache. (1990\\). San Francisco: Jossey\\-Bass. 227 pp., $31\\.95 cloth \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1002/hrdq.3920040311 \\|journal\\=Human Resource Development Quarterly \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=311–315 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/hrdq.3920040311 \\|issn\\=1044\\-8004}} is the most commonly used multi\\-level framework in BSA. It breaks down organizations into three levels of analysis to give a clear picture of how a business runs.",
"1. **Organizational level**. This level emphasizes the importance of viewing organizations as adaptive systems, establishing goals based on values and customer requirements, and communicating these goals to all stakeholders.\n2. **Process level**. The process level offers the most significant opportunities for performance improvement, as it connects goals, design, and management at the organization and job/performer levels.\n3. **Job/performer level.** This level focuses on the individuals and their roles inside the organization. For instance, examining job design behaviors, and consequences of individuals working within the system**.**",
"",
"**Behavior\\-Based Safety**",
"Behavioral\\-based safety (BBS) is an OBM approach to reduce workplace accidents and promote a safe work environment. It aims to evaluate work environments and implement safety measures, teaching employees and teams to perform their roles safely rather than solely relying on equipment.",
"The primary focus in safety is to eliminate occupational hazards from the work environment, followed by substitution and engineering controls. Behavioral processes would be best categorized as administrative controls that can promote safety priority and protective behaviors at all levels of an organization.",
"Effective BBS{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Geller \\|first\\=E. Scott \\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Behavior\\-based safety in industry: Realizing the large\\-scale potential of psychology to promote human welfare \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0962184901800081 \\|journal\\=Applied and Preventive Psychology \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=2–9 \\|via\\=Elsevier Science Direct}} applications frequently follow the seven basic principles by Geller{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Geller \\|first\\=E. Scott \\|date\\=May 2005 \\|title\\=Behavior\\-Based Safety and Occupational Risk Management \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1177/0145445504273287 \\|journal\\=Behavior Modification \\|volume\\=29 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=539–561 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0145445504273287 \\|issn\\=0145\\-4455}} as following:",
"1. Focus intervention on observable behavior. BBS focuses on what individuals do, examines why they do it, and then employs an intervention technique validated by research to change what people do.\n2. Identification of external factors. Identifying environmental conditions influencing behavior is cost\\-effective, especially when necessary, such as inadequate management systems or behaviors promoting at\\-risk work practices. BBS principles are necessary for these inadequacies to be noticed.\n3. Motivation to behave in the desired manner. The BBS approach applies the Activator, Behavior, Consequence (ABC) principle to design interventions for improving individual, group, and organizational behavior. Over 40 years of research have demonstrated its efficacy in directing and motivating behavior change.\n4. Focus on the positive consequences of appropriate behavior. Research has shown that individuals with a high need to avoid failure are likelier to set challenging but attainable goals. In contrast, those with a high need for success are likelier to set unrealistic goals.\n5. Application of the scientific method. systematic and scientific observation enables objective feedback to know what works and does not work to improve behavior.\n6. Integration of information, not to limit possibilities. Research\\-based theory develops effective interventions based on situational or interpersonal characteristics, integrating information from systematic behavioral observations.\n7. Planned interventions that take internal feelings and attitudes into account. Intervention implementation and refinement decisions should be based on objective behavioral observations and subjective evaluations of feeling states. The indirect internal impact can be evaluated by imagining oneself going through the intervention procedures"
] |
History
-------
{{Historical populations
\|title \= Historical populations
\|type \= Germany
\|align \= left
\|width \=
\|state \=
\|shading \=
\|percentages \=
\|footnote \= 1806, 1964, in general before 1981, since 2011\.
\|1663\|312
\|1798\|667
\|1885\|1396
\|1905\|1993
\|1933\|2519
\|1972\|4389
\|1990\|3638
\|1999\|3529
\|2005\|3327
\|2010\|3065
\|2015\|3043
\|2018\|3068
\|2020\|2916
}}
### Etymology
The stem *Harl\-* is derived from a settlor *Herilo*, which is ultimately rooted in a [Proto\-Germanic](/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language "Proto-Germanic language") stem [\*harjaz](/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harjaz "Proto-Germanic/harjaz") meaning "army", still visible in German "Heer" and obsolete English "here". \-ingerode is a locally widespread ending around the northern [Harz](/wiki/Harz "Harz") region that served as a generic suffix for town names derived by any personal names (compare [Göttingerode](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingerode "Göttingerode"), [Bettingerode](/wiki/Bettingerode "Bettingerode")).
### Timeline
Harlingerode was founded between the 9th and 10th century by the Saxon [House of Billung](/wiki/Billung "Billung").[Gerhard Köbler: Bode in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte, 2016\-12\-21](http://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm) on [koeblergerhard.de](http://www.koeblergerhard.de/), written on Dezember 21, 2016, called on September 13, 2017 \[German] Harlingerode was first mentioned as *Gut Heregeltingerode* (Estate of Heregeltingerode) on June 3, 1053 in a deed of donatio by [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor") and as *Herlingerode* in 1181\.
In June 1865, the [Hansa Pit](/wiki/Hansa_Pit "Hansa Pit") was opened south of the village on the outskirts of the Langenberg. It was under operation until August 1960, with a short shutdown between 1932 and 1935\.
The village gained further importance during the 1930s when activities of mining industry were drastically increasing. The [Harlingerode Zinc works](/wiki/Harlingerode_Zinc_works "Harlingerode Zinc works") was built in 1934, which made up the technologically most modern zinc mill in Germany up to the 70's. The demand of housing space owing to the immigration of mineworkers caused to rebuild the abandoned village [Göttingerode](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingerode "Göttingerode") south of the main town in the same year.
As an aftermath of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the Harlingerode dramatically grew in population due to [Flight and expulsion of Germans from 1944 to 1950](/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_%281944%E2%80%931950%29 "Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)"), peaking at a population of 6,257 in 1950 including [Göttingerode](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingerode "Göttingerode"). Several construction projects were initiated to create living space from the 1950s to 1970s. Harlingerode was incorporated into the city of Bad Harzburg on July 1, 1972\.
During the 1980s, the [Bundesautobahn 36](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_36 "Bundesautobahn 36") was supposed to be constructed north of Harlingerode, which was later realised as the autobahn\-like [Bundesstraße 6](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_6 "Bundesstraße 6"). Thus, a land consolidation was executed between 1977 and 1983\. The local rail station was taken out of service in 1983\.
After a drastic decrease of profitability due to falling metal prices, said zinc mill dropped its main processing in 1970 and further secondary activities in 2000\. Several succeeding companies of recycling and zinc oxide industry have settled down since the 1990s.
20\-Tage\-Lager.JPG\|Partial building of the Harlingerode Zinc works, 2009
Bahnhof Harlingerode Südblick November 2018\.jpg\|Former Harlingerode rail station, 2018
Bundesstraße 6 Harlingerode Westblick.jpg\|Bundesstraße 6 north of Harlingerode.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Historical populations\n\\|title \\= Historical populations\n\\|type \\= Germany\n\\|align \\= left\n\\|width \\= \n\\|state \\= \n\\|shading \\= \n\\|percentages \\= \n\\|footnote \\= 1806, 1964, in general before 1981, since 2011\\.",
"\\|1663\\|312\n\\|1798\\|667\n\\|1885\\|1396\n\\|1905\\|1993\n\\|1933\\|2519\n\\|1972\\|4389\n\\|1990\\|3638\n\\|1999\\|3529\n\\|2005\\|3327\n\\|2010\\|3065\n\\|2015\\|3043\n\\|2018\\|3068\n\\|2020\\|2916\n}}",
"### Etymology",
"The stem *Harl\\-* is derived from a settlor *Herilo*, which is ultimately rooted in a [Proto\\-Germanic](/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language \"Proto-Germanic language\") stem [\\*harjaz](/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harjaz \"Proto-Germanic/harjaz\") meaning \"army\", still visible in German \"Heer\" and obsolete English \"here\". \\-ingerode is a locally widespread ending around the northern [Harz](/wiki/Harz \"Harz\") region that served as a generic suffix for town names derived by any personal names (compare [Göttingerode](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingerode \"Göttingerode\"), [Bettingerode](/wiki/Bettingerode \"Bettingerode\")).",
"### Timeline",
"Harlingerode was founded between the 9th and 10th century by the Saxon [House of Billung](/wiki/Billung \"Billung\").[Gerhard Köbler: Bode in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte, 2016\\-12\\-21](http://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm) on [koeblergerhard.de](http://www.koeblergerhard.de/), written on Dezember 21, 2016, called on September 13, 2017 \\[German] Harlingerode was first mentioned as *Gut Heregeltingerode* (Estate of Heregeltingerode) on June 3, 1053 in a deed of donatio by [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor\") and as *Herlingerode* in 1181\\.",
"In June 1865, the [Hansa Pit](/wiki/Hansa_Pit \"Hansa Pit\") was opened south of the village on the outskirts of the Langenberg. It was under operation until August 1960, with a short shutdown between 1932 and 1935\\.",
"The village gained further importance during the 1930s when activities of mining industry were drastically increasing. The [Harlingerode Zinc works](/wiki/Harlingerode_Zinc_works \"Harlingerode Zinc works\") was built in 1934, which made up the technologically most modern zinc mill in Germany up to the 70's. The demand of housing space owing to the immigration of mineworkers caused to rebuild the abandoned village [Göttingerode](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingerode \"Göttingerode\") south of the main town in the same year.",
"As an aftermath of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the Harlingerode dramatically grew in population due to [Flight and expulsion of Germans from 1944 to 1950](/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_%281944%E2%80%931950%29 \"Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)\"), peaking at a population of 6,257 in 1950 including [Göttingerode](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingerode \"Göttingerode\"). Several construction projects were initiated to create living space from the 1950s to 1970s. Harlingerode was incorporated into the city of Bad Harzburg on July 1, 1972\\.",
"During the 1980s, the [Bundesautobahn 36](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_36 \"Bundesautobahn 36\") was supposed to be constructed north of Harlingerode, which was later realised as the autobahn\\-like [Bundesstraße 6](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_6 \"Bundesstraße 6\"). Thus, a land consolidation was executed between 1977 and 1983\\. The local rail station was taken out of service in 1983\\.",
"After a drastic decrease of profitability due to falling metal prices, said zinc mill dropped its main processing in 1970 and further secondary activities in 2000\\. Several succeeding companies of recycling and zinc oxide industry have settled down since the 1990s.",
"",
"20\\-Tage\\-Lager.JPG\\|Partial building of the Harlingerode Zinc works, 2009\nBahnhof Harlingerode Südblick November 2018\\.jpg\\|Former Harlingerode rail station, 2018\nBundesstraße 6 Harlingerode Westblick.jpg\\|Bundesstraße 6 north of Harlingerode.",
"",
""
] |
### Timeline
Harlingerode was founded between the 9th and 10th century by the Saxon [House of Billung](/wiki/Billung "Billung").[Gerhard Köbler: Bode in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte, 2016\-12\-21](http://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm) on [koeblergerhard.de](http://www.koeblergerhard.de/), written on Dezember 21, 2016, called on September 13, 2017 \[German] Harlingerode was first mentioned as *Gut Heregeltingerode* (Estate of Heregeltingerode) on June 3, 1053 in a deed of donatio by [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor") and as *Herlingerode* in 1181\.
In June 1865, the [Hansa Pit](/wiki/Hansa_Pit "Hansa Pit") was opened south of the village on the outskirts of the Langenberg. It was under operation until August 1960, with a short shutdown between 1932 and 1935\.
The village gained further importance during the 1930s when activities of mining industry were drastically increasing. The [Harlingerode Zinc works](/wiki/Harlingerode_Zinc_works "Harlingerode Zinc works") was built in 1934, which made up the technologically most modern zinc mill in Germany up to the 70's. The demand of housing space owing to the immigration of mineworkers caused to rebuild the abandoned village [Göttingerode](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingerode "Göttingerode") south of the main town in the same year.
As an aftermath of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the Harlingerode dramatically grew in population due to [Flight and expulsion of Germans from 1944 to 1950](/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_%281944%E2%80%931950%29 "Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)"), peaking at a population of 6,257 in 1950 including [Göttingerode](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingerode "Göttingerode"). Several construction projects were initiated to create living space from the 1950s to 1970s. Harlingerode was incorporated into the city of Bad Harzburg on July 1, 1972\.
During the 1980s, the [Bundesautobahn 36](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_36 "Bundesautobahn 36") was supposed to be constructed north of Harlingerode, which was later realised as the autobahn\-like [Bundesstraße 6](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_6 "Bundesstraße 6"). Thus, a land consolidation was executed between 1977 and 1983\. The local rail station was taken out of service in 1983\.
After a drastic decrease of profitability due to falling metal prices, said zinc mill dropped its main processing in 1970 and further secondary activities in 2000\. Several succeeding companies of recycling and zinc oxide industry have settled down since the 1990s.
20\-Tage\-Lager.JPG\|Partial building of the Harlingerode Zinc works, 2009
Bahnhof Harlingerode Südblick November 2018\.jpg\|Former Harlingerode rail station, 2018
Bundesstraße 6 Harlingerode Westblick.jpg\|Bundesstraße 6 north of Harlingerode.
|
[
"### Timeline",
"Harlingerode was founded between the 9th and 10th century by the Saxon [House of Billung](/wiki/Billung \"Billung\").[Gerhard Köbler: Bode in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte, 2016\\-12\\-21](http://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm) on [koeblergerhard.de](http://www.koeblergerhard.de/), written on Dezember 21, 2016, called on September 13, 2017 \\[German] Harlingerode was first mentioned as *Gut Heregeltingerode* (Estate of Heregeltingerode) on June 3, 1053 in a deed of donatio by [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor\") and as *Herlingerode* in 1181\\.",
"In June 1865, the [Hansa Pit](/wiki/Hansa_Pit \"Hansa Pit\") was opened south of the village on the outskirts of the Langenberg. It was under operation until August 1960, with a short shutdown between 1932 and 1935\\.",
"The village gained further importance during the 1930s when activities of mining industry were drastically increasing. The [Harlingerode Zinc works](/wiki/Harlingerode_Zinc_works \"Harlingerode Zinc works\") was built in 1934, which made up the technologically most modern zinc mill in Germany up to the 70's. The demand of housing space owing to the immigration of mineworkers caused to rebuild the abandoned village [Göttingerode](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingerode \"Göttingerode\") south of the main town in the same year.",
"As an aftermath of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the Harlingerode dramatically grew in population due to [Flight and expulsion of Germans from 1944 to 1950](/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_%281944%E2%80%931950%29 \"Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)\"), peaking at a population of 6,257 in 1950 including [Göttingerode](/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingerode \"Göttingerode\"). Several construction projects were initiated to create living space from the 1950s to 1970s. Harlingerode was incorporated into the city of Bad Harzburg on July 1, 1972\\.",
"During the 1980s, the [Bundesautobahn 36](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_36 \"Bundesautobahn 36\") was supposed to be constructed north of Harlingerode, which was later realised as the autobahn\\-like [Bundesstraße 6](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_6 \"Bundesstraße 6\"). Thus, a land consolidation was executed between 1977 and 1983\\. The local rail station was taken out of service in 1983\\.",
"After a drastic decrease of profitability due to falling metal prices, said zinc mill dropped its main processing in 1970 and further secondary activities in 2000\\. Several succeeding companies of recycling and zinc oxide industry have settled down since the 1990s.",
"",
"20\\-Tage\\-Lager.JPG\\|Partial building of the Harlingerode Zinc works, 2009\nBahnhof Harlingerode Südblick November 2018\\.jpg\\|Former Harlingerode rail station, 2018\nBundesstraße 6 Harlingerode Westblick.jpg\\|Bundesstraße 6 north of Harlingerode.",
"",
""
] |
Matches
-------
### Preliminary rounds
The draw for the first two preliminary rounds was performed on 23 July 2020 at 19:00 CEST, and was broadcast live on YouTube.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.totoknvbbeker.nl/nieuws/toto\-knvb\-beker/donderdag\-live\-loting\-kwalificatierondes\|title\=Donderdag live loting kwalificatierondes\|publisher\=KNVB\|lang\=nl\|date\=23 July 2020\|access\-date\=28 July 2020}} The draw was conducted by Martijn van Oers, player of DWOW, the lowest ranked club that qualified for the Cup this season.
#### First preliminary round
60 amateur teams qualified for this stage: 24 teams which qualified through the 2019–20 district cup tournaments and 36 teams from the [2020–21 Derde Divisie](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Derde_Divisie "2020–21 Derde Divisie"). The draw was performed on 23 July 2020\.{{Cite web\|title\=AFC op bezoek bij Spakenburg, TEC zeker van 1e ronde\|url\=https://www.totoknvbbeker.nl/nieuws/toto\-knvb\-beker/afc\-op\-bezoek\-bij\-spakenburg\-tec\-zeker\-van\-1e\-ronde\|access\-date\=23 August 2020\|website\=TOTO KNVB Beker\|date\=23 July 2020\|lang\=nl}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 14:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[VV Capelle]] (5\)
\| score\= 4–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[VV Hoogland]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Capelle aan den IJssel]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark 't Slot
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 14:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''Cluzona''' (7\)
\| score\= 0–4
\| team2\= \[\[Sparta Nijkerk]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Wouw]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Doelen
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 14:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[DVS '33]] (4\)
\| score\= 3–1
\| team2\= '''\[\[VV Dongen]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Ermelo, Netherlands\|Ermelo]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark DVS '33
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 14:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[FC Rijnvogels]] (5\)
\| score\= 1–1
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[JOS Watergraafsmeer]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| penaltyscore\= 4–2
\| location\= \[\[Katwijk aan den Rijn]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Kooltuin
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 14:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VVOG]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 0–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[RKVV DEM]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Harderwijk]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Strokel
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 15:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[HSV Hoek]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 1–3
\| team2\= \[\[OFC Oostzaan]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Hoek, Zeeland\|Hoek]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Denoek
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 15:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Harkemase Boys]] (4\)
\| score\= 6–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[USV Hercules]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Harkema]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Bosk
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 15:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Ter Leede]] (4\)
\| score\= 6–2
\| team2\= '''VV Hoogezand''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Sassenheim]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Roodemolen
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[DOS Kampen]] (6\)
\| score\= 0–0
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[RKVV EVV]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| penaltyscore\= 5–4
\| location\= \[\[Kampen, Overijssel\|Kampen]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Maten
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[BVV Barendrecht]] (4\)
\| score\= 5–0
\| team2\= '''RKVV Erp''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Barendrecht]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Bongerd
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[VV GOES]] (4\)
\| score\= 1–0
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[Sportlust '46]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Goes]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Het Schenge
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''DWOW''' (8\)
\| score\= 2–5
\| team2\= \[\[VV Buitenpost]] (5\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Wieringerwerf]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Wilskracht
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= DTS '35 Ede (6\)
\| score\= 4–0
\| team2\= '''RKVV Best Vooruit''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Ede, Netherlands\|Ede]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Inschoten
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''DUNO D''' (5\)
\| score\= 1–3
\| team2\= \[\[VV UNA]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Doorwerth]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Waayenberg
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[Asser Christelijke Voetbalvereniging\|ACV]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 0–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[VV Gemert]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Assen]]
\| stadium\= Catawiki Sportpark
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Roda '46]] (6\)
\| score\= 1–1
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[ADO '20]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| penaltyscore\= 4–3
\| location\= \[\[Leusden]]
\| stadium\= Burgemeester Buiningpark
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''AWC''' (5\)
\| score\= 3–4
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[ODIN '59]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Wijchen]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Wijchert
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV Hoogeveen]]''' (5\)
\| score\= 2–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[VV DOVO]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| penaltyscore\= 1–4
\| location\= \[\[Hoogeveen]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Bentinckspark
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[SteDoCo]] (4\)
\| score\= 10–0
\| team2\= '''SV Den Hoorn''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Hoornaar]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark SteDoCo
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[HVV Hollandia]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 0–0
\|penaltyscore\=1–3\| report\=
\| team2\= \[\[Flevo Boys]] (5\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\|aet\=yes\| location\= \[\[Hoorn]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Juliana
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[VV Sliedrecht]] (6\)
\| score\= 2–2
\| penaltyscore\=4–3
\| team2\= '''\[\[VVSB]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\|aet\=yes\| location\= \[\[Sliedrecht]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Lockhorst
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV Scherpenzeel]]''' (5\)
\| score\= 2–3
\| team2\= \[\[RKSV Groene Ster]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Scherpenzeel, Gelderland\|Scherpenzeel]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Bree\-Oost
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Oss '20]] (4\)
\| score\= 5–2
\| team2\= '''\[\[AFC Ajax (amateurs)\|Ajax (amateur team)]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Oss]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark de Rusheuvel
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[VV Staphorst]] (4\)
\| score\= 2–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[HSC '21]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Staphorst]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Het Noorderslag
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Excelsior '31]] (4\)
\| score\= 3–0
\| team2\= '''SC Susteren''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Rijssen]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Koerbelt
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[Amsterdamsche FC\|AFC (Saturday team)]]''' (6\)
\| score\= 1–2
\| team2\= \[\[GVV Unitas]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Amsterdam]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Goed Genoeg
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[FC Lisse]] (4\)
\| score\= 3–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[Blauw Geel '38]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Lisse]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Ter Specke
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Achilles Veen]] (5\)
\| score\= 5–0
\| team2\= '''NWC''' (7\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Veen (Netherlands)\|Veen]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Hanen Weide
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''SVC'08''' (7\)
\| score\= 1–5
\| team2\= \[\[HV \& CV Quick\|Quick]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Wassenaar]]
\| stadium\= Oostersportpark
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 30 August 2020
\| time\= 14:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[RKVV Westlandia]] (4\)
\| score\= 4–1
\| team2\= '''\[\[SV Venray]]''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Naaldwijk]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Hoge Bomen
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
#### Second preliminary round
In the second preliminary round, 14 teams from the [Tweede Divisie](/wiki/Tweede_Divisie "Tweede Divisie") enter the tournament, as the two teams that won a period title in the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Tweede_Divisie "2019–20 Tweede Divisie") ([IJsselmeervogels](/wiki/IJsselmeervogels "IJsselmeervogels") and [VV Katwijk](/wiki/VV_Katwijk "VV Katwijk")) got a bye to the first round.
Since last season, teams who qualify for the group stage of the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") and the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") get a bye to the second round, leaving empty spots in the first round. However, as this season the draw for the second preliminary round was made before the end of the qualifying rounds and play\-off rounds of both European competitions, it was not known yet how many Dutch clubs reached the group stage of both competitions. At the time of the draw, only [Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax "AFC Ajax") and [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord "Feyenoord") were assured of that, so the winners of match 27 in the first preliminary round (who turned out to be [Quick](/wiki/HV_%26_CV_Quick "HV & CV Quick")) and [SV TEC](/wiki/SV_TEC "SV TEC") were drawn a bye to compensate.
The [Royal Dutch Football Association](/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Football_Association "Royal Dutch Football Association") solved the rest of the puzzle by hold a worst\-case\-scenario into account, therefore the last three matches drawn are subject of the performances of [AZ](/wiki/AZ_Alkmaar "AZ Alkmaar"), [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven "PSV Eindhoven") and [Willem II](/wiki/Willem_II_%28football_club%29 "Willem II (football club)") in the qualifying rounds of the [2020–21 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Champions_League "2020–21 UEFA Champions League") and the [2020–21 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Europa_League "2020–21 UEFA Europa League"). If all three of them qualify for the group stage, then all matches will be played as normal. If one of them fail to qualify, match 21 will not be played. If two of them fail to qualify, match 20 will also not be played, and if all three teams fail to qualify, match 19 will not be played as well. All the teams of the matches that will not be played will be given byes to the first round.
AZ won their match in the second qualifying round (League Route) of the Champions League on 26 August, assuring the Europa League group stage at worst in the process. This simultaneously assured match 19 in the second preliminary round to go ahead and placed AZ in the second round instead of the first round.
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV Buitenpost]]''' (5\)
\| score\= 1–1
\| aet\= yes
\| penaltyscore\= 5–6
\| team2\= \[\[VV Capelle]] (5\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Buitenpost]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Swadde
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[FC Lisse]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 0–3
\| team2\= \[\[SteDoCo]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Lisse]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Ter Specke
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV DOVO]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 0–1
\| team2\= \[\[DVS '33]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Veenendaal]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Panhuis
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[OFC Oostzaan]] (4\)
\| score\= 7–1
\| team2\= '''\[\[DOS Kampen]]''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Oostzaan]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark OFC
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV Noordwijk]]''' (3\)
\| score\= 2–3
\| aet\=yes
\| team2\= \[\[VV Sliedrecht]] (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Noordwijk]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Sportpark Duinwetering]]
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[VV Staphorst]] (4\)
\| score\= 5–2
\| team2\= '''\[\[ASWH]]''' (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Staphorst]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Het Noorderslag
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 13 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Quick Boys]] (3\)
\| score\= 5–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[Roda '46]]''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Katwijk aan Zee]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Nieuw Zuid
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[De Treffers]]''' (3\)
\| score\= 1–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[BVV Barendrecht]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Groesbeek]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Zuid
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=17:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV GOES]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 1–1
\| aet\= yes
\| penaltyscore\= 15–16
\| team2\= \[\[ODIN '59]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Goes]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Het Schenge
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[FC Rijnvogels]]''' (5\)
\| score\= 2–4
\| team2\= \[\[VV UNA]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Katwijk]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark de Kooltuin
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Kozakken Boys]] (3\)
\| score\= 1–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[RKVV DEM]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Werkendam]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Zwaaier
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Achilles Veen]] (5\)
\| score\= 2–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[VV Gemert]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\=\[\[Veen (Netherlands)\|Veen]]
\| stadium\=Sportpark De Hanen Weide
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[HHC Hardenberg]] (3\)
\| score\= 3–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[GVVV]]''' (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Hardenberg]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Boshoek
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[SV Spakenburg]]''' (3\)
\| score\= 0–1
\| team2\= \[\[Amsterdamsche FC\|AFC (Sunday team)]] (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Spakenburg]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Sportpark De Westmaat]]
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[Koninklijke HFC]]''' (3\)
\| score\= 0–1
\| team2\= \[\[Oss '20]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Haarlem]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Spanjaardslaan
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= DTS '35 Ede (6\)
\| score\= 3–1
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[GVV Unitas]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Ede, Netherlands\|Ede]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Inschoten
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Excelsior Maassluis]] (3\)
\| score\= 4–1
\| team2\= '''\[\[Ter Leede]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Maassluis]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Dijkpolder
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Harkemase Boys]] (4\)
\| score\= 5–2
\| team2\= '''\[\[Flevo Boys]]''' (5\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Harkema]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Bosk
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[Excelsior '31]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 2–3
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[RKSV Groene Ster]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\=\[\[Rijssen]]
\| stadium\=Sportpark De Koerbelt
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[Sparta Nijkerk]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 2–3
\| team2\= \[\[Rijnsburgse Boys]] (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Nijkerk]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Ebbenhorst
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
### Main tournament
#### First round
* + - {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 26 October 2020
\| time \= 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[SBV Excelsior\|Excelsior]] (2\)
\| score \= 4–0
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Helmond Sport]]''' (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Reuven Niemeijer\|Niemeijer]] {{goal\|26}}
\* \[\[Elías Már Ómarsson\|Ómarsson]] {{goal\|44\|\|61}}
\* \[\[Joël Zwarts\|Zwarts]] {{goal\|68}}
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Rotterdam]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Van Donge \& De Roo Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= Smit
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/26/netherlands/knvb\-beker/sbv\-excelsior/stichting\-helmond\-sport/3405246/
}}
* + - {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 26 October 2020
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[Go Ahead Eagles]] (2\)
\| score \= 6–0
\| team2 \= '''\[\[NAC Breda]]''' (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Sam Beukema\|Beukema]] {{goal\|7}}
\* \[\[Sam Hendriks\|Hendriks]] {{goal\|9}}
\* \[\[Zakaria Eddahchouri\|Eddahchouri]] {{goal\|12}}
\* \[\[Jeroen Veldmate\|Veldmate]] {{goal\|15\|pen.}}
\* \[\[Luuk Brouwers\|Brouwers]] {{goal\|20}}
\* \[\[Antoine Rabillard\|Rabillard]] {{goal\|47}}
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Deventer]]
\| stadium\= \[\[De Adelaarshorst]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= Van de Graaf
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/26/netherlands/knvb\-beker/stichting\-go\-ahead\-eagles/nac\-bv/3405257/
}}
* {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 27 October 2020
\| time \= 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[FC Twente]]'''
\| score \= 1–3
\| team2 \= \[\[De Graafschap]] (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* Staring {{goal\|62}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|18}} \[\[Mohamed Hamdaoui\|Hamdaoui]]
\* {{goal\|34}} \[\[Joey Konings\|Konings]]
\* {{goal\|90\+4}} \[\[Julian Lelieveld\|Lelieveld]]
\| location\= \[\[Enschede]]
\| stadium\= \[\[De Grolsch Veste]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= Manschot
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/27/netherlands/knvb\-beker/stichting\-fc\-twente\-65/bv\-de\-graafschap/3405255/
}}
* {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 27 October 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[VVV\-Venlo]]
\| score \= 4–2
\| team2 \= '''\[\[FC Den Bosch]]''' (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Giorgos Giakoumakis\|Giakoumakis]] {{goal\|57\|\|73\|pen.}}
\* \[\[Jafar Arias\|Arias]] {{goal\|60}}
\* \[\[Tobias Pachonik\|Pachonik]] {{goal\|90}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|42\|\|81}} \[\[Romano Postema\|Postema]]
\| location\= \[\[Venlo]]
\| stadium\= \[\[De Koel]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= Gerrets
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/27/netherlands/knvb\-beker/vvv\-venlo/fc\-den\-bosch/3405247/
}}
* {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 27 October 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[SC Heerenveen]]
\| score \= 3–1
\| team2 \= '''\[\[TOP Oss]]''' (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Joey Veerman\|Veerman]] {{goal\|11}}
\* \[\[Benjamin Nygren\|Nygren]] {{goal\|33}}
\* \[\[Rodney Kongolo\|Kongolo]] {{goal\|40}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|29}} \[\[Joshua Sanches\|Sanches]]
\| location\= \[\[Heerenveen]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Abe Lenstra Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= Bijl
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/27/netherlands/knvb\-beker/sportclub\-heerenveen/bvo\-top\-oss/3405250/
}}
* {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 27 October 2020
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[FC Dordrecht]]''' (2\)
\| score \= 2–4
\| team2 \= \[\[FC Utrecht]]
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Nikolas Agrafiotis\|Agrafiotis]] {{goal\|16\|\|57}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|5\|\|40}} \[\[Bart Ramselaar\|Ramselaar]]
\* {{goal\|42}} \[\[Gyrano Kerk\|Kerk]]
\* {{goal\|79}} \[\[Sander van de Streek\|Van de Streek]]
\| location\= \[\[Dordrecht]]
\| stadium\= \[\[GN Bouw Stadion\|Riwal Hoogwerkers Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= Nagtegaal
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/27/netherlands/knvb\-beker/bvo\-fc\-dordrecht/stichting\-fc\-utrecht/3405252/
}}
+ - * + - * + {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 28 October 2020
\| time \= 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[ADO Den Haag]]
\| score \= 1–1
\| aet \= yes
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Sparta Rotterdam]]'''
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Luuk Koopmans\|Koopmans]] {{goal\|90\+4}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|39}} \[\[Danzell Gravenberch\|Gravenberch]]
\| penaltyscore\= 4–3
\| penalties1\=
\* \[\[Michiel Kramer\|Kramer]] {{pengoal}}
\* \[\[Nikos Karelis\|Karelis]] {{pengoal}}
\* \[\[Shaquille Pinas\|Pinas]] {{pengoal}}
\* \[\[John Goossens\|Goossens]] {{pengoal}}
\* \[\[Bilal Ould\-Chikh\|Ould\-Chikh]] {{pengoal}}
\| penalties2\=
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Michaël Heylen\|Heylen]]
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Dirk Abels\|Abels]]
\* {{penmiss}} \[\[Bart Vriends\|Vriends]]
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Mario Engels\|Engels]]
\| location\= \[\[The Hague]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Cars Jeans Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= Mulder
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/28/netherlands/knvb\-beker/hfc\-ado\-den\-haag/sparta\-rotterdam\-bv/3405254/
}}
* {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 28 October 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[FC Emmen]]
\| score \= 2–0
\| team2 \= '''\[\[FC Eindhoven]]''' (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Michael de Leeuw\|De Leeuw]] {{goal\|78\|\|94}}
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Emmen, Netherlands\|Emmen]]
\| stadium\= \[\[De Oude Meerdijk]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= Oostrom
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/28/netherlands/knvb\-beker/fc\-emmen/fc\-eindhoven/3405248/
}}
+ - {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 28 October 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[Heracles Almelo]]
\| score \= 3–0
\| team2 \= '''\[\[SC Telstar]]''' (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Sinan Bakis\|Bakis]] {{goal\|29\|pen.}}
\* \[\[Rai Vloet\|Vloet]] {{goal\|73}}
\* \[\[Adrián Szőke\|Szőke]] {{goal\|90\+2}}
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Almelo]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Erve Asito]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= Ruperti
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/28/netherlands/knvb\-beker/stichting\-heracles\-almelo/stormvogels\-telstar\-combinatie/3405249/
}}
* + - * + - * + - * {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 28 October 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[RKC Waalwijk]]'''
\| score \= 2–2
\| aet \= yes
\| team2 \= \[\[SC Cambuur]] (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Lennerd Daneels\|Daneels]] {{goal\|85}}
\* \[\[Jurien Gaari\|Gaari]] {{goal\|90\+4}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|31}} \[\[Maarten Pouwels\|Pouwels]]
\* {{goal\|40}} \[\[Jamie Jacobs (footballer)\|Jacobs]]
\| penaltyscore\= 3–5
\| penalties1\=
\* \[\[Anas Tahiri\|Tahiri]] {{pengoal}}
\* \[\[Melle Meulensteen\|Meultensteen]] {{penmiss}}
\* \[\[Vitalie Damașcan\|Damașcan]] {{pengoal}}
\* Azhil {{pengoal}}
\| penalties2\=
\* {{pengoal}} Gootjes
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Mees Hoedemakers\|Hoedemakers]]
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Mitchel Paulissen\|Paulissen]]
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Sven Nieuwpoort\|Nieuwpoort]]
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Robin Maulun\|Maulun]]
\| location\= \[\[Waalwijk]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Mandemakers Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= Martens
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/28/netherlands/knvb\-beker/rkc\-waalwijk/stichting\-cambuur\-leeuwarden\-bvo/3405253/
}}
+ {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 28 October 2020
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Roda JC Kerkrade]]''' (2\)
\| score \= 0–2
\| team2 \= \[\[Fortuna Sittard]]
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|8\|pen.}} \[\[Sebastian Polter\|Polter]]
\* {{goal\|11}} \[\[Zian Flemming\|Flemming]]
\| location\= \[\[Kerkrade]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Parkstad Limburg Stadion]]
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 1 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[SVV Scheveningen]]''' (3\)
\| score \= DQ–Bye
\| team2 \= \[\[Almere City FC]] (2\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Scheveningen]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Houtrust Scheveningen]]
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 1 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Rijnsburgse Boys]]''' (3\)
\| score \= DQ–DQ
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Excelsior Maassluis]]''' (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Rijnsburg]]
\| stadium\= Middelmors
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 1 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[BVV Barendrecht]]''' (4\)
\| score \= DQ–DQ
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Achilles Veen]]''' (5\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Barendrecht]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Bongerd
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 1 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[OFC Oostzaan]]''' (4\)
\| score \= DQ–Bye
\| team2 \= \[\[MVV Maastricht]] (2\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Oostzaan]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark OFC
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 1 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[ODIN '59]]''' (4\)
\| score \= DQ–Bye
\| team2 \= \[\[FC Volendam]] (2\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Heemskerk]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Assumburg
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 1 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''DTS '35 Ede''' (6\)
\| score \= DQ–DQ
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Quick Boys]]''' (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Ede, Netherlands\|Ede]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Inschoten
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 1 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[VV Staphorst]]''' (4\)
\| score \= DQ–Bye
\| team2 \= \[\[PEC Zwolle]]
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Staphorst]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Het Noorderslag
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 1 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[VV Sliedrecht]]''' (6\)
\| score \= DQ–DQ
\| team2 \= '''\[\[IJsselmeervogels]]''' (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Sliedrecht]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Lockhorst
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 2 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[HV \& CV Quick\|Quick]]''' (4\)
\| score \= DQ–Bye
\| team2 \= \[\[NEC Nijmegen]] (2\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[The Hague]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Nieuw Hanenburg
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 2 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[VV Capelle]]''' (5\)
\| score \= DQ–DQ
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Amsterdamsche FC\|AFC (Sunday team)]]''' (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Capelle aan den IJssel]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark 't Slot
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 2 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[DVS '33]]''' (4\)
\| score \= DQ–Bye
\| team2 \= \[\[Willem II (football club)\|Willem II]]
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Ermelo, Netherlands\|Ermelo]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Zuid
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 2 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Kozakken Boys]]''' (3\)
\| score \= DQ–DQ
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Harkemase Boys]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Werkendam]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Zwaaier
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 2 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[HHC Hardenberg]]''' (3\)
\| score \= DQ–Bye
\| team2 \= \[\[SBV Vitesse\|Vitesse]]
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Hardenberg]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Boshoek
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 2 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Oss '20]]''' (4\)
\| score \= DQ–DQ
\| team2 \= '''\[\[VV Katwijk]]''' (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Oss]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark de Rusheuvel
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 2 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[RKVV Westlandia]]''' (4\)
\| score \= DQ–DQ
\| team2 \= '''\[\[SteDoCo]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Naaldwijk]]
\| stadium\= De Hoge Bomen
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 2 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[VV UNA]]''' (4\)
\| score \= DQ–DQ
\| team2 \= '''\[\[RKSV Groene Ster]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Veldhoven]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Zeelst
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 2 December 2020
\| time \= 19:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[SV TEC]]''' (3\)
\| score \= DQ–Bye
\| team2 \= \[\[FC Groningen]]
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Tiel]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Lok
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
#### Second round
* + {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 15 December 2020
\| time \= 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[SBV Excelsior\|Excelsior]] (2\)
\| score \= 2–0
\| team2 \= '''\[\[PEC Zwolle]]'''
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Thomas Oude Kotte\|Oude Kotte]] {{goal\|63}}
\* \[\[Ahmad Mendes Moreira\|Mendes Moreira]] {{goal\|86}}
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Rotterdam]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Van Donge \& De Roo Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= L. Gerrets
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/15/netherlands/knvb\-beker/sbv\-excelsior/bvo\-fc\-zwolle/3424661/
}}
- {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 15 December 2020
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[FC Emmen]]
\| score \= 2–1
\| team2 \= '''\[\[FC Groningen]]'''
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Glenn Bijl\|Bijl]] {{goal\|60}}
\* \[\[Anco Jansen\|Jansen]] {{goal\|67}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|27}} \[\[Ramon Pascal Lundqvist\|Lundqvist]]
\| location\= \[\[Emmen, Netherlands\|Emmen]]
\| stadium\= \[\[De Oude Meerdijk]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= \[\[Kevin Blom\|K. Blom]]
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/15/netherlands/knvb\-beker/fc\-emmen/stichting\-fc\-groningen/3424657/
}}
* {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 16 December 2020
\| time \= 16:30 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Almere City FC]]''' (2\)
\| score \= 1–4
\| team2 \= \[\[VVV\-Venlo]]
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Roy Gelmi\|Gelmi]] {{goal\|10\|o.g.}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|33}} \[\[Vito van Crooij\|Van Crooij]]
\* {{goal\|45\+1\|\|70}} \[\[Jafar Arias\|Arias]]
\* {{goal\|52}} \[\[Evert Linthorst\|Linthorst]]
\| location\= \[\[Almere]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Yanmar Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= \[\[Bas Nijhuis\|B. Nijhuis]]
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/16/netherlands/knvb\-beker/fc\-omniworld/vvv\-venlo/3424656/
}}
- {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 16 December 2020
\| time \= 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[De Graafschap]]''' (2\)
\| score \= 1–2
\| team2 \= \[\[PSV Eindhoven\|PSV]]
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Milan Hilderink\|Hilderink]] {{goal\|90}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|56\|pen.}} \[\[Philipp Max\|Max]]
\* {{goal\|84}} \[\[Donyell Malen\|Malen]]
\| location\= \[\[Doetinchem]]
\| stadium\= \[\[De Vijverberg]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= \[\[Jochem Kamphuis\|J. Kamphuis]]
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/16/netherlands/knvb\-beker/bv\-de\-graafschap/psv\-nv/3424659/
}}
* + - {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 16 December 2020
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[AFC Ajax\|Ajax]]
\| score \= 5–4
\| team2 \= '''\[\[FC Utrecht]]'''
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Dušan Tadić\|Tadić]] {{goal\|8\|\|89}}
\* \[\[Zakaria Labyad\|Labyad]] {{goal\|45\+1\|\|81}}
\* \[\[Tommy St. Jago\|St. Jago]] {{goal\|54\|o.g.}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|1\|\|47}} \[\[Mimoun Mahi\|Mahi]]
\* {{goal\|55}} \[\[Sander van de Streek\|Van de Streek]]
\* {{goal\|70}} \[\[Moussa Sylla (footballer, born 1999\)\|Sylla]]
\| location\= \[\[Amsterdam]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Johan Cruyff Arena]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= D. Higler
\| report\= https://www.ajax.nl/artikelen/karaktervol\-ajax\-door\-na\-doldriest\-bekeravondje/
}}
- {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 17 December 2020
\| time \= 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[SC Cambuur]]''' (2\)
\| score \= 1–2
\| team2 \= \[\[Go Ahead Eagles]] (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Ragnar Oratmangoen\|Oratmangoen]] {{goal\|29}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|32}} \[\[Luuk Brouwers\|Brouwers]]
\* {{goal\|63}} \[\[Bradly van Hoeven\|Van Hoeven]]
\| location\= \[\[Leeuwarden]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Cambuur Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= I. Oostrom
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/17/netherlands/knvb\-beker/stichting\-cambuur\-leeuwarden\-bvo/stichting\-go\-ahead\-eagles/3424660/
}}
+ {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 17 December 2020
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Willem II (football club)\|Willem II]]'''
\| score \= 0–2
\| team2 \= \[\[SBV Vitesse\|Vitesse]]
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|20}} \[\[Million Manhoef\|Manhoef]]
\* {{goal\|63}} \[\[Thomas Buitink\|Buitink]]
\| location\= \[\[Tilburg]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Koning Willem II Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= S. van der Eijk
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/17/netherlands/knvb\-beker/sbv\-willem\-ii\-tilburg/sbv\-vitesse/3424658/
}}
#### Round of 16
On 18 November 2020, the KNVB announced that 9 teams which had qualified for the second round would be getting a bye to the round of 16, with the other 14 teams playing against another team for one of the other 7 spots in the round of 16\.{{cite news\|url\=https://twitter.com/KNVB/status/1328979682910490624\|title\=KNVB on Twitter: "Het bekertoernooi gaat nu verder met de betaaldvoetbalclubs. In deze animatie leggen we uit hoe."\|lang\=nl\|date\=18 November 2020\|access\-date\=18 November 2020}}
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 19 January 2021
\| time \= 16:30 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[MVV Maastricht]]''' (2\)
\| score \= 2–2
\| aet \= yes
\| team2 \= \[\[SBV Excelsior\|Excelsior]] (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Koen Kostons\|Kostons]] {{goal\|42}}
\* \[\[Joeri Schroyen\|Schroyen]] {{goal\|45}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|16\|pen.}} \[\[Elías Már Ómarsson\|Ómarsson]]
\* {{goal\|71}} \[\[Siebe Horemans\|Horemans]]
\| penaltyscore\= 4–5
\| penalties1\=
\* \[\[Joeri Schroyen\|Schroyen]] {{pengoal}}
\* \[\[Arne Naudts\|Naudts]] {{pengoal}}
\* \[\[Jérôme Déom\|Déom]] {{pengoal}}
\* \[\[Joy\-Lance Mickels\|Mickels]] {{penmiss}}
\* \[\[Gaston Salasiwa\|Salasiwa]] {{pengoal}}
\* \[\[Luc Mares\|Mares]] {{penmiss}}
\| penalties2\=
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Luigi Bruins\|Bruins]]
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Elías Már Ómarsson\|Ómarsson]]
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Thomas Verhaar\|Verhaar]]
\* {{penmiss}} \[\[Ahmad Mendes Moreira\|Mendes Moreira]]
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Stijn Meijer\|Meijer]]
\* {{pengoal}} \[\[Sander Fischer\|Fischer]]
\| location\= \[\[Maastricht]]
\| stadium\= \[\[De Geusselt]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= \[\[Pol van Boekel\|P. van Boekel]]
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/19/netherlands/knvb\-beker/stichting\-mvv/sbv\-excelsior/3434308/
}}
- {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 19 January 2021
\| time \= 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[SBV Vitesse\|Vitesse]]
\| score \= 2–1
\| team2 \= '''\[\[ADO Den Haag]]'''
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Loïs Openda\|Openda]] {{goal\|25}}
\* \[\[Matúš Bero\|Bero]] {{goal\|71}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|81}} \[\[Amar Ćatić\|Ćatić]]
\| location\= \[\[Arnhem]]
\| stadium\= \[\[GelreDome]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= D. Higler
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/19/netherlands/knvb\-beker/sbv\-vitesse/hfc\-ado\-den\-haag/3434304/
}}
+ {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 19 January 2021
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[FC Volendam]]''' (2\)
\| score \= 0–2
\| team2 \= \[\[PSV Eindhoven\|PSV]]
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|51}} \[\[Noni Madueke\|Madueke]]
\* {{goal\|79\|pen.}} \[\[Denzel Dumfries\|Dumfries]]
\| location\= \[\[Volendam]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Kras Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= C. Bax
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/19/netherlands/knvb\-beker/fc\-volendam/psv\-nv/3434303/
}}
- {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 20 January 2021
\| time \= 16:30 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[FC Emmen]]'''
\| score \= 1–2
\| team2 \= \[\[SC Heerenveen]]
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Sergio Peña (Peruvian footballer)\|Peña]] {{goal\|44}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|72}} \[\[Benjamin Nygren\|Nygren]]
\* {{goal\|90\|pen.}} \[\[Joey Veerman\|Veerman]]
\| location\= \[\[Emmen, Netherlands\|Emmen]]
\| stadium\= \[\[De Oude Meerdijk]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= S. Mulder
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/20/netherlands/knvb\-beker/fc\-emmen/sportclub\-heerenveen/3434309/
}}
* + {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 20 January 2021
\| time \= 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[Feyenoord]]
\| score \= 3–2
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Heracles Almelo]]'''
\|goals1 \=
\* \[\[Luis Sinisterra\|Sinisterra]] {{goal\|45\+2}}
\* \[\[Bryan Linssen\|Linssen]] {{goal\|53}}
\* \[\[Lutsharel Geertruida\|Geertruida]] {{goal\|84}}
\|goals2 \=
\* {{goal\|33}} \[\[Delano Burgzorg\|Burgzorg]]
\* {{goal\|90\+2}} \[\[Adrián Szőke\|Szőke]]
\| location\= \[\[Rotterdam]]
\| stadium\= \[\[De Kuip]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= J. Manschot
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/20/netherlands/knvb\-beker/feyenoord\-rotterdam\-nv/stichting\-heracles\-almelo/3434307/
}}
* {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 20 January 2021
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[AZ Alkmaar\|AZ]]'''
\| score \= 0–1
\| team2 \= \[\[AFC Ajax\|Ajax]]
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|34}} \[\[Zakaria Labyad\|Labyad]]
\| location\= \[\[Alkmaar]]
\| stadium\= \[\[AFAS Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= \[\[Jochem Kamphuis\|J. Kamphuis]]
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/20/netherlands/knvb\-beker/stichting\-az/afc\-ajax/3434305/
}}
+ - * {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 21 January 2021
\| time \= 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[NEC Nijmegen]] (2\)
\| score \= 3–2
\| aet \= yes
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Fortuna Sittard]]'''
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Rangelo Janga\|Janga]] {{goal\|64}}
\* \[\[Jordy Bruijn\|Bruijn]] {{goal\|97\|pen.}}
\* Beekman {{goal\|102}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|60\|\|103}} \[\[Zian Flemming\|Flemming]]
\| location\= \[\[Nijmegen]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Stadion de Goffert]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= \[\[Kevin Blom\|K. Blom]]
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/21/netherlands/knvb\-beker/nijmegen\-eendracht\-combinatie/fortuna\-sittard/3434306/
}}
* {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 21 January 2021
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[VVV\-Venlo]]
\| score \= 1–0
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Go Ahead Eagles]]''' (2\)
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Aaron Bastiaans\|Bastiaans]] {{goal\|35}}
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Venlo]]
\| stadium\= \[\[De Koel]]
\| attendance\=
\| referee\= R. Martens
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/21/netherlands/knvb\-beker/vvv\-venlo/stichting\-go\-ahead\-eagles/3434310/
}}
#### Quarter\-finals
On 19 December 2020, the KNVB already performed a draw to determine which teams would be playing at home in the quarter\-finals for organizational reasons. The second half of the draw was performed on 23 January 2021\.{{Cite tweet \|user\=KNVB \|number\=1353096502911135746 \|title\=Dit is de loting voor de kwartfinales van de TOTO KNVB Beker!}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 9 February 2021
\| time \= 20:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[SBV Excelsior\|Excelsior]]''' (2\)
\| score \= 0–1
\| team2 \= \[\[SBV Vitesse\|Vitesse]]
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
{{goal\|90\+1}} \[\[Loïs Openda\|Openda]]
\| location\= \[\[Rotterdam]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Van Donge \& De Roo Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= D. Higler
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/02/09/netherlands/knvb\-beker/sbv\-excelsior/sbv\-vitesse/3434319/
}}
* {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 10 February 2021
\| time \= 20:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]The match was initially scheduled to start at 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]], but was changed to 20:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]] due to snow.
\| team1 \= \[\[AFC Ajax\|Ajax]]
\| score \= 2–1
\| team2 \= '''\[\[PSV Eindhoven\|PSV]]'''
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Sébastien Haller\|Haller]] {{goal\|19\|\|24}}
\| goals2\=
{{goal\|58\|o.g.}} \[\[Jurriën Timber\|Timber]]
\| location\= \[\[Amsterdam]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Johan Cruyff Arena]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= \[\[Serdar Gözübüyük\|S. Gözübüyük]]
\| report\= https://www.ajax.nl/artikelen/ajax\-naar\-halve\-finale\-knvb\-beker\-na\-frivole\-eerste\-helft/
}}
+ - {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 17 February 2021The match was initially scheduled to be held on 10 February 2021, 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]], but was postponed due to the pitch being frozen.
\| time \= 16:30 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[NEC Nijmegen]]''' (2\)
\| score \= 1–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2 \= \[\[VVV\-Venlo]]
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Rangelo Janga\|Janga]] {{goal\|57}}
\| goals2\=
\* {{goal\|23}} \[\[Giorgos Giakoumakis\|Giakoumakis]]
\* {{goal\|105}} \[\[Meritan Shabani\|Shabani]]
\| location\= \[\[Almelo]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Erve Asito]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= J. Manschot
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/02/10/netherlands/knvb\-beker/nijmegen\-eendracht\-combinatie/vvv\-venlo/3434321/
}}
* + - * {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 17 February 2021The match was initially scheduled to be held on 11 February 2021, 20:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]], but was postponed due to the pitch being frozen.
\| time \= 18:45 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[SC Heerenveen]]
\| score \= 4–3
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Feyenoord]]'''
\| goals1 \=
\* \[\[Rami Kaib\|Kaib]] {{goal\|15}}
\* \[\[Benjamin Nygren\|Nygren]] {{goal\|81}}
\* \[\[Nick Marsman\|Marsman]] {{goal\|86\|o.g.}}
\* \[\[Siem de Jong\|De Jong]] {{goal\|88}}
\| goals2 \=
\* {{goal\|47}} \[\[Bryan Linssen\|Linssen]]
\* {{goal\|57}} \[\[Steven Berghuis\|Berghuis]]
\* {{goal\|61}} \[\[Lutsharel Geertruida\|Geertruida]]
\| location\= \[\[Heerenveen]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Abe Lenstra Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= S. Mulder
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/02/11/netherlands/knvb\-beker/sportclub\-heerenveen/feyenoord\-rotterdam\-nv/3434322/
}}
#### Semi\-finals
On 23 January 2021, the KNVB performed a draw to determine which teams would be playing at home in the semi\-finals for organizational reasons. The second half of the draw was performed on 13 February 2021\.
* + {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 2 March 2021
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= \[\[SBV Vitesse\|Vitesse]]
\| score \= 2–0
\| team2 \= '''\[\[VVV\-Venlo]]'''
\| goals1\=
\* \[\[Armando Broja\|Broja]] {{goal\|75}}
\* \[\[Oussama Tannane\|Tannane]] {{goal\|84}}
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Arnhem]]
\| stadium\= \[\[GelreDome]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= A. Lindhout
\| report\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/03/02/netherlands/knvb\-beker/sbv\-vitesse/vvv\-venlo/3450530/
}}
- {{Football box collapsible
\| date \= 3 March 2021
\| time \= 21:00 \[\[Central European Time\|CET]]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[SC Heerenveen]]'''
\| score \= 0–3
\| team2 \= \[\[AFC Ajax\|Ajax]]
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\* \[\[Davy Klaassen\|Klaassen]] {{goal\|19}}
\* \[\[Dušan Tadić\|Tadić]] {{goal\|63\|pen.}}
\* \[\[David Neres\|Neres]] {{goal\|77}}
\| location\= \[\[Heerenveen]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Abe Lenstra Stadion]]
\| attendance\= 0
\| referee\= \[\[Bas Nijhuis]]
\| report\= https://www.ajax.nl/artikelen/ajax\-naar\-finale\-knvb\-beker\-na\-simpele\-zege/
}}
#### Final
{{main\|2021 KNVB Cup Final}}
{{:2021 KNVB Cup Final}}
|
[
"Matches\n-------",
"### Preliminary rounds",
"The draw for the first two preliminary rounds was performed on 23 July 2020 at 19:00 CEST, and was broadcast live on YouTube.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.totoknvbbeker.nl/nieuws/toto\\-knvb\\-beker/donderdag\\-live\\-loting\\-kwalificatierondes\\|title\\=Donderdag live loting kwalificatierondes\\|publisher\\=KNVB\\|lang\\=nl\\|date\\=23 July 2020\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2020}} The draw was conducted by Martijn van Oers, player of DWOW, the lowest ranked club that qualified for the Cup this season.",
"#### First preliminary round",
"60 amateur teams qualified for this stage: 24 teams which qualified through the 2019–20 district cup tournaments and 36 teams from the [2020–21 Derde Divisie](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Derde_Divisie \"2020–21 Derde Divisie\"). The draw was performed on 23 July 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=AFC op bezoek bij Spakenburg, TEC zeker van 1e ronde\\|url\\=https://www.totoknvbbeker.nl/nieuws/toto\\-knvb\\-beker/afc\\-op\\-bezoek\\-bij\\-spakenburg\\-tec\\-zeker\\-van\\-1e\\-ronde\\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2020\\|website\\=TOTO KNVB Beker\\|date\\=23 July 2020\\|lang\\=nl}}",
"{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[VV Capelle]] (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 4–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[VV Hoogland]]''' (4\\) \n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Capelle aan den IJssel]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark 't Slot\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''Cluzona''' (7\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–4\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[Sparta Nijkerk]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Wouw]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Doelen \n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[DVS '33]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–1\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[VV Dongen]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Ermelo, Netherlands\\|Ermelo]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark DVS '33\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[FC Rijnvogels]] (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–1\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[JOS Watergraafsmeer]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| penaltyscore\\= 4–2\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Katwijk aan den Rijn]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Kooltuin\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VVOG]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–2\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[RKVV DEM]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Harderwijk]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Strokel\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 15:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[HSV Hoek]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–3\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[OFC Oostzaan]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hoek, Zeeland\\|Hoek]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Denoek\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 15:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Harkemase Boys]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 6–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[USV Hercules]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Harkema]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Bosk\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 15:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Ter Leede]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 6–2\n\\| team2\\= '''VV Hoogezand''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Sassenheim]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Roodemolen\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[DOS Kampen]] (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–0\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[RKVV EVV]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| penaltyscore\\= 5–4\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Kampen, Overijssel\\|Kampen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Maten\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[BVV Barendrecht]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–0\n\\| team2\\= '''RKVV Erp''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Barendrecht]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Bongerd\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[VV GOES]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–0\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[Sportlust '46]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Goes]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Het Schenge\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''DWOW''' (8\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–5\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV Buitenpost]] (5\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Wieringerwerf]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Wilskracht\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= DTS '35 Ede (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 4–0\n\\| team2\\= '''RKVV Best Vooruit''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Ede, Netherlands\\|Ede]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Inschoten\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''DUNO D''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–3\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV UNA]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Doorwerth]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Waayenberg\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[Asser Christelijke Voetbalvereniging\\|ACV]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–2\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV Gemert]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Assen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Catawiki Sportpark\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Roda '46]] (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–1\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[ADO '20]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| penaltyscore\\= 4–3\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Leusden]]\n\\| stadium\\= Burgemeester Buiningpark\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''AWC''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–4\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[ODIN '59]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Wijchen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Wijchert\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV Hoogeveen]]''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–2\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV DOVO]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| penaltyscore\\= 1–4\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hoogeveen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Bentinckspark\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[SteDoCo]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 10–0\n\\| team2\\= '''SV Den Hoorn''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hoornaar]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark SteDoCo\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[HVV Hollandia]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–0\n\\|penaltyscore\\=1–3\\| report\\=\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[Flevo Boys]] (5\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\|aet\\=yes\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hoorn]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Juliana\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[VV Sliedrecht]] (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–2\n\\| penaltyscore\\=4–3\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[VVSB]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\|aet\\=yes\\| location\\= \\[\\[Sliedrecht]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Lockhorst\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV Scherpenzeel]]''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–3\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[RKSV Groene Ster]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Scherpenzeel, Gelderland\\|Scherpenzeel]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Bree\\-Oost\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Oss '20]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–2\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[AFC Ajax (amateurs)\\|Ajax (amateur team)]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Oss]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark de Rusheuvel\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[VV Staphorst]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[HSC '21]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Staphorst]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Het Noorderslag\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Excelsior '31]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–0\n\\| team2\\= '''SC Susteren''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Rijssen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Koerbelt\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[Amsterdamsche FC\\|AFC (Saturday team)]]''' (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–2\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[GVV Unitas]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Amsterdam]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Goed Genoeg\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[FC Lisse]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[Blauw Geel '38]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Lisse]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Ter Specke\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Achilles Veen]] (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–0\n\\| team2\\= '''NWC''' (7\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Veen (Netherlands)\\|Veen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Hanen Weide\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''SVC'08''' (7\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–5\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[HV \\& CV Quick\\|Quick]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Wassenaar]]\n\\| stadium\\= Oostersportpark\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 30 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[RKVV Westlandia]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 4–1\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[SV Venray]]''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Naaldwijk]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Hoge Bomen\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}",
"#### Second preliminary round",
"In the second preliminary round, 14 teams from the [Tweede Divisie](/wiki/Tweede_Divisie \"Tweede Divisie\") enter the tournament, as the two teams that won a period title in the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Tweede_Divisie \"2019–20 Tweede Divisie\") ([IJsselmeervogels](/wiki/IJsselmeervogels \"IJsselmeervogels\") and [VV Katwijk](/wiki/VV_Katwijk \"VV Katwijk\")) got a bye to the first round.",
"Since last season, teams who qualify for the group stage of the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") and the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") get a bye to the second round, leaving empty spots in the first round. However, as this season the draw for the second preliminary round was made before the end of the qualifying rounds and play\\-off rounds of both European competitions, it was not known yet how many Dutch clubs reached the group stage of both competitions. At the time of the draw, only [Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax \"AFC Ajax\") and [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord \"Feyenoord\") were assured of that, so the winners of match 27 in the first preliminary round (who turned out to be [Quick](/wiki/HV_%26_CV_Quick \"HV & CV Quick\")) and [SV TEC](/wiki/SV_TEC \"SV TEC\") were drawn a bye to compensate.",
"The [Royal Dutch Football Association](/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Football_Association \"Royal Dutch Football Association\") solved the rest of the puzzle by hold a worst\\-case\\-scenario into account, therefore the last three matches drawn are subject of the performances of [AZ](/wiki/AZ_Alkmaar \"AZ Alkmaar\"), [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven \"PSV Eindhoven\") and [Willem II](/wiki/Willem_II_%28football_club%29 \"Willem II (football club)\") in the qualifying rounds of the [2020–21 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Champions_League \"2020–21 UEFA Champions League\") and the [2020–21 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Europa_League \"2020–21 UEFA Europa League\"). If all three of them qualify for the group stage, then all matches will be played as normal. If one of them fail to qualify, match 21 will not be played. If two of them fail to qualify, match 20 will also not be played, and if all three teams fail to qualify, match 19 will not be played as well. All the teams of the matches that will not be played will be given byes to the first round.",
"AZ won their match in the second qualifying round (League Route) of the Champions League on 26 August, assuring the Europa League group stage at worst in the process. This simultaneously assured match 19 in the second preliminary round to go ahead and placed AZ in the second round instead of the first round.",
"{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV Buitenpost]]''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–1\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| penaltyscore\\= 5–6\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV Capelle]] (5\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Buitenpost]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Swadde\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[FC Lisse]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–3\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[SteDoCo]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Lisse]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Ter Specke\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV DOVO]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–1\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[DVS '33]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Veenendaal]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Panhuis\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[OFC Oostzaan]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 7–1\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[DOS Kampen]]''' (6\\) \n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Oostzaan]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark OFC\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV Noordwijk]]''' (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–3\n\\| aet\\=yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV Sliedrecht]] (6\\) \n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Noordwijk]]\n\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Sportpark Duinwetering]]\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[VV Staphorst]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–2\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[ASWH]]''' (3\\) \n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Staphorst]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Het Noorderslag\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 13 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Quick Boys]] (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[Roda '46]]''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Katwijk aan Zee]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Nieuw Zuid\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[De Treffers]]''' (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–2\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[BVV Barendrecht]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Groesbeek]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Zuid\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=17:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV GOES]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–1\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| penaltyscore\\= 15–16\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[ODIN '59]] (4\\) \n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Goes]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Het Schenge\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[FC Rijnvogels]]''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–4\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV UNA]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Katwijk]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark de Kooltuin\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Kozakken Boys]] (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[RKVV DEM]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Werkendam]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Zwaaier\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Achilles Veen]] (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[VV Gemert]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\=\\[\\[Veen (Netherlands)\\|Veen]] \n\\| stadium\\=Sportpark De Hanen Weide \n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[HHC Hardenberg]] (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–2\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[GVVV]]''' (3\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hardenberg]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Boshoek\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[SV Spakenburg]]''' (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–1\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[Amsterdamsche FC\\|AFC (Sunday team)]] (3\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Spakenburg]]\n\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Sportpark De Westmaat]]\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[Koninklijke HFC]]''' (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–1\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[Oss '20]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Haarlem]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Spanjaardslaan\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= DTS '35 Ede (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–1\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[GVV Unitas]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Ede, Netherlands\\|Ede]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Inschoten\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Excelsior Maassluis]] (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 4–1\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[Ter Leede]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Maassluis]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Dijkpolder\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Harkemase Boys]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–2\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[Flevo Boys]]''' (5\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Harkema]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Bosk\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[Excelsior '31]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–3\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[RKSV Groene Ster]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\=\\[\\[Rijssen]] \n\\| stadium\\=Sportpark De Koerbelt \n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[Sparta Nijkerk]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–3\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[Rijnsburgse Boys]] (3\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Nijkerk]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Ebbenhorst\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}",
"### Main tournament",
"#### First round",
"* + - {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\\| date \\= 26 October 2020\n\t\t\\| time \\= 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[SBV Excelsior\\|Excelsior]] (2\\)\n\t\t\\| score \\= 4–0\n\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Helmond Sport]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Reuven Niemeijer\\|Niemeijer]] {{goal\\|26}}\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Elías Már Ómarsson\\|Ómarsson]] {{goal\\|44\\|\\|61}}\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Joël Zwarts\\|Zwarts]] {{goal\\|68}}\n\t\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Rotterdam]]\n\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Van Donge \\& De Roo Stadion]]\n\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\\| referee\\= Smit\n\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/26/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/sbv\\-excelsior/stichting\\-helmond\\-sport/3405246/\n\t\t}}\n\t\t\t* + - {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| date \\= 26 October 2020\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Go Ahead Eagles]] (2\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| score \\= 6–0\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[NAC Breda]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Sam Beukema\\|Beukema]] {{goal\\|7}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Sam Hendriks\\|Hendriks]] {{goal\\|9}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Zakaria Eddahchouri\\|Eddahchouri]] {{goal\\|12}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Jeroen Veldmate\\|Veldmate]] {{goal\\|15\\|pen.}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Luuk Brouwers\\|Brouwers]] {{goal\\|20}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Antoine Rabillard\\|Rabillard]] {{goal\\|47}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\t\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Deventer]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[De Adelaarshorst]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| referee\\= Van de Graaf\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/26/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/stichting\\-go\\-ahead\\-eagles/nac\\-bv/3405257/\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t* {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\\| date \\= 27 October 2020\n\t\t\t\\| time \\= 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[FC Twente]]'''\n\t\t\t\\| score \\= 1–3\n\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[De Graafschap]] (2\\)\n\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\\* Staring {{goal\\|62}}\n\t\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|18}} \\[\\[Mohamed Hamdaoui\\|Hamdaoui]]\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|34}} \\[\\[Joey Konings\\|Konings]]\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|90\\+4}} \\[\\[Julian Lelieveld\\|Lelieveld]]\n\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Enschede]]\n\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[De Grolsch Veste]]\n\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\\| referee\\= Manschot\n\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/27/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/stichting\\-fc\\-twente\\-65/bv\\-de\\-graafschap/3405255/\n\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t* {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\\| date \\= 27 October 2020\n\t\t\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[VVV\\-Venlo]]\n\t\t\t\\| score \\= 4–2\n\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[FC Den Bosch]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Giorgos Giakoumakis\\|Giakoumakis]] {{goal\\|57\\|\\|73\\|pen.}}\n\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Jafar Arias\\|Arias]] {{goal\\|60}}\n\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Tobias Pachonik\\|Pachonik]] {{goal\\|90}}\n\t\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|42\\|\\|81}} \\[\\[Romano Postema\\|Postema]]\n\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Venlo]]\n\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[De Koel]]\n\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\\| referee\\= Gerrets\n\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/27/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/vvv\\-venlo/fc\\-den\\-bosch/3405247/\n\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t* {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\\| date \\= 27 October 2020\n\t\t\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[SC Heerenveen]]\n\t\t\t\\| score \\= 3–1\n\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[TOP Oss]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Joey Veerman\\|Veerman]] {{goal\\|11}}\n\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Benjamin Nygren\\|Nygren]] {{goal\\|33}}\n\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Rodney Kongolo\\|Kongolo]] {{goal\\|40}}\n\t\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|29}} \\[\\[Joshua Sanches\\|Sanches]]\n\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Heerenveen]]\n\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Abe Lenstra Stadion]]\n\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\\| referee\\= Bijl\n\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/27/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/sportclub\\-heerenveen/bvo\\-top\\-oss/3405250/\n\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t* {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\\| date \\= 27 October 2020\n\t\t\t\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[FC Dordrecht]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\t\\| score \\= 2–4\n\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[FC Utrecht]]\n\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Nikolas Agrafiotis\\|Agrafiotis]] {{goal\\|16\\|\\|57}}\n\t\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|5\\|\\|40}} \\[\\[Bart Ramselaar\\|Ramselaar]]\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|42}} \\[\\[Gyrano Kerk\\|Kerk]]\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|79}} \\[\\[Sander van de Streek\\|Van de Streek]]\n\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Dordrecht]]\n\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[GN Bouw Stadion\\|Riwal Hoogwerkers Stadion]]\n\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\\| referee\\= Nagtegaal\n\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/27/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/bvo\\-fc\\-dordrecht/stichting\\-fc\\-utrecht/3405252/\n\t\t\t}}\n\t\t\t\t+ - * + - * + {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| date \\= 28 October 2020\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| time \\= 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[ADO Den Haag]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| score \\= 1–1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| aet \\= yes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Sparta Rotterdam]]'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Luuk Koopmans\\|Koopmans]] {{goal\\|90\\+4}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|39}} \\[\\[Danzell Gravenberch\\|Gravenberch]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| penaltyscore\\= 4–3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| penalties1\\= \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Michiel Kramer\\|Kramer]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Nikos Karelis\\|Karelis]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Shaquille Pinas\\|Pinas]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[John Goossens\\|Goossens]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Bilal Ould\\-Chikh\\|Ould\\-Chikh]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| penalties2\\= \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Michaël Heylen\\|Heylen]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Dirk Abels\\|Abels]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{penmiss}} \\[\\[Bart Vriends\\|Vriends]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Mario Engels\\|Engels]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[The Hague]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Cars Jeans Stadion]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| referee\\= Mulder\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/28/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/hfc\\-ado\\-den\\-haag/sparta\\-rotterdam\\-bv/3405254/\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n* {{Football box collapsible\n\\| date \\= 28 October 2020\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[FC Emmen]]\n\\| score \\= 2–0\n\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[FC Eindhoven]]''' (2\\)\n\\| goals1\\=\n\\* \\[\\[Michael de Leeuw\\|De Leeuw]] {{goal\\|78\\|\\|94}}\n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Emmen, Netherlands\\|Emmen]]\n\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[De Oude Meerdijk]]\n\\| attendance\\= 0\n\\| referee\\= Oostrom\n\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/28/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/fc\\-emmen/fc\\-eindhoven/3405248/\n}}\n\t+ - {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\\| date \\= 28 October 2020\n\t\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Heracles Almelo]]\n\t\t\\| score \\= 3–0\n\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[SC Telstar]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Sinan Bakis\\|Bakis]] {{goal\\|29\\|pen.}}\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Rai Vloet\\|Vloet]] {{goal\\|73}}\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Adrián Szőke\\|Szőke]] {{goal\\|90\\+2}}\n\t\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Almelo]]\n\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Erve Asito]]\n\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\\| referee\\= Ruperti\n\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/28/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/stichting\\-heracles\\-almelo/stormvogels\\-telstar\\-combinatie/3405249/\n\t\t}}\n\t\t\t* + - * + - * + - * {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| date \\= 28 October 2020\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[RKC Waalwijk]]'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| score \\= 2–2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| aet \\= yes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[SC Cambuur]] (2\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Lennerd Daneels\\|Daneels]] {{goal\\|85}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Jurien Gaari\\|Gaari]] {{goal\\|90\\+4}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|31}} \\[\\[Maarten Pouwels\\|Pouwels]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|40}} \\[\\[Jamie Jacobs (footballer)\\|Jacobs]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| penaltyscore\\= 3–5\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| penalties1\\= \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Anas Tahiri\\|Tahiri]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Melle Meulensteen\\|Meultensteen]] {{penmiss}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Vitalie Damașcan\\|Damașcan]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Azhil {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| penalties2\\= \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} Gootjes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Mees Hoedemakers\\|Hoedemakers]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Mitchel Paulissen\\|Paulissen]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Sven Nieuwpoort\\|Nieuwpoort]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Robin Maulun\\|Maulun]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Waalwijk]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Mandemakers Stadion]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| referee\\= Martens\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/28/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/rkc\\-waalwijk/stichting\\-cambuur\\-leeuwarden\\-bvo/3405253/\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t+ {{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 28 October 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Roda JC Kerkrade]]''' (2\\)\n\t\\| score \\= 0–2\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Fortuna Sittard]]\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\\* {{goal\\|8\\|pen.}} \\[\\[Sebastian Polter\\|Polter]]\n\t\\* {{goal\\|11}} \\[\\[Zian Flemming\\|Flemming]]\n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Kerkrade]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Parkstad Limburg Stadion]]\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 1 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[SVV Scheveningen]]''' (3\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–Bye\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Almere City FC]] (2\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Scheveningen]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Houtrust Scheveningen]]\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 1 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Rijnsburgse Boys]]''' (3\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–DQ\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Excelsior Maassluis]]''' (3\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Rijnsburg]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Middelmors\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 1 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[BVV Barendrecht]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–DQ\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Achilles Veen]]''' (5\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Barendrecht]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Bongerd\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 1 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[OFC Oostzaan]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–Bye\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[MVV Maastricht]] (2\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Oostzaan]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark OFC\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 1 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[ODIN '59]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–Bye\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[FC Volendam]] (2\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Heemskerk]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Assumburg\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 1 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''DTS '35 Ede''' (6\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–DQ\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Quick Boys]]''' (3\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Ede, Netherlands\\|Ede]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Inschoten\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 1 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[VV Staphorst]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–Bye\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[PEC Zwolle]]\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Staphorst]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Het Noorderslag\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 1 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[VV Sliedrecht]]''' (6\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–DQ\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[IJsselmeervogels]]''' (3\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Sliedrecht]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Lockhorst\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 2 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[HV \\& CV Quick\\|Quick]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–Bye\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[NEC Nijmegen]] (2\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[The Hague]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Nieuw Hanenburg\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 2 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[VV Capelle]]''' (5\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–DQ\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Amsterdamsche FC\\|AFC (Sunday team)]]''' (3\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Capelle aan den IJssel]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark 't Slot\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 2 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[DVS '33]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–Bye\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Willem II (football club)\\|Willem II]]\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Ermelo, Netherlands\\|Ermelo]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Zuid\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 2 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Kozakken Boys]]''' (3\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–DQ\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Harkemase Boys]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Werkendam]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Zwaaier\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 2 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[HHC Hardenberg]]''' (3\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–Bye\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[SBV Vitesse\\|Vitesse]]\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hardenberg]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Boshoek\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 2 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Oss '20]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–DQ\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[VV Katwijk]]''' (3\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Oss]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark de Rusheuvel\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 2 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[RKVV Westlandia]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–DQ\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[SteDoCo]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Naaldwijk]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= De Hoge Bomen\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 2 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[VV UNA]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–DQ\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[RKSV Groene Ster]]''' (4\\)\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Veldhoven]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Zeelst\n\t\\| attendance\\= \n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}\n\t{{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 2 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[SV TEC]]''' (3\\)\n\t\\| score \\= DQ–Bye\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[FC Groningen]]\n\t\\| goals1\\= \n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Tiel]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Lok\n\t\\| attendance\\=\n\t\\| referee\\=\n\t\\| report\\=\n\t}}",
"#### Second round",
"* + {{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 15 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[SBV Excelsior\\|Excelsior]] (2\\)\n\t\\| score \\= 2–0\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[PEC Zwolle]]'''\n\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\\* \\[\\[Thomas Oude Kotte\\|Oude Kotte]] {{goal\\|63}}\n\t\\* \\[\\[Ahmad Mendes Moreira\\|Mendes Moreira]] {{goal\\|86}}\n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Rotterdam]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Van Donge \\& De Roo Stadion]]\n\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\\| referee\\= L. Gerrets\n\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/15/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/sbv\\-excelsior/bvo\\-fc\\-zwolle/3424661/\n\t}}\n\t\t- {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\\| date \\= 15 December 2020\n\t\t\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[FC Emmen]]\n\t\t\\| score \\= 2–1\n\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[FC Groningen]]'''\n\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Glenn Bijl\\|Bijl]] {{goal\\|60}}\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Anco Jansen\\|Jansen]] {{goal\\|67}}\n\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\\* {{goal\\|27}} \\[\\[Ramon Pascal Lundqvist\\|Lundqvist]]\n\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Emmen, Netherlands\\|Emmen]]\n\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[De Oude Meerdijk]]\n\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\\| referee\\= \\[\\[Kevin Blom\\|K. Blom]]\n\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/15/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/fc\\-emmen/stichting\\-fc\\-groningen/3424657/\n\t\t}}\n\t\t\t* {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\\| date \\= 16 December 2020\n\t\t\t\\| time \\= 16:30 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Almere City FC]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\t\\| score \\= 1–4\n\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[VVV\\-Venlo]]\n\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Roy Gelmi\\|Gelmi]] {{goal\\|10\\|o.g.}}\n\t\t\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|33}} \\[\\[Vito van Crooij\\|Van Crooij]]\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|45\\+1\\|\\|70}} \\[\\[Jafar Arias\\|Arias]]\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|52}} \\[\\[Evert Linthorst\\|Linthorst]]\n\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Almere]]\n\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Yanmar Stadion]]\n\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\\| referee\\= \\[\\[Bas Nijhuis\\|B. Nijhuis]]\n\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/16/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/fc\\-omniworld/vvv\\-venlo/3424656/\n\t\t\t}}\n\t\t- {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\\| date \\= 16 December 2020\n\t\t\\| time \\= 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[De Graafschap]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\\| score \\= 1–2\n\t\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[PSV Eindhoven\\|PSV]]\n\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Milan Hilderink\\|Hilderink]] {{goal\\|90}}\n\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\\* {{goal\\|56\\|pen.}} \\[\\[Philipp Max\\|Max]]\n\t\t\\* {{goal\\|84}} \\[\\[Donyell Malen\\|Malen]]\n\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Doetinchem]]\n\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[De Vijverberg]]\n\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\\| referee\\= \\[\\[Jochem Kamphuis\\|J. Kamphuis]]\n\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/16/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/bv\\-de\\-graafschap/psv\\-nv/3424659/\n\t\t}}\n\t\t\t* + - {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| date \\= 16 December 2020\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[AFC Ajax\\|Ajax]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| score \\= 5–4\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[FC Utrecht]]'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Dušan Tadić\\|Tadić]] {{goal\\|8\\|\\|89}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Zakaria Labyad\\|Labyad]] {{goal\\|45\\+1\\|\\|81}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Tommy St. Jago\\|St. Jago]] {{goal\\|54\\|o.g.}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|1\\|\\|47}} \\[\\[Mimoun Mahi\\|Mahi]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|55}} \\[\\[Sander van de Streek\\|Van de Streek]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|70}} \\[\\[Moussa Sylla (footballer, born 1999\\)\\|Sylla]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Amsterdam]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Johan Cruyff Arena]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| referee\\= D. Higler\n\t\t\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://www.ajax.nl/artikelen/karaktervol\\-ajax\\-door\\-na\\-doldriest\\-bekeravondje/\n\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t- {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\\| date \\= 17 December 2020\n\t\t\\| time \\= 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[SC Cambuur]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\\| score \\= 1–2\n\t\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Go Ahead Eagles]] (2\\)\n\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Ragnar Oratmangoen\\|Oratmangoen]] {{goal\\|29}}\n\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\\* {{goal\\|32}} \\[\\[Luuk Brouwers\\|Brouwers]]\n\t\t\\* {{goal\\|63}} \\[\\[Bradly van Hoeven\\|Van Hoeven]]\n\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Leeuwarden]]\n\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Cambuur Stadion]]\n\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\\| referee\\= I. Oostrom\n\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/17/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/stichting\\-cambuur\\-leeuwarden\\-bvo/stichting\\-go\\-ahead\\-eagles/3424660/\n\t\t}}\n\t+ {{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 17 December 2020\n\t\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Willem II (football club)\\|Willem II]]'''\n\t\\| score \\= 0–2\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[SBV Vitesse\\|Vitesse]]\n\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\\* {{goal\\|20}} \\[\\[Million Manhoef\\|Manhoef]]\n\t\\* {{goal\\|63}} \\[\\[Thomas Buitink\\|Buitink]]\n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Tilburg]] \n\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Koning Willem II Stadion]]\n\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\\| referee\\= S. van der Eijk\n\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2020/12/17/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/sbv\\-willem\\-ii\\-tilburg/sbv\\-vitesse/3424658/\n\t}}",
"#### Round of 16",
"On 18 November 2020, the KNVB announced that 9 teams which had qualified for the second round would be getting a bye to the round of 16, with the other 14 teams playing against another team for one of the other 7 spots in the round of 16\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/KNVB/status/1328979682910490624\\|title\\=KNVB on Twitter: \"Het bekertoernooi gaat nu verder met de betaaldvoetbalclubs. In deze animatie leggen we uit hoe.\"\\|lang\\=nl\\|date\\=18 November 2020\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2020}}",
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| date \\= 19 January 2021\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| time \\= 16:30 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[MVV Maastricht]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| score \\= 2–2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| aet \\= yes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[SBV Excelsior\\|Excelsior]] (2\\)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Koen Kostons\\|Kostons]] {{goal\\|42}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Joeri Schroyen\\|Schroyen]] {{goal\\|45}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|16\\|pen.}} \\[\\[Elías Már Ómarsson\\|Ómarsson]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|71}} \\[\\[Siebe Horemans\\|Horemans]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| penaltyscore\\= 4–5\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| penalties1\\= \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Joeri Schroyen\\|Schroyen]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Arne Naudts\\|Naudts]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Jérôme Déom\\|Déom]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Joy\\-Lance Mickels\\|Mickels]] {{penmiss}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Gaston Salasiwa\\|Salasiwa]] {{pengoal}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Luc Mares\\|Mares]] {{penmiss}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| penalties2\\= \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Luigi Bruins\\|Bruins]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Elías Már Ómarsson\\|Ómarsson]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Thomas Verhaar\\|Verhaar]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{penmiss}} \\[\\[Ahmad Mendes Moreira\\|Mendes Moreira]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Stijn Meijer\\|Meijer]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Sander Fischer\\|Fischer]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Maastricht]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[De Geusselt]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| referee\\= \\[\\[Pol van Boekel\\|P. van Boekel]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/19/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/stichting\\-mvv/sbv\\-excelsior/3434308/\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}\n\t\t- {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\\| date \\= 19 January 2021\n\t\t\\| time \\= 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[SBV Vitesse\\|Vitesse]]\n\t\t\\| score \\= 2–1\n\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[ADO Den Haag]]'''\n\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Loïs Openda\\|Openda]] {{goal\\|25}}\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Matúš Bero\\|Bero]] {{goal\\|71}}\n\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\\* {{goal\\|81}} \\[\\[Amar Ćatić\\|Ćatić]]\n\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Arnhem]]\n\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[GelreDome]]\n\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\\| referee\\= D. Higler\n\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/19/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/sbv\\-vitesse/hfc\\-ado\\-den\\-haag/3434304/\n\t\t}}\n\t+ {{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 19 January 2021\n\t\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[FC Volendam]]''' (2\\)\n\t\\| score \\= 0–2\n\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[PSV Eindhoven\\|PSV]]\n\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\\* {{goal\\|51}} \\[\\[Noni Madueke\\|Madueke]]\n\t\\* {{goal\\|79\\|pen.}} \\[\\[Denzel Dumfries\\|Dumfries]]\n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Volendam]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Kras Stadion]]\n\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\\| referee\\= C. Bax\n\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/19/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/fc\\-volendam/psv\\-nv/3434303/\n\t}}\n\t\t- {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\\| date \\= 20 January 2021\n\t\t\\| time \\= 16:30 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[FC Emmen]]'''\n\t\t\\| score \\= 1–2\n\t\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[SC Heerenveen]]\n\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Sergio Peña (Peruvian footballer)\\|Peña]] {{goal\\|44}}\n\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\\* {{goal\\|72}} \\[\\[Benjamin Nygren\\|Nygren]]\n\t\t\\* {{goal\\|90\\|pen.}} \\[\\[Joey Veerman\\|Veerman]]\n\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Emmen, Netherlands\\|Emmen]]\n\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[De Oude Meerdijk]]\n\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\\| referee\\= S. Mulder\n\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/20/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/fc\\-emmen/sportclub\\-heerenveen/3434309/\n\t\t}}\n\t\t\t* + {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\t\\| date \\= 20 January 2021\n\t\t\t\t\\| time \\= 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Feyenoord]]\n\t\t\t\t\\| score \\= 3–2\n\t\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Heracles Almelo]]'''\n\t\t\t\t\\|goals1 \\=\n\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Luis Sinisterra\\|Sinisterra]] {{goal\\|45\\+2}}\n\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Bryan Linssen\\|Linssen]] {{goal\\|53}}\n\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Lutsharel Geertruida\\|Geertruida]] {{goal\\|84}}\n\t\t\t\t\\|goals2 \\=\n\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|33}} \\[\\[Delano Burgzorg\\|Burgzorg]]\n\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|90\\+2}} \\[\\[Adrián Szőke\\|Szőke]]\n\t\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Rotterdam]]\n\t\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[De Kuip]]\n\t\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\t\\| referee\\= J. Manschot\n\t\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/20/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/feyenoord\\-rotterdam\\-nv/stichting\\-heracles\\-almelo/3434307/\n\t\t\t\t}}\n* {{Football box collapsible\n\\| date \\= 20 January 2021\n\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[AZ Alkmaar\\|AZ]]'''\n\\| score \\= 0–1\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[AFC Ajax\\|Ajax]]\n\\| goals1\\=\n\\| goals2\\=\n\\* {{goal\\|34}} \\[\\[Zakaria Labyad\\|Labyad]]\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Alkmaar]]\n\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[AFAS Stadion]]\n\\| attendance\\= 0\n\\| referee\\= \\[\\[Jochem Kamphuis\\|J. Kamphuis]]\n\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/20/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/stichting\\-az/afc\\-ajax/3434305/\n}}\n\t+ - * {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\\| date \\= 21 January 2021\n\t\t\t\\| time \\= 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[NEC Nijmegen]] (2\\)\n\t\t\t\\| score \\= 3–2\n\t\t\t\\| aet \\= yes\n\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Fortuna Sittard]]'''\n\t\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Rangelo Janga\\|Janga]] {{goal\\|64}}\n\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Jordy Bruijn\\|Bruijn]] {{goal\\|97\\|pen.}}\n\t\t\t\\* Beekman {{goal\\|102}}\n\t\t\t\\| goals2\\=\n\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|60\\|\\|103}} \\[\\[Zian Flemming\\|Flemming]]\n\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Nijmegen]]\n\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Stadion de Goffert]]\n\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\\| referee\\= \\[\\[Kevin Blom\\|K. Blom]]\n\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/21/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/nijmegen\\-eendracht\\-combinatie/fortuna\\-sittard/3434306/\n\t\t\t}}\n* {{Football box collapsible\n\\| date \\= 21 January 2021\n\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[VVV\\-Venlo]]\n\\| score \\= 1–0\n\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Go Ahead Eagles]]''' (2\\)\n\\| goals1\\=\n\\* \\[\\[Aaron Bastiaans\\|Bastiaans]] {{goal\\|35}}\n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Venlo]]\n\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[De Koel]]\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\= R. Martens\n\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/21/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/vvv\\-venlo/stichting\\-go\\-ahead\\-eagles/3434310/\n}}",
"#### Quarter\\-finals",
"On 19 December 2020, the KNVB already performed a draw to determine which teams would be playing at home in the quarter\\-finals for organizational reasons. The second half of the draw was performed on 23 January 2021\\.{{Cite tweet \\|user\\=KNVB \\|number\\=1353096502911135746 \\|title\\=Dit is de loting voor de kwartfinales van de TOTO KNVB Beker!}}",
"{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date \\= 9 February 2021\n\\| time \\= 20:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[SBV Excelsior\\|Excelsior]]''' (2\\)\n\\| score \\= 0–1\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[SBV Vitesse\\|Vitesse]]\n\\| goals1\\=\n\\| goals2\\=\n{{goal\\|90\\+1}} \\[\\[Loïs Openda\\|Openda]]\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Rotterdam]]\n\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Van Donge \\& De Roo Stadion]]\n\\| attendance\\= 0\n\\| referee\\= D. Higler\n\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/02/09/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/sbv\\-excelsior/sbv\\-vitesse/3434319/\n}}\n* {{Football box collapsible\n\\| date \\= 10 February 2021\n\\| time \\= 20:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]The match was initially scheduled to start at 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]], but was changed to 20:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]] due to snow.\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[AFC Ajax\\|Ajax]]\n\\| score \\= 2–1\n\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[PSV Eindhoven\\|PSV]]'''\n\\| goals1\\=\n\\* \\[\\[Sébastien Haller\\|Haller]] {{goal\\|19\\|\\|24}}\n\\| goals2\\=\n{{goal\\|58\\|o.g.}} \\[\\[Jurriën Timber\\|Timber]]\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Amsterdam]]\n\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Johan Cruyff Arena]]\n\\| attendance\\= 0\n\\| referee\\= \\[\\[Serdar Gözübüyük\\|S. Gözübüyük]]\n\\| report\\= https://www.ajax.nl/artikelen/ajax\\-naar\\-halve\\-finale\\-knvb\\-beker\\-na\\-frivole\\-eerste\\-helft/\n}}\n\t+ - {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\\| date \\= 17 February 2021The match was initially scheduled to be held on 10 February 2021, 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]], but was postponed due to the pitch being frozen.\n\t\t\\| time \\= 16:30 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[NEC Nijmegen]]''' (2\\)\n\t\t\\| score \\= 1–2\n\t\t\\| aet\\= yes\n\t\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[VVV\\-Venlo]]\n\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Rangelo Janga\\|Janga]] {{goal\\|57}}\n\t\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\t\\* {{goal\\|23}} \\[\\[Giorgos Giakoumakis\\|Giakoumakis]]\n\t\t\\* {{goal\\|105}} \\[\\[Meritan Shabani\\|Shabani]]\n\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Almelo]]\n\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Erve Asito]]\n\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\\| referee\\= J. Manschot \n\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/02/10/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/nijmegen\\-eendracht\\-combinatie/vvv\\-venlo/3434321/\n\t\t}}\n\t\t\t* + - * {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| date \\= 17 February 2021The match was initially scheduled to be held on 11 February 2021, 20:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]], but was postponed due to the pitch being frozen.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| time \\= 18:45 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[SC Heerenveen]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| score \\= 4–3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Feyenoord]]'''\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals1 \\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Rami Kaib\\|Kaib]] {{goal\\|15}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Benjamin Nygren\\|Nygren]] {{goal\\|81}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Nick Marsman\\|Marsman]] {{goal\\|86\\|o.g.}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* \\[\\[Siem de Jong\\|De Jong]] {{goal\\|88}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| goals2 \\=\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|47}} \\[\\[Bryan Linssen\\|Linssen]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|57}} \\[\\[Steven Berghuis\\|Berghuis]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* {{goal\\|61}} \\[\\[Lutsharel Geertruida\\|Geertruida]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Heerenveen]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Abe Lenstra Stadion]]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| referee\\= S. Mulder\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/02/11/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/sportclub\\-heerenveen/feyenoord\\-rotterdam\\-nv/3434322/\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}}",
"#### Semi\\-finals",
"On 23 January 2021, the KNVB performed a draw to determine which teams would be playing at home in the semi\\-finals for organizational reasons. The second half of the draw was performed on 13 February 2021\\.\n* + {{Football box collapsible\n\t\\| date \\= 2 March 2021\n\t\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[SBV Vitesse\\|Vitesse]]\n\t\\| score \\= 2–0\n\t\\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[VVV\\-Venlo]]'''\n\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\\* \\[\\[Armando Broja\\|Broja]] {{goal\\|75}}\n\t\\* \\[\\[Oussama Tannane\\|Tannane]] {{goal\\|84}}\n\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Arnhem]]\n\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[GelreDome]]\n\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\\| referee\\= A. Lindhout\n\t\\| report\\= https://nl.soccerway.com/matches/2021/03/02/netherlands/knvb\\-beker/sbv\\-vitesse/vvv\\-venlo/3450530/\n\t}}\n\t\t- {{Football box collapsible\n\t\t\\| date \\= 3 March 2021\n\t\t\\| time \\= 21:00 \\[\\[Central European Time\\|CET]]\n\t\t\\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[SC Heerenveen]]'''\n\t\t\\| score \\= 0–3\n\t\t\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[AFC Ajax\\|Ajax]]\n\t\t\\| goals1\\=\n\t\t\\| goals2\\= \n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Davy Klaassen\\|Klaassen]] {{goal\\|19}}\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Dušan Tadić\\|Tadić]] {{goal\\|63\\|pen.}}\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[David Neres\\|Neres]] {{goal\\|77}}\n\t\t\\| location\\= \\[\\[Heerenveen]]\n\t\t\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Abe Lenstra Stadion]]\n\t\t\\| attendance\\= 0\n\t\t\\| referee\\= \\[\\[Bas Nijhuis]]\n\t\t\\| report\\= https://www.ajax.nl/artikelen/ajax\\-naar\\-finale\\-knvb\\-beker\\-na\\-simpele\\-zege/\n\t\t}}",
"#### Final",
"{{main\\|2021 KNVB Cup Final}}\n{{:2021 KNVB Cup Final}}",
""
] |
### Preliminary rounds
The draw for the first two preliminary rounds was performed on 23 July 2020 at 19:00 CEST, and was broadcast live on YouTube.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.totoknvbbeker.nl/nieuws/toto\-knvb\-beker/donderdag\-live\-loting\-kwalificatierondes\|title\=Donderdag live loting kwalificatierondes\|publisher\=KNVB\|lang\=nl\|date\=23 July 2020\|access\-date\=28 July 2020}} The draw was conducted by Martijn van Oers, player of DWOW, the lowest ranked club that qualified for the Cup this season.
#### First preliminary round
60 amateur teams qualified for this stage: 24 teams which qualified through the 2019–20 district cup tournaments and 36 teams from the [2020–21 Derde Divisie](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Derde_Divisie "2020–21 Derde Divisie"). The draw was performed on 23 July 2020\.{{Cite web\|title\=AFC op bezoek bij Spakenburg, TEC zeker van 1e ronde\|url\=https://www.totoknvbbeker.nl/nieuws/toto\-knvb\-beker/afc\-op\-bezoek\-bij\-spakenburg\-tec\-zeker\-van\-1e\-ronde\|access\-date\=23 August 2020\|website\=TOTO KNVB Beker\|date\=23 July 2020\|lang\=nl}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 14:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[VV Capelle]] (5\)
\| score\= 4–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[VV Hoogland]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Capelle aan den IJssel]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark 't Slot
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 14:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''Cluzona''' (7\)
\| score\= 0–4
\| team2\= \[\[Sparta Nijkerk]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Wouw]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Doelen
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 14:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[DVS '33]] (4\)
\| score\= 3–1
\| team2\= '''\[\[VV Dongen]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Ermelo, Netherlands\|Ermelo]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark DVS '33
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 14:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[FC Rijnvogels]] (5\)
\| score\= 1–1
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[JOS Watergraafsmeer]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| penaltyscore\= 4–2
\| location\= \[\[Katwijk aan den Rijn]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Kooltuin
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 14:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VVOG]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 0–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[RKVV DEM]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Harderwijk]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Strokel
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 15:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[HSV Hoek]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 1–3
\| team2\= \[\[OFC Oostzaan]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Hoek, Zeeland\|Hoek]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Denoek
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 15:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Harkemase Boys]] (4\)
\| score\= 6–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[USV Hercules]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Harkema]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Bosk
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 15:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Ter Leede]] (4\)
\| score\= 6–2
\| team2\= '''VV Hoogezand''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Sassenheim]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Roodemolen
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[DOS Kampen]] (6\)
\| score\= 0–0
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[RKVV EVV]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| penaltyscore\= 5–4
\| location\= \[\[Kampen, Overijssel\|Kampen]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Maten
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[BVV Barendrecht]] (4\)
\| score\= 5–0
\| team2\= '''RKVV Erp''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Barendrecht]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Bongerd
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[VV GOES]] (4\)
\| score\= 1–0
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[Sportlust '46]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Goes]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Het Schenge
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''DWOW''' (8\)
\| score\= 2–5
\| team2\= \[\[VV Buitenpost]] (5\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Wieringerwerf]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Wilskracht
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= DTS '35 Ede (6\)
\| score\= 4–0
\| team2\= '''RKVV Best Vooruit''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Ede, Netherlands\|Ede]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Inschoten
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''DUNO D''' (5\)
\| score\= 1–3
\| team2\= \[\[VV UNA]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Doorwerth]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Waayenberg
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[Asser Christelijke Voetbalvereniging\|ACV]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 0–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[VV Gemert]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Assen]]
\| stadium\= Catawiki Sportpark
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Roda '46]] (6\)
\| score\= 1–1
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[ADO '20]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| penaltyscore\= 4–3
\| location\= \[\[Leusden]]
\| stadium\= Burgemeester Buiningpark
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''AWC''' (5\)
\| score\= 3–4
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[ODIN '59]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Wijchen]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Wijchert
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV Hoogeveen]]''' (5\)
\| score\= 2–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[VV DOVO]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| penaltyscore\= 1–4
\| location\= \[\[Hoogeveen]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Bentinckspark
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[SteDoCo]] (4\)
\| score\= 10–0
\| team2\= '''SV Den Hoorn''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Hoornaar]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark SteDoCo
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[HVV Hollandia]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 0–0
\|penaltyscore\=1–3\| report\=
\| team2\= \[\[Flevo Boys]] (5\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\|aet\=yes\| location\= \[\[Hoorn]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Juliana
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[VV Sliedrecht]] (6\)
\| score\= 2–2
\| penaltyscore\=4–3
\| team2\= '''\[\[VVSB]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\|aet\=yes\| location\= \[\[Sliedrecht]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Lockhorst
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV Scherpenzeel]]''' (5\)
\| score\= 2–3
\| team2\= \[\[RKSV Groene Ster]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Scherpenzeel, Gelderland\|Scherpenzeel]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Bree\-Oost
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Oss '20]] (4\)
\| score\= 5–2
\| team2\= '''\[\[AFC Ajax (amateurs)\|Ajax (amateur team)]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Oss]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark de Rusheuvel
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[VV Staphorst]] (4\)
\| score\= 2–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[HSC '21]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Staphorst]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Het Noorderslag
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Excelsior '31]] (4\)
\| score\= 3–0
\| team2\= '''SC Susteren''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Rijssen]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Koerbelt
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[Amsterdamsche FC\|AFC (Saturday team)]]''' (6\)
\| score\= 1–2
\| team2\= \[\[GVV Unitas]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Amsterdam]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Goed Genoeg
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 17:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[FC Lisse]] (4\)
\| score\= 3–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[Blauw Geel '38]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Lisse]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Ter Specke
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Achilles Veen]] (5\)
\| score\= 5–0
\| team2\= '''NWC''' (7\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Veen (Netherlands)\|Veen]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Hanen Weide
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 29 August 2020
\| time\= 18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''SVC'08''' (7\)
\| score\= 1–5
\| team2\= \[\[HV \& CV Quick\|Quick]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Wassenaar]]
\| stadium\= Oostersportpark
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 30 August 2020
\| time\= 14:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[RKVV Westlandia]] (4\)
\| score\= 4–1
\| team2\= '''\[\[SV Venray]]''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Naaldwijk]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Hoge Bomen
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
#### Second preliminary round
In the second preliminary round, 14 teams from the [Tweede Divisie](/wiki/Tweede_Divisie "Tweede Divisie") enter the tournament, as the two teams that won a period title in the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Tweede_Divisie "2019–20 Tweede Divisie") ([IJsselmeervogels](/wiki/IJsselmeervogels "IJsselmeervogels") and [VV Katwijk](/wiki/VV_Katwijk "VV Katwijk")) got a bye to the first round.
Since last season, teams who qualify for the group stage of the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") and the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") get a bye to the second round, leaving empty spots in the first round. However, as this season the draw for the second preliminary round was made before the end of the qualifying rounds and play\-off rounds of both European competitions, it was not known yet how many Dutch clubs reached the group stage of both competitions. At the time of the draw, only [Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax "AFC Ajax") and [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord "Feyenoord") were assured of that, so the winners of match 27 in the first preliminary round (who turned out to be [Quick](/wiki/HV_%26_CV_Quick "HV & CV Quick")) and [SV TEC](/wiki/SV_TEC "SV TEC") were drawn a bye to compensate.
The [Royal Dutch Football Association](/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Football_Association "Royal Dutch Football Association") solved the rest of the puzzle by hold a worst\-case\-scenario into account, therefore the last three matches drawn are subject of the performances of [AZ](/wiki/AZ_Alkmaar "AZ Alkmaar"), [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven "PSV Eindhoven") and [Willem II](/wiki/Willem_II_%28football_club%29 "Willem II (football club)") in the qualifying rounds of the [2020–21 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Champions_League "2020–21 UEFA Champions League") and the [2020–21 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Europa_League "2020–21 UEFA Europa League"). If all three of them qualify for the group stage, then all matches will be played as normal. If one of them fail to qualify, match 21 will not be played. If two of them fail to qualify, match 20 will also not be played, and if all three teams fail to qualify, match 19 will not be played as well. All the teams of the matches that will not be played will be given byes to the first round.
AZ won their match in the second qualifying round (League Route) of the Champions League on 26 August, assuring the Europa League group stage at worst in the process. This simultaneously assured match 19 in the second preliminary round to go ahead and placed AZ in the second round instead of the first round.
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV Buitenpost]]''' (5\)
\| score\= 1–1
\| aet\= yes
\| penaltyscore\= 5–6
\| team2\= \[\[VV Capelle]] (5\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Buitenpost]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Swadde
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[FC Lisse]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 0–3
\| team2\= \[\[SteDoCo]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Lisse]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Ter Specke
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV DOVO]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 0–1
\| team2\= \[\[DVS '33]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Veenendaal]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Panhuis
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[OFC Oostzaan]] (4\)
\| score\= 7–1
\| team2\= '''\[\[DOS Kampen]]''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Oostzaan]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark OFC
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV Noordwijk]]''' (3\)
\| score\= 2–3
\| aet\=yes
\| team2\= \[\[VV Sliedrecht]] (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Noordwijk]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Sportpark Duinwetering]]
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[VV Staphorst]] (4\)
\| score\= 5–2
\| team2\= '''\[\[ASWH]]''' (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Staphorst]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Het Noorderslag
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 13 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Quick Boys]] (3\)
\| score\= 5–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[Roda '46]]''' (6\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Katwijk aan Zee]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Nieuw Zuid
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[De Treffers]]''' (3\)
\| score\= 1–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[BVV Barendrecht]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Groesbeek]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Zuid
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=17:30 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[VV GOES]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 1–1
\| aet\= yes
\| penaltyscore\= 15–16
\| team2\= \[\[ODIN '59]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Goes]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Het Schenge
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[FC Rijnvogels]]''' (5\)
\| score\= 2–4
\| team2\= \[\[VV UNA]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Katwijk]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark de Kooltuin
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Kozakken Boys]] (3\)
\| score\= 1–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[RKVV DEM]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Werkendam]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Zwaaier
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Achilles Veen]] (5\)
\| score\= 2–0
\| team2\= '''\[\[VV Gemert]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\=\[\[Veen (Netherlands)\|Veen]]
\| stadium\=Sportpark De Hanen Weide
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[HHC Hardenberg]] (3\)
\| score\= 3–2
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[GVVV]]''' (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Hardenberg]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Boshoek
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[SV Spakenburg]]''' (3\)
\| score\= 0–1
\| team2\= \[\[Amsterdamsche FC\|AFC (Sunday team)]] (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Spakenburg]]
\| stadium\= \[\[Sportpark De Westmaat]]
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[Koninklijke HFC]]''' (3\)
\| score\= 0–1
\| team2\= \[\[Oss '20]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Haarlem]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Spanjaardslaan
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= DTS '35 Ede (6\)
\| score\= 3–1
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= '''\[\[GVV Unitas]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Ede, Netherlands\|Ede]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Inschoten
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Excelsior Maassluis]] (3\)
\| score\= 4–1
\| team2\= '''\[\[Ter Leede]]''' (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Maassluis]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark Dijkpolder
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= \[\[Harkemase Boys]] (4\)
\| score\= 5–2
\| team2\= '''\[\[Flevo Boys]]''' (5\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Harkema]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Bosk
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 7 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[Excelsior '31]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 2–3
\| aet\= yes
\| team2\= \[\[RKSV Groene Ster]] (4\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\=\[\[Rijssen]]
\| stadium\=Sportpark De Koerbelt
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
\| date\= 6 October 2020
\| time\=18:00 \[\[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]]
\| team1\= '''\[\[Sparta Nijkerk]]''' (4\)
\| score\= 2–3
\| team2\= \[\[Rijnsburgse Boys]] (3\)
\| goals1\=
\| goals2\=
\| location\= \[\[Nijkerk]]
\| stadium\= Sportpark De Ebbenhorst
\| attendance\=
\| referee\=
\| report\=
}}
|
[
"### Preliminary rounds",
"The draw for the first two preliminary rounds was performed on 23 July 2020 at 19:00 CEST, and was broadcast live on YouTube.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.totoknvbbeker.nl/nieuws/toto\\-knvb\\-beker/donderdag\\-live\\-loting\\-kwalificatierondes\\|title\\=Donderdag live loting kwalificatierondes\\|publisher\\=KNVB\\|lang\\=nl\\|date\\=23 July 2020\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2020}} The draw was conducted by Martijn van Oers, player of DWOW, the lowest ranked club that qualified for the Cup this season.",
"#### First preliminary round",
"60 amateur teams qualified for this stage: 24 teams which qualified through the 2019–20 district cup tournaments and 36 teams from the [2020–21 Derde Divisie](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Derde_Divisie \"2020–21 Derde Divisie\"). The draw was performed on 23 July 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=AFC op bezoek bij Spakenburg, TEC zeker van 1e ronde\\|url\\=https://www.totoknvbbeker.nl/nieuws/toto\\-knvb\\-beker/afc\\-op\\-bezoek\\-bij\\-spakenburg\\-tec\\-zeker\\-van\\-1e\\-ronde\\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2020\\|website\\=TOTO KNVB Beker\\|date\\=23 July 2020\\|lang\\=nl}}",
"{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[VV Capelle]] (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 4–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[VV Hoogland]]''' (4\\) \n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Capelle aan den IJssel]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark 't Slot\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''Cluzona''' (7\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–4\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[Sparta Nijkerk]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Wouw]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Doelen \n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[DVS '33]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–1\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[VV Dongen]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Ermelo, Netherlands\\|Ermelo]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark DVS '33\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[FC Rijnvogels]] (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–1\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[JOS Watergraafsmeer]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| penaltyscore\\= 4–2\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Katwijk aan den Rijn]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Kooltuin\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VVOG]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–2\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[RKVV DEM]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Harderwijk]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Strokel\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 15:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[HSV Hoek]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–3\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[OFC Oostzaan]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hoek, Zeeland\\|Hoek]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Denoek\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 15:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Harkemase Boys]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 6–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[USV Hercules]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Harkema]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Bosk\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 15:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Ter Leede]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 6–2\n\\| team2\\= '''VV Hoogezand''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Sassenheim]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Roodemolen\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[DOS Kampen]] (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–0\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[RKVV EVV]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| penaltyscore\\= 5–4\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Kampen, Overijssel\\|Kampen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Maten\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[BVV Barendrecht]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–0\n\\| team2\\= '''RKVV Erp''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Barendrecht]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Bongerd\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[VV GOES]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–0\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[Sportlust '46]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Goes]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Het Schenge\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''DWOW''' (8\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–5\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV Buitenpost]] (5\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Wieringerwerf]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Wilskracht\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= DTS '35 Ede (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 4–0\n\\| team2\\= '''RKVV Best Vooruit''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Ede, Netherlands\\|Ede]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Inschoten\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''DUNO D''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–3\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV UNA]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Doorwerth]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Waayenberg\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[Asser Christelijke Voetbalvereniging\\|ACV]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–2\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV Gemert]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Assen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Catawiki Sportpark\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Roda '46]] (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–1\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[ADO '20]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| penaltyscore\\= 4–3\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Leusden]]\n\\| stadium\\= Burgemeester Buiningpark\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''AWC''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–4\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[ODIN '59]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Wijchen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Wijchert\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV Hoogeveen]]''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–2\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV DOVO]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| penaltyscore\\= 1–4\n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hoogeveen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Bentinckspark\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[SteDoCo]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 10–0\n\\| team2\\= '''SV Den Hoorn''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hoornaar]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark SteDoCo\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[HVV Hollandia]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–0\n\\|penaltyscore\\=1–3\\| report\\=\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[Flevo Boys]] (5\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\|aet\\=yes\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hoorn]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Juliana\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[VV Sliedrecht]] (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–2\n\\| penaltyscore\\=4–3\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[VVSB]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\|aet\\=yes\\| location\\= \\[\\[Sliedrecht]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Lockhorst\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV Scherpenzeel]]''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–3\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[RKSV Groene Ster]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Scherpenzeel, Gelderland\\|Scherpenzeel]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Bree\\-Oost\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Oss '20]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–2\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[AFC Ajax (amateurs)\\|Ajax (amateur team)]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Oss]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark de Rusheuvel\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[VV Staphorst]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[HSC '21]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Staphorst]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Het Noorderslag\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Excelsior '31]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–0\n\\| team2\\= '''SC Susteren''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Rijssen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Koerbelt\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[Amsterdamsche FC\\|AFC (Saturday team)]]''' (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–2\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[GVV Unitas]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Amsterdam]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Goed Genoeg\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 17:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[FC Lisse]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[Blauw Geel '38]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Lisse]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Ter Specke\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Achilles Veen]] (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–0\n\\| team2\\= '''NWC''' (7\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Veen (Netherlands)\\|Veen]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Hanen Weide\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 29 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= '''SVC'08''' (7\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–5\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[HV \\& CV Quick\\|Quick]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Wassenaar]]\n\\| stadium\\= Oostersportpark\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 30 August 2020\n\\| time\\= 14:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]]\n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[RKVV Westlandia]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 4–1\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[SV Venray]]''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Naaldwijk]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Hoge Bomen\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}",
"#### Second preliminary round",
"In the second preliminary round, 14 teams from the [Tweede Divisie](/wiki/Tweede_Divisie \"Tweede Divisie\") enter the tournament, as the two teams that won a period title in the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Tweede_Divisie \"2019–20 Tweede Divisie\") ([IJsselmeervogels](/wiki/IJsselmeervogels \"IJsselmeervogels\") and [VV Katwijk](/wiki/VV_Katwijk \"VV Katwijk\")) got a bye to the first round.",
"Since last season, teams who qualify for the group stage of the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") and the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") get a bye to the second round, leaving empty spots in the first round. However, as this season the draw for the second preliminary round was made before the end of the qualifying rounds and play\\-off rounds of both European competitions, it was not known yet how many Dutch clubs reached the group stage of both competitions. At the time of the draw, only [Ajax](/wiki/AFC_Ajax \"AFC Ajax\") and [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord \"Feyenoord\") were assured of that, so the winners of match 27 in the first preliminary round (who turned out to be [Quick](/wiki/HV_%26_CV_Quick \"HV & CV Quick\")) and [SV TEC](/wiki/SV_TEC \"SV TEC\") were drawn a bye to compensate.",
"The [Royal Dutch Football Association](/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Football_Association \"Royal Dutch Football Association\") solved the rest of the puzzle by hold a worst\\-case\\-scenario into account, therefore the last three matches drawn are subject of the performances of [AZ](/wiki/AZ_Alkmaar \"AZ Alkmaar\"), [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven \"PSV Eindhoven\") and [Willem II](/wiki/Willem_II_%28football_club%29 \"Willem II (football club)\") in the qualifying rounds of the [2020–21 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Champions_League \"2020–21 UEFA Champions League\") and the [2020–21 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Europa_League \"2020–21 UEFA Europa League\"). If all three of them qualify for the group stage, then all matches will be played as normal. If one of them fail to qualify, match 21 will not be played. If two of them fail to qualify, match 20 will also not be played, and if all three teams fail to qualify, match 19 will not be played as well. All the teams of the matches that will not be played will be given byes to the first round.",
"AZ won their match in the second qualifying round (League Route) of the Champions League on 26 August, assuring the Europa League group stage at worst in the process. This simultaneously assured match 19 in the second preliminary round to go ahead and placed AZ in the second round instead of the first round.",
"{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV Buitenpost]]''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–1\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| penaltyscore\\= 5–6\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV Capelle]] (5\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Buitenpost]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Swadde\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[FC Lisse]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–3\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[SteDoCo]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Lisse]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Ter Specke\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV DOVO]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–1\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[DVS '33]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Veenendaal]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Panhuis\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[OFC Oostzaan]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 7–1\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[DOS Kampen]]''' (6\\) \n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Oostzaan]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark OFC\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV Noordwijk]]''' (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–3\n\\| aet\\=yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV Sliedrecht]] (6\\) \n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Noordwijk]]\n\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Sportpark Duinwetering]]\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[VV Staphorst]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–2\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[ASWH]]''' (3\\) \n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Staphorst]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Het Noorderslag\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 13 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Quick Boys]] (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[Roda '46]]''' (6\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Katwijk aan Zee]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Nieuw Zuid\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[De Treffers]]''' (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–2\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[BVV Barendrecht]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Groesbeek]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Zuid\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=17:30 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[VV GOES]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–1\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| penaltyscore\\= 15–16\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[ODIN '59]] (4\\) \n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Goes]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Het Schenge\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[FC Rijnvogels]]''' (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–4\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[VV UNA]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Katwijk]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark de Kooltuin\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Kozakken Boys]] (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 1–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[RKVV DEM]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Werkendam]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Zwaaier\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Achilles Veen]] (5\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–0\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[VV Gemert]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\=\\[\\[Veen (Netherlands)\\|Veen]] \n\\| stadium\\=Sportpark De Hanen Weide \n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[HHC Hardenberg]] (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–2\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[GVVV]]''' (3\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Hardenberg]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Boshoek\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[SV Spakenburg]]''' (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–1\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[Amsterdamsche FC\\|AFC (Sunday team)]] (3\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Spakenburg]]\n\\| stadium\\= \\[\\[Sportpark De Westmaat]]\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[Koninklijke HFC]]''' (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 0–1\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[Oss '20]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Haarlem]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Spanjaardslaan\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= DTS '35 Ede (6\\)\n\\| score\\= 3–1\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[GVV Unitas]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Ede, Netherlands\\|Ede]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Inschoten\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Excelsior Maassluis]] (3\\)\n\\| score\\= 4–1\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[Ter Leede]]''' (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Maassluis]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark Dijkpolder\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= \\[\\[Harkemase Boys]] (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 5–2\n\\| team2\\= '''\\[\\[Flevo Boys]]''' (5\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Harkema]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Bosk\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 7 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[Excelsior '31]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–3\n\\| aet\\= yes\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[RKSV Groene Ster]] (4\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\=\\[\\[Rijssen]] \n\\| stadium\\=Sportpark De Koerbelt \n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}\n{{Football box collapsible\n\\| date\\= 6 October 2020\n\\| time\\=18:00 \\[\\[Central European Summer Time\\|CEST]] \n\\| team1\\= '''\\[\\[Sparta Nijkerk]]''' (4\\)\n\\| score\\= 2–3\n\\| team2\\= \\[\\[Rijnsburgse Boys]] (3\\)\n\\| goals1\\= \n\\| goals2\\= \n\\| location\\= \\[\\[Nijkerk]]\n\\| stadium\\= Sportpark De Ebbenhorst\n\\| attendance\\=\n\\| referee\\=\n\\| report\\=\n}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
In [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), junior [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") officer Matt Weston is serving as a "housekeeper", an operative in charge of securing and maintaining a local CIA [safe house](/wiki/Safe_house "Safe house") in case of an operation. He calls his mentor and immediate superior David Barlow, inquiring about a station in Paris. He hopes to move there with his live\-in girlfriend Ana, a young French physician about to start her residency. Barlow tells him he is likely underqualified for the position, which frustrates Matt as he has not had a "houseguest" during his year\-long tenure and thus has been unable to gain field experience. Barlow promises to revisit the issue in a few months.
Elsewhere in Cape Town, ex\-CIA [NOC](/wiki/Non-official_cover "Non-official cover") operative turned international criminal Tobin Frost acquires a [data storage device](/wiki/Data_storage_device "Data storage device") from rogue [MI6](/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service "Secret Intelligence Service") officer Alec Wade. A team of mercenaries attacks them and kills Wade. Frost flees and, out of options, surrenders to the American consulate.
A team led by veteran Daniel Kiefer transfers Frost to Weston's safe house in order to interrogate him for intelligence before he returns to the US. Weston watches uneasily as Kiefer's team [waterboards](/wiki/Waterboarding "Waterboarding") Frost. The mercenaries, led by Vargas, attack the safe house and kill Kiefer and his team. Weston escapes with Frost and heads to the U.S. Consulate.
En route, Weston contacts Barlow at [CIA headquarters](/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence "George Bush Center for Intelligence") in [Langley, Virginia](/wiki/Langley%2C_Virginia "Langley, Virginia"), along with Catherine Linklater, the operative in charge of Frost's interrogation and Kiefer's superior, and CIA Deputy Director Harlan Whitford, who is overseeing the operation. Linklater, under advisement from Barlow, orders Weston to lie low and await further instructions.
Weston contacts Ana, giving her a cover story that his office has been threatened and suggesting she stay with friends when it appears their apartment is under surveillance. Barlow tells him to go to [Cape Town Stadium](/wiki/Cape_Town_Stadium "Cape Town Stadium") where he retrieves a GPS device containing the location of another safe house, but Frost creates a diversion and escapes. Weston, detained by the police, escapes and is forced to fire at them.
Frost's escape is reported. After hearing that Weston fired at the police, Linklater orders him to visit the nearest American embassy for debriefing. When Whitford tells him, "We'll take it from here", Weston decides to pursue Frost himself as Frost had warned him that when he heard that particular sentence is when Weston should become concerned about his own safety. Linklater and Barlow travel to South Africa. Linklater suggests that Weston has joined Frost, which Barlow refutes.
Weston tracks Frost to a [township](/wiki/Township_%28South_Africa%29 "Township (South Africa)") in [Langa](/wiki/Langa%2C_Western_Cape "Langa, Western Cape"), where Frost meets Carlos Villar, an old friend and document forger, who provides him with travel documents but suggests that he leave his life of crime behind. Vargas' team attacks again, killing Carlos and his family, but Weston helps Frost escape.
Weston brutally interrogates one of Vargas' wounded mercenaries, who reveals that Vargas is working for the CIA, which is seeking to retrieve the storage device from Frost. As they bandage their wounds, Frost urges Weston not to kill innocent people, telling the story of how he was forced to kill an air traffic controller while on a mission. He later learned that he was simply part of a plot to assassinate a whistle\-blower who would expose [wetwork](/wiki/Wetwork "Wetwork") committed by the CIA.
Weston takes Frost to the new safe house, where Weston keeps the housekeeper, Keller, at gunpoint. Keller attacks and severely wounds Weston before Weston kills him. Frost reveals the device contains evidence of corruption and bribery involving the CIA, [MI6](/wiki/MI6 "MI6"), and other intelligence agencies, put together from a [Mossad](/wiki/Mossad "Mossad") intelligence report. Frost leaves Weston, who passes out from blood loss.
Barlow kills Linklater and travels to the safe house where he reveals that he is Vargas' employer. He confirms that the file contains incriminating evidence against him, and encourages Weston to lie about what has happened. Frost returns and kills Vargas' team but is fatally wounded by Barlow. Weston then shoots and kills him. As he dies, Frost gives Weston the file, saying he is a better man than Frost.
Back in the United States, Weston meets with Director Whitford, who informs him that unflattering facts about the CIA must be removed from his report, but that he will be promoted. When asked about the file's location, Weston denies knowing about it. Whitford states that whoever has those files will have many enemies. Weston assures him that he will "take it from here,“ shakes Whitford's hand, and leaves.
Weston leaks the files to the media, incriminating personnel from many intelligence agencies, including Whitford. He then travels to Paris and covertly observes Ana while she sits with friends in a cafe. She notices him across the street and smiles before he walks away, content that she is safe.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), junior [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") officer Matt Weston is serving as a \"housekeeper\", an operative in charge of securing and maintaining a local CIA [safe house](/wiki/Safe_house \"Safe house\") in case of an operation. He calls his mentor and immediate superior David Barlow, inquiring about a station in Paris. He hopes to move there with his live\\-in girlfriend Ana, a young French physician about to start her residency. Barlow tells him he is likely underqualified for the position, which frustrates Matt as he has not had a \"houseguest\" during his year\\-long tenure and thus has been unable to gain field experience. Barlow promises to revisit the issue in a few months.",
"Elsewhere in Cape Town, ex\\-CIA [NOC](/wiki/Non-official_cover \"Non-official cover\") operative turned international criminal Tobin Frost acquires a [data storage device](/wiki/Data_storage_device \"Data storage device\") from rogue [MI6](/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service \"Secret Intelligence Service\") officer Alec Wade. A team of mercenaries attacks them and kills Wade. Frost flees and, out of options, surrenders to the American consulate.",
"A team led by veteran Daniel Kiefer transfers Frost to Weston's safe house in order to interrogate him for intelligence before he returns to the US. Weston watches uneasily as Kiefer's team [waterboards](/wiki/Waterboarding \"Waterboarding\") Frost. The mercenaries, led by Vargas, attack the safe house and kill Kiefer and his team. Weston escapes with Frost and heads to the U.S. Consulate.",
"En route, Weston contacts Barlow at [CIA headquarters](/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence \"George Bush Center for Intelligence\") in [Langley, Virginia](/wiki/Langley%2C_Virginia \"Langley, Virginia\"), along with Catherine Linklater, the operative in charge of Frost's interrogation and Kiefer's superior, and CIA Deputy Director Harlan Whitford, who is overseeing the operation. Linklater, under advisement from Barlow, orders Weston to lie low and await further instructions.",
"Weston contacts Ana, giving her a cover story that his office has been threatened and suggesting she stay with friends when it appears their apartment is under surveillance. Barlow tells him to go to [Cape Town Stadium](/wiki/Cape_Town_Stadium \"Cape Town Stadium\") where he retrieves a GPS device containing the location of another safe house, but Frost creates a diversion and escapes. Weston, detained by the police, escapes and is forced to fire at them.",
"Frost's escape is reported. After hearing that Weston fired at the police, Linklater orders him to visit the nearest American embassy for debriefing. When Whitford tells him, \"We'll take it from here\", Weston decides to pursue Frost himself as Frost had warned him that when he heard that particular sentence is when Weston should become concerned about his own safety. Linklater and Barlow travel to South Africa. Linklater suggests that Weston has joined Frost, which Barlow refutes.",
"Weston tracks Frost to a [township](/wiki/Township_%28South_Africa%29 \"Township (South Africa)\") in [Langa](/wiki/Langa%2C_Western_Cape \"Langa, Western Cape\"), where Frost meets Carlos Villar, an old friend and document forger, who provides him with travel documents but suggests that he leave his life of crime behind. Vargas' team attacks again, killing Carlos and his family, but Weston helps Frost escape.",
"Weston brutally interrogates one of Vargas' wounded mercenaries, who reveals that Vargas is working for the CIA, which is seeking to retrieve the storage device from Frost. As they bandage their wounds, Frost urges Weston not to kill innocent people, telling the story of how he was forced to kill an air traffic controller while on a mission. He later learned that he was simply part of a plot to assassinate a whistle\\-blower who would expose [wetwork](/wiki/Wetwork \"Wetwork\") committed by the CIA.",
"Weston takes Frost to the new safe house, where Weston keeps the housekeeper, Keller, at gunpoint. Keller attacks and severely wounds Weston before Weston kills him. Frost reveals the device contains evidence of corruption and bribery involving the CIA, [MI6](/wiki/MI6 \"MI6\"), and other intelligence agencies, put together from a [Mossad](/wiki/Mossad \"Mossad\") intelligence report. Frost leaves Weston, who passes out from blood loss.",
"Barlow kills Linklater and travels to the safe house where he reveals that he is Vargas' employer. He confirms that the file contains incriminating evidence against him, and encourages Weston to lie about what has happened. Frost returns and kills Vargas' team but is fatally wounded by Barlow. Weston then shoots and kills him. As he dies, Frost gives Weston the file, saying he is a better man than Frost.",
"Back in the United States, Weston meets with Director Whitford, who informs him that unflattering facts about the CIA must be removed from his report, but that he will be promoted. When asked about the file's location, Weston denies knowing about it. Whitford states that whoever has those files will have many enemies. Weston assures him that he will \"take it from here,“ shakes Whitford's hand, and leaves.",
"Weston leaks the files to the media, incriminating personnel from many intelligence agencies, including Whitford. He then travels to Paris and covertly observes Ana while she sits with friends in a cafe. She notices him across the street and smiles before he walks away, content that she is safe.",
""
] |
Life and work
-------------
His father, Daniel Jacob Westermayr (1734–1788\), was a [goldsmith](/wiki/Goldsmith "Goldsmith"). He learned the craft from him, while attending the {{ill\|Staatliche Zeichenakademie Hanau\|de\|lt\=State Drawing Academy}}. At first, he focused on creating portraits, as the best source of income. In 1788, he enrolled at the [Kunsthochschule Kassel](/wiki/Kunsthochschule_Kassel "Kunsthochschule Kassel"), to continue his studies with one of the numerous members of the [Tischbein family](/wiki/Tischbein_family "Tischbein family"); most likely [Johann Heinrich Tischbein](/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Tischbein "Johann Heinrich Tischbein"). His first oil paintings were copies of the [Old Masters](/wiki/Old_Masters "Old Masters").
After 1791, Westermayr studied in [Weimar](/wiki/Weimar "Weimar"), with the copper engraver, [Johann Heinrich Lips](/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lips "Johann Heinrich Lips"). Later, he made engraved copies of larger works by other artists, and worked for the publishing house, "Industrie\-Kontor", owned by [Friedrich Justin Bertuch](/wiki/Friedrich_Justin_Bertuch "Friedrich Justin Bertuch"). He went to [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden "Dresden") in 1795, to further his skills in landscape painting. In 1800, he returned to Weimar and married {{ill\|Christiane Henriette Dorothea Westermayr\|de\|lt\=Henriette Stötzer}}, an artist who had also worked for Bertuch.
Westermayr was named a professor at the Hanau Academy in 1806\. The old city gates were demolished that year, and his drawings provide the only visual record of them. In 1808, he became a member of the {{ill\|Wetterauische Gesellschaft\|de}}, a scientific society, for which he drew minerals and other natural objects. Not long after, he became the academy's Director, a position he held for the rest of his life. In 1813, he made several paintings and engravings of the [Battle of Hanau](/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau "Battle of Hanau").
Despite these activities, his focus was on promoting his students, one of which was [Moritz Daniel Oppenheim](/wiki/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim "Moritz Daniel Oppenheim"), considered to be one of the first modern Jewish painters.
Westermayr died in 1834, at the age of sixty\-nine. He and Henriette had no children. Over 500 of his plates have been preserved at the {{ill\|Historisches Museum Hanau Schloss Philippsruhe\|de\|lt\=Hanau Historical Museum}}.
|
[
"Life and work\n-------------",
"His father, Daniel Jacob Westermayr (1734–1788\\), was a [goldsmith](/wiki/Goldsmith \"Goldsmith\"). He learned the craft from him, while attending the {{ill\\|Staatliche Zeichenakademie Hanau\\|de\\|lt\\=State Drawing Academy}}. At first, he focused on creating portraits, as the best source of income. In 1788, he enrolled at the [Kunsthochschule Kassel](/wiki/Kunsthochschule_Kassel \"Kunsthochschule Kassel\"), to continue his studies with one of the numerous members of the [Tischbein family](/wiki/Tischbein_family \"Tischbein family\"); most likely [Johann Heinrich Tischbein](/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Tischbein \"Johann Heinrich Tischbein\"). His first oil paintings were copies of the [Old Masters](/wiki/Old_Masters \"Old Masters\").",
"After 1791, Westermayr studied in [Weimar](/wiki/Weimar \"Weimar\"), with the copper engraver, [Johann Heinrich Lips](/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lips \"Johann Heinrich Lips\"). Later, he made engraved copies of larger works by other artists, and worked for the publishing house, \"Industrie\\-Kontor\", owned by [Friedrich Justin Bertuch](/wiki/Friedrich_Justin_Bertuch \"Friedrich Justin Bertuch\"). He went to [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\") in 1795, to further his skills in landscape painting. In 1800, he returned to Weimar and married {{ill\\|Christiane Henriette Dorothea Westermayr\\|de\\|lt\\=Henriette Stötzer}}, an artist who had also worked for Bertuch.",
"Westermayr was named a professor at the Hanau Academy in 1806\\. The old city gates were demolished that year, and his drawings provide the only visual record of them. In 1808, he became a member of the {{ill\\|Wetterauische Gesellschaft\\|de}}, a scientific society, for which he drew minerals and other natural objects. Not long after, he became the academy's Director, a position he held for the rest of his life. In 1813, he made several paintings and engravings of the [Battle of Hanau](/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau \"Battle of Hanau\").",
"Despite these activities, his focus was on promoting his students, one of which was [Moritz Daniel Oppenheim](/wiki/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim \"Moritz Daniel Oppenheim\"), considered to be one of the first modern Jewish painters.",
"Westermayr died in 1834, at the age of sixty\\-nine. He and Henriette had no children. Over 500 of his plates have been preserved at the {{ill\\|Historisches Museum Hanau Schloss Philippsruhe\\|de\\|lt\\=Hanau Historical Museum}}.",
""
] |
Film career
-----------
### Early career (1976–1989\)
Upon completion of his fellowship at the [American Film Institute](/wiki/American_Film_Institute "American Film Institute"), Underwood began working as a staff director for Barr Films, a company specializing in the production of educational films. Underwood directed over one hundred short films, including an adaptation of the Kurt Vonnegut short story, "[Deer in the Works](/wiki/Deer_in_the_Works "Deer in the Works")", starring [Dennis Dugan](/wiki/Dennis_Dugan "Dennis Dugan"). While directing and producing short films for the educational market, Underwood pursued work in the motion picture industry. One of the first movies Underwood worked on was *[Futureworld](/wiki/Futureworld "Futureworld")* (1976\) as a [production assistant](/wiki/Production_assistant "Production assistant"). The film starred [Blythe Danner](/wiki/Blythe_Danner "Blythe Danner") and [Peter Fonda](/wiki/Peter_Fonda "Peter Fonda"), actors he would later direct in 2004\. During the filming of *Futureworld*, one of his tasks was to babysit a young [Gwyneth Paltrow](/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow "Gwyneth Paltrow") while her mother, Ms. Danner, was shooting. Soon after Underwood served as the location manager on the Peter Hyams directed motion picture, *[Capricorn One](/wiki/Capricorn_One "Capricorn One")* (1978\). Another early job was acting as [assistant director](/wiki/Assistant_director "Assistant director") to first\-time director [David Schmoeller](/wiki/David_Schmoeller "David Schmoeller") on *[Tourist Trap](/wiki/Tourist_Trap_%28film%29 "Tourist Trap (film)")*, a low\-budget horror film. After this he continued to direct and produce educational films and children's television for the next several years. In 1986 Underwood established himself as a director when his live action/stop motion film adaptation of Beverly Cleary's *[The Mouse and the Motorcycle](/wiki/The_Mouse_and_the_Motorcycle "The Mouse and the Motorcycle")* won a [Peabody Award](/wiki/Peabody_Award "Peabody Award"), which was followed two years later by the sequel *[Runaway Ralph](/wiki/Runaway_Ralph "Runaway Ralph")*, for which he received a [Daytime Emmy](/wiki/Daytime_Emmy "Daytime Emmy") nomination.
### Mainstream breakthrough (1990–present)
Following his critically acclaimed venture into children's television, Underwood moved into directing feature films. His first effort was *[Tremors](/wiki/Tremors_%281990_film%29 "Tremors (1990 film)")*{{cite book\|last\=Muir\|first\=John Kenneth\|title\=Horror Films of the 1990s\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Q60poKxIN7cC\&pg\=PA134\|access\-date\=May 7, 2012\|date\=September 15, 2011\|publisher\=McFarland\|isbn\=9780786440122\|pages\=134–}} starring [Kevin Bacon](/wiki/Kevin_Bacon "Kevin Bacon"), [Fred Ward](/wiki/Fred_Ward "Fred Ward"), [Michael Gross](/wiki/Michael_Gross_%28actor%29 "Michael Gross (actor)"), and [Reba McEntire](/wiki/Reba_McEntire "Reba McEntire") in her acting debut. Written and produced by his friends [Brent Maddock](/wiki/Brent_Maddock "Brent Maddock") \& [S. S. Wilson](/wiki/S._S._Wilson "S. S. Wilson"), it was released by Universal Studios in 1990\. The film was well received by the critics and later established itself as a [cult classic](/wiki/Cult_classic "Cult classic").
Underwood received his first taste of commercial success with 1991's *[City Slickers](/wiki/City_Slickers "City Slickers")*, which starred [Billy Crystal](/wiki/Billy_Crystal "Billy Crystal"), [Daniel Stern](/wiki/Daniel_Stern_%28actor%29 "Daniel Stern (actor)"), [Bruno Kirby](/wiki/Bruno_Kirby "Bruno Kirby") and [Jack Palance](/wiki/Jack_Palance "Jack Palance"), who won an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") for his performance. The film made $179m worldwide with a budget of only $27m. It was the tenth most successful film released in 1991 (the fifth most successful in the US). His next film, also written by Maddock \& Wilson, *[Heart and Souls](/wiki/Heart_and_Souls "Heart and Souls")* (1993\), was again well\-received by critics but struggled at the box office (making a total of $16m in the US). It starred Robert Downey, Jr., Alfre Woodard, Kyra Sedgwick, Charles Grodin, Tom Sizemore, Elisabeth Shue and David Paymer. He followed this with *[Speechless](/wiki/Speechless_%281994_film%29 "Speechless (1994 film)")* (1994\), written by Robert King and starring Michael Keaton, Geena Davis and Christopher Reeve.
Given the opportunity to direct a big\-budget film by [Walt Disney Pictures](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures "Walt Disney Pictures") in 1998, he was asked to direct *[Mighty Joe Young](/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_%281998_film%29 "Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)")*, a remake of the 1949 RKO film. The film, starring [Bill Paxton](/wiki/Bill_Paxton "Bill Paxton") and [Charlize Theron](/wiki/Charlize_Theron "Charlize Theron") in her first lead role, was nominated for the [Academy Award for Visual Effects](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Visual_Effects "Academy Award for Visual Effects") and featured some of the most sophisticated visual effects seen in film up to that point, paving the way for later ape films like [Peter Jackson](/wiki/Peter_Jackson "Peter Jackson")'s *[King Kong](/wiki/King_Kong_%282005_film%29 "King Kong (2005 film)")* (2005\). The special effects drove production costs to around $90m.
Following *Mighty Joe Young*, Underwood began work on the [Eddie Murphy](/wiki/Eddie_Murphy "Eddie Murphy") fronted *[The Adventures of Pluto Nash](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pluto_Nash "The Adventures of Pluto Nash").* The film also starred [Rosario Dawson](/wiki/Rosario_Dawson "Rosario Dawson"), [Joe Pantoliano](/wiki/Joe_Pantoliano "Joe Pantoliano") and [Pam Grier](/wiki/Pam_Grier "Pam Grier"). The film was greeted with poor reception.
Underwood returned to his roots, directing both low\-budget films and television. He directed *[Stealing Sinatra](/wiki/Stealing_Sinatra "Stealing Sinatra")* (2003\) for Showtime, for which William H. Macy received an Emmy nomination, *[Back When We Were Grownups](/wiki/Back_When_We_Were_Grownups "Back When We Were Grownups")* (2004\) based on the Anne Tyler novel which garnered star [Blythe Danner](/wiki/Blythe_Danner "Blythe Danner") a nomination for an [Emmy](/wiki/Emmy "Emmy"), and *[In the Mix](/wiki/In_the_Mix_%28film%29 "In the Mix (film)")* (2005\), starring [R\&B](/wiki/R%26B "R&B") singer [Usher](/wiki/Usher_%28entertainer%29 "Usher (entertainer)") and Chazz Palminteri for [Lions Gate Entertainment](/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment "Lions Gate Entertainment"). He has directed many episodic television dramas, including episodes of *[Monk](/wiki/Monk_%28TV_series%29 "Monk (TV series)")*, *[Boston Legal](/wiki/Boston_Legal "Boston Legal")*, *[Ugly Betty](/wiki/Ugly_Betty "Ugly Betty")*, *[Heroes](/wiki/Heroes_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Heroes (U.S. TV series)")*, *[Grey's Anatomy](/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy "Grey's Anatomy")*, *[Burn Notice](/wiki/Burn_Notice "Burn Notice")*, *[Once Upon a Time](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_%28TV_series%29 "Once Upon a Time (TV series)")*, *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*, *[Nashville](/wiki/Nashville_%282012_TV_series%29 "Nashville (2012 TV series)")*, *[Scandal](/wiki/Scandal_%28American_TV_series%29 "Scandal (American TV series)")*, *[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D. "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.")*, *[The Good Fight](/wiki/The_Good_Fight_%28TV_series%29 "The Good Fight (TV series)")*, *[Big Shot](/wiki/Big_Shot_%28TV_series%29 "Big Shot (TV series)")*, *[Fear the Walking Dead](/wiki/Fear_the_Walking_Dead "Fear the Walking Dead")*, *[Evil](/wiki/Evil_%28TV_series%29 "Evil (TV series)")*, *[Watson](/wiki/Watson_%28TV_series%29 "Watson (TV series)")* and *[Elsbeth](/wiki/Elsbeth_%28TV_series%29 "Elsbeth (TV series)")*.
|
[
"Film career\n-----------",
"### Early career (1976–1989\\)",
"Upon completion of his fellowship at the [American Film Institute](/wiki/American_Film_Institute \"American Film Institute\"), Underwood began working as a staff director for Barr Films, a company specializing in the production of educational films. Underwood directed over one hundred short films, including an adaptation of the Kurt Vonnegut short story, \"[Deer in the Works](/wiki/Deer_in_the_Works \"Deer in the Works\")\", starring [Dennis Dugan](/wiki/Dennis_Dugan \"Dennis Dugan\"). While directing and producing short films for the educational market, Underwood pursued work in the motion picture industry. One of the first movies Underwood worked on was *[Futureworld](/wiki/Futureworld \"Futureworld\")* (1976\\) as a [production assistant](/wiki/Production_assistant \"Production assistant\"). The film starred [Blythe Danner](/wiki/Blythe_Danner \"Blythe Danner\") and [Peter Fonda](/wiki/Peter_Fonda \"Peter Fonda\"), actors he would later direct in 2004\\. During the filming of *Futureworld*, one of his tasks was to babysit a young [Gwyneth Paltrow](/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow \"Gwyneth Paltrow\") while her mother, Ms. Danner, was shooting. Soon after Underwood served as the location manager on the Peter Hyams directed motion picture, *[Capricorn One](/wiki/Capricorn_One \"Capricorn One\")* (1978\\). Another early job was acting as [assistant director](/wiki/Assistant_director \"Assistant director\") to first\\-time director [David Schmoeller](/wiki/David_Schmoeller \"David Schmoeller\") on *[Tourist Trap](/wiki/Tourist_Trap_%28film%29 \"Tourist Trap (film)\")*, a low\\-budget horror film. After this he continued to direct and produce educational films and children's television for the next several years. In 1986 Underwood established himself as a director when his live action/stop motion film adaptation of Beverly Cleary's *[The Mouse and the Motorcycle](/wiki/The_Mouse_and_the_Motorcycle \"The Mouse and the Motorcycle\")* won a [Peabody Award](/wiki/Peabody_Award \"Peabody Award\"), which was followed two years later by the sequel *[Runaway Ralph](/wiki/Runaway_Ralph \"Runaway Ralph\")*, for which he received a [Daytime Emmy](/wiki/Daytime_Emmy \"Daytime Emmy\") nomination.",
"### Mainstream breakthrough (1990–present)",
"Following his critically acclaimed venture into children's television, Underwood moved into directing feature films. His first effort was *[Tremors](/wiki/Tremors_%281990_film%29 \"Tremors (1990 film)\")*{{cite book\\|last\\=Muir\\|first\\=John Kenneth\\|title\\=Horror Films of the 1990s\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Q60poKxIN7cC\\&pg\\=PA134\\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2012\\|date\\=September 15, 2011\\|publisher\\=McFarland\\|isbn\\=9780786440122\\|pages\\=134–}} starring [Kevin Bacon](/wiki/Kevin_Bacon \"Kevin Bacon\"), [Fred Ward](/wiki/Fred_Ward \"Fred Ward\"), [Michael Gross](/wiki/Michael_Gross_%28actor%29 \"Michael Gross (actor)\"), and [Reba McEntire](/wiki/Reba_McEntire \"Reba McEntire\") in her acting debut. Written and produced by his friends [Brent Maddock](/wiki/Brent_Maddock \"Brent Maddock\") \\& [S. S. Wilson](/wiki/S._S._Wilson \"S. S. Wilson\"), it was released by Universal Studios in 1990\\. The film was well received by the critics and later established itself as a [cult classic](/wiki/Cult_classic \"Cult classic\").",
"Underwood received his first taste of commercial success with 1991's *[City Slickers](/wiki/City_Slickers \"City Slickers\")*, which starred [Billy Crystal](/wiki/Billy_Crystal \"Billy Crystal\"), [Daniel Stern](/wiki/Daniel_Stern_%28actor%29 \"Daniel Stern (actor)\"), [Bruno Kirby](/wiki/Bruno_Kirby \"Bruno Kirby\") and [Jack Palance](/wiki/Jack_Palance \"Jack Palance\"), who won an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") for his performance. The film made $179m worldwide with a budget of only $27m. It was the tenth most successful film released in 1991 (the fifth most successful in the US). His next film, also written by Maddock \\& Wilson, *[Heart and Souls](/wiki/Heart_and_Souls \"Heart and Souls\")* (1993\\), was again well\\-received by critics but struggled at the box office (making a total of $16m in the US). It starred Robert Downey, Jr., Alfre Woodard, Kyra Sedgwick, Charles Grodin, Tom Sizemore, Elisabeth Shue and David Paymer. He followed this with *[Speechless](/wiki/Speechless_%281994_film%29 \"Speechless (1994 film)\")* (1994\\), written by Robert King and starring Michael Keaton, Geena Davis and Christopher Reeve.",
"Given the opportunity to direct a big\\-budget film by [Walt Disney Pictures](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures \"Walt Disney Pictures\") in 1998, he was asked to direct *[Mighty Joe Young](/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_%281998_film%29 \"Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)\")*, a remake of the 1949 RKO film. The film, starring [Bill Paxton](/wiki/Bill_Paxton \"Bill Paxton\") and [Charlize Theron](/wiki/Charlize_Theron \"Charlize Theron\") in her first lead role, was nominated for the [Academy Award for Visual Effects](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Visual_Effects \"Academy Award for Visual Effects\") and featured some of the most sophisticated visual effects seen in film up to that point, paving the way for later ape films like [Peter Jackson](/wiki/Peter_Jackson \"Peter Jackson\")'s *[King Kong](/wiki/King_Kong_%282005_film%29 \"King Kong (2005 film)\")* (2005\\). The special effects drove production costs to around $90m.",
"Following *Mighty Joe Young*, Underwood began work on the [Eddie Murphy](/wiki/Eddie_Murphy \"Eddie Murphy\") fronted *[The Adventures of Pluto Nash](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pluto_Nash \"The Adventures of Pluto Nash\").* The film also starred [Rosario Dawson](/wiki/Rosario_Dawson \"Rosario Dawson\"), [Joe Pantoliano](/wiki/Joe_Pantoliano \"Joe Pantoliano\") and [Pam Grier](/wiki/Pam_Grier \"Pam Grier\"). The film was greeted with poor reception.",
"Underwood returned to his roots, directing both low\\-budget films and television. He directed *[Stealing Sinatra](/wiki/Stealing_Sinatra \"Stealing Sinatra\")* (2003\\) for Showtime, for which William H. Macy received an Emmy nomination, *[Back When We Were Grownups](/wiki/Back_When_We_Were_Grownups \"Back When We Were Grownups\")* (2004\\) based on the Anne Tyler novel which garnered star [Blythe Danner](/wiki/Blythe_Danner \"Blythe Danner\") a nomination for an [Emmy](/wiki/Emmy \"Emmy\"), and *[In the Mix](/wiki/In_the_Mix_%28film%29 \"In the Mix (film)\")* (2005\\), starring [R\\&B](/wiki/R%26B \"R&B\") singer [Usher](/wiki/Usher_%28entertainer%29 \"Usher (entertainer)\") and Chazz Palminteri for [Lions Gate Entertainment](/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment \"Lions Gate Entertainment\"). He has directed many episodic television dramas, including episodes of *[Monk](/wiki/Monk_%28TV_series%29 \"Monk (TV series)\")*, *[Boston Legal](/wiki/Boston_Legal \"Boston Legal\")*, *[Ugly Betty](/wiki/Ugly_Betty \"Ugly Betty\")*, *[Heroes](/wiki/Heroes_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Heroes (U.S. TV series)\")*, *[Grey's Anatomy](/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy \"Grey's Anatomy\")*, *[Burn Notice](/wiki/Burn_Notice \"Burn Notice\")*, *[Once Upon a Time](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_%28TV_series%29 \"Once Upon a Time (TV series)\")*, *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*, *[Nashville](/wiki/Nashville_%282012_TV_series%29 \"Nashville (2012 TV series)\")*, *[Scandal](/wiki/Scandal_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Scandal (American TV series)\")*, *[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D. \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\")*, *[The Good Fight](/wiki/The_Good_Fight_%28TV_series%29 \"The Good Fight (TV series)\")*, *[Big Shot](/wiki/Big_Shot_%28TV_series%29 \"Big Shot (TV series)\")*, *[Fear the Walking Dead](/wiki/Fear_the_Walking_Dead \"Fear the Walking Dead\")*, *[Evil](/wiki/Evil_%28TV_series%29 \"Evil (TV series)\")*, *[Watson](/wiki/Watson_%28TV_series%29 \"Watson (TV series)\")* and *[Elsbeth](/wiki/Elsbeth_%28TV_series%29 \"Elsbeth (TV series)\")*.",
""
] |
### Mainstream breakthrough (1990–present)
Following his critically acclaimed venture into children's television, Underwood moved into directing feature films. His first effort was *[Tremors](/wiki/Tremors_%281990_film%29 "Tremors (1990 film)")*{{cite book\|last\=Muir\|first\=John Kenneth\|title\=Horror Films of the 1990s\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Q60poKxIN7cC\&pg\=PA134\|access\-date\=May 7, 2012\|date\=September 15, 2011\|publisher\=McFarland\|isbn\=9780786440122\|pages\=134–}} starring [Kevin Bacon](/wiki/Kevin_Bacon "Kevin Bacon"), [Fred Ward](/wiki/Fred_Ward "Fred Ward"), [Michael Gross](/wiki/Michael_Gross_%28actor%29 "Michael Gross (actor)"), and [Reba McEntire](/wiki/Reba_McEntire "Reba McEntire") in her acting debut. Written and produced by his friends [Brent Maddock](/wiki/Brent_Maddock "Brent Maddock") \& [S. S. Wilson](/wiki/S._S._Wilson "S. S. Wilson"), it was released by Universal Studios in 1990\. The film was well received by the critics and later established itself as a [cult classic](/wiki/Cult_classic "Cult classic").
Underwood received his first taste of commercial success with 1991's *[City Slickers](/wiki/City_Slickers "City Slickers")*, which starred [Billy Crystal](/wiki/Billy_Crystal "Billy Crystal"), [Daniel Stern](/wiki/Daniel_Stern_%28actor%29 "Daniel Stern (actor)"), [Bruno Kirby](/wiki/Bruno_Kirby "Bruno Kirby") and [Jack Palance](/wiki/Jack_Palance "Jack Palance"), who won an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") for his performance. The film made $179m worldwide with a budget of only $27m. It was the tenth most successful film released in 1991 (the fifth most successful in the US). His next film, also written by Maddock \& Wilson, *[Heart and Souls](/wiki/Heart_and_Souls "Heart and Souls")* (1993\), was again well\-received by critics but struggled at the box office (making a total of $16m in the US). It starred Robert Downey, Jr., Alfre Woodard, Kyra Sedgwick, Charles Grodin, Tom Sizemore, Elisabeth Shue and David Paymer. He followed this with *[Speechless](/wiki/Speechless_%281994_film%29 "Speechless (1994 film)")* (1994\), written by Robert King and starring Michael Keaton, Geena Davis and Christopher Reeve.
Given the opportunity to direct a big\-budget film by [Walt Disney Pictures](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures "Walt Disney Pictures") in 1998, he was asked to direct *[Mighty Joe Young](/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_%281998_film%29 "Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)")*, a remake of the 1949 RKO film. The film, starring [Bill Paxton](/wiki/Bill_Paxton "Bill Paxton") and [Charlize Theron](/wiki/Charlize_Theron "Charlize Theron") in her first lead role, was nominated for the [Academy Award for Visual Effects](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Visual_Effects "Academy Award for Visual Effects") and featured some of the most sophisticated visual effects seen in film up to that point, paving the way for later ape films like [Peter Jackson](/wiki/Peter_Jackson "Peter Jackson")'s *[King Kong](/wiki/King_Kong_%282005_film%29 "King Kong (2005 film)")* (2005\). The special effects drove production costs to around $90m.
Following *Mighty Joe Young*, Underwood began work on the [Eddie Murphy](/wiki/Eddie_Murphy "Eddie Murphy") fronted *[The Adventures of Pluto Nash](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pluto_Nash "The Adventures of Pluto Nash").* The film also starred [Rosario Dawson](/wiki/Rosario_Dawson "Rosario Dawson"), [Joe Pantoliano](/wiki/Joe_Pantoliano "Joe Pantoliano") and [Pam Grier](/wiki/Pam_Grier "Pam Grier"). The film was greeted with poor reception.
Underwood returned to his roots, directing both low\-budget films and television. He directed *[Stealing Sinatra](/wiki/Stealing_Sinatra "Stealing Sinatra")* (2003\) for Showtime, for which William H. Macy received an Emmy nomination, *[Back When We Were Grownups](/wiki/Back_When_We_Were_Grownups "Back When We Were Grownups")* (2004\) based on the Anne Tyler novel which garnered star [Blythe Danner](/wiki/Blythe_Danner "Blythe Danner") a nomination for an [Emmy](/wiki/Emmy "Emmy"), and *[In the Mix](/wiki/In_the_Mix_%28film%29 "In the Mix (film)")* (2005\), starring [R\&B](/wiki/R%26B "R&B") singer [Usher](/wiki/Usher_%28entertainer%29 "Usher (entertainer)") and Chazz Palminteri for [Lions Gate Entertainment](/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment "Lions Gate Entertainment"). He has directed many episodic television dramas, including episodes of *[Monk](/wiki/Monk_%28TV_series%29 "Monk (TV series)")*, *[Boston Legal](/wiki/Boston_Legal "Boston Legal")*, *[Ugly Betty](/wiki/Ugly_Betty "Ugly Betty")*, *[Heroes](/wiki/Heroes_%28U.S._TV_series%29 "Heroes (U.S. TV series)")*, *[Grey's Anatomy](/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy "Grey's Anatomy")*, *[Burn Notice](/wiki/Burn_Notice "Burn Notice")*, *[Once Upon a Time](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_%28TV_series%29 "Once Upon a Time (TV series)")*, *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives "Desperate Housewives")*, *[Nashville](/wiki/Nashville_%282012_TV_series%29 "Nashville (2012 TV series)")*, *[Scandal](/wiki/Scandal_%28American_TV_series%29 "Scandal (American TV series)")*, *[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D. "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.")*, *[The Good Fight](/wiki/The_Good_Fight_%28TV_series%29 "The Good Fight (TV series)")*, *[Big Shot](/wiki/Big_Shot_%28TV_series%29 "Big Shot (TV series)")*, *[Fear the Walking Dead](/wiki/Fear_the_Walking_Dead "Fear the Walking Dead")*, *[Evil](/wiki/Evil_%28TV_series%29 "Evil (TV series)")*, *[Watson](/wiki/Watson_%28TV_series%29 "Watson (TV series)")* and *[Elsbeth](/wiki/Elsbeth_%28TV_series%29 "Elsbeth (TV series)")*.
|
[
"### Mainstream breakthrough (1990–present)",
"Following his critically acclaimed venture into children's television, Underwood moved into directing feature films. His first effort was *[Tremors](/wiki/Tremors_%281990_film%29 \"Tremors (1990 film)\")*{{cite book\\|last\\=Muir\\|first\\=John Kenneth\\|title\\=Horror Films of the 1990s\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Q60poKxIN7cC\\&pg\\=PA134\\|access\\-date\\=May 7, 2012\\|date\\=September 15, 2011\\|publisher\\=McFarland\\|isbn\\=9780786440122\\|pages\\=134–}} starring [Kevin Bacon](/wiki/Kevin_Bacon \"Kevin Bacon\"), [Fred Ward](/wiki/Fred_Ward \"Fred Ward\"), [Michael Gross](/wiki/Michael_Gross_%28actor%29 \"Michael Gross (actor)\"), and [Reba McEntire](/wiki/Reba_McEntire \"Reba McEntire\") in her acting debut. Written and produced by his friends [Brent Maddock](/wiki/Brent_Maddock \"Brent Maddock\") \\& [S. S. Wilson](/wiki/S._S._Wilson \"S. S. Wilson\"), it was released by Universal Studios in 1990\\. The film was well received by the critics and later established itself as a [cult classic](/wiki/Cult_classic \"Cult classic\").",
"Underwood received his first taste of commercial success with 1991's *[City Slickers](/wiki/City_Slickers \"City Slickers\")*, which starred [Billy Crystal](/wiki/Billy_Crystal \"Billy Crystal\"), [Daniel Stern](/wiki/Daniel_Stern_%28actor%29 \"Daniel Stern (actor)\"), [Bruno Kirby](/wiki/Bruno_Kirby \"Bruno Kirby\") and [Jack Palance](/wiki/Jack_Palance \"Jack Palance\"), who won an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") for his performance. The film made $179m worldwide with a budget of only $27m. It was the tenth most successful film released in 1991 (the fifth most successful in the US). His next film, also written by Maddock \\& Wilson, *[Heart and Souls](/wiki/Heart_and_Souls \"Heart and Souls\")* (1993\\), was again well\\-received by critics but struggled at the box office (making a total of $16m in the US). It starred Robert Downey, Jr., Alfre Woodard, Kyra Sedgwick, Charles Grodin, Tom Sizemore, Elisabeth Shue and David Paymer. He followed this with *[Speechless](/wiki/Speechless_%281994_film%29 \"Speechless (1994 film)\")* (1994\\), written by Robert King and starring Michael Keaton, Geena Davis and Christopher Reeve.",
"Given the opportunity to direct a big\\-budget film by [Walt Disney Pictures](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures \"Walt Disney Pictures\") in 1998, he was asked to direct *[Mighty Joe Young](/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_%281998_film%29 \"Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)\")*, a remake of the 1949 RKO film. The film, starring [Bill Paxton](/wiki/Bill_Paxton \"Bill Paxton\") and [Charlize Theron](/wiki/Charlize_Theron \"Charlize Theron\") in her first lead role, was nominated for the [Academy Award for Visual Effects](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Visual_Effects \"Academy Award for Visual Effects\") and featured some of the most sophisticated visual effects seen in film up to that point, paving the way for later ape films like [Peter Jackson](/wiki/Peter_Jackson \"Peter Jackson\")'s *[King Kong](/wiki/King_Kong_%282005_film%29 \"King Kong (2005 film)\")* (2005\\). The special effects drove production costs to around $90m.",
"Following *Mighty Joe Young*, Underwood began work on the [Eddie Murphy](/wiki/Eddie_Murphy \"Eddie Murphy\") fronted *[The Adventures of Pluto Nash](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pluto_Nash \"The Adventures of Pluto Nash\").* The film also starred [Rosario Dawson](/wiki/Rosario_Dawson \"Rosario Dawson\"), [Joe Pantoliano](/wiki/Joe_Pantoliano \"Joe Pantoliano\") and [Pam Grier](/wiki/Pam_Grier \"Pam Grier\"). The film was greeted with poor reception.",
"Underwood returned to his roots, directing both low\\-budget films and television. He directed *[Stealing Sinatra](/wiki/Stealing_Sinatra \"Stealing Sinatra\")* (2003\\) for Showtime, for which William H. Macy received an Emmy nomination, *[Back When We Were Grownups](/wiki/Back_When_We_Were_Grownups \"Back When We Were Grownups\")* (2004\\) based on the Anne Tyler novel which garnered star [Blythe Danner](/wiki/Blythe_Danner \"Blythe Danner\") a nomination for an [Emmy](/wiki/Emmy \"Emmy\"), and *[In the Mix](/wiki/In_the_Mix_%28film%29 \"In the Mix (film)\")* (2005\\), starring [R\\&B](/wiki/R%26B \"R&B\") singer [Usher](/wiki/Usher_%28entertainer%29 \"Usher (entertainer)\") and Chazz Palminteri for [Lions Gate Entertainment](/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment \"Lions Gate Entertainment\"). He has directed many episodic television dramas, including episodes of *[Monk](/wiki/Monk_%28TV_series%29 \"Monk (TV series)\")*, *[Boston Legal](/wiki/Boston_Legal \"Boston Legal\")*, *[Ugly Betty](/wiki/Ugly_Betty \"Ugly Betty\")*, *[Heroes](/wiki/Heroes_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Heroes (U.S. TV series)\")*, *[Grey's Anatomy](/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy \"Grey's Anatomy\")*, *[Burn Notice](/wiki/Burn_Notice \"Burn Notice\")*, *[Once Upon a Time](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_%28TV_series%29 \"Once Upon a Time (TV series)\")*, *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*, *[Nashville](/wiki/Nashville_%282012_TV_series%29 \"Nashville (2012 TV series)\")*, *[Scandal](/wiki/Scandal_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Scandal (American TV series)\")*, *[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D. \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\")*, *[The Good Fight](/wiki/The_Good_Fight_%28TV_series%29 \"The Good Fight (TV series)\")*, *[Big Shot](/wiki/Big_Shot_%28TV_series%29 \"Big Shot (TV series)\")*, *[Fear the Walking Dead](/wiki/Fear_the_Walking_Dead \"Fear the Walking Dead\")*, *[Evil](/wiki/Evil_%28TV_series%29 \"Evil (TV series)\")*, *[Watson](/wiki/Watson_%28TV_series%29 \"Watson (TV series)\")* and *[Elsbeth](/wiki/Elsbeth_%28TV_series%29 \"Elsbeth (TV series)\")*.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|Church of the Transfiguration in the early 20th\-century](/wiki/File:Pozdrowienie_z_Libiaza_-_kosciol._przed_1919_%2871843848%29.jpg "Pozdrowienie z Libiaza - kosciol. przed 1919 (71843848).jpg")
The first historical mention of Libiąż comes from the chronicles of [Jan Długosz](/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz "Jan Długosz"). It mentioned the transfer of the settlements of Libiąż Wielki ("Great Libiąż") and Libiąż Mały ("Little Libiąż") to the [Benedictines](/wiki/Benedictine "Benedictine") by the Griffin family in 1243\. Throughout centuries Libiąż passed successively in the possession of various [noble families](/wiki/Szlachta "Szlachta").
Following the fragmentation of Poland in 1138, it belonged to the [Seniorate Province](/wiki/Seniorate_Province "Seniorate Province"), then possibly temporarily passed to the [Duchy of Racibórz](/wiki/Duchy_of_Racib%C3%B3rz "Duchy of Racibórz") after 1179\. Later on, it was administratively located in the Kraków County in the [Kraków Voivodeship](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_%2814th_century_%E2%80%93_1795%29 "Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)") in the [Lesser Poland Province](/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Province%2C_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland "Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland") of the Kingdom of Poland.
In 1735, Count Wielopolski founded the Catholic parish of the Transfiguration. Libiąż was annexed by [Austria](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy") in the [Third Partition of Poland](/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland "Third Partition of Poland") in 1795\. It was regained by Poles in the [Austro\-Polish War](/wiki/Austro-Polish_War "Austro-Polish War") of 1809 and included within the short\-lived Polish [Duchy of Warsaw](/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw "Duchy of Warsaw"). After its dissolution, it was part of the [Free City of Kraków](/wiki/Free_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w "Free City of Kraków") from 1815 to 1846, when it was reannexed by the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire"). Until the nineteenth century it was a typical agricultural settlement. Construction of the railway line from Kraków to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") had caused migration and settlement of the population in these areas.
The turning point in the history of Libiąż came when rich deposits of coal were discovered in the late nineteenth century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of a [Janina Coal Mine](/wiki/Janina_Coal_Mine "Janina Coal Mine"), which since 1907 operates to this raw material. This has opened up new prospects for Libiąż. The local inhabitants were given jobs, and the town began to be attractive also for people from the outside. From that moment began a rapid economic and cultural development of the settlement. Skilled workers and [intelligentsia](/wiki/Intelligentsia "Intelligentsia") came to Libiąż, and the urban landscape has changed. Around the mine began to form a new residential and public buildings ([schools](/wiki/School "School") , [post office](/wiki/Post_office "Post office") and [telegraph](/wiki/Telegraph "Telegraph")).
According to the [Austrian](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary") [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 1900 in Libiąż Wielki there were 258 buildings inhabited by 1,452 people, all [Polish](/wiki/Polish_people "Polish people")\-speaking, including 1,435 Catholics, 17 [Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews"), in Libiąż Mały there were 283 buildings inhabited by 1,557 people, including 1,546 Polish\-speaking, 9 [German](/wiki/Germans "Germans")\-speaking and 2 others, including 1,522 Catholics, 33 of [Jewish faith](/wiki/Judaism "Judaism"), and 2 [Greek Catholics](/wiki/Greek_Catholic "Greek Catholic"), and Moczydło had 59 houses inhabited by 283 people, all Polish\-speaking, including 279 Catholics, and 4 people of Jewish faith.
[thumb\|left\|[Janina Coal Mine](/wiki/Janina_Coal_Mine "Janina Coal Mine") in the 1930s](/wiki/File:KopalniaJanina_Libi%C4%85%C5%BC-Moczyd%C5%82o.jpg "KopalniaJanina Libiąż-Moczydło.jpg")
After [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), in 1918, Poland regained independence and control of Libiąż. It experienced further urban and economic development. New routes were established, and power lines and new public buildings were built. It was located in the [Kraków Voivodeship](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_%281919%E2%80%931939%29 "Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)"), and the interwar period was also a time of strong development of the local government.
During the [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland"), which started [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") in September 1939, the town was invaded by Germany, and was one of the sites of executions of Poles carried out by German troops (see *[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation](/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation "Nazi crimes against the Polish nation")*).{{cite book\|last\=Wardzyńska\|first\=Maria\|year\=2009\|title\=Był rok 1939\. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion\|language\=pl\|location\=Warszawa\|publisher\=\[\[Institute of National Remembrance\|IPN]]\|page\=136}} The Janina Coal Mine stopped mining for a short time, but resumed it already in September 1939\. During the [German occupation](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 "Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)"), the occupiers operated the E562 [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II "Forced labour under German rule during World War II") subcamp of the [Stalag VIII\-B/344](/wiki/Stalag_VIII-B "Stalag VIII-B") [prisoner\-of\-war camp](/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II "German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II") at the Janina Coal Mine.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working\-parties.html\|title\=Working Parties\|website\=Lamsdorf.com\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working\-parties.html\|access\-date\=12 November 2021\|archive\-date\=29 October 2020}} From September 1943 to January 1945, there was also a [subcamp of Auschwitz](/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz "List of subcamps of Auschwitz") at the coal mine.[Artur Hojan](/wiki/Artur_Hojan "Artur Hojan") \& Cameron Munro (2017\), [Camp: Janinagrube / Gute Hoffnung, Obieżowa Colony, Libiąż.](http://tiergartenstrasse4.org/Janinagrube.html) There were over 800 prisoners in the subcamp of Auschwitz. During the occupation, a branch of the [Armia Ludowa](/wiki/Armia_Ludowa "Armia Ludowa") operated in the area.Joseph Boleslaw Garas' agencies the People's Guard and People's Army 1942 \- 1945 "Publisher MON 1971 pp. 420\-422\.
[thumb\|Janina Coal Mine](/wiki/File:Janina-2013-by-night.jpg "Janina-2013-by-night.jpg")
The period of the Second World War and the first post\-war years hampered the social activity and self\-government. Only the further development of the Janina mine caused a renewed influx of people to the area. This resulted in obtaining of town rights in 1969 by Libiąż Mały, which name was changed to simply Libiąż.{{Cite Polish law\|title\=Rozporządzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 8 czerwca 1968 r. w sprawie utworzenia i zmiany granic niektórych miast w województwie krakowskim\|year\=1968\|volume\=18\|number\=118}} The town absorbed the neighbouring settlement of Libiąż Wielki.
Currently, the cities and villages of Gmina Libiąż include the city of Libiąż itself and two village councils, Żarki and Gromiec.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Church of the Transfiguration in the early 20th\\-century](/wiki/File:Pozdrowienie_z_Libiaza_-_kosciol._przed_1919_%2871843848%29.jpg \"Pozdrowienie z Libiaza - kosciol. przed 1919 (71843848).jpg\")\nThe first historical mention of Libiąż comes from the chronicles of [Jan Długosz](/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz \"Jan Długosz\"). It mentioned the transfer of the settlements of Libiąż Wielki (\"Great Libiąż\") and Libiąż Mały (\"Little Libiąż\") to the [Benedictines](/wiki/Benedictine \"Benedictine\") by the Griffin family in 1243\\. Throughout centuries Libiąż passed successively in the possession of various [noble families](/wiki/Szlachta \"Szlachta\").",
"Following the fragmentation of Poland in 1138, it belonged to the [Seniorate Province](/wiki/Seniorate_Province \"Seniorate Province\"), then possibly temporarily passed to the [Duchy of Racibórz](/wiki/Duchy_of_Racib%C3%B3rz \"Duchy of Racibórz\") after 1179\\. Later on, it was administratively located in the Kraków County in the [Kraków Voivodeship](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_%2814th_century_%E2%80%93_1795%29 \"Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)\") in the [Lesser Poland Province](/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Province%2C_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland \"Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland\") of the Kingdom of Poland.",
"In 1735, Count Wielopolski founded the Catholic parish of the Transfiguration. Libiąż was annexed by [Austria](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\") in the [Third Partition of Poland](/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland \"Third Partition of Poland\") in 1795\\. It was regained by Poles in the [Austro\\-Polish War](/wiki/Austro-Polish_War \"Austro-Polish War\") of 1809 and included within the short\\-lived Polish [Duchy of Warsaw](/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw \"Duchy of Warsaw\"). After its dissolution, it was part of the [Free City of Kraków](/wiki/Free_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w \"Free City of Kraków\") from 1815 to 1846, when it was reannexed by the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\"). Until the nineteenth century it was a typical agricultural settlement. Construction of the railway line from Kraków to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") had caused migration and settlement of the population in these areas.",
"The turning point in the history of Libiąż came when rich deposits of coal were discovered in the late nineteenth century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of a [Janina Coal Mine](/wiki/Janina_Coal_Mine \"Janina Coal Mine\"), which since 1907 operates to this raw material. This has opened up new prospects for Libiąż. The local inhabitants were given jobs, and the town began to be attractive also for people from the outside. From that moment began a rapid economic and cultural development of the settlement. Skilled workers and [intelligentsia](/wiki/Intelligentsia \"Intelligentsia\") came to Libiąż, and the urban landscape has changed. Around the mine began to form a new residential and public buildings ([schools](/wiki/School \"School\") , [post office](/wiki/Post_office \"Post office\") and [telegraph](/wiki/Telegraph \"Telegraph\")).",
"According to the [Austrian](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\") [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 1900 in Libiąż Wielki there were 258 buildings inhabited by 1,452 people, all [Polish](/wiki/Polish_people \"Polish people\")\\-speaking, including 1,435 Catholics, 17 [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\"), in Libiąż Mały there were 283 buildings inhabited by 1,557 people, including 1,546 Polish\\-speaking, 9 [German](/wiki/Germans \"Germans\")\\-speaking and 2 others, including 1,522 Catholics, 33 of [Jewish faith](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\"), and 2 [Greek Catholics](/wiki/Greek_Catholic \"Greek Catholic\"), and Moczydło had 59 houses inhabited by 283 people, all Polish\\-speaking, including 279 Catholics, and 4 people of Jewish faith.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Janina Coal Mine](/wiki/Janina_Coal_Mine \"Janina Coal Mine\") in the 1930s](/wiki/File:KopalniaJanina_Libi%C4%85%C5%BC-Moczyd%C5%82o.jpg \"KopalniaJanina Libiąż-Moczydło.jpg\")\nAfter [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), in 1918, Poland regained independence and control of Libiąż. It experienced further urban and economic development. New routes were established, and power lines and new public buildings were built. It was located in the [Kraków Voivodeship](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_%281919%E2%80%931939%29 \"Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)\"), and the interwar period was also a time of strong development of the local government.",
"During the [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\"), which started [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") in September 1939, the town was invaded by Germany, and was one of the sites of executions of Poles carried out by German troops (see *[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation](/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation \"Nazi crimes against the Polish nation\")*).{{cite book\\|last\\=Wardzyńska\\|first\\=Maria\\|year\\=2009\\|title\\=Był rok 1939\\. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion\\|language\\=pl\\|location\\=Warszawa\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Institute of National Remembrance\\|IPN]]\\|page\\=136}} The Janina Coal Mine stopped mining for a short time, but resumed it already in September 1939\\. During the [German occupation](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 \"Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)\"), the occupiers operated the E562 [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II \"Forced labour under German rule during World War II\") subcamp of the [Stalag VIII\\-B/344](/wiki/Stalag_VIII-B \"Stalag VIII-B\") [prisoner\\-of\\-war camp](/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II \"German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II\") at the Janina Coal Mine.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working\\-parties.html\\|title\\=Working Parties\\|website\\=Lamsdorf.com\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working\\-parties.html\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2020}} From September 1943 to January 1945, there was also a [subcamp of Auschwitz](/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz \"List of subcamps of Auschwitz\") at the coal mine.[Artur Hojan](/wiki/Artur_Hojan \"Artur Hojan\") \\& Cameron Munro (2017\\), [Camp: Janinagrube / Gute Hoffnung, Obieżowa Colony, Libiąż.](http://tiergartenstrasse4.org/Janinagrube.html) There were over 800 prisoners in the subcamp of Auschwitz. During the occupation, a branch of the [Armia Ludowa](/wiki/Armia_Ludowa \"Armia Ludowa\") operated in the area.Joseph Boleslaw Garas' agencies the People's Guard and People's Army 1942 \\- 1945 \"Publisher MON 1971 pp. 420\\-422\\.",
"[thumb\\|Janina Coal Mine](/wiki/File:Janina-2013-by-night.jpg \"Janina-2013-by-night.jpg\")\nThe period of the Second World War and the first post\\-war years hampered the social activity and self\\-government. Only the further development of the Janina mine caused a renewed influx of people to the area. This resulted in obtaining of town rights in 1969 by Libiąż Mały, which name was changed to simply Libiąż.{{Cite Polish law\\|title\\=Rozporządzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 8 czerwca 1968 r. w sprawie utworzenia i zmiany granic niektórych miast w województwie krakowskim\\|year\\=1968\\|volume\\=18\\|number\\=118}} The town absorbed the neighbouring settlement of Libiąż Wielki.",
"Currently, the cities and villages of Gmina Libiąż include the city of Libiąż itself and two village councils, Żarki and Gromiec.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Formation
{{seealso\|Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom}}
The battalion was formed in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") on 27 June 1940 from [Second Australian Imperial Force](/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force "Second Australian Imperial Force") (2nd AIF) personnel that had originally been designated for service in non\-infantry roles who were grouped together to form an infantry battalion. Initially designated as the "70th Battalion",{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=186}}.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit\_11282\.asp\|title\=2/31st Battalion \|work\=Second World War, 1939–1945 units\|publisher\=Australian War Memorial\|access\-date\=13 October 2009}} due to manpower shortages at first it was composed of only three rifle [companies](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 "Company (military unit)") instead of the normal establishment of four.{{harvnb\|Laffin\|2002\|pp\=21–22}}.{{\#tag:ref\|The designation of 70th Battalion was chosen originally because it seemed a logical progression, as there had been 69 battalions of the \[\[First Australian Imperial Force]] which had been raised during \[\[World War I]].{{harvnb\|Laffin\|2002\|p\=22}}.\|group\=Note}} Many personnel were drawn from the [2/1st Anti\-Tank Regiment](/wiki/2/1st_Anti-Tank_Regiment_%28Australia%29 "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia)") at this time.{{sfn\|McKenzie\-Smith\|2018\|p\=3090}} Under the command of [Lieutenant Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel "Lieutenant Colonel") Horace Strutt the battalion was initially based at [Tidworth](/wiki/Tidworth_Camp "Tidworth Camp"). In August 1940, Strutt was replaced with Lieutenant Colonel [Ragnar Garrett](/wiki/Ragnar_Garrett "Ragnar Garrett") as commanding officer. In October 1940, the battalion's designation was changed to the "2/31st Battalion"{{\#tag:ref\|The numerical designation of 2nd AIF units was prefixed by "2/", which was used to set them apart from Militia units with corresponding numerical designations.{{harvnb\|Long\|1961\|p\=51}}. \|group\=Note}} in order to bring it in line with the designations of the rest of the 2nd AIF, and it moved to [Colchester](/wiki/Colchester "Colchester").{{harvnb\|Laffin\|2002\|pp\=24–25}}. In November, the battalion was assigned to the [25th Brigade](/wiki/25th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 "25th Brigade (Australia)").{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=193}}. It was during this time the battalion suffered its first casualty, when one of its members was killed in a [German](/wiki/Germany "Germany") air raid.{{harvnb\|Laffin\|2002\|p\=27}}. While in England the battalion undertook training and was employed on defensive duties, guarding against a possible invasion by German forces.
The circumstances of the battalion's establishment overseas resulted in the situation of the battalion's personnel being issued two different [Unit colour patches](/wiki/Unit_colour_patch "Unit colour patch") (UCP). Personnel who were in the United Kingdom at the end of 1940 were issued with a circular UCP consisting of black over red, with a border of grey. However, this UCP was issued without reference to Army Headquarters in Australia, who issued battalion reinforcements in Australia with a UCP consisting of an upright brown and yellow rectangle inside a grey circle: this was intended to link the battalion to the [31st Battalion](/wiki/31st_Battalion_%28Australia%29 "31st Battalion (Australia)"), which had served during World War I. Upon arrival in the Middle East, though, these patches were replaced with the black and red patches.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages\-badges/patches/2aif.htm \|title\=Colour Patches: Infantry Battalions of the Second Australian Imperial Force \|work\=Digger History \|access\-date\=4 January 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712164437/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages\-badges/patches/2aif.htm \|archive\-date\=12 July 2007 }}
### Middle East
In January 1941, with the threat of invasion of England reduced, it was decided to send the 2nd AIF units there to the Middle East and the battalion arrived in [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") in March 1941\. Following this the battalion moved to [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 "Palestine (region)") where it undertook further training and received a draft of reinforcements which enabled it to raise a fourth company in order to bring it up to establishment. Having been transferred to the [7th Division](/wiki/7th_Division_%28Australia%29 "7th Division (Australia)"),{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=196}}. the battalion took up defensive positions around [Mersa Matruh](/wiki/Mersa_Matruh "Mersa Matruh") before taking part in the [Syria\-Lebanon campaign](/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_campaign "Syria-Lebanon campaign"), during which it took part in several battles.
The first of these came in early June, when the battalion captured the town of Khirbe in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"),{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=59}}. before advancing towards [Jezzine](/wiki/Battle_of_Jezzine_%281941%29 "Battle of Jezzine (1941)"). On 13 June, the 2/31st, supported by a [troop](/wiki/Troop "Troop") from the [7th Division Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/2/7th_Cavalry_Commando_Regiment_%28Australia%29 "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)"), crossed the [Litani River](/wiki/Litani_River "Litani River") bridge and led the advance. Coming under fire from [Vichy French](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France") troops on the hills overlooking the town, the battalion suffered a number of casualties, including its commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel [Selwyn Porter](/wiki/Selwyn_Porter "Selwyn Porter").{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=60}}. After clearing the French from the main position around Green Hill, Jezzine was finally secured. Between 15 and 29 June, the French brought up reinforcements and subsequently launched a series of counterattacks against the Australians.{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=61}}. On 17 June, a French attack at Jezzine was repulsed. The 2/31st then launched an unsuccessful attack on "Hill 1332", a key feature in the area, during which they lost seven killed and 22 wounded. The following day a further 17 men were killed when French aircraft attacked the battalion's positions around the Hotel Egypt.{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=62}}. Throughout the rest of the month, fighting continued around Jezzine until on 29 June the Vichy French began to withdraw.{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=66}}.
In early July the 2/31st commenced operations to the north of Jezzine with the aim of securing the high ground around Amatour and Badarane. On the night of 9/10 July they advanced up steep terrain under the cover of a heavy artillery barrage. During the fighting that followed, one of the battalion's members, Private [James Gordon](/wiki/James_Heather_Gordon "James Heather Gordon"), performed the deeds for which he subsequently received the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross "Victoria Cross"), crawling forward and single\-handedly attacking a French post that was holding up his company's advance.{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=72}}.
On 12 July an [armistice](/wiki/Armistice "Armistice") was signed between the Allies and the Vichy French. Following this, the battalion established itself at Amchite where they undertook occupation duties until mid\-September when the 25th Brigade received orders to move to [Tripoli](/wiki/Tripoli%2C_Libya "Tripoli, Libya").{{harvnb\|Burla\| 2005\|p\=228}}. The 2/31st Battalion was assigned the task of fortifying Jebel Tourbel, about {{convert\|10\|mi\|km}} north of Tripoli. Upon completion of this task, the battalion undertook defensive duties there until February 1942\.{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|pp\=229–230}}.
### New Guinea campaigns 1942–1944
Due to concerns about the entry of [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan") into the war in the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_War "Pacific War"), the battalion was brought back to Australia in early 1942\. Departing Port Tewfik on 9 February on the MV *Vernon*,{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=232}}. the battalion arrived at [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide "Port Adelaide"), [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia "South Australia"), on 9 March and moved to [Camp Woodside](/wiki/Woodside_Barracks "Woodside Barracks"). In early April they conducted a road and rail move to [Casino](/wiki/Casino%2C_New_South_Wales "Casino, New South Wales"), [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales"), where a weeks' leave was granted before moving on to [Caboolture](/wiki/Caboolture%2C_Queensland "Caboolture, Queensland"), [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland").{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=233}}. During this time the battalion undertook defensive duties securing the northern approach to Brisbane during the [Battle of the Coral Sea](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea "Battle of the Coral Sea").{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|pp\=233–234}}. From June they began jungle training in preparation for deployment to [New Guinea](/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign "New Guinea campaign") in September where the units of the [Militia](/wiki/Citizens_Military_Force "Citizens Military Force") had been fighting a delaying campaign against the Japanese along the [Kokoda Track](/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign "Kokoda Track campaign").{{harvnb\|Laffin\|2002\|pp\=79–80}}.
[thumb\|A patrol from the 2/31st Battalion passing along the Brown River in Papua during October 1942](/wiki/File:Australian_2-31_Battalion_patrol_October_1942.jpg "Australian 2-31 Battalion patrol October 1942.jpg")
On 31 August, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Colin Dunbar, the battalion was moved to Brisbane where they embarked upon the *Cremer* bound for [Port Moresby](/wiki/Port_Moresby "Port Moresby"). Arriving there on 9 September,{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=237}}. the battalion received orders to proceed towards the Owen Stanley Range.{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=240}}. They arrived at Ioribaiwa on 15 September, however, almost as soon as they arrived they were forced to pull back to Imita Ridge. The Japanese, however, had exhausted their supply lines and were unable to follow and thus the Australian force was able to begin its own advance. On 1 November, the 2/31st was in the vanguard as it entered the village of Kokoda. Following this, Dunbar handed over command of the battalion to Lieutenant Colonel James Miller,{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=275}}. and under his command the battalion took part in significant battles at [Gorari](/wiki/Battle_of_Oivi%E2%80%93Gorari "Battle of Oivi–Gorari") and [Gona](/wiki/Battle_of_Buna-Gona "Battle of Buna-Gona"). In December, however, Miller died from [scrub typhus](/wiki/Scrub_typhus "Scrub typhus"),{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=294}}. and as the casualties from combat and disease mounted the battalion was eventually withdrawn from the fighting to Port Moresby from where it embarked to return to Australia in January 1943\. By the end of the battalion's involvement in the campaign, only 55 men were fit for duty.{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=296}}.
Following six months of training and re\-organisation in Australia, the 2/31st returned to New Guinea in July 1943 where, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel [Murray Robson](/wiki/Murray_Robson "Murray Robson") who had previously served as second in command,{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=529}}. they took part in the [Salamaua\-Lae campaign](/wiki/Salamaua-Lae_campaign "Salamaua-Lae campaign"), before carrying out patrolling operations through the Markham Valley and into the Finisterre Range as part of the [Finisterre Range campaign](/wiki/Finisterre_Range_campaign "Finisterre Range campaign"). After having been relieved by the [24th Battalion](/wiki/24th_Battalion_%28Australia%29 "24th Battalion (Australia)") in January 1944,{{harvnb\|Laffin\|2002\|p\= 132}}. the 2/31st was once again withdrawn to Australia, arriving there in February to reconstitute and train for the next phase of the war.
### Borneo 1945
After this the battalion spent over a year training on the [Atherton Tablelands](/wiki/Atherton_Tablelands "Atherton Tablelands") in Queensland{{harvnb\|Laffin\|2002\|pp\=135–150}}. before moving to [Morotai](/wiki/Morotai "Morotai") and then later taking part in the [landing at Balikpapan](/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_%281945%29 "Battle of Balikpapan (1945)") along with the rest of the 7th Division in one of the last Australian campaigns of the war.{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|pp\=336–338}}. Landing at Green Beach on 2 July 1945, the second day of the operation, the 2/31st went ashore unopposed and moved inland, taking up positions in the centre of the Australian line around a location called "Ration".{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=339}}. After establishing themselves on the hill, later in the day they were struck by airburst artillery before commencing clearing patrols and occupying a smaller feature known as "Resort". The following day the battalion commenced operations along the Milford Highway, as the Japanese began to withdraw towards Batuchampar.{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=340}}. Attacking Japanese positions around the "Nobody" and "Nurse" features, the 2/31st encountered heavy opposition from the Japanese defenders. Having lost 50 men killed or wounded, the battalion occupied the positions on 4 July, after the Japanese withdrew, having lost 63 killed.{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=227}}.
Following this, the Australians advanced along the open country along the Milford Highway. Relying heavily upon direct and indirect fire support to suppress the Japanese positions along the numerous ridges that lay astride the axis of advance, the going was slow. By 9 July the open country of the coast turned to thick bush and the Australians began to encounter improvised explosive devices and booby traps in the scrub.{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=233}}. Early on 10 July, a company from the 2/31st Battalion launched a successful attack which saw them capture 12 3\-inch naval guns that were being used as part of the Japanese defensive system for the loss of five wounded. Late in the afternoon, while fighting around the "Coke" feature, the battalion suffered a serious setback when a company was ambushed, resulting in 18 killed and 23 wounded.
A brief period of inactivity followed before the advance continued.{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=234}}. On 26 July, as a result of the casualties that they had suffered earlier in the month, the battalion was withdrawn from the fighting and moved to the rear.{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|p\=350}}. Although they undertook security duties, they did not see action again before the war ended on 15 August 1945\.{{harvnb\|Burla\| 2005\|p\=351}}. During the fighting around Balikpapan the 2/31st Battalion suffered the highest number of casualties of any [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") unit deployed in the [Borneo campaign](/wiki/Borneo_campaign_%281945%29 "Borneo campaign (1945)"),{{harvnb\|Long\|1963\|p\=545}}. losing 44 men killed and 134 wounded.{{harvnb\|Laffin\|2002\|p\=165}}.{{\#tag:ref\|Long provides the figure of 168 killed and wounded, without providing a breakdown. Johnston provides the figure of 33 men killed, 11 died of wounds and 134 wounded in action.{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=250}}.\|group\=Note}}
### Disbandment
[thumb\|Soldiers of 2/31st Battalion passing through Bandjermasin on 17 September 1945 to an enthusiastic welcome from local civilians](/wiki/File:Australian_2-31_Bn_parading_through_Bandjermasin_Sept_1945.jpg "Australian 2-31 Bn parading through Bandjermasin Sept 1945.jpg")
Following the end of the war, the battalion remained in Borneo. Initially they were stationed around Bandjermasin where they undertook garrison duties, but in October 1945 they were moved to Balikpapan. At this time, the [demobilisation process](/wiki/Demobilisation_of_the_Australian_military_after_World_War_II "Demobilisation of the Australian military after World War II") began and some of the battalion's long serving personnel were offered the opportunity to return to Australia.{{harvnb\|Laffin\|2002\|p\=176}}. Others were transferred to the [65th Battalion](/wiki/65th_Battalion_%28Australia%29 "65th Battalion (Australia)"), which was being raised as part of the Australian contribution to the [British Commonwealth Occupation Force](/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force "British Commonwealth Occupation Force").{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\|pp\= 354–355}}. On 31 January 1946, the remaining personnel embarked upon [HMAS *Kanimbla*](/wiki/HMAS_Kanimbla_%281936%29 "HMAS Kanimbla (1936)"),{{harvnb\|Burla\|2005\| p\=356}}. for the return to Australia. They landed in Brisbane in February 1946, where the battalion was disbanded early the following month.
During the course of the war a total of 2,660 men served in the 2/31st Battalion{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=248}} of whom 251 were killed or died and 479 wounded.{{\#tag:ref\|There is some discrepancy in these figures to those provided by Johnston, who lists 190 men killed, 37 died of wounds, 13 died on active service and 471 wounded in action out of a total of 2,660 members.\|group\=Note}} Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross "Victoria Cross"), three [Distinguished Service Orders](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order "Distinguished Service Order"), four [Military Crosses](/wiki/Military_Cross "Military Cross"), one [Distinguished Conduct Medal](/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal "Distinguished Conduct Medal"), 20 [Military Medals](/wiki/Military_Medal "Military Medal") and 25 [Mentions in Despatches](/wiki/Mention_in_Despatches "Mention in Despatches").{{\#tag:ref\|There is some discrepancy in these figures to those provided by Johnston who lists one VC, three DSOs, four MCs, two DCMs, 20 MMs and 26 MIDs.{{harvnb\|Johnston\|2005\|p\=253}}. \|group\=Note}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Formation",
"{{seealso\\|Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom}}\nThe battalion was formed in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") on 27 June 1940 from [Second Australian Imperial Force](/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force \"Second Australian Imperial Force\") (2nd AIF) personnel that had originally been designated for service in non\\-infantry roles who were grouped together to form an infantry battalion. Initially designated as the \"70th Battalion\",{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=186}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit\\_11282\\.asp\\|title\\=2/31st Battalion \\|work\\=Second World War, 1939–1945 units\\|publisher\\=Australian War Memorial\\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2009}} due to manpower shortages at first it was composed of only three rifle [companies](/wiki/Company_%28military_unit%29 \"Company (military unit)\") instead of the normal establishment of four.{{harvnb\\|Laffin\\|2002\\|pp\\=21–22}}.{{\\#tag:ref\\|The designation of 70th Battalion was chosen originally because it seemed a logical progression, as there had been 69 battalions of the \\[\\[First Australian Imperial Force]] which had been raised during \\[\\[World War I]].{{harvnb\\|Laffin\\|2002\\|p\\=22}}.\\|group\\=Note}} Many personnel were drawn from the [2/1st Anti\\-Tank Regiment](/wiki/2/1st_Anti-Tank_Regiment_%28Australia%29 \"2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia)\") at this time.{{sfn\\|McKenzie\\-Smith\\|2018\\|p\\=3090}} Under the command of [Lieutenant Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel \"Lieutenant Colonel\") Horace Strutt the battalion was initially based at [Tidworth](/wiki/Tidworth_Camp \"Tidworth Camp\"). In August 1940, Strutt was replaced with Lieutenant Colonel [Ragnar Garrett](/wiki/Ragnar_Garrett \"Ragnar Garrett\") as commanding officer. In October 1940, the battalion's designation was changed to the \"2/31st Battalion\"{{\\#tag:ref\\|The numerical designation of 2nd AIF units was prefixed by \"2/\", which was used to set them apart from Militia units with corresponding numerical designations.{{harvnb\\|Long\\|1961\\|p\\=51}}. \\|group\\=Note}} in order to bring it in line with the designations of the rest of the 2nd AIF, and it moved to [Colchester](/wiki/Colchester \"Colchester\").{{harvnb\\|Laffin\\|2002\\|pp\\=24–25}}. In November, the battalion was assigned to the [25th Brigade](/wiki/25th_Brigade_%28Australia%29 \"25th Brigade (Australia)\").{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=193}}. It was during this time the battalion suffered its first casualty, when one of its members was killed in a [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") air raid.{{harvnb\\|Laffin\\|2002\\|p\\=27}}. While in England the battalion undertook training and was employed on defensive duties, guarding against a possible invasion by German forces.",
"The circumstances of the battalion's establishment overseas resulted in the situation of the battalion's personnel being issued two different [Unit colour patches](/wiki/Unit_colour_patch \"Unit colour patch\") (UCP). Personnel who were in the United Kingdom at the end of 1940 were issued with a circular UCP consisting of black over red, with a border of grey. However, this UCP was issued without reference to Army Headquarters in Australia, who issued battalion reinforcements in Australia with a UCP consisting of an upright brown and yellow rectangle inside a grey circle: this was intended to link the battalion to the [31st Battalion](/wiki/31st_Battalion_%28Australia%29 \"31st Battalion (Australia)\"), which had served during World War I. Upon arrival in the Middle East, though, these patches were replaced with the black and red patches.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages\\-badges/patches/2aif.htm \\|title\\=Colour Patches: Infantry Battalions of the Second Australian Imperial Force \\|work\\=Digger History \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712164437/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages\\-badges/patches/2aif.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2007 }}",
"### Middle East",
"In January 1941, with the threat of invasion of England reduced, it was decided to send the 2nd AIF units there to the Middle East and the battalion arrived in [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") in March 1941\\. Following this the battalion moved to [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 \"Palestine (region)\") where it undertook further training and received a draft of reinforcements which enabled it to raise a fourth company in order to bring it up to establishment. Having been transferred to the [7th Division](/wiki/7th_Division_%28Australia%29 \"7th Division (Australia)\"),{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=196}}. the battalion took up defensive positions around [Mersa Matruh](/wiki/Mersa_Matruh \"Mersa Matruh\") before taking part in the [Syria\\-Lebanon campaign](/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_campaign \"Syria-Lebanon campaign\"), during which it took part in several battles.",
"The first of these came in early June, when the battalion captured the town of Khirbe in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"),{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=59}}. before advancing towards [Jezzine](/wiki/Battle_of_Jezzine_%281941%29 \"Battle of Jezzine (1941)\"). On 13 June, the 2/31st, supported by a [troop](/wiki/Troop \"Troop\") from the [7th Division Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/2/7th_Cavalry_Commando_Regiment_%28Australia%29 \"2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)\"), crossed the [Litani River](/wiki/Litani_River \"Litani River\") bridge and led the advance. Coming under fire from [Vichy French](/wiki/Vichy_France \"Vichy France\") troops on the hills overlooking the town, the battalion suffered a number of casualties, including its commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel [Selwyn Porter](/wiki/Selwyn_Porter \"Selwyn Porter\").{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=60}}. After clearing the French from the main position around Green Hill, Jezzine was finally secured. Between 15 and 29 June, the French brought up reinforcements and subsequently launched a series of counterattacks against the Australians.{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=61}}. On 17 June, a French attack at Jezzine was repulsed. The 2/31st then launched an unsuccessful attack on \"Hill 1332\", a key feature in the area, during which they lost seven killed and 22 wounded. The following day a further 17 men were killed when French aircraft attacked the battalion's positions around the Hotel Egypt.{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=62}}. Throughout the rest of the month, fighting continued around Jezzine until on 29 June the Vichy French began to withdraw.{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=66}}.",
"In early July the 2/31st commenced operations to the north of Jezzine with the aim of securing the high ground around Amatour and Badarane. On the night of 9/10 July they advanced up steep terrain under the cover of a heavy artillery barrage. During the fighting that followed, one of the battalion's members, Private [James Gordon](/wiki/James_Heather_Gordon \"James Heather Gordon\"), performed the deeds for which he subsequently received the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\"), crawling forward and single\\-handedly attacking a French post that was holding up his company's advance.{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=72}}.",
"On 12 July an [armistice](/wiki/Armistice \"Armistice\") was signed between the Allies and the Vichy French. Following this, the battalion established itself at Amchite where they undertook occupation duties until mid\\-September when the 25th Brigade received orders to move to [Tripoli](/wiki/Tripoli%2C_Libya \"Tripoli, Libya\").{{harvnb\\|Burla\\| 2005\\|p\\=228}}. The 2/31st Battalion was assigned the task of fortifying Jebel Tourbel, about {{convert\\|10\\|mi\\|km}} north of Tripoli. Upon completion of this task, the battalion undertook defensive duties there until February 1942\\.{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|pp\\=229–230}}.",
"### New Guinea campaigns 1942–1944",
"Due to concerns about the entry of [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") into the war in the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific_War \"Pacific War\"), the battalion was brought back to Australia in early 1942\\. Departing Port Tewfik on 9 February on the MV *Vernon*,{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=232}}. the battalion arrived at [Port Adelaide](/wiki/Port_Adelaide \"Port Adelaide\"), [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia \"South Australia\"), on 9 March and moved to [Camp Woodside](/wiki/Woodside_Barracks \"Woodside Barracks\"). In early April they conducted a road and rail move to [Casino](/wiki/Casino%2C_New_South_Wales \"Casino, New South Wales\"), [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"), where a weeks' leave was granted before moving on to [Caboolture](/wiki/Caboolture%2C_Queensland \"Caboolture, Queensland\"), [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\").{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=233}}. During this time the battalion undertook defensive duties securing the northern approach to Brisbane during the [Battle of the Coral Sea](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea \"Battle of the Coral Sea\").{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|pp\\=233–234}}. From June they began jungle training in preparation for deployment to [New Guinea](/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign \"New Guinea campaign\") in September where the units of the [Militia](/wiki/Citizens_Military_Force \"Citizens Military Force\") had been fighting a delaying campaign against the Japanese along the [Kokoda Track](/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign \"Kokoda Track campaign\").{{harvnb\\|Laffin\\|2002\\|pp\\=79–80}}.\n[thumb\\|A patrol from the 2/31st Battalion passing along the Brown River in Papua during October 1942](/wiki/File:Australian_2-31_Battalion_patrol_October_1942.jpg \"Australian 2-31 Battalion patrol October 1942.jpg\")",
"On 31 August, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Colin Dunbar, the battalion was moved to Brisbane where they embarked upon the *Cremer* bound for [Port Moresby](/wiki/Port_Moresby \"Port Moresby\"). Arriving there on 9 September,{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=237}}. the battalion received orders to proceed towards the Owen Stanley Range.{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=240}}. They arrived at Ioribaiwa on 15 September, however, almost as soon as they arrived they were forced to pull back to Imita Ridge. The Japanese, however, had exhausted their supply lines and were unable to follow and thus the Australian force was able to begin its own advance. On 1 November, the 2/31st was in the vanguard as it entered the village of Kokoda. Following this, Dunbar handed over command of the battalion to Lieutenant Colonel James Miller,{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=275}}. and under his command the battalion took part in significant battles at [Gorari](/wiki/Battle_of_Oivi%E2%80%93Gorari \"Battle of Oivi–Gorari\") and [Gona](/wiki/Battle_of_Buna-Gona \"Battle of Buna-Gona\"). In December, however, Miller died from [scrub typhus](/wiki/Scrub_typhus \"Scrub typhus\"),{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=294}}. and as the casualties from combat and disease mounted the battalion was eventually withdrawn from the fighting to Port Moresby from where it embarked to return to Australia in January 1943\\. By the end of the battalion's involvement in the campaign, only 55 men were fit for duty.{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=296}}.",
"Following six months of training and re\\-organisation in Australia, the 2/31st returned to New Guinea in July 1943 where, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel [Murray Robson](/wiki/Murray_Robson \"Murray Robson\") who had previously served as second in command,{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=529}}. they took part in the [Salamaua\\-Lae campaign](/wiki/Salamaua-Lae_campaign \"Salamaua-Lae campaign\"), before carrying out patrolling operations through the Markham Valley and into the Finisterre Range as part of the [Finisterre Range campaign](/wiki/Finisterre_Range_campaign \"Finisterre Range campaign\"). After having been relieved by the [24th Battalion](/wiki/24th_Battalion_%28Australia%29 \"24th Battalion (Australia)\") in January 1944,{{harvnb\\|Laffin\\|2002\\|p\\= 132}}. the 2/31st was once again withdrawn to Australia, arriving there in February to reconstitute and train for the next phase of the war.",
"### Borneo 1945",
"After this the battalion spent over a year training on the [Atherton Tablelands](/wiki/Atherton_Tablelands \"Atherton Tablelands\") in Queensland{{harvnb\\|Laffin\\|2002\\|pp\\=135–150}}. before moving to [Morotai](/wiki/Morotai \"Morotai\") and then later taking part in the [landing at Balikpapan](/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_%281945%29 \"Battle of Balikpapan (1945)\") along with the rest of the 7th Division in one of the last Australian campaigns of the war.{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|pp\\=336–338}}. Landing at Green Beach on 2 July 1945, the second day of the operation, the 2/31st went ashore unopposed and moved inland, taking up positions in the centre of the Australian line around a location called \"Ration\".{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=339}}. After establishing themselves on the hill, later in the day they were struck by airburst artillery before commencing clearing patrols and occupying a smaller feature known as \"Resort\". The following day the battalion commenced operations along the Milford Highway, as the Japanese began to withdraw towards Batuchampar.{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=340}}. Attacking Japanese positions around the \"Nobody\" and \"Nurse\" features, the 2/31st encountered heavy opposition from the Japanese defenders. Having lost 50 men killed or wounded, the battalion occupied the positions on 4 July, after the Japanese withdrew, having lost 63 killed.{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=227}}.",
"Following this, the Australians advanced along the open country along the Milford Highway. Relying heavily upon direct and indirect fire support to suppress the Japanese positions along the numerous ridges that lay astride the axis of advance, the going was slow. By 9 July the open country of the coast turned to thick bush and the Australians began to encounter improvised explosive devices and booby traps in the scrub.{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=233}}. Early on 10 July, a company from the 2/31st Battalion launched a successful attack which saw them capture 12 3\\-inch naval guns that were being used as part of the Japanese defensive system for the loss of five wounded. Late in the afternoon, while fighting around the \"Coke\" feature, the battalion suffered a serious setback when a company was ambushed, resulting in 18 killed and 23 wounded.",
"A brief period of inactivity followed before the advance continued.{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=234}}. On 26 July, as a result of the casualties that they had suffered earlier in the month, the battalion was withdrawn from the fighting and moved to the rear.{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|p\\=350}}. Although they undertook security duties, they did not see action again before the war ended on 15 August 1945\\.{{harvnb\\|Burla\\| 2005\\|p\\=351}}. During the fighting around Balikpapan the 2/31st Battalion suffered the highest number of casualties of any [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") unit deployed in the [Borneo campaign](/wiki/Borneo_campaign_%281945%29 \"Borneo campaign (1945)\"),{{harvnb\\|Long\\|1963\\|p\\=545}}. losing 44 men killed and 134 wounded.{{harvnb\\|Laffin\\|2002\\|p\\=165}}.{{\\#tag:ref\\|Long provides the figure of 168 killed and wounded, without providing a breakdown. Johnston provides the figure of 33 men killed, 11 died of wounds and 134 wounded in action.{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=250}}.\\|group\\=Note}}",
"### Disbandment",
"[thumb\\|Soldiers of 2/31st Battalion passing through Bandjermasin on 17 September 1945 to an enthusiastic welcome from local civilians](/wiki/File:Australian_2-31_Bn_parading_through_Bandjermasin_Sept_1945.jpg \"Australian 2-31 Bn parading through Bandjermasin Sept 1945.jpg\")\nFollowing the end of the war, the battalion remained in Borneo. Initially they were stationed around Bandjermasin where they undertook garrison duties, but in October 1945 they were moved to Balikpapan. At this time, the [demobilisation process](/wiki/Demobilisation_of_the_Australian_military_after_World_War_II \"Demobilisation of the Australian military after World War II\") began and some of the battalion's long serving personnel were offered the opportunity to return to Australia.{{harvnb\\|Laffin\\|2002\\|p\\=176}}. Others were transferred to the [65th Battalion](/wiki/65th_Battalion_%28Australia%29 \"65th Battalion (Australia)\"), which was being raised as part of the Australian contribution to the [British Commonwealth Occupation Force](/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force \"British Commonwealth Occupation Force\").{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\|pp\\= 354–355}}. On 31 January 1946, the remaining personnel embarked upon [HMAS *Kanimbla*](/wiki/HMAS_Kanimbla_%281936%29 \"HMAS Kanimbla (1936)\"),{{harvnb\\|Burla\\|2005\\| p\\=356}}. for the return to Australia. They landed in Brisbane in February 1946, where the battalion was disbanded early the following month.",
"During the course of the war a total of 2,660 men served in the 2/31st Battalion{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=248}} of whom 251 were killed or died and 479 wounded.{{\\#tag:ref\\|There is some discrepancy in these figures to those provided by Johnston, who lists 190 men killed, 37 died of wounds, 13 died on active service and 471 wounded in action out of a total of 2,660 members.\\|group\\=Note}} Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\"), three [Distinguished Service Orders](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\"), four [Military Crosses](/wiki/Military_Cross \"Military Cross\"), one [Distinguished Conduct Medal](/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal \"Distinguished Conduct Medal\"), 20 [Military Medals](/wiki/Military_Medal \"Military Medal\") and 25 [Mentions in Despatches](/wiki/Mention_in_Despatches \"Mention in Despatches\").{{\\#tag:ref\\|There is some discrepancy in these figures to those provided by Johnston who lists one VC, three DSOs, four MCs, two DCMs, 20 MMs and 26 MIDs.{{harvnb\\|Johnston\\|2005\\|p\\=253}}. \\|group\\=Note}}",
""
] |
Life
----
### Up to 1933
[thumb\|Adolph Goldberg (around 1901\)](/wiki/File:Adolph_Goldberg-01-MJ.jpg "Adolph Goldberg-01-MJ.jpg")
[thumb\|Martha Goldberg with her three children Käthe, Kurt and Gertrud (from left; around 1903\)](/wiki/File:Martha_Goldberg-02-MJ.jpg "Martha Goldberg-02-MJ.jpg")
Martha Sussmann was the daughter of affluent businessman Adolph Sussmann and his wife Bertha, née Ahrens. She was born in [Schwerin](/wiki/Schwerin "Schwerin") in 1873\. In 1895 she married the doctor Adolph Goldberg (also *Adolf Goldberg*; 1860–1938\), from [Soltau](/wiki/Soltau "Soltau"), and moved with him to the municipality of [Lesum](/wiki/Lesum "Lesum") (part of Bremen since 1939\). From 1888, her husband ran a doctor's practice there, in the district Burgdamm, in which Martha Goldberg worked as a [receptionist](/wiki/Receptionist "Receptionist"), secretary and [book\-keeper](/wiki/Book-keeper "Book-keeper").Rolf Rübsam: *Sie lebten unter uns*. Bremen 1988, S. 15–22\. (Anmerkung: Rolf Rübsam wertete für sein Buch unter anderem Zeitzeugenberichte aus, die 1985 im Rahmen eines heimatgeschichtlichen Forschungsprojekts des Schulverbunds Lesum eingeholt wurden.)
From the turn of the century, the Goldbergs supported people in their area who were in social need through various personal initiatives and using their own resources. Martha Goldberg was considered an "extraordinarily open\-minded, active, generous and caring woman". She often accompanied her husband on house calls – he was also known as an experienced [obstetrician](/wiki/Obstetrician "Obstetrician") – and tried to improve the circumstances of [patients](/wiki/Patients "Patients") in need. Among other things, she provided them with warm meals made in her household, helped in later years by her daughter Käthe as a young adult. Through her engagement with social issues, she contributed significantly to her husband's success as a doctor. The Goldbergs were "remarkably highly regarded", and were both prominent figures in the region Burg\-Lesum, where they were active members of the community.
True to her patriotic convictions, during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") Martha Goldberg supported an appeal for donations by the *Flottenbundes Deutscher Frauen* (a women's union in support of the German navy) for the districts of Vegesack and Kreis Blumenthal. Towards the end of the war and in the year 1919, she was involved in a relief initiative by the *Vaterländischen Frauenverein* (Patriotic Women's Association), in which food was distributed, primarily to [malnourished](/wiki/Malnourished "Malnourished") children.
In Lesum at that time, poverty was widespread, particularly in families with many children. The primary employer was the *Bremer Woll\-Wäscherei* (*Bremen Wool Laundry*), founded in 1872/73 and located opposite Burg station, which was bought up by the *[Bremer Woll\-Kämmerei](/wiki/Bremer_Woll-K%C3%A4mmerei "Bremer Woll-Kämmerei")* and decommissioned in 1927\. Towards the end of the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic"), during the period of [mass unemployment](/wiki/Mass_unemployment "Mass unemployment") which followed the [crash of 1929](/wiki/Crash_of_1929 "Crash of 1929"), her husband became known entirely as a doctor for the poor and Martha Goldberg started up her "private social care" and her "[soup kitchen](/wiki/Soup_kitchen "Soup kitchen")" again.
Martha and Adolph Goldberg had three children, born towards the end of the 1890s: the first born was daughter Getrud, followed by slightly younger [twins](/wiki/Twins "Twins") Käthe and Kurt. The siblings had a happy childhood and youth in Burgdamm.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.schulverbund\-lesum.de/Texte/Projekt%20Sie%20lebten%20unter%20uns/Pappe\-07\.pdf\|title\=Die Goldberg\-Kinder\|year\=1985\|publisher\=\[\[Burglesum\#Schulen\|Schulverbund Lesum]]\|pages\=21–25\|language\=de\|access\-date\=2009\-12\-27\|periodical\=Sie Lebten Unter Uns}}{{dead link\|date\=January 2018\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} Dokumentation des heimatgeschichtlichen Forschungsprojekts des Schulverbunds Lesum, das unter Leitung des Lehrers Rolf Rübsam 1985 durchgeführt wurde. The family belonged to an affluent, [bourgeois](/wiki/Bourgeois "Bourgeois") social class; they had many different social contacts and often traveled; they employed [domestic staff](/wiki/Domestic_staff "Domestic staff") such as a [housemaid](/wiki/Housemaid "Housemaid") and a [nanny](/wiki/Nanny "Nanny"), and the children received [private tuition at home](/wiki/Home_educated "Home educated").Rolf Rübsam: *Sie lebten unter uns*. Bremen 1988, S. 40–45\.
### Under National Socialism
In Bremen and the surrounding area, as in the whole of the [Third Reich](/wiki/Third_Reich "Third Reich"), Jews were persecuted and discriminated against during the National Socialist era. After the [NSDAP](/wiki/NSDAP "NSDAP") came into power in 1933 and after the [Nuremberg Laws](/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws "Nuremberg Laws") of 1935, the Goldbergs fell into increasing and in the end total isolation within their living and social environment. As early as 1934, their number of patients had already begun to decrease significantly, although reasons of age also played a role in this. In 1938, Adolph Goldberg lost his [medical license](/wiki/License_to_practice_medicine "License to practice medicine") according to the "Fourth Decree of the [Reich Citizens Act](/wiki/Nuremberg_laws "Nuremberg laws")", and had to close his practice. Martha and Adolph Goldberg avoided contact with their friends and acquaintances so that they did not make them "undesirable" or "punishable".Rolf Rübsam: *Sie lebten unter uns*. Bremen 1988, S. 45–50, 74\.
In addition, their family situation changed radically during this period of discrimination and persecution of Jews: their son, Kurt, committed suicide. Their oldest daughter, Gertrud, emigrated to [Montevideo](/wiki/Montevideo "Montevideo") in Uruguay with her husband, Hans Friedheim, a textile merchant from [Nienburg/Weser](/wiki/Nienburg%2C_Lower_Saxony "Nienburg, Lower Saxony"). Käthe, who had become a nurse due to the influence of her parents, emigrated to South Africa in the autumn of 1937\.
### November Pogrom and murder
There were multiple National Socialist organizations in Bremen, as in the rest of the Third Reich. To begin with, acts of violence were largely perpetrated by the [Sturmabteilung (SA)](/wiki/Sturmabteilung "Sturmabteilung"). The SA in Bremen was under the control of the SA group "Nordsee", which was originally based in [Hannover](/wiki/Hannover "Hannover") and after 1933 had various posts in Bremen, latterly at 75 Hollerallee (now *Forum Kirche* of the Bremen Evangelical Church). From 1935, the regional SA group was led by Heinrich Böhmcker, who was also the mayor of Bremen. In [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") on the evening of 9 November 1938, Böhmcker attended a meeting of SA leaders in which [Hitler](/wiki/Hitler "Hitler") and his propaganda minister [Goebbels](/wiki/Goebbels "Goebbels") incited Germany\-wide acts of terror against Jews: the so\-called [November Pogrom](/wiki/November_Pogrom "November Pogrom"), which is still generally referred to by the now increasingly controversial term "[Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht "Kristallnacht")".{{cite web\|title\=Tödliche Telefonkette\|periodical\=Ja, Fritz, Es Ist So, Wir Müssen Handeln\|publisher\=Forum Kirche der Bremischen Evangelischen Kirche\|url\=http://www.kirche\-bremen.de/downloads/08hKristallnachtinstallEinweih\_\_5\_\_(1\).pdf\|format\=PDF; 35 kB\|access\-date\=2009\-12\-27\|last\=Matthias Duderstadt\|language\=de\|archive\-date\=3 September 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903170811/http://www.kirche\-bremen.de/downloads/08hKristallnachtinstallEinweih\_\_5\_\_(1\).pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} Medieninstallation *BEFEHLEN GEHORCHEN TÖTEN*, 9\. November 2008
After an inflammatory speech by Goebbels, the attending [Gauleiter](/wiki/Gauleiter "Gauleiter") and SA leaders gave their local duty offices commands according to this speech. Böhmcker also telephoned his staff office in Bremen: synagogues should be set on fire and businesses with Jewish owners should be destroyed. Word\-for\-word: "All Jews must be disarmed. If they resist, do not hesitate to shoot them down". As a result of this, during that same night the bicycle dealer Selma Zweinicki and the businessman Heinrich Rosenblum were killed in the Bremen area of [Neustadt](/wiki/Neustadt_%28Bremen%29 "Neustadt (Bremen)").
The terror order was passed from Bremen to [Geestemünde](/wiki/Geestem%C3%BCnde "Geestemünde"), and from there, via Walter Seggermann, to the SA commanders Ernst Röschmann and Fritz Köster in a stronger form: "Red alert for the SA across the whole of Germany. \[...] When evening comes, there can be no more Jews in Germany. Jewish business must also be destroyed." Köster, who was also the mayor of [Lesum](/wiki/Lesum "Lesum"), reacted in surprise: "What is actually supposed to happen to the Jews?" – "Annihilate!". Röschmann reassured himself of this with a call to the SA group "Nordsee" in Bremen, in which the plan was confirmed.
Fritz Köster subsequently gave the command to shoot Adolph and Martha Goldberg in Burgdamm and the mechanic Leopold Sinasohn in the neighboring rural community Platjenwerbe, which is now a part of [Ritterhude](/wiki/Ritterhude "Ritterhude"). All three were murdered in the night on 10 November 1938\. The Goldbergs were "woken abruptly at 5 in the morning on 10 November" by an SA [Scharführer](/wiki/Scharf%C3%BChrer "Scharführer") unknown to them, August Frühling, and "shot and killed in their living room".Ulrike Puvogel u. a. (Hrsg.): *Gedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumentation, Band 1*. 2\., überarb. und erw. Aufl., Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung, Bonn 1995, {{ISBN\|3\-89331\-208\-0}}, S. 209\. Frühling was a member of the Lesum SA unit Reservesturm 29/411 under the command of the SA [Obersturmführer](/wiki/Obersturmf%C3%BChrer "Obersturmführer") Friedrich Jahns, who assisted in the killing of Martha and Adolph Goldberg.Wilhelm Lührs: *Das Pogrom vom 9\./10\. November 1938*. In: *„Reichskristallnacht“ in Bremen*. Bremen 1988, S. 56, 58\.
Martha and Adolph Goldberg were buried in the Jewish cemetery in Ritterhude.Rolf Rübsam: *Sie lebten unter uns*. Bremen 1988, S. 81–84\.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"### Up to 1933",
"[thumb\\|Adolph Goldberg (around 1901\\)](/wiki/File:Adolph_Goldberg-01-MJ.jpg \"Adolph Goldberg-01-MJ.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Martha Goldberg with her three children Käthe, Kurt and Gertrud (from left; around 1903\\)](/wiki/File:Martha_Goldberg-02-MJ.jpg \"Martha Goldberg-02-MJ.jpg\")\nMartha Sussmann was the daughter of affluent businessman Adolph Sussmann and his wife Bertha, née Ahrens. She was born in [Schwerin](/wiki/Schwerin \"Schwerin\") in 1873\\. In 1895 she married the doctor Adolph Goldberg (also *Adolf Goldberg*; 1860–1938\\), from [Soltau](/wiki/Soltau \"Soltau\"), and moved with him to the municipality of [Lesum](/wiki/Lesum \"Lesum\") (part of Bremen since 1939\\). From 1888, her husband ran a doctor's practice there, in the district Burgdamm, in which Martha Goldberg worked as a [receptionist](/wiki/Receptionist \"Receptionist\"), secretary and [book\\-keeper](/wiki/Book-keeper \"Book-keeper\").Rolf Rübsam: *Sie lebten unter uns*. Bremen 1988, S. 15–22\\. (Anmerkung: Rolf Rübsam wertete für sein Buch unter anderem Zeitzeugenberichte aus, die 1985 im Rahmen eines heimatgeschichtlichen Forschungsprojekts des Schulverbunds Lesum eingeholt wurden.)",
"From the turn of the century, the Goldbergs supported people in their area who were in social need through various personal initiatives and using their own resources. Martha Goldberg was considered an \"extraordinarily open\\-minded, active, generous and caring woman\". She often accompanied her husband on house calls – he was also known as an experienced [obstetrician](/wiki/Obstetrician \"Obstetrician\") – and tried to improve the circumstances of [patients](/wiki/Patients \"Patients\") in need. Among other things, she provided them with warm meals made in her household, helped in later years by her daughter Käthe as a young adult. Through her engagement with social issues, she contributed significantly to her husband's success as a doctor. The Goldbergs were \"remarkably highly regarded\", and were both prominent figures in the region Burg\\-Lesum, where they were active members of the community.",
"True to her patriotic convictions, during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") Martha Goldberg supported an appeal for donations by the *Flottenbundes Deutscher Frauen* (a women's union in support of the German navy) for the districts of Vegesack and Kreis Blumenthal. Towards the end of the war and in the year 1919, she was involved in a relief initiative by the *Vaterländischen Frauenverein* (Patriotic Women's Association), in which food was distributed, primarily to [malnourished](/wiki/Malnourished \"Malnourished\") children.",
"In Lesum at that time, poverty was widespread, particularly in families with many children. The primary employer was the *Bremer Woll\\-Wäscherei* (*Bremen Wool Laundry*), founded in 1872/73 and located opposite Burg station, which was bought up by the *[Bremer Woll\\-Kämmerei](/wiki/Bremer_Woll-K%C3%A4mmerei \"Bremer Woll-Kämmerei\")* and decommissioned in 1927\\. Towards the end of the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\"), during the period of [mass unemployment](/wiki/Mass_unemployment \"Mass unemployment\") which followed the [crash of 1929](/wiki/Crash_of_1929 \"Crash of 1929\"), her husband became known entirely as a doctor for the poor and Martha Goldberg started up her \"private social care\" and her \"[soup kitchen](/wiki/Soup_kitchen \"Soup kitchen\")\" again.",
"Martha and Adolph Goldberg had three children, born towards the end of the 1890s: the first born was daughter Getrud, followed by slightly younger [twins](/wiki/Twins \"Twins\") Käthe and Kurt. The siblings had a happy childhood and youth in Burgdamm.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.schulverbund\\-lesum.de/Texte/Projekt%20Sie%20lebten%20unter%20uns/Pappe\\-07\\.pdf\\|title\\=Die Goldberg\\-Kinder\\|year\\=1985\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Burglesum\\#Schulen\\|Schulverbund Lesum]]\\|pages\\=21–25\\|language\\=de\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-27\\|periodical\\=Sie Lebten Unter Uns}}{{dead link\\|date\\=January 2018\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} Dokumentation des heimatgeschichtlichen Forschungsprojekts des Schulverbunds Lesum, das unter Leitung des Lehrers Rolf Rübsam 1985 durchgeführt wurde. The family belonged to an affluent, [bourgeois](/wiki/Bourgeois \"Bourgeois\") social class; they had many different social contacts and often traveled; they employed [domestic staff](/wiki/Domestic_staff \"Domestic staff\") such as a [housemaid](/wiki/Housemaid \"Housemaid\") and a [nanny](/wiki/Nanny \"Nanny\"), and the children received [private tuition at home](/wiki/Home_educated \"Home educated\").Rolf Rübsam: *Sie lebten unter uns*. Bremen 1988, S. 40–45\\.",
"### Under National Socialism",
"In Bremen and the surrounding area, as in the whole of the [Third Reich](/wiki/Third_Reich \"Third Reich\"), Jews were persecuted and discriminated against during the National Socialist era. After the [NSDAP](/wiki/NSDAP \"NSDAP\") came into power in 1933 and after the [Nuremberg Laws](/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws \"Nuremberg Laws\") of 1935, the Goldbergs fell into increasing and in the end total isolation within their living and social environment. As early as 1934, their number of patients had already begun to decrease significantly, although reasons of age also played a role in this. In 1938, Adolph Goldberg lost his [medical license](/wiki/License_to_practice_medicine \"License to practice medicine\") according to the \"Fourth Decree of the [Reich Citizens Act](/wiki/Nuremberg_laws \"Nuremberg laws\")\", and had to close his practice. Martha and Adolph Goldberg avoided contact with their friends and acquaintances so that they did not make them \"undesirable\" or \"punishable\".Rolf Rübsam: *Sie lebten unter uns*. Bremen 1988, S. 45–50, 74\\.",
"In addition, their family situation changed radically during this period of discrimination and persecution of Jews: their son, Kurt, committed suicide. Their oldest daughter, Gertrud, emigrated to [Montevideo](/wiki/Montevideo \"Montevideo\") in Uruguay with her husband, Hans Friedheim, a textile merchant from [Nienburg/Weser](/wiki/Nienburg%2C_Lower_Saxony \"Nienburg, Lower Saxony\"). Käthe, who had become a nurse due to the influence of her parents, emigrated to South Africa in the autumn of 1937\\.",
"### November Pogrom and murder",
"There were multiple National Socialist organizations in Bremen, as in the rest of the Third Reich. To begin with, acts of violence were largely perpetrated by the [Sturmabteilung (SA)](/wiki/Sturmabteilung \"Sturmabteilung\"). The SA in Bremen was under the control of the SA group \"Nordsee\", which was originally based in [Hannover](/wiki/Hannover \"Hannover\") and after 1933 had various posts in Bremen, latterly at 75 Hollerallee (now *Forum Kirche* of the Bremen Evangelical Church). From 1935, the regional SA group was led by Heinrich Böhmcker, who was also the mayor of Bremen. In [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") on the evening of 9 November 1938, Böhmcker attended a meeting of SA leaders in which [Hitler](/wiki/Hitler \"Hitler\") and his propaganda minister [Goebbels](/wiki/Goebbels \"Goebbels\") incited Germany\\-wide acts of terror against Jews: the so\\-called [November Pogrom](/wiki/November_Pogrom \"November Pogrom\"), which is still generally referred to by the now increasingly controversial term \"[Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht \"Kristallnacht\")\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Tödliche Telefonkette\\|periodical\\=Ja, Fritz, Es Ist So, Wir Müssen Handeln\\|publisher\\=Forum Kirche der Bremischen Evangelischen Kirche\\|url\\=http://www.kirche\\-bremen.de/downloads/08hKristallnachtinstallEinweih\\_\\_5\\_\\_(1\\).pdf\\|format\\=PDF; 35 kB\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-27\\|last\\=Matthias Duderstadt\\|language\\=de\\|archive\\-date\\=3 September 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903170811/http://www.kirche\\-bremen.de/downloads/08hKristallnachtinstallEinweih\\_\\_5\\_\\_(1\\).pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Medieninstallation *BEFEHLEN GEHORCHEN TÖTEN*, 9\\. November 2008",
"After an inflammatory speech by Goebbels, the attending [Gauleiter](/wiki/Gauleiter \"Gauleiter\") and SA leaders gave their local duty offices commands according to this speech. Böhmcker also telephoned his staff office in Bremen: synagogues should be set on fire and businesses with Jewish owners should be destroyed. Word\\-for\\-word: \"All Jews must be disarmed. If they resist, do not hesitate to shoot them down\". As a result of this, during that same night the bicycle dealer Selma Zweinicki and the businessman Heinrich Rosenblum were killed in the Bremen area of [Neustadt](/wiki/Neustadt_%28Bremen%29 \"Neustadt (Bremen)\").",
"The terror order was passed from Bremen to [Geestemünde](/wiki/Geestem%C3%BCnde \"Geestemünde\"), and from there, via Walter Seggermann, to the SA commanders Ernst Röschmann and Fritz Köster in a stronger form: \"Red alert for the SA across the whole of Germany. \\[...] When evening comes, there can be no more Jews in Germany. Jewish business must also be destroyed.\" Köster, who was also the mayor of [Lesum](/wiki/Lesum \"Lesum\"), reacted in surprise: \"What is actually supposed to happen to the Jews?\" – \"Annihilate!\". Röschmann reassured himself of this with a call to the SA group \"Nordsee\" in Bremen, in which the plan was confirmed.",
"Fritz Köster subsequently gave the command to shoot Adolph and Martha Goldberg in Burgdamm and the mechanic Leopold Sinasohn in the neighboring rural community Platjenwerbe, which is now a part of [Ritterhude](/wiki/Ritterhude \"Ritterhude\"). All three were murdered in the night on 10 November 1938\\. The Goldbergs were \"woken abruptly at 5 in the morning on 10 November\" by an SA [Scharführer](/wiki/Scharf%C3%BChrer \"Scharführer\") unknown to them, August Frühling, and \"shot and killed in their living room\".Ulrike Puvogel u. a. (Hrsg.): *Gedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumentation, Band 1*. 2\\., überarb. und erw. Aufl., Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung, Bonn 1995, {{ISBN\\|3\\-89331\\-208\\-0}}, S. 209\\. Frühling was a member of the Lesum SA unit Reservesturm 29/411 under the command of the SA [Obersturmführer](/wiki/Obersturmf%C3%BChrer \"Obersturmführer\") Friedrich Jahns, who assisted in the killing of Martha and Adolph Goldberg.Wilhelm Lührs: *Das Pogrom vom 9\\./10\\. November 1938*. In: *„Reichskristallnacht“ in Bremen*. Bremen 1988, S. 56, 58\\.",
"Martha and Adolph Goldberg were buried in the Jewish cemetery in Ritterhude.Rolf Rübsam: *Sie lebten unter uns*. Bremen 1988, S. 81–84\\.",
""
] |
Writing career and later life
-----------------------------
Both Vance and Nettie had begun to publish poetry, short stories, criticism and journalism before the war. Before her marriage Nettie taught modern languages and phonetics. In the 1920s, living in the seaside township of [Caloundra](/wiki/Caloundra "Caloundra"), [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland"), Nettie, like Vance, could dedicate herself to literature and writing full\-time.
In 1924 Nettie published *Modern Australian Fiction*, at that time the most important critical study of [Australian literature](/wiki/Australian_literature "Australian literature"). With her two daughters then attending school she returned to writing full\-time. Writing regularly for numerous newspapers all round Australia, she wrote on a wide range of topics, from environment to cultural events, reviewing all important books being published in Australia, America, Europe and elsewhere. 1928 saw the publication of her short story selection, *An Australian Story\-Book*, drawing on short stories which had only found form in ephemeral publications. In 1931 she published an important biography of her uncle, *[Henry Bournes Higgins](/wiki/Henry_Bournes_Higgins "Henry Bournes Higgins"): A Memoir*. She edited an extraordinary collection of writings by Victorian women, both historical and literary for the centenary of Victoria, *Centenary Gift Book*. She also became the centre of a network of correspondence with many other writers, mainly women. She was an important confidante and mentor for such writers as [Marjorie Barnard](/wiki/Marjorie_Barnard "Marjorie Barnard") and [Flora Eldershaw](/wiki/Flora_Eldershaw "Flora Eldershaw").
In 1935 the Palmers traveled to Europe, and they were holidaying near [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") when the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War") broke out. Aileen and Helen had both joined the Communist Party as students, and Aileen stayed behind to volunteer for service with the British Medical Unit in Spain when the rest of the family returned to Australia. On their return to [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") Nettie devoted herself to supporting the [Spanish Republic](/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic "Second Spanish Republic").
During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") Vance and Nettie were strongly opposed to the advent of fascism, whether in Australia or overseas. Because they had witnessed the loss of democratic rights during the [Great War](/wiki/Great_War "Great War") their work was to strengthen the [Australian belief in egalitarianism](/wiki/Australian_belief_in_egalitarianism "Australian belief in egalitarianism") and human rights. They were also early advocates for the importance of regional environmental awareness and Nettie's book on the Dandenongs is an important early environmental history. Nettie published *The Memoirs of Alice Henry* (1944\) and *Fourteen Years: Extracts from a Private Journal* (1948\), often considered her best work.
Nettie published *Henry Handel Richardson: A Study*, which did a great deal to establish the reputation of now\-acclaimed Melbourne author [Henry Handel Richardson](/wiki/Henry_Handel_Richardson "Henry Handel Richardson") (the pen name of Ethel Florence Lindesay Richardson) and her monumental trilogy *[The Fortunes of Richard Mahony](/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Richard_Mahony "The Fortunes of Richard Mahony")*.
Vance and Nettie were remembered by those who knew them for their great compassion and generosity. They were instrumental in the recognition of Australian literature as a subject worthy of serious study and teaching in the academy. Nettie was active in the Goethe Institute in Melbourne. Vance and Nettie's last years were clouded by their own ill health and by worry about their daughter Aileen, who suffered a mental breakdown in 1948 and became an alcoholic. Aileen was an established poet in her own right and wrote extensively on the Spanish Civil War. Nettie died in 1964, universally mourned by Australian writers and readers.
The [Victorian Premier's Literary Award](/wiki/Victorian_Premier%27s_Literary_Award "Victorian Premier's Literary Award") for fiction is named the [Vance Palmer Prize](/wiki/Vance_Palmer_Prize "Vance Palmer Prize"), while the prize for non\-fiction is the [Nettie Palmer Prize](/wiki/Nettie_Palmer_Prize "Nettie Palmer Prize") (until 2010 when under the stewardship of the [Wheeler Centre](/wiki/Wheeler_Centre "Wheeler Centre") they were renamed as Victorian Premier's Prizes). In 2018, Nettie was inducted into the Hall of Fame for the Melbourne Press Club in recognition of her elegant prose.
|
[
"Writing career and later life\n-----------------------------",
"Both Vance and Nettie had begun to publish poetry, short stories, criticism and journalism before the war. Before her marriage Nettie taught modern languages and phonetics. In the 1920s, living in the seaside township of [Caloundra](/wiki/Caloundra \"Caloundra\"), [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\"), Nettie, like Vance, could dedicate herself to literature and writing full\\-time.",
"In 1924 Nettie published *Modern Australian Fiction*, at that time the most important critical study of [Australian literature](/wiki/Australian_literature \"Australian literature\"). With her two daughters then attending school she returned to writing full\\-time. Writing regularly for numerous newspapers all round Australia, she wrote on a wide range of topics, from environment to cultural events, reviewing all important books being published in Australia, America, Europe and elsewhere. 1928 saw the publication of her short story selection, *An Australian Story\\-Book*, drawing on short stories which had only found form in ephemeral publications. In 1931 she published an important biography of her uncle, *[Henry Bournes Higgins](/wiki/Henry_Bournes_Higgins \"Henry Bournes Higgins\"): A Memoir*. She edited an extraordinary collection of writings by Victorian women, both historical and literary for the centenary of Victoria, *Centenary Gift Book*. She also became the centre of a network of correspondence with many other writers, mainly women. She was an important confidante and mentor for such writers as [Marjorie Barnard](/wiki/Marjorie_Barnard \"Marjorie Barnard\") and [Flora Eldershaw](/wiki/Flora_Eldershaw \"Flora Eldershaw\").",
"In 1935 the Palmers traveled to Europe, and they were holidaying near [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") when the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") broke out. Aileen and Helen had both joined the Communist Party as students, and Aileen stayed behind to volunteer for service with the British Medical Unit in Spain when the rest of the family returned to Australia. On their return to [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") Nettie devoted herself to supporting the [Spanish Republic](/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic \"Second Spanish Republic\").",
"During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") Vance and Nettie were strongly opposed to the advent of fascism, whether in Australia or overseas. Because they had witnessed the loss of democratic rights during the [Great War](/wiki/Great_War \"Great War\") their work was to strengthen the [Australian belief in egalitarianism](/wiki/Australian_belief_in_egalitarianism \"Australian belief in egalitarianism\") and human rights. They were also early advocates for the importance of regional environmental awareness and Nettie's book on the Dandenongs is an important early environmental history. Nettie published *The Memoirs of Alice Henry* (1944\\) and *Fourteen Years: Extracts from a Private Journal* (1948\\), often considered her best work.",
"Nettie published *Henry Handel Richardson: A Study*, which did a great deal to establish the reputation of now\\-acclaimed Melbourne author [Henry Handel Richardson](/wiki/Henry_Handel_Richardson \"Henry Handel Richardson\") (the pen name of Ethel Florence Lindesay Richardson) and her monumental trilogy *[The Fortunes of Richard Mahony](/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Richard_Mahony \"The Fortunes of Richard Mahony\")*.",
"Vance and Nettie were remembered by those who knew them for their great compassion and generosity. They were instrumental in the recognition of Australian literature as a subject worthy of serious study and teaching in the academy. Nettie was active in the Goethe Institute in Melbourne. Vance and Nettie's last years were clouded by their own ill health and by worry about their daughter Aileen, who suffered a mental breakdown in 1948 and became an alcoholic. Aileen was an established poet in her own right and wrote extensively on the Spanish Civil War. Nettie died in 1964, universally mourned by Australian writers and readers.",
"The [Victorian Premier's Literary Award](/wiki/Victorian_Premier%27s_Literary_Award \"Victorian Premier's Literary Award\") for fiction is named the [Vance Palmer Prize](/wiki/Vance_Palmer_Prize \"Vance Palmer Prize\"), while the prize for non\\-fiction is the [Nettie Palmer Prize](/wiki/Nettie_Palmer_Prize \"Nettie Palmer Prize\") (until 2010 when under the stewardship of the [Wheeler Centre](/wiki/Wheeler_Centre \"Wheeler Centre\") they were renamed as Victorian Premier's Prizes). In 2018, Nettie was inducted into the Hall of Fame for the Melbourne Press Club in recognition of her elegant prose.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Melissa Scott and her fiancé Bobby Lawrence are on a cross country road trip to [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada "Las Vegas, Nevada") to get married. Joining them for the ride is Melissa's sister Kayla and Kayla's online boyfriend Nik.
During the trip, their car breaks down in the desert. Whilst looking for help, the four find a seemingly abandoned barn, in which they find a silver 1971 [Chevrolet Chevelle](/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevelle "Chevrolet Chevelle") in working order with a full tank of gas. The four reluctantly steal the car, although Melissa leaves a note in the house with her contact details for the owner of the car to find.
The next day, Melissa receives a phone call from Rusty Nail. He refers to Melissa as "[Goldilocks](/wiki/Goldilocks "Goldilocks")", revealing that he can see her, and Bobby soon disappears from a diner restroom. The others find a [CB radio](/wiki/CB_radio "CB radio") in the car, through which Rusty Nail orders them to destroy their [cellphones](/wiki/Cellphone "Cellphone") and obey his orders if Bobby is to survive. He requests for Kayla to cut off her middle finger, mirroring an earlier incident when she had flipped off a trucker who turned out to be Rusty himself. The group heads to a [mortuary hospital](/wiki/Morgue "Morgue"), where Kayla cuts a finger from a corpse, but Rusty, knowing they have broken the rules, cuts off Bobby's finger and puts it in the [glove compartment](/wiki/Glove_compartment "Glove compartment") of the Chevelle, where it is eventually discovered by the group.
Rusty soon pulls up at a bar in Utah, and Bobby tries to escape. He gains the attention of a bartender, who tries to help out, but Rusty catches him in the act and kills the bartender. Nik then gets kidnapped by Rusty, and Melissa and Kayla chase them in the Chevelle. However, Rusty manages to ram the car several times in his truck, flipping the Chevelle over. Melissa manages to escape, but Kayla gets trapped and is killed after Rusty plows into the car again.
Rusty takes Bobby and Nik back to his home and sadistically tortures them, eventually killing Nik by impaling a steel bar through his head. Melissa, meanwhile, breaks into a police station and steals a motor bike, racing off to find Bobby. She eventually tracks Rusty down, and, after using the motor bike as a distraction, beats Rusty down with a shovel. She drives away in his truck, with Bobby locked in the trailer, but the trailer disconnects and leaves Bobby behind. Rusty manages to grab on to the side of the truck and climb on the roof. A scuffle ensues, in which Melissa manages to jump out of the truck right before it goes flying off of the edge of the cliff, upon where it explodes on impact. Bobby escapes from the trailer and meets back up with Melissa.
Later, Rusty is revealed to have miraculously survived the explosion after he picks up a girl whose car has broken down.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Melissa Scott and her fiancé Bobby Lawrence are on a cross country road trip to [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada \"Las Vegas, Nevada\") to get married. Joining them for the ride is Melissa's sister Kayla and Kayla's online boyfriend Nik.",
"During the trip, their car breaks down in the desert. Whilst looking for help, the four find a seemingly abandoned barn, in which they find a silver 1971 [Chevrolet Chevelle](/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevelle \"Chevrolet Chevelle\") in working order with a full tank of gas. The four reluctantly steal the car, although Melissa leaves a note in the house with her contact details for the owner of the car to find.",
"The next day, Melissa receives a phone call from Rusty Nail. He refers to Melissa as \"[Goldilocks](/wiki/Goldilocks \"Goldilocks\")\", revealing that he can see her, and Bobby soon disappears from a diner restroom. The others find a [CB radio](/wiki/CB_radio \"CB radio\") in the car, through which Rusty Nail orders them to destroy their [cellphones](/wiki/Cellphone \"Cellphone\") and obey his orders if Bobby is to survive. He requests for Kayla to cut off her middle finger, mirroring an earlier incident when she had flipped off a trucker who turned out to be Rusty himself. The group heads to a [mortuary hospital](/wiki/Morgue \"Morgue\"), where Kayla cuts a finger from a corpse, but Rusty, knowing they have broken the rules, cuts off Bobby's finger and puts it in the [glove compartment](/wiki/Glove_compartment \"Glove compartment\") of the Chevelle, where it is eventually discovered by the group.",
"Rusty soon pulls up at a bar in Utah, and Bobby tries to escape. He gains the attention of a bartender, who tries to help out, but Rusty catches him in the act and kills the bartender. Nik then gets kidnapped by Rusty, and Melissa and Kayla chase them in the Chevelle. However, Rusty manages to ram the car several times in his truck, flipping the Chevelle over. Melissa manages to escape, but Kayla gets trapped and is killed after Rusty plows into the car again.",
"Rusty takes Bobby and Nik back to his home and sadistically tortures them, eventually killing Nik by impaling a steel bar through his head. Melissa, meanwhile, breaks into a police station and steals a motor bike, racing off to find Bobby. She eventually tracks Rusty down, and, after using the motor bike as a distraction, beats Rusty down with a shovel. She drives away in his truck, with Bobby locked in the trailer, but the trailer disconnects and leaves Bobby behind. Rusty manages to grab on to the side of the truck and climb on the roof. A scuffle ensues, in which Melissa manages to jump out of the truck right before it goes flying off of the edge of the cliff, upon where it explodes on impact. Bobby escapes from the trailer and meets back up with Melissa.",
"Later, Rusty is revealed to have miraculously survived the explosion after he picks up a girl whose car has broken down.",
""
] |
Publications
------------
Wedell, K. (1960\) ‘The visual perception of cerebral palsied children’, *Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,* 1, pp. 217–27\.
Wedell, K. (1964\) ‘Some aspects of perceptual\-motor development in young children’, in J. Loring (ed.) *Learning Problems of the Cerebral Palsied,* London: Spastics Society.
Wedell, K. (1970\) ‘Diagnosing learning difficulties: A sequential strategy’, *Journal of Learning Difficulties,* 3(6\), pp. 23–9\.
Wedell, K. (1971\) ‘Perceptuo\-motor factors’, in B. Keogh (ed.) ‘Early Identification of Children with Potential Learning Problems’, *Journal of Special Education,* 4, pp. 223–31\.
Wedell, K. (1973\) *Learning and Perceptuo\-motor Disabilities in Children,* London: John Wiley.
Wedell, K. (1978\) ‘Early Identification and Compensatory Education’ paper presented at the NATO International Conference on Learning Disorders, Ottawa.
Wedell, K. (1980\) ‘Early identification and compensatory interaction’, in R.M. Knights and D.J. Bakker (eds) *Treatment of Hyperactive and Learning Disordered Children: Current Research,* Baltimore University Park Press
Wedell, K. (1989\) ‘Some developments in the concepts and practice of special education’ (unpublished manuscript).
Wedell, K. (1990\) ‘The 1988 Act and current principles of special educational needs’ in H. Daniels and J. Ware (eds) *Special Educational Needs and the National Curriculum,* London: Institute of Education / Kogan Page.
Wedell, K. (1993\) ‘Special Needs Education: The Next 25 Years’, *National Commission on Education Briefing,* 14, London: NCE
Wedell, K. (1994\) ‘Conclusions’, in I Lund and J. Evans (eds) *Allocating Resources for Special Educational Needs Provision,* Stafford: NASEN Enterprises.
Wedell, K. and Raybould, E.C. (1976\) ‘The early identification of educationally ‘at risk’ children’, *Educational Review, Occasional Publications No. 6\.* University of Birmingham.
Wedell, K. and Lambourne, R. (1979\) *An Enquiry into Psychological Services for Children in England and Wales,* Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Department of Educational Psychology.
Wedell, K. and Lambourne, R. (1979\) *Psychological Services for Children in England and Wales,* Social Science Research Council.
Wedell, K. and Lambourne, R. (1980\) ‘Psychological services for children in England and Wales’, *DECP Occasional Papers,* 4(1\) and (2\), pp. 1–84
Wedell, K. and Lindsay, G. (1980\) ‘Early identification procedures: What have we learned?’ *Remedial Education,* 15, pp. 130–5\.
Wedell, K. (1995\). Making inclusive education ordinary. British Journal of Special Education.{{cite journal \|last1\=Wedell \|first1\=Klaus \|date\=1995 \|title\=Making inclusive education normal \|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1111/j.1467\-8578\.1995\.tb00914\.x \|journal\=British Journal of Special Education \|volume\=22 \|issue\=3 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1467\-8578\.1995\.tb00914\.x \|accessdate\=23 July 2020}}
'Points from the SENCo Forum': regular column in the [British Journal of Special Education](/wiki/British_Journal_of_Special_Education "British Journal of Special Education"){{Cite web \|last\=Wedell \|first\=Klaus \|date\=1997–2021 \|title\=Points from the SENCo Forum \|url\=https://nasenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?AllField\=points\+from\+the\+SENCo\+Forum\+Klaus\+Wedell\&SeriesKey\=14678578\&pageSize\=20\&startPage\=1 \|website\=British Journal of Special Education}} from 1997 to 2021\.
Wedell, K. (2005\). Dilemmas in the quest for inclusion. British Journal of Special Education.{{cite journal \|last1\=Wedell \|first1\=Klaus \|date\=2005 \|title\=Dilemmas in the quest for inclusion \|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1111/j.0952\-3383\.2005\.00363\.x \|journal\=British Journal of Special Education \|volume\=32 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=3–11 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.0952\-3383\.2005\.00363\.x \|accessdate\=23 July 2020}}
Wedell, K. (2008\). Confusion about inclusion: patching up or system change? British Journal of Special Education.{{cite journal \|last1\=Wedell \|first1\=Klaus \|title\=INCLUSION \|journal\=British Journal of Special Education \|date\=2008 \|volume\=35 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=127–135 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1467\-8578\.2008\.00386\.x \|s2cid\=144272370 \|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1111/j.1467\-8578\.2008\.00386\.x \|accessdate\=23 July 2020}}
|
[
"Publications\n------------",
"Wedell, K. (1960\\) ‘The visual perception of cerebral palsied children’, *Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,* 1, pp. 217–27\\.",
"Wedell, K. (1964\\) ‘Some aspects of perceptual\\-motor development in young children’, in J. Loring (ed.) *Learning Problems of the Cerebral Palsied,* London: Spastics Society.",
"Wedell, K. (1970\\) ‘Diagnosing learning difficulties: A sequential strategy’, *Journal of Learning Difficulties,* 3(6\\), pp. 23–9\\.",
"Wedell, K. (1971\\) ‘Perceptuo\\-motor factors’, in B. Keogh (ed.) ‘Early Identification of Children with Potential Learning Problems’, *Journal of Special Education,* 4, pp. 223–31\\.",
"Wedell, K. (1973\\) *Learning and Perceptuo\\-motor Disabilities in Children,* London: John Wiley.",
"Wedell, K. (1978\\) ‘Early Identification and Compensatory Education’ paper presented at the NATO International Conference on Learning Disorders, Ottawa.",
"Wedell, K. (1980\\) ‘Early identification and compensatory interaction’, in R.M. Knights and D.J. Bakker (eds) *Treatment of Hyperactive and Learning Disordered Children: Current Research,* Baltimore University Park Press",
"Wedell, K. (1989\\) ‘Some developments in the concepts and practice of special education’ (unpublished manuscript).",
"Wedell, K. (1990\\) ‘The 1988 Act and current principles of special educational needs’ in H. Daniels and J. Ware (eds) *Special Educational Needs and the National Curriculum,* London: Institute of Education / Kogan Page.",
"Wedell, K. (1993\\) ‘Special Needs Education: The Next 25 Years’, *National Commission on Education Briefing,* 14, London: NCE",
"Wedell, K. (1994\\) ‘Conclusions’, in I Lund and J. Evans (eds) *Allocating Resources for Special Educational Needs Provision,* Stafford: NASEN Enterprises.",
"Wedell, K. and Raybould, E.C. (1976\\) ‘The early identification of educationally ‘at risk’ children’, *Educational Review, Occasional Publications No. 6\\.* University of Birmingham.",
"Wedell, K. and Lambourne, R. (1979\\) *An Enquiry into Psychological Services for Children in England and Wales,* Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Department of Educational Psychology.",
"Wedell, K. and Lambourne, R. (1979\\) *Psychological Services for Children in England and Wales,* Social Science Research Council.",
"Wedell, K. and Lambourne, R. (1980\\) ‘Psychological services for children in England and Wales’, *DECP Occasional Papers,* 4(1\\) and (2\\), pp. 1–84",
"Wedell, K. and Lindsay, G. (1980\\) ‘Early identification procedures: What have we learned?’ *Remedial Education,* 15, pp. 130–5\\.",
"Wedell, K. (1995\\). Making inclusive education ordinary. British Journal of Special Education.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wedell \\|first1\\=Klaus \\|date\\=1995 \\|title\\=Making inclusive education normal \\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1111/j.1467\\-8578\\.1995\\.tb00914\\.x \\|journal\\=British Journal of Special Education \\|volume\\=22 \\|issue\\=3 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1467\\-8578\\.1995\\.tb00914\\.x \\|accessdate\\=23 July 2020}}",
"'Points from the SENCo Forum': regular column in the [British Journal of Special Education](/wiki/British_Journal_of_Special_Education \"British Journal of Special Education\"){{Cite web \\|last\\=Wedell \\|first\\=Klaus \\|date\\=1997–2021 \\|title\\=Points from the SENCo Forum \\|url\\=https://nasenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?AllField\\=points\\+from\\+the\\+SENCo\\+Forum\\+Klaus\\+Wedell\\&SeriesKey\\=14678578\\&pageSize\\=20\\&startPage\\=1 \\|website\\=British Journal of Special Education}} from 1997 to 2021\\.",
"Wedell, K. (2005\\). Dilemmas in the quest for inclusion. British Journal of Special Education.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wedell \\|first1\\=Klaus \\|date\\=2005 \\|title\\=Dilemmas in the quest for inclusion \\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1111/j.0952\\-3383\\.2005\\.00363\\.x \\|journal\\=British Journal of Special Education \\|volume\\=32 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=3–11 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.0952\\-3383\\.2005\\.00363\\.x \\|accessdate\\=23 July 2020}}",
"Wedell, K. (2008\\). Confusion about inclusion: patching up or system change? British Journal of Special Education.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wedell \\|first1\\=Klaus \\|title\\=INCLUSION \\|journal\\=British Journal of Special Education \\|date\\=2008 \\|volume\\=35 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=127–135 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1467\\-8578\\.2008\\.00386\\.x \\|s2cid\\=144272370 \\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1111/j.1467\\-8578\\.2008\\.00386\\.x \\|accessdate\\=23 July 2020}}",
""
] |
Production
----------
### Development
By September 2021, [HBO Max](/wiki/HBO_Max "HBO Max") was in early development on a spin\-off series from the film *[The Batman](/wiki/The_Batman_%28film%29 "The Batman (film)")* (2022\) focusing on the character [Oz / the Penguin](/wiki/Penguin_%28character%29 "Penguin (character)"), portrayed in the film by [Colin Farrell](/wiki/Colin_Farrell "Colin Farrell"). *The Batman* director [Matt Reeves](/wiki/Matt_Reeves "Matt Reeves") had suggested to studio executives that a sequel film could explore the Penguin further, but they wanted to use the idea for a spin\-off series instead. [Lauren LeFranc](/wiki/Lauren_LeFranc "Lauren LeFranc") was hired to write the series, while Reeves and *The Batman* producer [Dylan Clark](/wiki/Dylan_Clark "Dylan Clark") were set as executive producers through their respective production companies 6th \& Idaho and Dylan Clark Productions. They had previously begun development on another spin\-off series focused on the [Gotham City Police Department](/wiki/Gotham_City_Police_Department "Gotham City Police Department") (GCPD), but by early March 2022 that series had been put on hold in favor of spin\-offs focused on existing comic book characters; of these, the Penguin series was the furthest along in development at that time. The GCPD series was no longer moving forward by July 2024, though some elements were integrated into the Penguin series. Reeves was unsure then whether he would be directing the series, which he said would come before a sequel to *The Batman* and could tie into that potential second film. Soon after, following *The Batman*{{'s}} release, the limited series received a straight\-to\-series order from HBO Max using the [working title](/wiki/Working_title "Working title") *The Penguin*, with LeFranc confirmed to serve as [showrunner](/wiki/Showrunner "Showrunner") and executive producer. 6th \& Idaho's Daniel Pipski and Adam Kassan were also set as executive producers, along with Rafi Crohn as a co\-executive producer. Star [Colin Farrell](/wiki/Colin_Farrell "Colin Farrell") said in July that Reeves would not be directing the series but was providing guidance on the structure of the scripts and was involved in choosing who would direct them. In October, [Craig Zobel](/wiki/Craig_Zobel "Craig Zobel") was hired to direct the first three episodes of the series and to serve as an executive producer.
After [James Gunn](/wiki/James_Gunn "James Gunn") and [Peter Safran](/wiki/Peter_Safran "Peter Safran") became the co\-CEOs of [DC Studios](/wiki/DC_Studios "DC Studios") in November 2022, future projects for Reeves's *The Batman* shared universe were set to be overseen by that studio. Gunn had contacted Reeves about his projects by then. When announcing the first projects for the new DC franchise the [DC Universe](/wiki/DC_Universe_%28franchise%29 "DC Universe (franchise)") (DCU) in January 2023, Gunn said any project that did not fit into the DCU's shared universe would be labeled as "[DC Elseworlds](/wiki/DC_Elseworlds "DC Elseworlds")" moving forward. This is the same as how DC Comics uses the *[Elseworlds](/wiki/Elseworlds "Elseworlds")* imprint to mark comic books that are separate from the main continuity. Reeves' Batman shared universe was set to be a part of this label, including *The Penguin*. Reeves and Clark refer to their shared universe as the "Batman Epic Crime Saga". Bill Carraro was set as an executive producer by the following month. The series consists of eight 60\-minute\-long episodes, totaling approximately six\-to\-eight hours of content. Farrell felt this length would provide time to explore Oz's [origin story](/wiki/Origin_story "Origin story") and would allow the series to be "endlessly fun", fascinating, and brutal, as it was intended to have a more mature interpretation; the series was ultimately confirmed to receive a [TV\-MA](/wiki/TV-MA "TV-MA") rating by the [TV Parental Guidelines](/wiki/TV_Parental_Guidelines "TV Parental Guidelines"). In April 2023, the series was officially titled *The Penguin* and announced to be releasing on the [streaming service](/wiki/Streaming_service "Streaming service") [Max](/wiki/Max_%28streaming_service%29 "Max (streaming service)"), the successor to HBO Max. In December 2023, [Helen Shaver](/wiki/Helen_Shaver "Helen Shaver") was revealed to also be serving as a director, and was confirmed in September 2024 along with directors [Kevin Bray](/wiki/Kevin_Bray_%28director%29 "Kevin Bray (director)") and [Jennifer Getzinger](/wiki/Jennifer_Getzinger "Jennifer Getzinger").
### Writing
The series begins one week after the events of *The Batman*, following the flooding of [Gotham City](/wiki/Gotham_City "Gotham City") as depicted at the end of the film, which Farrell said made for a "very tricky, very dark story". The series occurs shortly before the events of the film's sequel *[The Batman – Part II](/wiki/The_Batman_%E2%80%93_Part_II "The Batman – Part II")* (2026\), establishing a "little fabric" of plans that would lead into that film. Farrell said the death of crime boss [Carmine Falcone](/wiki/Carmine_Falcone "Carmine Falcone") in *The Batman* had left a power vacuum within Gotham's criminal underworld, resulting in many different forces vying for power. He added the series would be "incredibly violent" and that Oz would face "extraordinary obstacles". Clark said it would show Oz's rise to power and compared the series to *[Scarface](/wiki/Scarface_%281983_film%29 "Scarface (1983 film)")* (1983\). He added that the series was intended to be a standalone story from *The Batman*, and would enhance the experience of watching the film. Reeves cited *[The Long Good Friday](/wiki/The_Long_Good_Friday "The Long Good Friday")* (1980\) as an additional influence, and said the series was about the [American Dream](/wiki/American_Dream "American Dream"), with Oz being "underestimated... nobody thinks he's capable of doing anything \[but he] believes in himself with a visceral violence". Sarah Aubrey, the head of originals for HBO Max, said the goal for the series was to explore Oz's life that is rooted in the streets of Gotham and described him as "a hustler and a strategist with his own ambitions".
LeFranc, Erika L. Johnson, [Noelle Valdivia](/wiki/Noelle_Valdivia "Noelle Valdivia"), John McCutcheon, Breannah Gibson, Shaye Ogbonna, [Nick Towne](/wiki/Nick_Towne "Nick Towne"), and Vladimir Cvetko wrote episodes of the series. LeFranc had written the [pilot](/wiki/Television_pilot "Television pilot") script by early March 2022\. She was then working on the remaining episodes, when the story for the first season had been finished. Farrell read the first episode by mid\-October 2022 and called it tasty and unusual, and was excited to further explore the "bang up of Oz" that Reeves envisioned for the character. He was set to read the second and third episodes the following week. The scripts were completed by the start of May 2023\.
### Casting
By the time development was revealed to be underway on the series in September 2021, Farrell had been approached about reprising his role as the Penguin from *The Batman*, but was not contractually obligated to reprise the role. By December, Farrell officially signed on to star in the series and serve as an executive producer on it. He described working with LeFranc as a similarly collaborative experience to working with Reeves on *The Batman*. In March 2022, Reeves said there was potential for other characters from the film to appear in the series. At the end of October, [Cristin Milioti](/wiki/Cristin_Milioti "Cristin Milioti") was cast as the female lead [Sofia Falcone](/wiki/Sofia_Falcone "Sofia Falcone"). In February 2023, [Rhenzy Feliz](/wiki/Rhenzy_Feliz "Rhenzy Feliz") was cast as Victor Aguilar, a lead role which was believed to be a young man who befriends Cobb and becomes his protégé. Later that month, [Michael Kelly](/wiki/Michael_Kelly_%28actor%29 "Michael Kelly (actor)"), [Shohreh Aghdashloo](/wiki/Shohreh_Aghdashloo "Shohreh Aghdashloo"), and [Deirdre O'Connell](/wiki/Deirdre_O%27Connell_%28actress%29 "Deirdre O'Connell (actress)") were respectively cast as Johnny Vitti, Nadia Maroni, and Francis Cobb.
In March 2023, several actors were cast in recurring roles: [Clancy Brown](/wiki/Clancy_Brown "Clancy Brown") as [Salvatore Maroni](/wiki/Salvatore_Maroni "Salvatore Maroni"), [Michael Zegen](/wiki/Michael_Zegen "Michael Zegen") as [Alberto Falcone](/wiki/Alberto_Falcone "Alberto Falcone"), [James Madio](/wiki/James_Madio "James Madio") as Milos Grapa, [Scott Cohen](/wiki/Scott_Cohen_%28actor%29 "Scott Cohen (actor)") as Luca Falcone, and [Theo Rossi](/wiki/Theo_Rossi "Theo Rossi") as Dr. Julian Rush. Maroni was portrayed by an uncredited [extra](/wiki/Extra_%28acting%29 "Extra (acting)") in *The Batman*. [Carmen Ejogo](/wiki/Carmen_Ejogo "Carmen Ejogo"), [François Chau](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chau "François Chau"), and David H. Holmes were cast in recurring roles in April, with Ejogo playing Eve Karlo, while Craig Walker was confirmed to have joined the series by November 2023\. In January 2024, [Jared Abrahamson](/wiki/Jared_Abrahamson "Jared Abrahamson") was cast in an undisclosed "key" recurring role, and [Mark Strong](/wiki/Mark_Strong "Mark Strong"), who portrayed [Thaddeus Sivana](/wiki/Characters_of_the_DC_Extended_Universe%23Dr._Thaddeus_Sivana "Characters of the DC Extended Universe#Dr. Thaddeus Sivana") in the [DC Extended Universe](/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe "DC Extended Universe") (DCEU), was revealed in May to be appearing in the series, portraying [Carmine Falcone](/wiki/Carmine_Falcone "Carmine Falcone") in flashbacks; Strong replaces [John Turturro](/wiki/John_Turturro "John Turturro"), who portrayed the character in *The Batman*. LeFranc said Turturro was unable to reprise his role due to scheduling issues, leading to the role being recast with Strong for the series.{{Cite web \|last\=Paz \|first\=Maggie Dela \|date\=2024\-09\-20 \|title\=The Penguin Showrunner Explains Carmine Falcone's Recasting in HBO Series \|url\=https://www.cbr.com/the\-penguin\-showrunner\-carmine\-falcone\-recasting/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-20 \|website\=CBR \|language\=en}}
[Robert Pattinson](/wiki/Robert_Pattinson "Robert Pattinson") was reported in February 2023 to be reprising his role as [Bruce Wayne / Batman](/wiki/Batman "Batman") from *The Batman* in the series, although it was unclear if the character would appear as Batman or not. The following month, Gunn debunked speculation that the rights to [prior *Batman* television series](/wiki/Batman_in_television "Batman in television") could prevent the Batman character from appearing in this series. Pattinson's appearance was reaffirmed in June 2024, when he was expected to appear in at least one episode, although LeFranc said in August that the character would not appear in the series.
### Design
Farrell said in February 2022 that Mike Marino, the makeup designer for *The Batman*, would return for the series, and he felt the makeup was subtly perfected more, allowing for him to freely explore beyond his facial features. Helen Huang served as the costume designer, and [Kalina Ivanov](/wiki/Kalina_Ivanov "Kalina Ivanov") served as the production designer. Reeves said [Harvey Weinstein](/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein "Harvey Weinstein") was an inspiration for the Penguin's appearance.
### Filming
[Principal photography](/wiki/Principal_photography "Principal photography") began on March 1, 2023, in New York City, using the working title *Boss*. Darran Tiernan served as the cinematographer for the three episodes directed by Zobel. Soundstage work occurred at [Silvercup Studios](/wiki/Silvercup_Studios "Silvercup Studios") North in Queens. Filming was set to take place in [Westchester County, New York](/wiki/Westchester_County%2C_New_York "Westchester County, New York") on May 16 when [picketers](/wiki/Picketers "Picketers") participating in the [2023 Writers Guild of America strike](/wiki/2023_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike "2023 Writers Guild of America strike") caused production to shut down for the day. After further picketing the following day at the series' sets at a church in [Harlem](/wiki/Harlem "Harlem"), Manhattan, and at Silvercup North that once again shut down filming, production was paused through May 18\. Filming of smaller scenes took place the day after in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"). In June, production was suspended until after the strike concluded. Filming had been expected to occur over five or six months, and Kelly had one day left of filming to complete before filming was shut down. The writers' strike ended in late September 2023, while the concurrent [2023 SAG\-AFTRA strike](/wiki/2023_SAG-AFTRA_strike "2023 SAG-AFTRA strike") ended on November 9\. At that time, filming on the series was set to resume at the end of the month, and it was considered to be a priority for Warner Bros. Filming resumed on November 27, in [the Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx "The Bronx") and took place at [Whitestone, Queens](/wiki/Whitestone%2C_Queens "Whitestone, Queens") the following day. Kelly had completed filming his scenes by January 2024, and filming [wrapped](/wiki/Wrap_%28filmmaking%29 "Wrap (filmmaking)") on February 17\.
### Post\-production
Henk Van Eeghen and Andy Keir are editors on the series.{{third\-party inline\|date\=November 2023}}
### Music
Mick Giacchino, the son of *The Batman* composer [Michael Giacchino](/wiki/Michael_Giacchino "Michael Giacchino"), composed the score for the series.
|
[
"Production\n----------",
"### Development",
"By September 2021, [HBO Max](/wiki/HBO_Max \"HBO Max\") was in early development on a spin\\-off series from the film *[The Batman](/wiki/The_Batman_%28film%29 \"The Batman (film)\")* (2022\\) focusing on the character [Oz / the Penguin](/wiki/Penguin_%28character%29 \"Penguin (character)\"), portrayed in the film by [Colin Farrell](/wiki/Colin_Farrell \"Colin Farrell\"). *The Batman* director [Matt Reeves](/wiki/Matt_Reeves \"Matt Reeves\") had suggested to studio executives that a sequel film could explore the Penguin further, but they wanted to use the idea for a spin\\-off series instead. [Lauren LeFranc](/wiki/Lauren_LeFranc \"Lauren LeFranc\") was hired to write the series, while Reeves and *The Batman* producer [Dylan Clark](/wiki/Dylan_Clark \"Dylan Clark\") were set as executive producers through their respective production companies 6th \\& Idaho and Dylan Clark Productions. They had previously begun development on another spin\\-off series focused on the [Gotham City Police Department](/wiki/Gotham_City_Police_Department \"Gotham City Police Department\") (GCPD), but by early March 2022 that series had been put on hold in favor of spin\\-offs focused on existing comic book characters; of these, the Penguin series was the furthest along in development at that time. The GCPD series was no longer moving forward by July 2024, though some elements were integrated into the Penguin series. Reeves was unsure then whether he would be directing the series, which he said would come before a sequel to *The Batman* and could tie into that potential second film. Soon after, following *The Batman*{{'s}} release, the limited series received a straight\\-to\\-series order from HBO Max using the [working title](/wiki/Working_title \"Working title\") *The Penguin*, with LeFranc confirmed to serve as [showrunner](/wiki/Showrunner \"Showrunner\") and executive producer. 6th \\& Idaho's Daniel Pipski and Adam Kassan were also set as executive producers, along with Rafi Crohn as a co\\-executive producer. Star [Colin Farrell](/wiki/Colin_Farrell \"Colin Farrell\") said in July that Reeves would not be directing the series but was providing guidance on the structure of the scripts and was involved in choosing who would direct them. In October, [Craig Zobel](/wiki/Craig_Zobel \"Craig Zobel\") was hired to direct the first three episodes of the series and to serve as an executive producer.",
"After [James Gunn](/wiki/James_Gunn \"James Gunn\") and [Peter Safran](/wiki/Peter_Safran \"Peter Safran\") became the co\\-CEOs of [DC Studios](/wiki/DC_Studios \"DC Studios\") in November 2022, future projects for Reeves's *The Batman* shared universe were set to be overseen by that studio. Gunn had contacted Reeves about his projects by then. When announcing the first projects for the new DC franchise the [DC Universe](/wiki/DC_Universe_%28franchise%29 \"DC Universe (franchise)\") (DCU) in January 2023, Gunn said any project that did not fit into the DCU's shared universe would be labeled as \"[DC Elseworlds](/wiki/DC_Elseworlds \"DC Elseworlds\")\" moving forward. This is the same as how DC Comics uses the *[Elseworlds](/wiki/Elseworlds \"Elseworlds\")* imprint to mark comic books that are separate from the main continuity. Reeves' Batman shared universe was set to be a part of this label, including *The Penguin*. Reeves and Clark refer to their shared universe as the \"Batman Epic Crime Saga\". Bill Carraro was set as an executive producer by the following month. The series consists of eight 60\\-minute\\-long episodes, totaling approximately six\\-to\\-eight hours of content. Farrell felt this length would provide time to explore Oz's [origin story](/wiki/Origin_story \"Origin story\") and would allow the series to be \"endlessly fun\", fascinating, and brutal, as it was intended to have a more mature interpretation; the series was ultimately confirmed to receive a [TV\\-MA](/wiki/TV-MA \"TV-MA\") rating by the [TV Parental Guidelines](/wiki/TV_Parental_Guidelines \"TV Parental Guidelines\"). In April 2023, the series was officially titled *The Penguin* and announced to be releasing on the [streaming service](/wiki/Streaming_service \"Streaming service\") [Max](/wiki/Max_%28streaming_service%29 \"Max (streaming service)\"), the successor to HBO Max. In December 2023, [Helen Shaver](/wiki/Helen_Shaver \"Helen Shaver\") was revealed to also be serving as a director, and was confirmed in September 2024 along with directors [Kevin Bray](/wiki/Kevin_Bray_%28director%29 \"Kevin Bray (director)\") and [Jennifer Getzinger](/wiki/Jennifer_Getzinger \"Jennifer Getzinger\").",
"### Writing",
"The series begins one week after the events of *The Batman*, following the flooding of [Gotham City](/wiki/Gotham_City \"Gotham City\") as depicted at the end of the film, which Farrell said made for a \"very tricky, very dark story\". The series occurs shortly before the events of the film's sequel *[The Batman – Part II](/wiki/The_Batman_%E2%80%93_Part_II \"The Batman – Part II\")* (2026\\), establishing a \"little fabric\" of plans that would lead into that film. Farrell said the death of crime boss [Carmine Falcone](/wiki/Carmine_Falcone \"Carmine Falcone\") in *The Batman* had left a power vacuum within Gotham's criminal underworld, resulting in many different forces vying for power. He added the series would be \"incredibly violent\" and that Oz would face \"extraordinary obstacles\". Clark said it would show Oz's rise to power and compared the series to *[Scarface](/wiki/Scarface_%281983_film%29 \"Scarface (1983 film)\")* (1983\\). He added that the series was intended to be a standalone story from *The Batman*, and would enhance the experience of watching the film. Reeves cited *[The Long Good Friday](/wiki/The_Long_Good_Friday \"The Long Good Friday\")* (1980\\) as an additional influence, and said the series was about the [American Dream](/wiki/American_Dream \"American Dream\"), with Oz being \"underestimated... nobody thinks he's capable of doing anything \\[but he] believes in himself with a visceral violence\". Sarah Aubrey, the head of originals for HBO Max, said the goal for the series was to explore Oz's life that is rooted in the streets of Gotham and described him as \"a hustler and a strategist with his own ambitions\".",
"LeFranc, Erika L. Johnson, [Noelle Valdivia](/wiki/Noelle_Valdivia \"Noelle Valdivia\"), John McCutcheon, Breannah Gibson, Shaye Ogbonna, [Nick Towne](/wiki/Nick_Towne \"Nick Towne\"), and Vladimir Cvetko wrote episodes of the series. LeFranc had written the [pilot](/wiki/Television_pilot \"Television pilot\") script by early March 2022\\. She was then working on the remaining episodes, when the story for the first season had been finished. Farrell read the first episode by mid\\-October 2022 and called it tasty and unusual, and was excited to further explore the \"bang up of Oz\" that Reeves envisioned for the character. He was set to read the second and third episodes the following week. The scripts were completed by the start of May 2023\\.",
"### Casting",
"By the time development was revealed to be underway on the series in September 2021, Farrell had been approached about reprising his role as the Penguin from *The Batman*, but was not contractually obligated to reprise the role. By December, Farrell officially signed on to star in the series and serve as an executive producer on it. He described working with LeFranc as a similarly collaborative experience to working with Reeves on *The Batman*. In March 2022, Reeves said there was potential for other characters from the film to appear in the series. At the end of October, [Cristin Milioti](/wiki/Cristin_Milioti \"Cristin Milioti\") was cast as the female lead [Sofia Falcone](/wiki/Sofia_Falcone \"Sofia Falcone\"). In February 2023, [Rhenzy Feliz](/wiki/Rhenzy_Feliz \"Rhenzy Feliz\") was cast as Victor Aguilar, a lead role which was believed to be a young man who befriends Cobb and becomes his protégé. Later that month, [Michael Kelly](/wiki/Michael_Kelly_%28actor%29 \"Michael Kelly (actor)\"), [Shohreh Aghdashloo](/wiki/Shohreh_Aghdashloo \"Shohreh Aghdashloo\"), and [Deirdre O'Connell](/wiki/Deirdre_O%27Connell_%28actress%29 \"Deirdre O'Connell (actress)\") were respectively cast as Johnny Vitti, Nadia Maroni, and Francis Cobb.",
"In March 2023, several actors were cast in recurring roles: [Clancy Brown](/wiki/Clancy_Brown \"Clancy Brown\") as [Salvatore Maroni](/wiki/Salvatore_Maroni \"Salvatore Maroni\"), [Michael Zegen](/wiki/Michael_Zegen \"Michael Zegen\") as [Alberto Falcone](/wiki/Alberto_Falcone \"Alberto Falcone\"), [James Madio](/wiki/James_Madio \"James Madio\") as Milos Grapa, [Scott Cohen](/wiki/Scott_Cohen_%28actor%29 \"Scott Cohen (actor)\") as Luca Falcone, and [Theo Rossi](/wiki/Theo_Rossi \"Theo Rossi\") as Dr. Julian Rush. Maroni was portrayed by an uncredited [extra](/wiki/Extra_%28acting%29 \"Extra (acting)\") in *The Batman*. [Carmen Ejogo](/wiki/Carmen_Ejogo \"Carmen Ejogo\"), [François Chau](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chau \"François Chau\"), and David H. Holmes were cast in recurring roles in April, with Ejogo playing Eve Karlo, while Craig Walker was confirmed to have joined the series by November 2023\\. In January 2024, [Jared Abrahamson](/wiki/Jared_Abrahamson \"Jared Abrahamson\") was cast in an undisclosed \"key\" recurring role, and [Mark Strong](/wiki/Mark_Strong \"Mark Strong\"), who portrayed [Thaddeus Sivana](/wiki/Characters_of_the_DC_Extended_Universe%23Dr._Thaddeus_Sivana \"Characters of the DC Extended Universe#Dr. Thaddeus Sivana\") in the [DC Extended Universe](/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe \"DC Extended Universe\") (DCEU), was revealed in May to be appearing in the series, portraying [Carmine Falcone](/wiki/Carmine_Falcone \"Carmine Falcone\") in flashbacks; Strong replaces [John Turturro](/wiki/John_Turturro \"John Turturro\"), who portrayed the character in *The Batman*. LeFranc said Turturro was unable to reprise his role due to scheduling issues, leading to the role being recast with Strong for the series.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Paz \\|first\\=Maggie Dela \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-20 \\|title\\=The Penguin Showrunner Explains Carmine Falcone's Recasting in HBO Series \\|url\\=https://www.cbr.com/the\\-penguin\\-showrunner\\-carmine\\-falcone\\-recasting/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-20 \\|website\\=CBR \\|language\\=en}}",
"[Robert Pattinson](/wiki/Robert_Pattinson \"Robert Pattinson\") was reported in February 2023 to be reprising his role as [Bruce Wayne / Batman](/wiki/Batman \"Batman\") from *The Batman* in the series, although it was unclear if the character would appear as Batman or not. The following month, Gunn debunked speculation that the rights to [prior *Batman* television series](/wiki/Batman_in_television \"Batman in television\") could prevent the Batman character from appearing in this series. Pattinson's appearance was reaffirmed in June 2024, when he was expected to appear in at least one episode, although LeFranc said in August that the character would not appear in the series.",
"### Design",
"Farrell said in February 2022 that Mike Marino, the makeup designer for *The Batman*, would return for the series, and he felt the makeup was subtly perfected more, allowing for him to freely explore beyond his facial features. Helen Huang served as the costume designer, and [Kalina Ivanov](/wiki/Kalina_Ivanov \"Kalina Ivanov\") served as the production designer. Reeves said [Harvey Weinstein](/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein \"Harvey Weinstein\") was an inspiration for the Penguin's appearance.",
"### Filming",
"[Principal photography](/wiki/Principal_photography \"Principal photography\") began on March 1, 2023, in New York City, using the working title *Boss*. Darran Tiernan served as the cinematographer for the three episodes directed by Zobel. Soundstage work occurred at [Silvercup Studios](/wiki/Silvercup_Studios \"Silvercup Studios\") North in Queens. Filming was set to take place in [Westchester County, New York](/wiki/Westchester_County%2C_New_York \"Westchester County, New York\") on May 16 when [picketers](/wiki/Picketers \"Picketers\") participating in the [2023 Writers Guild of America strike](/wiki/2023_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike \"2023 Writers Guild of America strike\") caused production to shut down for the day. After further picketing the following day at the series' sets at a church in [Harlem](/wiki/Harlem \"Harlem\"), Manhattan, and at Silvercup North that once again shut down filming, production was paused through May 18\\. Filming of smaller scenes took place the day after in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"). In June, production was suspended until after the strike concluded. Filming had been expected to occur over five or six months, and Kelly had one day left of filming to complete before filming was shut down. The writers' strike ended in late September 2023, while the concurrent [2023 SAG\\-AFTRA strike](/wiki/2023_SAG-AFTRA_strike \"2023 SAG-AFTRA strike\") ended on November 9\\. At that time, filming on the series was set to resume at the end of the month, and it was considered to be a priority for Warner Bros. Filming resumed on November 27, in [the Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx \"The Bronx\") and took place at [Whitestone, Queens](/wiki/Whitestone%2C_Queens \"Whitestone, Queens\") the following day. Kelly had completed filming his scenes by January 2024, and filming [wrapped](/wiki/Wrap_%28filmmaking%29 \"Wrap (filmmaking)\") on February 17\\.",
"### Post\\-production",
"Henk Van Eeghen and Andy Keir are editors on the series.{{third\\-party inline\\|date\\=November 2023}}",
"### Music",
"Mick Giacchino, the son of *The Batman* composer [Michael Giacchino](/wiki/Michael_Giacchino \"Michael Giacchino\"), composed the score for the series.",
""
] |
Work
----
[thumb\|left\|Art Scholl's Super Chipmunk aircraft at the [Reno Air Races](/wiki/Reno_Air_Races "Reno Air Races") 1968\.](/wiki/File:DHC_Chipmunk_NX13A_%285012357680%29.jpg "DHC Chipmunk NX13A (5012357680).jpg")
Scholl came to California from Milwaukee as a young man, entered [Mt. San Antonio College](/wiki/Mt._San_Antonio_College "Mt. San Antonio College") and eventually [California State University, San Jose](/wiki/San_Jose_State_University "San Jose State University"), where he earned a degree in aeronautics. After receiving a master's degree at [California State University, Los Angeles](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Los_Angeles "California State University, Los Angeles"), he taught aeronautics in [San Bernardino](/wiki/San_Bernardino%2C_California "San Bernardino, California").
After 18 years, he decided he was stagnating and quit to become a full\-time stunt pilot.Jones, Jack, "Famed Stunt Pilot Art Scholl Dies as Plane Plunges Into Sea", *Los Angeles Times*, 18 September 1985\.{{cite news\|date\=September 18, 1985\|title\=Famed Stunt Pilot Art Scholl Dies as Plane Plunges Into Sea\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1985\-09\-18\-me\-6135\-story.html}}
Scholl performed across the United States and internationally from the late 1950s to the mid\-1980s. In the mid\-1960s he was a professor and head of the Department of Aeronautics at [San Bernardino Valley College](/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley_College "San Bernardino Valley College") and an experienced pilot of midget air racers.Taylor, John W. R. (1967\). *Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1967–1968*. New York: McGraw\-Hill Book Company. page 344\. He flew a pair of modified [de Havilland Canada DHC\-1 Chipmunk](/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-1_Chipmunk "De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk") aircraft, renamed "Super Chipmunks"{{cite journal \| title\=none\|journal\=\[\[Air Trails]]\|date\=Winter 1971\|page\=47}} ([FAA](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") registration numbers N13A, N13Y){{efn\|Art Scholl's Super Chipmunk N13A was sold in April 1972 to J. Reid Garrison, FBO operator at the Oconee Airport in \[\[Clemson, South Carolina]], and moved to the Anderson Municipal Airport in \[\[Anderson, South Carolina]], when Garrison relocated his business there in the 1980s. Super Chipmunk N13Y went to the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., in 1987\.}} and occasionally a third aircraft N1804Q, before an estimated audience of 80 million people over 20 years and appeared in more than 200 motion picture features, documentaries and television commercials. The aircraft were recognizable for their red, white and blue livery and Pennzoil corporate sponsorship.
Scholl held four [FAA](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") certificates. He was an [Airline Transport Pilot](/wiki/Airline_Transport_Pilot_Licence "Airline Transport Pilot Licence") in multi\-engine land and sea planes, with commercial privileges in airplane single engine land and airplane single engine sea, helicopters, and gliders. He held certificates as both a [flight instructor](/wiki/Flight_instructor "Flight instructor") and ground instructor. In addition, he was also a certificated [airframe and power plant mechanic](/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician "Aircraft maintenance technician") with an inspection authorization. In 1976 Scholl earned a Ph.D. in Aviation Management. He taught aeronautics at San Bernardino Valley College for 18 years, eventually becoming head of the department.
Scholl founded an aerobatics school and maintenance facility at [Flabob Airport](/wiki/Flabob_Airport "Flabob Airport") in [Riverside, California](/wiki/Riverside%2C_California "Riverside, California"). He converted it to a full\-service fixed\-base operation (FBO) when he moved it to [Rialto Municipal Airport](/wiki/Rialto_Municipal_Airport "Rialto Municipal Airport"), then known as Miro Field, in [Rialto, California](/wiki/Rialto%2C_California "Rialto, California") in 1978\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dailybulletin.com/business/20140831/final\-fly\-in\-for\-art\-scholl\-aviation\-at\-rialto\-airport\|title\=Final fly\-in for Art Scholl Aviation at Rialto airport\|work\=dailybulletin.com\|date\=September 2014}}{{efn\|David Carradine names Art Scholl as one of his instructors in his preparation for his role as an aerobatic pilot in ''\[\[Cloud Dancer]]'' (1980\).{{cite book \|title\=Endless Highway \|author\=David Carradine \|publisher\=Journey Editions \|year\=1995 \|pages\=463–464 \|isbn\=1\-885203\-20\-9}}}} He produced several highly successful air shows at Miro Field, attracting hundreds of thousands of spectators. Miro Field had once been renamed Art Scholl Memorial Field in his memory. Scholl's company, Art Scholl Aviation, relocated back to Flabob Airport shortly before the airport at Rialto closed in 2014\.
Scholl's signature aircraft were his two Super Chipmunks; he bought his first one in 1963 and his second one in 1968\. His skill as a licensed aircraft mechanic helped Scholl in modifying the aircraft extensively; clipping its wings, adding retractable landing gear, converting them to single\-seat, adding an autopilot and a much bigger engine. At the height of his popularity as an air show performer in the 1970s, Scholl flew two Super Chipmunks, basing one on the East Coast and one on the West Coast. His Super Chipmunk was licensed to various model manufacturers for both flying and static models; collectors now actively seek the Cox control line model. Although less widely recognized, Scholl also owned and flew a [Pitts S\-2A](/wiki/Pitts_Special "Pitts Special") in the same red, white, and blue livery. Another Art Scholl signature was his dog, "Aileron", who occasionally flew in the Super Chipmunk's cockpit with Scholl in his air show performances. Aileron was hugely popular with the crowds.
Scholl's aerial camera work appeared in many Ridgewood school commercials, television shows and films, including *[The Right Stuff](/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_%28film%29 "The Right Stuff (film)")*, *[The Great Waldo Pepper](/wiki/The_Great_Waldo_Pepper "The Great Waldo Pepper")*, *[Blue Thunder](/wiki/Blue_Thunder "Blue Thunder")*, *[Vega$](/wiki/Vega%24 "Vega$")*, *[The A\-Team](/wiki/The_A-Team "The A-Team")*, *[CHiPs](/wiki/CHiPs "CHiPs")*, *[Iron Eagle](/wiki/Iron_Eagle "Iron Eagle")*, and *[Top Gun](/wiki/Top_Gun "Top Gun")*, his final work in a motion picture. *Top Gun* in its last line of credit states "This film is dedicated to the memory of Art Scholl."{{cite web\|title\=Famous Missing \- Art Scholl\|url\=http://www.check\-six.com/lib/Famous\_Missing/Scholl.htm\|website\=Check\-Six.com\|access\-date\=10 May 2015}}
Scholl was a member of the five\-person aerobatic team representing the United States in international competition from 1963 through 1972\. He flew competition at Moscow in 1966; Magdeburg, East Germany, 1968; Hullavington, England, 1970, and Salon de Provence, France. In 1974, he won the U.S. National Aerobatic Championship in a Pitts S\-2A.
|
[
"Work\n----",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Art Scholl's Super Chipmunk aircraft at the [Reno Air Races](/wiki/Reno_Air_Races \"Reno Air Races\") 1968\\.](/wiki/File:DHC_Chipmunk_NX13A_%285012357680%29.jpg \"DHC Chipmunk NX13A (5012357680).jpg\")\nScholl came to California from Milwaukee as a young man, entered [Mt. San Antonio College](/wiki/Mt._San_Antonio_College \"Mt. San Antonio College\") and eventually [California State University, San Jose](/wiki/San_Jose_State_University \"San Jose State University\"), where he earned a degree in aeronautics. After receiving a master's degree at [California State University, Los Angeles](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Los_Angeles \"California State University, Los Angeles\"), he taught aeronautics in [San Bernardino](/wiki/San_Bernardino%2C_California \"San Bernardino, California\").",
"After 18 years, he decided he was stagnating and quit to become a full\\-time stunt pilot.Jones, Jack, \"Famed Stunt Pilot Art Scholl Dies as Plane Plunges Into Sea\", *Los Angeles Times*, 18 September 1985\\.{{cite news\\|date\\=September 18, 1985\\|title\\=Famed Stunt Pilot Art Scholl Dies as Plane Plunges Into Sea\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1985\\-09\\-18\\-me\\-6135\\-story.html}}",
"Scholl performed across the United States and internationally from the late 1950s to the mid\\-1980s. In the mid\\-1960s he was a professor and head of the Department of Aeronautics at [San Bernardino Valley College](/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley_College \"San Bernardino Valley College\") and an experienced pilot of midget air racers.Taylor, John W. R. (1967\\). *Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1967–1968*. New York: McGraw\\-Hill Book Company. page 344\\. He flew a pair of modified [de Havilland Canada DHC\\-1 Chipmunk](/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-1_Chipmunk \"De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk\") aircraft, renamed \"Super Chipmunks\"{{cite journal \\| title\\=none\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Air Trails]]\\|date\\=Winter 1971\\|page\\=47}} ([FAA](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration \"Federal Aviation Administration\") registration numbers N13A, N13Y){{efn\\|Art Scholl's Super Chipmunk N13A was sold in April 1972 to J. Reid Garrison, FBO operator at the Oconee Airport in \\[\\[Clemson, South Carolina]], and moved to the Anderson Municipal Airport in \\[\\[Anderson, South Carolina]], when Garrison relocated his business there in the 1980s. Super Chipmunk N13Y went to the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., in 1987\\.}} and occasionally a third aircraft N1804Q, before an estimated audience of 80 million people over 20 years and appeared in more than 200 motion picture features, documentaries and television commercials. The aircraft were recognizable for their red, white and blue livery and Pennzoil corporate sponsorship.",
"Scholl held four [FAA](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration \"Federal Aviation Administration\") certificates. He was an [Airline Transport Pilot](/wiki/Airline_Transport_Pilot_Licence \"Airline Transport Pilot Licence\") in multi\\-engine land and sea planes, with commercial privileges in airplane single engine land and airplane single engine sea, helicopters, and gliders. He held certificates as both a [flight instructor](/wiki/Flight_instructor \"Flight instructor\") and ground instructor. In addition, he was also a certificated [airframe and power plant mechanic](/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician \"Aircraft maintenance technician\") with an inspection authorization. In 1976 Scholl earned a Ph.D. in Aviation Management. He taught aeronautics at San Bernardino Valley College for 18 years, eventually becoming head of the department.",
"Scholl founded an aerobatics school and maintenance facility at [Flabob Airport](/wiki/Flabob_Airport \"Flabob Airport\") in [Riverside, California](/wiki/Riverside%2C_California \"Riverside, California\"). He converted it to a full\\-service fixed\\-base operation (FBO) when he moved it to [Rialto Municipal Airport](/wiki/Rialto_Municipal_Airport \"Rialto Municipal Airport\"), then known as Miro Field, in [Rialto, California](/wiki/Rialto%2C_California \"Rialto, California\") in 1978\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailybulletin.com/business/20140831/final\\-fly\\-in\\-for\\-art\\-scholl\\-aviation\\-at\\-rialto\\-airport\\|title\\=Final fly\\-in for Art Scholl Aviation at Rialto airport\\|work\\=dailybulletin.com\\|date\\=September 2014}}{{efn\\|David Carradine names Art Scholl as one of his instructors in his preparation for his role as an aerobatic pilot in ''\\[\\[Cloud Dancer]]'' (1980\\).{{cite book \\|title\\=Endless Highway \\|author\\=David Carradine \\|publisher\\=Journey Editions \\|year\\=1995 \\|pages\\=463–464 \\|isbn\\=1\\-885203\\-20\\-9}}}} He produced several highly successful air shows at Miro Field, attracting hundreds of thousands of spectators. Miro Field had once been renamed Art Scholl Memorial Field in his memory. Scholl's company, Art Scholl Aviation, relocated back to Flabob Airport shortly before the airport at Rialto closed in 2014\\.",
"Scholl's signature aircraft were his two Super Chipmunks; he bought his first one in 1963 and his second one in 1968\\. His skill as a licensed aircraft mechanic helped Scholl in modifying the aircraft extensively; clipping its wings, adding retractable landing gear, converting them to single\\-seat, adding an autopilot and a much bigger engine. At the height of his popularity as an air show performer in the 1970s, Scholl flew two Super Chipmunks, basing one on the East Coast and one on the West Coast. His Super Chipmunk was licensed to various model manufacturers for both flying and static models; collectors now actively seek the Cox control line model. Although less widely recognized, Scholl also owned and flew a [Pitts S\\-2A](/wiki/Pitts_Special \"Pitts Special\") in the same red, white, and blue livery. Another Art Scholl signature was his dog, \"Aileron\", who occasionally flew in the Super Chipmunk's cockpit with Scholl in his air show performances. Aileron was hugely popular with the crowds.",
"Scholl's aerial camera work appeared in many Ridgewood school commercials, television shows and films, including *[The Right Stuff](/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_%28film%29 \"The Right Stuff (film)\")*, *[The Great Waldo Pepper](/wiki/The_Great_Waldo_Pepper \"The Great Waldo Pepper\")*, *[Blue Thunder](/wiki/Blue_Thunder \"Blue Thunder\")*, *[Vega$](/wiki/Vega%24 \"Vega$\")*, *[The A\\-Team](/wiki/The_A-Team \"The A-Team\")*, *[CHiPs](/wiki/CHiPs \"CHiPs\")*, *[Iron Eagle](/wiki/Iron_Eagle \"Iron Eagle\")*, and *[Top Gun](/wiki/Top_Gun \"Top Gun\")*, his final work in a motion picture. *Top Gun* in its last line of credit states \"This film is dedicated to the memory of Art Scholl.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Famous Missing \\- Art Scholl\\|url\\=http://www.check\\-six.com/lib/Famous\\_Missing/Scholl.htm\\|website\\=Check\\-Six.com\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2015}}",
"Scholl was a member of the five\\-person aerobatic team representing the United States in international competition from 1963 through 1972\\. He flew competition at Moscow in 1966; Magdeburg, East Germany, 1968; Hullavington, England, 1970, and Salon de Provence, France. In 1974, he won the U.S. National Aerobatic Championship in a Pitts S\\-2A.",
""
] |
Early life
----------
### Family and upbringing
Urraca, born in 1187, was the second\-born daughter of King Alfonso VIII of Castile (1155–1214\) and Leonor of England (1161–1214\). Alfonso and Leonor are believed to have had at least a dozen pregnancies, with only six children surviving into adulthood. Urraca's siblings who survived into adulthood were [Berenguela](/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile "Berengaria of Castile"), [Blanche](/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile "Blanche of Castile"), [Eleanor](/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile_%28died_1244%29 "Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)"), [Ferdinand](/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Castile_%28died_1211%29 "Ferdinand of Castile (died 1211)") and Constance. Urraca had two brothers, Ferdinand and [Henry](/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile "Henry I of Castile") who died before being able to take the throne. Following Castilian aristocratic custom, Alfonso and Leonor named their male children after male ancestors and female children after female ancestors.{{Citation \|last\=Shadis \|first\=Miriam \|title\="Happier in Daughters than in Sons": The Children of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonor Plantagenet \|date\=2019\-04\-02 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.5422/fordham/9780823284146\.003\.0005 \|work\=King Alfonso VIII of Castile \|pages\=80–101 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-27 \|publisher\=Fordham University Press}} The first few children were named after Alfonso's ancestors and the final four children were named after Eleanor's ancestors. All of them were named after ancestors who were rulers. Urraca was named after Alfonso's great\-grandmother, who was the [queen of Leon\-Castile](/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n "Urraca of León").
There is little documented evidence of Urraca's birth and early life. Unlike some of her contemporaries, she was rarely mentioned in charters or chronicles. In part, this was due to her gender and her not being the eldest daughter. She was never fated to rule and therefore played a different yet incredibly important role within the royal family. Royal succession gave preference to male heirs over female heirs. Since Urraca was neither a male heir nor the eldest daughter, she would never take the Castilian throne and therefore her life was not documented in as much detail as some of her siblings. Women in the Castilian kingdom were given the same rights to inheritance as males. This gave the surviving daughters of Alfonso and Leonor the potential to hold and exercise political power.
[thumb\|Santa Maria de las Huelgas in Burgos](/wiki/File:Monastery_of_Santa_Maria_la_Real_de_las_Huelgas_Burgos_1842-1850_Villaamil.png "Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas Burgos 1842-1850 Villaamil.png")
Urraca is first mentioned in the foundation charter of the monastery of [Las Huelgas](/wiki/Abbey_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Real_de_Las_Huelgas "Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas") in Burgos, issued in 1187\. In the 1188 Treaty of Seligenstadt, Urraca was betrothed to the future [King Alfonso IX of León](/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n "Alfonso IX of León"), despite the fact that both were young children at the time. Alfonso IX was born in 1185, making him about three years old, while Urraca was still an infant. The Treaty is significant in two ways. First, it confirmed Berenguela as the heir of Castile. It also highlights the rising tensions between the kingdoms of Castile and Portugal. This marriage was designed to bring prestige to Urraca's father as well as his kingdom. Urraca and Alfonso IX were betrothed for a limited amount of time. They never married and Alfonso VII went on to marry [Teresa of Portugal](/wiki/Theresa_of_Portugal%2C_Queen_of_Le%C3%B3n "Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León") (the sister of Urraca's husband Afonso II), and when that marriage was annulled due to consanguinity he married Urraca's sister Berenguela. Despite not being able to rule themselves, the daughters held unique power because they were the only way for their husbands to legitimate their claims to the Castilian throne if there were no surviving male heirs. In this same treaty, Berenguela, Urraca's eldest sibling, was designated as Alfonso's heir so long as no living male offspring survived. While this position was surrendered when her brothers, Ferdinand (1189–1211\) and Henry (1204–1217\), were born Berenguela was the presumed heir to the kingdom of Castile for most of Urraca's childhood, and their parents only had daughters to continue their legacy. Berunguela was heir for eight years before she was married off to the king of Leon.
Christian mothers were encouraged to nurse their children to pass on their faith and piety. It seems that [Leonor](/wiki/Eleanor_of_England%2C_Queen_of_Castile "Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile") only breastfed her sons while her daughters were fed by nursemaids. The nursemaids and tutors for the daughters of Alfonso VIII and Leonor were documented and named in royal charters \- for instance, Urraca's tutor was a woman named Sancha \- but there is no mention of nursemaids or tutors for their sons. If nursemaids had not been mentioned at all, this would suggest that Leonor nursed all of the children, but the lack of nurses for her male children suggests that she herself nursed them. It seems that Alfonso VIII and Leonor took a more active role in raising their sons than was usually seen with royal parents. This emphasizes Alfonso VIII and Leonor's dedication to not only having male heirs to one day take the throne, but to properly nurture them into people of sound moral character.
The daughter's nurses acted as foster mothers of sorts. Since Alfonso and Leonor had to travel a lot for their royal duties, the nurses would make sure the children were taken care of during their trips. Once Urraca was two years old, she was already making tough journeys with her parents accompanied by her nurse. Before this it is presumed that she remained in court with her nurse taking care of her. While the roles of mothers and women in court politics make it clear that they were recognized as important, they still played an active role in the upbringing of their children, especially their sons.
[thumb\|The joint tomb of Alfonso VIII and Eleanor of England which is in Santa Maria de Las Huelgas](/wiki/File:Sepulcro_de_Alfonso_VIII%2C_rey_de_Castilla._Monasterio_de_las_Huelgas_de_Burgos_01a.jpg "Sepulcro de Alfonso VIII, rey de Castilla. Monasterio de las Huelgas de Burgos 01a.jpg")
The importance of male heirs to Alfonso and Leonor is shown through their early incorporation of them into court politics. Alfonso typically co\-issued his charters with his wife. After Ferdinand was born, he was immediately included as a co\-issuer despite being an infant. There was also no stress put onto finding him a wife, unlike his sisters who were betrothed very young. Alfonso and Leonor tried to secure Ferdinand a foreign bride, but were unable to do so. Three years after the death of Ferdinand (d. 1211\), his younger brother Henry, who was only seven years old at the time, became king. His older sister, Berenguela, had been trained to be the ruler of Castile, therefore, it was she who took the role of regent for her younger brother until he was ready to take the throne. Henry was only seven when his older brother, Ferdinand, died making him heir. Henry would have just started his knightly education when he became heir. King Alfonso VIII and Queen Leonor died in October 1214\. Unfortunately, in 1217 Henry died while playing a game at court, so he never ended up taking the throne. After the death of their parents, Berenguela stepped up to defend the Castilian dynasty. She strategically married off family members to other courts to either prevent unwanted alliances or to strengthen bonds between Castile and the other kingdom.
### Marriage
Urraca was married to the King of Portugal, [Afonso II](/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal "Afonso II of Portugal"), to keep the peace between the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile. They got married in 1205 and from that point forward Urraca lived in the Portuguese kingdom. Afonso II, the son of [Sancho I of Portugal](/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal "Sancho I of Portugal"), was the heir to the throne of Portugal that succeeded his father in 1211 CE. Urraca's sisters, Blanca and Leonor, also had strategic marriages. They were married to the heirs to the kingdoms of France and Aragon. During Urraca's lifetime it was customary to have an *[arras](/wiki/Las_arras "Las arras")* agreement when one got married. *Arras* is an agreement or contract made between a couple in which a bride price is paid to the groom. Unfortunately, if there was an *arras* made for her marriage, it has been lost. While her role was as prominent as her eldest sisters, Urraca played an important role as a representative of the Castilian dynasty in the Portuguese kingdom. She was sought out as a bride for many kingdoms, which gave her family the power of making the decision of whom to marry her off too. She did not have to look for a possible husband, they came to her.
Her marriage to the Portuguese king was incredibly favorable for the Castile dynasty because it extended their influence in the Iberian peninsula. It provided for a rare time of peace between Castile and Portugal. Alfonso I was the first King of Portugal. He declared himself king and during his lifetime fought many battles to keep Portugal's autonomy. Portugal had only been independent for one generation before the union of Urraca and Alfonso II. Therefore, the marriage of Alfonso I's son, Alfonso VII, was incredibly important for Portugal's future. The kingdoms of Castile and Portugal were both located in the Iberian peninsula. This marriage united the kingdoms both symbolically and literally.
Once Urraca was married, she quickly produced heirs. She had four children in total. Her marriage was very strained due to the political climate in Portugal at the time. Her husband was involved in a civil war with his sisters and also was sickly throughout their marriage. Her husband decided that she should serve as regent to their son if the king were to die before their son reached the age of majority. While Urraca was sent off to Portugal at a young age, she still had strong relationships with her family. Her son, Alfonso, was raised in France in his aunt Blanche's court and her eldest son spent time at Ferdinand III's court as well.
### Santa Maria de Las Huelgas
The first recorded mention of Urraca occurs in the 1187 foundation charter for the Cistercian convent of Santa Maria de Las Huelgas en Burgos. In the following centuries, the convent served as a safe haven for the royal family, in particular, the women of the family, who often visited this place during their lifetimes. Santa Maria also served as a royal burial site, Urraca's siblings were interred there as well as her parents. In turn, royal children who died as infants or were stillborn were memorialized at Las Huelgas with small sepulchers.
Urraca's sister, Constanza, was destined to be a nun at Las Huelgas since she was very young. In many royal families, daughters who were not chosen to be married off would be placed in religious life. This was the case in Castile, where Urraca's sister Constanza entered Las Huelgas as a child and became a nun there. Through Constanza's service, the family could emphasize their dedication to Christ. While political alliances were important, the Castile family's relationship with the church was also important to legitimize their rule. Because Las Huelgas was the family's foundation, the family made sure that their family members served there. Constanza grew up in the monastery and was constantly visited by her mother and sisters; once they had grown up, the latter eventually returned to Las Huelgas themselves with their own children. This was the case with Leonor, who became a resident of the convent after her divorce in 1229 and lived there until her death, although it is not known if she took vows herself. Constanza's role in the convent eventually became a title for royal family members who worked in Las Huelgas: "Lady of las Huelgas". Constanza had a very active role in the monastery. She was tasked with representing the monastery to the outside world. She was neither an abbess or a prioress, her role was unique because of her status within the royal family.
|
[
"Early life\n----------",
"### Family and upbringing",
"Urraca, born in 1187, was the second\\-born daughter of King Alfonso VIII of Castile (1155–1214\\) and Leonor of England (1161–1214\\). Alfonso and Leonor are believed to have had at least a dozen pregnancies, with only six children surviving into adulthood. Urraca's siblings who survived into adulthood were [Berenguela](/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile \"Berengaria of Castile\"), [Blanche](/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile \"Blanche of Castile\"), [Eleanor](/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile_%28died_1244%29 \"Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)\"), [Ferdinand](/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Castile_%28died_1211%29 \"Ferdinand of Castile (died 1211)\") and Constance. Urraca had two brothers, Ferdinand and [Henry](/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile \"Henry I of Castile\") who died before being able to take the throne. Following Castilian aristocratic custom, Alfonso and Leonor named their male children after male ancestors and female children after female ancestors.{{Citation \\|last\\=Shadis \\|first\\=Miriam \\|title\\=\"Happier in Daughters than in Sons\": The Children of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonor Plantagenet \\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-02 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.5422/fordham/9780823284146\\.003\\.0005 \\|work\\=King Alfonso VIII of Castile \\|pages\\=80–101 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-27 \\|publisher\\=Fordham University Press}} The first few children were named after Alfonso's ancestors and the final four children were named after Eleanor's ancestors. All of them were named after ancestors who were rulers. Urraca was named after Alfonso's great\\-grandmother, who was the [queen of Leon\\-Castile](/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n \"Urraca of León\").",
"There is little documented evidence of Urraca's birth and early life. Unlike some of her contemporaries, she was rarely mentioned in charters or chronicles. In part, this was due to her gender and her not being the eldest daughter. She was never fated to rule and therefore played a different yet incredibly important role within the royal family. Royal succession gave preference to male heirs over female heirs. Since Urraca was neither a male heir nor the eldest daughter, she would never take the Castilian throne and therefore her life was not documented in as much detail as some of her siblings. Women in the Castilian kingdom were given the same rights to inheritance as males. This gave the surviving daughters of Alfonso and Leonor the potential to hold and exercise political power. \n[thumb\\|Santa Maria de las Huelgas in Burgos](/wiki/File:Monastery_of_Santa_Maria_la_Real_de_las_Huelgas_Burgos_1842-1850_Villaamil.png \"Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas Burgos 1842-1850 Villaamil.png\")\nUrraca is first mentioned in the foundation charter of the monastery of [Las Huelgas](/wiki/Abbey_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Real_de_Las_Huelgas \"Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas\") in Burgos, issued in 1187\\. In the 1188 Treaty of Seligenstadt, Urraca was betrothed to the future [King Alfonso IX of León](/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n \"Alfonso IX of León\"), despite the fact that both were young children at the time. Alfonso IX was born in 1185, making him about three years old, while Urraca was still an infant. The Treaty is significant in two ways. First, it confirmed Berenguela as the heir of Castile. It also highlights the rising tensions between the kingdoms of Castile and Portugal. This marriage was designed to bring prestige to Urraca's father as well as his kingdom. Urraca and Alfonso IX were betrothed for a limited amount of time. They never married and Alfonso VII went on to marry [Teresa of Portugal](/wiki/Theresa_of_Portugal%2C_Queen_of_Le%C3%B3n \"Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León\") (the sister of Urraca's husband Afonso II), and when that marriage was annulled due to consanguinity he married Urraca's sister Berenguela. Despite not being able to rule themselves, the daughters held unique power because they were the only way for their husbands to legitimate their claims to the Castilian throne if there were no surviving male heirs. In this same treaty, Berenguela, Urraca's eldest sibling, was designated as Alfonso's heir so long as no living male offspring survived. While this position was surrendered when her brothers, Ferdinand (1189–1211\\) and Henry (1204–1217\\), were born Berenguela was the presumed heir to the kingdom of Castile for most of Urraca's childhood, and their parents only had daughters to continue their legacy. Berunguela was heir for eight years before she was married off to the king of Leon.",
"Christian mothers were encouraged to nurse their children to pass on their faith and piety. It seems that [Leonor](/wiki/Eleanor_of_England%2C_Queen_of_Castile \"Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile\") only breastfed her sons while her daughters were fed by nursemaids. The nursemaids and tutors for the daughters of Alfonso VIII and Leonor were documented and named in royal charters \\- for instance, Urraca's tutor was a woman named Sancha \\- but there is no mention of nursemaids or tutors for their sons. If nursemaids had not been mentioned at all, this would suggest that Leonor nursed all of the children, but the lack of nurses for her male children suggests that she herself nursed them. It seems that Alfonso VIII and Leonor took a more active role in raising their sons than was usually seen with royal parents. This emphasizes Alfonso VIII and Leonor's dedication to not only having male heirs to one day take the throne, but to properly nurture them into people of sound moral character.",
"The daughter's nurses acted as foster mothers of sorts. Since Alfonso and Leonor had to travel a lot for their royal duties, the nurses would make sure the children were taken care of during their trips. Once Urraca was two years old, she was already making tough journeys with her parents accompanied by her nurse. Before this it is presumed that she remained in court with her nurse taking care of her. While the roles of mothers and women in court politics make it clear that they were recognized as important, they still played an active role in the upbringing of their children, especially their sons. \n[thumb\\|The joint tomb of Alfonso VIII and Eleanor of England which is in Santa Maria de Las Huelgas](/wiki/File:Sepulcro_de_Alfonso_VIII%2C_rey_de_Castilla._Monasterio_de_las_Huelgas_de_Burgos_01a.jpg \"Sepulcro de Alfonso VIII, rey de Castilla. Monasterio de las Huelgas de Burgos 01a.jpg\")\nThe importance of male heirs to Alfonso and Leonor is shown through their early incorporation of them into court politics. Alfonso typically co\\-issued his charters with his wife. After Ferdinand was born, he was immediately included as a co\\-issuer despite being an infant. There was also no stress put onto finding him a wife, unlike his sisters who were betrothed very young. Alfonso and Leonor tried to secure Ferdinand a foreign bride, but were unable to do so. Three years after the death of Ferdinand (d. 1211\\), his younger brother Henry, who was only seven years old at the time, became king. His older sister, Berenguela, had been trained to be the ruler of Castile, therefore, it was she who took the role of regent for her younger brother until he was ready to take the throne. Henry was only seven when his older brother, Ferdinand, died making him heir. Henry would have just started his knightly education when he became heir. King Alfonso VIII and Queen Leonor died in October 1214\\. Unfortunately, in 1217 Henry died while playing a game at court, so he never ended up taking the throne. After the death of their parents, Berenguela stepped up to defend the Castilian dynasty. She strategically married off family members to other courts to either prevent unwanted alliances or to strengthen bonds between Castile and the other kingdom.",
"### Marriage",
"Urraca was married to the King of Portugal, [Afonso II](/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal \"Afonso II of Portugal\"), to keep the peace between the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile. They got married in 1205 and from that point forward Urraca lived in the Portuguese kingdom. Afonso II, the son of [Sancho I of Portugal](/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal \"Sancho I of Portugal\"), was the heir to the throne of Portugal that succeeded his father in 1211 CE. Urraca's sisters, Blanca and Leonor, also had strategic marriages. They were married to the heirs to the kingdoms of France and Aragon. During Urraca's lifetime it was customary to have an *[arras](/wiki/Las_arras \"Las arras\")* agreement when one got married. *Arras* is an agreement or contract made between a couple in which a bride price is paid to the groom. Unfortunately, if there was an *arras* made for her marriage, it has been lost. While her role was as prominent as her eldest sisters, Urraca played an important role as a representative of the Castilian dynasty in the Portuguese kingdom. She was sought out as a bride for many kingdoms, which gave her family the power of making the decision of whom to marry her off too. She did not have to look for a possible husband, they came to her.",
"Her marriage to the Portuguese king was incredibly favorable for the Castile dynasty because it extended their influence in the Iberian peninsula. It provided for a rare time of peace between Castile and Portugal. Alfonso I was the first King of Portugal. He declared himself king and during his lifetime fought many battles to keep Portugal's autonomy. Portugal had only been independent for one generation before the union of Urraca and Alfonso II. Therefore, the marriage of Alfonso I's son, Alfonso VII, was incredibly important for Portugal's future. The kingdoms of Castile and Portugal were both located in the Iberian peninsula. This marriage united the kingdoms both symbolically and literally.",
"Once Urraca was married, she quickly produced heirs. She had four children in total. Her marriage was very strained due to the political climate in Portugal at the time. Her husband was involved in a civil war with his sisters and also was sickly throughout their marriage. Her husband decided that she should serve as regent to their son if the king were to die before their son reached the age of majority. While Urraca was sent off to Portugal at a young age, she still had strong relationships with her family. Her son, Alfonso, was raised in France in his aunt Blanche's court and her eldest son spent time at Ferdinand III's court as well.",
"### Santa Maria de Las Huelgas",
"The first recorded mention of Urraca occurs in the 1187 foundation charter for the Cistercian convent of Santa Maria de Las Huelgas en Burgos. In the following centuries, the convent served as a safe haven for the royal family, in particular, the women of the family, who often visited this place during their lifetimes. Santa Maria also served as a royal burial site, Urraca's siblings were interred there as well as her parents. In turn, royal children who died as infants or were stillborn were memorialized at Las Huelgas with small sepulchers.",
"Urraca's sister, Constanza, was destined to be a nun at Las Huelgas since she was very young. In many royal families, daughters who were not chosen to be married off would be placed in religious life. This was the case in Castile, where Urraca's sister Constanza entered Las Huelgas as a child and became a nun there. Through Constanza's service, the family could emphasize their dedication to Christ. While political alliances were important, the Castile family's relationship with the church was also important to legitimize their rule. Because Las Huelgas was the family's foundation, the family made sure that their family members served there. Constanza grew up in the monastery and was constantly visited by her mother and sisters; once they had grown up, the latter eventually returned to Las Huelgas themselves with their own children. This was the case with Leonor, who became a resident of the convent after her divorce in 1229 and lived there until her death, although it is not known if she took vows herself. Constanza's role in the convent eventually became a title for royal family members who worked in Las Huelgas: \"Lady of las Huelgas\". Constanza had a very active role in the monastery. She was tasked with representing the monastery to the outside world. She was neither an abbess or a prioress, her role was unique because of her status within the royal family.",
""
] |
Queenship
---------
### Afonso's Civil War for the Portuguese Throne
[thumb\|Sancho I of Portugal (1154\-1211 CE), from the *[Semblanzas de reyes](/wiki/Semblanzas_de_reyes "Semblanzas de reyes")*](/wiki/File:D._Sancho_I_-_Compendio_de_cr%C3%B3nicas_de_reyes_%28Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a%29.png "D. Sancho I - Compendio de crónicas de reyes (Biblioteca Nacional de España).png")
Urraca's time as Queen of Portugal was dominated by the wars and conflicts of her husband Afonso II. The early years of his reign were dominated by civil war against his sisters. Before Afonso II became the King of Portugal, his father Sancho I made a testamentary bequest to his eldest three daughters Teresa, [Sancha](/wiki/Sancha%2C_Lady_of_Alenquer "Sancha, Lady of Alenquer"), and [Mafalda](/wiki/Mafalda_of_Portugal "Mafalda of Portugal") of large estates and strategic castles, as well as of large quantities of money and resources. Royal estates including Monte Mor, Isguiera, [Alenquer](/wiki/Alenquer%2C_Portugal "Alenquer, Portugal"), and the monasteries of Bouças and [Arouca](/wiki/Arouca_Abbey "Arouca Abbey") thus came under the control of these women upon the king's death in 1211 CE. Many of these properties also happened to have been Queen [Dulce of Aragon](/wiki/Dulce_of_Aragon "Dulce of Aragon")'s properties, who was the wife of Sancho I, rather than the Portuguese Crown's properties. While Sancho I showed particular favor to his daughter Sancha, who also inherited his personal belongings, his will clearly emphasized the broader power of royal women within Portugal, as he intended for these estates to stay in the hands of his female descendants rather than his son, and heir, Afonso II. This was a customary practice within Portugal at the time, as royal women were often given the titles of "Queen" in order to grant them more legitimacy and authority. Sancho I's decision to incorporate his daughters into his will has precedent dating back to Sancho I's grandmother, Countess [Teresa of Portugal](/wiki/Theresa%2C_Countess_of_Portugal "Theresa, Countess of Portugal") (1080–1130\).{{Citation \|last\=Shadis \|first\=Miriam \|title\=Unexceptional Women: Power, Authority, and Queenship in Early Portugal \|date\=2019 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1007/978\-3\-030\-01346\-2\_12 \|work\=Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100–1400 \|pages\=247–270 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-27 \|place\=Cham \|publisher\=Springer International Publishing \|isbn\=978\-3\-030\-01345\-5}}
Sancho I clearly was concerned about Afonso II respecting his testamentary decisions, since he created a second copy of his will and required Afonso II to swear that he would uphold its provisions. When Sancho I eventually died, these properties did in fact go to his daughters; Afonso II, however, did not intend to keep the promise that he made to his father, as he considered the will to be invalid. The seizure of some of these properties, legally, were not within his grasp as King of Portugal due to them being in the family of Queen Dulce, not King Sancho I. While Afonso II had an argument as the son of Queen Dulce to have these properties, he did not have the authority as the king to seize this private property. Afonso's attempt to abrogate the document caused a civil war to break out between himself and his sisters, with the sisters locking themselves away in their castles and calling their followers to defend them and their interests against their brother.
[thumb\|Pope Innocent III (1161\-1216 CE)](/wiki/File:Pope_Innocent_III%2C_Monastery_of_Subiaco.jpg "Pope Innocent III, Monastery of Subiaco.jpg")
While the war itself was being waged, Afonso II and his sisters had asked for [Pope Innocent III](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III "Pope Innocent III") (1161–1216\) to intervene and rule on the legality of the will. This debate consisted of Latin laws and Iberian laws being pitted against each other for Pope Innocent to rule upon. Afonso's case argued based on Latin laws that do not allow women, no matter their royal status, to inherit land upon the passing of their parents. The cases of Teresa, Sancha, and Mafalda used the Iberian laws, an established part of Portugal at that point, to argue that they were entitled to these estates as Iberian law dictates that heirs, no matter their gender, can inherit whatever property their parents intend them to. Initially, Pope Innocent ruled in the sisters' favor, declaring that the will was in fact legal and that the women were allowed to keep the estates that were willed to them. This decision upheld what Sancho had intended for his daughters and how he wanted them to inherit land and property, and that Afonso II had no right to contest their claims.
Afonso's eldest sister, Teresa, proved to be the most significant obstacle to his attempts to establish himself and his new wife Urraca in power. Teresa, who married the King of Leon, Alfonso IX (1171–1230\) and served as the queen consort of Leon for four years before the annulment of their marriage in 1196\. When Afonso II tried to take back the properties that Teresa had inherited from her father, she sent a message to her ex\-husband asking for his assistance in pushing back against Afonso II. Alfonso IX answered her call, assembled an army, and went to war with Afonso II in order to protect her inheritance. The forces of Teresa, Sancha, Mafalda, and Alfonso IX put up a valiant fight, at one point holding half of the kingdom of Portugal; ultimately, however, they were unable to defeat him, and by the end of his reign in 1223 CE he was able to regain most of the territories that he had lost.
### Urraca's Role as Queen
Afonso's marriage to Urraca played a critical role in this period, since it provided the king with important family ties to the powerful Castilian kingdom and a counterweight to his sister's alliance with the neighboring kingdom of Leon. Prior to Afonso's reign, territorial disputes were common between Portugal and Castile; this marriage, however, allowed the two kingdoms to come together in common purpose against a shared foe, and ultimately to end the threat to Afonso's sovereignty.
Unlike her sisters\-in\-law, or her own sister Berenguela, Urraca played a subordinate role in the political affairs of her husband's kingdom. Once she was married to Afonso II, her name was included in the royal charters issued by Sancho I and Afonso II, a recognition of her participation in royal governance as the king's consort. This public role, however, was not comparable to that of her sister\-in laws, whom many in the country saw as queens in their own right. This fact placed Urraca in a difficult position: despite being the legitimate wife of the legitimate heir to the throne, the Queen of Portugal, her father\-in\-law's decision to support his own daughters' claims to royal property and power made it possible for them to be seen as rivals not only to Afonso, but to Urraca herself.
Even with this competition, Urraca still performed her traditional role as queen, producing heirs to the kingdom of Portugal. Urraca gave birth to four children, [Sancho II](/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal "Sancho II of Portugal") (1207–1248\), [Afonso III](/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal "Afonso III of Portugal") (1210–1279\), [Eleanor](/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal%2C_Queen_of_Denmark "Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark") (1211–1231\), and [Ferdinand](/wiki/Fernando%2C_Lord_of_Serpa "Fernando, Lord of Serpa") (1218–1246\), with only one Ferdinand being born after she took the throne. In addition to her role as mother to her children, her relationship with her husband proved to be an important and enduring one. Afonso's trust in his wife was demonstrated in 1214, when he designated Urraca as Queen Regent for their son and heir, Sancho II, should Afonso die before Sancho had reached his majority.
### Involvement in the "Reconquista"
[thumb\|Battle of the Reconquista from the Cantigas de Santa María (722–1492\)](/wiki/File:Cantigas_battle.jpg "Cantigas battle.jpg")
The royal couple's reign was one marked by internal as well as external conflicts. In addition to Afonso's ongoing battles with his sisters and their Leonese allies, he also took part in the broader, centuries\-long campaigns against Iberia's Muslim states (the so\-called "[Reconquista](/wiki/Reconquista "Reconquista")") waged by his Christian neighbors. While Afonso II waged fewer campaigns against Muslim forces than some of his predecessors, he fought alongside his father\-in\-law Alfonso VIII at [Las Navas de Tolosa](/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa") in 1212, an important battle which greatly weakened the [Almohad](/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate "Almohad Caliphate") kingdom in southern Spain and which marked a turning point in efforts to reassert Christian control over the peninsula.
### Conflict with the Catholic Church
The reign of Afonso II and Urraca also was marked by conflict with the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church played a prominent role in the Portuguese push for independence. This began during the reign of Portugal's first king, [Afonso Henriques](/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal "Afonso I of Portugal") (1109–1185\) who fought for Portugal's place within Europe as a Christian nation. King Afonso Henriques, who slowly pushed for his own recognition as king, negotiated with the Catholic Church through the *[Manifestus Probatum](/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum "Manifestis Probatum")* in 1179 to allow Portugal to be recognized as a fully independent nation and Afonso Henriques as its first king. In order to maintain this independence and keep relations between the Catholic Church and Portugal stable, Sancho I, who was Afonso Henriques' son, made a number of concessions including land, rights, and revenues to the Church during his time in power.
Afonso II, however, was adamant that these concessions should be reversed in order to increase his own resources and strengthen the position of the crown vis\-a\-vis its opponents (in particular, his rebellious sisters). These efforts led to tensions and outright hostility between the king, his clergy, and the papacy, as Afonso II began to rebel against the conditions that were agreed upon between his predecessors and the Catholic Church. This battle between Afonso II and the Catholic Church culminated in Afonso's [excommunication](/wiki/Excommunication "Excommunication") in 1219 and his death outside the bounds of the church. They also, however, helped Afonso to reestablish royal control and to create a stronger government. During his and Urraca's reign, the first written laws were promulgated in Portugal, meant to regulate private property, justice, and minting.
### Portugal's Place in Europe
Afonso II and Urraca's reign also was marked by significant economic expansion and a growth in international trade, as the Kingdom of Portugal sent envoys to various European kingdoms in order to forge economic ties with them. These efforts, while initially modest, eventually would lead to Portugal's emergence as a maritime trading power in the later Middle Ages, and were part of Afonso's campaign to maintain and expand Portugal's status as an independent and assertive Iberian kingdom.
Urraca's time as Queen of Portugal thus was shaped by the battles that her husband waged against both his family and the Catholic Church. While there is little documentation of her own positions on these matters, it seems clear that Urraca and Afonso II were fairly close and aligned with each other, given that Afonso II entrusted the running of the kingdom to his queen in the event of his untimely death. While her reign as Queen of Portugal was a relatively short one, it came at a time when Portugal was experiencing the growing pains of being a newly independent kingdom that was learning just how much power it truly had. Working in concert with her husband, Urraca pushed the Kingdom of Portugal forward, while also leaving various problems for her son and his successors to solve in the future.
|
[
"Queenship\n---------",
"### Afonso's Civil War for the Portuguese Throne",
"[thumb\\|Sancho I of Portugal (1154\\-1211 CE), from the *[Semblanzas de reyes](/wiki/Semblanzas_de_reyes \"Semblanzas de reyes\")*](/wiki/File:D._Sancho_I_-_Compendio_de_cr%C3%B3nicas_de_reyes_%28Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a%29.png \"D. Sancho I - Compendio de crónicas de reyes (Biblioteca Nacional de España).png\")\nUrraca's time as Queen of Portugal was dominated by the wars and conflicts of her husband Afonso II. The early years of his reign were dominated by civil war against his sisters. Before Afonso II became the King of Portugal, his father Sancho I made a testamentary bequest to his eldest three daughters Teresa, [Sancha](/wiki/Sancha%2C_Lady_of_Alenquer \"Sancha, Lady of Alenquer\"), and [Mafalda](/wiki/Mafalda_of_Portugal \"Mafalda of Portugal\") of large estates and strategic castles, as well as of large quantities of money and resources. Royal estates including Monte Mor, Isguiera, [Alenquer](/wiki/Alenquer%2C_Portugal \"Alenquer, Portugal\"), and the monasteries of Bouças and [Arouca](/wiki/Arouca_Abbey \"Arouca Abbey\") thus came under the control of these women upon the king's death in 1211 CE. Many of these properties also happened to have been Queen [Dulce of Aragon](/wiki/Dulce_of_Aragon \"Dulce of Aragon\")'s properties, who was the wife of Sancho I, rather than the Portuguese Crown's properties. While Sancho I showed particular favor to his daughter Sancha, who also inherited his personal belongings, his will clearly emphasized the broader power of royal women within Portugal, as he intended for these estates to stay in the hands of his female descendants rather than his son, and heir, Afonso II. This was a customary practice within Portugal at the time, as royal women were often given the titles of \"Queen\" in order to grant them more legitimacy and authority. Sancho I's decision to incorporate his daughters into his will has precedent dating back to Sancho I's grandmother, Countess [Teresa of Portugal](/wiki/Theresa%2C_Countess_of_Portugal \"Theresa, Countess of Portugal\") (1080–1130\\).{{Citation \\|last\\=Shadis \\|first\\=Miriam \\|title\\=Unexceptional Women: Power, Authority, and Queenship in Early Portugal \\|date\\=2019 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-030\\-01346\\-2\\_12 \\|work\\=Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100–1400 \\|pages\\=247–270 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-27 \\|place\\=Cham \\|publisher\\=Springer International Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-030\\-01345\\-5}}",
"Sancho I clearly was concerned about Afonso II respecting his testamentary decisions, since he created a second copy of his will and required Afonso II to swear that he would uphold its provisions. When Sancho I eventually died, these properties did in fact go to his daughters; Afonso II, however, did not intend to keep the promise that he made to his father, as he considered the will to be invalid. The seizure of some of these properties, legally, were not within his grasp as King of Portugal due to them being in the family of Queen Dulce, not King Sancho I. While Afonso II had an argument as the son of Queen Dulce to have these properties, he did not have the authority as the king to seize this private property. Afonso's attempt to abrogate the document caused a civil war to break out between himself and his sisters, with the sisters locking themselves away in their castles and calling their followers to defend them and their interests against their brother.\n[thumb\\|Pope Innocent III (1161\\-1216 CE)](/wiki/File:Pope_Innocent_III%2C_Monastery_of_Subiaco.jpg \"Pope Innocent III, Monastery of Subiaco.jpg\")\nWhile the war itself was being waged, Afonso II and his sisters had asked for [Pope Innocent III](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III \"Pope Innocent III\") (1161–1216\\) to intervene and rule on the legality of the will. This debate consisted of Latin laws and Iberian laws being pitted against each other for Pope Innocent to rule upon. Afonso's case argued based on Latin laws that do not allow women, no matter their royal status, to inherit land upon the passing of their parents. The cases of Teresa, Sancha, and Mafalda used the Iberian laws, an established part of Portugal at that point, to argue that they were entitled to these estates as Iberian law dictates that heirs, no matter their gender, can inherit whatever property their parents intend them to. Initially, Pope Innocent ruled in the sisters' favor, declaring that the will was in fact legal and that the women were allowed to keep the estates that were willed to them. This decision upheld what Sancho had intended for his daughters and how he wanted them to inherit land and property, and that Afonso II had no right to contest their claims.",
"Afonso's eldest sister, Teresa, proved to be the most significant obstacle to his attempts to establish himself and his new wife Urraca in power. Teresa, who married the King of Leon, Alfonso IX (1171–1230\\) and served as the queen consort of Leon for four years before the annulment of their marriage in 1196\\. When Afonso II tried to take back the properties that Teresa had inherited from her father, she sent a message to her ex\\-husband asking for his assistance in pushing back against Afonso II. Alfonso IX answered her call, assembled an army, and went to war with Afonso II in order to protect her inheritance. The forces of Teresa, Sancha, Mafalda, and Alfonso IX put up a valiant fight, at one point holding half of the kingdom of Portugal; ultimately, however, they were unable to defeat him, and by the end of his reign in 1223 CE he was able to regain most of the territories that he had lost.",
"### Urraca's Role as Queen",
"Afonso's marriage to Urraca played a critical role in this period, since it provided the king with important family ties to the powerful Castilian kingdom and a counterweight to his sister's alliance with the neighboring kingdom of Leon. Prior to Afonso's reign, territorial disputes were common between Portugal and Castile; this marriage, however, allowed the two kingdoms to come together in common purpose against a shared foe, and ultimately to end the threat to Afonso's sovereignty.",
"Unlike her sisters\\-in\\-law, or her own sister Berenguela, Urraca played a subordinate role in the political affairs of her husband's kingdom. Once she was married to Afonso II, her name was included in the royal charters issued by Sancho I and Afonso II, a recognition of her participation in royal governance as the king's consort. This public role, however, was not comparable to that of her sister\\-in laws, whom many in the country saw as queens in their own right. This fact placed Urraca in a difficult position: despite being the legitimate wife of the legitimate heir to the throne, the Queen of Portugal, her father\\-in\\-law's decision to support his own daughters' claims to royal property and power made it possible for them to be seen as rivals not only to Afonso, but to Urraca herself.",
"Even with this competition, Urraca still performed her traditional role as queen, producing heirs to the kingdom of Portugal. Urraca gave birth to four children, [Sancho II](/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal \"Sancho II of Portugal\") (1207–1248\\), [Afonso III](/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal \"Afonso III of Portugal\") (1210–1279\\), [Eleanor](/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal%2C_Queen_of_Denmark \"Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark\") (1211–1231\\), and [Ferdinand](/wiki/Fernando%2C_Lord_of_Serpa \"Fernando, Lord of Serpa\") (1218–1246\\), with only one Ferdinand being born after she took the throne. In addition to her role as mother to her children, her relationship with her husband proved to be an important and enduring one. Afonso's trust in his wife was demonstrated in 1214, when he designated Urraca as Queen Regent for their son and heir, Sancho II, should Afonso die before Sancho had reached his majority.",
"### Involvement in the \"Reconquista\"",
"[thumb\\|Battle of the Reconquista from the Cantigas de Santa María (722–1492\\)](/wiki/File:Cantigas_battle.jpg \"Cantigas battle.jpg\")\nThe royal couple's reign was one marked by internal as well as external conflicts. In addition to Afonso's ongoing battles with his sisters and their Leonese allies, he also took part in the broader, centuries\\-long campaigns against Iberia's Muslim states (the so\\-called \"[Reconquista](/wiki/Reconquista \"Reconquista\")\") waged by his Christian neighbors. While Afonso II waged fewer campaigns against Muslim forces than some of his predecessors, he fought alongside his father\\-in\\-law Alfonso VIII at [Las Navas de Tolosa](/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa \"Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa\") in 1212, an important battle which greatly weakened the [Almohad](/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate \"Almohad Caliphate\") kingdom in southern Spain and which marked a turning point in efforts to reassert Christian control over the peninsula.",
"### Conflict with the Catholic Church",
"The reign of Afonso II and Urraca also was marked by conflict with the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church played a prominent role in the Portuguese push for independence. This began during the reign of Portugal's first king, [Afonso Henriques](/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal \"Afonso I of Portugal\") (1109–1185\\) who fought for Portugal's place within Europe as a Christian nation. King Afonso Henriques, who slowly pushed for his own recognition as king, negotiated with the Catholic Church through the *[Manifestus Probatum](/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum \"Manifestis Probatum\")* in 1179 to allow Portugal to be recognized as a fully independent nation and Afonso Henriques as its first king. In order to maintain this independence and keep relations between the Catholic Church and Portugal stable, Sancho I, who was Afonso Henriques' son, made a number of concessions including land, rights, and revenues to the Church during his time in power.",
"Afonso II, however, was adamant that these concessions should be reversed in order to increase his own resources and strengthen the position of the crown vis\\-a\\-vis its opponents (in particular, his rebellious sisters). These efforts led to tensions and outright hostility between the king, his clergy, and the papacy, as Afonso II began to rebel against the conditions that were agreed upon between his predecessors and the Catholic Church. This battle between Afonso II and the Catholic Church culminated in Afonso's [excommunication](/wiki/Excommunication \"Excommunication\") in 1219 and his death outside the bounds of the church. They also, however, helped Afonso to reestablish royal control and to create a stronger government. During his and Urraca's reign, the first written laws were promulgated in Portugal, meant to regulate private property, justice, and minting.",
"### Portugal's Place in Europe",
"Afonso II and Urraca's reign also was marked by significant economic expansion and a growth in international trade, as the Kingdom of Portugal sent envoys to various European kingdoms in order to forge economic ties with them. These efforts, while initially modest, eventually would lead to Portugal's emergence as a maritime trading power in the later Middle Ages, and were part of Afonso's campaign to maintain and expand Portugal's status as an independent and assertive Iberian kingdom.",
"Urraca's time as Queen of Portugal thus was shaped by the battles that her husband waged against both his family and the Catholic Church. While there is little documentation of her own positions on these matters, it seems clear that Urraca and Afonso II were fairly close and aligned with each other, given that Afonso II entrusted the running of the kingdom to his queen in the event of his untimely death. While her reign as Queen of Portugal was a relatively short one, it came at a time when Portugal was experiencing the growing pains of being a newly independent kingdom that was learning just how much power it truly had. Working in concert with her husband, Urraca pushed the Kingdom of Portugal forward, while also leaving various problems for her son and his successors to solve in the future.",
""
] |
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